Bibliography of Selected References in Visual 

Resource Management 

By Belinda Arbogast 

Open-file Report 2005–1155 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 

For more information about the USGS and its products: 

Telephone: 1–888–ASK–USGS 

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained in this report.

1
Preface 

This report is the result of an extensive literature search to determine the knowledge 

regarding visual resource management, visual assessment, and aesthetics in landscape development 

(especially, industrial minerals mining and reclamation). There is public and governmental 

concern for the environmental and visual impact that mining has upon the landscape, such as the 

loss of flora and fauna, increase in atmospheric particulates and noise, change in land values, or 

altered scenic value. The human perception of mining (psychological aspect) is as important as the 

scientific attributes assigned to scenery management. Over seven hundred articles, books, or web 

sites were examined that dated from 1912 through 2004. 

Contents 

Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 

Summary of Articles Reviewed.......................................................................................................... 4 

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 10 

2
Bibliography of Selected References on Visual 

Resource Management 

By Belinda Arbogast 

Introduction 

The U.S. Geological Survey’s Central Region Sustainable Development of Industrial 

Minerals Project investigates the scientific relations among the geologic, economic, and 

environment–related characteristics of priority industrial mineral commodities and deposit types. 

Specific activities include a task regarding geosocietal and reclamation characterization and 

methods. This task merges the principles of landscape architecture with ecosystems information in 

a multidisciplinary approach to assess the human perception (especially, visual impact) of 

reclaiming mineral resource extraction sites. Aesthetics is the one environmental concern that is 

most closely tied by the public to the appreciation and acceptance of a mining project. 

Given the varied disciplines available to researchers in the field of landscape reclamation, it 

was decided to release gathered information in a bibliographic form. Over 700 reports, articles, or 

books concerning topics ranging from the cultural landscape and shared human values to the visual 

elements of form, function, and spatial pattern are listed. 

The purpose of this bibliography is twofold: (1) to provide a basic, first–stop resource on 

visual assessment and aesthetics that the nonspecialist (for example, public, student) can consult 

and (2) provide reference subjects for the specialist (including landscape architects, land planners, 

and the mining industry). The bibliography was compiled at the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, 

3
Colorado, under the auspices of the Minerals Research Program. The bibliography provides a 

broad catalog (but not exhaustive) of literature citations for researchers concerned with methods of 

assessing the human perception of environment. Methods of evaluating landscape visual quality to 

support decisions for other development (recreation, highway, power lines, dams, ski, or forestry) 

were included as the subject matter may be relevant to mineral reclamation. Art criticism and 

philosophy also are important in understanding the value and meaning of aesthetics. 

Biographies of this type are subjective due, in part, to the compiler’s own knowledge, 

professional orientation, and difficulty in locating and reviewing all published work. Brief 

annotations are included for some references, may at times be taken verbatim from the abstract or 

book cover, and are not intended to evaluate the reference. Readers are advised to read the original 

articles for themselves. The coverage of references includes state and Federal publications, articles 

and abstracts from scientific and trade journals, and some Internet web pages. 

Summary of Articles Reviewed 

Table 1 presents the number of articles, web sites, or books listed by discipline in the 

bibliography. Publishers of reports from state (or provincial) agencies, academia, and journals are 

listed as such even if an article is available on the web. Articles in this review of the literature were 

most frequently published in Landscape and Urban Planning, Landscape Research, Journal of 

Environmental Management, Environment and Behavior, Landscape Journal, Journal of 

Environmental Psychology, and by The U.S. Department of Agriculture (especially, the U.S. Forest 

Service). 

Some journals fit neatly into their respective categories (for example, Journal of the 

American Institute of Planners, Landscape Design, and Architect within the “Architecture, Design, 

4
and Planning” category) whereas others required subjective decisions to place. The Journal of 

Environmental Psychology, Environment and Behavior, and Leisure Sciences were placed under 

the category “Social Sciences and Psychology” rather than “Natural Science” due to a general 

emphasis on perception. “Geography and Geomorphology” includes geographic information 

systems publications. “Natural Sciences” includes such publications as Bioscience and Journal of 

Forestry with additional reports from Federal government resources (for example, National 

Research Council). 

Individual journals actually may cover a variety of disciplines. For the purpose of this 

report, journals were placed under the discipline traditionally associated with it rather than what the 

article title suggests (books are an exception where the title did determine what discipline to place 

it under). For example, Landscape and Urban Planning has articles dealing with the influence of 

trees on residential property values, the prediction of scenic beauty using mapped data and 

geographic–information systems, and cultural preferences. These articles fall under the 

“Economics,” “Geography,” and “Social Science” disciplines but actually were published in a 

“Design” discipline journal. The “Multidisciplinary” category includes journals such as Urban 

Ecology (merging design, ecological, social, and economic perspectives) where the publisher 

claims an interdisciplinary approach. 

5
Table 1. The numbers of visual resource management, landscape perception, and aesthetic 

articles, books, and web sites listed by discipline. 

Discipline Journal name or origin of publication Number 

of 

articles 

Publication 

period 

Architecture, Design, 

and Planning 

Academia 17 1972–2003 

Architecture: The AIA Journal 2 1983–1984 

Architectural Design 2 1976 

Books 18 1912–2002 

Building and Environment 1 1987 

Design Methods and Theories 1 1978 

Journal of the American Institute of Planners 3 1968–1971 

Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 3 1985–1988 

Journal of Regional Science 1 1967 

Journal of Town Planning and Development 1 1969 

Journal of Urban Planning and Development 1 1979 

Land Use Policy 1 1999 

Landscape 4 1966–1985 

Landscape Architect & Specifier News 2 2002 

Landscape Architect 3 1973–1993 

Landscape Australia 2 1980–1995 

Landscape Design 19 1987–2003 

Landscape Journal 25 1980–1995 

Landscape Planning 24 1975–1986 

Landscape Research 58 1979–2003 

Landscape and Urban Planning 84 1986–2002 

The Planner 1 1974 

Progressive Architecture 1 1965 

Regional Studies 1 1982 

State Agencies 7 1968–2001 

Town Planning Review 2 1971–1975 

Urban and Landscape Planning 1 1990 

World Wide Web 2 2002 

TOTAL 287 

Social Sciences and 

Psychology 

Academia 7 1967–1989 

American Journal of Psychology 1 1987 

Architecture and Behavior 1 1986 

Australian Journal of Psychology 1 1985 

Books 26 1973–1998 

Canadian Journal of Psychology 1 1992 

ECUMENE 1 1999 

Environment and Behavior 29 1969–2000 

Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 1 1978 

International Review of Applied Psychology 1 1982 

Journal of Applied Psychology 2 1974–1976 

Journal of Applied Recreation Studies 1 1995 

Journal of Consciousness Studies 1 2000 

Journal of Cross–Cultural Psychology 1 1984 

6
Table 1. The numbers of visual resource management, landscape perception, and aesthetic 

articles, books, and web sites listed by discipline—Continued. 

Discipline Journal name or origin of publication Number 

of 

articles 

Publication 

period 

Social Sciences and 

Psychology—Cont. 

Journal of Environmental Psychology 26 1983–2001 

Journal of Experimental Psychology 4 1981–2003 

Journal of Leisure Research 11 1969–1986 

Journal of Rural Studies 3 1994–1999 

Journal of Social Issues 2 1989 

Leisure Sciences 4 1977–1980 

Motivation and Emotion 1 1980 

Perception and Psychophysics 1 1972 

Perceptual and Motor Skills 1 1978 

Population and Environment 1 1982 

Psychology in Spain 1 2000 

Rural Sociology 1 1983 

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 2 1978 

Sociologia Ruralis 1 2000 

Therapeutic Recreation Journal 1 1999 

TOTAL 134 

Natural Sciences 

Academia 7 1967–2002 

Atmospheric Environment 2 1981 

Bioscience 2 1981–2000 

Bureau of Land Management 1 1998 

Ecology 1 1989 

English Nature 2 1994–2003 

Environmental Conservation 1 1976 

Evolution 1 1963 

Forest Science 6 1980–2002 

GSA Today 1 1994 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1 2002 

Journal of Forestry 2 1974–1976 

Landscape Ecology 4 1987–1996 

National Research Council 2 1982 

Natural History 1 1969 

Natural Resources Journal 1 1961 

New Zealand Forestry 1 1997 

Oikos 1 1987 

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 1 1999 

Science 1 1991 

Science Education 1 1999 

Science of the Total Environment 1 2003 

State Agencies 8 1968–2003 

The Systematics Association 1 1994 

Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1 1987 

Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 1 1970 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 28 1968–1999 

U.S. Department of Interior 9 1969–2002 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1 1973 

Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 1 2003 

7
Table 1. The numbers of visual resource management, landscape perception, and aesthetic 

articles, books, and web sites listed by discipline—Continued. 

Discipline Journal name or origin of publication Number 

of 

articles 

Publication 

period 

Natural Sciences—

Cont.

Water Resources Research 1 1991 

Western North American Naturalist 1 2001 

TOTAL 93 

Multi–disciplinary 

Academia 19 1976–2003 

Books 28 1967–2001 

Environment and Planning 3 1973–1994 

Environmental Geology 1 2003 

Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1 2000 

Environmental Management 1 1980 

Environmental Science and Policy 1 2001 

Ethology and Sociobiology 1 1995 

Harvard Environmental Law Review 1 1991 

Human Ecology 1 2000 

Journal of Archaeological Science 1 2001 

Journal of Environmental Management 38 1976–2003 

Landscape Archaeology and Ecology 1 1998 

Man–Environment Systems 7 1973–1975 

Management of Environmental Quality: An 

International Journal 

 1 2004 

Mining Environmental Management 1 1998 

Urban Ecology 2 1984 

TOTAL 108 

Mining Industry, 

Engineering, and 

Economics 

A1 Applications 2 1994–1995 

Aggregates and Roadbuilding 2 1999–2001 

American Journal for Agricultural Economics 1 1974 

American Society of Engineers 5 1978 

American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation 2 1986–1997 

Engineering News–Record 1 2003 

International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation, 

and Environment 

 2 2003 

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2 1976–1982 

Land Economics 1 1974 

Mining Engineering 1 2000 

Nonrenewable Resources 1 1995 

Pit and Quarry 2 2001–2002 

Quarry Management 8 2000–2003 

Rock and Ready 2 2003 

Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metalurgy 4 1994–2002 

U.S. Department of Transportation 2 2002 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1 1988 

World Wide Web 8 1998–2003 

TOTAL 47 

8
Table 1. The numbers of visual resource management, landscape perception, and aesthetic 

articles, books, and web sites listed by discipline—Continued. 

Discipline Journal name or origin of publication Number 

of 

articles 

Publication 

period 

Geography and 

Geomorphology 

Academia 5 1974–2003 

Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3 1964–2001 

Applied Geography 2 1992–1998 

Appraisal Journal 1 1987 

Books 4 1992–2001 

Canadian Geographer 3 1985–2003 

ECOS 1 2000 

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1 2003 

Geographic Information Sciences 1 1996 

The Geographical Review 3 1973–1977 

Geomorphology 1 2002 

GIS World 1 1992 

International Journal Geographical Information 

Systems 

 1 1994 

Journal of Urban Regional Information Systems 

Association 

 1 1998 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 1 1996 

Progress in Human Geography 2 1978–2002 

Regional Studies 1 1980 

State Agencies 1 2002 

URISA Journal 2 1990–2001 

TOTAL 34 

Philosophy and Art 

Criticism 

Academia 8 1959–2003 

Books 15 1951–2002 

British Journal of Aesthetics 3 1995–2001 

Journal of Aesthetic Appreciation 1 1984 

Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 3 1979–1995 

Journal of Aesthetic Education 2 1979–1986 

Philosophy and Geography 1 2001 

Philosophy of Science 1 1942 

World Wide Web 11 1996–2003 

TOTAL 45 

9
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15
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16
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17
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18
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