u z . y .

SEASONALITY 

AND MANPOWER 

IN CONSTRUCTION

BULLETIN 1642

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

1970

Dayton & Montgomery Oo.

Public Library

SEP 9 1970

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SEASONALITY 

AND MANPOWER 

IN CONSTRUCTION

BULLETIN 1642

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

George P Shultz. Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Geoffrey H. Moore. Commissioner

For sale b y the S uperintendent o f Docum ents, U.S. G o ve rn m e n t Printing O ffice, W ashing to n, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PREFACE

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has prepared this bulletin on construction manpower problems based on a

study of available data, both published and unpublished. Available data concerning employment and unemployment, wages, and annual earnings, and mobility of workers in construction are seldom collected, analyzed, and

reported in a single study. The purpose of this bulletin is to increase understanding about the problems confronting

the industry, to present a basis for developing new policies and programs, and to encourage additional research

in the field.

Statistical data were drawn from a variety of sources for this report. The Bureau of Labor Statistics establishment and household surveys provided the data on employment and unemployment— some of which have not

been presented before. To get a more intimate look at the manpower problems confronting the construction industry, data covering various construction occupations were obtained from the records of private health, welfare,

and pension funds and from the records of the Social Security Administration. To study the relation between

weather conditions and fluctuations in employment, data were obtained from the records of the U. S. Weather

Bureau. These data are presented for one city in this report to illustrate what type of information can be developed from these records. To better understand seasonality in construction studying the weather data for a greater

number of cities may prove advantageous, since construction is local in nature.

Additional data from the records of the Social Security Administration were not received in time to be included in this report, but will be released later. These data will provide additional information about the pattern

of geographic and industrial mobility of construction workers.

Seasonality and Manpower in Construction was prepared in cooperation with the Construction Industry Joint

Conference (CIJC). Professor John T. Dunlop, of Harvard University, former Impartial Chairman of the CIJC, assisted the Bureau in acquiring data from private health, welfare and pension funds for this study. The study was

prepared in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Manpower and Employment Statistics by Joe L. Russell with

assistance from Professor Daniel Quinn Mills of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Michael J. Pilot and

David P. Lafayette of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Occupational Outlook.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS

Page

Chapter:

I. Introduction and summary............................................................................................................... 1

II. General characteristics of the construction industry....................................................................... 7

III. Construction employment................................................................................................................. 14

Total employment in construction............................................................................................ 14

Employment by class of worker................................................................................................. 14

Employment by major occupation group.................................................................................... 15

Employment by selected craft occupation.................................................................................. 15

Employment by type of contractor............................................................................................ 15

Contract construction employment by type of worker............................................................... 15

Employment by age....................................................................................................................... 16

Employment of women............................................................................................................... 16

Employment by size of contractor............................................................................................... 17

Location of employment............................................................................................................... 17

IV. Seasonal employment............................................................... 24

Seasonality of employment in construction.................................................................................. 24

Seasonal employment by type of contractor............................................................................... 26

Seasonal employment by type and class of worker..................................................................... 27

Seasonal employment by size and location of construction firm................................................ 27

Seasonality and the attachment of workers to contract construction........................................ 28

Factors that influence seasonality............................................................................................... 28

Additional cost of winter work.................................................................................................... 29

V. Unemployment in construction.......................................................................................................... 38

Duration of unemployment by spell of unemployment............................................................. 38

Incidences of unemployment and full extent of time lost.......................................................... 39

Unemployment by age groups.................................................................................................... 39

Unemployment by race.................................................................................................................. 40

Unemployment in construction and the Nation’s labor force..................................................... 41

Unemployment by skill.................................................................................................................. 42

Seasonal unemployment in construction..................................................................................... 43

Seasonal unemployment by skill........................................................................................ 43

Seasonal unemployment by race........................................................................................ 43

Seasonal unemployment by age.......................................................................................... 44

Frictional unemployment............................................................................................................... 44

Part-time employment.................................................................................................................. 45

VI. Earnings............................................................................................................................................... 54

Wage comparisons.......................................................................................................................... 54

Annual income............................................................................................................................... 55

Hourly rates and annual earnings by area.................................................................................. 56

VII. Attachment of workers to the contract construction industry and interindustry mobility........... 62

v

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS— Continued

Page

Chapter— Continued

VIII. Work experience of individual construction workers over a 12-month period........................... 68

Hours of work............................................................................................................................... 69

Age and hours reported............................................................................................................... 70

Tables:

1. Gross national product (GNP) and new construction put in place as a percent of GNP, by

type of ownership, 1947—68.......................................................................................................... 11

2. Private and public construction as a percent of total new construction, 1947—68........................ 11

3. Residential and nonresidential buildings construction as a percent of total private expenditures

on new construction, 1947—68 ..................................................................................................... 11

4. Percent distribution of new public construction put in place, by type of ownership, 1947—68. . 11

5. Percent of total, direct, and indirect output of selected industries attributable to new

construction and maintenance and repair construction, 1958 ..................................................... 12

6. Impact of decline in private nonfarm residential new housing units and commercial

construction expenditures on selected industry output, first to third quarter, 1966................... 12

7. Distribution of man-hours per $1,000 of contract cost, by major types of construction,

industry, and occupation, 1959—62............................................................................................... 13

8. Percent distribution of employment in construction, by class of workers, 1950—68..................... 18

9. Percent distribution of employed persons, by major occupation group in construction,

1958-68.......................................................................................................................................... 18

10. Employment by selected craft occupation in construction, 1950 and 1960 .................................. 18

11. Employment by type of contractor as a percent of total contract construction employment,

1945-68......................................................................................................................................... 19

12. Wage and salary employment in the operative builders industry, 1958—68 ................................... 19

13. Wage and salary employment in contract construction by type of contractor and worker,

1968 ............................................................................................................................................... 19

14. Construction workers as a percent of total employment, by type of contractor, 1947—68........... 20

15. Employment of wage and salary workers in contract construction, by type of worker and

percent change, 1947—68................................................................................................................. 20

16. Percent distribution of age and median age of all employed males and males employed in

construction, 1950 and 1960 ....................................................................................................... 21

17. Percent distribution of median age and proportion of employed males, 45 years of age and

over, selected building trades, 1950 and 1960 ............................................................................. 21

18. Average number of employees per reporting unit, selected years.................................................. 21

19. Percent distribution of firms by number of employees in contract construction, selected years. . 22

20. Percent distribution of employment in contract construction and manufacturing, by region

and State, selected years............................................................................................................... 23

21. Measures of seasonality in contract construction, 1947—68 .......................................................... 31

22. Cyclical and seasonal employment change in contract construction, all employees and

construction workers, 1947—68 ..................................................................................................... 31

23. Contract construction employment in February and August as a percent of the annual

average, by region, selected years.................................................................................................. 31

24. Seasonal adjustment factors for wage and salary workers, February and August, and percent

change, by type of contractor, 1968 ............................................................................................... 32

VI

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS— Continued

Page

Tables— Continued

25. Employment in contract construction as a percent of the annual average employment,

February and August, selected years.......................................................................................... 32

26. Index of seasonal variation in monthly employment in construction and for carpenters,

construction craftsmen (except carpenters), and construction laborers, 1960 and 1968 ........... 33

27. Seasonal adjustment factors for wage and salary workers, by class of workers in contract

construction, February and August, 1948—68 ............................................................................. 33

28. Employment in construction by class of worker, percent change from first quarter (January,

February, March) to third quarter (July, August, September), 1962—68 ................................... 34

29. Employment in construction by selected occupational group, percent change from first quarter

(January, February, March) to third quarter (July, August, September), 1962—66 .................. 34

30. Seasonal adjustment factors for contract construction employment by type and size of

contractor and region, February and August, 1968 ..................................................................... 34

31. Seasonal adjustment factors for employment in the contract construction industry, by State,

February and August, selected years............................................................................................ 35

32. Percent distribution of employees by estimated quarters of work for selected industries, 1964 . . 36

33. Percent distribution of employees of general building contractors by quarters of work, by

region, 1964 ................................................................................................................................. 36

34. Percent distribuiton of employees of general building contractors, by estimated quarters of

work, by age, 1964 ....................................................................................................................... 37

35. Percent distribution of employees of general building contractors, by estimated quarters of

work, by race, 1964 .................................................................................................................... 37

36. Unemployment rates of private wage and salary workers, nonagricultural industries as a

whole and construction, February and August, 1964—68 and annual average, 1948—68 ........... 46

37. Employment and unemployment of male job changers, by industry of longest job, 1961........... 46

38. Incidence, recurrent spells, and extent of unemployment of nonagricultural wage and salary

workers as a percent of total wage and salary workers having work experience, by 

industry of longest job, 1968 ....................................................................................................... 46

39. Average duration of each spell of unemployment for male wage and salary workers by weeks,

selected industries, 1960—68 ......................................................................................................... 46

40. Percent distribution of unemployed male wage and salary workers in construction by duration

of unemployment, by month, 1968 ............................................................................................ 47

41. Work experience and extent of unemployment of nonagricultural wage and salary workers

16 years and older, by industry of longest job, 1968 ............................................................... 47

42. Percent distribution of employed and experienced unemployed male wage and salary workers

in construction, by age, annual averages, 1963—68 ..................................................................... 47

43. Male teenagers as a percent of employed and experienced unemployed wage and salary

workers, all industries and construction, by selected time periods, 1963—68 ............................. 48

44. Unemployment rates of male wage and salary workers all industries and construction, by

selected time periods, 1963—68 .................................................................................................... 48

45. Unemployment rates of males by race and selected occupations, annual averages, 1963—6 8 . . . . 48

46. Distribuiton of employed and experienced unemployed males, by race and selected occupation,

1968 ............................................................................................................................................... 49

47. Number of carpenters and construction craftsmen (except carpenters) employed in construction

and in all other industries, annual averages, 1963—66 ............................................................... 49

48. Percent distribution of Negro males as a proportion of total males in construction and selected

occupation, by employment status, 1963—68 ............................................................................. 49

vi I

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS— Continued

Page

Tables— Continued

49. Unemployment rates for selected occupations, February and August, 1964—68, and annual

averages, 1957—68 50

50. Work experience and extent of unemployment of persons 16 years of age and over, by

selected occupation of longest job, 1968 ..................................................................................... 50

51. Incidence, recurrent spells, and extent of unemployment of persons 16 years of age and

over as a percent of total with experience by selected occupation of longest job, 1968 .... 51

52. Percent distribution of weeks worked by male wage and salary workers in the experienced

civilian labor force, by selected occupation, 1959 ........................................................................ 51

53. Experienced unemployed private wage and salary workers in construction, monthly and

annual averages, 1948—68 ............................................................................................................. 52

54. Seasonal adjustment factors for experienced unemployed private wage and salary workers

in construction, by month, 1948—68 ........................................................................................... 52

55. Unemployment construction laborers as a percent of all unemployed wage and salary workers

in construction, 1958—68 ............................................................................................................. 52

56. Percent distribution of males by reason for leaving jobs, by industry group, 1955 and 1961 . . . 53

57. Percent distribuiton of nonagricultural wage and salary workers, by full- or part-time status,

by industry, 1968 .......................................................................................................................... 53

58. Percent distribution of male wage and salary workers, by race, full- or part-time status, 1968 . . 53

59. Average weekly earnings and wage relatives of construction and production workers in contract

construction and selected industries, 1947—68 ............................................................................. 57

60. Average hourly earnings and wage relatives of construction and production workers in contract

construction and selected industries, 1947—68 ............................................................................. 57

61. Gross earnings and hours of production workers, by selected industry, 1968................................ 58

62. Wage relatives for selected building crafts in contract construction and basic steel (basic union

hourly wage rates), July 1 of each year, 1947—68 ..................................................................... 58

63. Straight-time average hourly earnings in maintenance work and union scales in building

construction, 3 trades in 50 areas, 1965—66 ............................................................................... 59

64. Differences between union construction scales and straight-time average hourly earnings of

maintenance workers, 3 trades in selected metropolitan areas, 1955 and 1966........................... 60

65. Cumulative percent distributions of total reported earnings of employees reporting most of

their income in 1964 from selected construction industries, by selected earnings intervals. . . . 60

66. Estimated total average (mean) annual earnings of workers with any earnings reported and

of those workers with most of their earnings reported from selected construction

industries, by region, 1964............................................................................................................ 61

67. Average number of 2-digit industry groups in which male wage and salary workers were

employed in specific industry division, 1962 ............................................................................... 64

68. Percent of male wage and salary workers who had a different industry of major job in 1960

than in 1957, by industry, of major job in 1957 ....................................................................... 64

69. Percent distribution of male wage and salary workers in contract construction in 1960

who were employed in other industries in 1957, by industry of major job in 1957 ................ 64

70. Percent of male wage and salary workers who worked for more than 1 employer in 1962,

by industry of major jo b ............................................................................... ............................... 64

71. Percent distribution of male wage and salary workers with major job in a different industry

in 1960 and 1957, by industry.................................................................................................... 65

72. Percent of male wage and salary workers who were employed in the same industry in 1957

and 1960, by age in 1960, race, and industry of major job ........................................................ 65

viii

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS— Continued

Page

Tables— Continued

73. Percent of male wage and salary workers employed in contract construction in 1960, by

industry of major job in 1957, age in 1960, and race............................................................... 66

74. Proportion of multiemployer male wage and salary workers who were multi-industry workers,

by industry of major job in 1962.................................................................................................. 66

75. Percent distribution of all and 4-quarter workers, by number of employers, selected

industries, 1964............................................................................................................................... 67

76. Proportion of all workers reporting earnings in selected industries who reported the major

share of their earnings in the selected industries, 1957............................................................... 67

77. Average number of hours worked in 12-month period for workers who worked in January and

for those who did not work in January, by selected construction occupation in 3 cities .... 71

78. Average number of hours worked in a 12-month period for all workers and those with 700

hours or more of work, by selected construction occupations in 4 areas.................................. 71

79. Percent of employees reporting fewer than 400 and more than 1,800 hours in a 12-month

period by selected construction occupation in 4 areas............................................................... 71

80. Percentage of construction workers with hours of work reported for a 12-month period, by

selected construction occupation and hours intervals in 4 areas................................................... 72

81. Percent of employees reporting more than 1,000, 1,400, and 1,800 hours of work in a

12-month period in southern California, and Detroit, by selected occupation and

age intervals.................................................................................................................................... 72

Charts:

1. Construction seasonality and unemployment rate, 1957—68 .......................................................... 25

2. Chill factor for selected wind speeds.................................................................................................. 108

3. Wind chill - diurnal variation..................................................................................................................108

4. Annual March of wind chill selected cities..........................................................................................108

Appendixes:

A. Special survey of manpower utilization............................................................................................. 73

B. The measurement of seasonal unemployment in 1968........................................................................197

C. Measuring the effect of weather on employment in contract construction........................................ 102

D. The effect of weather on construction operations............................................................................. 107

E. Weather records.................................................................................................................................... 119

F. Description of social security data and method of estimating wages................................................127

G..................................................................................................................................................................... 132

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I. IN TR O D U C TIO N A N D SU M M ARY

Construction manpower problems have perplexed national policy makers for years. Unemployment rates 

for construction workers are relatively high. From 1960 to 1968, for example, the unemployment rate for private 

wage and salary workers in construction averaged 11.1 percent, compared with a rate of 5.2 percent for all private 

wage and salary workers. Even at its seasonal low the unemployment rate for the industry usually is much higher 

than the rate for other industries. Paradoxically, each summer brings complaints of labor shortages from contractors, and the volume of complaints increases as the pace of aggregate economic activity quickens. A surplus of 

contruction manpower often exists in one locality, while a shortage is apparent in another. Unlike a manufacturing concern that can locate in an area with available manpower, a contractor must either bring his workers to the 

building site or find new workers in the area. Shortages of construction labor often are found in an area where 

there have been relatively few opportunities for these workers in the recent past. When construction activity decreases in a locality, construction workers move to other localities or take jobs in other local industries.

Collective agreements in construction are said to be pacesetters for wage settlements throughout the country. 

Arguments for an hourly wage differential for construction workers are based on the fact that construction workers 

generally experience higher rates of unemployment than workers in most other industries. These high rates of unemployment are due to the seasonal nature of the work and other characteristics of the industry. The regional 

mobility required of construction workers presents an additional hardship to the industry’s labor force. The argument is that the wage differential is necessary to insure that a construction labor force will be available with the 

right skills at the right time and in the right place.

Construction plays a vital role in the American economy:

— Construction activity, including maintenance and repair activity, made up nearly 14 percent of gross national product in 1968.

— Construction represents at least two-thirds of the market for five industries and at least one-sixth of the 

market for 12 additional industries.

— In the post-World War II period, construction as a portion of GNP has declined slowly.

— Public construction activity has grown faster than private construction activity.

The following information points out the size and changing composition of construction employment.

Annual average employment in construction was 4.6 million in 1968, more than 25 percent above the level of 3.6 

million in 1950. After rising rapidly in the early 1950’s, employment has remained on a narrow plateau between 

1964 and 1968 (4.5 and 4.6 million).

— Private wage and salary workers have remained at about 70 percent of total employment in construction 

since 1950.

— Government workers as a proportion of total construction employment increased between 1950 and 1968 

from 10 to 13 percent, while the proportion of self-employed and unpaid family workers fell from 20 to 

15 percent.

1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— Woman, primarily office workers, make up a very small but stable proportion of employment in 

construction— about 5 percent.

— Blue-collar workers (craftsmen, operatives, and laborers) account for about four-fifths of construction 

employment. Operatives as a proportion of total employment have increased slightly, and laborers 

have declined.

— The median age of male employees in construction was approximately the same as for all employed 

male workers in 1960— 40.8 and 40.6, respectively. Seven of eleven building trades for which comparable data were available experienced an increase in median age between 1950 and 1960, while the median 

age for all workers remained virtually unchanged.

— Of all workers employed in contract construction, almost one-half are employed by special trades contractors, about one-third by building construction general contractors, and the remainder by heavy construction 

general contractors.

— The proportion of employment in contract construction accounted for by heavy and special trades contractors 

grew between 1947 and 1968 from almost 62 to nearly 70 percent, while the proportion employed by general 

building trades contractors fell from about 38 to 30 percent.

— The proportion of employment in contract construction in the Northeastern and North Central States has 

declined steadily, while the proportion has grown in the Southern and far Western States. In 1939, about 57 

percent of employment (measured by annual average) was located in States north of the Mason-Dixon line 

and east of the Mountain States; by 1968, the proportion had dropped to 49 percent. During the same period, 

employment in the South Atlantic States (notably Florida) increased from 15.3 percent of the national total 

to 17.8 percent. Employment in the Mountain and Pacific States rose from 12.5 to 15.9 percent. These 

shifts are similar to those of the population shifts during the same period.

— The majority of construction firms are small. About 55 percent of the firms in contract construction have 

three or fewer employees, only about 3 percent have 50 employees or more.

The unemployment rate for the construction work force is normally the highest of any major industry division:

— Although the unemployment rate for construction dropped in the 1960’s, it averaged 6.9 percent in 1968, 

nearly twice the rate for all nonagricultural industries.

— In 1968,24 percent of the workers in construction experienced some unemployment, in comparison with 13 

percent of the workers in manufacturing and 12 percent in nonagricultural industries as a whole.

— Construction workers are more likely to experience repeated spells of unemployment than workers in other 

industries. A 3-time higher proportion of construction workers had two spells or more of unemployment in 

1968 than nonagricultural workers in general.

— The rate of work losses lasting 15 weeks or more was about 2Vi times as great in construction as in manufacturing in 1968.

— The male teenage (16-19 year-olds) unemployment rate is higher in construction than in all industries as a 

group. In the summer of 1968, the unemployment rate for male teenagers in construction was 10.6 percent, compared with 8.5 percent for such workers in all other industries.

— However, the contribution of teenagers to the construction unemployment rate is often less than in other industries, even during the summer months. In the summer of 1968,4.6 percent of the male construction work 

force was unemployed; excluding teenagers, the rate was 3.9 percent. For the same period, the unemployment rate for all other industries as a group was 2.7 percent; 2.2 percent without teenagers.

2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— Workers other than white (primarily Negroes) experience significantly higher unemployment rates in construction. This is mainly because Negroes that experience a high unemployment rate are concentrated in 

the lowskill jobs.

— Laborers face the most serious unemployment problem in construction, as in other industries, and they make 

up a higher proportion of employment in construction than in any other major industry. In 1968, for example, 

the unemployment rate for construction laborers was 11.4 percent, compared with 5.6 percent for all males 

in construction.

The unemployment problem in construction is aggravated by continuing shifts in the composition and the geographic location of construction activity.

— When residential construction activity declines, for example, workers in certain occupations are released in 

large numbers but many of them have difficulty obtaining work in nonresidential construction. On the other 

hand, for some occupations, enough workers may not be released to meet growing requirements in nonresidential construction, largely because of the different occupational patterns in residential compared with nonresidential construction activity. This difference contributes, along with changing levels of construction 

activity, to the coexistence of geographic pockets of unemployment and labor shortages.

An estimated one-third or more of total unemployment in construction during a year can be considered seasonal 

unemployment.

— Unemployment in construction will not be eliminated by eliminating seasonal unemployment mainly because 

of the work time lost by workers as one job ends and another begins.

Seasonal fluctuations of both unemployment and employment in construction are large.

— Employment increases about 30 percent from winter lows to summer highs, while unemployment typically declines 50 percent or more. In 1965, a year of rising construction activity, wage and salary employment rose by 

1 million (from 3.3 to 4.3 million) between February and August, while unemployment dropped from about

650,000 to 250,000.

Seasonal fluctuations are a major characteristic of contract construction employment.

— In the 1960’s, employment of workers in contract construction (private wage and salary workers only) has 

averaged about 30 percent higher in August (the month of highest employment) than in February (the month 

of lowest employment).

— Annual average employment in contract construction has varied relatively little compared with seasonal employment fluctuations. The year-to-year change in contract construction employment has not exceeded 5 

percent since 1960.

— Seasonal employment fluctuations vary considerably by type of contractor. It is greatest for highway and 

street contractors, least for special trades contractors.

— The extent of seasonal fluctuations in employment tend to be less in large construction firms than in small 

firms. It also varies by type of construction and geographic location. This pattern has shown little or no 

change since 1960.

— Construction laborers experience a greater degree of seasonal unemployment than craftsmen. Unemployment 

rates for construction laborers are much higher than for craftsmen in winter and decline at a slower rate through 

the spring and summer. To a very large degree, construction unemployment in the peak building period is a 

problem of the unskilled.

3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— The unemployment rate for Negroes generally has exhibited a lesser seasonal swing than that for whites, 

because they are concentrated mainly in occupations such as laborers, that have high unemployment rates 

thorughout the year.

— The amplitude of the seasonal swing in employment is generally less in the South and West, presumably because 

of less severe weather conditions. However, construction workers in the South and West appear to have a 

weaker attachment to the industry in the course of a year— a greater tendency to work in construction less 

than four quarters— than those located in other areas of the country.

— A substantial reduction in seasonal employment took place prior to World War II. In 1929, the range in contract construction employment between February and August as a percent of annual average employment in the 

industry was about 55 percentage points. By 1939 and 1940, this range had declined to about 34 percentage 

points. Since 1947, the spread has fluctuated between 18 and 33 percentage points.

The absence of any observable significant change in seasonality of construction employment since 1947 is particularly 

surprising because a number of factors have been working to reduce seasonality such as the following:

— Shift in regional distribution of employment in favor of regions with less severe seasonal fluctuations.

— Shift in the composition of construction activity in favor of less seasonal components (e.g., increasing proportion of electrical and mechanical work).

— Trend towards a higher proportion of workers in contract construction, including professional and clerical 

workers, who are not directly engaged in building and construction operations.

— Continuing flow of technological developments that facilitate winter building.

— Increased capacity for planning as firms have grown larger (in terms of the value of work undertaken).

— Diminishing importance of social and institutional practices that encourage seasonal fluctuations in employment. 

For example, the greater geographic mobility of the population, which takes place year round, has reduced the 

importance of the renting season. Also, the use of special permits to overcome code restrictions that limit work 

in cold weather has increased.

Factors, however, that tend to increase seasonality are:

— The use of planning techniques to complete more work during favorable weather periods, rather than as a 

tool to neutralize the effects of harsh weather.

— Increasing seasonal fluctuations in the value of contracts let.

— Changes in institutional practices that may inhibit winter work; e.g., penalty pay provisions covering employees who fail to receive a minimum number of hours of work each week may tend to induce contractors to suspend work for a longer period than otherwise.

A special analysis of weather and construction activity in Chicago between 1958 and 1964 indicates that the industry’s expectation of normal seasonal weather conditions has more influence on activity and employment than 

the actual weather conditions for a particular period of time.

— The industry appears to anticipate bad weather and schedules less work. Yet, when unusually severe weather 

appears, the construction activity curtailed is less than would be expected.

Hourly wage rates for construction workers are high in comparison with workers in other industries. However, while 

some workers in contract construction earn high annual incomes, average annual earnings in contract construction are 

below those of workers in many of the high-wage manufacturing industries.

4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average hourly wage differentials between construction and production workers in some high-wage industries have 

been increasing in recent years. However, little change has occurred in the wage differentials between some craft 

occupations in contract construction and the same crafts in some other high-wage industries.

— Average hourly earnings of construction workers in contract construction were 8 percent higher than those of 

production workers in basic steel in 1948 and 17 percent higher in 1968. Most of this increased differential 

has occurred since 1964.

— On the other hand, comparisons of union basic hourly rates in contract construction and basic steel (national 

averages) for each of seven crafts 1948-68, indicate little change in the size of the differentials in hourly rates.

Although some construction workers earn high annual incomes, the average annual earnings in contract construction 

are below those of workers in many of the high-wage manufacturing industries.

— In 1964, the estimated average annual earnings (total earnings of workers employed in all four quarters of the 

year, by industry of major source of income) of wage and salary workers employed in contract construction 

were $6,945, compared with $7,814 for wage and salary workers employed in the motor vehicles and equipment industry and $8,447 for wage and salary workers employed in petroleum refining and related industries.

— High earnings tend to be associated with year-round work. Of all workers who earned most of their income 

from general contractors in 1964,45 percent earned less than $3,000, and 9 percent earned $9,000 or more. 

For those workers who earned most of their income in construction and were employed in all four quarters 

during the year, only 19 percent earned less than $3,000 and 15 percent earned $9,000 or more.

— Construction operations, in which seasonality plays an important role, tend to have a lower proportion of 

workers with high earnings. Eight percent of the workers who received most of their income from masonry 

contractors in 1964 earned $9,000 or more, compared with 19 percent of those employed by plumbing, heating 

and air-conditioning contractors. (The average hourly union wage scale for bricklayers and plumbers on July 1, 

1964, were $4.72 and $4.70, respectively.) 1

Crafts workers in construction generally have higher average hourly earnings than the same craft workers in maintenance activities. Hovever, wage differentials vary greatly by area.

— The average hourly union scales of carpenters in construction were 73 percent higher than average hourly earnings of maintenance carpenters in New York City, and only 11 percent higher in Richmond, Va., in 1965-66.

The basic wage differential in favor of construction workers appears to reflect in part the less favorable working conditions in the industry and their effects on the supply and demand of workers. Working conditions in construction 

include:

— Large amounts of seasonal and intermittent employment.

— More hazardous working conditions.

— Greater mobility requirements.

— Lower fringe benefits, especially of a noncompensation nature (for example, job security provisions).

The seasonal nature of the construction industry, together with the inherently intermittent nature of construction activity, has helped produce a labor force of which a large portion shifts frequently.

1 Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1964, and Trend 1907-64, BLS Bulletin 1432, February 1965, p. 9.

5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Construction workers have higher industry and employer mobility than most other workers. Construction 

workers are:

— Twice as likely to work in more than one major industry in the course of a year than workers in manufacturing as a whole.

— About one-quarter more likely to have changed industries over a 3-year period than workers in all other 

nonagricultural industries (according to data for 1957-60).

— Most of the workers who entered contract construction from other industries over the 3-year period 1957-60 

came from manufacturing. Similarly, most of the workers who left contract construction over the same period 

moved into manufacturing employment.

— Almost twice as likely to work for more than one employer in the course of the year.

Construction draws substantial numbers of workers from outside the labor force when construction activity increases, 

and many construction workers move to other industries when construction jobs decline.

— As construction employment rises on average by 700,000 to 850,000 from winter to summer, unemployment 

typically declines about by 200,000 to 300,000. The 400,000 to 650,000 net increase in the construction 

labor force is made up of workers from other industries, youth who work during school vacations, and other 

persons from outside the labor force.

Seasonality and intermittency have been important factors limiting the annual hours of work of construction 

workers.

A special analysis of data obtained from private health, welfare, and pension funds covering workers in 13 construction occupations in Omaha, Milwaukee, Detroit, and southern California provides the following information 

on the work patterns of construction workers. The data reflect experience in areas of both severe and mild 

winter weather. However, this is not a description of the total work experience of these construction craftsmen since these data refer only to work done under the jurisdiction of collective bargaining agreements.

The average annual number of hours of work reported was low for all construction occupations in all areas.

— The majority of workers in all the individual construction occupations had fewer than 1,300 hours or work 

reported during the 12-month period.

— The majority of workers in most of the construction occupations worked fewer than 1,200 hours in the 12- 

month period reported; operating engineers were an exception in both California and Detroit. Laborers in 

Milwaukee, on the average, had the fewest hours reported (590), while operating engineers in southern California had the most hours (1,284). However, in none of the four areas did more than 15 percent of all the 

laborers or 36 percent of all the operating engineers work more than 1,800 hours in the 12-month period 

reported.

— “Short-hours” workers made up at least 25 percent of all the workers in each of the occupations in the four 

areas for which data were obtained, and the proportion was as high as 68 percent for some occupations in two 

areas. (For discussion purposes only, short-hour workers in this analysis arbitrarily were considered to be those 

who worked fewer than 700 hours in the 12-month period reported.)

— Short-hours workers were a major factor in the low average number of hours of work reported. The median 

number of hours of work reported for all workers in all occupations was 998. By excluding short-hours workers 

(those working fewer than 700 hours) the median number of hours reported rose to 1,535, which was still below 

that of a full work year of 2,000 hours.

— Workers between the ages of 30 and 44 generally have a greater likelihood for a full year’s work than younger or 

older workers. In Detroit, for example, 27 percent of the bricklayers between the ages of 30 and 44 reported 

more than 1,800 hours of work during the 12-month period. Only 11 percent of the bricklayers less than 30 

years old and 18 percent of those 45 years old or older reported 1,800 hours of work.

6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE CONSTRUCTION IN D U STR Y

While construction is one of the most important industries in the country, it exhibits characteristics that are not 

typically associated with large industry. The role of the contractor in designing his product to meet-market needs is 

unlike that of most enterpreneurs in other industries, in that it is the buyer who comes to the contractor and specifies 

what he wants produced.

The industry is fragmented; a large number of firms operate in local markets. Only a few large firms, primarily 

in highway and heavy construction, are found operating over large geographic areas. The labor market is also local 

in nature, with a variety of distinct crafts supplying workers. Small scale production units and a locally-oriented 

labor force are significant elements of the manpower situation in construction.

Construction supports a wide variety of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution industries. The industry utilizes great amounts of earthmoving machinery and equipment in road and other types of 

heavy construction. Lumber and other wood products are utilized extensively, particularly in residential construction. A wide range of metal products is used in all types of construction, as well as great quantities of a variety of 

natural products; such as stone, sand, and gravel.

The location of construction work is constantly changing. Because the location changes, the project has a 

limited life, and employment is temporary. The relationship between employer and employee is often casual and 

a general understanding exists that employment can be terminated by either party at any time. A worker’s job 

security is usually competence in a recognized trade, not seniority or other preferential status.

Finding a job in construction is a relatively simple matter when construction activity is high. Some projects 

usually are starting as others are finishing, and some contractors are hiring as others are laying off. Time off for the 

worker between jobs may be long or short depending upon the amount of construction in the area. Seasonal unemployment, however, is ever present in certain trades, even in years of high construction activity. As the rate of 

activity declines between November and March, workers are being hired for new projects at a slower rate than other 

workers are being laid off from projects approaching completion. From late fall until early spring, lost time between 

layoffs and new jobs may be considerable even when activity in an area is high.

Workers ordinarily are hired by a foreman who selects applicants either at the job site or by contacting the office 

of union locals who represent the needed crafts. The worker is subject to being laid off at any time either permanently (as the work for which he was hired approaches completion) or temporarily, with instructions to return at a 

stated time. The workman, of course, is also free to quit his job at any time for any reason— for example, to take 

a job closer to home, a job likely to continue for several months, a job expected to provide more weekly hours of 

work, greater overtime, or better protection from weather.

For many construction workers all work is done outdoors. For almost all trades, much work is in unfinished 

buildings or other structures. Workers may be exposed to all kinds of weather, including freezing temperatures, snow, 

hail, and sleet. Workers usually are paid on an hourly basis, with no pay for time off because of sickness or personal 

business. Lost time because of bad weather or other reasons beyond the workers’ control also means loss of pay.

A construction worker may migrate to an area with better long-term employment prospects. For a union 

member, such a move involves transfer of membership. Like other unions, building trades unions are organized

7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
through chapters known as locals, each having jurisdiction over a designated geographical area. A member moving 

elsewhere usually can exchange his membership card for a card in a local at his new location. Thereafter, he is a 

member in the new local; should he return to his previous place of work, he must obtain another transfer.

A construction worker usually leaves an area as a matter of choice, although there are exceptions. When a 

construction project is undertaken in a distant community or an isolated locality, comparatively few of the needed 

workers may live within reasonable commuting distance. When general construction activity is high, employers have 

difficulty in manning isolated construction projects. When general construction activity is fair or poor, men with 

family responsibilities must choose between the prospect of intermittent unemployment at home or perhaps a 

steady job in a distant or isolated community.

Thus, the work environment of a construction worker is unique in many ways. It is an environment of change. 

Construction work is accepted as temporary. A worker’s security is based on his personal competence and the amount 

of construction activity in the area. For the most part he must work in harsh weather and at sites that continually 

change. He is subject to sudden layoff on a temporary or permanent basis, with all the attendant effects of loss of 

income. He may face the prospects of having to dissolve community relationships and leave an area to seek opportunity elsewhere.

The construction industry is an important American industry. A measure of the industry’s contribution to the 

Nation’s economic well-being can be illustrated in several different ways: Its proportion of gross national product; its 

relation to a host of secondary industries; and the effect that shifts in the composition of construction have on manpower requirements.

New construction put in place accounts for a considerable share of the market value of the goods and services 

produced in this country eacy year. In 1968, it amounted to nearly $85 billion2 or 9.8 percent of the gross national 

product (GNP). (See table 1 and appendix table G-l.)

The ratio of construction expenditures to GNP has shown some tendency to fluctuate in the post-war period, 

with a high of 11.7 percent in 1955. Since 1955, however, the proportion of the GNP devoted to construction 3 has 

declined slowly. The decline has taken place in the private construction sector, which at 6.4 percent of GNP in current dollars in 1967 was at its lowest level in the post-war era. Public construction generally maintained its share of 

the Nation’s total output of goods and services. (See table 1.)

In 1947, private construction accounted for 83 percent of total new construction activity (t»bh 2). By 1967, 

the relative share of private construction had fallen to 66 percent all new construction activity.

Changes in the composition of construction also have taken place within the private construction sector. Residential construction expanded through the early post-World War II period to a peak in 1955, but declined sharply 

through 1957; another short period of expansion peaked in 1959, and a third, in 1963. Residential construction as 

a proportion of all private construction dropped from a high of 68 percent in 1950 to less than 50 percent in 1966 

and 1967, but rebounded in 1968. These movements in residential construction reflect the housing booms of the 

late 1940’s and early 1950’s, and the subsequent slowdown in housing construction. Private nonresidential and 

public construction expenditures have more than offset declines in private residential activity, thus providing the 

underlying stability of the industry in the post-war economy. (See table 3 and appendix table G-l.)

Examination of the public sector’s share of new construction put in place also shows the shifting relative importance of expenditures by the different government sectors— Federal, State, and local. Direct Federal government outlays as a percent of new public construction increased from 25 percent in 1947 to almost 40 percent in

2 However, the value of total construction activity— new work and maintenance and repair— is estimated at $110 billion for 1968. Expenditures for maintenance and repair have increased from $10.4 billion in 1947 to $20.5 billion in 1963 and are estimated for 1968 at about $25 billion. 3 The decline has been greater when measured in constant dollar terms, indicating a somewhat more rapid escalation of prices in construction than in other sectors of the economy.

8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1952. (See table 4.) This rapid rise can be attributed to a tremendous surge in the construction of federally owned 

industrial buildings and related facilities during the Korean War, and to a suddent increase in expenditures for new 

military facilities after 1950 4 Since 1952, however, the portion of the total value of new construction put in place 

that is federally owned ebbed to a low of about 13 percent in 1968. State and local governments, on the other hand, 

accounted for more than 87 percent of new public construction in 1967— up from 75 percent in 1947 and 61 percent 

in 1952 (table 4). New educational buildings and highway construction have been the major factors in the State and 

local governments’ growth in construction expenditures. (See appendix table G-l.)

The changing composition of construction activity over the post-World War II period has been accompanied by 

important shifts in the geographic location and craft requirements of construction. When residential construction 

activity declines, for example, workers in certain occupations are released in large numbers, and many of these workers have difficulty obtaining work in nonresidential construction. However, enough workers may not be released in 

some occupations to meet the requirements in nonresidential construction if this activity is growing, largely because 

of the different occupational patterns in residential compared with nonresidential construction activity.5

The changing pattern of construction demand also has produced geographic pockets of unemployment and 

corresponding areas with manpower shortages. Since neither contractors nor workers are perfectly mobile6 and since 

neither skills nor equipment are perfectly transferable from one activity to another, adjustment difficulties have been 

persistent. When construction activity has declined, workers have experienced more frequent and longer periods of 

unemployment. Under these circumstances, training authorities often are reluctant to expand apprenticeship opportunities, and pension and welfare funds have been plagued with financial difficulties. Conversely, rapid expansions in building activity have left contractors unable to fill job crews. Furthermore, the continual shifts from boom 

to bust has burdened management with the costs of repeatedly establishing and dismantling organizations.

Construction activity influences the output of many other industries because of its need for a wide variety of 

products and services. In 1958, new construction and maintenance and repair construction expenditures combined 

accounted for between two-thirds and four-fifths of the total output of the following industries: Stone and clay 

mining and quarrying (73.4); lumber and wood products, except containers (66.0); paints and allied products (66.0); 

stone and clay products (75.2); and heating, plumbing and structural metal products (79.0). Between one-sixth and 

one-half of the output of 12 additional industries could be attributed to construction activity in 1958. (See table 5.)

The kinds and relative amounts of materials and services used vary widely by type of construction. For example, 

in 1958, the primary iron and steel manufacturing industry— a major supplier to construction— supplied 53 cents 

worth of materials for every dollar of new gas and petroleum pipe lines construction, and 7 cents worth of materials 

for every dollar of construction of one- to four-family dwellings. The requirements for lumber and wood products 

were 19 cents per dollar spent for one- to four-family dwellings; 9 cents for heating, plumbing, and structural metal 

products; 15 cents for wholesale and retail trade; and 11 cents for stone and clay products.7

The slump in housing and commercial building in 1966 illustrates well the impact of construction activity on 

other industries. From the first to the third quarter of 1966, the seasonally adjusted annual rate of expenditures for 

private nonfarm residential construction declined 17 percent (in constant dollar terms); similarly, the annual rate for

4 In 1950, direct Federal outlays, in current dollar terms, for new industrial construction amounted to $225 million. Such expenditures averaged almost $1.5 billion over the 1951-54 period, but dropped to $720 million in 1955 and to about $400 million in 1967. Federal expenditures for new construction of military facilities jumped from more than $175 million in 1950 to nearly $1.4 billion in 1952, remaining above $1 billion in current dollar terms until 1964. In 1967, such expenditures totaled about $720 million.

5 Hournstine, E. Jay, Com pensatory Public Works Programmes and Full E m ploym en t, Geneva: International Labour Office, 1956, pp. 4-8. 6 The mobility of construction craftsmen involves not only a geographic dimension, but also craft, contractor (and branch of the industry), intracraft and union— nonunion dimensions as well. Geographic mobility includes movement within a metropolitan area, as well as larger geographic areas. Increasing home ownership, among other things, may have caused the interarea mobility of construction workers to decline in recent years. The increased number of automobilies and super-highways have, on the other hand, increased intraarea mobility. 7 The data for discussion in this paragraph and the following paragraph are taken from an article by Norman Frumkin, “Con­ struction Activity in the 1958 Input-Output Study,” Survey o f Current Business, May 1965, pp. 13-24.

9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
commercial building dropped 20 percent. Commercial building activity accounted for slightly more than 40 percent

of total construction activity. Over the same period, the output of the lumber and wood products industry dropped

about 5 percent. Six other industries whose output declined by more than 1 percent were stone, clay, and glass

products (3.5), fabricated metal products (2.2), stone and earth minerals (1.9), iron and steel (1.4), metal mining

(1.4), and nonferrous metal products (1.2.) (See table 6.)

The manpower generating effects of construction activity also are substantial and differ by type of construction.

About 115 workers were employed for 1 year for every $1 million of expenditures for new construction activity in

1962. 8 The construction industry itself accounted for slightly less than half the jobs; the remainder were generated

in other industries such as manufacturing, mining, and transportation. In 1962, the value of total new construction

put in place was nearly 60 billion in current dollars, accounting for about 7 million jobs (onsite and offsite), or onetenth of total employment in the economy. Labor requirements by type of construction activity ranged from a high

of 236 man-hours of employment for each $1000 of public housing construction to a low of 204 man-hours of employment for each $1000 of private one-family housing construction? (See table 7.)

8 Claiborne M. Ball, “Employment Effects of Construction Expenditures,” M onthly Labor R eview , February 1965. To pro­ vide data on the employment-generating effects of construction expenditures, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has a continuing study program of labor and material requirements for various types of construction. Mr. Ball’s article compares the labor requirements for the various types of construction activity studied. 9 The lower man-hour requirements for private one-family housing are for the most part attributed to the large portion of total costs for overhead and profits. Also, because private housing data refers to construction price (which includes selling and other spec­ ulative costs) rather than construction contract cost, it may not be entirely comparable with the $1,000 of construction contract cost used for measuring the cost of other types of construction. The slight variations that exist between the various types of construction man-hour requirements are attributable mainly to architectural or engineering design, materials and equipment used; onsite distribu­ tion of skills; price and wage levels; and the amount of overhead and profits. Average hourly earnings of construction workers in­ creased by 13 percent from 1959, when the earliest surveys used in table 7 were made, to 1962, when the latest was made.

1 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 1. G r o s s n a tio n a l p r o d u c t (G N P) a n d new c o n s tr u c tio n p u t in p la c e 

a s a p e r c e n t of G N P , b y ty p e o f o w n e rs h ip , 1947—6 8 T a b le 2. P r iv a te an d p u b lic c o n s tr u c tio n as a 

p e r c e n t of to ta l new c o n s tr u c tio n , 1947—68

Y e a r G N P (in

b illio n s ]

N ew c o n s tr u c tio n p u t in p la c e a s p e r c e n t of G N P Y e a r P r iv a te P u b lic

T o ta l P r iv a te

P u b lic

T o ta l

O w ne r s hip

F e d e r a l S ta te an d 

lo c a l

1947— .................................... 8 3 .4 1 6 .6 1 Q47 $231. 3 8. 7 7. 2 1. 4 0. 4 1 . 1 1 Q48_ 82. 0 18. 0

1948____________________ 2 5 7. 6 1 0. 1 8. 3 1 . 8 . 5 1. 4 76. 5 23. 5 1 040 2 5 6. 5 10. 4 8 . 0 2. 4 . 6 1. 9 1 0 5 0 _ . ____ 79. 6 20. 4 1 050 2 8 4. 8 1 1 . 8 9. 4 2. 4 . 6 1 . 8 105 1 _____ 73 . 9 26. 1

1951------------------------------ 328. 4 1 0 . 8 8. 0 2 . 8 . 9 1. 9 70. 7 29. 3 1952------------------------------ 345. 5 10. 7 7. 5 3. 1 1.2 1. 9 1953____________________ 71 . 3 28. 7 1 053 364. 6 10. 7 7. 7 3. 1 1 . 1 1.9 1 Q54 7 1 .7 28. 3 1 054 __ . .... . 364. 8 1 1. 3 8 . 1 3. 2 . 9 2. 3 1055. . 74. 8 25. 2

1955____________________ 398. 0 11. 7 8. 7 2. 9 •. 7 2 . 2 73. 3 26. 7 1956____________________ 4 1 9 . 2 1 l. 4 8. 3 3. 0 . 7 2 .4 1957____________________ 7 1 .4 28. 6

1957____________________ 4 4 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 8. 0 3. 2 . 7 2. 5 1958____________________ 6 9 . 2 30. 8

1958 4 4 7 . 3 1 1 . 2 7. 8 3. 5 . 8 2. 7 1050 _ 70. 9 2 9 . 1

1959 _ _ .... _ 4 8 3. 7 1 1. 4 1 8 . 1 3. 3 . 8 2 . 6 1 060 ... 7 0. 6 29. 4

1960____________________ 5 0 3. 7 10. 7 7. 6 3. 2 . 7 2 .4 69. 1 30. 9

196 1 ____________________ 520. 1 10. 7 7. 4 3. 3 . 7 2 . 6 1962___________________ 70. 0 30. 0

1962 ____________________ 560. 3 1 0. 6 7. 5 3. 2 . 7 2. 5 1963____________________ 69. 5 30. 5 1963____________________ 5 9 0. 5 10. 7 7. 5 3. 3 . 7 2 . 6 1964____________________ 69. 2 30. 8

1964____________________ 6 3 2. 4 10. 5 7. 2 3. 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 96 5____________________ 69 . 5 30. 5 1965____________________ 6 8 4 . 9 1 0. 6 7. 3 3. 2 .6 2 . 6 1966 ____________________ 6 8 . 1 31. 9 1966____________________ 7 4 7. 6 10 . 0 6 . 8 3. 2 . 5 2. 7 1967____________________ 6 6 . 4 33. 6

1967____________________ 7 8 9. 7 9 .6 6 . 4 3. 3 .4 2 . 8 1968 ____________________ 67. 3 32. 7

1968 _________________ 1__ 860. 7 9. 8 6.6 3. 2 . 4 2 . 8

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s . S O U R C E : U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of C o m m e r c e .

S O U R C E : U. S. D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e .

T a b le 3. R e s id e n tia l an d n o n r e s id e n t ia l b u ild in g s c o n ­

s tr u c t io n a s a p e r c e n t o f to ta l p r iv a te e x p e n d itu r e s 

o n n ew c o n s tr u c tio n , 1947—68

T a b le 4 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of new p u b lic c o n s tr u c tio n 

p u t in p la c e , b y ty p e of o w n e rs h ip , 1947—68

Y ear R esid en tial Non­ resid e n tia l Y ear F e d e ral State and local

1 Q47 58. 9 19. 4 1047............... .............. . . 25. 3 74. 7

61. 4 17. 6 1948______________________________ 25. 0 75. 0

1949---------------------------------------------- 60. 8 16. 5 1949______________________________ 23. 7 76. 3 1050 67. 9 14. 6 1050 __ _ __ 23. 7 76. 3 1 Q 5 1 60. 7 20. 2 1051 32. 2 67. 8 ’ 057 , , 60. 7 19. 2 1052 ________ _ 38. 8 61.2 1055 59. 5 20. 4 105 3 ____ ....... ......... . _ _ 36. 8 63. 2 1954......................................... .................... 61 .3 21. 1 29. 3 70. 7 1955______________________________ 62. 9 21. 9 1955—........................................................... 23. 6 76. 4 1 Q56 57. 9 25. 3 1056.. ..................... 21.4 78. 6 54. 2 27. 2 21. 2 78. 8

1958______________________________ 57. 0 25. 0 1958______________________________ 21.9 78. 1 1 Q5Q 61.8 22. 6 1050 _ 23. 2 76. 8 57. 0 26. 7 1960______________________________ 22. 8 77. 2 1961............................................................. 56. 6 28. 0 196 1______________________________ 22. 6 77.4 1962______________________________ 58. 1 27. 8 196 2_____________——_____________ 21.9 78. 1 1963________ ____________________ 59. 4 26. 4 1963______________________________ 20. 7 79. 3 1964______________________________ 57. 3 28. 3 1964_______________ _____________ 19. 2 80. 8 1065 . _ 52. 3 33. 0 106 5 ._ ___ _ _ . 18. 2 81.8 1966______________________________ 46. 9 36. 4 16. 5 83. 5 1967______________________________ 46. 9 35. 8 1967.......................................................... 13. 7 86. 3 1068 . . _ 50. 6 33. 0 1068 12. 5 87. 5

S O U R C E : U. S. D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e . S O U R C E : U. S. D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e r c e .

11

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 5. P e r c e n t o f to ta l, d i r e c t , a n d in d ir e c t o u tp u t o f s e le c te d i n d u s tr i e s a ttr ib u ta b le to new c o n s tr u c tio n an d m a in te n a n c e an d 

r e p a i r c o n s tr u c tio n , 1958

N u m ­ b e r 1 In d u s try

New c o n s tr u c tio n an d m a in t e ­ n a n c e a n d r e p a i r c o n s tr u c tio n N ew c o n s tr u c tio n M a in te n a n c e an d r e p a i r 

c o n s tr u c tio n

T o ta l D ir e c t I n d ir e c t T o ta l D i r e c t I n d ir e c t T o ta l D i r e c t I n d ir e c t

3 F o r e s t r y an d f i s h e r y p r o d u c t s---------------- 36. 7 0 36. 7 3 2 .4 0 32. 4 4. 3 0 4. 3

5 I r o n an d f e r r o a ll o y o r e s m in i n g_________ 3 2 .9 0 32. 9 28. 5 0 28. 5 4. 4 0 4 .4 6 N o n fe rro u s m e ta l o r e s m in i n g___________ 2 6 . 3 0 26. 3 21. 2 0 2 1 .2 5. 1 0 5. 1

9 S to n e an d c la y m in in g an d q u a r r y in g ----- 7 3 .4 4 6. 6 26. 8 61. 8 38. 5 23. 3 11. 6 8. 1 3. 5

20 L u m b e r an d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t

c o n ta in e r s ----------------------------------------------- 6 6 . 0 4 3 . 9 22. 1 58. 4 38. 9 19. 5 7. 6 5. 0 2. 6

23 O th e r f u r n it u r e an d f ix tu r e s ------------------- 1 6 .6 14. 8 1. 8 15. 3 13. 7 1 .6 1. 3 1. 1 . 2

30 P a in ts a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ----------------------- 6 6 . 0 57. 4 8. 6 17. 7 10. 5 7. 2 48. 3 4 6 . 9 1 .4

36 S to n e an d c la y p r o d u c t s ---------------------------- 75. 2 6 0. 9 14. 3 66 . 0 53. 7 12. 3 9 .2 7. 2 2. 0

37 P r i m a r y ir o n an d s t e e l m a n u f a c tu r in g — 34. 4 12. 9 21. 5 30. 0 11. 5 18. 5 4 .4 1. 4 3. 0

38 P r i m a r y n o n f e r r o u s m e ta l m a n u f a c t u r i n g_________________ _______ _ 31. 8 1 1 .4 20 . 4 25. 6 8. 6 17. 0 6. 2 2. 8 3. 4

40 H e a tin g , p lu m b in g , an d s t r u c t u r a l

m e ta l p r o d u c ts __________________________ 7 9 . 0 75. 4 3. 6 67 . 6 64. 5 3. 1 1 1 .4 10. 9 . 5 42 O th e r f a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ------------ 2 6 . 5 14. 1 1 2 .4 24. 0 13. 3 10. 7 2. 5 . 8 1. 7 46 M a te r ia l s h a n d lin g m a c h in e r y an d

e q u ip m e n t------------------------------------------------ 2 8 . 8 2 3. 6 5. 2 27. 4 22. 8 4. 6 1 .4 . 8 . 6

53 E l e c t r i c in d u s tr y e q u ip m e n t an d

a p p a r a tu s ------------------------------------------------- 17. 3 9 .7 7. 6 14. 7 8. 2 6. 5 2. 6 1. 5 1. 1

55 E l e c t r i c lig h tin g an d w irin g e q u ip m e n t — 4 7 . 1 4 0 . 0 7. 1 40 . 7 3 4 .6 6. 1 6. 4 5 .4 1. 0 67 R ad io a n d te l e v i s io n b r o a d c a s t in g----------- 16. 9 0 1 6 .9 15. 6 0 15. 6 1. 3 0 1. 3

73 B u s in e s s s e r v i c e s ----------------------------------- 17. 2 10. 7 6. 5 1 5 .9 10. 5 5 .4 1. 3 . 2 1. 1

1 In p u t-o u tp u t c o d e n u m b e r .

S O U R C E : N o rm a n F r u m k in , C o n s tr u c tio n A c tiv ity in th e 1958 In p u t O u tp u t S tu d y , S u rv e y of C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , M ay 1965, p p . 1 3 -2 4 .

T a b le 6. I m p a c t o f d e c lin e in p r iv a te n o n fa rm r e s i d e n t i a l new h o u s in g u n its a n d c o m m e r c ia l c o n s tr u c tio n 

e x p e n d itu r e s on s e le c te d in d u s tr y o u tp u t, f i r s t to th ir d q u a r t e r , 1966

N u m b e r 1 I n d u s tr y

P e r c e n t of 1 st q u a r te r 

in d u s tr y o u tp u t a t t r i b ­

u ta b le to 1 st q u a r te r e x p e n d itu r e s

P e r c e n t d e c lin e in i n ­

d u s tr y o u tp u t a t t r i b ­

u ta b le to 1 st to 3d 

q u a r t e r d e c lin e in e x p e n d itu r e s

3 .6 - 0 . 6 D u ra b le m a n u f a c tu r in g ----- ----------------------------------------------- 5. 5 - 1 . 0

2 0, 21 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s------------------------------------------- 26. 3 -4 . 8 2 2 , 23 F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ----------------- ----------------------------- 3. 6 - . 7

35, 36 S t o n e ,c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s — -------------------------------- 19. 0 - 3 . 5' 37 I r o n an d s t e e l — __-_________________________________ 7. 5 - 1 . 4

38 N o n fe rro u s m e ta l s a n d p r o d u c t s---------------------------------- 6. 2 - 1 . 2 3 9 -4 2 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s_____________ ___ ________ 11. 8 - 2 . 2

4 3 -5 2 N o n e le c tr i c a l m a c h i n e r y -------- ----- ------- ------- ------ 2. 2 - . 4

5 3 -5 8 E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y __________________________ ______ 2 .9 - . 6 N o n d u ra b le m a n u f a c t u r i n g------------------------------------------------ 1. 5 - . 3 2 4 -2 5 P a p e r a n d a ll ie d p r o d u c t s ----------------------- --------------- - 3. 8 - . 7 26 P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g------------------------------------------------ 2 .9 - . 6

2 7 -3 0 C h e m ic a ls an d p r o d u c t s------------------------------------------------ 2. 1 - . 5 31 P e tr o le u m re f in in g a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ------------------- 3 .4 - . 6

32 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s------------- 2. 9 - . 6

M in in g ___________________________________________________________ 5. 1 - 1 . 0 5 ,6 M e t a l__ ____________ __________________________________ — 7. 2 - 1 .4

7 Co 3,1—--- 4 . 3 - . 8 8 C ru d e o il a n d n a tu r a l g a s--------------- --------------------------------- 3 .6 - . 7

9, 10 S to n e a n d e a r t h m i n e r a l s ------------------------- ----- ------- — 9.9 - 1 .9

1 I n p u t-o u tp u t co d e n u m b e r . S ee S u rv e y of C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , S e p te m b e r 1965, fo r d e fin itio n s .

N O T E : C a lc u la tio n s a r e b a s e d on s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta .

S O U R C E : I n d u s tr i a l Im p a c t of th e 1966 H o u sin g a n d C o m m e r c ia l B u ild in g D e c lin e , S u rv e y o f C u r r e n t B u s in e s s . N o v e m b e r 1966, p p . 1 1 -1 2 .

1 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 7. D is tr ib u tio n o f m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n tr a c t c o s t, b y m a jo r ty p e s of c o n s tr u c tio n , in d u s tr y , an d o c c u p a tio n , 1959—62

1962 1961 I9 6 0 1959

I n d u s tr y P r iv a te 

1- f a m i ly 

h o u s in g

C o lle g e

h o u s in g

H ig h w ay s

C iv il w o rk s

S c h o o ls

F e d e r a l P u b lic

L an d h o u s in g

o p e ra tio n s D re d g in g

o ffic e

b u ild in g s

I H o s p ita ls

T o t a l ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 0 4. 0 2 2 7 . 0 22 4. 0 20 8 . 0 22 4. 0 22 3. 0 22 7. 0 22 3. 0 23 6. 0

C o n s tr u c tio n i n d u s t r y ----------------------------------------- 84. 0 105. 0 96. 0 89. 0 144. 0 96. 0 107. 0 100. 0 126. 0

O n s i t e__________________________________________ 72. 0 94. 0 9 1 .0 85. 0 134. 0 86. 0 97. 0 89. 0 114. 0

A d m in is tr a tiv e an d s u p e r v i s o r y -------------- 2. 1 3. 2 9. 3 9. 3 8. 6 3. 3 5. 8 3. 5 4. 5

C o n s tr u c tio n t r a d e s ---------------------------------- 52. 9 59. 8 54. 5 42 . 9 62 . 7 55. 1 58. 7 6 0. 7 72 . 5

B r ic k la y e r s ____________________________ 3. 9 9 .4 n

- - 7. 8 5. 0 4. 8 8. 6

C a r p e n te r s _____________________________ 2 4. 9 15. 8 (!) 5. 4 - 15. 7 12. 2 11. 7 2 1 .8

E l e c t r i c i a n s ------------------------------------------ 2. 0 6. 2 n

. 1 - 6. 0 8. 8 7. 8 4. 7

I r o n w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------ - 3. 6 (M 2 .6 - 2. 3 4. 1 3. 1 2. 3

O p e ra tin g e n g in e e r s----------------------------- 1. 0 1. 6 (!) 20. 4 1. 5 1 .6 2. 3 1. 4 3. 1

P a i n t e r s________________________________ 6 .9 3. 3 (l ) . 1 - 2. 8 2. 0 2. 5 5. 0

P l a s t e r e r s --------------------------------------------- 1. 7 3. 2 (M - - 2. 3 3. 8 5. 6 7. 7

P lu m b e r s ---------------------------------------------- 3. 8 9. 0 n . 1 - 7. 9 8. 5 12. 7 8. 9

U n s k ille d an d o th e r s ------------------------------- 17. 1 30. 6 27. 2 32. 5 62 ; 6 25. 6 32. 6 24. 6 36. 7

O ff s ite__________________________________________ 12. 0 11. 0 5. 0 4. 0 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0 11. 0 12. 0

O th e r in d u s tr i e s -------------------------------------------------- 120. 0 122. 0 128. 0 119. 0 80. 0 127. 0 120. 0 123. 0 110. 0

M a n u f a c tu r in g_________________________________ 58. 0 73. 0 66 . 0 53. 0 4 7 . 0 75. 0 73. 0 75. 0 64 . 0

T r a d e a n d tr a n s p o r ta t io n an d s e r v i c e s ------ 4 9. 0 32. 0 4 4 . 0 47 . 0 24. 0 4 1 . 0 37. 0 38. 0 36. 0

M in in g an d a ll o t h e r s ------------------------------------- 13. 0 17. 0 2 18. 0 2 19. 0 9. 0 1 1. 0 10. 0

_____________1

10. 0 10. 0

1 D a ta n o t a v a ila b le . 2 M a n -h o u rs fo r m in in g a v a ila b le s e p a r a te ly f o r h ig h w a y s (10), la n d o p e r a tio n s (13), an d d re d g in g (6) o n ly .

S O U R C E : C la ib o rn e M . B a ll, E m p lo y m e n t E f fe c ts of C o n s tr u c tio n E x p e n d itu r e s , M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , F e b r u a r y , 1965, p p . 1 5 4 -1 5 8 . T h e s e 

d a ta a r e fro m s p e c ia l s u r v e y s m a d e in th e y e a r s c ite d in th e ta b le .

13

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER III. CONSTRUCTIO N EM PLO YM ENT

Total employment in construction

Employment in construction 10 rose from 3.6 million workers in 1950 to 4.6 million in 1968, an increase of 29 percent. (See table 8.) Most of this gain occurred between 1950 and 1952 when employment

reached 4.2 million persons. However, employment fell to 3.8 million in 1954, dropping below 4.0 million

for the last time. By 1965, employment had reached a high of 4.6 million persons and in early 1966 all

indications were that employment would go even higher. However, in mid-1966, residential construction activity had a serious decline and employment did not rise above the 1965 level. This depressed residential

sector resulted in a level of employment in 1967 that was lower than that of 1966 and only equal to the

1964 level. The rebound of residential construction in 1968 pushed employment to an all-time high of more

than 4.6 million.

Employment by class of worker

Between 1950 and 1968 the proportion of private wage and salary workers to total employment in construction remained at about 70 percent. (See footnote 10 and table 8.) The proportion of self-employed

and unpaid family workers in construction has declined.

^ Two different conceptual definitions of construction employment are used in this report. These differences result from the nature of systems for collecting employment information. The schema presented below illustrates the relationship between the measures of employment in construction. All components of construction listed under a major conceptual definition (italic) are included within the major category.

Construction: Wage and salary workers Private Government Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers

Construction, as defined in the household survey (Current Population Survey) (CPS) conducted for the Bureau of Labor Sta­ tistics by the Bureau of the Census, includes wage and salary workers in private establishments and in government agencies engaged in construction activities such as highway maintenance and land reclamation. It also includes self-employed and unpaid family workers performing primarily construction work. Contract construction (SIC 15-17), on the other hand, is the concept used in the establishment payroll survey conducted by BLS and cooperative State agencies and includes only wage and salary workers in private establishments performing construction activities, including both new construction and maintenance and repair, done on a contract basis. Employment in establishments classified as operative builders (SIC 656) are not included in either of these definitions of construction, and neither is employment in force account construction.

Operative builders are engaged primarily in construction for sale on their own account rather than as contractors. These include mainly residential construction builders, including condominium and cooperative apartment developers. Force account construction is construction work performed by an establishment primarily engaged in some business other than construction, for its own account and use, and by its own employees. A chemical plant, for example, may maintain a construction work force for its own account and use. Although force account employees are not included in the construction employment data on an industry basis they are included in those estimates of employment by occupation available from Census and Current Popula­ tion Survey data, which refer to all workers in an occupation. CPS data are useful as a measure of the total number of persons engaged in construction activity; and provides data on employment by age, sex, and color, on occupations, and on unemployment. Payroll data are useful in providing sector detail on the types of contract construction firms, and geographic detail by States and metropolitan areas.

Contract construction: Private wage and salary workers General building contractors Heavy construction contractors Special trade contractors

14

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m ploym ent by major occupation group

In 1968, blue-collar workers— craftsmen, operatives, and laborers— accounted for about four-fifths of 

construction employment. (See table 9.) Construction craftsmen maintained a relatively consistent 50-percent 

share of employment between 1958 and 1968. ^ During this same period of time operatives have increased 

slightly as a proportion of total construction employment, and laborers have declined somewhat. In the whitecollar group, a proportional increase in professional and technical workers and clerical workers almost offset a 

proportional decline in managers, officials, and proprietors during the 1958-68 period.

Em ploym ent by selected craft occupation

The changing mix of construction activity and new construction materials and techniques has been reflected in changes in the relative importance of craft occupations. (See table 10.) Between 1950 and 1960, 

employment of carpenters in construction declined significantly— by nearly 90,000. Employment of paperhangers and plasterers also dropped. On the other hand, employment of excavating, grading, and road machinery operators was more than twice as high in 1960 as in 1950. Other significant employment increases 

were experienced by cement and concrete finishers, electricians, and structural metalworkers. These trends 

have, for the most part, continued into the 1960’s.

E m ploym ent by typ e o f contractor

In 1968, almost one-half of the workers in the contract construction industry were employed by special 

trades contractors, about 30 percent were employed by general building construction contractors, and the remainder worked for heavy construction contractors.

Since 1947, the relative importance of employment by the different types of contractors has shifted’.

The proportion of average annual employment accounted for by general building contractors has declined relative to heavy and special trades contractors. Between 1947 and 1968 employment by general building contractors as a percentage of total contract construction fell from 38.4 percent to 30.2 percent. Concurrently, 

employment by heavy contractors rose from 18.3 percent to 20.8 percent, and by special trades contractors, 

from 43.2 percent to 49.0 percent. (See table 11.)

The rising share of employment held by special trades contractors reflects the increasing amount of electrical, 

plumbing, air conditioning, and other work performed by these contractors. Highway construction increased 

over 400 percent (in constant dollar terms) between 1947 and 1968, and together with increases in construction of sewer and water systems, airports, bridges, dams, and similar projects accounted for the rising proportion of employment by heavy construction contractors. 12

Employment by operative builders has fluctuated between 38,000 and 47,000 workers since 1958, mainly 

in response to shifts in the volume of residential construction. 13

Contract construction em ploym ent by typ e of worker

The proportion of “white-collar” workers in the contract construction industry has increased in recent 

years. This development is shown by the monthly reports to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which provide 

separate data on “construction workers” and other workers in the industry.

11 The 1950 and 1960 Censuses of Population indicate that the proportion of craftsmen in construction declined some­ what between these years. However, these census data are not directly comparable with the CPS data because the Census of Population data are for March or April only, seasonally low months for construction. The census data are also not com­ parable with data based on establishment surveys. 12 For a discussion of how employment in contract construction is determined by type of contractor see footnote 1, table 13. 13 Employment in the operative builders industry should not be interpreted as a measure of employment in homebuilding. Much residential construction work is done on a contract basis by firms classified as special trades contractors in the contract construction industry. Also, firms building homes on contract may be classified as general building contractors.

15

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The employment of “construction workers” 14 accounted for 84.3 percent of total employment in 1968, 

and the proportion of these workers by type of contractor ranged from a low of 79.9 percent for electrical 

work to a high of 90.3 for masonry, stonework, and plastering. (See table 13.)

“Construction workers” as a proportion of total wage and salary employment in contract construction 

have declined slowly since 1947, from nearly 89 percent to 84 percent. The decline in the relative position 

of “construction workers” has taken place in nearly all segments of the industry. The exception to this 

general trend was in electrical work, where the proportion of “construction workers” actually increased, and 

in plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning work and masonry, stonework, and plastering where the proportion remained virtually unchanged between 1958 and 1968. (See table 14.)

Employment of “other workers” 15 in contract construction has increased more than twice as fast as 

“construction workers” over the past two decades. (See table 15.) Even during periods when employment 

of “construction workers” has declined, employment of “other workers” has not decreased. The rapid increase in employment of other workers reflects the general shifts toward larger professional and clerical staffs 

in the industry. However, the increase since 1947 in the relative position of other workers in contract construction is not as great as the increase in the proportion of nonproducation workers in manufacturing over 

the same period, in large part because of the high onsite labor requirements in contract construction.

Em ploym ent by age

In 1960, the median age of male employees in construction (40.8 years) was approximately the same 

as for all employed male workers in the United States. (See table 16.) The only major difference was a relatively 

lower proportion of construction workers employed in the very young group— 14-19 years of age, which is probably due to State laws prohibiting employment of very young workers in many construction occupations.

Data are not available on the age distribution of building trades workers in construction; however, they 

are available for total employment in selected building trades. (Approximately 70 percent of all building 

trades workers, on the average, are employed in construction.) Table 17 presents the proportion of workers 

in each occupation 45 years of age and over.

Seven of the eleven selected building trades for which comparable data are available experienced an increase in median age between 1950 and 1960, while the median age for all employed males in construction 

remained virtually unchanged. Only two— brickmasons and operating engineers— had a change of 2 years 

or more. The data in table 17 do not necessarily imply a long-range trend toward an older work force.

The difference between the 2 years may be largely the result of the slightly more depressed construction 

market of 1960. In general, the median age of employed males in construction was highest in occupations 

growing slowest or declining because of the relatively slight influx of young workers. The three occupations 

with the highest median age in both 1950 and 1960— paperhangers, painters, carpenters— recorded employment declines during the 10-year period.

E m ploym ent o f w om en

Women make up a very small but stable proportion of employment in the contract construction industry. In 1968, approximately 5 percent of the industry’s employment— 156,000 persons— were women, 

most of whom worked in clerical occupations. 16

14 In contract construction employment establishment statistics, “construction workers” include the following em­ ployees of contractors: Working foremen, journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, etc., whether working at the site of construction or in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Other workers include all other persons on payrolls who receive pay for any part of the pay period, such as office, professional workers, and salesmen. 15 See footnote 14 for definition.

16 According to the 1960 Census of Population, three-quarters of all women employed in construction were in clerical occupations.

1 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m ploym ent by size o f contractor

The contract construction division consisted of more than 300,000 reporting units in 1967. 17 The 

great majority were small in terms of number of workers; for example, 54.4 percent of the firms had three 

employees or less. Only about 3 percent of the firms had 50 employees or more.

Between 1951 and 1962, the average number of employees per reporting firm declined from 9.5 to 

8.2. By 1967, the average had risen to slightly higher than the level of 1951, indicating that over the long 

run there has been little or no change in the average size of construction firm in terms of employment.

However, the size of firms differs substantially by number of employees within the contract construction division. General contractors, other than building, had about twice as many employees on the average 

as general building contractors in 1967. (See tables 18 and 19.)

Location o f em ploym ent

Growth in contract construction has been accompanied by a change in the geographic distribution of 

employment. (See table 20.) The proportion of total employment in contract construction located in the 

Northeastern and North Central States has declined steadily, while the proportion has risen in the Southern 

and Far Western States. In 1939, 57 percent of contract construction employment (measured by annual 

average) was located in the States north of the Mason-Dixon line and east of the Mountain States. By 1968, 

that percentage had declined to 49 percent. During that period employment in the South Atlantic States 

(notably Florida) increased from 15.3 percent of the national total to 17.8 percent. Employment in the 

Mountain and Pacific States rose from 12.5 percent to 15.9 percent. These shifts are similar to the population shifts during the same period.

I7 The statistics in County Business Patterns are tabulated in terms of “reporting units.” However, the reporting unit as used for manufacturing industries differs from that for nonmanufacturing industries. Each manufacturing location of a company is counted as a separate reporting unit. In manufacturing industries, reporting units, therefore, are conceptually the same as “establishments” in Census Bureau terminology. In nonmanufacturing industries, employers (i.e., separate legal en­ tities) are counted once in each county for each industry in which they operate, regardless of the number of establishments operated. This results in the number of nonmanufacturing reporting unit s being fewer than the number of nonmanufacturing establishments and larger in size, but does not affect the employment and taxable payroll figures.

17

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 8 . P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n o f e m p lo y m en t in c o n s tr u c tio n , by c la s s o f w o r k e r s , 1950—68

Year

T otal Wage and sa la ry w ork ers S elf-em p loyed and unpaid fam ily w ork ers Num ber (in thousands) P ercen t P riv ate G overnm ent

1950 ..................... .................. ....................... 3, 582 100. 0 7 0 .7 9 .7 19.7

1951 ................................................................ 3, 910 100. 0 7 2 .7 9. 3 18. 0

1952 ________________________________ 4 , 192 100.0 72. 7 10.6 16. 7 1953 ________________________________ 4 ,0 1 3 100. 0 7 3 .4 9 .9 16.6 1954 ________________________________ 3 ,8 4 3 100. 0 69. 1 12. 2 18. 7 1955 ________________________________ 4, 045 100. 0 6 8 .9 12. 7 18.4

1956 ________________________________ 4, 079 100. 0 7 0 .0 11.9 18. 1 1957 ________________________________ 4, 116 100.0 69. 6 12. 1 18. 3 1958 ________________________________ 4, 186 100. 0 6 9 .6 12. 0 18 .4

1959 ________________________________ 4, 321 100.0 70. 0 11. 6 18.4

I960 ________ _________ ______________ 4, 263 100.0 6 9 .7 12. 0 18. 3

1961 ________________________________ 4, 198 100. 0 69. 8 12. 3 17.9 1962 _______________________________ 4 , 285 100. 0 6 9 .8 12. 5 17. 7 1963 ________ _______________________ 4, 312 100. 0 69. 1 12.9 18. 0 1964 ________________________________ 4 ,4 7 0 100. 0 6 9 .4 12. 8 17.8 1965 ________________________________ 4 , 598 100. 0 70. 7 12.7 16.6

1966 ________________________________ 4 ,6 0 7 100.0 71. 3 13.0 15.8 1967 ________________________________ 4, 524 100. 0 71. 6 13. 7 14.8

1968 _________________ _______________ 4, 620 100. 0 72. 2 12. 7 15. 0

NO TE: B e c a u se o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u a l to ta ls .

SOURC E: C u rren t P o p u la tio n S u rv ey con d u cted fo r th e B L S by th e B u reau of th e C e n su s.

T a b le 9. P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of em p lo y ed p e r s o n s , b y m a jo r o ccu p a tio n group in c o n s tr u c tio n , 1958—68

O ccu p ation group 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958

A ll o ccu p a tio n s: N u m b er in m i l l i o n s _____________________________________ 4 . 6 4 . 5 4. 6 4 . 6 4 . 5 4. 3 4. 3 4 .2 4. 3 4 . 3 4 . 2

P e r c e n t .................... 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0

W o r k e r s, e x c ep t b lu e -c o lla r 2 2. 7 22 . 3 21.6 2 2 . 2 22 . 5 2 3 .0 23. 6 22. 5 22. 3 2 1 .6 21. 7

P r o fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l ____________________________ 4 .8 5. 2 4 .8 5. 1 4 . 5 4. 5 4 .4 4 .9 4 . 7 4 .4 4. 5

M a n a g e r s, o f f ic ia ls , and p r o p r ie t o r s________________ 11. 7 1 1 . 0 10. 7 1 1 . 1 1 2 .4 1 2 .9 13. 2 12. 3 1 2 . 2 1 1 .9 1 2 . 1

C le r ic a l w o r k e r s_______________________________________ 5. 5 5 .4 5. 4 5. 3 4 .9 4 .9 5. 3 4 .7 4 .6 4 . 5 4 . 3

S a le s w o r k e r s ____________________________________________ . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 3 .4 . 3

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ________________________________________ . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .4 . 5 .4 . 5

B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s_______________________________________ 7 7 . 3 7 7 .8 78 . 3 7 7 .8 7 7 .5 7 7 .0 76 . 3 7 7 .4 77. 8 78 . 4 78 . 1 C r a ftsm e n and fo r e m e n ________________________________ 51. 5 51. 7 52. 1 5 0 .4 50 . 0 50. 8 4 9 . 7 5 1 .0 5 0 .4 50. 3 4 9 . 8

O p e r a tiv e s ______________________________________________ 9. 7 9. 9 10. 5 9. 9 9 .9 9. 3 9. 2 8 . 5 8 . 7 8 . 7 8 . 9 L a b o r e rs ________________________________________________ 16. 1 16. 2 15. 7 17. 5 17. 6 1 6 .9 1 7 .4 1 7 .9 18. 7 19. 4 1 9 .4

N O T E: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u al to ta ls .

SOURC E: C u rren t P o p u la tio n S u rv ey co n d u cted fo r th e B L S by th e B u reau of th e C e n su s.

T a b le 10. E m p lo y m en t b y s e le c t e d c r a ft o ccu p a tio n in c o n s tr u c tio n , 1950 and I960

(In th o u san d s)

O ccu pation 1950 I960 ---------I T O -------- P e r c e n t ch an ge

T o ta l s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s _____________________ 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,7 2 3 1. 5

B r ic k la y e r s , sto n e m a s o n s , and m a r b le and

t il e s e t t e r s _____________________________________________ 145 162 11. 7 C a r p e n t e r s______________________________________________ 737 648 - 1 2 . 1

C em en t and c o n c r e te f in is h e r s 1 ______________________ 27 40 4 8 . 1

E le c tr ic ia n s _________________ __________________________

E x c a v a tin g , g r a d in g , and roa d m a c h in e r y

98 131 3 3 .7

o p e r a to r s ______________________________________________ 74 151 104. 1

P a in t e r s ____________ ___________________ ______ _________ 298 269 - 9 .7

P a p e r h a n g e r s _____________________ ____________________ 19 9 -5 2 . 6

P la s t e r e r s ______________________________________________ 57 43 - 2 4 . 6

P lu m b e r s and p ip e fitte r s ______________________________ 173 191 1 0 .4

R o o fe r s and s la te r s ____________________________________ 41 45 9 .8

S tr u c tu r a l-m e ta l w o r k e r s _____________________________ 29 34 17. 2

1 In clu d es te r r a z z o w o r k e r s .

SOURCE: B u rea u of the C e n su s, 1950 and I960 C e n su s of P o p u la tio n .

18

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 11. E m p lo y m en t by ty p e of co n tra c to r a s a p e r ce n t of to ta l co n tra c t co n s tr u c tio n

em p lo y m en t, 1945—68

T a b le 12. W age and s a la r y em p lo y m en t in th e

o p er a tiv e b u ild e r s in d u str y , 1958—68

Year Contract

constru ction

G eneral building H eavy

constru ction

S p ecial

tra d es

(In thousands)

Year Em ploym ent

1945 ___ 100. 0 35. 1 19.7 45. 3

1946 ___ 100. 0 3 9 .9 17. 1 4 3 .0

1947 ___ 100.0 3 8 .4 18. 3 43. 2 1958 _____________________ 3 8 .4

1948 ___ 100. 0 38. 6 17.9 43. 5 1959 ........................................... 44. 7

1949 ____ 100. 0 3 7 .4 18. 5 44. 1 I960 _ . ... .... _____ 40. 7

1 9 5 0___ 100. 0 37. 5 18. 0 44. 5 1961 ___________ _________ 42. 8 1 9 5 1___ 100. 0 38. 1 17. 7 44. 2 1962 ........................................... 46. 1

1952 100. 0 37. 3 18. 3 4 4 .4 1963 47. 2

1953 ___ 100. 0 37. 0 18. 3 44. 8 1964 _____________________ 46. 2

1954 ___ 100. 0 3 5 .9 18. 0 46. 1 1965 . . .... ..... __ 4 5 .8

1955 100. 0 35. 6 17. 3 47. 1 1966 41. 5

1956 ____ 100. 0 35 .8 18. 6 45. 6 1967 .......................................... 39 .6

1957 ___ 100. 0 33. 8 19. 7 46. 5 1968 _____________________ 43. 2

1958 ___ 100. 0 32. 2 20. 3 47. 5

1959 — - 100. 0 3 2 .4 19. 8 47. 8 I960 100. 0 31. 5 20. 3 48. 2

1 9 6 1___ 100. 0 31. 1 20. 7 48. 2 SOURCE: BLS, current em ploym ent sta ­

1962 ___ 100. 0 3 0 .4 2 0 .4 49. 2 tis t ic s based on estab lish m en t r e p o r ts.

1963 100. 0 30. 9 20. 2 48. 9

1964 100. 0 31. 1 20. 1 48. 8

1 9 6 5___ 100. 0 31. 2 2 0 .4 4 8 .4

1966 100. 0 31. 5 20. 6 48. 0

1967 ___ 100. 0 30. 7 20. 7 48. 6

1968 ___ 100. 0 30. 2 2 0 .8 49. 0

N O T E: B e c a u se of ro u n d in g , su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u al to ta ls .

SO URC E: B L S , c u rren t em p lo y m en t s t a t is t ic s b a se d on e s ta b lish m e n t r e p o r ts .

T a b le 13. W age and s a la r y e m p lo y m en t in c o n tra c t c o n s tr u c tio n by ty p e o f co n tra c to r and w o rk er. 1968

^In^thousandis^

In d ustry

T o ta l em p lo y m en t 2 C o n stru ctio n w o r k e r s 3 O ther w o r k e r s4

P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n o f em p lo y m en t

by ty p e o f w o rk er

N u m b er P e r c e n t N u m b er P e r c e n t N u m b er P e r c e n t T o ta l C on ­

str u c tio n O ther

C o n tra ct co n s tr u c tio n d iv is i o n .......... .......... 3 ,2 6 7 .0 100. 0 2 ,7 5 4 .0 100 . 0 5 1 3. 0 100.0 100.0 84 . 3 1 5 .7

G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r s __________________ 9 8 6 .4 30. 2 8 3 6. 7 3 0 .4 149. 7 2 9 .2 100. 0 8 4 .8 1 5 .2

H ea v y co n s tr u c tio n 6 8 0. 2 2 0 .8 5 8 4 .4 2 1 . 2 95 . 8 18. 7 100. 0 85. 9 14. 1

H igh w ay and s tr e e t c o n str u c tio n 3 1 5. 9 9 .7 27 9. 7 1 0 . 2 36. 2 7. 1 100.0 88 . 5 11. 5

O ther h eav y co n s tr u c tio n 364. 3 11.2 304. 7 1 1 . 1 5 9 .6 1 1 . 6 100. 0 83 . 6 1 6 .4

S p e c ia l tra d e c o n tr a c to r s 1 ,6 0 0 . 6 4 9 . 0 1 ,3 3 3 . 3 4 8 .4 26 7. 3 52. 1 100. 0 83. 3 1 6 .7

P lu m b in g , h ea tin g , and a ir c o n d itio n in g___ 387. 9 1 1 .9 313. 0 1 1 .4 74. 9 14. 6 100. 0 80. 7 19. 3

P a in tin g , p ap erh a n g in g , and d e c o r a tin g___ 131. 0 4 . 0 115. 1 4 . 2 1 5 .9 3. 1 100. 0 8 7 .9 1 2 . 1

E le c t r ic a l w o rk 2 6 5 .8 8 . 1 21 2. 5 7. 7 53. 3 1 0 .4 100 . 0 7 9 .9 2 0 . 1

M a so n ry , sto n ew o rk , and p la s t e r in g______ 2 2 7. 3 7. 0 205. 2 7. 5 2 2 . 1 4 . 3 100. 0 90. 3 9 .7 R oofin g and s h e e t-m e ta l w ork 111. 5 3 .4 90. 9 3. 3 2 0 . 6 4. 0 100. 0 81 . 5 18. 5

1 E s ta b lish m e n ts a r e c la s s if ie d in to in d u s tr ie s on th e b a s is of th e ir p r in c ip a l a c tiv ity d e te r m in ed fro m in fo r m a tio n on an nu al s a le s v o lu m e .

T h is in fo rm a tio n i s c o lle c te d ea ch y e a r . F o r an e s ta b lish m e n t en g a g in g in m o r e than 1 a c tiv ity , th e e n tir e em p lo y m en t o f th e e s ta b lish m e n t i s in clu d ed u n der th e in d u stry in d ic a te d by th e m o s t im p o rta n t a c tiv ity . T he in d u s tr ie s a r e c la s s if ie d in a c c o r d a n ce w ith th e Stand ard In d u stria l

C la s s ific a tio n M a n u a l, B u rea u of th e B u d g et, 19 57 , a s am en d ed by th e 1963 S u p p lem en t.

2 T o ta l e m p lo y m en t data r e fe r to a ll p e r s o n s on e s ta b lish m e n t p a y r o lls w ho r e c e iv e pay fo r any p a rt of th e pay p e r io d w h ich in c lu d e s th e 12th o f th e m o n th . T he d ata e x clu d e p r o p r ie to r s , th e s e lf- e m p lo y e d , unpaid v o lu n t e e r s , or fa m ily w o r k e r s . S a la r ie d o f f ic e r s of c o r p o r a tio n s a r e in ­ c lu d ed . P e r s o n s on e s ta b lish m e n t p a y r o lls w ho a r e on p aid sic k le a v e or on paid v a c a tio n (w hen pay is r e c e iv e d d ir e c tly fr o m th e fir m ) a r e coun ted

a s em p lo y ed . H o w ev er, m a n y e m p lo y e e s in th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u str y do not r e c e iv e p aid sic k le a v e or p aid v a c a tio n s d ir e c tly fr o m a fir m but fro m a fund to w h ich a ll th e fir m s h a ve m a d e c o n trib u tio n s. P a y m e n ts fro m th e s e fu n ds a r e b a se d on th e n u m b er of h o u rs w o rk ed or am oun t of th e w o r k e r s ' e a r n in g s.

3 C o n stru ctio n w o r k e r s in clu d e th e fo llo w in g e m p lo y e e s in the c o n tra c t c o n s tr u c tio n d iv isio n : W orking fo r e m e n , jo u r n e y m e n , m e c h a n ic s , a p ­ p r e n tic e s , la b o r e r s , e tc . , w h eth er w o rk in g at th e site of c o n s tr u c tio n or in sh o p s or y a r d s , at jo b s (su ch a s p recu ttin g and p r e a ss e m b lin g ) o r d in a r ily p e r fo r m e d by m e m b e r s of th e co n s tr u c tio n tr a d e s .

4 T o ta l em p lo y m en t m in u s c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r e m p lo y m en t.

NO TE: B e c a u se of rou n d in g, su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u a l to ta ls .

SOURC E: B L S , c u r re n t em p lo y m en t s t a t is t ic s b a se d on e s ta b lish m e n t r e p o r ts .

19

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 14. C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s a s a p e r c e n t of to ta l e m p lo y m e n t, by ty p e of c o n tr a c to r , 1947—68

Y e a r

T o ta l

c o n tr a c t

c o n s t r u c ­

tio n

G e n e r a l b u ild in g

H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n 

c o n tr a c to r s S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n tr a c to r s

T o ta l h e a v y

H ig h w ay a n d

s t r e e t

O th e r

h e a v y

T o ta l 1 s p e c ia l j 

t r a d e s

P lu m b in g , 

h e a tin g 

a n d a i r - c o n d itio n in g

P a in tin g , 

p a p e r - 

h a n g in g , 

d e c o r a tin g

E l e c t r i c a l

w o rk

M a s o n ry ,

s to n e w o rk ,

an d

p la s te r i n g

R o o fing an d

s h e e t- m e t a l w o rk

1 9 4 7................ 8 8 . 7 9 0 .4 8 8 .4 i

8 7 .4 i

1948 ............................ 8 8 . 7 9 0 . 3 8 8 . 2 - - 8 7 .4 - _ _ _ _

1949 ___________________ 8 8 . 6 9 0 .4 8 8. 3 _ _ 87 . 3 ! _ _ _ _ _

1950 ___________________ 8 8 . 7 9 0 .4 8 8 . 3 _ _ 8 7 .4 !; _ _ _ _

1951 8 8 . 7 90. 4 8 8 . 2 I _ 8 7 .4 | _ - _ _ _

1952 ___________________ 8 8 . 2 8 9. 7 8 8 . 0 I _ 87 . 1 _ _ _ _ _

1953 ___________________ 8 7 . 9 8 9 . 1 8 8. 9 _ 86 . 5 'I _ _ _ _

1954 8 7 . 3 8 8 . 8 8 8. 9 i

1

- 85. 6 i _ _ _ _

1955 ___________________ 8 7 . 1 8 8. 3 8 8 . 8 _ 85. 6 I -

_ _ _ _

1956 ___________________ 8 7 . 1 8 8 .4 8 8 . 6 i _ 85 . 5 _ _ _ _

1957 ______________ ____ 8 6 .8 8 7 .8 89. 0 - - 85 . 1 _ _ _ _ _

1958 ___________ ______ 8 5 . 8 8 6. 8 8 8 . 2 8 9 . 6 86. 8 80. 7 80. 7 9 0 .9 78 . 5 90. 9 82. 6

1959 __________ _________ 8 5 . 7 8 7. 0 8 8 . 1 9 0. 1 85. 9 83 . 9 80 . 6 91. 1 78 . 0 91. 3 81. 8 1960 8 5 . 2 8 6 . 5 8 7 . 3 8 9. 5 85. 2 83 . 6 8 0 .4 91. 4 78. 1 91. 0 81 . 1 1961 8 4 . 9 8 6 . 0 86. 7 8 9. 6 83. 8 83 . 3 80. 5 91. 2 77 . 5 90. 6 81. 3 1962 ............ 8 4 . 8 8 5 . 7 8 6 . 8 8 9. 8 83. 7 83 . 5 8 0 .4 90. 6 78. 1 9 0 .9 81. 5 1963 8 5 . 2 8 6. 1 8 7 . 2 8 9 . 8 8 4 .4 83 . 8 80 . 7 90. 3 7 8 .4 90. 8 81 . 3

1964 ___________________ 8 5 . 1 8 6. 1 8 6 . 3 8 9 . 1 83. 3 84. 1 80 . 8 90 . 1 7 9 . 6 91 . 3 8 0 . 9 1965 8 5 . 1 8 5 . 8 8 6 .4 8 9 . 1 83. 6 84 . 0 81. 4 89 . 7 80 . 3 91. 1 81 . 3

1966 ________ _____ 8 5 . 0 8 6 . 1 8 8 . 7 8 8. 7 83. 8 83 . 7 81 . 1 89 . 0 80 . 3 9 0 .9 80. 9

1967 ___________________ 8 4 . 4 8 5 .4 8 5 . 9 8 8 . 3 83. 8 83 . 2 80 . 7 88 . 8 8 0 . 1 8 9 .9 81 . 0

1968 ___________________ 8 4 . 3 8 4. 8 8 5 . 9 8 8 . 5 83. 6 8 3 . 3 80 . 7 87 . 9 7 9 .9 90 . 3 81 . 5

S O U R C E : BL.S, c u r r e n t e m p lo y m e n t s t a t i s t i c s b a s e d on e s ta b li s h m e n t r e p o r t s .

T a b le 15. E m p lo y m e n t of w ag e an d s a la r y w o r k e r s in 

c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n , by ty p e of w o r k e r a n d p e r c e n t 

c h a n g e , 1947—68

( in th o u s a n d s !

Y e a r C o n s tr u c tio n

w o r k e r s

O th e r

w o r k e r s

1947 _ 1 ,7 5 9 223

1948 ____ _____ ______________ 1 ,9 2 4 245

1949 _________________________________ 1 ,9 1 9 246

1950 _ 2 ,0 6 9 264

1 9 5 1_________________________________ 2, 308 295 1952 _________________________________ 2, 324 310

1953 _________________________________ 2, 305 318 1954 _________________________________ 2, 281 331

1955 _________________________________ 2 ,4 4 0 362

1956 _________________________________ 2 ,6 1 3 386

1957 _________________________________ 2, 537 386

1958 _________________________________ 2, 384 394

1959 _________________________________ 2 ,5 3 8 422 1960 2 ,4 5 9 426

1 9 6 1_________________________________ 2, 390 426

1962 _________________________________ 2 ,4 6 2 440

1963 _________________________________ 2, 523 440

1964 _________________________________ 2, 597 453

1965 _________________________________ 2, 710 476

1966 _________________________________ 2, 784 491 1967 _________________________________ 2, 708 500

1968 _________________________________ 2, 754 513

P e r c e n t c h a n g e 1947—68 ______ 56. 6 130. 0

S O U R C E : BLiS, c u r r e n t e m p lo y m e n t s t a t i s t i c s b a s e d on e s ta b li s h m e n t r e p o r t s .

2 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 16. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f a g e a n d m e d ia n a g e o f a l l e m p lo y e d m a le s a n d m a le s e m p lo y e d in 

c o n s tr u c tio n , 1950 a n d I9 6 0

A ge

I9 6 0 1950

A ll

e m p lo y e d

m a le s

E m p lo y e d

in

c o n s tr u c tio n

A ll

e m p lo y e d

m a le s

E m p lo y e d

in

c o n s tr u c tio n

T o t a l------------------------------------- 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0

14 to 19 ................... _ ................._ 5. 7 3. 2 4 .9 2 .9 20 to 24 _______ _____________________ 8 .4 8 .4 9 .7 9. 3 25 to 29 _____________________________ 1 0 .4 10. 5 12. 2 12. 3 30 to 34 12. 0 1 2 .7 12. 2 12. 2

35 to 44 ______ ______________________ 24. 2 26. 2 23. 5 24. 6

45 to 54 ______ ______________________ 20. 7 21. 7 18. 8 20. 1

55 to 64 _____________________________ 13. 8 13. 4 13. 0 13. 5 65 an d o v e r _ . 4. 8 3. 9 5. 6 5. 1

M ed ia n a g e ( y e a r s )_________________ 4 0. 6 4 0 . 8 39. 7 4 0 .4

S O U R C E : B u re a u of th e C e n s u s , 1950 a n d I9 6 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n .

T a b le 17. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of m e d ia n a g e a n d p r o p o r tio n of e m p lo y e d m a le s , 45 y e a r s of ag e an d o v e r , s e le c te d b u ild in g t r a d e s , 1950 a n d I9 60

O c c u p a tio n

M e d ia n a g e C h an g e in 

m e d ia n a g e P r o p o r tio n 45 y e a r s of ag e a n d o v e r

1950 1960 19 5 0 -6 0 1950 I96 0

B r ic k m a s o n s , s to n e m a s o n s , an d 

t i tle s e t t e r s _____________________________________ 4 0 .4 37. 7 - 2 . 7 39. 8 30. 4

C a r p e n te r s .... . ......... . 4 3 .4 4 3 . 3 - . 1 4 6 . 2 45 . 5

C e m e n t a n d c o n c r e te f i n i s h e r s_________________

E l e c tr ic i a n s ______________________________________

4 1 . 7 

3 9 .2

4 0 . 0 

4 0 . 8

-1 . 7

+ 1. 6

4 1 . 6 

34. 2

34. 9 

37. 9 E x c a v a tin g , g r a d in g , a n d ro a d 

m a c h in e r y o p e r a t o r s__________________________ 3 7 .8 39. 8 + 2. 0 25. 6 34. 3

P a i n t e r s ................... ........ ... . 43 . 6 4 5 .4 + 1. 8 4 6 .4 50. 9

P a p e r h a n g e r s ____________________________________ 4 9 . 2 50. 9 + 1. 7 57. 6 6 5 .6

P l a s t e r e r s _______________________________________ 4 1 . 0 4 0 . 1 - . 9 4 1 . 1 36. 5

P lu m b e r s a n d p ip e f it te r s _______________________ 40 . 9 42 . 2 + 1. 3 38. 6 41 . 9

R o o fe rs a n d s l a t e r s 36. 3 37. 0 + . 7 28. 3 30. 2

S t r u c t u r a l - m e t a l w o r k e r s 39. 2 41 . 0 + 1. 8 33. 9 37. 1

S O U R C E : B u re a u of th e C e n s u s , 1950 a n d I9 6 0 C e n s u s of P o p u la tio n .

T a b le 18. A v e ra g e n u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s 1 p e r r e p o r tin g u n it, s e le c te d y e a r s

In d u s tr y 1967 1966 1965 1964 1962 1 1959 1956 1953 1951

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ___________________________ 9 .7 9. 5 8. 8 8 .4 8. 2 8. 3 8. 6 9. 0 9. 5 G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , b u ild in g _ _ . 10. 3 10. 1 9. 1 8. 6 8 .4 8. 7 9. 6 10. 3 1 1 .9 G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , e x c e p t b u i l d i n g s _____ 1 9 .4 18. 9 18. 1 1 7 .7 1 9 .4 21. 1 23. 5 26. 0 26. 0

H ig h w ay a n d s t r e e t c o n s tr u c tio n 17. 6 17. 3 17. 7 17. 8 17. 9 19. 3 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) H eav y c o n s tr u c tio n , n . e . c _______________ 20. 6 19. 9 18. 4 17. 7 20. 4 22. 9 (2 ) (2 ) (2 )

S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n t r a c t o r s__________ _ _____ P lu m b in g , h e a tin g , a n d a i r - 7. 8 7. 7 7. 3 7. 0 6. 6 6. 5 6. 4 6. 5 6. 6

c o n d itio n in g .. .. .. _ .. ........... 8. 3 8 . 0 7. 6 7. 2 6. 7 6. 6 6. 6 6. 6 P

P a in tin g , p a p e r h a n g in g__________________ 4 . 8 4 . 7 4. 5 4. 3 4. 2 4. 2 4 . 3 4 .4 (2 ) E l e c t r i c a l w o rk .... 10. 4 9 .8 9. 3 8. 5 8. 4 8. 0 7 .9 8 .4 (2) M a s o n ry , s to n e w o rk , a n d p l a s t e r i n g ___ 7. 4 7. 6 7. 4 7. 3 6. 8 7. 2 7. 0 6. 8 (2 )

C a r p e n te r in g a n d w ood f l o o r i n g _________ 4 . 5 4 . 7 4. 5 4. 5 4. 2 4. 4 4. 3 4. 2 (2 )

R o o fin g a n d s h e e t- m e t a l w o rk 8. 7 8. 5 8. 0 7. 5 7. 3 7. 3 7. 0 6. 8 (2 ) C o n c re te w o rk ____________________________ 8. 1 8. 3 8. 0 8. 2 8. 8 8. 2 8. 2 7. 6 (2) W a te r w e ll d r illin g 

M is c e lla n e o u s s p e c ia l tr a d e 3. 8 3. 7 3. 6 3. 5 3 .4 3. 5 (2 ) (2 ) (2 )

c o n tr a c to r s . . 11. 2 11. 2 10. 6 10. 1 8. 7 8 .4 (2) (2 ) (2 )

A d m in is tr a tiv e a n d a u x ilia r y __________________ 4 5 . 3

1

4 9 . 4 52. 6 4 5 . 2 33. 1 25. 5 (2 ) (2 ) (2 )

1 T h e n u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s fo r th e m id - M a r c h p ay p e r io d d iv id e d by th e to ta l n u m b e r of r e p o r tin g u n its d u rin g th e f i r s t q u a r t e r .

2 N ot a v a ila b le .

S O U R C E : B u re a u of th e C e n s u s , C o u n ty B u s in e s s P a t t e r n s .

2 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 19. P ercen t distribution of fir m s by num ber of em p loyees in contract con stru ction , s e lec ted y e a r s

Y e a r 1 -3 1

e m p lo y e e s

4 -7

e m p lo y e e s 8 -1 9 e m p lo y e e s 2 0 -4 9 e m p lo y e e s

T o ta l le s s 

50 e m p lo y e e s

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

1 9 5 1______________________________ 53. 1 23. 6 1 4 .6 5. 8 97. 1 1953 ..................................................... . 55. 6 2 2 .4 1 3 .6 5. 5 97. 1 1956 ________________________ 56. 2 20. 9 14. 6 5. 7 9 7 .4

1959 ................ .......................................- 5 7 .0 20. 3 14. 6 5. 6 97. 5

1962 ............................................ ............... 5 7 .9 20. 0 14. 0 5. 6 97. 5

1964 _____________________________ 56. 6 20. 2 14. 6 5 .9 97. 3

1965 ______________________________ 5 5 .9 20 . 3 14. 9 6. 0 97. 1

1966 ______________________________ 54. 0 2 0 .8 15. 6 6 .4 9 6 .9 1967 ______________________________ 5 4 .4 2 0 .4 15. 5 6 .4 9 6 .7

G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , b u ild in g

1951 ............................................................ 4 6 . 6 2 5 .8 1 6 .8 6. 7 9 5 .9 1953 ______________________________ 5 1 .7 2 4 .4 14. 5 6 .0 9 6 .6

1956 ______________________________ 52. 8 2 2 .4 1 5 .4 6. 2 9 6 .8

1959 _____________________________ 55. 2 2 1 .4 14. 9 5. 6 97. 1

1962 _________ ____________________ 5 6 .9 21. 1 1 3 .9 5 .5 9 7 .4

1964 ________ _____________________ 56. 2 21. 0 14. 4 5. 7 97. 3

1965 ______________________________ 55. 6 2 1 .0 14. 6 5. 7 9 6 .9

1966 ______________________________ 53. 3 2 1 .7 15. 2 6. 2 96 . 5

1967 ______________________________ 54 . 2 21. 1 15. 0 6. 1 96. 3

G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , e x c e p t b u ild in g

1951 ______________________________ 34. 1 2 0 .4 20. 3 1 3 .4 88 . 2

1953 ______________________________ 3 6 .4 19. 0 19. 8 1 3 .8 89. 0

1956 ______________________________ 36. 5 18. 0 20. 7 14. 2 8 9 .4

1959 ______________________________ 38. 6 1 8 .4 20 . 6 13. 2 9 0 .8

1962 ______________________________ 4 2 . 6 18. 3 19. 1 11. 5 9 1 .5

1964 ____________ _______________ 43 . 0 1 8 .4 19. 0 1 1 .7 92. 1

1965 _____________ ________________ 4 2 . 4 18. 3 1 9 .4 1 1 .4 91. 5

1966 ______________________________ 4 2 . 0 18. 3 1 9 .6 11. 8 91. 7

1967 ______________________________ 4 1 . 7 18. 5 19. 7 11. 5 9 1 .5

S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n tr a c to r s

1 9 5 1 ............................................................ 58. 1 22. 8 13. 0 4 . 5 9 8 .4

1953 ______________________________ 5 9 .7 2 1 .9 12. 5 4 . 3 9 8 .4

1956 ______________________________ 60. 0 20. 5 1 3 .5 4. 5 98. 5

1959 - .............- ....................................... 50. 1 20. 0 13. 7 4 . 7 98 . 5

1962 ______________________________ 60. 5 19. 8 13. 3 4 .8 9 8 .4

1964 ______________________________ 5 8 .8 20 . 2 14. 1 5. 2 98 . 3

1965 ______________________________ 58. 1 20 . 2 1 4 .4 5. 3 98 . 0

1966 ______________________________ 56. 2 2 0 .8 15. 2 5 .7 9 7 .9

1967 ______________________________ 5 6 .6 20. 3 15. 1 5 .8 97. 8

1 In c lu d e s r e p o r tin g u n its h a v in g p a y r o l l d u rin g th e f i r s t q u a r t e r b u t no e m p lo y e e s d u rin g th e 

m id - M a r c h p a y p e r io d .

S O U R C E : B u re a u o f th e C e n s u s , C o u n ty B u s in e s s P a t t e r n s .

2 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 20. P ercen t distribution of em ploym ent in contract constru ction and m anufacturing, by region and S tate, s elec ted y e a r s

R e g io n a n d S ta te

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n M a n u f a c tu r in g

1968 I9 60 1950 1939 1968 1960 1950 1939

T o t a l_______________________________________ 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0

N ew E n g la n d_____________________________________ 5 .9 5. 8 6. 1 6 .9 7 .9 8 .7 9 .6 11. 5

M a i n e.................................... ......... ................................... .4 . 5 .4 . 6 .6 . 6 . 7 .9 N ew H a m p s h ir e . . . .4 . 3 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 7 V e rm o n t . _ . _ ....... . 3 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 3 M a s s a c h u s e t ts _______________________________ 2. 7 2. 8 3. 1 2 .9 3 .6 4. 2 4 . 7 5. 6 R h o d e Is la n d . 5 .4 . 5 . 7 . 6 . 7 1. 0 1. 2 C o n n e c tic u t 1__________________________________ 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 1 .9 2 .4 2 .4 2. 5 2 .8

M id d le A t la n tic_____ _____________________________ 17. 2 18. 2 20 . 1 22. 8 2 1 .9 24. 6 27. 2 29. 3 N ew Y o rk _ . . 8 . 0 '9 . 2 9 .8 1 2 .4 9. 5 11. 2 12. 5 13. 2

N ew J e r s e y ___________________________________ 3 .4 3. 5 3. 5 3. 6 4 . 5 4 . 8 5. 0 5. 7 P e n n s y lv a n ia _ _ ............. . ... . 5. 8 5. 5 6 .8 6 .8 7 .9 8. 6 9 .7 1 0 .4

E a s t N o rth C e n tr a l ___________ __________________ 18. 5 18. 6 19. 3 18. 6 2 6 .4 2 6 .8 2 9 .5 2 7 .4

O h i o____________________________________________ 5. 1 5. 1 5 .4 5. 1 7. 3 7. 5 8. 0 7. 5 I n d i a n a________________________________________ 2. 6 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 3. 6 3. 5 3. 8 3. 4 I l l i n o i s __________________________________________ 5. 7 5 .9 5 .8 5. 3 7. 1 7. 2 7 .9 7 .9 M ic h ig a n_______________________________________ 3. 1 3 .4 3. 7 3. 8 5. 8 5 .8 7. 0 6. 1 W is c o n s in _ ......... . _ ... _ 2 . 0 2. 0 2. 1 2. 1 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 5

W e st N o rth C e n t r a l _______________________________ 7. 5 8 .4 8 .4 8. 8 6. 3 6. 0 5 .7 5. 2 M in n e s o ta _ ... _ 1 .9 2. 0 1 .9 2. 2 1. 6 1 .4 1. 3 1. 1 Io w a _____________________________ _________ _____ 1. 2 1. 3 1 .4 1 .8 1. 1 1. 1 1. 0 .9 M is s o u r i __ . _ .... ___ . 2. 2 2. 3 2. 3 2 .4 2 .4 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 N o rth D a k o ta _ . . . . 2 . 3 . 3 . 3 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) S o uth D a k o ta __________________________________ . 2 . 4 .4 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1

N e b r a s k a ______________________________ ______ . 7 . 9 . 8 . 8 . 4 . 4 .4 . 3 K a n s a s 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 0 . 7 . 7 .6 . 5

S o u th A tla n tic __________________ __________________ 17. 8 16. 0 1 4 .4 15. 3 13. 3 12. 2 11. 0 11. 8 D e la w a r e ___________________ __________________ .4 .4 . 5 .4 .4 . 4 . 3 . 3 M a ry la n d ______________________________________ 2 .4 2. 2 2 .4 2. 0 1 .4 1. 5 1. 5 1 .7 D i s t r i c t of C o lu m b ia ._ _ __ .6 . 7 .9 1 .6 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2

V i r g i n i a_______________________________________ 2. 7 2 .4 2. 2 2 .4 1 .8 1. 6 1. 5 1. 7 W e st V ir g in ia .. ___ _ . . 8 .6 . 8 1 .0 . 7 . 7 .9 .9 N o rth C a r o l i n a _________________________ ______ 2. 7 2. 3 2. 0 2. 1 3 .4 3. 0 2. 7 3. 1 S o u th C a r o lin a ________________________________ 1. 5 1. 2 1. 0 1. 2 1 .6 1. 5 1 .4 1 .4

G e o rg ia __________________________ _____________ 2 .4 1 .9 1. 7 2. 3 2. 3 2. 0 1 .9 1. 8 F lo r id a . . . _ _ _ ...... _ _ 4 . 3 4. 3 2 .9 2. 3 1. 6 1. 2 . 7 . 7

E a s t S o uth C e n tr a l ____ _________________________ 6. 0 5. 2 5. 1 5. 7 5. 9 5. 0 4 . 5 4 .4 K e n tu c k y ____ . ... __ 1. 5 1. 3 1. 2 1. 6 1. 2 1. 0 .9 . 8

T e n n e s s e e __________________ __________________ 2. 0 1. 6 2. 0 1 .4 2. 3 1 .9 1 .6 1. 6 A l a b a m a________________________________________ 1. 6 1. 5 1. 2 1. 5 1. 5 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4

M is s i s s ip p i ....................................................... ............... .9 . 8 . 7 1. 2 .9 . 7 .6 . 6

W e st S o uth C e n tr a l ______________________________ 11. 2 9. 5 10. 0 9 .4 5 .9 4 .9 4 . 3 3. 7 A r k a n s a s ______________________________________ .9 . 7 . 8 . 8 . 8 .6 . 5 . 5 L o u is ia n a . _ _ . . . 2. 8 1 .9 2. 0 1 .7 .9 .8 1. 0 1. 0

O k la h o m a________________ _____________________ 1 .0 1. 2 1. 3 1. 1 .6 . 5 .4 .4

T e x a s _ . _____ . . . . . . _____ . _ 6 . 5 5 .7 5 .9 5 .8 3 .6 2 .9 2 .4 1 .8

M o u n ta in 3 .9 4 .9 4 . 0 3. 5 1 .7 1. 6 1. 1 1. 0

M o n ta n a........................................................ ............... ........ . 4 .4 . 4 . 5 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1

I d a h o _______________________________ ______ _____ . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 W y o m in g_______________________________________ . 2 . 4 . 3 . 3 (2 ) . 1 (2 ) (2 ) C o l o r a d o_______________________________________ 1. 0 1. 2 1. 0 1. 1 .6 . 5 . 4 . 4 N ew M e x ic o . _ ____ _ . 5 . 7 . 7 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 (2 ) A riz o n a _______ ________ _____________________ . 8 1. 1 . 5 .4 .4 . 3 . 2 . 1

U t a h ___________________ ______________________ . 4 . 5 . 5 .4 . 3 . 3 . 2 . 2

N e v a d a ______________________________________ . 3 . 3 . 2 . 2 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 )

P a c if ic ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. 0 1 3 .4 1 2 .6 9 .0 1 0 .7 10. 2 7. 1 5. 7 W a sh in g to n 1. 8 1. 6 1. 8 1. 8 1. 4 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 O re g o n _________________________ _____________ . 9 • 9 1. 1 . 7 . 9 .9 . 9 . 8

C a lif o r n ia ___________________________________ 9. 5 10. 1 9. 7 6. 6 8. 3 7. 9 5. 0 3. 7 A la s k a . 2 . 2 _ _ (2 ) (2 ) _ _

H a w a i i ________________ ____ __________________ . 6 . 6 ~

. 1 . 2 -

1 M ining com bined with constru ction. 2 L e ss than 0. 05 p ercent.

SOURCE: BLS, current em ploym ent s ta tistic s based on estab lish m en t re p o r ts.

2 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER IV . SEASONAL EM PLO YM ENT

Seasonality of employment in construction

Seasonal fluctuations are an outstanding feature of employment in construction. Wage and salary workers 

in contract construction experience greater seasonal variations in employment than such workers in any other 

nonagricultural industry division. (See appendix table G-6.) From its low to its peak, contract construction has added more than three-quarters of a million workers each year, on the average, over the past 

decade. Seasonal employment fluctuations far exceed the variation in annual average employment that have 

occurred. (See table 22.) In addition, the seasonal pattern in employment is more pronounced for construction workers than for other workers in the industry. (See table 26.)

Seasonality of employment in contract construction has not changed markedly since World War II as 

measured by the extent to which employment in February and August varies from average annual employment. 

(See table 21.) There has been a decline during the last 5 years as well as during the early 1950’s— both 

periods of low unemployment.

Seasonality in construction employment 18 is clearly related to economic conditions, as measured by the 

overall unemployment rate. (See chart 1.) As unemployment rises, seasonality increases, and conversely. For 

the month of February, for example, for every percentage point change in the overall unemployment rate, there 

is a corresponding 1 percentage point change in seasonal amplitude, on the average. For months of the year 

other than February (the low point), the relationship of economic conditions to seasonality may be quantitatively different, but limited evidence indicates that the direction of the relationship is the same as in February.

Use of a related measure, the trend in BLS seasonal adjustment factors 19 also shows no observable significant change in seasonality occurring since 1947. (See table 21 and appendix table G-7.)

A reduction in the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations in construction employment took place before 

World War II. In 1929 and 1935, the range in contract construction employment between February and 

August as a percent of the annual average was about 55 percentage points. 20 By 1939 and 1940, just prior

*8 Measured by the ratio of the actual level of employment to the corresponding trend-cycle level of employment for 

the same month. This factor must be taken into account in a review of trends in seasonality during the postwar years. That 

portion of the seasonality associated with economic conditions must be removed in some way in order to determine whether 

the remaining seasonality contains any observable trend related to other influences present in the construction industry.

*9 Seasonal adjustment is a statistical process for removing the effects of seasonal influences from the data for the 

individual months of the year. Seasonal factors express the ratio between the original level of activity for a month and the 

seasonally adjusted level for the same month. A factor of 110 means that the level in that month is typically 10 percent 

higher than it would have been in the absence of seasonal influences. A factor of 90 means that the level in that month 

is typically 10 percent less because of seasonality. When the actual level for a given month is divided by the factor for 

that month, the resulting number is called the seasonally adjusted level. After a time series has been seasonally adjusted, 

the figure for any month may be compared directly with that for any other month.

Month-to-month change in a seasonally adjusted series should then reflect nonseasonal factors such as changing economic conditions or short term factors such as floods, storms, or strikes. It does not reflect normal seasonal variations 

since it is precisely these which are removed in the adjustment process. In this report, the seasonal factors will be used 

as a measure of seasonal influences whenever possible. However, in some instances, the simple method of taking the month 

as a percentage of the annual average will be utilized. In addition, the ratio of the seasonal low to the seasonal high month, 

usually February to August, also will be used.

2® BLS employment data on a monthly basis is not available for years prior to 1939. See table 24 for sources and 

note concerning 1929 and 1935 data.

24

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to World War II, this range had declined to about 34 percentage points. (See table 25.) Since 1947, the 

spread has fluctuated between 18 and 33 percent. (See tables 21 and 25.) The same pattern as above persisted for the various geographic areas of the Nation. (See table 23.)

The fact that no marked change in the seasonality of employment has occurred in contract construction 

over the postwar period is particularly surprising because a number of factors seem to be working to reduce 

seasonality. First, the regional distribution of employment in the industry has shifted toward the South Atlantic and Pacific States— areas of generally less seasonal fluctuation. Second, a shift of employment has occurred 

within the industry in favor of special trades contractors and more mechanical work such as electrical, plumbing, etc. Employment in the special trades is considerably less seasonal than work by general contractors.

Third, the proportion of total employment in the industry that construction workers constitute has decreased. 

Since construction workers are subject to considerably greater seasonality of employment than office workers 

in the industry, this circumstance would tend to mitigate seasonal employment fluctuations. Fourth, technological developments that increase the ease of winter building have continued to appear. Suppliers to the industry continue to provide innovations directed at year-round construction work. Plastic shelters for closing in 

a job against unfavorable weather and improved space heaters have been marketed. Fifth, the size of contractors in terms of the value of work undertaken has continued to increase (although, in terms of employees there 

has not been any increase in size). With greater size, the planning necessary to successfully undertake offseason work is possible.

The fact that seasonality in construction has shown little long-run alteration in face of these changes indicates that other factors are at work to increase seasonality that are able to balance the factors that reduce 

seasonality.

The increasingly seasonal pattern of contracts let may have a positive effect upon the seasonality of employment. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, monthly series of the value of contract awards had a rather 

random pattern. If anything, the value peaked late in the year and troughs were random. By 1954, however, 

the value of contracts let began to take on a more seasonal pattern. A peak is now reached in April, May, or 

June— leading employment by about 3 months— and a trough occurs in December or January— leading the 

employment trough by about 1 month.21 Construction jobs often require a large amount of advance planning 

and development. When the day arrives to start a job, the contractor must have assembled men, materials, and 

machines. If construction is let on a seasonal basis all other aspects of work planning, organization, and commencement also follow a more seasonal movement.

Another factor that may emphasize the seasonality of employment in construction is the increased amount 

of formal planning by contractors. The general belief is that contractors are planning in an attempt to perform 

more winter work. In anticipation of poor winter weather, however, contractors may use formal planning to 

accomplish more work during spring, summer, and fall months, thereby heightening the seasonal employment 

peak. Analysis of weather and employment information for Chicago has indicated a certain amount of anticipatory reaction by contractors that has an effect on the amount of work performed in winter months, 

regardless of the actual weather conditions in these months. (See appendix C for a discussion of this topic.)

Seasonal employment by type of contractor

Seasonal variations in employment are more pronounced in some types of construction activities than 

in others. Employment by special trades contractors in 1968, for example, rose about 18 percent from seasonal low to high, while employment in heavy construction rose by 56 percent. (See table 24.) In addition, 

seasonal variations in employment within certain segments of heavy and special trades contractors also are 

considerable. Thus, employment in heavy construction, except highways, increased by more than one-quarter 

from seasonal low to high, and employment by highway contractors nearly doubled. Among the special trades

Robert E. Lipsey and Doris Preston, Source B ook o f Statistics Relating to Construction, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1966, p. 57.

2 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
contractors, the mechanical trades, such as plumbing, heating and air conditioning, and electrical work, are the 

least seasonal. The seasonal rise in employment from low to high months for these mechanical trades contractors was less than 10 percent, compared with 21 percent for masonry contractors, 23 percent for roofing 

contractors, and 42 percent for painting contractors.

The sectors of contract construction have experienced varied changes in seasonal employment patterns 

since 1929. The seasonal amplitude of the swing in employment in highway construction has shown the most 

significant improvement, although it continues to be the sector of the industry with the widest seasonal fluctuations in employment. (See table 25.)

Seasonal employment by type and class of worker

Just as substantial variations in the seasonal patterns of employment take place by type of construction 

activity, available data indicate that considerable variation occurs by construction occupation and by class of 

construction worker. The number of laborers employed in the peak month of August 1968 was 24 percent 

greater than the annual average; for carpenters it was only 10 percent higher than the annual average in the 

peak month of September. Conversely, the employment of construction laborers in January was about onefourth less than the annual average compared with 15 percent less for carpenters. (See table 26.)

In 1968, the seasonal fluctuation in employment of “construction workers” in contract construction was 

about one-third between February and August, in contrast to a fluctuation of about 3 percent for other workers (white-collar, etc.), (See table 27.)

There are substantial variations in the seasonal employment patterns of construction workers by class of 

worker. In 1968, employment of private wage and salary workers in construction increased by about 25 percent between the first and third quarters, compared with a 7-percent rise for government wage and salary 

workers engaged in construction activities. 22 The number of self-employed and unpaid family workers combined in construction increased 12 percent during this period. (See table 28.) Construction workers employed 

in construction experience greater seasonal employment swings than building trades workers employed in other 

industries. (See table 29.)

Seasonal employment by size and location of construction firm

Seasonal employment patterns of large construction firms have less amplitude than those of smaller 

firms. Large firms may be better able to take advantage of cold weather materials and equipment and, therefore, tend to maintain their work forces during off-season periods.

Data available for several sectors of contract construction in four areas in 1968 indicate that seasonal 

employment swings for large firms were consistently less than for small firms, 23 but varied by type of contractor and area. (See table 30.) Generally, the variation was greatest for large and small firms engaged in 

highway and street construction and those classified in several “outdoor” special trades contractor industries, 

such as roofing and sheet-metal work and masonry, stonework, and plastering. Painting, paperhanging, and 

decorating is the only indoor work that had substantial seasonal swings, because winter months appear to be 

unpopular for such work. Within the industries shown in table 30, the seasonal fluctuations of employment 

are greater in the warmer regions of the country.

22 The employees of public agencies engaged in construction and related activities, such as highway maintenance and land reclamation. 23 The classification of firms into size categories was based on type of construction activity and location of establish­ ments. Generally, establishments in General Building Construction and Highway and Street Construction were classified as “large” if they employed 100 employees or more. Those in the Special Trades were classified as “large” if they employed 20 employees or more.

27

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Historical data indicate that little or no change in seasonal employment fluctuations results from type, 

size, and location of construction firms since 1960. The employment of small general building contractors in 

the South Atlantic and East South Central States is becoming less seasonal, and employment in both large and 

small masonry, stonework, and plastering firms in the South Central and South Atlantic States is becoming more 

seasonal. (See appendix table G-19.)

Significant variations occur in seasonal fluctuations by State. Nationally, the seasonal adjustment factor 

for employment in contract construction in February 1968 was 87 and the August factor was 110. Excluding 

Alaska and Hawaii, February factors range from 66 for North Dakota to 98 for Florida and those for August 

range from 103 to 133, for these two States. (See table 31.)

Seasonality and the attachment of workers to contract construction 24

Workers in construction have fewer quarters of work during the year than workers in most other industries. In each of the three major construction industry groups, for example, employees with work in only one 

calendar quarter made up at least 30 percent of all workers who had some earnings in the industry, compared 

with less than 20 percent of the workers with some earnings in manufacturing, mining, and utilities. (See 

table 32.) Similarly, when employees are reported in the industry from which they received the major portion 

of their earnings, fewer quarters of work are evidenced for construction workers than most other workers.

Construction workers in the South and West (where seasonal patterns are less severe) appear to have a 

weaker attachment to the industry than those in the rest of the country. Only about 28 percent of the workers who reported some earnings from general building construction in the South and West were employed in 

the industry at least part of four quarters in 1964, compared with about 35 percent in the northern regions. 

(See table 33.) Moreover, a considerably larger proportion of the workers in the South and West were employed only one quarter in 1964. This weaker attachment in a section of the country in which construction 

employment is less seasonal may reflect a shifting from farm to construction work and back.

Construction workers under 25 years of age appear to have less year-round work in the industry in the 

course of a year than those in the older age groups. In 1964, more than one-half of the construction workers 

in the 25 to 65 age group who had most of their earnings reported from contractors in the general building 

sector had four quarters of work. This proportion contrasts markedly with the 8 percent for those under 

20 years of age (many of whom are in school and seek employment during their vacations) and the 31 percent for those between 20 and 24 years of age. For those workers over 65, the proportion receiving four 

quarters of work was substantially less than for the prime working age groups. (See table 34.)

White workers appear to receive more quarters of work than Negro workers. (See table 35.) This may 

in large part be a result of Negroes’ concentration in the trades more susceptible to seasonal layoffs.

Factors that influence seasonality

Seasonal employment movements in construction are the result of inclement weather and traditional management practices and custom. The actual amount of work that could be performed in winter with precautions 

against bad weather is unknown, but indications are that it is more than is currently performed. In 1924, the 

Hoover Committee reported, “For most types of construction is now possible to build the year-round in all 

parts of the United States.” 25 This statement remains true. Materials and techniques for performing construction work during harsh weather have been available for some time, and have steadily improved. Careful 

scheduling and protection of materials and workers can permit work to proceed even in periods of bad

24 Source: OASDI 1-percent continuous work history sample. Special tabulations made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. (See appendix F.)

25 The President’s Conference on Unemployment, Seasonal Operation in The Construction Industries: The Facts and

Rem edies, (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1924).

2 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
weather. The Canadians, for instance, have poured concrete at 40 degrees below zero, and some of this Nation s 

large contractors have accomplished similar feats. Highway building has been carried directly through winter 

months in Washington, D.C., and in cities farther north.

An analysis of the weather and construction activity in Chicago between 1958 and 1964 indicates that 

construction activity is sensitive to temperature, but much less so to precipitation, wind, and other factors,

(See appendix C.) The industry appears to anticipate normal seasonal weather in winter months and schedules less work. Thus, a situation appears to exist in which the industry’s expectation of normal seasonal 

weather has more direct influence on construction activity and employment than actual weather conditions for 

a particular period of time.

The Hoover Report on seasonal operations in the building industry laid heavy stress on the roles of renting seasons, building codes, and owner’s preferences for summer work, in contributing to the seasonality of 

employment. “Bad weather,” wrote the Hoover Commission in 1924, is not the principal cause of seasonal 

idleness. Customs which become fixed when builders had not yet learned how to cope with adverse weather 

conditions have not yet been changed to meet improvements in building materials, the development of new 

equipment, and innovations in management methods.”

Institutional influences have not disappeared, but their importance has been diminished. Renting seasons 

are much less important today because of the increased mobility of workers in the economy. Many of the 

larger corporations move their workers about the country at all times of the year. Military personnel are 

transferred at all times of the year and they make up a larger proportion of the Nation’s population than in 

1924. Code restrictions against undertaking certain types of work, such as pouring concrete, are often overcome 

through special permits. Reduced prices in the off-season for installing air-conditioning systems in homes is 

another example of the attack on institutional factors that tend to emphasize the seasonality of construction 

work. Also, the diffusion of information on technological advances has improved as the number of trade 

journals and other sources of information for contractors has increased.

Contractual agreements also have attacked institutional practices. An example of such a provision is a 

cents-per-hour penalty clause guaranteeing an employee a minimum number of hours of work during a week. 

The purpose of this contract provision is to induce the contractor to provide a full week’s work, schedule his 

work, and prepare the site that rain or snow will not halt work. The effect, as often as not, is to cause the 

contractor to suspend operations when weather conditions appear unfavorable.

A showup time provision in contracts may have the same effect. Showup provisions require an employer 

to pay each worker for at least so many hours’ work if he has men report to his job. Again, if the contractor 

is in doubt about weather conditions, and under no particular pressure to complete the job, he is apt to be 

cautious and not work that day. The amount of time lost through cancellation of work due to early morning 

weather conditions can be remarkably large. A review of a number of contracts indicates that some contractual 

arrangements facilitate work during periods of inclement weather— suspension of call-in pay in event of inclement weather. However, the relative incidence of these different types of provisions is presently unknown.

Additional cost of winter work

As yet only fragmentary information has been gathered about the extra costs that might be associated 

with winter work, using presently known techniques of working under cover. The costs obviously will vary 

with circumstances and types of construction. One study of these costs in the construction of a large motel 

and department store in a northern city puts the differential at no more than 1 percent. 26 Other judgments 

obtained from cautious but knowledgeable officials put these costs in the case of building structures at not 

more than 5 percent.

DC 1967COW Weather Construction Techniques, a report prepared by the Structural day Products Institute, Washington,

2 9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Additional costs in residential construction are illustrated by the following experience: A brick home

in Canton, Ohio, was started the first week of February 1966, and workers encountered all kinds of weather

such as snow, sleet, rain and subzero temperatures. 27 The price of this house was not given in the report

but was reported to be in the $35,000 range. The additional cost incurred for winterizing this job was

$276.65, which can be broken down as follows:

Polyethylene................ $33.65 Framing lumber............ 20.00 Labor............................ 198.00

Electricity 1 ................ 25.00

Total......................$276.65

* Infrared lamps were borrowed

at no cost.

The home was a pilot program and no credit was given for errors. The people responsible for the project believe that

a cost of about $200 would be more than adequate on future projects.

Canadian experience suggests that very little additional costs should be added to a job for winter building. 28 Some support for this estimate has been provided by their Winter House Building Incentive Program.

The purchaser of a house substantially completed in winter received a cash payment of $500 from the Dominion. The number of dwelling units approved under this bonus scheme averaged about 28,500 during the

winters of 1963, 1964, and 1965. The program had a very significant effect on the starting dates with a

marked shift from the spring to the fall, which was the effect that was desired. It can be inferred that this

bonus covered the additional cost for winter building.

A long standing dispute exists among persons knowledgeable about the industry concerning the net

addition to project costs of winter building. Allowing for the additional costs required by job protection

and materials treatment, some agree that offsetting savings occur in materials and labor in the winter season.

Better labor at possible lower cost per hour (due to the absence of summer scarcity bonuses), prompt delivery of materials from supplier, less frequency of strikes, and greater use of equipment, may generate offseason

savings to the contractor. 29 In addition, the earlier completion date of buildings on which construction continued through winter would result in savings to the contractor and additional earnings to the owner if it is

income producing property.30

27 Cold Weather Construction with Brick, a report prepared by Region 4—Structural Clay Products Institute, Canton, Ohio, 1967. 28 C. R. Crocker and D. C. Tibbetts, Winter Construction (Better Building Bulletin 6), Division of Building Research of the National Research Council, Canada (December 1960). Also, C. R. Crocker, “Advances in Winter Construction Methods Extend Building Season,” The Constructor, January 1966. 29 For winter savings position, see especially the Hoover Committee Report, chap. VIII; William Haber, Industrial R elations in the Building Industry, pp. 113-124; and more recently, William Roark, “Winterizing of Construction Jobs Will Confer Big Benefits,” The Bricklayer, Mason, and Plasterer, November 1963, pp. 250,-251. Otto L. Nelson statement. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Education and Labor, Select Committee on Labor: Hearings: Seasonal U nem ploym ent in the Construction Industry. Washington, D.C., Government Print­ ing Office, 1968.

30

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 21. M easu res of sea so n a lity in contract con stru ction , 1947—68 Table 22. C yclical and sea so n a l em ploym ent change in

contract constru ction, a ll em p loyees and constru ction F eb ruary and August em p loy­ m ent as a p ercen t of annual S eason al adjustm ent factors for F eb ruary and A ugust

w ork ers, 1947—68

Year averaee em ploy m ent C onstruction

F eb ruary A ugust D iffer- F ebruary August D iffe r ­ em p loyees w orkers

ence ence P ercen t P ercen t

1947 -------------------- 1948 --------------------

84. 8

82. 7 110. 7110. 1

2 5 .9 27. 4 8 8 . 9

8 8 . 3 109. 2

109. 3

20. 3

2 1 . 0

Y ear change in annual

average

em p loym ent 1

P ercen t change, Feb ruary

to

August

change in annual

average em p loym ent 1

P ercen t change, F ebruary

to A ugust

1Q4Q 89. 2

80. 2

108.6

113. 5 19. 433. 3

87. 9 87. 5

109.4

109. 5

21 .5

1950 -------------------- 2 2 . 0 1947 -------------------- 19. 3 30. 5 (2) 33. 1

1951 -------------------- 8 6 . 2 109. 6 2 3 .4 87. 2 109. 5 22. 3 1948 -------------------- 9 .4 33. 2 9 .4 36. 2

1952 -------------------- 8 9 .7 109. 6 19.9 87. 1 109. 6 22. 5 1949 -------------------- -. 2 2 1 . 8 - . 3 24. 3

1953 -------------------- 9 0 . 0 107. 9 17. 9 87. 0 109. 8 2 2 . 8 1950 -------------------- 7. 8 41. 6 7. 8 44. 4

1954 -------------------- 87. 9 109. 2 21. 3 8 6 . 8 109. 8 23. 0 1951 -------------------- 1 1. 6 27. 1 1 1. 6 29. 7 1955 -------------------- 83. 7 111. 2 27. 5 8 6 . 7 109.9 23. 2 1952 -------------------- 1. 2 22 . 2 . 7 24. 1

1956 -------------------- 84. 3 112. 1 27. 8 8 6 .4 110. 2 23. 8 1953 -------------------- - . 4 19. 8 - . 8 22. 3

1 Q^7 8 8 .4 109.4 2 1 . 0 86 . 2 110. 5 24. 3 10^4 _ -. 4 24. 2 - 1.0 26. 3 1955 -------------------- 7. 3 32. 8 7. 0 37. 3 1958 -------------------- 82. 6 110. 2 27. 6 85. 5 110. 8 25. 3 1956 -------------------- 7. 0 32. 9 7. 1 37. 1

1959 -------------------- 83. 0 112. 3 29. 3 85. 1 111. 2 26. 1 1957 -------------------- -2 . 5 23. 8 - 2 .9 26. 8

I960 -------------------- 87. 3 111.8 24. 5 84. 6 111.4 29. 8 1958 -------------------- -5 . 0 33 .4 - 6 . 0 38. 9

1961 -------------------- 83. 1 112. 1 29. 0 84. 5 111. 6 27. 1 1959 -------------------- 6 . 6 35. 3 6 . 5 41. 5 1962 -------------------- 83. 3 113. 2 29. 9 84. 7 111.7 27. 0 I960 -------------------- -2 . 5 28. 0 -3 . 1 33. 3 1963 -------------------- 82. 3 113. 2 30. 9 84. 8 111. 5 26. 7 1961 -------------------- -2 . 4 35. 0 - 2. 8 4 1 .4

1QA4 ... ______ _ 84. 7 84. 5

8 6 . 2

112. 1 27. 4

26. 8

24. 6

85. 1 85. 6

8 6 . 2

111.3 26. 2 1 QAp, 3. 1 35. 8

37. 6

32. 3

3. 0

2. 5 42. 3 45. 2

37. 9

1 QAH .... _ ._ 111.3

110. 8

111.0 25. 4 1Qf\ t 2. 1

1966 -------------------- n o . 7 24. 5 1964 -------------------- 2 .9 2. 9 1967 -------------------- 8 8 . 0 109. 9 2 1 . 9 8 6 . 7 n o . 5 23. 8 1965 -------------------- 4. 5 31. 8 4 .4 37. 1

1968 -------------------- 89. 0 109. 9 19. 9 87. 1 n o . 3 23. 2 1QAA _ _ ..... 2. 8 28. 6

24. 9

2. 7 33. 6

1967 -------------------- - 2. 0 -2 . 7 29. 3

1968 -------------------- 1. 8 22. 3 1. 7 26. 5

SOURCE: BLS,

rep orts.

current em ploym ent s ta tistic s b ased on estab lish m en t 1 R efers to the change from the previou s year.

2 Not availab le.

SOURCE: BLS, current em ploym ent s ta tistic s based on estab lish m en t rep o rts.

Table 23. C ontract co n stru ctio n1 em ploym ent in F eb ruary and August as a p ercen t of the annual a v era g e, by region, se le c te d y e a r s

R egion

1967 1966 1965 1964 1960 1955 1939 1935 1929

F eb. Aug. Feb. Aug. F eb. Aug. Feb. Aug. Feb. Aug. F eb. Aug. Feb. Aug. F eb. Aug. Feb. Aug.

T o ta l----------------------------------- 8 6 . 5 110.6 85. 2 no. 9 83. 5 111.4 84. 0 112. 0 85. 2 112. 5 83. 0 111. 3 76. 3 116. 6 68 . 1 121. 9 70. 0 124. 5

New E n g la n d-------------------------------- 7 9 .4 115. 2 80. 0 112. 8 75. 6 115. 0 75. 5 116. 1 78. 7 115.7 75. 3 112. 9 6 9 .9 118. 5 61. 0 119. 6 6 6 . 3 126. 7 M iddle A tla n tic ----------------------------- 82. 8 111.2 81. 9 111. 2 8 0 .4 111. 7 81. 8 112. 6 84. 2 111. 4 80. 5 110.0 77. 9 112. 6 70. 9 117. 9 72. 3 120. 6

E ast North C en tra l---------------------- 83. 0 114. 0 81. 9 114. 0 78. 9 113. 9 78. 3 115. 9 80. 9 117. 0 80. 4 113. 0 8 6 . 1 125. 8 60. 1 128. 7 67. 4 127. 0 W est N orth C e n tr a l--------------------- 78. 3 117. 0 76. 6 117.7 73. 2 119. 6 75. 3 118. 7 74. 0 123. 8 74. 0 118. 6 57. 3 128. 2 57. 0 134. 6 54. 2 138. 3 South A tla n tic ----------------------------— 92. 3 106. 2 8 9 .8 107. 3 8 7 .6 108. 3 8 6 .4 109. 1 92. 4 107. 7 85. 9 107. 8 81. 2 121. 9 76. 9 113. 3 72. 7 124. 8

E a st South C e n tr a l---------------------- 8 6 . 7 109. 9 80. 8 113. 0 82. 8 111. 5 80. 7 112. 8 81. 6 114. 3 87. 5 112. 7 79. 9 121.4 70. 1 120. 6 75. 3 122. 2

W est South C en tra l----------------------- 94. 5 105. 3 8 8 .4 108. 6 88 . 5 108. 1 9 0 . 2 108. 6 91. 3 108. 8 89. 9 107. 6 93. 7 109. 5 7 2 .4 125. 6 80. 0 117. 1 M oun tain-------------------------------------- 81. 7 114. 9 84. 0 113. 5 81. 6 111. 7 84. 5 114. 0 85. 5 112. 6 79. 6 114. 0 6 2 .6 130. 9 62. 7 127. 9 53. 9 141. 0 P a c ific------------------------------------------ 90. 9 109. 1 94. 2 107. 1 9 1 .8 109. 2 94. 3 107.4 9 0 . 1 108. 0 9 0 .4 110.4 90. 8 107. 1 8 1 .4 111.6 80. 5 116. 5

1 Data for 1935 in cludes op erative b u ild ers.

NOTE: The noncom parability of data for 1929 and 1935 with data sin ce 1939 should not sign ifican tly a ffect the a ccu racy of the an a ly sis sin ce the data pertain to the rela tiv e fluctuations in em ploym ent sea so n a lly , rather than ab solu te le v e ls of em ploym ent.

SOURCE: U. S. D epartm ent of C om m erce, B ureau of the C ensus. 1929— F ifteenth C ensus of the United States: 1930. C onstruction Industry. Sum m ary for the United S tates. 1935— C ensus of B u sin ess: 1935 C onstruction Industry. U. S. D epartm ent of L abor, B ureau of E m ploym ent S ecu rity. 1939- 67 E m ploym ent and W ages of W orkers C overed by State U nem ploym ent Insur­ ance Laws and Unem ploym ent C om pensation for F ed era l E m p loyees.

31

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 24. S eason al adjustm ent factors for w age and sa la ry w o rk ers, F eb ruary and A ugust, and p ercen t change, by type of contractor, 1968

Industry S eason al adjustm ent factors P er c e n t by w hich high sea so n a l factors

F ebruary August exceed ed low sea so n a l fa cto rs

Total con tract c o n str u ctio n-------------------- 87. 0 110. 3 2 6 . 8

G en eral building c o n tr a c to r s--------------------------- 8 8 . 2 109.4 24. 0

Heavy c o n str u ctio n------------------------------------------- 76. 2 118. 8 5 5 .9 Highway and str e e t c o n s tr u c tio n---------------- 64. 5 128. 0 9 8 .4 O ther heavy c o n str u ctio n ----------------------------- 8 6 . 8 110. 5 27. 3

S p ecial trade c o n tr a c to r s-------------------------------- 9 0 .9 107. 2 17. 9 P lum bing, h eating, and air- conditioning — 95. 8 103. 9 8 . 5 P ainting, paperhanging, and d e c o r a tin g------------------------------------------------- 82. 3 116.6 41. 7 E le c tr ic a l w o r k------------------------------------------- 96. 0 105. 1 9. 5 M asonry, p la ste rin g , ston e, and tile w o r k ---------------------------------------------------- 89. 7 108. 8 21. 3 Roofing and sh e e t-m e ta l w o r k-------------------- 87. 5 107.4 22. 7

O perative b u ild ers ------------------------------------------- 93. 1 106.. 6 14. 5

SOURCE: B LS, cu rrent em ploym ent sta tistic s based on estab lish m en t rep orts.

Table 25. E m ploym ent in contract constru ction as a p ercen t of the annual average em p loym en t, F ebruary and A ugust, s e lec ted y ea rs

Year

C ontract constru ction G en eral b u ild in g1 H eavy constru ction Highway constru ction S p ecial trad es

F ebruary August F eb ruary A ugust F eb ruary August F eb ruary A ugust F eb ruary August

1929 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70. 0 124. 5 72. 3 121.4 67. 8 123. 2 45. 7 151. 7 83. 2 111.9 1935 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 8 . 1 121. 9 62. 8 126. 8 72. 3 114. 2 4 8 .4 140. 5 78. 5 112. 0

1939 _______________________________ 7 9 .7 114. 1 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 1940 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71. 9 106. 0 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) <»> (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 1945 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84. 7 108. 8 84. 9 107. 3 8 3 .4 114. 3 (2 ) (2 ) 85. 0 107. 4 1947 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84. 8 110. 6 87. 5 109. 1 72. 7 121. 8 (2 ) (2 ) 87. 5 107.4

1948 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82. 6 110. 1 83. 4 109.6 71. 0 118. 5 (*) (2 ) 8 6 . 8 107. 1 1950 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80. 2 113. 5 7 9 .7 113. 8 69. 2 123. 2 (2 ) (2 ) 85. 0 109. 3 1955 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83. 7 111.2 83. 7 111.8 73. 2 118. 3 (2 ) (2 ) 8 7 .5 108. 1

I960 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87. 3 111.8 88 . 5 111.3 74. 3 121. 8 6 3 .9 130. 4 91. 9 107. 8

1965 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84. 5 111.3 85. 7 110. 7 70. 2 121. 6 60. 1 129. 7 89. 6 107.4

1966 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6 . 2 110. 8 88 . 2 109.4 72. 2 119. 0 62. 3 126. 7 90. 8 108. 1

1967 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 8 . 0 109. 9 90. 5 108.4 78. 6 118. 1 6 6 .7 128. 2 9 0 .4 107.4

1968 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 89. 0 108. 9 9 2 .4 107. 5 7 5 .5 117. 6 64. 3 127. 1 92. 7 106. 0

1 Data for 1935 in cludes op erative b u ild ers.

2 Not availab le.

NOTE: The noncom parability of data for 1929 and 1935 with data sin ce 1939 should not sign ifican tly affect the accuracy of the a n a ly sis sin ce the data pertain to the relativ e fluctuations in em ploym ent s ea so n a lly , rather than ab solu te le v e ls of em ploym ent.

SOURCE: U .S . D epartm ent of C om m erce, B ureau of the C ensus. 1929— F ifteenth C ensus of the United States: 1930. C onstruction Industry. Sum m ary for the United States. 1935— C ensus of B u sin ess: 1935 C onstruction Industry. 1939—68 - B L S, cu rrent em ploym ent s ta tistic s ba sed on estab lish m en t reports.

3 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 26. Index of sea so n a l variation in m onthly em ploym ent in constru ction and for c a rp en ters, constru ction craftsm en (excep t ca rp en ters), and

constru ction la b o r er s, I960 and 1968

Month

C onstruction C arpenters C onstruction craftsm en ,

(except carp en ters) C onstruction lab orers

1968 1960 1968 I960 1968 1960 1968 1960

Jan uary------------------------------------------ 87. 9 9 0 . 1 85. 2 96. 4 94. 6 92. 9 73. 9 83. 8

F eb ru a ry--------------------------------------- 90. 3 87. 1 89. 6 9 2 . 1 96 . 6 8 6 . 9 79. 5 78. 3 M arch-------------------------------------------- 91. 1 85. 8 8 8 . 4 93. 4 95. 1 87. 1 80. 1 72. 3 A p r il--------------------------------------------- 9 6 . 6 94. 7 94. 5 100. 0 93. 1 97. 0 99. 6 90. 8

M ay------------------------------------------------ 99. 7 102. 1 101. 2 102. 2 98. 9 101.2 106. 2 110. 0

J u n e ----------------------------------------------- 105. 1 108. 1 102. 4 107. 1 100. 8 106. 8 118. 5 120. 8

J u ly ------------------------------------------------ 107. 6 111.6 105. 5 104. 7 106. 9 112. 0 123. 2 129. 6

A u g u s t------------------------------------------- 110. 4 110. 2 107. 8 105. 4 108. 8 114. 3 124. 1 121.6 S e p te m b e r------------------------------------- 104. 9 104. 3 110. 2 103. 0 103. 8 106. 4 100. 5 99. 5 O cto b er------------------------------------------ 102. 9 107. 1 107. 8 103. 5 103. 1 102. 8 95. 4 104. 4 N o v e m b e r-------------------------------------- 120. 0 102. 4 105. 1 98. 4 99. 1 101. 3 98. 2 96. 4 D e c em b e r-------------------------------------- 101. 3 96. 5 102. 2 93. 4 99. 1 91. 2 100. 7 93. 0

SOURCE: Current population survey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of the C ensus.

Table 27. S eason al adjustm ent factors for wage and salary w o rk ers, by c la s s of w ork ers in contract constru ction, F eb ruary and A ugust, 1948—68

Year

C onstruction w orkers Other w orkers

F ebruary August F eb ruary A ugust

1948 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 9 110. 5 9 6 .4 103.4

1949 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 9 n o . 5 96. 4 103. 2 1950 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 9 n o . 5 96.6 103. 2 1 9 5 1 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 9 n o . 5 9 6 .7 103. 1 1952 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 7 n o . 5 96. 8 103. 0 1953 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 6 n o . 8 97. 1 102. 8 1954 ----------------------------------- --------- 85. 4 n o . 8 97. 2 102. 5 1955 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 3 111.0 97. 5 102. 3

1956 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 0 111.4 97. 8 102. 2 1957 ----------------------------------------------- 84. 6 111.8 97. 9 102. 0

1958 ----------------------------------------------- 83. 6 112. 3 98. 1 101.8

1959 ----------------------------------------------- 83. 1 112. 7 98. 2 101. 8 I960 ----------------------------------------------- 82. 4 113. 1 98. 3 101.8 1961 ----------------------------------------------- 82. 1 113.4 9 8 .4 101.7 1962 ----------------------------------------------- 82. 3 113. 4 98. 4 101.7 1963 ----------------------------------------------- 82. 4 113. 2 98. 5 101. 6 1964 ----------------------------------------------- 82. 8 113. 0 98. 5 101.5 1965 ----------------------------------------------- 8 3 .4 112. 7 98. 5 101.4 1966 ----------------------------------------------- 84. 2 112.4 98. 6 101. 3 1967 ----------------------------------------------- 84. 8 112. 1 98. 6 101. 2 1968 ----------------------------------------------- 85. 3 111.9 98. 6 101. 2

SOURCE: B LS, cu rrent em ploym ent sta tistic s ba sed on estab lish m en t rep orts.

3 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 28. E m ploym ent in constru ction by c la s s of w orker, p ercen t change from fir s t quarter (January, F eb ruary, M arch) to third qu arter (July, A ugust, Sep tem b er), 1962—68

Y ear Total

Wage and sa la ry w orkers S elf- em ployed and unpaid fam ily w orkers T otal P riv ate G overnm ent

1962 --------------------------- 23. 6 27. 7 34. 2 - 1.6 6 . 6

1963 --------------------------- 27. 2 30. 1 36. 9 . 2 15. 4

1964 --------------------------- 24. 6 27. 3 32. 6 2 . 6 13. 2

1965 --------------------------- 2 2 .9 25. 6 30. 1 4. 3 9. 8

1966 --------------------------- 16. 5 18. 7 2 1 . 2 6 . 3 5. 6

1967 --------------------------- 19. 4 2 0 . 1 23. 7 4. 1 L4. 7

1968 --------------------------- 19. 8 21. 3 24. 2 6 . 5 1 2. 0

SOURCE: C urrent population survey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of the C ensus.

Table 29. E m ploym ent in constru ction by se le c te d occupational group, p ercen t change from fir s t quarter (January, F eb ruary, M arch) to third qu arter (July, A ugust, S ep tem b er), 1962—66

Y ear

C arpenters C onstruct m en (ex carpel

ion craft- :cluding ite r s ) In

con stru ction

industry

In other in d u stries

In

co n stru ction

industry

In other in d u stries

1962 --------------------------- 19. 3 -5 . 4 33. 5 12.4 1963 --------------------------- 32. 0 6 . 3 34. 6 8 . 4 1964 --------------------------- 35. 6 -7 . 5 33. 5 9. 5 1965 --------------------------- 40. 6 - 1. 1 19. 9 15. 6

1966 --------------------------- 4. 6 3. 1 27. 2 1 1. 0

1 L ast year for w hich data is availab le.

SOURCE: C urrent population su rvey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of the C ensus.

Table 30. Season al adjustm ent factors for contract constru ction em ploym ent by type and s iz e of contractor and region, F eb ruary and A ugust, 1968

Type of contractor and region

Sm all contractor L arge contractor

F ebruary August August as a p ercen t of

F ebruary

F ebruary A ugust A ugust as a p ercen t of

F ebruarv

G en eral building: S o u th------------------------------------------------------------- 90. 6 107. 9 119. 1 9 3 .9 104. 2 110. 0

Highway and street: North C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 34. 8 157. 1 4 5 1 .4 47. 5 143. 0 301. 1 W est--------------------------------------------------------------- 71. 1 124. 4 175. 0 8 1 .4 115. 9 142. 4 P lum bing, heating, and air-conditioning: N o r th e a st------------------------------------------------------ 96. 9 103. 0 106. 3 95. 3 103. 3 108. 5 North C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 94. 2 105. 7 112. 2 95. 5 103. 7 108. 6

W e st--------------------------------------------------------------- 93. 6 106. 1 113. 4 9 5 .4 103. 7 108. 7 P rin tin g, paperha.nging, and decorating:

N o r th e a st------------------------------------------------------ 70. 3 120. 0 170. 7 81. 9 116. 2 141. 9 N orth C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 79. 7 117. 6 147. 6 84. 0 116. 9 139. 2

S o u th------------------------------------------------------------- 87. 5 114. 8 131.2 87. 4 110. 9 126. 9 W e st--------------------------------------------------------------- 86.6 117. 9 136. 1 89. 1 112. 0 125. 7 E le c tr ic a l work: N o r th e a st------------------------------------------------------ 95. 3 103.4 108. 5 96. 3 102. 6 106. 5 N orth C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 9 5 .4 105. 9 111.0 97. 0 102. 3 105. 5 S o u th------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6 .7 106. 7 110. 3 97. 2 103. 8 106. 8

W e st--------------------------------------------------------------- 94. 0 105. 3 112. 0 96. 7 102. 9 106.4 M asonry, stonew ork, and p lasterin g: N o r th e a st------------------------------------------'----------- 84. 9 109. 7 129. 2 87. 2 103. 1 118. 2

N orth C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 83. 7 111.2 132. 9 91. 7 110. 6 120. 6

S o u th------------------------------------------------------------- 91. 1 107. 7 118. 2 91. 3 109. 7 120. 2

W e st--------------------------------------------------------------- 94. 6 107. 8 114. 0 95. 0 105. 8 111.4 Roofing and sh e e t-m e ta l work: N o r th e a st------------------------------------------------------ 76. 1 112. 6 148. 0 87. 3 105. 7 121. 1

N orth C en tra l------------------------------------------------ 83. 6 114. 5 137. 0 90. 3 106. 6 118. 1

S o u th------------------------------------------------------------- 93. 3 104. 7 112. 2 93. 3 104.4 111.9 W e st--------------------------------------------------------------- 91. 5 107. 5 117. 5 99. 5 100. 0 100. 5 S p ecial tr a d es, other: N o r th e a st------------------------------------------------------ 82. 1 111.4 135. 7 90. 9 104. 6 115. 1

SOURCE: B LS, cu rren t em ploym ent sta tistic s b a sed on estab lish m en t rep orts.

3 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 31. S easonal adj u s t m e n t factors for e m p l o y m e n t in the contract construction industry, b y State, F e b r u a r y a n d August, selected ye a r s

1968 1962 1958 1952 1948 1934

F e b r u a r y A u g u s t F e b r u a r y A u g u s t F e b r u a r y A u g u s t F e b r u a r y A u g u s t F e b r u a r y A u g u s t F e b r u a r y A u g u s t

United States--------- 87. 1 110. 3 84. 7 111.7 85. 5 110. 8 87. 1 109. 6 88. 3 109. 3

i

9 2.4 1 109. 8

A l a b a m a --------------------- 88. 3 108. 1 88. 8 109. 2 89. 6 109. 2 90. 4 111.0 90.4 111.7

!

93.2 * 106. 2

A r i z o n a ---------------------- 93. 7 104. 2 95. 6 103. 6 96. 7 102. 2 99.4 99. 9 97. 8 102. 3 92. 0 ! 104. 5

A l a s k a ----------------------- 52. 8 150. 8 46. 0 162. 6

A r k a n s a s -------------------- 85. 5 113. 9 84. 9 113. 8 84. 8 113. 8 84. 9 114. 2 86. 6 114. 7 95. 8 103. 1

California------------------- 93. 0 105. 8 92. 0 106. 0 92. 3 105. 8 94.4 105. 0 95. 0 104. 2 96. 0 ! 103. 8

C o l o r a d o -------------------- 86. 9 113. 0 87. 0 111. 5 86. 5 111. 4 84. 8 112. 6 82. 2 116. 6 80. 3 126. 4

Con n e c t i c u t ------------------ 8 1.4 112. 0 80. 2 112. 9 81.7 111. 6 85. 3 109. 5 85. 0 109. 2 82. 4 110. 9

D e l a w a r e --------------------- 81.3 111. 3 80. 3 110. 7 82. 9 109.2 86. 1 109. 9 83. 5 110. 0 83. 5 112. 4

District of C o l u m b i a -------- 89. 7 107. 0 89. 6 108. 1 91. 3 107. 1 93. 4 104.3

F l o r i d a ---------------------- 97. 7 102. 9 96. 8 103. 2 97. 0 103. 1 97. 1 102.5 95. 4 103. 6 98. 3 108. 5

G e o r g i a ---------------------- 91. 5 107. 0 90.9 107. 8 92. 2 107.4 93. 2 108. 5 92. 3 110. 0 97. 7 101. 5

H a w a i i ----------------------- 98. 3 102. 3 98. 5 102. 9 98. 3 103. 5

I d a h o ------------------------ 75. 8 120. 2 72. 7 121. 7 70. 1 122. 6 70. 7 121. 5 74. 0 117. 5 59. 6 130. 8

Illinois----------------------- 83. 0 112. 5 82. 2 112. 7 83. 5 111.7 85. 3 110. 5 85. 7 no. i 86. 7 109. 7

Indiana ---------------------- 84. 9 111.6 82. 7 113. 1 82. 7 112. 6 85. 4 112. 9 85. 6 111.4 78. 7 118. 1

I o w a ------------------------- 78. 6 117. 1 76. 4 119. 5 74. 1 121. 5 74. 8 119. 3 78. 6 116. 1 78. 9 116. 2

K a n s a s ----------------------- 85. 1 111.2 83. 6 113. 0 80. 6 113. 3 82. 9 114. 8 86. 2 112. 2 95.2 112. 0

K e n t u c k y -------------------- 81.8 112. 0 78. 4 116. 5 79. 6 116. 3 82. 3 111. 5 82. 2 112. 6 88. 8 119. 3

L o u i s i a n a ------------------- 92. 7 105. 0 92. 0 106. 7 91. 5 106. 7 92. 3 107. 7 94. 0 108. 3 93. 6 103. 6

M a i n e ------------------------ 77. 8 119. 4 75. 3 121. 0 74. 2 120. 5 74. 2 119. 1 74. 4 119. 0 76. 3 116. 2

M a r y l a n d-------------------- 82. 8 110. 6 82. 3 110. 3 85. 5 109. 1 87. 4 108. 2 87. 2 107. 7 91. 9 99. 9

M a s s a c h u s e t t s -------------- 79. 8 112. 4 77. 7 113. 8 78. 6 112. 5 81.4 110. 8 83.4 109. 8 90. 1 108. 1

M i c h i g a n -------------------- 82. 9 113. 8 78. 9 116. 7 79.5 114. 8 84. 2 111.4 84. 2 110. 3 87. 9 108. 7

M i n n e s o t a ------------------- 75. 2 120. 7 73. 2 121. 6 72.4 123. 0 73. 6 120. 5 78. 6 116. 3 76. 5 113. 0

M i s s i s s i p p i ------------------ 82. 6 113. 0 83. 1 115. 5 83. 7 114. 8 84. 6 114. 3 84. 2 115. 7 83.4 128.4

M i s s o u r i -------------------- 85. 1 110. 9 83. 1 112. 2 84.4 111. 6 87. 3 110. 1 87. 8 108. 7 91. 1 102.7

M o n t a n a --------------------- 66.4 127. 7 66. 0 127.9 63.4 129. 8 64.6 126. 1 69. 2 122. 4 69. 9 124. 9

N e b r a s k a --- •---------------- 81. 2 113. 0 78. 4 114. 9 77. 5 115. 7 75. 3 118. 4 74. 5 118. 8 65. 6 125. 4

N e v a d a --------------- -------- 8 9.4 104. 4 89. 1 106. 8 86. 7 109. 6 89.9 110. 1 86. 1 110. 9 85. 2 113. 0

N e w H a m p s h i r e ------------- 78.4 115. 5 74. 6 117.4 74. 6 118. 0 76. 9 114. 2 77. 5 113. 0 80. 5 118. 0

N e w J e r s e y ------------------ 83. 5 109. 2 83. 1 109. 6 84. 7 108. 8 87. 0 107. 1 87. 5 105. 8 91. 7 103. 7

N e w M e x i c o ----------------- 85.4 111. 6 88. 7 108. 2 91.8 106. 6 90. 0 107. 6 89. 2 112. 7 85.8 125. 1

N e w Y o r k ------------------- 83. 2 111. 0 82.5 - 110. 8 83. 1 110. 3 84. 6 109. 3 85. 5 109. 0 85. 6 108. 7

N o r t h C a r o l i n a -------------- 92. 3 105. 4 90. 7 107. 3 90. 5 107. 1 93. 8 106. 1 93.6 106. 3 95. 8 102. 5

N o r t h D a k o t a ---------------- 65. 5 133. 4 59. 7 136. 3 53. 9 139. 1 53. 9 139. 7 61. 2 135. 5 61. 5 149.4

O h i o ------------------------- 81.8 112.4 78. 2 116. 0 79. 0 115.4 81. 6 113.4 82. 3 111.6 82.4 112. 1

O k l a h o m a ------------------- 92.2 108. 0 90.9 108. 0 90. 6 108. 8 92.4 107. 7 92. 6 108. 3 95. 6 110. 5

O r e g o n ----------------------- 85.9 114. 2 82. 8 117. 2 80. 3 119. 0 80. 7 120. 8 85. 0 117. 1 88. 1 115. 5

P e n n s y l v a n i a ---------------- 79. 3 112. 9 78. 5 114. 9 80. 3 113. 5 84. 7 110. 8 85. 5 110. 0 87. 3 109.4

R h o d e I s l a n d---------------- 78. 9 112. 7 75. 5 113. 7 76.9 113. 2 79. 0 110. 6 80.8 110. 9 91. 5 116. 6

South C a r o l i n a-------------- 94. 8 104. 6 92. 9 106. 1 92. 4 106. 1 93. 0 108. 7 9 2.2 111.6 90. 5 114. 4

South D a k o t a ---------------- 71. 8 123. 5 68. 0 124. 8 64. 9 127. 9 64. 8 127. 2 68. 5 126. 5 62. 2 134. 6

T e n n e s s e e ------------------- 86. 1 109. 8 84. 7 111.9 86. 1 111. 1 88. 8 110. 3 8 7.4 109.4 94. 3 106. 7

T e x a s ------------------------ 95. 1 104. 7 94. 6 105. 7 94. 9 104. 9 95. 3 105. 3 94. 5 105. 2 95. 1 108. 0

U t a h ------------------------- 74. 6 119. 4 76. 2 117. 5 76. 5 118.4 75. 1 118. 9 75.7 116. 0 87. 0 110. 0

V e r m o n t --------------------- 73. 2 119. 7 68. 1 125. 0 68. 4 123. 9 72. 9 120. 4 73. 6 119. 4 69. 2 123. 9

Virginia --------------------- 87. 1 109. 3 86. 2 110. 1 87. 8 109. 2 90. 1 108. 6 89. 4 108. 7 94. 3 104.4

W a s h i n g t o n ------------------ 87. 2 112. 4 85. 1 113. 2 82. 5 114. 1 83. 6 112. 1 86. 8 111.5 81. 5 111.2

W e s t V i rginia--------------- 7 6.9 113. 9 77. 7 115. 1 81. 7 114. 2 83. 7 113. 1 83. 7 111.5 84. 2 112. 8

W i s c o n s i n ------------------- 83. 1 114. 5 81. 8 114. 8 83. 0 114.4 84. 2 112. 9 86. 1 110. 8 84. 9 110. 1

W y o m i n g -------------------- 70. 7 128. 1 73. 1 125. 3 69. 4 127. 8 67. 7 127. 6 66. 6 126. 6 64. 8 126. 7

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

35

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 32. P e r c e n t distribution of e m p l o y e e s b y e s timated quarters of w o r k 1 for selected industries, 1964

Industry

E m p l o y e e s with s o m e earnings f r o m the industry, 2 

classified b y the estimated n u m b e r of quarters 

they w o r k e d in the industry

E m p l o y e e s with m a j o r proporti 

the industry, 3 classified b y thi 

of quarters they w o r k e d ii

o n of earnings f r o m 

e e s timated n u m b e r 

n the industry

A n y

quarter

1 quarter 2 quarters 3 quarters 4 quarters

A n y

quarter

1 quarter 2 quarters 3 quarters 4 quarters

Contract construction:

G e n e r a l building contractors — 100 34 23 14 30 100 14 19 19 48

H e a v y construction------------- 100 34 23 16 27 100 13 20 23 45

Special trades cont r a c t o r s---- 100 30 20 13 37 100 12 15 16 57

Mining:

B i t u m i n o u s co a l---------------- 100 12 10 9 69 100 6 8 9 78

Manufacturing:

Textile mill p r o d u c t s ---------- 100 15 12 9 64 100 7 9 10 74

Printing an d p u b l i s h i n g-------- 100 18 13 9 60 100 8 10 9 72

P e t r o l e u m refining------------- 100 12 9 7 73 100 4 6 7 83

P r i m a r y m e t a l s ---------------- 100 12 9 7 73 100 4 7 7 82

Transportation e q u i p m e n t ----- 100 12 10 7 71 100 4 7 7 81

Transportation an d public 

utilities:

W a t e r transpor t a t i o n---------- 100 22 14 12 52 100 8 10 14 68

Utilities, electric a n d g a s ---- 100 9 8 5 77 100 3 6 5 85

W h o l e s a l e a n d retail trade:

G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e stores — 100 35 17 10 38 100 23 15 12 51

1 W o r k e r s w e r e classified b y the n u m b e r of calendar quarters in w h i c h they w e r e estimated to h a v e h a d earnings f r o m the industry.

2 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e counted in e a c h industry in w h i c h they w e r e e m p l o y e d .

3 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e reported in the industry f r o m w h i c h they received the m a j o r portion of

their earnings.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual it e m s m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s ample.

Ta b l e 33. P e r c e n t distribution of e m p l o y e e s of general building contractors b y q u a r t e r s 1 of w o r k , b y region, 1964

R e g i o n

E m p l o y e e s with s o m e earnings f r o m the industry 2

E m p l o y e e s with : 

f roi

m a j o r p r o p o 

r x the indust

rtion of earnings 

r y 3_____________ _____

A n y

quarter

1 quarter 2 quarters 3 quarters 4 quarters

A n y

quarter

1 quarter 2 q uarters 3 quarters 4 quarters

All regions ------------------ 100. 0 33.8 22. 5 14. 3 29. 5 100. 0 14. 0 19. 3 18. 7 48. 1

N o r t h e a s t -------------------------- 100. 0 26. 1 20. 9 15.9 37. 1 100. 0 9.5 16. 5 19. 7 54. 3

M i d d l e Atlantic-------------------- 100. 0 28. 6 20. 9 16. 3 34. 2 100. 0 10. 9 16.9 19.7 52. 5

B o r d e r States---------------------- 100. 0 34. 0 25. 0 13. 2 27. 7 100. 0 14. 1 21. 1 17.9 46. 9

Southeast -------------------------- 100. 0 39. 0 23. 7 13.4 23. 8 100. 0 18. 8 21. 0 18.4 41. 9

G r e a t L a k e s ------------------------ 100. 0 29. 6 21.9 14. 0 34.4 100. 0 10.6 18. 5 18. 0 52. 8

M i d d l e W e s t ------------------------ 100. 0 33. 1 25.4 15. 0 26. 5 100. 0 14. 1 23. 7 20. 4 41. 8

S o u t h w e s t -------------------------- 100. 0 40. Q 23. 0 12. 8 24. 2 100. 0 16.9 20. 6 17. 7 44. 8

M o u n t a i n --------------------------- 100. 0 40. 8 20. 1 12.6 26. 5 100. 0 18. 5 17. 9 16. 8 46. 7

Pacific------------------------------ 100. 0 31.9 20. 8 14. 8 32. 5 100. 0 12. 8 17. 2 18. 2 51. 7

1 W o r k e r s w e r e classified b y the n u m b e r of calendar quarters in w h i c h they p e r f o r m e d s o m e wo r k .

2 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e counted in e a c h industry in w h i c h they w e r e e m p l o y e d .

3 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e reported in the industry f r o m w h i c h they received the m a j o r portion of 

their earnings.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i t e m s m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s ample.

3 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 34. P e r c e n t distribution of e m p l o y e e s of general building contractors, b y e s timated q u a r t e r s 1 of w o r k , b y age, 1964

Quart e r s

All

ages

A g e

U n d e r 20 2 0-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 4 0 - 4 4 4 5 - 4 9 5 0 -54 5 5-59 60-65 O v e r 65

E m p l o y e e s with s o m e earnings f r o m the industry 2 a n d es timated quarters w o r k e d in the industry

T o t a l ------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 q u a r t e r ____________________ 34. 0 51. 9 46. 1 36. 9 32. 8 32. 6 27. 5 26. 1 26. 6 24. 9 23. 3 28. 6

2 q u a r t e r s ------------------ 24. 9 32. 9 26. 9 22. 0 21. 0 19. 5 19. 9 21. 3 18. 3 20. 0 21. 5 24. 3

3 quarters ------------------ 20. 9 10. 2 12. 3 14. 8 14. 1 13. 1 15. 4 14. 7 16.9 16. 7 15. 8 15. 6

4 quarters ------------------ 20. 0 4. 7 14. 5 26. 2 31. 9 34. 7 37. 0 37. 8 38. 0 38. 2 39. 2 31. 2

E m p l o y e e s with m a j o r proportion of earnings f r o m the i n d u s t r y 3 an d e stimated quarte rs w o r k e d in the industry

Total ------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 q u a r t e r-------------------- 13.9 36. 6 17.7 11. 9 11. 1 10. 6 10. 3 9. 7 11. 3 10. 2 11. 5 22.4

2 quarters ------------------ 19. 2 40. 2 29. 5 16. 7 16. 6 15. 5 14. 2 16. 1 13. 5 14. 4 17. 5 23. 2

3 q u a r t e r s ------------------ 18. 6 15. 1 21. 7 21. 9 18. 4 16. 2 18. 3 17. 3 19. 8 19. 8 17. 5 16. 8

4 quarters ------------------ 48. 1 7. 9 30. 8 49. 3 53. 6 57. 5 57. 0 56. 7 55. 2 55. 4 53.4 37. 3

1 W o r k e r s w e r e classified b y the n u m b e r of calendar quarters in w h i c h they w e r e estimated to h a v e h a d earnings f r o m the industry.

2 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e counted in ea c h industry in w h i c h they w e r e e m p l o y e d .

3 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e reported in the industry f r o m w h i c h they received the m a j o r portion of

their earnings.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i tems m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history sample.

Table 35. P e r c e n t distribution of e m p l o y e e s of general building contractors, b y e stimated quarters of 

w o r k , 1 by race, 1964

Q u a r t e r s

E m p l o y e e s with s o m e earnings 

f r o m the industry, 2 classified 

b y estimated n u m b e r of quarters 

they w o r k e d in the industry

E m p l o y e e s 

of earning 

classify 

n u m b e r 

i

with m a j o r proportion 

;s f r o m the industry, 3 

id b y the estimated 

of quarters w o r k e d 

n the industry

All

w o r k e r s

R a c e

All

w o r k e r s

R a c e

N e g r o O t h e r N e g r o O t h e r

T o t a l ------------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 q u a r t e r--------------------------- 33.7 40. 7 32. 4 13. 9 17. 6 13.4

2 quarters ------------------------- 22. 4 23. 2 22. 3 19. 2 21.4 18. 8

3 q u a r t e r s ------------------------- 14. 2 14. 5 14. 2 18. 6 20. 9 18. 3

4 q u a r t e r s ------------------------- 29. 4 21. 4 30. 9 48. 1 39. 9 49. 3

1 W o r k e r s w e r e classified b y the n u m b e r of calendar quarters in w h i c h they w e r e estimated to 

h a v e h a d earnings f r o m the industry.

2 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e counted in each industry in 

w h i c h they w e r e e m p l o y e d .

3 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the y e a r w e r e reported in the industry f r o m 

w h i c h they received the m a j o r portion of their earnings.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i tems m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s ample.

3 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER V. UNEM PLO YM ENT IN CONSTRUCTION

The unemployment rate31 for construction is normally the highest of any major industry division. Even 

at its seasonal low, the rate is significantly higher for construction than for other industries. The average unemployment rate between 1948 and 1968 was about 11 percent for construction and about 5 percent for 

workers in nonagricultural industries as a whole. (See table 36.) In 1968, the average construction unemployment rate of 6.9 percent was nearly double the rate for total nonagricultural industries, 3.6 percent.

During the Korean War, 1951 through 1953, the average construction unemployment rate was 6.2 percent 

due to high levels of construction activity and the tight labor situation during this period, especially the relative 

absence of young workers. Between 1958 and 1962, the unemployment rate for construction workers was particularly high; it reached a peak of over 15 percent in 1961. Since 1961, the rate has more than halved, but 

remains significantly higher than for all other major industries. A substantial factor in this reduction has been 

not only the relatively high levels of construction employment, but also the availability of jobs in other industries

A higher proportion of construction workers experience unemployment than workers in any other major 

nonagricultural industry group. In 1968, 24 percent of all construction workers were unemployed at some 

time during the year (computed on the basis of industry of longest job); this ratio reflects a decline from 43.9 

percent in 1961. (See table 37 and appendix table G-22.) In comparison, only 13 percent of workers in man 

ufacturing, and 12 percent of all the workers in nonagricultural industries as a whole, experienced unemployment during 1968.

There are several factors that contribute to the high unemployment rate for construction workers. Construction is a seasonal industry, especially in areas where temperature, precipitation, and other factors usually 

result in the curtailing of construction. In 1968, for example, the seasonal adjustment factors for unemployed 

private wage and salary workers in construction ranged from 157 in February to 66 in August. (See table 54.) 

Construction workers must change employers or move from project to project more frequently than workers in 

other industries because each construction project has a limited life (table 37); the completion of the project 

or the changing occupational requirements on a particular job may create unemployment for construction workers. Finally, construction activity is more cyclical than many other types of employment, and even without 

general construction cycles, changes in the level and composition of building activity in particular localties 

create periods of unemployment for construction workers. In Southern California in 1966 and 1967, a dramatic 

drop occurred in residential construction, which resulted in a decline of more than one-quarter in the hours of 

work for carpenters. 32

Duration o f unem ploym ent by spell o f unem ploym ent

Unemployment in construction is likely to be of relatively short duration, at least for any given spell.33 

Between 1960 and 1968, the average duration of each incident of unemployment for workers in construction

3^ The unemployment rates cited here refer to private wage and salary workers only. Construction unemployment

mostly affects private wage and salary workers— they account for about 70 percent of employment, but about 90 percent

of the industry’s unemployment. Unemployment data in this report for 1967 and 1968 refer to persons 16 years of age

and over; data for prior years include persons 14 and 15 years old. The comparability of the rates should not be affected

since 14 and 15 year olds represented only 0.4 percent of the industry’s total employment.

32 From data supplied to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Administrators of Private Health, Welfare, and Pension Funds covering construction workers in Southern California.

33 In the monthly Current Population Survey, duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the

current survey week) during which persons classified as unemployed had been continuously looking for work.

38

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was slightly shorter than for unemployed workers in manufacturing and (with the exception of 1967) in nonagricultural industries as a whole. (See table 39.)

Since 1961, not only has the unemployment rate dropped throughout the country, but also the average 

duration of spells of unemployment. Unemployed workers in nonagricultural industries as a whole, manufacturing, and construction experienced a steady reduction in the average duration of each spell of unemployment 

for each person employed.

The proportion of unemployment in construction of less than 5 weeks’ duration and 5 to 14 weeks’ duration varies greatly over the course of the year. The percent of unemployment of short-term duration (less 

than 5 weeks) is higher during the peak construction activity months of June through September, reflecting the 

high rate of frictional unemployment associated with construction. The high rate of short-term joblessness continues into November and December as construction activity declines. By January, the inability of many construction workers to find other jobs in the industry, because of the seasonal decline in activity, results in an 

increase in unemployment of 5 to 14 weeks’ duration. Unemployment of 15 to 26 weeks duration, due to the 

accumulation of winter layoffs, reaches a high point in spring— generally constituting one-third of total reported 

unemployment by April. It remains high until construction activity picks up again in early summer. (See 

table 40 and appendix table G-21.)

Incidences o f unem ploym ent and full ex ten t o f tim e lost

Construction workers are more likely than those in any other industry group, except agriculture, to experience repeated spells of unemployment. Nearly half of the 1.1 million workers in construction who experienced unemployment during 1968 had two spells or more of unemployment. (See table 41.) This number 

amounted to 11.8 percent of the total wage and salary workers whose longest job during the year was in the 

construction industry.34 (See table 38.) In contrast, only about 30 percent of the jobless workers in manufacturing and in all nonagricultural industries experienced more than one incident of unemployment during the 

year— only 3.5 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively, of the total number reporting work experience. (See 

tables 38 and 41.) Similarly, the proportion of construction workers having three or more spells of unemployment (6.5 percent) is more than three and one-half times greater than workers in both manufacturing (1.7 percent) or nonagricultural industries as a whole (1.8 percent).

These recurrent spells of joblessness add up to extended unemployment for construction workers. 35 

Counting all periods of unemployment during 1968, the rate of work losses in construction totaling 15 weeks 

or more was 6.6 percent or about two and one-half times as great as in manufacturing and in nonagricultural 

industries as a whole. (See table 38.)

U nem ploym ent by age groups

As in other industries, teenagers in construction have a higher unemployment rate than older workers. 

(See table 42.) In 1968, persons between the ages of 16 and 19 made up 12.7 percent of unemployed workers in construction, but only 5.7 percent of employed workers in construction. The age group in construction 

which experienced a proportionately lower share of unemployment than employment from 1963 through 1968 

were workers between 25 and 44 years of age.

34 Unlike the monthly surveys that classify workers according to industry of last employment, the annual surveys of

work experience classify workers by industry of longest job.

35 By reflecting all spells of unemployment and the cumulative time lost over the course of an entire year, the work

experience data shows a much smaller proportion with unemployment of less than 5 weeks and a much larger proportion

with 15 weeks or more. Data for a single month (or an average of monthly data) discussed in the section on Duration of

Unemployment by Spell of Unemployment do not reflect the full extent of the unemployment problem in construction,

because the current duration of unemployment, as measured in the monthly Current Population Survey, is not necessarily the

final duration for any given spell of unemployment. Current duration and final duration are the same only for those workers who actually find employment or withdraw from the labor force immediately after the survey week. A further limitation is that the data represent only the most recent continuous or unbroken spell of unemployment.

3 9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Teenagers make up a smaller portion of the unemployed in construction than in the economy as a whole.

(See table 43.) In 1968, they made up about 13 percent of construction unemployment compared with about

22 percent of the unemployment in all industries combined. Even in summer months when teenagers flow

heavily into construction, their proportion of the unemployed has been consistently lower than in all industries

combined.

The suggestion often has been made that teenagers, especially during summer months, may be the cause of the

high unemployment rate in construction. The exclusion of teenagers, however, has only a small impact on the

overall unemployment rate; for example, 6.3 percent of the construction workforce was unemployed in 1968;

excluding teenagers, the rate was 5.9 percent. (See table 44.) The removal of teenagers from the computation for the summer months (June, July, and August), however, does reduce the ratio somewhat. In the summer of 1968, for example, the overall unemployment rate for construction was 4.6 percent including teenagers,

and 3.9 percent excluding teenagers. For the same period, the unemployment rate for all other industries as a

group was 2.7 percent, 2.2 percent without teenagers.

The influx of teenagers into construction in the summer months appears to be an important source of

workers. In 1968, the average number of teenagers employed in construction in the summer months (June, July,

and August) averaged 370,000 compared with only 120,000 in the winter months (January, February, and March)

of the same year. The total number of unemployed male wage and salary workers in construction averaged

195,000 workers in the summer months, indicating that if teenagers were not available the pressure on the construction labor force would have been more severe.

Unemployment by race 36

The unemployment rate for Negro workers in construction was significantly higher than for white workers

between 1963 and 1968, (See table 45.) However, the Negro unemployment rate dropped considerably faster

over this period than the rate for white workers. The following tabulation demonstrates the substantial drop in

the ratio of the Negro to the white unemployment rate in construction from 1963 through 1968, with the contrasting stability in the rates for all white and males of all other races in the economy.

Total Males in

Year males construction

1963 ........................ ................ 2.26 2.08 1964 ........................ ................ 2.17 1.96 1965 ........................ ................ 2.11 1.96 1966 ........................ ................ 2.28 1.74 1967 ........................ ................ 2.22 1.46 1968 ............. .. ................ 2.15 1.65

SOURCE: Current Population Survey conducted for the BLS by the Bureau of the Census.

The differentials in unemployment rates between Negro and white carpenters and laborers have narrowed

also over the 1963—68 period. In fact, the unemployment rates for Negro carpenters and construction laborers

were lower than those of whites in 1968.

The improved work experience of the Negro worker in construction may be attributed to sustained national

economic growth as well as to greater employment opportunities in the construction industry. While high demand for construction manpower has benefited Negro workers in the industry, rapid expansion throughout the

economy has siphoned off a portion of the Negro construction labor force that otherwise would be unemployed.

36 statistics for workers other than whites are used here to measure the unemployment of Negro workers. Negroes constitute about 92 percent of all such workers in the United States.

4 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The plight of the Negro in construction, as elsewhere, derives from his low position on the occupational

ladder. (See tables 46 and 48.) In 1968, for example, 4.4 percent of all males other than whites were employed as construction laborers compared with only 1.2 percent of white males. In addition, the following tabulation shows that while the ratio of white craftsmen to laborers is about 4 to 1, the ratio of Negro skilled

workers to unskilled workers is about 1 to 1.

Number of construction craftsmen per construction laborer

Year White All other races

4.16 .72

3.95 .79 3.99 .76

4.73 .95

4.43 .99 4.42 .95

1963

1964

1965

1966 1967

1968

SOURCE: Current Population Survey conducted for the BLS by the Bureau of Census

Unemployment in construction and the Nation's labor force

The unemployment rate in construction is highly sensitive to changes in job opportunities elsewhere in the

country, particularly in winter months. When employment conditions in other industries are improving, the number of unemployed workers in construction falls. Similarly, when the level of activity in construction rises rapidly, either seasonally or secularly, the construction work force often can be augmented substantially in a very

short period. The absolute changes in employment and unemployment of male wage and salary workers in construction are presented in the following tabulation. The data, shown in thousands, indicate that a large portion

of the potential construction workers is employed in other industries or is outside the labor force at any given

time during a year.

Increase in employment between Decline in unemployment between

January February March January February March and and and and and and June July August June July August

Year

1964 ............................... , . . . 851

(In thousands)

956 865 -334

(In thousands)

-355 -220

1965 ............................... . . . . 775 991 829 -299 -339 -312

1966 ............................... , . . . 674 791 724 -299 -252 -203 1967 ............................... , . . . 560 822 703 -175 -237 -179

1968 .................'............ . . . . 701 722 846 -215 -242 -223

Average:

1964-68 ...................... . . . 712 856 792 -250 -285 -227

As employment rises on average by 700,000 to 850,000 from winter to summer, the number of unemployed declines by about 200,000 to 300,000. The 400,000 to 650,000 net increase in the construction labor

force from winter to summer results from the entrance of workers from outside construction— youths who

work during their school vacation and men who are in other industries or not in the labor force during the

winter months.

The ability of workers employed in other industries to enter construction is faciliated by the fact that

many members of skilled construction crafts are employed in maintenance, repair, and force account con41

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
struction in other industries. Of the 854,000 carpenters employed, on the average in 1966, 202,000, or about

one-fourth, worked in nonconstruction sectors. (See table 47.) Also, of the 1,980,000 construction craftsmen

(other than carpenters) employed in 1966, 661,000 or about one-third, were employed outside construction.

Many construction workers also work at other occupations during periods of low construction activity.

These workers provide a reservior of potential construction labor. In 1961, about three of every ten job

shifts by carpenters were to nonconstruction occupations. 37 Similarity, about one of every four job shifts by

other construction craftsmen was to nonconstruction occupations. With regard to workers shifting into construction occupations, one of every four workers moving into the carpenter occupation was previously working

at a nonconstruction occupation. A similar situation existed for construction craft occupations, except carpenters.

The high elasticity of the construction labor force has several manpower implications: First, some workers

are willing to leave nonconstruction industries at particular times of the year or phases of the business cycle to

accept generally higher paying but less secure jobs in construction. Second, because of the movement of workers from nonconstruction industries, worker shortages in particular localities at peak construction times may be

considerably less than they would otherwise be. Third, their earnings in construction are not the sole criterion

upon which the economic welfare of these workers should be judged.

Unemployment by skill

The unemployment rate for all construction workers has declined steadily in recent years. For carpenters,

the rate of decline has been the most dramatic, from an average of 12.3 percent in the recession year of 1961,

to a low of 4.7 percent in 1968. Almost comparable rates of decline have been experienced by other construction craftsmen (10.7 percent to 4.4 percent), and construction laborers (21.7 percent to 11.4 percent).

Even with this rapid decline, however, the unemployment rate for construction craftsmen was still about twice

as high as for all craftsmen in 1968. (See table 49.)

The unskilled worker in construction faces the most serious unemployment problem. Unemployment rates

for construction laborers are generally about twice as high as for construction craftsmen. (See table 49.) The

annual average unemployment rate for construction laborers in 1968 was 11.4 percent; for carpenters, 4.7 percent; and for other construction craftsmen, 4.4 percent.

Construction laborers experience fewer spells of unemployment each year than workers in other occupations associated with construction, but these spells usually last for longer periods. (See table 50.) In 1968,

52 percent of the unemployed construction laborers had two or more spells of unemployment, compared with

56 percent of the carpenters, and 48 percent of the construction craftsmen, except carpenters. However, a

somewhat higher proportion of the unemployed laborers was out of work 15 weeks or longer (30 percent),

compared with carpenters (28 percent) and construction craftsmen, except carpenters (25 percent). A still

higher proportion of unemployed construction laborers experienced periods of unemployment lasting 27 weeks

or more (10.3 percent), compared with unemployed carpenters (4.8 percent), and other construction craftsmen

(5.6 percent). The more favorable occupational and industry mobility of construction craftsmen makes them

better able to take advantage of opportunities for employment in other industries when construction activity declines.

The unemployment experience of construction craftsmen varies considerably by craft. Workers in crafts

whose operations are more susceptible to weather conditions experience considerably more unemployment than

journeymen in other crafts. In 1959, 38 only a third or less of all brickmasons, cement and concrete finishers,

plasterers, and roofers; and about two-fifths of all carpenters, painters, and structural metal workers, reported

50 weeks or more of employment. (See table 52.) On the other hand, for trades that are primarily performed

indoors, about 7 of every 10 electricians and glaziers and 6 of every 10 plumbers and pipefitters, reported at

least 50 weeks of employment.

42

37 Getrude Bancraft and Stuart Garfinkle, “Job Mobility in 1961,” M onthly Labor R eview, August 1963. The most recent year for which data are available.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Seasonal unemployment in construction

Although the seasonal movements of both employment and unemployment in construction are particularly

great, the seasonal pattern of unemployment is more pronounced; while employment varies about 30 percent

from winter lows to summer highs, unemployment typically varies over 100 percent. In 1964, when average unemployment in construction was 391,000 persons, unemployment ranged from a peak of 643,000 in the winter

to a low of 262,000 in the late summer and early fall. (See table 53.) Unemployment hit its lowest levels in

15 years in 1968, ranging from 443,000 in January to 127,000 in September.

The monthly seasonal pattern of unemployment in construction has shifted since 1948. 39 (See table 54.)

Declines in seasonal adjustment factors of unemployment have been experienced in March, April, and November

and a corresponding increase in December. Several reasons could account for these shifts. Contractors may

be performing relatively more work in the early spring and fall, and less in the winter. Alternative job opportunities for construction workers in nonconstruction industries may be increasing also and reducing the

potential construction labor force. Some combination of these effects is likely. In addition, the shift in the

seasonality of unemployment is perhaps somewhat related to the changing mix and geographic location of construction activity. Better planning by contractors to finish projects before the onslaught of winter also may

contribute to this phenomena.

An estimated one-third of total unemployment in construction during the year can be considered seasonal

unemployment. (See appendix B for a discussion of the methods used in preparing this estimate.) Further

estimates are that private wage and salary workers in construction made up 15.5 percent of the Nation’s total

seasonal employment in 1968.40

Seasonal unemployment by skill

Carpenters and other construction craftsmen experience considerably wider swings in seasonal unemployment than construction laborers.41 Unemployment rates for construction laborers are much higher in winter

and decline at a slower rate through the spring and summer. In other words, the construction laborers have

less favorable work experience throughout the year than craftsmen. Laborers rise as a percentage of total unemployment from winter lows to a peak in mid-summer. (See table 55.) As the seasonal decline in employment for craftsmen begins in the fall, laborers decline as a percentage of all unemployment. To a large degree,

construction unemployment in the peak building season is a problem of the unskilled.

Seasonal unemployment by race

White workers generally have experienced considerably sharper seasonal swings in unemployment than Negro workers because Negroes are employed mainly in occupations, such as laborers that have high unemployment rates throughout the year. As shown in the following tabulation, unemployment of white workers in

construction dropped an average of about 60 percent from first quarter to third quarter each year between

1962 and 1968. Since 1964, there has been a great percentage decline in unemployment of Negro workers.

This decline, as shown below, reflects the high demand for construction manpower. Also, as mentioned earlier, the rapid expansion of the economy has enabled other industries to absorb a portion of the Negro work

force that otherwise would be unemployed.

39 This is based on seasonal adjustment factors, derived in a manner which effectively limits the impact of year to year changes in aggregate conditions of demand in construction and other sectors. 40 In 1968, these workers constituted 8.8 percent of the country’s total unemployment and only 4.4 percent of total employment. 4* The following usually occurs in the unemployment levels between February and August: Carpenters and construc­ tion craftsmen, except carpenters, decline by two-thirds or more and construction laborers decline by less than one-half.

43

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
First to third quarter of— Whites All other races

1962 .................................................. 64.9 34.7

1963 .................................................. 62.1 55.1

1964 .................................................. 56.1 43.5

1965 .................................................. 59.1 45.6 1966 .................................................. 56.2 47.1

1967 .................................................. 61.0 55.8

1968 .................................................. 62.2 62.3

Seasonal unemployment by age

Unemployment among teenagers rises in summer months, when many enter the labor force, and declines

during the fall and winter months, when many return to school. Between 1963 and 1968, teenagers in construction made up about 5 to 6 percent of employment and between 7 and 13 percent of unemployment on

the annual average. (See table 43.) In the peak summer months of June, July, and August, however, they

made up between 8 and 10 percent of employment and 9 to 23 percent of unemployment.

Frictional unemployment

The rate of frictional unemployment in construction is probably high compared to other industries. 42

The frequency of job shifts contributes greatly to the high level of frictional unemployment in construction.

Many construction workers are skilled craftsmen whose attachment is more commonly to crafts than to particular employers. They follow the source of work, are employed by several firms during the year, and experience unemployment while shifting jobs. The seasonal nature of work in construction also contributes to

frictional unemployment. Many construction workers laid off for seasonal reasons experience unemployment

while searching for alternative construction employment before accepting jobs in nonconstruction industries.

Workers also are unemployed for brief periods while waiting for jobs of acceptable duration.

Other circumstances also contribute to the high rate of frictional unemployment in construction. Most

workers prefer to work near their homes. Shifting employment opportunities, however, may demand a high

degree of geographic mobility. Workers with strong family and community ties may accept unemployment

for a short duration in hope of finding work close to home. Worker mobility also may be somewhat retarded

by the fact that most health, welfare, and pension funds are not vested.

About two-thirds of the men who left their construction jobs in 1961 did so because of loss of job, compared with about 40 percent in manufacturing and nonagricultural industries as a whole. (See table 56.) Proportionally few construction workers left their job for any other reason in that year, compared with the other

two industry groups.

These data suggest that frictional unemployment, since it is strongly associated with job termination, may

not be particularly reduced in size by a high level of aggregate demand. A higher level of building activity

should be expected to increase terminations, perhaps proportionately and should not greatly affect frictional

unemployment, although some reduction would probably occur because of the increased availability of alternative construction jobs.

Programs with the greatest payoff for reducing frictional unemployment should focus on improving the

system of disseminating information on current and anticipated job vacancies both in construction and in industries that provide alternative job opportunities. The job placement and referral functions of union hiring

halls and the public employment service might be improved. Advance notice of job termination and job va42 D. Quinn MiUs, Factors D eterm ining Patterns o f E m ploym en t and U nem ploym ent in the Construction Industry o f

the United States, has estimated that from about 15 to 24 percent of the annual unemployment in construction between 1960 and 1966 was frictional (Harvard University, unpublished thesis, 1967).

44

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cancies, including information about work conditions in upcoming vacancies, may quicken the worker-job-matching 

process and greatly reduce frictional unemployment. Information on individual contractors’ planning could be made 

available through a central computer hookup, and provide advanced job termination and vacancy information.

This information could be updated daily or weekly as a byproduct of the updating of the management networks.

Part-time employment

Construction workers are represented as disproportionately among part-time workers 43 as among the 

unemployed. In 1968, an average of 4.3 percent of the wage and salary workers in construction worked 

part time for economic reasons, in comparison with only 2.2 percent in manufacturing. (See table 57.)

More than two-thirds of the construction workers on part-time for economic reasons at the time of the survey 

usually worked full time, but for reasons of seasonal slack and the start or termination of jobs were working 

less than 35 hours a week. The remainder worked part-time mainly because full-time work was not available.

Negro workers experience considerably more part-time employment than white workers. An average of 

nearly 9 percent of all male Negro wage and salary workers in construction reported involuntary part-time 

work in 1968, more than twice the rate for white workers, 3.8 percent. (See table 58.) The high proportion of Negro workers working involuntary part-time largely reflected their concentration in the ranks of the 

unskilled.

4^ Workers employed part-time for economic reasons, such as slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment, start or termination of job during the week, and inability to find full-time work.

45

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e 36. U n e m p l o y m e n t rates of private w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s , 

nonagricultural industries as a w h o l e a n d construction, F e b r u a r y 

a n d August, 1964— 68 a n d annual average, 1948— 68

M o n t h a n d ye a r

N o n a g r i ­

cultural

industries

C o n s t r u c ­

tion Ratio

F e b r u a r y 1968 ___________________ 4. 6 12. 5 2. 72

F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 7 -------------------- 4. 5 13. 0 2. 89

F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 6 -------------------- 4. 6 13. 1 2. 85

F e b r u a r y 1965 ------------------- 6. 2 19. 2 3. 10

F e b r u a r y 1964 __ ----------------- 8. 9 19. 1 2. 15

A u g u s t 1968 _________________ ____ 3. 3 4. 2 1. 27

A u g u s t 1967 ----------------------- 3. 6 4. 3 1. 19

A u g u s t 1966 _______________________ 3. 5 4. 9 1.40

A u g u s t 1965 _______________________ 4. 0 6. 0 1. 50

A u g u s t 1964 _______________________ 4. 7 7. 4 1. 57

A n n u a l average:

1968 ____________________________ 3. 6 6. 9 1. 92

1967 ____________________________ 3. 9 7. 3 1. 87

1966 _____ ______________________ 3. 8 8. 1 2. 13

1965 ______ _____________________ 4. 6 10. 1 2. 20

1964 _____ ____________________ 5.4 11. 2 2. 07

1963 ____________________________ 6. 1 13. 3 2. 18

1962 ____________________________ 6. 1 13. 5 2. 21

1 9 6 1 ............................ 7. 5 15. 7 2. 09

1960 ____________________________ 6. 2 13. 5 2. 18

1959 ---------------------------- 6. 2 13. 4 2. 16

1958 _______________ __________ 8. 0 15. 2 1. 90

1957 ____________________________ 4. 9 10. 9 2. 22

1956 ____________________________ 4. 7 10. 0 2. 13

1 5. 1 10. 9 2. 14

1954 ____________________________ 6. 7 12. 9 1. 93

1953 ____________________________ 2. 8 6. 2 2. 21

1952 ____________________________ 3. 0 6. 0 2. 00

1 Q <=i 1 3.4 6. 5 1. 91

1950 ____________________________ 5. 8 11. 5 1. 98

1949 ---------------------------- 6. 7 12. 9 1. 93

1948 ____________________________ 3. 9 7. 8 2. 00

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y condu c t e d for the B L S b y 

the B u r e a u of the Census.

Ta b l e 38. Incidence, recurrent spells, an d extent of u n e m p l o y m e n t of 

nonagricultural w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s as a percent of total w a g e 

a n d salary w o r k e r s having w o r k experience, b y industry of 

longest job, 1968

Status

N o n a g r i ­

cultural

industries

C o n s t r u c ­

tion

M a n u f a c ­

turing

W i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t ----- --------

W i t h m o r e than 1 spell of

12. 0 24. 2 13. 1

u n e m p l o y m e n t ------ -----------

W i t h 3 or m o r e spells of

3. 6 11. 8 3. 5

u n e m p l o y m e n t ____________________

Jobless 15 w e e k s or m o r e

1. 8 6. 5 1. 7

during y e a r ______________________ 2. 5 6. 6 2. 7

S O U R C E : B L S , W o r k E x p e r i e n c e of the Population in 1968.

T a b l e 37. E m p l o y m e n t a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t of m a l e job changers, b y 

industry of longest job, 1961

E m p l o y m e n t and 

une m p l o y m e nt

Nonagricultural w a g e a n d 

salary w o r k e r s

Total C o n s t r u c ­

tion

M a n u f a c ­

turing

W o r k e d (in thousands) ___________ 38, 821 3, 893 13, 209

J o b changers:

N u m b e r (thousands)____________ 4, 778 972 1, 280

P e r c e n t of p e r s o n s w h o

w o r k e d ________________________ 12. 3 25. 0 9. 7

Total job ch a n g e r s ( p e r c e n t )----- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

W o r k e d for only 2 e m ­

ployers _______ __ ___________ 63. 5 45. 3 71. 3

L o s t n o t i m e b e t w e e n

jobs _____________________ 31.4 19. 3 36. 7

L o s t s o m e ti m e b e t w e e n

jobs _____________ __ ____ 32. 1 25. 9 34. 6

Di d not look for w o r k ____ 5. 6 2. 8 3. 5

L o o k e d for w o r k _________ 26. 6 23. 1 31. 1

1 to 4 w e e k s __________ 14. 1 13. 3 17. 3

5 w e e k s or m o r e _____ 12. 5 9. 8 13. 8

W o r k e d for m o r e than 2

e m p l o y e r s ____________________ 36. 5 54. 7 28. 7

L o s t n o t ime b e t w e e n

j ob s _________ ____ ____ 8. 2 12. 2 6. 2

L o s t s o m e t ime b e t w e e n

jobs ------------ ------- — 24. 2 28. 8 22. 0

D i d not look for w o r k ____ 1. 6 1. 0 1. 3

L o o k e d for w o r k ______ 22. 7 27. 8 20. 6

1 to 4 w e e k s __________ 9. 9 11.9 8.4

5 w e e k s or m o r e _____ 12. 8 15.9 12. 3

M a n y e m p l o y e r s , s a m e

o c c u p a t i o n--------------------- 4. 0 13. 7 . 5

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual it e m s m a y not

equal totals.

S O U R C E : B L S , Special L a b o r F o r c e R e p o r t 35, J o b Mobility in

1 9 6 1 .

Table 39. A v e r a g e duration of e a c h spell of u n e m p l o y m e n t for m a l e 

w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s by w e e k s , selected industries, 1960— 68

Y e a r

N o n a g r i ­

cultural

industries

C o n s t r u c ­

tion

M a n u f a c ­

turing

14. 3 12. 3 14. 9

1961 ________________________________ 17. 8 14. 0 19. 3

1962 ............ ................... 17. 0 12. 8 19. 1

1963 _____ ________________ ________ 16. 1 12. 6 17.4

1964 ______________ ________________ 15. 1 11. 4 12. 1

1965 ......... .... ................ 13. 3 10. 8 13. 8

1966 _______________________________ 12. 1 9. 7 12. 4

1967 -------------------------- ---- 9. 9 10. 1 10. 2

1968 ____________________ ______ ___ 9. 6 9. 1 9. 9

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y condu c t e d for the B L S b y

the B u r e a u of the C ensus.

4 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 40. P e r c e n t distribution of u n e m p l o y e d m a l e w a g e an d salary w o r k e r s 

in construction b y duration of u n e m p l o y m e n t , by m o n t h , 1968

M o n t h

Total

L e s s than 

5 w e e k s

5- 14 

w e e k s

15-26 

w e eks

O v e r 26 

w e e k s

N u m b e r

(in

thousands)

P e r c e n t

J a n u a r y __________ 4 4 5 100.0 46. 4 42. 8 7. 4 3.4

F e b r u a r y --------- 433 100. 0 36. 5 50. 1 10. 9 2. 5

M a r c h ____________ 387 100. 0 37. 6 37. 8 19. 7 4. 9

A p r i l ----------- 222 100. 0 36. 2 32. 1 23. 1 8. 6

M a y ------------- 184 100. 0 48. 1 24. 9 21. 6 5.4

Ju n e -------------- 230 100. 0 63. 5 21. 6 6. 9 8. 1

J u l y -------------- 191 100. 57. 8 27. 2 5. 2 9. 8

A u g u s t ----------- 164 100. 0 64. 0 20. 1 4. 3 11. 6

S e p t e m b e r ------- 138 100. 0 74. 1 17. 3 3. 6 5. 0

O c t o b e r __________ 167 100. 0 67. 3 21. 7 3. 6 7.4

N o v e m b e r -------- 224 100. 0 73. 7 17.4 3. 6 5.4

D e c e m b e r -------- 242 100. 0 54. 1 37. 6 2. 1 6. 2

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y condu c t e d for the B L S b y the

B u r e a u of the C e n sus.

T a b l e 4 1. W o r k experience and extent of u n e m p l o y m e n t of 

nonagricultural w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s 16 y e a r s a n d 

older, b y industry of longest job, 1968

Status

N o n a g r i ­

cultural

industries

C o n s t r u c ­

tion

M a n u f a c ­

turing

P e r s o n s with w o r k experience:

N u m b e r (in t h o usands)_______ 78, 737 4, 675 22, 819

P e r c e n t ----------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

W o r k e d at full-time jobs:

50 to 52 w e e k s _________ 58. 7 55. 2 69. 5

27 to 50 w e e k s _________ 12. 8 23. 9 15. 1

1 to 26 w e e k s _________ 11. 5 12. 4 11. 0

W o r k e d at p art-time

j o b s ---------------------- 17. 1 8. 5 4. 4

P e r s o n s with u n e m p l o y m e n t :

N u m b e r (thousands)_________ 9,437 1, 133 2, 998

P e r c e n t ------- -------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 to 2 w e e k s ( y e a r-round

w o r k e r s ) _________________ 12. 4 10. 7 16. 0

P a r t - y e a r w o r k e r s :

1 to 4 w e e k s ___________ 36. 7 25. 0 33. 2

5 to 10 w e e k s _________ 19. 9 22. 4 21. 2

11 to 14 w e e k s _________ 10. 2 14. 8 9. 2

15 to 26 w e e k s 13. 8 19. 9 13. 7

27 w e e k s or m o r e _____ 7. 1 7. 2 6. 7

P e r c e n t of u n e m p l o y e d with:

2 spells of u n e m p l o y m e n t ____ 14. 5 22. 0 13.4

3 spells or m o r e _____________ 15. 4 26. 7 13. 0

S O U R C E : B L S , W o r k E x p e r i e n c e of the Population in 1968.

Table 42. P e r c e n t distribution of e m p l o y e d a n d e x p e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in 

construction, b y age, 1 annual averages, 1963— 68

P e r i o d

N u m b e r

(in

thousands)

Total

A g e

16- 19 20-24 25-44

4 5 a n d 

over

1963:

E m p l o y e d ________ ______________________ 3, 381 100. 0 5. 1 11. 2 48. 2 35. 6

U n e m p l o y e d _______ ____________________ 4 6 6 100. 0 7. 7 12. 9 41. 6 37. 8

1964:

E m p l o y e d -------------------------------- 3, 508 100. 0 5. 3 11. 5 48. 9 34. 3

U n e m p l o y e d ----------------------------- 394 100. 0 7. 1 15. 7 36. 8 40. 1

1965:

E m p l o y e d -------------------------------- 3, 655 100. 0 5. 3 11. 6 47. 6 35. 5

U n e m p l o y e d ------------------------------ 366 100. 0 8. 7 12. 8 39. 6 39. 1

1966:

E m p l o y e d _____________________________ 3, 697 100. 0 6. 2 10. 6 46. 0 37. 1

U n e m p l o y e d _____________________________ 289 100. 0 10. 4 8. 7 4 1 . 2 39. 4

1967:

E m p l o y e d ________________________________ 3, 672 100. 0 5. 3 10. 2 46. 7 37. 9

U n e m p l o y e d ________ ____________________ 264 100. 0 12. 9 11. 0 36. 7 39. 8

1968:

E m p l o y e d -------------------------------- 3, 736 100. 0 5. 7 11. 5 46. 6 36. 2

U n e m p l o y e d _____________________________ 252 100. 0 12. 7 13. 5 37. 3 36. 9

1 P e r s o n s 14 ye a r s a n d ov e r for 1963— 66, 16 years a n d o v e r for 1967— 68.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i t ems m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y condu c t e d for the B L S by the B u r e a u of the C ensus.

47

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 43. M a l e t eenagers 1 as a p e r c e n t of e m p l o y e d a n d e x p e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d w a g e a n d salary 

w o r k e r s , all industries 2 a n d construction, b y selected t i m e periods, 1963— 68

P e r i o d

1963:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, a n d A u g u s t 

1964:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, a n d A u g u s t 

1965:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, a n d A u g u s t

1966:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, an d A u g u s t 

1967:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, and A u g u s t 

1968:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------

June, July, a n d A u g u s t

E m p l o y e d E x p e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d

All

industries

Construction All

industries Construction

6.9 5. 1 13. 8 7. 7

8.9 7. 6 18.4 14. 6

7. 2 5. 3 15. 2 7. 1

9. 4 8. 2 18. 7 8.9

7.9 5. 3 17. 1 8. 7

10. 3 8.9 22. 1 12. 8

8. 7 6. 2 20. 9 10.4

11.5 10. 3 26.0 19.5

6.9 5. 3 22. 2 12.9

8. 6 8.9 25.7 19.7

6.8 5.7 22. 3 12.7

8. 5 9. 1 27.9 22. 6

1 P e r s o n s 14— 19 ye a r s old for 1 963— 66, 16— 19 y ears old for 1 967— 68.

2 E x cluding agriculture and private h o u s e h o l d services for 1967— 68.

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y co nducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the Ce n s u s .

T a ble 44. U n e m p l o y m e n t rates of m a l e w a g e an d salary w o r k e r s 1 all industries 2 a n d construction, b y selected ti m e 

periods, 1963— 68

P e r i o d

Total E x c luding teenagers T e e n a g e r s

All

industries

Construction

All

industries

Construction

All

industries Construction

1963:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e -------------- 5. 3 12. 1 4.9 11.8 10. 1 17. 4

June, July, a n d A u g u s t ----- 4. 7 8. 2 4. 3 7. 6 9. 3 14.6

1964:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e ---------- - 4. 6 10. 1 4. 3 9.9 9. 2 13. 1

June, July, a n d A u g u s t ---- 4. 2 7.0 3. 8 7.0 8. 1 7. 6

1965:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e ------------- 3.9 9. 1 3. 5 8.8 8.0 14. 1

June, July, an d A u g u s t ---- 3. 5 6. 5 3. 1 6. 2 7. 3 9. 1

1966:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e ------------- 3. 1 7. 3 2. 7 7.0 7. 2 13.0

June, July, and A u g u s t ---- 3.0 4.6 2. 5 4. 1 6. 5 8. 3

1967:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e ------------- 3.0 6. 7 2. 5 6. 2 9.0 14.8

June, July, an d A u g u s t ---- 2.9 4. 7 2. 4 4. 2 8. 1 10.0

1968:

A n n u a l a v e r a g e ------------- 2. 7 6. 3 2. 3 5.9 8. 5 13. 1

June, July, an d A u g u s t ---- 2. 7 4 . 6 2. 2 3.9 8. 5 10. 6

1 P e r s o n s 14 y e a r s an d o v e r for 1963— 66, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r for 1967— 68.

2 E x c luding agriculture an d private h o u s e h o l d services for 1967— 68.

■ S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y conducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the Ce n s u s .

T a ble 45. U n e m p l o y m e n t rates of m a l e s b y race and selected occupations, annual averages, 1963— 68

Y e a r

Total

m a l e s

M a l e s

in

c o n ­

struction

C a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction

craftsm e n ,

except

c a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction

laborers

Total

m a l e s

M a l e s

in

c o n ­

struction

C a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction

craftsm e n ,

except

c a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction

laborers

Total

m a l e s

M a l e s

in

c o n ­

struction

C a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction 

crafts - 

m e n , 

except 

c a r ­

penters

C o n ­

struction

laborers

Total Wh i t e All other races

1963 _______________ 5. 3 10. 7 9.6 8. 7 20.5 4.7 9. 6 9.2 8.5 18.4 10. 6 20.0 16. 1 11.3 25. 5

1.9 64 --------------- 4. 7 9.0 8.4 7.0 16. 5 4. 2 8. 1 8. 3 6. 5 15.8 9. 1 15.9 10. 2 12. 6 18. 1

1 9 65 --------------- 4.0 8. 2 7. 4 6.6 14. 5 3. 6 7. 5 7. 1 6. 3 13.4 7. 6 14.7 12. 5 10. 3 17.0

1966 --------------- 3. 3 6.6 6.4 5. 2 11.9 2.9 6. 1 6. 2 5. 2 11.3 6.6 10. 6 9. 3 5.8 13. 5

1967 --------------- 3. 1 6.0 5. 1 4. 6 11.7 2. 7 5. 7 5. 1 4.5 11.7 6.0 8. 3 5.5 5.4 11. 7

1968 --------------- 2.9 5. 6 4. 7 4. 4 11.4 2. 6 5. 2 4.8 4. 2 11.4 5. 6 8. 6 4.0 6. 5 11. 2

P e r c e n t decline—

19 6 3 - 6 8 ---------- 45. 3 47.7 51. 1 4 9 . 4 4 4 . 4 44. 7 45. 8 47.8 50. 6 37.5 47. 2 57.0 75. 2 4 2 . 5 56. 1

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y co n ducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the C e n s u s .

4 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 46. Distribution of e m p l o y e d a n d e xp e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d m a l e s , b y 

race and selected occupation, 1968

Occ u p a t i o n

E m p l o y e d U n e m p l o y e d

W h i t e

All other 

races

Wh i t e All other 

races

Total:

N u m b e r (in t housands)---------

P e r c e n t ------- ----------------

43, 411 

100. 0

4 , 7 0 2 

100. 0

1,016 

100. 0

243 

100. 0

C r a f t s m e n , f o r e m e n , and 

kindred w o r k e r s ----------------- 20. 9 13. 4 20. 7 8. 6

C a r p e n t e r s ------------------------ 1.9 1.0 . 4. 0 . 8

Construction craftsmen, except 

carpenters ------------------------ 4. 0 3. 3 7. 4 4. 5

Construction l a b o r e r s------------- 1.2 4. 4 6. 8 10. 7

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y conducted for the B L S b y the B u ­

r e a u of the Census.

Ta b l e 47. N u m b e r of carpenters and construction c r a f t s m e n 

(except carpenters) e m p l o y e d in construction a nd in all 

other industries , annual a v e r a g e s , 1963— 66

(In thousands)

Y e a r Construction

All other 

industries

C a r p e n t e r s

1 9 63 ------------------------- 637 177

1 9 64 ------------------------- 640 180

1965 ------------------------- 675 175

1 9 66 ------------------------- 652 20 2

Construction craftsmen,

except carpenters

1963 ------------------------- 1,169 623

1 9 64 ------------------------- 1,218 578

1 9 65 ------------------------- 1,220 619

1 9 66 ------------------------- 1,319 661

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y c onducted for the B L S

b y the B u r e a u of the C e n sus.

T able 48. P e r c e n t distribution of N e g r o m a l e s as a proportion of total m a l e s in construction a n d selected 

occupation, b y e m p l o y m e n t status, 1963— 68

Y e a r Construction C a r p e n t e r s

Construction 

c r a ftsmen, except 

carpenters

Construction

laborers

E m p l o y e d :

1 9 63 ----------------------------- 9. 8 5. 8 7.0 28. 1

1 9 64 ----------------------------- 10. 7 6. 5 8. 1 29.9

1965 ----------------------------- 9.8 4.9 7. 6 27. 8

1966 ----------------------------- 10. 2 5. 7 8. 2 28. 2

1 9 67 ----------------------------- 10. 1 6. 2 8. 1 26. 9

1968 ----------------------------- 10. 1 5. 5 8.4 27. 8

U n e m p l o y e d :

1 9 63 ----------------------------- 20. 4 10. 5 9. 3 37. 2

1964 ----------------------------- 20.4 8.0 15. 6 33. 3

19 65 ----------------------------- 18. 9 8. 8 12. 2 33. 8

1 9 66 ----------------------------- 17. 2 8. 6 9. 2 32. 7

19 67 ----------------------------- 14. 4 6. 7 9.8 26. 8

1 9 68 ----------------------------- 16. 2 4. 7 12. 5 27. 4

L a b o r force:

1 9 63 ----------------------------- 10. 9 6. 2 7. 2 30. 0

19 64 ----------------------------- 11.6 6. 6 8. 7 30. 4

19 65 ----------------------------- 10. 5 5. 2 7.9 28. 7

1 9 66 ----------------------------- 10. 7 5.9 8. 2 28. 7

1967 ----------------------------- 10. 4 6. 2 8. 2 26. 9

1968

10. 5 5. 5 8. 6 27. 7

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y conducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the C e n sus.

4 9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 49. U n e m p l o y m e n t rates for selected occupations, F e b r u a r y an d August, 1 964— 68, and annual averages, 1957— 68

M o n t h an d y e a r

All c r a f t s m e n 

an d f o r e m e n C a r p e n t e r s

Construction 

craftsmen , e x c e p t 

carpenters

All n o n f a r m 

laborers

Construction

laborers

F e b r u a r y 1968 ---------------------------- 3. 7 10. 1 7. 5 10. 1 18.9

F e b r u a r y 1967 ---------------------------- 3. 6 9.5 8. 2 9.5 20. 3

F e b r u a r y 1966 ---------------------------- 4.6 11. 1 10. 2 10. 2 17. 6

F e b r u a r y 1965 ---------------------------- 5.8 13. 2 12. 1 14. 2 25. 7

F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 4 ---------------------------- 6.5 15. 5 13. 7 15.9 25. 5

A u g u s t 1968 ------------------------------ 1.9 4. 2 2. 2 5. 7 6.9

A u g u s t 1967 ------ --- ------ 1.8 1. 7 2. 7 5.9 7. 6

A u g u s t 1966 ------------------------------ 2.0 3.0 3. 1 5. 8 8. 0

A u g u s t 1965 ------ — — ----- - 2. 6 4.0 4. 3 5. 2 8. 2

A u g u s t 19 6 4 ------------------------------ 3. 1 4. 3 4. 4 8.4 11.5

A n n u a l average:

1968 ------------------------------------ 2.4 4. 7 4 . 4 7. 2 1 1.4

1 9 6 7 ------------------------------------ 2. 5 5. 1 4.6 7. 6 11.7

1966 ------------------------------------ 2. 8* 6. 4 5. 2 7. 3 11.9

1965 ------------------------------------ 3. 6 7. 4 6. 6 8.4 14. 5

1 964 ------------------------------------ 4. 2 8. 4 7.0 10.6 16. 5

1963 ------------------------------------ 4. 8 9.6 8. 7 12. 1 20. 5

1962 ----------------------------------- 5. 1 9 . 4 8.8 1 2.4 20. 4 1961 ------------------------------------------------------- 6. 3 12. 3 10. 7 14. 5 21. 7

i9 6 0 ------------------------------------ 5. 3 10. 1 8.9 12.5 19. 3 I9 5 9 ------------------------------------------------------- 5. 3 9 . 4 8.9 12.4 19.0

1958 ------------------------------------ 6. 8 11.7 9.7 14. 9 21. 3 I 9 5 7 ------------------------------------------------------- 3.8 8. 1 6.4 9. 4 12. 6

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y c onducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the Cen s u s .

Table 50. W o r k experi e n c e an d extent of u n e m p l o y m e n t of p e r s o n s 16 y e a r s of age a n d over, b y selected occupation of longest job, 1968

Status

C r a f t s m e n , 

f o r e m e n , kindred 

w o r k e r s

C a r p e n t e r s

Construction 

craftsmen, except 

carpenters

Laborers, except 

f a r m or m i n e

Construction

laborers

M a n u f a c t u r i n g

laborers

P e r s o n s with w o r k experience:

N u m b e r (in t h o usands)-------------------- 10,911 989 2,135 4, 5 2 0 1 , 056 1,227

P e r c e n t ------------------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0

W o r k e d at full-time jobs:

50 to 52 w e e k s ----------------------- 73. 8 51. 8 62. 1 39. 1 34. 2 50. 2

27 to 50 w e e k s ----------------------- 15. 1 28. 8 23.0 16.4 25. 2 21.5

1 to 26 w e e k s ------------------------ 5.9 9.6 7. 5 18. 5 24. 4 19. 8

W o r k e d at pa r t - t i m e j o b s --------------- 5. 2 9.8 7.4 26. 0 16. 2 8. 5

P e r s o n s with u n e m p l o y m e n t :

N u m b e r (in t housands)--------------------- 1, 342 230 429 1,028 349 285

P e r c e n t ------------------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0

1 to 2 w e e k s (year-round) w o r k e r s ---- 18.4 7. 4 14. 7 9. 5 9. 7 11.9

P a r t - y e a r w o r k e r s :

1 to 4 w e e k s ------------------------- 25. 5 27. 0 21.4 30. 4 25. 5 31. 2

5 to 10 w e e k s ------------------------- 22. 4 23.0 24. 9 20.0 22. 6 18. 9

11 to 14 w e e k s ----------------------- 11.9 14.8 14.0 12. 8 12.0 11.9

15 to 26 w e e k s ----------------------- 17. 2 23. 0 19. 3 18. 4 19. 8 18. 9

27 w e e k s or m o r e ------------------- 4. 6 4. 8 5. 6 8. 8 10. 3 7. 0

P e r c e n t of u n e m p l o y e d with:

2 spells of u n e m p l o y m e n t ------------------ 15.9 20. 9 19. 1 17. 3 22. 3 13.0

3 spells or m o r e --------------------------- 20. 3 35. 2 28. 7 25. 5 30. 1 19. 6

S O U R C E : B L S , W o r k E x p e r i e n c e of the Population in 1968.

5 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 51. Incidence, recurrent spells, a n d extent of u n e m p l o y m e n t of p e r s o n s 16 ye a r s of age a n d over 

as a percent of total with experience b y selected occupation of longest job, 1968

Status

C r a f t s m e n ,

f o r e m e n ,

kindred

w o r k e r s

C a r p e n t e r s

Construction

craftsmen,

excluding

carpenters

L a b o r e r s , 

excluding 

f a r m or 

m i n e

Construction

laborers

M a n u f a c t u r i n g

laborers

W i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t --------- 12. 3 23. 3 20. 2 23. 8 33.4 25. 2

Jobless 15 w e e k s or m o r e

during y e a r -------------- 2. 7 6. 5 5. 0 6. 5 10. 1 6. 5

W i t h 3 spells or m o r e

of u n e m p l o y m e n t --------- 2. 5 8. 2 5. 8 6. 1 10. 1 4. 9

S O U R C E : B L S , W o r k E x p e r i e n c e of the Population in 1968.

T a ble 52. P e r c e n t distribution of w e e k s w o r k e d b y m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in the exper i e n c e d civilian labor force, 

b y selected occupation, 1959

Occupations Total

W eeks

A t least 

40

50-52 4 0 - 4 9 2 7-39 14-26 1-13 N o n e

Skilled construction:

B o i l e r m a k e r s ________________________________ 100. 0 70. 5 51. 9 18. 6 17. 7 7. 2 3. 1 1. 6

B r i c k m a s o n s , stonem a s o n s , an d

tile setters --------------------------------- 100. 0 68. 1 29. 8 38. 3 20. 5 6. 9 3. 0 1. 4

C a r p e n t e r s — -------------------------------- 100. 0 72. 3 40. 4 31. 9 15. 0 7. 6 3. 9 1. 2

C e m e n t a n d concrete finishers ------------- 100. 0 66. 4 27. 8 38. 6 20. 9 8.4 3. 3 1. 2

Crane, d e r r i c k m e n , and h o i s t m e n --------- 100. 0 72. 6 52. 6 20. 0 21. 6 3. 9 1. 2 . 7

Electricians__________________________________ 100. 0 87. 9 69. 6 18. 3 7. 4 2. 8 1. 3 . 6

Excavating, grading, a n d road

m a c h i n e r y operators ---------------------- 100. 0 78. 4 53. 2 25. 2 14. 1 5. 3 1. 7 . 6

F o r e m e n , c o n s t r u c t i o n--------------------- 100. 0 89. 1 70. 5 18. 6 6. 3 2. 8 1. 2 . 6

G l a z i e r s -------------------------------------- 100. 0 89. 5 71. 9 17. 6 4. 8 3. 6 1. 1 1. 0

M e c h a n i c s a n d r e p a i r m e n c o n s t r u c t i o n____ 100. 0 83. 2 65. 8 17. 4 8. 2 4. 8 2. 7 1. 1

Painters, construction an d m a i n t e n a n c e ___ .100. 0 67. 9 41. 1 26. 8 15. 2 9. 0 6. 0 2. 0

P l a s t e r e r s ___________________________________ 100. 0 71. 8 32. 3 39. 5 15. 3 8. 2 3. 3 1. 6

P l u m b e r s a n d pipefitters___________________ 100. 0 83. 1 61. 1 22. 0 9. 5 4.4 2. 2 . 8

R o o f e r s a n d s laters_________________________ 100. 0 65. 2 33. 3 31. 9 18. 4 9. 5 5. 0 1. 8

Stone cutters an d stone c a r v e r s ------------ 100. 0 84. 9 58. 6 26. 3 8. 5 3. 3 2. 6 . 7

Structural m e t a l w o r k e r s ------------------- 100. 0 74. 8 45. 2 29. 8 15. 3 6. 2 2. 7 . 9

Skilled nonconstruction:

F o r e m e n , m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------- 100. 0 96. 9 90. 3 6. 6 1. 6 . 7 . 4 . 3

M a c h i n i s t s ___________________________________ 100. 0 89. 7 75. 0 14. 7 5. 9 2. 4 1. 3 . 7

M e c h a n i c s a n d r ep a i r m e n :

A u t o m o b i l e _______________________________ 100. 0 87. 2 72. 6 14. 6 5. 5 3. 8 2. 5 1. 2

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------- 100. 0 88. 6 74. 4 14. 2 6. 6 2. 7 1. 3 . 8

Pattern a n d m o d e l m a k e r s , except

p a p e r --------------------------------------- 100. 0 91. 5 74. 9 16. 6 4. 8 1. 9 1. 0 . 8

Stationary e n g i n e e r s------------------------ 100. 0 92. 6 85. 0 7. 6 3. 6 2. 3 1. 0 . 6

T o o l m a k e r s , d i e m a k e r s , a n d setters------ 100. 0 92. 9 76. 7 16. 2 4. 2 1. 7 . 8 . 5

Unskilled:

Lab o r e r s :

C o n s t r u c t i o n_____________________________ 100. 0 58. 9 33. 2 25. 7 17. 7 11. 7 8. 5 3. 3

Manufa c t u r i n g ____________________________ 100. 0 68. 9 48. 2 20. 7 15. 4 8. 1 5. 0 2. 5

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i t ems m a y not equal totals.

S O U R C E : B u r e a u of the C e n s u s . U. S. C e n s u s of Population: I960. Subject Reports. Occupational Characteristics. Final R e ­

port P C ( 2 ) - 7 A .

51

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 53. E x p e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d private w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in construction, m o n t h l y a n d annual averages, 1948— 6 8

(In thousands)

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

A n n u a l

a v e r a g e

1948 ______________ 29 2 320 304 239 158 146 137 164 173 158 177 216 207

1949 -------------- 385 425 4 8 5 344 318 295 366 304 267 276 301 456 352

1950 ______________ 625 597 523 418 264 255 232 207 236 147 200 240 329

1951 ______________ 359 361 266 162 118 156 165 148 140 134 148 196 196

1952 ______________ 308 326 292 238 168 162 162 140 124 104 116 187 194

1953 ______________ 308 282 256 212 150 160 168 136 161 116 146 1 244 195

1954 ______________ 4 4 7 546 494 502 361 328 344 275 322 296 305 426 387

1955 ______________ 549 590 49 4 400 274 276 239 248 190 220 292 386 338

1956 ______________ 4 9 2 500 443 286 266 256 246 210 192 176 295 396 313

1957 ______________ 510 508 4 2 6 388 280 270 258 262 239 219 34 7 49 8 350

1958 ______________ 670 748 724 600 4 4 7 480 46 7 433 369 345 42 0 588 524

1959 -------------- 742 827 735 465 396 335 338 296 327 309 390 462 4 6 9

1960 ______________ 655 613 725 4 9 8 384 332 353 346 283 316 451 611 464

1961 ______________ 826 861 723 650 548 465 4 9 0 365 353 303 4 0 7 549 545

1962 ______________ 702 738 695 534 424 370 366 259 255 283 396 578 467

1963 ______________ 752 828 641 512 365 332 335 376 257 286 4 0 0 503 4 5 7

1964 ______________ 643 625 506 396 314 326 283 288 262 292 270 482 391

1965 .............. 599 638 540 394 305 305 320 237 237 221 270 317 365

1966 ______________ 4 3 9 4 4 5 386 320 224 208 195 187 190 206 278 364 287

1967 ______________ 411 419 341 304 213 233 200 161 122 170 236 268 257

1968 ______________ 4 4 3 421 382 220 185 229 189 163 127 148 220 232 247

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y c o n ducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the C ensus.

T a ble 54. Seasonal a d j u s t m e n t factors for exp e r i e n c e d u n e m p l o y e d private w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in construction, b y m o n t h , 1948— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y J une July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1948 _________________________ 0 0 0 118.4 83. 1 77. 6 83.4 74. 8 72. 7 65. 3 74. 3 97. 1

1949 ------------------------- 153. 0 157.7 142. 5 118. 1 83. 2 78. 5 83. 3 74. 8 71. 9 64. 2 73.4 99.4

1950 _________________________ 155. 0 158. 0 142. 0 117. 7 83. 0 79. 6 83. 9 73. 7 72. 3 62. 9 73. 0 99. 0

1951 _________________________ 154. 6 158. 6 140. 7 118. 8 83. 7 79. 6 82. 9 72. 7 72. 3 62. 7 72. 9 100.4

1952 _________________________ 154. 3 156. 9 140. 9 119. 0 84. 1 81. 0 81. 6 72. 0 71. 7 61. 6 73. 8 103. 2

1953 _________________________ 153. 6 156. 6 139. 4 120. 6 84. 0 81. 8 80. 7 71. 3 71. 1 60. 3 75. 5 105. 0

1954 _________________________ 152. 7 155. 6 138. 3 120. 6 84. 8 81. 9 80. 0 71. 2 69. 7 60. 0 77.4 107. 9

1955 _________________________ 151. 3 154.4 140. 0 119. 6 84.4 82.4 79.4 71. 1 68.4 59- 4 79. 0 110. 6

1956 — _____________________ 150. 2 154.4 140. 4 118.4 84. 8 81. 9 78. 7 70. 4 67. 6 60. 2 81. 7 111.2

1957 _ _______________________ 148. 8 153.4 140. 7 118. 0 85. 7 80. 8 78. 0 71. 5 65. 0 61. 3 83. 1 113. 8

1958 ____________ _____________ 149. 2 153. 1 140. 3 115.4 86. 3 80. 7 78. 9 71. 4 63. 8 61. 2 84. 8 114. 9

1959 ------------------------- 149. 1 154. 6 140. 1 113. 3 87. 0 79. 5 79. 6 70. 9 63. 1 61. 6 85. 3 116. 2

I960 _________________________ 150. 1 155. 9 139. 1 112. 7 86. 6 78. 4 79.4 70. 1 62. 6 63. 0 85. 8 116. 3

1961 _________________________ 150. 9 156. 9 138. 5 110. 6 86. 2 78. 6 79. 6 69. 1 62. 1 64. 6 86. 1 116. 7

1 PA?. 151. 5 158. 0 137.4 109.0 85. 6 78. 2 80. 0 67. 7 62.4 65. 7 87. 8 116. 6

1963 ......... ............... 152. 6 157.5 • 135. 5 109. 5 84. 2 78. 0 79. 1 67. 3 62. 9 66.4 89. 2 117. 8

1964 _______________________ 152. 3 158.4 134. 5 108. 9 82. 7 79. 7 78. 7 65. 9 63. 7 67. 5 90. 7 116. 9

1965 ------------------------- 153.4 158. 1 135. 5 108. 6 80. 2 81. 0 77. 6 66. 3 62. 6 68. 4 91. 8 116. 6

1966 ___ ____________________ 153. 9 158. 2 134. 3 108.4 78. 9 81. 9 77. 2 66. 3 63. 1 69. 2 93. 1 115. 3

1967 _________________________ 154. 3 157. 2 134. 6 108. 4 78. 3 83. 3 76. 9 66.4 63.4 69. 6 93. 1 114. 4

1968 ------------------------- 154. 2 156. 8 135. 4 109. 6 77. 2 83. 4 77. 3 66. 0 63. 3

- " "

N O T E : D a s h e s indicate that data w e r e not available.

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y c o nducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the Ce n s u s .

T a ble 55. U n e m p l o y e d construction laborers as a percent of all u n e m p l o y e d w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in construction, 1958— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

A n n u a l

a v e r a g e

1958 -------------- 36. 8 38. 8 36. 5 36. 5 39. 7 38. 6 44. 2 44. 2 44. 5 39. 8 46. 3 41. 7 40. 1

1959 -------------- 38. 3 37. 1 38. 2 36. 2 39. 1 43. 6 56. 0 52. 5 36. 2 36. 0 43. 5 40. 1 40. 9

I960 ______________ 39. 6 38. 5 38. 8 35. 3 40. 5 43. 7 46. 7 42. 6 43. 5 37. 8 33. 1 39. 3 39. 4

1 9 6 1 ........... . 36. 2 31. 3 33. 1 36. 9 37. 8 40. 7 36. 6 44. 0 41. 4 37.4 37. 0 36. 9 36. 7

1962 -------------- 39. 2 34. 7 35. 6 37. 7 35. 5 45. 6 42. 6 38. 8 43. 2 46. 3 41. 3 43. 8 39. 5

1963 ______________ 37. 5 34.4 36. 0 40. 7 45. 0 47. 9 45. 2 39.5 45. 6 42. 2 42. 7 34. 2 39. 5

1964 ______________ 39. 0 32. 8 37. 4 35. 3 40. 9 42. 2 43. 9 40. 9 43. 8 39. 3 41. 0 35. 8 38. 5

1965 ______________ 34. 2 34. 9 38. 0 36. 0 34. 0 39.4 34. 8 35. 6 41. 0 37. 3 34. 2 35. 6 35. 9

1966 -------------- 27. 3 30. 8 32.9 27. 7 37. 9 40. 0 33. 3 38.4 40. 9 35. 8 32. 8 29. 8 32. 9

1967 ______________ 33. 2 31. 7 34.4 31. 0 33. 8 43. 2 38, 7 40. 6 43. 7 39. 2 35. 4 36. 3 35. 8

1968 ------------ 33. 1 31. 0 35. 6 30. 1 36. 3 43. 9 47. 0 39. 5 46. 8 40. 2 39. 6 34. 3 36. 7

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y c o nducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the C e n sus.

5 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 56. P e r c e n t distribution of m a l e s b y r e a s o n for leaving jobs, by industry group, 1955 and 1961

Nonagricultural w a g e and salary w o r k e r s

R e a s o n for leaving job Total Construction Ma n u f a c t u r i n g

1961 1955 1961 1955 1961 1955

N u m b e r of jobs left (in t h o usands)------------- 7, 8 4 6 7,980 1,909 1,746 1,897 2, 382

P e r c e n t ----- --------------------- ---------- 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

J o b loss------------------------------------------ 39. 3 27. 9 66.0 37. 0 41.9 32. 3

I m p r o v e m e n t in status-------------------------- 34. 8 4 1.0 17.4 23. 5 36. 8 42. 9

T e r m i n a t i o n of t e m p o r a r y job ----------------- 7. 5 13. 6 4. 6 2 5.4 3. 7 5. 7

Illness or disability----------------------------- 2.4 3. 2 2. 2 2. 5 2. 6 4.0

H o u s e h o l d responsibilities--------------------- . 5 . 1 . 3 - . 3 . 1

School responsibilities------------------------- 4.9 4. 2 2. 3 3.0 5. 3 4. 1

O t h e r r e a sons ------------------------ -------- 9. 2 7. 9 5. 6 5. 2 8. 3 9. 5

N o t reported --------------------------------- — 1.5 2. 1 1.6 3.4 1. 1 1.4

S O U R C E : B u r e a u of the C e n s u s , C u r r e n t Population R e p o r t s — L a b o r F o r c e , J o b Mobility of W o r k e r s in 1955 and B L S Special L a b o r F o r c e R e p o r t

35, J o b Mobility in 1 9 6 1 .

Table 57. P e r c e n t distribution of nonagricultural w a g e and salary w o r k e r s , b y full- or part- t i m e status, b y industry, 1968

Total

at

Fullti m e

schedules

P a r t - t i m e schedules

Industry E c o n o m i c r easons O t h e r r e a sons

Usually w o r k 

full t ime

Usually w o r k 

part ti m e

Usually w o r k 

part t ime

T o t a l 1 ------------------------------ 100.0 85 . 4 1. 3 1. 2 12. 1

Construction ------------------------------ 100. 0 92.0 3.0 1. 3 3. 8

Manu f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------- 100.0 95. 1 1.8 . 4 2. 8

D u r a b l e go o d s ------------------------ 100.0 97. 0 1. 1 . 2 1.7

N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s --------------------- 100. 0 92. 2 2. 7 . 7 4. 3

Transportation and public utilities ----- 100.0 93. 3 1. 1 .6 5.0

W h o l e s a l e and retail t r a d e -------------- 100.0 75. 1 1. 1 1.8 22. 1

Finance, insurance, and real e s t a t e--- 100. 0 90. 2 . 5 . 3 9.0

Service indust r i e s ------------------------ 100. 0 73. 7 .9 2. 3 23. 1

1 Includes m i n i n g and public administration, not s h o w n separately.

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y conducted for the B L S b y the B u r e a u of the Cens u s .

Table 58. P e r c e n t distribution of m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s , b y race, full- or part- t i m e status, 1968

Industry

Total

at

w o r k

Fullt ime

schedules

P a r t - t i m e schedules

E c o n o m i c r easons O t h e r r e a sons

Usually w o r k 

full t ime

Usually w o r k 

part ti m e

Usually w o r k 

part t i m e

Wh i t e

All nonagricultural industries----------- 100.0 92. 0 1.0 0. 6 6.4

C o n s truction ------------------------------ 100. 0 93. 2 2. 8 1.0 3. 0

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------- 100. 0 97. 0 .9 . 2 1.9

All other

All nonagricultural industries----------- 100. 0 90. 2 2. 3 2. 0 5. 5

Construction ------------------------------ 100. 0 88. 9 4.9 3.9 2. 3

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------- 100.0 9 5.5 2. 6 . 7 1. 2

S O U R C E : C u r r e n t Population S u r v e y conducted for the B L S by the B u r e a u of the Cen s u s .

53

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER V I. EARNING S

Wage comparisons

Hourly wage rates for construction workers are high in comparison with those of workers in other industries. The average hourly earnings of construction workers in the contract construction industry in 1968 were 

38 percent higher than for production workers in manufacturing durable goods industries. (See table 60.) In 

spite of the high hourly wages for construction workers, however, production workers in several industries had 

higher levels of average weekly earnings, because they averaged more hours of work each week. (See table 61.)

Several factors in addition to seasonality contribute to the high average hourly wages for construction 

workers. The skill level of construction workers is high compared with that of many production workers in 

other industries. In 1968, about two-thirds of the blue-collar workers in construction were craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers comparing with about one-fourth in manufacturing. The industry usually has relatively low fringe benefits and hazardous working conditions. Also, the wage differential may be necessarily 

higher to attract a sufficient supply of workers.

Construction workers increased their wage differential over production workers in durable goods manufacturing industries between 1947 and 1968; the differential rose from 21 percent to 38 percent. (See table 

60.) In comparison with average hourly earnings in basic steel, workers in contract construction lost ground 

in terms of wage differentials between 1947 and 1959, but by 1964 they had regained the 1947 relative position and, in 1968, construction workers in contract construction had average hourly earnings 17 percent above 

those for production workers in basic steel. Hourly earnings in 1968 were 13 percent higher for construction 

workers than for production workers in the motor vehicles industry.

Examination of hourly union wage scales by craft in contract construction and manufacturing indicate 

substantial differentials in favor of crafts in the construction industry. A comparison of basic union hourly 

wage rates for seven crafts in contract construction (national average) and basic steel between 1947 and 1968 

indicates that the construction union scale for carpenters was 50 percent above the average rate for carpenters 

in basic steel, on July 1, 1968. (See table 62.) In general, these differentials did not widen significantly over 

the 1947—68 period.

A recently published study 44 that compares union wage scales for carpenters, electricians, and painters 

in construction and the straight-time average hourly earnings for these workers in maintenance jobs in manufacturing in late 1965 or early 1966, indicates that differentials in 50 metropolitan areas reported invariably 

favored those in construction. However, the differentials varied widely by area. The differential for carpenters ranged from 73 percent in New York City to 11 percent in Richmond, Va.; electricians, from 63 percent 

in Little Rock—North Little Rock to 18 percent in Houston; and painters from 54 percent in Washington, D.C. 

to 3 percent in Charleston, W. Va. (See table 63.) In general, differentials were highest in the Northeast, 

somewhat lower in the West, and lowest in the South. In most localities, the wage differential in favor of 

construction appears to have widened in recent years. (See table 64.)

Wage differentials in favor of construction workers reflect a basic difference in working conditions between construction and other industries. Factors such as the frequency of seasonal and intermittent unem44 Lily Mary David and T. P. Kanninen, “Workers’ Wages in Construction and Maintenance,” M onthly L abor R eview,

January 1968.

54

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ployment, relatively low fringe benefits, and more hazardous working conditions in construction contribute to 

the earnings differential in favor of construction workers. Although workers in the building trades are covered 

by old age and survivors insurance, unemployment compensation, and workmen’s compensation, as are workers 

in manufacturing, they are at a disadvantage with respect to private benefits financed wholly or in part by employers. Paid vacations and holidays for many building trades workers are uncommon; in manufacturing 8 or 

9 paid holidays each year is the usual practice. Estimates are that the value of fringe benefits in the basic 

steel industry was $0.71 an hour in 1965, and in the unionized sector of construction only $0.54 an hour in 

1968. 45 The high injury-frequency rate in construction— more than twice as high as in manufacturing— 

makes construction work a generally less desirable activity, as does the relatively high proportion of outdoor 

work in unfinished buildings during inclement weather. The requirement that construction workers must move 

frequently to new work sites also contributes to the relatively less desirable work conditions in the industry.

The collective bargaining relationships between contractors and unions is another factor which helps maintain the wage differential for construction workers. Unlike a manufacturer, contractors cannot threaten to or 

actually relocate because of wage demands. The products of the construction industry do not compete with 

products produced in other parts of the country or overseas, as do the product of manufacturers. Moreover, 

all unionized competitors in a region are bound by the outcome of a major collective bargaining agreement so 

that there is little inducement to maintain a rigid stance in wage negotiations. Contractors are generally small 

companies, and even when they are represented by an association of contractors, pressure to remain firm on 

wages is generally much less than in the case of manufacturing firms.

A n n u a l i n c o m e 4 6

Despite the relatively high hourly earnings received by wage and salary workers in construction, they have 

reported earnings over a 12-month period that are somewhat less than workers in several manufacturing industries. The following tabulation shows the annual earnings of wage and salary workers who were employed in 

contract construction and selected manufacturing industries at least part of the time in each of the four quarters in 1964.

Average Average annual reported annual reported earnings from earnings from all Industry specified industry covered employment

Contract construction: General building.................. $6,250 $6,579 Heavy construction ........... 7,116 7,377 Special trades..................... 6,677 6,879

Chemical and allied products. . 7,638 7,717 Petroleum refining.................. 8,325 8,447 Primary metals........................ 7,272 7,352 Machinery, except electrical . . 7,167 7,253 Motor vehicles and equipment . 7,725 7,814

SOURCE: BLS Social Security Administration’s 1-percent continuous work history sample.

The tabulation indicates that workers who were strongly attached to the contract construction industry (i.e., 

those who had some earnings in each of four quarters) derived practically all of their income from the industry (about 96 percent), as did workers in manufacturing industries (about 99 percent).

^5 Bureau of Labor Statistics, E m ployees Compensation and Payroll Hours, Basic Steel, 1965, Report 335-4; Union

Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1968, Bulletin 1621. 46 The wage data on annual earnings, some of which are from the forthcoming bulletin, Compensation in the Construction Industry, were developed by the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

5 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average annual earnings, however, tend to obscure the relative position of the typical worker in contract construction. The distribution of annual earnings of construction workers is skewed. While some workers make high annual incomes, others earn much less. High earnings tend to be associated with year-round 

work. Of the workers who earned most of their income from general construction contractors in 1964, 45 percent 

earned less than $3,000 from all industries in which they worked, whereas about 9 percent made $9,000 or 

more. Of workers who were employed in all four quarters of the year, only 19 percent earned less than 

$3,000 from all industries in which they worked, while about 15 percent made $9,000 or more. (See table 

65.) Generally, the skewness of the distribution of income is toward the low side for workers who were employed 

by masonry, plastering, stone and tile contractors, and roofing and sheet metal contractors— work that tends 

to be more seasonal. For workers employed by plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning, and electrical contractors, the skewness of the distribution of total annual earnings is toward the high side. For highway contractors and general contractors, the skewness tends only slightly to the low side.

The conclusion to be drawn from these data is that the relatively high hourly wage rates for construction workers generally are not translated into high annual earnings. Moreover, an assessment of the fringe 

benefits available to contract construction workers indicates an even less desirable employment situation for 

these workers. Unemployment benefit payments to construction workers, however, are not included in these 

average annual earnings figures. An estimated 425 million dollars were paid out in benefits in 1964. This 

would tend to increase slightly the amount of money received by construction workers during the year. The 

annual earnings figures also may be slightly understated to the extent that workers drawing social security 

benefits can readily find employment and work until they reached the maximum earnings limit permitted.

H o u r l y r a t e s a n d a n n u a l e a r n i n g s b y a r e a

Wage rates for construction crafts vary considerably by area. In 1965—1966 union hourly wage scales 

in building construction for carpenters in 50 areas ranged from $5.80 in New York City to $3.45 in Richmond, Va. (See table 68.) For electricians, the range was from $5.50 an hour in San Diego, Calif., to 

$4.05 in Richmond, Va.; for painters, from $4.82 an hour in San Diego, to $2.50 an hour in Portland, Maine. 

In general, union wage scales were highest in the Northeast and West, slightly lower in the North Central 

States, and considerably lower in the South.

Construction workers in areas with the highest union hourly wage scales generally had the highest annual income. In 1964, workers in the Northeast and West who had most of their annual reported earnings 

from contract construction tended to have higher annual incomes than those in other areas. (See table 66.) 

The range of annual income was quite broad. For example, workers in heavy construction had average annual incomes ranging from $6,485 in the Pacific States to $3,313 in the Southeast States.

56

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 59. A v e r a g e w e e k l y earnings a n d w a g e relatives 1 of construction a n d production w o r k e r s in contract construction a nd selected 

industries, 1947— 68

Y e a r

A v e r a g e we e k l y earnings W e e k l y w a g e relatives

Contract

construction

Blast furnaces 

a n d basic steel 

products

M o t o r vehicle 

an d e q u i p m e n t

M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 

durable goods

Blast furnaces 

a n d basic steel 

products

M o t o r vehicle 

a n d e q u i p m e n t

M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 

durable goods

1947 ------------------------- $ 58.87 $56. 51 $58. 63 $51. 76 1. 04 1. 00 1. 14

1948 ------------------------- 65. 27 62. 84 63. 15 56. 36 1. 04 1. 03 1. 16

1949 ------------------------- 67. 56 63. 34 67. 33 57. 25 1. 07 1. 00 1. 18

1950 _________________________ 69. 68 67. 95 74. 85 62. 43 1. 03 . 93 1. 12

1951 _________________________ 76. 96 77. 71 77. 16 68. 48 . 99 1. 00 1. 12

1952 _________________________ 82. 86 80. 00 84. 87 72. 63 1. 04 . 98 1. 14

1953 _________________________ 86.41 88. 29 89. 88 76. 63 . 98 . 96 1. 13

1954 _________________________ 88. 91 83. 92 91. 30 76. 19 1. 06 . 97 1. 17

1955 _________________________ 90. 90 96. 80 99. 84 82. 19 . 94 .91 1. 11

1956 _________________________ 96. 38 102.87 96. 82 85. 28 . 94 1. 00 1. 13

1957 _________________________ 100. 27 105.57 100. 61 88. 26 .95 1. 00 1. 14

1958 _________________________ 103. 78 108. 00 101. 24 89. 27 .96 1. 03 1. 16

1959 ------------------------- 108. 41 122.71 11 1. 38 96. 05 . 88 . 97 1. 13

I960 ___,_____________________ 113. 04 116. 13 115.21 97. 44 . 97 .98 1. 16

196 1 _________________________ 118.08 122.92 114.69 100. 35 . 96 1. 03 1. 18

1962 _________________________ 122.47 127.40 127.67 104. 70 .96 . 96 1. 17

1963 _________________________ 127. 19 133.06 132. 68 108. 09 . 96 .96 1. 18

1964 _________________________ 132. 06 138. 43 138. 03 112. 19 . 95 . 96 1. 18

1965 _________________________ 138.38 140. 90 147. 63 117. 18 . 98 . 94 1. 18

1966 _________________________ 146.26 144.73 147. 23 122.09 1. 01 . 99 1. 20

1 QA7 .. 154.95 143. 51 144.84 123. 60 1. 08 1. 07 1. 25

1968 _________________________ 164.56 154. 16 167.66 132.07 1. 07 . 98 1. 25

1 T h e rate for contract construction divided b y the rate for the other industries. 

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d o n establishment reports.

Table 60. A v e r a g e hourly earnings an d w a g e relatives 1 of construction and production w o r k e r s in contract construction a n d selected 

industries, 1947— 68

Y e a r

A v e r a g e hourly earnings H o u r l y w a g e relatives

Contract

construction

Blast furnaces 

a n d basic steel 

products

M o t o r vehicle 

a n d e q u i p m e n t

M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 

durable goods

Blast furnaces 

a n d basic steel 

products

M o t o r vehicle 

an d e q u i p m e n t

M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 

durable goods

1947__________________________ $ 1. 541 $ 1. 449 $ 1. 473 $ 1. 278 1. 06 1. 05 1. 21

1948 _________________________ 1. 713 1. 591 1.611 1. 395 1. 08 1. 06 1. 23

1949 _________________________ 1. 792 1. 658 1. 696 1.453 1. 08 1. 06 1. 23

1950 _________________________ 1. 863 1. 703 1. 778 1. 519 1. 09 1. 05 1. 23

1951 _________________________ 2. 02 1. 90 1. 91 1. 65 1. 06 1. 06 1. 22

1952 _________________________ 2. 13 2. 00 2. 05 1. 75 1. 07 1. 04 1. 22

1953 _________________________ 2. 28 2. 18 2. 14 1. 86 1. 05 1. 07 1. 23

1954 _________________________ 2. 39 2. 22 2. 20 1. 90 1. 08 1. 09 1. 26

1955 _________________________ 2.45 2. 39 2. 29 1. 99 1. 03 1. 07 1. 23

1956 ------------------------- 2. 57 2. 54 2. 35 2. 08 1. 01 1. 09 1. 24

1957 _________________________ 2. 71 2. 70 2. 46 2. 19 1. 00 1. 10 1. 24

1958 _________________________ 2. 82 2. 88 2. 55 2. 26 . 98 1. 11 1. 25

1959 ------------------------- 2. 93 3. 06 2. 71 2. 36 . 96 1. 08 1. 24

I960 _________________________ 3. 08 3. 04 2. 81 2. 43 1. 01 1. 10 1. 27

1961 _________________________ 3. 20 3. 16 2. 86 2. 49 1. 01 1. 12 1.29

1962 _________________________ 3. 31 3. 25 2. 99 2. 56 1. 02 1. 11 1.29

1963 _________________________ 3.41 3. 31 3. 10 2. 63 1. 03 1. 10 1. 30

1964 _________________________ 3. 55 3. 36 3. 21 2. 71 1. 06 1. 11 1. 31

1965 _________________________ 3. 70 3. 42 3. 34 2. 79 1. 08 1. 11 1. 33

1966 _________________________ 3. 89 3. 53 3. 44 2. 90 1. 10 1. 13 1. 34

1967 _________________________ 4. 11 3. 57 3. 55 3. 00 1. 15 1. 16 1. 37

1968 ------------------------- 4. 40 3. 76 3. 89 3. 19 1. 17 1. 13 1. 38

1 T h e rate for contract construction divided b y the rate for the other industries. 

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics, b a s e d on establishment reports.

5 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e 61. G r o s s earnings a n d h o u r s of production w o r k e r s , 1 b y selected industry, 1968

Industry

A v e r a g e w e e k l y 

earnings

A v e r a g e hourly 

earnings

A v e r a g e w e e k l y 

hours

M a j o r industry

M i n i n g __________________________________________________ $ 143. 05 $3. 35 42. 7

C o ntract co n s t r u c t i o n--------------------------------- 164.56 4 . 4 0 37. 4

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ----------------------------------------- 122.51 3. 01 40. 7

D u r a b l e go o d s ______________________________________ 132. 07 3. 19 4 1 . 4

N o n d u r a b l e g o ods ------ --------------- — — 109.05 2. 74 39. 8

Transportation a n d public utilities:

R ailroad transportation 2 -------------------------- 151. 02 3.44 43. 9

Lo c a l an d s u b u r b a n--------------------------------- 123. 77 2. 94 42. 1

Intercity an d rural bu s lines ---------------------- 152.21 3. 65 41. 7

M o t o r freight transportation a n d s t o r a g e--- ---- 142.96 3.42 41. 8

C o m m u n i c a t i o n ------------------------------------- 123. 16 3. 11 39. 6

Electric, gas, and sanitary s e r v i c e s_____________ 150. 28 3. 63 4 1 . 4

W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ---------------------------------------- 122.31 3. 05 40. 1

Retail trade--------------------------------------------- 74. 95 3. 16 34. 7

Finance, i n s u r a n c e , a n d real estate----------------- 108. 54 2. 91 37. 3

Industry with highest earnings

Special dies, tools, jigs, a n d fixtures--- ---------- $ 178. 42 $3. 93 45. 4

M o t o r vehicles an d e q u i p m e n t ------------------------ 167. 66 3. 89 43. 1

M o t o r vehicles ------------------------------------- 172.77 3. 99 43. 3

P a s s e n g e r car bodies ------------------------------ 178. 90 4. 18 42. 8

M o t o r vehicle parts a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ------------- 168.44 3. 89 43. 3

M a l t liquors--------- --------------------------------- 170.56 4. 16 41. 0

P e t r o l e u m refining ----------------------------------- 166.27 3. 94 42. 2

Tires a n d inner tubes---------------------------------- 179.69 4. 02 44. 7

Pipeline t r a n s p ortation------------------------------- 167. 26 4. 04 41. 4

C o m m u n i c a t i o n , line construction e m p l o y e e s ------- 168. 45 3. 76 44. 8

Security, c o m m o d i t y b r o k e r s , a n d s e r v i c e s -------- 168. 52 4 . 4 0 38. 3

1 F o r m i n i n g and m a nufacturing, data refer to production a n d related w o r k e r s ; for contract c o n ­

struction, to construction w o r k e r s ; a n d for all other industries, to n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s .

2 C lass I railroads.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on e stablishment reports.

T a ble 62. W a g e relatives 1 for selected building crafts in contract construction a nd basic steel (basic union hourly w a g e rates), July 1 

of e a c h year, 1947— 68

Y e a r B o i l e r m a k e r s B r icklayers C a r p e n t e r s Electricians Painters Pipefitters

S h e e t - m e t a l

w o r k e r s

1947 __________________________ 1. 23 1. 37 1. 26 1. 23 1. 30 1. 34 1. 18

19 4 8 . _______________________ 1. 38 1. 56 1. 39 1. 34 1.41 1. 47 1. 33

1949 ........................ 1. 32 1. 49 1. 30 1. 33 1. 35 1.40 1. 24

1950 _________________________ 1. 38 1. 54 1. 36 1. 37 1. 39 1.46 1. 30

1951 _______ ________________ 1. 31 1. 45 1. 31 1. 33 1. 34 1. 40 1. 24

1952 ____ ____________________ 1. 27 1. 4 4 1. 27 1. 28 1. 30 1. 35 1. 22

1953 ____________ _____________ 1. 31 1. 43 1. 28 1. 28 1. 31 1. 36 1. 23

1954 ......................... 1. 33 1. 44 1. 30 1. 29 1. 32 1.40 1. 26

1955 ........................ 1. 27 1. 37 1. 25 1. 22 1. 27 1. 33 1. 21

1956 _ _ 1. 33 1. 43 1. 30 1. 29 1. 33 1. 39 1. 26

1957 ......................... 1. 28 1. 36 1. 23 1. 22 1. 25 1. 47 1. 19

1958 ____________________ 1.25 1. 30 1. 20 1. 20 1. 22 1. 30 1. 18

1959 ------------------------- 1. 30 1. 35 1. 26 1. 24 1. 26 1. 35 1. 23

1960 _ 1. 36 1. 39 1. 31 1. 31 1. 31 1. 40 1.29

1 9 6 1 _________________________ 1. 37 1. 40 1. 32 1. 32 1. 32 1.41 1.29

1962 ________________________ _ 1. 37 1.40 1. 33 1. 34 1. 32 1. 41 1. 30

1963 _________ _______________ 1.42 1. 44 1. 32 1. 38 1. 37 1.46 1. 36

1964 _________________________ 1.48 1. 48 1.42 1. 43 1. 41 1. 52 1. 41

1965 ........................ 1. 53 1. 52 1.49 1. 47 1. 47 1. 58 1. 46

1966 ......................... 1. 39 1. 38 1. 35 1. 33 1. 32 1. 44 1. 33

1967 ........................ 1.44 1.44 1.42 1. 40 1. 40 1. 52 1. 41

1 9 6 8 2 ..................... "1. 52 1. 50 1.49 1.48 1. 61 "

1 T h e construction rate divided b y the steel rate.

2 1968 contract construction w a g e levels are preliminary.

S O U R C E : 1947— 66: F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g Patterns of E m p l o y m e n t an d U n e m p l o y m e n t in the Construction Industry of the United States. A doctoral

thesis b y Daniel Q u i n n Mills of H a r v a r d University, S e p t e m b e r , 1967, pp. 175-6; 1967— 68: U p d a t e d f r o m data p r ovided b y Dr. Mills.

5 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 63. Straight-time a v e r a g e h o urly earnings in m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k a n d union scales in building construction, 3 trades in 50 areas, 1965— 66

Region, metropolitan area, 

a n d date of s u r v e y

C a r p e n t e rs Electricians Painte r s

A v e r a g e 

hourly 

earnings 

in m a i n t e ­

n a n c e

U n i o n 

scales in 

building 

c o n s t r u c ­

tion

Construction 

rate higher b y —

A v e r a g e 

hourly 

earnings 

in m a i n t e ­

na n c e

U n i o n 

scales in 

building 

c o n s t r u c ­

tion

Construction 

rate higher b y —

A v e r a g e 

hourly 

earnings 

in m a i n t e ­

n a nce

U n i o n 

scales in 

building 

c o n s t r u c ­

tion

Construction 

rate higher b y —

Dollars

per

ho u r

P e r ­

cent

Dollars

per

ho u r

P e r ­

cent

Dollars

per

h our

P e r ­

cent

Northeast:

Boston, Oct. 1 9 6 5 -------- $3. 13 $4. 50 $ 1. 37 44 $ 3. 24 $5. 25 $2. 01 62 $2. 88 $4. 20 $ 1. 32 46

Buffalo, Dec. 1 9 6 5 _______ 3. 17 4. 315 1. 145 36 3. 49 5. 11 1. 62 46 3. 19 4. 125 . 935 29

N e w H a v e n , Jan. 1966---- 2.79 4. 50 1. 71 61 3. 04 4. 75 1.71 56 2. 88 4. 25 1. 37 48

N e w York, A p r . 1 9 6 6 ____ 3. 35 5. 80 2. 45 73 3. 46 5. 20 1. 74 50 3. 16 4. 80 1. 64 52

Philadelphia, N ov. 1965 — 3. 38 4 . 4 5 1. 07 32 3. 33 5. 25 1.92 58 3. 03 3. 975 . 945 31

Pittsburgh, Jan. 1 9 6 6 ____ 3. 34 5. 075 1. 735 52 3.45 5. 25 1. 80 52 3. 14 4. 425 1. 285 41

Portland, Nov. 1 9 6 5 ____ - 2. 52 3. 70 1. 18 47 2. 75 3. 95 1. 20 44 2. 33 2. 50 . 17 7

P r o v i d e n c e — Pawtucket,

M a y 1966 ............... 2.66 3.95 1. 29 48 2. 97 4. 55 1. 58 53 2. 68 3. 60 .92 34

Trenton, Dec. 1 9 6 5 ______ 3. 08 4. 80 1. 72 56 3. 30 5. 30 2. 00 61 3. 09 4. 375 1. 285 42

Y o rk, Feb. 1 9 6 6 ......... 2. 62 3. 55 . 93 35 2. 94 4. 40 1. 46 50 2. 59 3. 05 .46 18

South:

Atlanta, M a y 1 9 6 6 — - — 2.97 4. 00 1. 03 35 3.46 4. 30 . 84 24 2. 82 4. 25 1. 43 51

Baltimore, Nov. 1965 — 3. 11 4. 09 . 98 32 3. 23 4. 70 1. 47 46 2. 98 4. 05 1. 07 36

B i r m i n g h a m , A p r . 1966— 3. 31 3. 90 . 59 18 3. 67 4. 35 . 68 19 3. 06 4. 00 .94 31

Charleston, Ap r . 1966___ 3. 58 4. 475 . 895 25 3. 58 4. 45 . 87 24 3. 53 3. 65 . 12 3

Chattanooga, Sept. 1965 — 2. 45 3. 85 1. 40 57 2. 91 4. 25 1. 34 46 2. 78 3. 75 . 97 35

Dallas, N ov. 1 9 6 5 ________ 2. 95 4. 15 1. 20 41 3. 18 4. 275 1. 095 34 2. 81 3. 913 1. 103 39

Houston, J une 1966 ------ 3. 61 4. 32 .71 20 3. 69 4. 355 . 665 18 3. 51 4. 035 . 525 15

Jacksonville, Jan. 1966__ 2. 82 3. 75 . 93 33 3. 18 4. 40 1. 22 38 2. 67 3. 50 . 83 31

Little R o c k — N. Little

R o c k , Aug. 1 9 6 5 ________ 2. 47 3. 65 1. 18 48 2. 67 4. 35 1. 68 63 _ _ _ _

Louisville, Feb. 1 9 6 6 ____ 3. 40 4. 125 . 725 21 3. 57 4. 545 .975 27 3. 25 3. 82 . 57 18

M e m p h i s , Jan. 1 9 6 6 ----- 2. 62 4. 00 1. 38 53 3. 22 4. 525 1. 305 41 2. 71 3. 80 1. 09 40

M i a m i , Dec. 1 9 6 5 -------- 2. 85 3. 90 1. 05 37 3. 05 4. 55 1. 50 49 2. 52 3. 57 1. 05 45

N e w Orleans, F eb. 1966 — 3. 09 3. 90 . 81 26 3. 30 4. 40 1. 10 33 2. 99 3. 375 . 385 13

R i c h m o n d , No v . 1965---- 3. 11 3.45 . 34 1 1 3. 30 4. 05 . 75 23 3. 09 2. 75 -. 34 -11

Savannah, M a y 1966 _____ 3. 14 3. 80 .66 21 3. 35 4. 35 1. 00 30 3. 07 3. 375 . 305 10

Washin g t o n , D. C . — M d —

Va. , Oct. 1 9 6 5 _________ 3. 19 4. 10 .91 29 3. 30 4. 90 1. 60 48 2. 84 4. 37 1. 53 54

N o r t h Central:

Chicago, A pr. 1966______ 3. 66 4. 85 1. 19 33 3. 67 4. 95 1. 28 35 3. 86 4. 60 . 74 19

Cincinnati, M a r . 1965 — 3. 26 4. 40 1. 14 35 3. 35 4. 75 1. 40 42 3. 20 4. 00 . 80 25

Cleveland, Sept. 1 9 6 5 ____ 3. 36 4. 75 1. 39 41 3. 46 4. 89 1.43 41 3. 22 4. 56 1. 34 42

C o l u m b u s , Oct. 1 9 6 5 ____ 3.22 4. 14 .92 29 3. 37 4. 60 1. 23 36 3. 13 3.65 . 52 17

D a v e n p o r t — R o c k Island—

Moline, Oct. 1 9 6 5 ______ 3. 33 4. 12 . 79 24 3. 67 4. 56 . 89 24 3. 21 3. 77 . 56 17

Dayton, Jan. 1 9 6 6 -------- 3. 53 4. 38 . 85 24 3. 52 4 . 6 4 1. 12 32 3. 34 4. 00 .66 20

D e s M o i n e s , Feb. 1966___ 3. 46 4. 20 . 74 21 3. 54 4. 60 1. 06 30 3. 37 3. 90 . 53 16

Detroit, Jan. 1966________ 3. 51 4 . 4 3 . 92 26 3. 73 5. 00 1. 27 34 3. 40 4. 00 . 60 18

Indianapolis, Dec. 1965__ 3. 39 4. 40 1. 01 30 3. 53 4. 625 1. 095 31 3. 34 4. 10 . 76 23

K a n s a s City, Nov. 1965__ 3.49 4. 15 . 66 19 3. 63 4. 85 1. 22 34 3. 49 4. 075 . 585 17

M i l w a u k e e , A p r . 1966--- 3.40 4. 26 . 86 25 3. 70 4. 60 .90 24 3.45 4. 01 . 56 16

O m a h a , Oct. 1965-------- 3. 11 4. 10 . 99 32 3.42 4. 60 1. 18 35 3. 29 3. 825 . 535 16

St. Louis, Oct. 1965----- 3. 34 4. 675 1. 335 40 3. 63 5. 15 1. 52 42 3. 35 4. 34 . 99 30

South B end,

M a r . 1966 ______________ 3. 39 4. 15 . 76 22 3. 41 4. 50 1. 09 32 3. 51 3. 80 . 29 8

Toledo, Feb. 1966________ 3. 49 4 . 4 9 5 1. 005 29 3. 44 4. 75 1. 31 38 3. 28 4. 165 . 885 27

Wichita, Oct. 1 9 6 5 _______ 2. 95 3. 825 . 875 30 3. 14 4. 65 1. 51 48 2. 93 3. 50 . 57 19

Y o u n g s t o w n — W a r r e n ,

Nov. 1 9 6 5 _______________ 3. 38 4. 50 1. 12 33 3. 61 4. 625 1. 015 28 3. 20 4. 14 . 94 29

W e s t :

D e n v e r , Dec. 1 9 6 5 ------- 3. 22 4. 415- 1. 195 37 3.41 4. 62 1. 21 35 3. 35 3. 85 . 50 15

L o s A n g e l e s — L o n g

B e a c h , M a r . 1966 ---- 3. 39 4. 64 1. 25 37 3.68 5. 46 1. 78 48 3. 37 4. 76 1. 39 41

Phoenix, M a r . 1 9 6 6 ---- 3. 35 4. 505 1. 155 34 3. 56 5. 00 1. 44 40 3. 05 4. 05 1. 00 33

Portland, M a y 1966_______ 3. 39 4. 68 1.29 38 3. 61 5. 00 1. 39 39 3. 49 4. 05 . 56 16

Salt L a k e City,

Dec. 1 9 6 5 - .............. 3. 25 4. 10 . 85 26 3. 30 4. 60 1. 30 39 3. 24 3. 85 .61 19

S a n Diego, N ov. 1965 ---- 3. 32 4. 75 1.43 43 3. 83 5. 50 1. 67 44 3. 24 4. 82 1. 58 49

Spokane, J une 1966 _____ 3. 53 4. 45 . 92 26 3. 60 4. 538 . 938 26 3. 43 4. 38 . 95 28

S O U R C E : Lily M a r y D a v i d a n d T. P. Kanninen, 'Workers' W a g e s in C onstruction an d M a i n tenance, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , J a n u a r y 1968.

5 9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 64. Differences b e t w e e n union construction scales an d straight-time av e r a g e hourly earnings of m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k e r s , 3 trades in 

selected m e t r o politan areas, 1955 a n d 1966

E x c e s s of construction rates o v e r m a i n t e n a n c e straight-time av e r a g e hourly earnings for—

R e g i o n a n d m e tropolitan a rea

C a r p e n t e r s Electricians Painters

1955 1966

P e r c e n t exce s s

1955 1966

P e r c e n t exc e s s

1955 1966

P e r c e n t ex cess

1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966

Northeast:

B o s t o n ---------------------------- $0. 83 $ 1. 37 41 44 $0. 88 $2. 01 42 62 $0. 70 $ 1. 32 39 46

Buffalo---------------------------- . 795 1. 145 36 36 . 87 1.62 38 46 . 73 . 935 36 29

N e w Y o r k C i t y------------------- 1.21 2. 45 55 73 1. 05 1. 75 47 50 . 97 1. 64 47 52

Philadelphia---------------------- .91 1. 07 40 32 1. 25 1. 92 56 58 . 55 . 945 27 31

South:

A tlanta--------------- ---- ----- .68 1. 03 35 35 . 77 . 84 35 24 . 67 1.43 35 51

B a l t i m o r e ------------------------- . 69 . 98 33 32 . 795 1. 47 36 46 . 43 1. 07 22 36

D a l l a s ----------------------------- . 77 1. 20 39 41 . 90 1. 095 43 34 . 735 1. 103 39 39

M e m p h i s -------------------------- . 535 1. 38 29 53 . 83 1. 305 39 41 . 513 1. 09 29 40

M i d d l e We s t :

C h i c a g o --------------------------- .69 1. 19 27 33 . 84 1. 28 34 35 . 575 . 74 23 19

Cle v e l a n d _______________________ 1. 055 1. 39 48 41 . 955 1. 43 41 41 . 82 1. 34 38 42

St. Louis ____ __________ ______ . 78 1. 335 34 40 . 90 1. 52 38 42 . 66 . 99 29 30

F a r We s t :

D e n v e r ---------------------------- .69 1. 195 32 37 . 86 1. 21 40 35 . 57 . 50 28 15

L o s A n g e l e s ____________________ .475 1. 25 21 37 . 78 1. 78 32 48 .51 1. 39 23 41

P o rtland- ________________________ . 27 1.29 1 1 38 . 57 1. 39 24 39 . 23 . 56 10 16

S O U R C E : Lily M a r y D a v i d an d T. P. Kanninen, " W o r k e r s ' W a g e s in Construction an d M a i n t e n a n c e , " M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January, 1968.

T a ble 65. C u m u l a t i v e p e r cent distributions of total reported earnings of e m p l o y e e s reporting m o s t of their i n c o m e in 1964 f r o m selected 

construction industries, b y selected earnings intervals

P e r c e n t earnings less than—

± ype ui cuniraciur

$ 6 0 0 $ 1,200 $ 2 , 4 0 0 $3, 000 $5, 000 $7, 000 $9, 000

G e n e r a l _____________________________________________

A n y q u a r t e r ---------------------------------- 15.4 24. 7 38. 3 44. 5 64. 0 79. 6 90. 8

4 quarters (this industry)------------------- . 5 2. 1 8. 1 13. 2 36. 3 62. 1 82. 4

4 quarters (any industry)------------------- . 9 3. 6 12. 5 18. 7 43. 3 67. 5 85. 3

H e a v y :

A n y quarter __________________________________ 11. 3 19.4 32. 3 38. 6 59. 3 75. 3 87. 3

4 quarters (this industry)------------------- . 3 1. 2 5. 0 9. 4 30. 3 53. 7 74. 6

4 quarters (any industry)--------------- — .6 2.6 9. 6 15. 3 38. 9 61.6 79. 8

H i g h w a y :

A n y q u a r t e r ---------------------------------- 11. 7 20. 9 34. 9 41. 5 63. 0 78. 9 91. 0

4 quarters (this ind u s t r y ) ___________________ . 2 1. 2 5. 1 9. 6 31. 9 56. 8 80. 1

4 quarters (any industry) ------------------- . 6 3. 2 11. 1 17. 4 42. 3 65. 6 84. 6

O t h e r heavy:

A n y quarter---------------------------------- 10. 9 18. 2 30. 3 36. 3 56. 4 7 2. 5 84. 4

4 quarters (this indus t r y ) ------------------- . 3 1. 2 4. 6 8. 7 28. 2 50. 1 69. 6

4 quarters (any industry)___________________ . 6 2. 1 8. 5 13. 9 36. 6 58. 8 76. 4

Special trades:

A n y quarter__________________________________ 12. 9 21.4 33. 4 38. 9 58. 0 73. 3 86. 8

4 quarters (this ind u s t r y ) ------------------- . 5 2.3 7. 4 11. 4 32. 6 55.4 77. 3

4 quarters (any industry) ___________________ . 7 3. 4 11. 0 16. 1 38. 7 6 0 . 4 80. 3

P l u m b i n g , heating, a n d air-conditioning:

A n y quarter___________________________________ 10. 5 17. 6 27. 4 31. 7 49. 8 65. 8 81. 5

4 quarters (this indus t r y )------------------ . 5 2. 2 5. 6 8. 5 27. 6 49. 0 71. 6

4 quarters (any industry)------------------- . 6 3. 0 8. 9 12. 6 32. 9 53. 6 74. 9

Electrical:

A n y quarter ------------------- ---------- 8. 4 14. 4 22. 7 26. 2 43. 9 58. 5 74. 6

4 quarters (this ind u s t r y ) ------------------- . 5 1. 6 4. 2 6. 3 23. 5 41. 5 63. 6

4 quarters (any industry)------------------- . 6 2. 1 6.4 9. 6 28. 2 46. 2 66. 9

M a s o n r y , plastering, stone, a n d tile:

A n y q u a r t e r ---------------------------------- 14. 4 24. 4 38. 0 44. 2 63. 7 79. 1 91. 8

4 quarters (this indus t r y ) ___________________ . 3 1. 9 8. 7 14. 1 36. 5 6 1 . 4 84. 5

4 quarters (any industry)___________________ . 6 3. 8 13. 8 20. 2 43. 5 67. 2 87. 0

Roofing a n d sheet-metal:

A n y quarter ---------------------------------- 16. 4 26. 2 39. 9 46. 2 64. 0 80. 1 91.7

4 quarters (this indus t r y ) ___________________ . 8 3. 0 8. 6 14. 9 38. 6 65. 9 84. 8

4 quarters (any industry)-------------------- 1. 1 5. 8 15. 8 22. 7 46. 1 70. 1 87. 5

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s ample.

6 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 66. E s t i m a t e d 1 total a v e r a g e (m e a n ) annual earnings of w o r k e r s with an y earnings r e ported an d of those w o r k e r s with m o s t of their 

earnings reported f r o m selected construction industries, b y region, 1964

R e g i o n

E m p l o y e e s with s o m e earnings f r o m i n d u s t r y 2 E m p l o y e e s with m a j o r proportion of 

earnings f r o m industry3

G e n e r a l

building

H e av y H i g h w a y

O ther 

he avy

Special

trades

G e n e r a l

building

H e a v y H i g h w a y

O ther

h e a v y

Special

trades

All r egions-------------------

N o r t h e a s t __________________________

M i d d l e Atlantic--------------------

B o r d e r States----------------------

S o u t h e a s t----------------- ---- —

G r e a t L a k e s ------ ---------------

M i d d l e W e s t ------------------------

S o u t h w e s t --------------------------

M o u n t a i n -------------------------

Pacific ____________________________

$ 4 , 2 8 5 $4, 842 $ 4 , 4 2 5 $5, 170 $4, 790 $4, 008 $4, 366 $4, 032 $4, 718 $4, 389

4, 985

5, 324 

3,642

2, 895 

4, 950

3, 908

3, 386

4, 273

5, 373

5, 152

6, 066

4, 180

3, 313

5, 311

4, 267

3, 786

4, 987 

6 , 4 8 5

5, 075

5, 150 

3, 921

3, 196

4, 693 

4, 263 

3,412

’4 , 797

6, 305

5, 313

6, 689

4, 397 

3,411

5, 771 

4, 275

4, 073

5, 149 

6,602

4, 746

5, 520 

3, 975

3, 284 

5,416

4, 379

3, 537

4, 966

6, 014

4, 658

5, 150

3, 428 

2,711

4, 766 

3, 741

3, 159 

3,939

4, 999

4, 958

5, 637 

3, 688

2, 900 

5, 057

3, 817

3, 358

4, 594

5, 886

4, 670

5, 180

3, 448

2, 730

4, 516

3, 776 

2, 918 

4,451

5, 751

5, 322

6, 240 

3, 928 

3, 108 

5 ,473 

3, 918

3, 705

4, 814

5, 985

4, 547

5, 235

3, 591

2, 995 

5, 147

4, 020

3, 146

4, 376 

5,449

1 E a r n i n g s of w o r k e r s above the m a x i m u m taxable w a g e w e r e e s t imated b y a s s u m i n g that their earnings during the quarter in w h i c h they r e a c h 

the social security tax cut off ( $ 4 , 8 0 0 in 1964) a n d in sub s e q u e n t quarters continued at the s a m e level as during the pre c e d i n g quarters.

2 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the year w e r e counted in e a c h industry a n d their industry earnings w e r e r e ported in the 

industry in w h i c h they w e r e earned.

3 W o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m o r e than 1 industry during the year have all of their earnings s h o w n as total earnings in the industry f r o m w h i c h 

they received the m a j o r portion of their earnings.

S O U R C E : Social Security Administration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history sample.

6 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER V II. A TTA C H M E N T OF W ORKERS TO TH E CO NTRACT CO NSTRUCTIO N

IN D U STR Y A N D IN T E R IN D U S TR Y M O B IL IT Y 4 7

The seasonal nature of the construction industry, together with the inherently intermittent nature of construction activity, has helped to produce a labor force a large portion of which shifts frequently between construction and other industries.

Workers who are employed in the contract construction industry group tend to work in more industries 

in a given period than workers in other industry groups. Males employed in contract construction at some 

time during 1962 averaged employment in 1.204 industry divisions. During the same period, males in manufacturing averaged employment in only 1.090 industry divisions.

The attachment of male workers to the contract construction industry is considerably weaker than that 

of workers in all industries combined. 48 (See table 68.) The attachment of contract construction workers 

was much weaker than that of workers in manufacturing, transportation, communications, and public utilities, 

but slightly stronger than that of workers in agriculture, mining, and wholesale and retail trade. Strong attachment of workers to an industry could indicate relatively favorable wages and working conditions, or a lack of 

alternative job opportunities. Other factors that influence the attachment of workers to an industry include 

levels of unemployment among industries, as well as the age and race composition of workers in an industry.

Data on the industry origin of wage and salary workers employed in contract construction in 1960 but 

not in 1957 indicate a net inflow into construction of about 3 percent, or 82,000 workers.49 More than 

one-third of this inflow came from manufacturing— with about three-quarters of these workers coming from 

the durable goods sector. The next largest proportion of workers came from the trade sector.

Just as most of the contract construction workers came from manufacturing, most of the “movers” from 

contract construction tended to find employment in manufacturing (29.6 percent). Other industries with 

strong attraction for construction workers were trade (23.7 percent) and services (13.8 percent). (See table 71.)

Contract construction workers tend to work for more employers in the course of a year than workers in 

other industries. In 1962, more than half the workers in contract construction were employed by more than 

one employer compared with about a quarter of workers in manufacturing. (See table 70.) Similarly, data 

for 1964 indicate that a larger proportion of workers in contract construction were employed by more than 

one employer in the same industry than workers in any other industry, except water transportation. (See 

table 75.) Approximately one of every four contract construction workers worked for more than one employer in the same industry in 1964. 50 In most other industries, the ratio was less than 1 to 10.

Between 1957 and 1960, the attachment of young workers (under 24 years old) to contract construction was about half that for older workers. (See table 72.) Generally, young workers in construction had

47 See also appendix F. 48 These tentative conclusions are drawn from Social Security data for 1957 and 1960. The strength of worker at­ tachment to an industry was measured by comparing the percent of workers who had the major proportion of their earnings

reported in the same industry both in 1957 and 1960. 49 Further information on the flow of workers into the contract construction industry over a 1-year period is cur­ rently being developed by the BLS from the Social Security Administration’s 1-percent sample. 50 The effect on this ratio of the propensity of contractors to form a new corporation for each project is not known.

6 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
about the same relative attachment to the industry during this period as young workers in other industries.

In other words, young workers did not shift disproportionately out of construction to other industries. The 

attachment of white workers to all industries, except agriculture, was greater than for Negroes.

The contract construction labor force is basically a floating work force in terms of employer relationship. The job tenure of a contract construction worker is tenuous. The employer-employee relationship usually is terminated when a project is completed and may be terminated when the need for a particular type of 

labor has ended. However, a contract construction worker who changes employers is somewhat less likely to 

have made an industry change than workers in other industries. (See table 74.) More than 80 percent of all 

male workers who changed employers also changed industries. For construction workers, a somewhat smaller 

proportion changed industries when changing employers.

Workers with a strong attachment to the contract construction industry work for more employers during 

the year than other workers. In 1964, at least 3 out of 10 four-quarter workers in each of the contract construction industries were employed by more than one employer during the year, compared with about 1 out 

of 4 in the all worker category. (See table 75.) About 10 percent of the general building and special trades 

and 5 percent of the heavy construction four-quarter employees worked for four or more employers. In nonconstruction industries, however, there were only minor differences between all and four-quarter workers.

A smaller proportion of contract construction workers work in all four-quarters of a year than workers 

in most other industries.51 Equally important, only about 7 of every 10 workers reporting earnings in construction in 1957 (the latest year for which these data are available) reported the major share of their earnings from that industry. (See table 76.) Only the services industry had a lower proportion of such workers.

51 Based on data from the H andbook o f Old A ge, Survivors and D isability Insurance Statistics, E m ploym en t, Earnings

and Insurance Status o f Workers In Covered E m ploym ent, Social Security Administration, 1957.

63

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 67. A v e r a g e n u m b e r 1 of 2-digit industry g r o u p s in w h i c h 

m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s w e r e e m p l o y e d in specific industry 

division, 1962

T a ble 68. P e r c e n t of m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s w h o h a d a 

different industry of m a j o r job in I960 than in 1957, b y industry, 

of m a j o r job in 1957

Industry

N u m b e r of 

industries

Agriculture, forestry, a n d f i s h e r i e s-------- 1. 002

M i n i n g ----------------------------------------- 1. 008

C ontract c o n s t r u c t i o n ------------------------- 1. 204

M a n u f a c t u r i n g --------------------------------- 1. 090

Transportation, c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d

public utilities------------------------------- 1. 027

W h o l e s a l e a n d retail t r a d e ------------------- 1. 114

Finance, insurance, a n d real estate--------- 1. 029

S e r v i c e s ---------------------------------------- 1. 082

1 T h e s u m of the n u m b e r of w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in ea c h of the 

2 - digit industry g r o u p s in the industry division divided b y the n u m ­

b e r of w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in the division during the year.

S O U R C E : M e a s u r e s of L a b o r Mobility a n d O A S D H I data, Social 

Security Bulletin, April 1966, p. 42; a n d Social Security A d m i n i s t r a ­

tion's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s ample.

Industry

Different 

industry 

in I960

T o t a l -------------------------------------- 24. 1

Agriculture, forestry, a n d fi s h e r i e s--------- 38. 1

M i n i n g ------------------------------------------- 32. 1

Contract c o n s t r u c t i o n-------------------------- 30. 2

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ----------------------------------- 16. 9

Transportation, c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d

public utilities--------------------------------- 20. 4

W h o l e s a l e an d retail t r a d e--------------------- 30. 9

Finance, insurance, an d real estate---------- 21. 7

Services, except d o m e s t i c --------------------- 31. 2

D o m e s t i c s e r v i c e------------------------------- 28. 0

G o v e r n m e n t ------------------------------------- 24. 3

S O U R C E : M e a s u r e s of L a b o r Mobility a n d O A S D H I data, Social 

Security Bulletin, April 1966, p. 40; a n d Social Security A d m i n i s t r a ­

tion's 1-percent continuous w o r k history sam p l e .

T a b l e 69. P e r c e n t distribution of m a l e w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in 

contract construction in I960 w h o w e r e e m p l o y e d in other industries 

in 1957, b y industry of m a j o r job in 1957

Industry Total Wh i t e N e g r o

T o t a l ----------------------- 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

A g r i c u l t u r e----------------------- 6. 0 5. 5 8. 7

M i n i n g ---------------------------- 4. 9 5. 6 1. 2

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------- 33. 6 33. 9 31. 6

D u r a b l e g oods ---------------- 23. 1 23. 6 20. 1

N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s -------------

Transportation, c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

10. 5 10. 3 11. 5

a n d public utilities ------------- 6. 2 5. 9 7. 9

W h o l e s a l e a n d retail t r a d e ------

Finance, insurance, and real

27. 0 26. 8 28. 1

estate --------------------------- 3. 9 3. 9 4. 3

S e r v i c e s -------------------------- 9.6 9. 3 11. 0

G o v e r n m e n t ---------------------- 3. 5 3. 8 1. 8

U n k n o w n -------------------------- 5. 2 5. 2 5.4

S O U R C E : C o m p u t e d f r o m data contained in M e a s u r e s of L a b o r

Mobility in the United States, 1957 to I960, R e s e a r c h Report, No. 18 

Social Security Administration, 1967; a n d Social Security A d m i n i s ­

tration's 1-percent continuous w o r k history samp l e .

T a b l e 70. P e r c e n t of m a l e w a g e an d salary w o r k e r s w h o w o r k e d for 

m o r e than 1 e m p l o y e r in 1962, b y industry of m a j o r job

Industry

M u l t i e m p l o y e r 

w o r k e r s

T o t a l ------------------------------------- 32. 0

Agriculture, forestry, a n d f i s h e r i e s--------- 38. 6

M i n i n g ------------------------------------------ 33. 4

Contract c o n s t r u c t i o n------------------------- 55. 2

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------------- 26. 7

Transportation, c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and

public utilities-------------------------------- 31. 2

W h o l e s a l e a n d retail t r a d e -------------------- 34. 0

Finance, insurance, an d real

estate ----------------------------------------- 31. 2

S e r v i c e s ----------------------------------------- 34. 7

S O U R C E : M e a s u r e s of L a b o r Mobility a n d O A S D H I data, Social 

Security Bulletin, April 1966, p. 39; a n d Social Security A d m i n i s t r a ­

tion's 1-percent continuous w o r k history s a m ple.

6 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 71. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f m a le w ag e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s w ith m a jo r jo b in a d if f e r e n t in d u s tr y in I9 6 0 a n d 1957, by in d u s tr y

I n d u s tr y of m a jo r jo b in I9 6 0

I n d u s try of m a jo r jo b in 1957

T o ta l

A g r ic u ltu r e

f o r e s t r y , an d

f i s h e r i e s

M in in g

C o n tr a c t

c o n s tr u c ­

tio n

M a n u fa c ­

tu rin g

T r a n s p o r - 

ta tio n , 

c o m m u n ic a tio n , a n d p u b lic 

u til iti e s

W h o le ­ s a le

r e t a i l

tr a d e

F in a n c e , 

in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l 

e s ta te

S e r v i c e s , 

e x c lu d in g 

d o m e s tic

D o m e s ­

tic

s e r v ic e s

G o v e rn ­

m e n t U nknow n

T o t a l -------------------------------------- 100. 0 3. 8 2. 1 11. 8 24. 0 6. 8 23. 1 4. 9 14. 3 0. 4 6 .4 2. 0

A g r i c u l tu r e , f o r e s t r y , and

f i s h e r i e s --------------------------------------- 100. 0 - 1. 9 16. 1 29. 9 5. 3 25. 6 2. 0 10. 6 0. 7 6. 6 1. 2

M in in g ---------------------------------------------- 100. 0 4. 0 - 19. 1 33. 6 6. 6 18. 3 2. 1 9. 0 . 1 5. 7 1. 6

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n -------------------- 100. 0 5. 4 3. 7 - 29. 6 7. 1 23. 7 6. 3 13. 8 . 3 6. 8 3. 0

M a n u f a c t u r in g ---------------------------------

T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n ,

100. 0 4. 3 2. 2 14. 7 " 8. 0 39. 5 4. 7 17. 2 . 3 6. 9 2. 2

a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ---------------------- 100. 0 3. 7 3. 1 12. 3 25. 1 - 27. 9 3. 5 14. 9 . 2 6. 4 2. 9

W h o le s a le an d r e t a i l t r a d e ------------

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l

100. 0 3. 8 1. 6 12. 1 41 . 2 7. 8 ~

5. 5 19. 3 . 3 6 .4 1. 8

e s ta t e -------------------------------------------- 100. 0 1. 9 1. 1 14. 8 20. 2 4. 3 27. 9 - 20. 2 . 4 7. 1 2. 0

S e r v ic e s , e x c e p t d o m e s tic------------ 100. 0 3. 2 1. 3 9 .4 28. 4 7. 2 33. 5 6. 3 - . 6 8. 7 1. 4

D o m e s tic s e r v ic e s ------------------------- 100. 0 5. 6 1. 5 8. 7 12. 8 4. 1 20. 9 9. 7 29. 1 - 5. 1 2. 6

G o v e r n m e n t1----------------------------------- 100. 0 5. 1 1. 6 10. 7 22. 0 6 .9 22. 3 5. 7 24. 2 . 3 - 1. 2

U n k n o w n------------------------------------------- 100. 0 3. 1 4. 2 15. 9 35. 3 4. 1 22. 3 3. 3 9. 2 . 3 2. 4

1 R e g u la r g o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n s — e x e c u tiv e . le g is l a tiv e , a n d ju d ic i a l— on th e S ta te an d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t le v e l.

S O U R C E : M e a s u r e s of L a b o r M o b ility a n d OA SD H I d a ta , S o c ia l S e c u r ity B u l le tin , A p ril 1966, 1- p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o rk h is t o r y s a m p le .

41 ; a n d S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s tr a ti o n 's

T a b le 72. P e r c e n t of m a le w ag e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s w ho w e re e m p lo y e d in th e s a m e in d u s tr y in 1957 a n d I9 6 0 , b y a g e in I9 6 0 , r a c e , an d in d u s tr y of 

m a jo r jo b

In d u s try T o ta l U n d e r 20 2 0 -2 4 2 5 -2 9 3 0 -3 4 3 5 -3 9 4 0 -4 4 4 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 4 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 4 65 an d 

o v e r

T o ta l

A g r i c u l t u r e -------------------------------------------------------- 6 1. 9 35. 5 34. 7 5 1 .6 6 1 .7 63. 2 69. 0 72. 3 7 6 .4 76. 2 78 , 1 81. 1

M in in g ---------------------------------------------------------------- 67. 9 2 9 .4 4 2 . 6 4 9 . 9 61. 1 68. 8 72. 8 75. 6 72. 3 77. 1 79 . 9 7 5 .4

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n-------------------------------------- 69. 8 3 8 .4 4 3 . 6 59. 2 69. 4 72. 7 75. 1 75. 1 76. 2 76. 7 77 . 3 79. 3 M a n u f a c t u r in g --------------------------------------------------- 8 3. 1 52. 2 64. 7 73. 4 80. 8 83. 7 86. 5 87. 8 88. 7 89. 7 90. 6 86. 3

T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d

p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ------------------------------------------------ 7 9 . 6 23. 6 4 3 . 7 67. 6 78. 0 81. 2 82. 7 85. 1 86. 9 88. 1 88. 5 80. 2

W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ------------------------------ 6 9 . 1 4 9 . 8 46 . 2 59. 2 68. 5 72. 7 74. 7 77. 5 77. 8 79. 3 80. 8 83. 1

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e ------------- 7 8 . 3 22. 5 4 1 .9 6 1 .6 75. 6 77. 1 80. 0 82. 9 86. 6 86. 5 87. 2 89. 2

S e r v i c e s ------------------------------------------------------------- 6 9. 2 26. 4 37. 4 55. 9 67 . 7 7 1 .4 72. 3 76. 1 79. 7 82 . 1 84. 4 85. 9

G o v e r n m e n t------------------------------------------------------- 75. 7 28. 2 33. 2 5 2 .7 68. 8 76. 8 80. 4 83. 0 86. 9 88. 3 90. 4 89. 8

U n k n o w n------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 4 1. 1 2. 3 2. 2 . 9 2. 3 1 .9 3. 1 2. 3 3. 3 4. 0 4. 5

W h ite

A g r i c u l t u r e -------------------------------------------------------- 61. 0 34. 0 32. 8 51. 9 60. 7 63. 9 67. 9 71. 3 76 . 5 7 5 .4 78. 0 79. 8

M in in g ---------------------------------------------------------------- 68. 1 29. 4 4 3 . 7 4 9 .9 61. 2 69. 1 73. 3 75. 8 72 . 4 76. 8 79. 9 75. 5

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n -------------------------------------- 7 0. 4 38. 9 44 . 7 59. 7 69. 9 73. 5 75. 9 75. 7 76. 3 77. 2 7 7 .4 78. 7 M a n u f a c t u r in g --------------------------------------------------- 8 3 . 6 53. 9 65. 2 73. 8 8 1 .4 84. 0 86. 9 88. 3 89. 0 90. 0 90. 6 86. 2 T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d

p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ------------------------------------------------ 8 0 . 5 25. 0 4 5 . 2 68.6 78. 9 82. 4 83 . 6 86. 1 87. 6 88. 7 89. 2 79. 6 W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ------------------------------ 6 9. 7 4 9 . 4 45 . 6 59. 4 69. 4 73. 4 7 5 .4 78. 2 78. 6 79. 6 81. 3 83. 3 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e ------------- 7 9. 3 23. 9 42 . 8 62. 7 77. 4 78. 1 81. 6 84. 6 87. 7 87. 2 87 . 4 89. 9 S e r v i c e s ------------------------------------------------------------- 6 9. 3 25. 2 36. 2 56. 6 68. 2 7 1 .6 72. 4 76. 3 79. 3 8 1 .2 83. 9 39. 5 G o v e r n m e n t------------------------------------------------------- 7 6 . 5 28. 0 32. 9 53. 8 69. 9 77 . 8 8 1 . 5 83. 6 87. 1 88. 5 90. 8 90. 0 U n k n o w n------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 3 - 2. 8 2. 2 1. 0 2. 4 1. 2 3. 2 2. 5 2. 3 4. 2 4. 8

N e g ro

A g r i c u l t u r e-------------------------------------------------------- 66. 3 4 8 . 0 44 . 9 50. 0 66. 5 60. 0 73. 8 77. 2 75. 9 79. 8 78. 8 89. 2 M in in g------------------------------ --------------------------------- 6 3. 3 - 16. 7 50 . 0 59. 0 60. 6 60. 5 70. 0 71 . 9 85. 7 80. 0 7 1 .4

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n -------------------------------------- 66. 2 31. 3 34. 9 55. 2 65. 6 67. 0 70. 2 71. 5 75 . 3 73. 5 76. 9 86. 9 M a n u f a c t u r in g --------------------------------------------------- 7 8. 7 30. 8 59. 6 69. 7 75. 2 80. 2 8 2 .4 82. 3 86. 3 86. 5 90. 6 88. 6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ------------------------------------------------ 6 9. 1 12. 5 29. 7 55. 1 66. 5 68. 7 73. 6 75. 0 79. 4 80. 5 78. 2 86. 3 W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ------------------------------ 6 3 . 9 53. 6 50. 7 58. 1 61. 5 66. 3 67. 3 71 . 6 69 . 0 75. 9 75. 0 81 . 2

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e -------------- 6 3 . 8 - 28. 1 43 . 3 4 2 . 1 56. 3 61 . 1 63. 2 74. 0 77 . 8 84. 9 81 . 0

S e r v i c e s ------------------------------------------------------------- 68. 7 38. 5 4 3 . 4 52. 5 64. 4 69. 7 71. 9 74. 5 82. 3 85. 2 8 8 .4 86. 8

G o v e r n m e n t------------------------------------------------------- 66. 0 33. 3 36. 3 4 3 . 2 59. 3 6 6 .4 69. 3 75. 0 84 . 2 84. 8 8 2 .4 86. 1 U n k n o w n------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 9 16. 7 - 2. 6 - 1. 8 6. 1 2.6 14. 3

S O U R C E : I n te r i n d u s t r y L a b o r M o b ility in th e U n ite d S ta te s 1957 to I9 6 0 . F e b r u a r y 1967, R e s e a r c h R e p o rt N o. 18, S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m in is ­

tr a t io n ; an d S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s tr a ti o n 's 1- p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o rk h is t o r y s a m p le .

65

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 7 3. P e r c e n t of m a le w ag e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n in I9 6 0 , by in d u s tr y of m a jo r jo b in 1957, a g e in I9 6 0 

a n d r a c e

I n d u s try of m a jo r jo b in 1957

A ge

T o ta l U n d e r 20 2 0 -2 4 2 5 -2 9 3 0 -3 4 3 5 -3 9 4 0 -4 4 4 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 4 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 4 65 an d 

o v e r

T o ta l

A g r i c u l tu r e ______________________________________ 6. 1 10. 9 8. 7 7. 8 7. 5 7. 8 5. 5 4 . 8 4 . 6 2. 1 3. 0 1. 7 M in in g____________________________________________ 6. 1 17. 6 9. 7 8. 7 7. 6 5 .9 5. 5 5. 3 6. 2 3. 0 4 . 6 3 .0

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n___________________________ 6 9 .8 3 8 .4 4 3 . 6 59. 2 6 9 .4 72. 7 75. 1 75. 1 76. 2 76. 7 77. 3 79. 3 M a n u f a c t u r in g ____________________________________ 2. 5 7. 1 5. 6 3 .9 2 .9 2. 7 2. 2 1. 9 1. 5 1 .4 1. 0 1. o T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d

p u b lic u ti l i t i e s _________________________________ 2. 5 1 .4 5. 6 4 . 2 2. 7 2. 6 2. 3 2. 0 1 .9 1. 7 .6 1. 8 W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ______________________ 3. 7 6. 6 6. 1 4 .6 4 . 0 3. 6 3. 2 2. 8 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 4 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ___________ 3. 2 4 . 2 5. 5 3. 4 3. 3 3. 3 3. 7 3. 8 3. 3 2. 3 3. 1 1. 5 S e r v ic e s __________________________________________ 2 .9 7. 1 4 .9 4. 0 2 .9 2. 6 3. 5 2. 6 1. 8 1. 8 2. 1 . 9 G o v e r n m e n t______________________________________ 2. 6 7 . 1 5. 5 4 . 3 3. 5 3. 0 3. 5 2. 0 1 .4 1. 1 1. 3 . 6 U nknow n __________________________________________ 15. 6 5 .4 13. 2 10. 3 18. 7 18. 1 1 9 .4 1 6 .9 1 5 .9 13. 8 17. 2 11. 6

W h ite

A g r i c u l tu r e ______________________________________ 5. 8 11. 3 8. 7 6.6 7. 4 7. 4 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 .4 2. 2 2. 8 1. 8 M in in g____________________________________________ 6. 1 17. 6 9. 7 8. 4 7. 8 5. 8 5 .4 5 .4 6 .4 3. 1 4 . 9 3. 1 C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n __________________________ 7 0 . 4 38. 9 44 . 7 59. 7 69 . 9 73. 5 75. 9 75. 7 76 . 3 77. 2 7 7 .4 78. 7 M a n u f a c t u r in g____________________________________ 2. 3 7. 0 5. 4 3. 8 2. 7 2 .4 2. 1 1. 7 1. 3 1. 2 1. 0 .9 T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , a n d

p u b lic u til iti e s _________________________________ 2. 2 1.6 5 .4 3. 8 2. 4 2. 4 1. 8 1. 6 1. 8 1. 5 . 5 1.8 W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e _____________________ 3. 5 6. 7 6. 2 4 . 3 3. 6 3. 2 2 .9 2. 6 2. 8 2. 4 2. 0 1. 4 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ___________ 2. 9 4 . 5 5. 2 3. 2 2 .9 3. 1 3. 0 3. 3 2. 8 2. 2 3. 0 1 .4

S e r v ic e s __________________________________________ 2. 8 7. 3 4 . 8 3. 6 2. 6 2. 7 3. 3 2. 3 1.8 1 .9 1 .9 1. o G o v e r n m e n t______________________________________ 2. 6 7. 3 5. 8 4 . 4 3. 7 3. 1 3 .4 2. 1 1. 4 1. 0 1. 0 . 6 U nkn o w n __________________________________________ 14. 9 5. 8 11. 8 9. 1 18. 6 1 7 .4 18. 0 1 5 .9 15. 4 15. 1 16. 1 11. 7

N e g ro

A g r i c u l tu r e ______________________________________ 7. 8 8. 0 8. 3 13. 3 8 .4 9 .4 11. 3 7. 4 5. 5 1. 6 4 . 5 1. 2 M in in g____________________________________________ 5. 8 - 11. 1 20. 0 2. 6 9. 1 9. 3 2. 5 3. 1 - - -

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ___________________________ 66. 2 31. 3 34. 9 55 . 2 65. 6 67 . 0 70. 2 71. 5 75 . 3 73. 5 7 6 .9 86. 9 M a n u f a c t u r in g ____________________________________ 3 .9 7. 7 7. 1 4 . 7 5. 0 3. 9 3. 6 3. 2 3. 1 2. 8 . 6 i . 2 T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d

p u b lic u ti l i t i e s _________________________________ 5 .6 _ 6 .9 8. 6 5 .8 3. 6 7 .7 6. 3 3. 5 4 . 7 2. 6 2. 0 W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e _____________________ 5. 7 5. 7 5. 6 6. 5 7. 1 7. 0 5. 6 5. 1 5. 3 3. 2 1. 7 2. 2 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e ___________ 7 .4 _ 9 .4 6. 7 10. 5 7. 0 12. 6 9. 5 8. 3 3. 7 4 . 1 2 .4 S e r v ic e s ....... . . __ 3. 7 5. 2 5 .6 6. 3 5. 1 1. 7 4 .4 4 . 0 2. 1 1.0 2 .9 . 5 G o v e rn m e n t ... ............... 2. 6 _ 2. 5 3. 6 2. 2 2 .4 4. 7 1. 1 1. 0 1. 5 5 .9 _

U nknow n ........................ ...................... ......... 21. 1 20. 8 1 8 .4 20. 0 22. 8 28. 6 25. 6 20. 7 37. 5 10. 0

S O U R C E : I n te r i n d u s t r y L a b o r M o b ility in th e U n ite d S ta te s 1957 to I 9 6 0 , F e b r u a r y 1967, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t No, tr a t io n ; an d S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s tr a ti o n 's 1- p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o rk h is t o r y s a m p le . 18, S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m in is -

T a b le 74. P r o p o r tio n of m u ltie m p lo y e r m a le w ag e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s 

w ho w e r e m u lt i- in d u s tr y w o r k e r s , by in d u s tr y of m a jo r jo b in 1962

I n d u s try P r o p o r tio n w ho w e re m u lt i- in d u s tr y w o r k e r s

T o ta l . _ 8 1 .6 A g r i c u l tu r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h e r i e s__________ 6 9 .5 M in in g . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ___________________________

69. 1 76 . 6 M a n u f a c tu r in g _ _ . .............................. 86. 6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , an d p u b lic u ti l i t i e s _________________________________ 80 . 3 W h o le sa le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e . _ ___ _ 7 9 .4 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta t e 8 2 . 3 S e r v ic e s . ............... 8 0 . 9

S O U R C E : M e a s u r e s of L a b o r M o b ility a n d OA SD HI d a ta , S o ­

c ia l S e c u r ity B u l le tin , A p r il 1966, p. 40; a n d S o c ia l S e c u rity A d m in ­

i s t r a t i o n 's 1 - p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o rk h is t o r y s a m p le .

6 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 7 5. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of a l l an d 4 - q u a r t e r w o r k e r s , 1 b y n u m b e r of e m p lo y e r s , s e le c te d i n d u s t r i e s , 1964

A ll w o r k e r s 4 - q u a r t e r w o r k e r s

I n d u s try N u m b e r of e m p lo y e r s

Any 1 2 3 4 Any 1 2 3 4

E m ployees with some earnin gs fro m the ind ustry 2

C ontract construction: G eneral building c o n tra c to rs__ 100 76 15 5 5 100 67 17 8 9

Heavy con stru ction ___________ 100 78 15 5 3 100 70 18 7 5 S pecial tra d e s c o n tra c to rs M ining: 100 74 15 6 6 100 65 16 8 11

Bitum inous coal ______________ 100 87 9 3 1 100 86 9 3 2

M anufacturing: 100 93 6 1 (3) 100 93 6 1 (3) P rin tin g and publishing 100 92 6 1 1 100 90 7 2 2 P etro leu m refining ___________ 100 99 1 - - 100 99 1 2 -

P rim a ry m e ta ls ______________ 100 98 2 (3) (?) 100 98 2 _

(?) T ran sp o rtatio n equ ipm en t_____ T ra n sp o rta tio n and public 100 96 4 (3) (3) 100 96 4 (3) (3)

u tilitie s: W ater tra n s p o rta tio n_________ 100 67 13 6 14 100 60 12 7 21 U tilitie s, e le c tric and g a s____ 100 99 1 (3) (3) 100 99 1 (3) (3) W holesale and re ta il trad e: G eneral m erch an d ise s t o r e s__ 100 95 5 (3) (3) 100 95 5 (3) (3)

E m ployees with a m a jo r prop ortion of earnin gs from the in d u stry 4

C o ntract construction: G eneral building c o n tra c to rs ... 100 73 16 6 5 100 68 17 8 8 Heavy con stru ction ___________ 100 74 18 6 3 100 71 18 7 4

S pecial tra d e s c o n tra c to rs____ M ining: 100 70 16 6 7 100 66 16 8 10

B itum inous coal ______________ 100 86 9 3 2 100 86 9 3 2

M anufacturing: T extile m ill products 100 93 6 1 100 (3) (3) 93 6 1 P rinting and publishing 100 91 6 2 1 100 90 7 2 2 P etro leu m refining 100 99 1 - - 100 99 1 - -

P rim a ry m e ta ls ..... _ ... 100 98 2 (3) <?> 100 98 2 (?) (?) T ra n sp o rta tio n eq u ipm en t_____ T ran sp o rtatio n and public 100 96 4 (3) (3 ) 100 96 4 (3) (3)

u tilitie s: Watfir tran sp o rta tio n 100 65 131

7 15 100 62 1217 19 U tilitie s, e le c tric and gas 100 99 (3) (3) 100 99 (3) (3) W holesale and re ta il trad e: G eneral m erch an d ise s to re s__ 100 94 5 (3) (3) 100 95 5 (3) (3)

1 A ll w o r k e r s a r e th o s e w ith so m e e m p lo y m e n t in a n y c a le n d a r q u a r te r ; 4 - q u a r t e r w o r k e r s a r e th o s e w ith s o m e e m p lo y m e n t in e a c h c a le n d a r 

q u a r t e r . 2 W o rk e r s e m p lo y e d in m o r e th a n 1 in d u s tr y d u rin g th e y e a r w e re c o u n te d in e a c h in d u s tr y in w h ic h th e y w e r e e m p lo y e d . 3 L e s s th a n 1 p e r c e n t . 4 W o rk e r s e m p lo y e d in m o r e th a n 1 in d u s tr y d u rin g th e y e a r w e re r e p o r te d in th e in d u s tr y f r c m w h ic h th e y r e c e iv e d th e m a jo r p o r tio n of 

th e i r e a r n in g s .

N O T E : D a sh (-) in d ic a te s th e r e w e r e no e m p lo y e e s r e p o r te d . B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l .

S O U R C E : S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s tr a ti o n 's 1- p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o rk h is t o r y s a m p le .

T a b le 7 6 . P r o p o r tio n of a l l w o r k e r s r e p o r tin g e a r n in g s in s e le c te d i n d u s tr i e s w ho r e p o r te d th e m a jo r s h a r e of th e i r e a r n in g s in th e 

s e le c te d i n d u s t r i e s , 1957

I n d u s try P e r c e n t

M in in g_________________________________

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ________________ G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , b u il d i n g___ G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s , o th e r _____ S p e c ia l t r a d e s _____________________

M a n u f a c t u r in g _________________________ P u b lic u t i l i t i e s ________________________ W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e __________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta t e 

S e r v ic e s _______________________________

80 . 3

7 2 . 3 

57. 5 

57 . 9 

60. 7 89. 0 76 . 3 

74 . 3

73 . 3 66. 5

S O U R C E : H an d b o o k of O ld A g e , S u r v iv o r s a n d D is a b ility I n s u r ­

a n c e S t a t i s t i c s , E m p lo y m e n t, E a r n in g s a n d I n s u r a n c e S ta tu s of W o rk ­

e r s In C o v e re d E m p lo y m e n t, S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s tr a ti o n , 1957, 

p p . 3 4 -5 a n d 4 2 -3 .

6 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER V III. W ORK EXPERIENCE OF IN D IV ID U A L CONSTRUCTIO N

WORKERS OVER A 12-MONTH PERIOD

This chapter presents the results of an analysis of manpower utilization in construction occupations 

(craftsmen and laborers), based on special tabulations of hours-worked data from pension fund records. To 

get new and deeper insights into work patterns of construction workers, data on hours of work of individual 

workers reported over a 12-month period were obtained for 13 occupations in four areas: Omaha, Milwaukee, 

Detroit, and Southern California. 52 The time periods covered for each area are as follows:

Detroit....................................... November 1966 - October 1967 Milwaukee.................................. December 1965 - November 1966 Omaha....................................... July 1966 - June 1967 Southern California— Carpenters, cement finishers, and teamsters..................... January - December 1966 Operating engineers, and iron workers..................... June 1966 - May 1967

The data were obtained from the records of health and welfare funds established under provisions of 

collective bargaining agreements. These provisions generally require contractors to make a cents-per-hour payment to the fund for each hour worked within the jurisdiction of the local agreement. Administrators keep 

current records of reported hourly contributions by contractors to the fund.

The advantage of these data is that they relate specifically to the occupation and locality of work and 

show the work experience of individual workers in terms of hours worked in each month. They are therefore more precise than Social Security data, which give only quarters of coverage in the industry and no information by occupation. This feature provides an insight into the intensity of utilization of a construction 

worker. An additional advantage is that the data are based on records and are more precise than work experience data from the Current Population Survey, which is a survey that relies on the memory of the respondent.

Unfortunately, the pension fund data include cross-classifications of employees only by age. Excluded 

are many characteristics which would be of interest in analyzing work experience, e.g., nature of training, 

specific skills (within the occupation), length of experience,53 permanent residence, etc. Lacking such detailed 

information, certain suppositions must go untested— for example, that journeymen trained through apprenticeship obtain more steady work than others. In addition, a description of the total work experience of the construction craftsmen surveyed cannot be made from this information because the data refer only to work done 

in the jurisdiction of the collective bargaining agreement. Thus, work within the occupation but outside the 

jurisdiction is not measured; neither is work in other industries or occupations or in the same occupation but 

not under the authority of the pension fund (e.g., self-employed or construction work not covered by union 

contract). No attempt to link the data directly to other sources of information (such as Social Security data)

52 In no case were the data on hours worked affected by substantial work stoppages. In Omaha, however, the month of June 1967 contained 22 days of rain—introducing a distortion into the seasonal pattern of the data. Also the data for two occupations—laborers and teamsters—in Omaha covers only those hours of work reported in commerial building and ex­ cludes those on heavy and highway construction. 53 The data from these funds do not show length of experience. The Bureau of Labor Statistics was able to obtain such data in a 1965 Study of Operating Engineers in New Jersey. For these workers, no significant relationship appeared to exist between the length of experience and the amount of work received.

6 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
has yet been made.54 Also, the data are subject to irregularities that may exist in the system of employer 

compliance with the provisions of the agreements that established these funds. An effort was made, however, 

to obtain data from well-established funds with rather complete contractor compliance. In addition to the 

substantive finding, this information provides an insight into the type of data available from pension fund 

records and perhaps will serve to initiate additional scholarly research in this area.

Hours of work

The average number of hours worked during the 12-month period differed by occupation, but was low 

for all occupations. Workers in most occupations in all areas for which data were obtained worked less than 

1,200 hours in the periods covered; the exceptions were operating engineers in both Detroit and California.

(See table 77.) Generally, the less skilled occupations reported a higher proportion of workers with 1,400 

hours or less. Approximately 80 percent of the laborers in Omaha, Detroit, and Milwaukee reported fewer 

than 1,400 hours of work. (See table 80.) The proportion of workers in occupations reporting fewer than 

700 hours (about 18 full weeks of work) also differed greatly by occupation and area. Only 26 percent of 

the operating engineers but about 47 percent of the carpenters in Southern California reported fewer than 700 

hours. On the other hand, in Omaha, about 43 percent of the operating engineers and only 30 percent of the 

carpenters reported fewer than 700 hours of work. Wide differences in hours of work were reported for workers in the same occupation in the four areas. About 37 percent of the cement masons in Omaha and 55 percent in Detroit worked fewer than 700 hours during the 12-month period. (See table 80.) A large number of 

factors contribute to these differences in employment experience by occupation and area. The level and composition of construction activity, weather conditions, customary seasonal patterns of employment, and labor 

market conditions all influence the hours reported by occupation over a particular period.

In order to determine whether “short-hours” workers and those workers not firmly attached to the industry were responsible for the low average number of hours of work reported, two techniques were used to 

exclude these workers from consideration. In this section, and for discussion purposes only, short-hours workers are considered to be those workers who worked fewer than 700 hours in the 12-month period. A worker 

was not considered to be firmly attached to the industry if he did not have hours of work reported to the 

fund in January— the assumption being that if a worker was employed in January, a seasonally low month, 

his attachment to the industry was strong.

When short-hours workers were excluded from consideration, the average annual hours reported for the 

remaining workers was considerably higher but was still substantially below that o f a 2,000-hour full work

year. (See table 78.) Not counting workers with fewer than 700 hours of work, the median number of hours 

of work reported for all crafts in all areas covered was 1,535.55 All operating engineers in Southern California reported an average of 1,284 hours of work; for those operating engineers with 700 or more hours of work 

reported the average was 1,633 hours. All laborers had an average of 626 hours of work in Omaha, but those 

laborers with 700 or more hours reported had an average of 1,467 hours of work.

When those workers not firmly attached to the industry were excluded from consideration, the average 

annual hours reported for the remaining workers was considerably higher than that for all workers, but still 

substantially below a full work year. (See tables 77 and 78.) Construction teamsters in Omaha with hours 

reported in January had an average of about 1,530 hours in the 12-month period, whereas, construction teamsters without hours in January had only about 415; the average for all teamsters in Omaha was 730 hours of 

work. A similar pattern existed for each of the crafts in each of the areas surveyed.

54 in the study of operating engineers in 1965, fund data and Social Security data were cross-classified. This study revealed that those persons with between 700 and 1,299 hours reported to the fund drew less than one-fourth of their earn­ ings from industries where operating engineers would not usually be employed. 55 The median number of hours for all workers was less than 1,000 (998.5).

69

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Several conclusions may be drawn from these data. A considerable number of short-hours workers are

in all the trades. Moreover, the industry’s work force appears to be underutilized in all the crafts in all areas

for which data were obtained. More importantly, these data give a quantitative measure of the degree of utilization of the work force in specific areas in the construction industry by occupation. Undoubtedly, many

of the workers reporting relatively few hours of work in construction have additional income from work in

other occupations or as construction workers either outside the authority of the pension fnnd or on their own

(self-employed).

For individual construction workers, the hours of work situation can be considerably less favorable than

the averages for occupations suggest. For the four areas and 13 occupations for which data were collected,

the proportion of workers with fewer than 400 hours of work reported was on the average two and one-half

times greater than those with 1,800 hours or more. (See table 79.) Work in the industry appears to be uncertain for the individual worker. Although the average hours worked is not high, he cannot be confident of

achieving even the average, for most workers receive far less than the average. Only a small proportion report

a fairly large number of hours of work.

A g e a n d h o u r s r e p o r t e d

For those workers for which age data were available from the pension funds, workers between the ages

of 30 and 44 generally received more hours of work than older or younger workers. In Detroit, 27 percent

of the bricklayers between the ages of 30 and 44 reported more than 1,800 hours of work during the 12-

month period reported. (See table 81.) On the other hand, only 11 percent of the bricklayers less than

30 years old and 18 percent of those over 44 years old reported 1,800 hours of work.

The tables presented in this chapter summarize the data contained in appendix A.

70

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e 77. A v e r a g e n u m b e r of h o u r s w o r k e d in 1 2 - m o n t h period for w o r k e r s w h o w o r k e d in J a n u a r y an d 

for those w h o did not w o r k in January, by selected construction occupation in 3 cities

Detroit O m a h a M i l w a u k e e

Occupa t i o n W o r k e d

J a n u a r y

Di d not 

w o r k in 

J a n u a r y

W o r k e d

in

J a n u a r y

D i d not 

w o r k in 

J a n u a r y

W o r k e d

in

J a n u a r y

Did not 

w o r k in 

J a n u a r y

Asphalt p a v e r s ____________________ _ 889 482

B ricklayers a n d m a s o n s _________ 1, 245 7 34 1, 356 834 1,346 858

C a r p e n t e r s ....... .

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

1,342 768 1,455 983 " "

m a s o n s ___________________________

I r o w w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

1,203 567 1,291 805 1,236 704

steel w o r k e r s ___________________ 1,316 613 1,442 753 _ _

L a b o r e r s __________________________ 1,255 527 1,067 447 1,015 479

L a t h e r s ____________________________ - _ 1,029 1, 158 1,461 978

Operating e n g i n e e r s ______________ 1,626 1,003 1,315 776 1, 186 862

Plasterers ---- ------ ------------- - - 1,566 851 1,526 832

Plaster laborers __________________ - - 1,067 447 1,477 761

T e a m s t e r s _________ _______________ _ - 1,529 416 _ _

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s _ _ _ _ 1,827 1,007

T e r r a z z o skilled helpers . _ _ "

1,444 1,014

Table 78. A v e r a g e n u m b e r of h ours w o r k e d in a 1 2 - m o n t h period for all w o r k e r s an d those with 700 h o u r s or m o r e of w o r k , by selected construction 

occupation in 4 areas

Detroit O m a h a M i l w a u k e e Southern California

Occupation

All

w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s with 

700 ho u r s 

or m o r e

All

w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s with 

700 h o urs 

or m o r e

All

w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s with 

700 hours 

or m o r e

All

w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s with 

700 h ou r s 

or m o r e

Asphalt p a v e r s ____________________ _ _ _ _ 626 1,040 _ _

Brickl a y e r s a n d m a s o n s _________ 934 1,470 1,042 1,471 1,031 1,486 - -

C a r p e n t e r s ________________________

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

1,015 1,542 1, 162 1,530

-

864 1,430

m a s o n s ___________________________

I r o n w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

777 1,510 1,024 1,474 880 1,450 932 1,503

steel w o r k e r s _ 888 1,524 1,010 1,590 _ _ 1,044 1,572

L a b o r e r s 765 1,540 626 1,467 590 1,416 _ _

L a t h e r s ____________________________ _ _ 1, 130 1,772 1044 1,637 _ _

O p erating engineers 1,260 1,754 987 1,525 932 1,474 1,284 1,633

P l a sterers .... ... _ . - - 1,032 1,756 1,055 1,611 _ -

Plaster l a b o r e r s ___________________ _ _ _ _ 919 1, 66 2 _ -

T e a m s t e r s _ . _ _ 728 1,778 _ _ 961 1,647

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s _ _ _ _ 1, 105 1,780 _ _

T e r r a z z o skilled h e l p e r s _________ -

1,063 1,550 "

T a b l e 79. P e r c e n t of e m p l o y e e s reporting f e w e r than 400 a n d m o r e than 1,800 h o u r s in a 1 2 - m o n t h period b y selected construction occupation in 

4 a r e a s

Detroit O m a h a M i l w a u k e e Sou t h e r n California

Occ u p a t i o n F e w e r

than

400

M o r e

than

1,800

F e w e r

than

400

M o r e 

than 

1,800

F e w e r

than

400

M o r e 

than 

1,800

F e w e r

than

400

M o r e 

than 

1, 800

Asphalt p a v e r s ___________________ _ _ . . 38. 3 0. 7 .

B r i c klayers a n d m a s o n s _________ 34. 2 11.7 24. 6 15. 6 26. 1 8.6 - -

C a r p e n t e r s ________________________

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

31.9 16. 0 19. 7 24. 7 -

36. 5 12. 5

m a s o n s ___________________________

I r o n w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

46. 7 14. 4 29. 0 17. 1 35. 1 15.8 34. 8 16. 3

steel w o r k e r s ___________________ 39. 0 14. 3 34. 9 21. 0 - _ 31. 1 20. 9

L a b o r e r s __________________________ 47. 6 14.4 54. 5 10. 0 55. 5 8. 9 _ _

L a t h e r s .. . ___ _ _ - _ 31. 3 45 . 4 31. 5 27.9 _ _

O p e rating e n g i n e e r s ______________ 24. 6 35. 4 31. 6 16. 6 33. 0 17.9 17. 4 31. 0

P l a sterers _______ _________ ________ - - - - 26.4 23. 1 _ _

Plaster laborers ----------------- - - 39. 7 30. 1 41. 0 22. 0 _ _

T e a m s t e r s - _ 57. 3 18. 2 _ _ 36. 0 23. 2

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s - _ _ _ 32. 0 36. 0 _ _

T e r r a z z o skilled helpers " "

27.4 19. 3 - -

71

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e 80. P e r c e n t a g e of construction w o r k e r s with h o u r s of w o r k reported for a 1 2 - m o n t h period, b y selected construction occupation a n d 

h o u r s intervals in 4 areas.

Occupa t i o n Detroit O m a h a M i l w a u k e e

S o uthern

California

Detroit O m a h a M i l w a u k e e

South e r n

California

F e w e r than 700 h o u r s F e w e r than 800 h o u r s

As p h a l t p a v e r s ____ _______________ . _ 50. 7 _ _ _ 56. 3 _

Bri c k l a y e r s a n d m a s o n s _________ 43. 0 35. 8 36. 6 - 45. 9 39. 5 38. 7 -

C a r p e n t e r s _________________________ 39. 5 30. 0 - 47. 4 41. 7 33. 6 - 50. 9

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

m a s o n s ___________________________ 54. 7 36. 7 45. 9 43. 8 57.0 40. 8 4 9 . 4 46. 7

I r o n w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

steel w o r k e r s __________________ 47. 7 42. 0 - 38. 3 49. 6 44. 7 - 40. 4

L a b o r e r s __________________________ 58. 3 67. 8 69. 1 _ 61. 0 70. 0 70. 7 _

L a t h e r s ____________________________ _ 42. 2 41. 7 _ - 46. 9 4 3 . 4 _

O p e rating e n g i n n e r s ______________ 33. 0 42. 9 44. 3 26. 0 35. 3 45. 5 47. 5 29. 0

Plast e r e r s ________________________ - 47. 6 41. 1 - - 49. 2 41. 7 -

Plaster laborers __________________ - - 51. 5 - - - 52. 1 -

T e a m s t e r s ________________________ - 64.6 - 49. 3 - 67. 0 - 51.9

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s ______________ - - 44. 0 - - - 44. 0 -

T e r r a z z o skilled helpers _________ " - 37. 1 - “

38. 7 “

F e w e r than 1,200 ho u r s F e w e r than 1, 400 ho u r s

Asph a l t p a v e r s ___________________ . _ 88. 9 _ _ _ 95.8 .

Bric k l a y e r s a n d m a s o n s __________ 57.7 54.6 48. 9 - 66. 3 61. 8 57. 2 -

C a r p e n t e r s _________________________ 52.4 48. 6 - 65. 0 60. 5 56. 3 - 72. 4

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

m a s o n s ___________________________ 69. 4 56.9 64 . 4 59.4 75. 5 64. 2 71. 8 65. 8

I r o n w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

steel w o r k e r s ___________________ 61. 0 53. 2 _ 50.8 67 . 4 59. 0 - 57. 4

L a b o r e r s __________________________ 70. 6 78. 8 80. 0 - 75. 0 83. 6 8 3.4 -

L a t h e r s _____________________________ _ 50. 0 51. 8 - - 53. 1 56. 0 -

Opera t i n g e n g i n e e r s ______________ 4 6.8 58. 3 61.8 42. 2 56. 2 65.9 69. 3 49. 4

Plasterers ________________________ - 55. 5 50. 6 - - 57. 1 55.9 -

Plaster laborers __________________ _ _ 59. 5 _ _ _ 62. 0 _

T e a m s t e r s ________________________ _ 71.9 - 61. 2 _ 71.9 _ 65.9

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s ______________ _ - 44. 0 _ - _ 48. 0 _

T e r r a z z o skilled h e l p e r s _________ " "

48. 3 - - " 54.8 ~

F e w e r than 1,600 h o u r s F e w e r than 1, 800 h o u r s

A s p halt p a v e r s ____________________

_ _ 99. 3 _ _ _ 99. 3 _

Brick l a y e r s a n d m a s o n s __________ 76.9 72. 3 73. 1 - 88. 3 84. 6 9 1.4 -

C a r p e n t e r s _________________________ 71. 7 65. 2 - 79.9 84. 0 75. 3 - 87. 6

C e m e n t finishers a n d c e m e n t

m a s o n s ___________________________ 80. 1 72.2 77. 1 74. 3 85. 6 82. 7 84. 1 83. 6

I r o n w o r k e r s a n d / o r reinforced

steel w o r k e r s _ _ 74.8 67. 0 _ 66.4 85. 7 79. 0 _ 79. 0

L a b o r e r s 80. 0 8 6.6 86.9 _ 85 . 6 90. 1 91. 1 _

L a t h e r s ____________________________ _ 54. 7 63. 7 _ _ 54. 7 72. 0 _

O p erating e n g i n e e r s ______________ 57.8 75. 8 75. 3 57.9 6 4.6 83. 4 82. 1 69. 1

P l a s t e r e r s _________________________ - 58. 7 65.9 - - 69.8 77. 0 -

Plaster laborers __________________ - _ 66. 3 - - - 78. 0 _

T e a m s t e r s ________________________ - 74. 3 - 70. 7 - 81. 6 _ 76. 8

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n i c s ______________ - - 56.0 - - - 64. 0 _

T e r r a z z o skilled helpers 70. 9 80. 6

T a ble 81. P e r c e n t of e m p l o y e e s reporting m o r e than 1,000, 1,400, a n d 1,800 ho u r s of w o r k in a 1 2 - m o n t h period in southern California, 

a n d Detroit, b y selected occupation an d age intervals

20-29

A g e

3 0 -44 4 5 - 6 4

A r e a a n d occupation

P e r c e n t a g e reporting m o r e than—

17000

h o u r s

17400

h o u r s

J7800 

h o u r s

lTOOO

h o u r s

17400

h o u r s

17800

h o u r s

17000

h o u r s

1,400

h o u r s

1,800

h o u r s

S o u t h e r n California:

I r o n w o r k e r s _ . ........ 7 1.0 53.4 23. 0 78. 8 64. 3 34. 1 73.4 55.9 27. 2

C e m e n t m a s o n s 60. 5 44. 6 19.4 67. 6 52.7 28. 3 64. 2 44. 5 21. 1

C a r p e n t e r s 48. 6 29.4 11. 7 57. 2 39. 1 18.4 58. 5 38. 7 17. 3

O p erating e ngineers . 68. 5 51. 6 29.2 76. 5 62. 5 39. 6 71. 3 54. 3 33. 1

Detroit:

B r i c k l a y e r s _________________________________ 57. 1 34. 3 11.4 79. 1 63. 6 27. 0 78. 6 57.9 18. 2

C a r p e n t e r s 65. 8 45. 1 18. 5 78. 3 62. 9 30.4 82. 1 65.0 27.9

C e m e n t m a s o n s __ 33. 3 22. 2 11. 1 57. 5 45. 2 31. 5 73. 8 54.4 30. 1

I r o n w o r k e r s ________________________________ 55. 3 36. 2 12. 8 77. 8 45. 7 19.8 61. 1 4 4 . 4 16. 7

L a b o r e r s ___________________________________ 48. 9 37. 9 21. 6 68.4 56. 5 35. 1 72. 3 59. 2 36. 8

O p e rating e n g i n e e r s ________________________ 6 8.4 57.9 31. 6 73. 7 6 2.4 48 . 8 75. 3 64. 3 47. 0

7 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPEND IX A. SPECIAL SU R VEY OF MANPOWER U T IL IZ A T IO N

This appendix includes the detailed tables developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from data supplied

by the various private health, welfare, and pension funds covering construction workers in four geographic areas

(See p. for a more detailed discussion of these data.)

73

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
76

76

77

77

77

77

78

78

78

78

79

79

79

79

80

80

81

81

82

82

APPENDIX A TABLES

Average number of hours of work reported for workers in construction occupations in

Omaha by month.................................................................................................................................

Average number of hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in Detroit by month..............................................................................................................................

Average number of hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in Milwaukee by month.........................................................................................................................

Average number of hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in southern California by m onth........................................................................................................

Average number of hours of work reported per worker in construction occupations in

Omaha by month as a percent of annual average monthly hours of worker per worker...........

Average number of hours of work reported per worker in selected construction occupations

in Detroit by month as a percent of annual average monthly hours of work per worker . . . .

Average number of hours of work reported per worker in selected construction occupations

in Milwaukee by month as a percent of annual average monthly hours of work per worker . .

Average number of hours of work reported per worker in selected construction occupations

in southern California by month as a percent of annual average monthly hours of work

per worker...............................................................................................................................................

Aggregate monthly hours of work reported for workers in construction occupations in Omaha

as a percent of the annual monthly average of aggregate hours of work reported. . . ...............

Aggregate monthly hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in Detroit as a percent of the annual monthly average of aggregate hours of work reported . .

Aggregate monthly hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in Milwaukee as a percent of the annual monthly average of aggregate hours of work

reported..................................................................................................................................................

Aggregate monthly hours of work reported for workers in selected construction occupations

in southern California as a percent of the annual monthly average of aggregate hour of

work reported.......................................................................................................................................

Number of workers in construction occupations in Omaha by month as a percent of annual

monthly employment...........................................................................................................................

Number of workers in selected construction occupations in Detroit by month as a percent of

annual average monthly employment..................................................................................................

Number of workers in selected construction occupations in Milwaukee by month as a percent

of annual average monthly employment.............................................................................................

Number of workers in selected construction occupations in southern California by month as a

percent of annual average monthly employment...............................................................................

Average number of hours of work for workers in selected construction occupations in Omaha

by selected hours interval for the 12-month period, July 1966—June 1967 ...............................

Average number of hours of work for workers in selected construction occupations in Detroit

by selected hours interval for the 12-month period, November 1966—October 1967 .................

Average number of hours of work for workers in selected construction occupations in

Milwaukee by selected hours interval for the 12-month period, December 1965—

November 1966 ....................................................................................................................................

Average number of hours of work of workers in selected construction occupations in

southern California for 12-month period.............................................................................................

Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Omaha by selected

hours interval for the 12-month period, July 1966—July 1967 .....................................................

Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Detroit by selected

hours interval for the 12-month period, November 1966—October 1967.......................................

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A P P E N D I X A T A B L E S — Continued

Page

A-23. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Milwaukee by selected

hours interval for the 12-month period, December 1965—November 1966.................................. 82

A-24. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in southern California by

selected hours interval for a 12-month period................................................................................. 83

A-25. Percent distribution of total hours of work reported by workers in selected construction

occupations in Omaha for the 12-month period, July 1966—1967 ................................................ 83

A-26. Percent distribution of total hours of work reported by workers in selected construction

occupations in Detroit for the 12-month period, November 1966—October 1967 ....................... 83

A-27. Percent distribution of total hours of work reported by workers in selected construction

occupations in Milwaukee for the 12-month period, December 1965—November 1966 .............. 84

A-28. Percent distribution of total hours of work reported by workers in selected construction

occupations in southern California for a 12-month period.............................................................. 84

A-29. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Omaha by number of

hours of work reported for the 12-month period, July 1966—June 1967.................................... 84

A-30. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Detroit by number of

hours of work reported for the 12-month period, November 1966—October 1967..................... 85

A-31. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Milwaukee by number

of hours of work reported for the 12-month period, December 1965—November 1966 ........... 85

A-32. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in southern California

by number of hours of work reported for a 12-month period..................................................... 85

A-33. Percent distribution of bricklayers in Detroit by age and hours of work for the 12-month

period, November 1966—October 1967................................................................................................ 86

A-34. Percent distribution of carpenters in Detroit by age and hours of work for the 12-month

period, November 1966—October 1967............................................................................................... 86

A-35. Percent distribution of laborers in Detroit by age and hours of work for the 12-month

period, November 1966—October 1967............................................................................................... 87

A-36. Percent distribution of reinforced steel workers in Detroit by age and hours of work for the

12-month period, November 1966—October 1967 ........................................................................... 87

A-37. Percent distribution of cement masons in Detroit by age and hours of work for the 12-month

period, November 1966—October 1967............................................................................................... 88

A-38. Percent distribution of operating engineers in Detroit by age and hours of work for the

12-month period, November 1966—October 1967 ........................................................................... 88

A-39. Percent distribution of carpenters in southern California by age and hours of work, calendar

year 1966 ............................................................................................................................................... 89

A-40. Percent distribution of cement masons in southern California by age and hours of work,

calendar year 1966 .............................................................................................................................. 89

A-41. Percent distribution of ironworkers in southern California by age and hours of work, for

the 12-month period, June 1966—May 1967 .................................................................................... 90

A-42. Percent distribution of operating engineers in southern California by age and hours of

work, for the 12-month period, June 1966—May 1967................................................................... 90

A-43. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Omaha by month

and by hours of work reported for the 12-month period, July 1966—June 1967 ....................... 91

A-44. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Detroit by month

and by hours of work reported for the 12-month period, November 1966—October 1967. . . . ^

A-45. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in Milwaukee by month

and by hours of work reported for the 12-month period, December 1965—November 1966. . . 94

A-46. Percent distribution of workers in selected construction occupations in southern California

by month and by hours of work reported for a 12-month period................................................ 96

7 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A - l . A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d fo r w o r k e r s in c o n s tr u c tio n 

o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a b y m o n th

M o n th Y e a r A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s

J a n u a r y — ------- ------ --------------------------- 1967 105. 0 F e b r u a r y ---------------------------------------------------- 1967 110. 2 M a r c h - ____________________________________ 1967 117. 5 A p r i l ----------------------------------------------------------- 1967 112. 6

M ay ------------------------------------------------------------ 1967 127. 5

J u n e----------------------------------------------- ----------- 1967 112. 0

J u l y _________________________________________ 1966 119. 5 A u g u s t-------------------------------------------------------- 1966 117. 7 S e p t e m b e r -------------------------------------------------- 1966 125. 4 O c to b e r _____________________________________ 1966 114. 8

N o v e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 125. 8 D e c e m b e r--------------------------------------------------- 1966 120. 9

A n n u a l a v e r a g e _____ ____________ _ 117. 4 W e ig h te d a v e r a g e_________________________ 116. 9

T a b le A -2 , A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o it b y m o n th

M o n th Y e a r C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t

m a s o n s

R e in f o r c e d s te e l

w o r k e r s

J a n u a r y _____________________________________ 1967 117. 3 88. 9 137. 2 77. 2 60. 5 85. 5 F e b r u a r y __________________________________ 1967 132. 1 86. 3 1 3 1 .8 87. 6 65. 7 85. 1 M a r c h______________ ______________________ 1967 150. 6 103. 2 142. 3 79. 2 62. 2 87. 1 A p r il ------------------------------ ----------------------- 1967 1 5 1 .4 1 0 8 .4 142. 6 71. 5 65 . 3 84. 6 M ay ________________________________ ______ 1967 126. 8 105. 5 148. 2 54. 8 81. 9 80. 4 J u n e------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 124. 8 105. 7 151. 2 59. 9 58. 9 82. 0 J u l y ------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 120. 9 103. 9 140. 1 83. 1 65 . 8 84. 8 A u g u s t----------- ---------- ----- __ _____ ____ 1967 111. 3 1 0 3 .4 165. 5 55. 7 6 7 .4 86. 3 S e p te m b e r _______________ __________________ 1967 122. 5 103. 2 150. 1 97. 7 59. 0 83. 6 O c to b e r _____________________________________ 1967 114. 0 102. 4 143. 3 68. 9 63 . 7 75. 3 N o v e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 120. 1 100. 6 1 4 2 .4 109. 2 66 . 3 72. 5 D e c e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 104. 6 91. 1 140. 9 102. 6 57. 7 79. 3

A n n u a l a v e r a g e____________________________ _ 124. 7 100. 2 144. 6 79. 0 64 . 5 82. 2 W e ig h te d a v e r a g e -------------------------------------- 123. 9 101. 1 144. 9 78. 1 64 . 3 81. 9

T a b le A -3 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e b y m o n th

M o n th Y e a r A s p h a lt

p a v e r s L a b o r e r s P l a s ­

t e r e r s ' l a b o r e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s L a t h e r s C e m e n t

f in i s h e r s P l a s ­

t e r e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

T e r r a z z o

m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o

s k ille d h e lp e r s

J a n u a r y _____________________________________ 1966 4 7 . 8 74. 7 110. 6 8 9 .8 110. 0 90. 5 83. 2 92. 1 137. 9 143. 9 F e b r u a r y ________ _________________________ 1966 51. 3 8 2. 9 107. 9 90. 2 103. 6 85. 2 95. 6 99. 2 97. 1 104. 8 M a r c h ____________________________________ _ 1966 7 3 .9 91. 2 118. 4 100. 2 1 1 6 .3 9 7 .7 121. 1 114. 3 1 0 9 .9 162. 3 A p r i l_______________________________________ 1966 81. 5 95. 5 121. 9 116. 0 119. 6 98. 7 122. 0 120. 7 141. 2 130. 1 M ay -_______________________________________ _ 1966 58. 5 8 5 .4 1 0 3 .4 105. 7 104. 2 97. 2 80. 7 116. 3 85. 5 110. 3 J u n e - ______________________________________ 1966 81. 8 89. 5 114. 5 57. 6 122. 6 102. 2 110. 2 123. 2 142. 6 145. 7 J u l y ---------------------------------- ------------------------ 1966 85. 7 9 7. 8 93. 3 7 6 .4 99. 7 101. 8 107. 0 1 3 5 .4 1 3 4 .4 143. 7 A u g u s t______________________________________ 1966 6 8 . 0 98. 3 116. 1 101. 2 110. 6 97. 1 109. 4 125. 0 96. 8 107. 9 S e p te m b e r________________________________ 1966 6 7 . 1 83. 8 122. 5 116. 0 118. 2 99. 5 100. 7 121. 9 1 0 1 .4 1 5 5 .6 O c to b e r - ________ _____________ ________ 1966 80. 2 104. 5 94. 3 119. 8 111. 3 89. 5 84. 3 137. 4 141. 8 133. 5 N o v em b e r ______________________________ 1966 7 2. 1 7 9. 0 99. 7 82. 4 98. 1 64 . 5 59. 7 104. 3 90. 2 96. 2 D e c e m b e r------------------------ ------------------------ 1965 54. 5 82. 3 124. 2 114. 1 117. 2 94. 7 1 0 6 .2 92. 3 148. 2 166. 2

A n n u a l a v e r a g e __________________ _______ _ 6 8 . 5 88. 7 110. 6 97. 4 111. 0 93 . 2 98 . 3 115. 2 118. 9 133. 3 W e ig h te d a v e r a g e_________________________ 72. 6 89. 2 no. i 9 8 .4 111. 0 91. 4 96. 0 115. 9 115. 0 131. 9

T a b le A -4 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia b y m o n th

Month C arpen ters 1 O perating

en g in eers 2 Ironw orkers 2 C em ent

m a son s 1 T e a m ste r s 1

January ------------- ------------- ------------ _ 108. 3 131. 7 102. 9 7 7 .6 127. 8 F eb ru ary _______ _______ _ ____ _ 107. 8 130. 7 104. 1 78. 0 135.4 M arch ____________ ____________________ 103. 1 132. 1 100. 9 79. 0 124. 4 A p r il_______-__________________________ 112. 3 146. 4 110. 5 86. 0 149.5 May - _ ___ ________ _________ ___ 113. 1 121. 4 100. 3 82. 0 145. 5 June______________________________________ 102. 6 143. 3 109. 5 72. 6 130. 0 J u ly ............................................................................. 112. 7 138. 2 106. 8 7 9 .2 148. 7 A u g u s t___ ____________ __ ___________ 108. 0 133. 8 106.4 80. 3 142. 3 Septem be r—___________ __________________ 114. 8 147. 7 106. 3 79. 8 151.7 O ctober — —____________________________ 110. 5 141. 7 102. 9 68. 9 141. 6 N ovem ber __ ___ _____ ____________ 113. 3 147. 3 109. 6 80. 7 142.6 D e c e m b e r------------------------ ------------- 109. 3 131. 5 103. 3 76. 3 129. 2

Annual a v e r a g e ---------------------------------------- 109. 7 137. 2 105. 3 7 8 .4 139. 0 W eighted a v e r a g e ________________________ 109. 6 137.4 105.4 78. 3 139. 0

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966.

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g fro m J u n e 1966 to M ay 1967.

7 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -5 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d p e r w o r k e r in c o n s tr u c tio n 

o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly 

h o u r s o f w o rk p e r w o r k e r

M o n th Y e a r A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------------------- 1967 89. 4

F e b r u a r y ---------------------------------------------------- 1967 93. 9

M a r c h ---------------------------------------------------------- 1967 100. 1

A p r i l ----------------------------------------------------------- 1967 95. 9

M a y---------------------------------------------------- ------ 1969 108. 6

J u n e ------------------------------------------------------------ 1967 9 5 .4

J u ly _______________________________________- 1966 101. 8

A u g u s t-------------------------------------------------------- 1966 100. 3

S e p te m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 106. 8

O c to b e r _____________________________________ 1966 97. 8

N o v e m b e r--------------------------------------------------- 1966 107. 2

D e c e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 103. 0

T a b le A -6 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d p e r w o r k e r in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o i t b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of 

a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly h o u r s of w o rk p e r w o r k e r

M o n th Y e a r C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t

m a s o n s

R e in f o r c e d

s te e l w o r k e r s

Ta„ „ „ v 1967 94. 1 88. 7 94. 9 97. 7 93. 8 104. 0 F e b r u a r y ______________________________ 1967 105. 9 86. 1 91. 1 110. 9 101. 9 103. 5 M a r c h--------------------------------------------------------- 1967 120. 8 103. 0 98. 4 100. 3 96. 4 106. 0

A p r i l_______________________________________ 1967 121. 4 108. 2 98. 6 90. 5 101. 2 102. 9 M ay -______________________________ 1967 101. 7 105. 3 102. 5 69. 4 127. 0 97. 8

J u n e ____________________ __________________ 1967 100. 1 105. 5 104. 6 75. 8 91. 3 99. 8 J u ly -___________________________________ _ 1967 97. 0 103. 7 96. 9 105. 2 102. 0 103. 2

A u g u s t -------------------------------------------------------- 1967 89. 3 103. 2 114. 5 70. 5 104. 5 105. 0 S e p te m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1967 98. 2 103. 0 103. 8 123. 7 91. 5 101. 7 O c to b e r ------------------------------------------------------- 1967 91. 4 102. 2 99. 1 87. 2 98. 8 9 1 .6

N o v e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 96. 3 100. 4 98. 5 138. 2 102. 8 88. 2

D e c e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 83. 9 90. 9 97. 4 129. 9 89. 5 9 6 .5

T a b le A -7 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d p e r w o r k e r in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of 

a n n u a l a v e ra g e m o n th ly h o u r s of w o rk p e r w o r k e r

M o n th Y e a r A s p h a lt

p a v e r s L a b o r e r s P l a s ­

t e r e r s ' l a b o r e r s

B r ic k ­ l a y e r s L a th e r s C e m e n t f in i s h e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

T e r r a z z o m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o

s k ille d h e lp e r s

J a n u a r y 1966 6 9. 8 84. 2 100. 0 92. 2 99. 1 97. 1 84. 6 79. 9 116. 0 108. 0 F e b r u a r y ---------------------------------------------------- 1966 74. 9 93. 5 9 7 .6 9 2 .6 93. 3 91. 4 97. 3 85. 9 81. 2 78. 6

M a r c h--------------------------------------------------------- 1966 107. 9 102. 8 107. 1 102. 9 104. 8 104. 8 123. 2 9 9 .2 92. 4 121. 8 Ap r i 1 j, ........_. , „ - i, .......... ............. i ,-r - 1966 119. 0 107. 7 110. 2 119. 1 107. 7 105. 9 124. 1 104. 8 118. 8 97. 6 M ay ____ _ __ _ 1966 85. 4 96. 3 93. 5 108. 5 93. 9 104. 3 82. 1 101. 0 71. 9 82. 7

J une _________________ 1966 119. 4 100. 9 103. 5 59. 1 110. 5 109. 7 112. 1 106. 9 119. 9 109. 3 J u l y _________________________________________ 1966 125. 1 110. 3 8 4 .4 77. 4 89. 8 109. 2 108. 9 117. 5 113. 0 107. 8

A u g u s t-------------------------------------------------------- 1966 99. 3 110. 8 105. 0 103. 9 9 9 .6 104. 2 111. 3 108. 5 8 1 .4 80. 9

S e p te m b e r__________________________________ 1966 98. 0 94. 5 110. 8 119. 1 106. 5 106. 8 102. 4 105. 8 85. 3 116. 7

O c to b e r _____________________________________ 1966 117. 1 117. 8 85. 3 123. 0 100. 3 96. 0 85. 8 119. 3 119. 3 100. 2

N o v e m b e r-------------------------- ----------------- ------ 1966 105. 3 89. 1 90. 1 84. 6 88. 4 69. 2 60. 7 90. 5 7 5 .9 72. 2 D e c e m b e r -------------------------------------------------- 1965 7 9. 6 92. 8 112. 3 117. 1 105. 6 101. 6 108. 0 80. 1 124. 6 124. 6

T a b le A -8 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d p e r w o r k e r in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly h o u r s o f w o rk p e r w o r k e r

Month C arpen ters 1 Operating en gin eers 2 Ironw orkers 2 C em ent m a son s 1 T ea m sters 1

J an uary__________________________________ 98. 7 96. 0 97. 7 99. 0 91. 9 F eb r u a r y__________ ____ _____ _____ 98. 3 95. 3 98. 9 99. 5 97. 4 M a rch_______ ___________________________ 94. 0 96. 3 95. 8 100. 8 89. 5 A pril ____________________________________ 102.4 106. 7 104. 9 109. 7 107. 3 May -------------- ------------- _ _ --------------- 103. 1 88. 5 95. 3 104. 6 104. 7 J une _______ ____________ ______ ____ _ 93. 5 104.4 104. 0 92. 6 93. 5 July .......................................................................... 102. 7 100. 7 101. 4 101. 0 107. 0 A ugust___ ___________ __ ___ _____ 98. 5 9 7 .5 101. 0 102.4 102. 4 Sep tem b er— _— ________________________ 104. 6 107. 7 100. 9 101. 8 109. 1 O ctober ____________________________ _____ 100. 7 103. 3 97. 7 87. 9 101. 9 N o v em b er---- _ _________________________ 103. 3 107. 4 104. 1 102. 9 102. 6 D e c em b e r------------------------------------------------ 99. 6 95. 8 98. 1 97. 3 92. 9

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966.

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g fro m J u n e 1966 to M ay 1967.

7 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -9 . A g g re g a te m o n th ly h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d fo r w o r k e r s in c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a a s a p e r c e n t of th e a n n u a l m o n th ly a v e r a g e of a g g r e g a te h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d

M o n th Y e a r P e r c e n t

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------------------- 1967 70. 6 F e b r u a r y ---------------------------------------------------- 1967 73. 2 M a r c h__________________________________ 1967 66 . 7 A p r i l_______________________________________ 1967 88. 2

M a y ------------------------------------- --------------------- 1967 99. 9 J u n e------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 112. 9 J u l y ................................................................................... 1966 103. 2

A u g u st_______________________________________ 1966 131. 6

S e p t e m b e r -------------------------------------------------- 1966 128. 2 O c to b e r _____________________________________ 1966 105. 3 N o v em b e r _________________________________ 1966 111. 3 D e c e m b e r __________________ ______________ 1966 108. 8

T a b le A - 10. A g g re g a te m o n th ly h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o i t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e a n n u a l m o n th ly 

a v e r a g e of a g g r e g a te h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d

M o n th Y e a r C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t

m a s o n s

R e in f o r c e d s te e l

w o r k e r s

J a n u a r y _____________________________________ 1967 9 5 . 8 75 . 1 90 . 3 90 . 0 68 . 9 83. 7 F e b r u a r y ___________________________________ 1967 104. 1 61 . 2 82. 3 95. 7 63 . 1 67 . 8

M a r c h____________________________________ - 1967 101. 8 88. 8 8 8 .4 88. 3 62 . 3 8 5 .6 A p r il------------------------------------------------------------ 1967 113. 6 105. 2 96. 2 88. 6 86. 7 91. 8 hdciy _____ _____________ __________________ 1967 9 9 .6 113. 5 101. 2 68. 7 108. 7 107. 9

J u n e------------------------------------- --------------------- 1967 99. 9 114. 1 103. 3 80. 9 119. 9 111. 9 J u l y ------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 105. 4 105. 5 112. 6 121. 4 138. 7 112. 8

A u g u s t-------------------------------------------------------- 1967 99. 3 129. 2 119. 8 84. 3 119. 7 132. 2

S e p te m b e r--------------------------------------------------- 1967 9 9 .6 118. 8 108. 2 139. 6 122. 8 105. 2

O c t o b e r------------------------- --------------------------- 1967 107. 9 120. 1 119. 2 103. 0 130. 2 123. 1 N o v e m b e r-------------------------------------------------- 1966 92. 1 89. 1 90. 9 126. 5 104. 3 91. 3 D e c e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 80. 9 69. 4 87. 7 113. 0 74. 6 86. 7

T a b le A - 11. A g g re g a te m o n th ly h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d fo r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e a n n u a l m o n th ly 

a v e r a g e o f a g g r e g a te h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d .

M o n th Y e a r A s p h a lt

p a v e r s L a b o r e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s ' 

l a b o r e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s L a t h e r s C e m e n t f in i s h e r s P l a s ­

t e r e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

T e r r a z z o

m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o s k ille d

h e lp e r s

J a n u a r y --------------- ---------------------------- — _ 1966 12. 2 6 5. 0 9 7 .7 80 . 2 86. 3 59. 2 100. 7 73. 0 9 1 .6 93. 3 F e b r u a r y _______________ ______ ______— 1966 1 0 .4 6 6 . 9 93. 5 92. 5 90. 2 63 . 7 86. 3 64. 9 105. 9 91. 2 M a r c h ________ ________________________________ 1966 14. 9 8 0. 2 115. 4 100. 5 126. 1 75. 0 106. 3 74. 0 119. 8 114. 3

A p r il -------------------- ------------------- ----- 1966 5 6. 0 99. 2 1 0 9 .6 111. 7 106. 6 91. 8 110. 2 90. 8 87. 1 106. 1

M ay _ __ _ ----- _ - _ ----- ------ - 1966 8 6 . 0 100. 1 9 3 .9 1 1 6 .6 9 6 .6 97. 5 93. 7 96. 8 85. 2 100. 1

J u n e________________________________________ 1966 1 4 2 .2 105. 5 9 9 .2 4 0 . 3 105. 8 106. 9 99. 5 110. 9 108. 2 107. 9 J u l y ..................................................... ............... 1966 117. 9 121. 0 96. 3 65 . 8 86. 8 109. 3 100. 0 130. 7 9 5 .6 95. 8

A u g u st ____________ __________________ 1966 187. 0 129. 8 1 0 4 .4 1 1 6 .4 112. 8 116. 0 118. 0 117. 8 9 1 .7 9 5 .9 S e p te m b e r-------------------- __ --------------- 1966 167. 4 1 1 6 .4 9 8 .9 124. 5 100. 3 128. 7 96 . 0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .4 109. 5 O c to b e r _______ __ ________ ____ 1966 2 1 7 .4 124. 5 95. 9 123. 5 96. 1 141. 7 9 8 .4 134. 0 8 7 .4 79. 1 N o v e m b e r--------------------------------------------------- 1966 9 0 . 4 97. 7 85. 5 114. 3 90. 3 123. 7 83. 9 108. 1 85 . 5 7 1 . 3

D e c e m b e r--------------------------------------------------- 1965 38. 2 9 3. 8 109. 7 113. 7 102. 0 8 6 .4 107. 2 85. 5 126. 5 1 3 5 .4

T a b le A - 12. A g g re g a te m o n th ly h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r t e d f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia a s a p e r c e n t o f th e a n n u a l m o n th ly a v e r a g e o f a g g re g a te h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d

Month C arpen ters 1 Operating

en g in eers 2 Ironw orkers 2 C em ent

m ason s 1 T e a m ste r s 1

January __ ____ _____ _____ __ _ 9 9 .6 9 1 .7 94. 2 88.6 93. 3 F eb ruary __ __ ____ ____ ___ _ ___ 97. 1 86. 7 90. 2 95. 1 9 9 .4 M arch ____ ___ ___ _________ __ ____ 98. 6 89. 3 85. 7 96. 5 97. 5 A pril — _ _____________ __ ___ ____ __ 120. 1 9 7 .4 100. 6 119. 2 125. 4 M ay ---------------------------------------------------- 106. 2 79. 0 82. 3 107. 9 101. 0 .Timfi 103. 9 114. 8 106. 7 103. 8 96.6 J u ly ............................................................................. 106. 1 106. 2 106. 8 107. 2 106. 2 August __ _ ___ __ ____ ________ __ _ 102. 2 111.7 108.6 101. 5 9 6 .9 Septem ber ___ ___ _______ 106. 5 116.4 110.4 106. 5 103. 5 O ctober __ __ __ _____ _ __ 93. 0 108.4 108. 7 9 5 .2 98. 6 N o v em b er____ _ ____ __ _ _ ________ 85. 8 106. 2 105.7 94. 2 97. 3 D e c e m b e r------------------------------------------------ 80. 7 92. 2 100. 0 84. 2 8 4 .4

7 8

C a le n d a r y e a r 1966. F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g f ro m J u n e 1966 to M a y 1967,

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A - 13. N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a by- m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of a n n u a l m o n th ly e m p lo y m e n t

M o n th Y e a r P e r c e n t

J a n u a r y ___ _ 1967 78. 7 F e b r u a r y ___ ___ 1967 77. 7 M a r c h---------------------------- 1967 66. 3 A p r i l --------------------------------------------- __ ____ 1967 91. 6 M a y------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 100. 3 J u n e -------------------------------- ------- ---------------- 1967 117. 9 J u l y ------------------------------------------------------------- 1966 101. 0 A u g u st __ ____ 1966 130. 7 S e p te m b e r _ 1966 119. 6 O c to b e r______ 1966 107. 3 N o v e m b e r_____ 1966 103. 5 D e c e m b e r_____ 1966 105. 2

T a b le A - 14. N u m b e r of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o it b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly e m p lo y m e n t

M o n th Y e a r C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t

m a s o n s

Re in fo r e e d 

s te e l w o r k e r s

J a n u a r y ____________________________________ 1967 1 0 1 .2 85. 4 95. 4 91. 0 73. 2 80. 1

F e b r u a r y ----- — ---------------------------------- - 1967 97. 7 71. 7 90. 5 85. 3 61 . 7 65. 2

M a r c h_______ _____________________________ 1967 83. 8 87. 0 89. 6 87. 1 64. 4 8 0 .4

A p r i l________________________________________ 1967 93. 0 98. 1 97. 7 96. 8 85. 3 88. 9

M a y------------------------- --------------------------------- 1967 9 7 .4 108. 7 98. 9 98. 0 85. 3 110. 0

J u n e ------------------------------------------------------------ 1967 99. 2 109. 1 99. 0 105. 4 131. 0 111. 7 J u l y _________________________________________ 1967 108. 0 102. 7 116. 4 114. 0 1 3 5 .4 109. 0 A u g u st ________ _____ ___________________ 1967 110. 6 136. 0 104. 9 118. 0 114. 2 125. 5 S e p te m b e r__________________________________ 1967 100. 8 116. 3 104. 4 111. 5 133. 7 103. 0 O c to b e r ------------------------------------------------------- 1967 117. 4 118. 5 120. 6 116. 7 131. 4 133. 9 N o v e m b e r__________________________________ 1966 95. 0 90. 0 92. 5 90. 4 101. 1 103. 1 D e c e m b e r - _ _ ______ ___ _________ 1966 95. 9 76. 9 90. 2 86. 0 83. 2 89. 5

T a b le A - 15. N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t of a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly e m p lo y m e n t

M o n th Y e a r A s p h a lt

p a v e r s L a b o r e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s ' 

l a b o r e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s L a t h e r s C e m e n tf in i s h e r s P l a s ­t e r e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

T e r r a z z o

m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o

s k ille d

h e lp e r s

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------------------- 1966 1 6 .6 77. 6 9 7 .2 87. 3 87. 3 5 9 .7 116. 3 91. 9 77 . 8 8 5 .4 F e b r u a r y ___________________________________ 1966 14. 7 72. 0 9 5 .4 100. 9 96. 8 68. 4 86. 7 75. 9 127. 8 114. 6 M a rc h ______________________________________ 1966 14. 7 7 8 .4 107. 3 98. 7 120. 6 70. 2 84. 3 75. 0 127. 8 9 2 .7 Ap r i 1-____________________________ _______ 1966 50. 0 92. 6 99. 1 94. 8 99 . 2 85. 1 86. 7 87. 2 72 . 2 107. 3 M ay ______________________________________ 1966 106. 9 104. 5 100. 0 108. 5 103. 2 9 1 .8 1 1 1 .4 96. 5 116. 7 119. 5 J u n e ________________________________________ 1966 126. 5 105. 1 95. 4 68 . 9 96. 0 95. 7 86. 7 104. 3 88. 9 97. 6 J u l y _________________________________________ 1966 1 5 1 .0 110. 3 113. 8 85. 8 96 . 8 98. 2 89. 8 1 1 1 .9 83. 3 87. 8 A u g u s t______________ _____________________ 1966 200. 0 117. 7 99. 1 113. 1 113. 1 109. 3 103. 6 109. 2 111. 1 117. 1 S e p te m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 1 8 1 .4 123. 3 89. 0 105. 7 94. 4 118. 3 9 1 .6 107. 8 133. 3 92. 7 O c to b e r------------ --------------------- ------------ 1966 197. 1 106. 3 111. 9 101. 4 96. 0 144. 8 112. 0 113. 0 72. 2 78. 0 N o v e m b e r --------------------------------------------------- 1966 9 1 .2 110. 2 94. 5 136. 4 102. 4 175. 3 134. 9 120. 0 111. 1 9 7 .6 D e c e m b e r - ---------------------------- ------- ------ 1965 51. 0 101. 6 9 7 .2 98. 0 96. 8 83. 5 97. 0 1 0 7 .4 100. 0 107. 3

T a b le A - 16. N u m b e r of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia b y m o n th a s a p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l a v e r a g e m o n th ly e m p lo y m e n t

M o n th C a r p e n te r s 1 O p e ra tin g 

e n g in e e r s 2 I r o n w o r k e r s 2 C e m e n t 

m a s o n s 1 T e a m s t e r s 1

100. 8 95. 7 96. 5 89. 4 1 0 1 .4 F e b r u a r y ____________________ ___________ 9 8. 7 91. 9 91. 4 95. 5 102. 1 M a rc h - ------------------------------------------------------ 104. 8 92. 9 89. 6 9 5 .7 108. 9

A p r il------------ --------------------------------------------- 117. 2 9 1 .4 9 5 .9 108. 6 116. 9

M ay ------------------------------------ --------------------- 102. 9 89. 4 86. 5 103. 0 96. 5

J une __________ _______ — ____________ - 111. 0 110. 2 102. 7 112. 0 103. 3

J u ly ----------------------------------------------------------- 103. 2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .4 106. 0 99. 3 A u g u st - _______ ___ _ _ _______________ 103. 6 114. 7 107. 6 99. 0 94. 6

S e p te m b e r__________________________________ 1 0 1 .6 108. 3 109. 5 104. 5 94. 8

O c to b e r ------- ------ ---------------- ------- 9 2. 2 105. 1 111. 3 108. 3 96 . 8

N o v e m b e r ----------- ----- --------------------------- 8 2 . 9 99. 1 101. 6 91. 4 94. 8

D e c e m b e r__ _____ __ __________________ 81. 0 96. 3 102. 0 86. 5 90. 8

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966.

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g f ro m J u n e 1966 to M a y 1967.

79

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A - 17. A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s o f w o rk f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a b y s e le c te d h o u r s in te r v a l f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th 

p e r io d , J u ly 1966—J u n e 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s A ll w o r k e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s

C a r p e n ­

t e r s

C e m e n t

f in i s h e r s

I r o n ­

w o r k e r s L a b o r e r s L a th e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s P l a s t e r e r s T e a m s t e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s---------------------------------- 951 1 ,0 4 2 1, 162 1 ,0 2 4 1, 010 626 1, 130 987 1 ,0 3 2 728

E m p lo y e e s w ho d id n o t h av e h o u r s

r e p o r te d in J a n u a r y ------------------------------- E m p lo y e e s w ho h a d h o u r s r e p o r te d

743 834 983 805 753 447 1, 158 776 851 416

in J a n u a r y _______________________________ 1, 323 1, 356 1, 455 1 ,2 9 1 1 ,4 4 2 1 ,0 6 7 1, 029 1, 315 1 ,5 6 6 1, 529

E m p lo y e e s e x c lu d e d w ith le s s th a n —

700 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 525 1 ,4 7 1 1, 530 1 ,4 7 4 1 ,5 9 0 1 ,4 6 7 1 ,7 7 2 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,7 5 6 1 ,7 7 8

600 h o u r s ______________________________ 1 ,4 8 0 1 ,4 3 2 1 ,4 8 8 1 ,4 4 4 1 ,5 7 2 1, 390 1 ,7 1 5 1 ,4 8 2 1 ,6 6 1 1 ,7 7 8

500 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 426 1 ,3 9 6 1 ,4 4 8 1 ,4 0 3 1 ,5 3 6 1 ,2 8 9 1 ,7 1 5 1 ,4 2 0 1 ,6 3 1 1 ,7 3 8

400 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 362 1 ,3 3 2 1 ,4 0 4 1, 375 1 ,4 7 1 1, 193 1 ,5 7 3 1, 362 1, 599 1 ,5 5 0

300 h o u r s ______________________________ 1 ,2 8 8 1 ,2 8 8 1 ,3 6 2 1, 317 1, 379 1, 065 1 ,5 2 0 1, 297 1, 481 1 ,3 9 9 200 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 199 1, 262 1, 308 1 ,2 3 0 1, 308 946 1 ,4 1 6 1, 370 1, 370 1 ,2 4 8

100 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 080 1, 130 1 ,2 4 0 1, 122 1, 186 796 1, 304 1 ,0 6 9 1, 155 1, 049

E m p lo y e e s w ith le s s th a n —

700 h o u r s ______________________________ 251 275 301 248 209 227 249 271 237 155

600 h o u r s — -------------------------------------- 223 236 257 219 198 205 216 244 194 155

500 h o u r s ______________________________ 193 208 216 186 181 178 216 213 181 146

400 h o u r s ______________________________ 161 159 172 166 150 152 156 179 171 117

300 h o u r s 127 126 136 138 111 117 133 151 143 90

200 h o u r s ______________________________ 91 99 96 96 84 84 107 106 104 64

100 h o u r s ______________________________ 48 53 54 46 46 46 67 53 50 39

E m p lo y e e s w ith b e tw e e n — 6 00 a n d 700 h o u r s_____________________ 646 663 642 655 633 646 663 646 626 -

500 a n d 6 00 h o u r s -------------------------------- 546 538 551 551 531 549 _ 541 534 578

40 0 a n d 500 h o u r s_____________________ 449 444 453 451 443 446 459 451 431 422

300 a n d 4 00 h o u r s ------------------------------ 349 355 353 332 349 350 357 341 361 345

200 a n d 300 h o u r s ------------------------------ 248 247 249 253 247 250 226 247 264 243

100 an d 200 h o u r s_____________________ 145 140 146 147 151 144 18 147 141 131

T a b le A - 18. A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk fo r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o it b y s e le c te d h o u r s in te r v a l f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th 

p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t

m a s o n s

R e in f o r c e d s te e l 

w o r k e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s______________________ 1, 015 934 1 ,2 6 0 765 777 888

E m p lo y e e s w ho d id n o t h a v e h o u r s r e p o r te d in J a n u a r y ------------------------------ E m p lo y e e s w ho h a d h o u r s r e p o r te d 768 734 1 ,0 0 3 527 567 613

in J a n u a r y ------ ------------------------------------- 1, 342 1, 245 1 ,6 2 6 1, 255 1 ,2 0 3 1, 316

E m p lo y e e s e x c lu d e d w ith le s s th a n —

700 h o u r s ___ __________________ ____ 1, 542 1 ,4 7 0 1 ,7 5 4 1, 540 1 ,5 1 0 1 ,5 2 4 600 h o u r s______ ________________ ____ 1 ,5 1 0 1 ,4 3 6 1, 707 1, 479 1 ,4 6 9 1 ,4 7 8 500 h o u r s __________________________ — 1 ,4 7 2 1 ,3 9 5 1 ,6 6 7 1 ,4 1 3 1 ,4 1 3 1 ,4 3 5 400 h o u r s_______ _________ __________ 1 ,4 2 9 1, 347 1 ,6 2 0 1, 335 1 ,3 6 3 1, 385 300 h o u r s_________ ______ ________ _ 1, 376 1 ,2 9 2 1, 558 1 ,2 3 6 1 ,2 8 3 1, 324 200 h o u r s ______________________________ 1, 309 1 ,2 1 6 1 ,4 8 6 1, 126 1, 205 1 ,2 3 7 100 h o u r s ------- ----------------------- ------ 1, 183 1, 083 1 ,3 8 3 973 1, 063 1, 144

E m p lo y e e s w ith l e s s th a n — 700 h o u r s _ ___ _______________-__ 210 223 256 210 171 190 600 h o u r s ______ ____________________ 184 196 218 186 150 160 500 h o u r s - ________________ ______ 157 169 188 162 126 135 400 h o u r s ____________________________ 131 142 158 137 107 111 300 h o u r s______ _____________ _ _ 104 116 121 108 80 85 200 h o u r s ______________ _____________ 78 89 86 78 60 65 100 h o u r s _________________________ ___ 36 43 36 41 30 36

E m p lo y e e s w ith b e tw e e n — 60 0 an d 700 h o u r s_____________________ 647 651 646 649 648 653 500 a n d 600 h o u r s_____________________ 550 552 549 547 550 545 400 a n d 500 h o u r s_____________________ 448 451 449 448 441 448 300 a n d 400 h o u r s_____________________ 348 342 351 348 351 346 200 a n d 300 h o u r s_____________________ 244 244 246 245 243 248 100 a n d 200 h o u r s_____________________ 144 150 151 147 144 146

80

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A - 19. A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s of w o rk f o r w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e b y s e le c te d h o u r s i n te r v a l fo r th e 1 2 -m o n th 

p e r io d , D e c e m b e r 1965—N o v e m b e r 1966

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s A s p h a lt

p a v e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

l a b o r e r s

M a so n s C e m e n t

f in i s h e r s L a t h e r s T e r r a z z o

m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o

s k ille d

h e lp e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s --------------------------------- 626 1 ,0 5 5 919 1, 031 880 1 ,0 4 4 1, 105 1 ,0 6 3 932 590

E m p lo y e e s w ho d id n o t h av e h o u r s r e p o r te d —________________________________ E m p lo y e e s w ho h a d h o u r s r e p o r te d

482 832 761 858 704 978 1 ,0 0 7 1, 014 862 479

in J a n u a r y________________________________ 889 1 ,5 2 6 1 ,4 7 7 1 ,3 4 6 1 ,2 3 6 1 ,4 6 1 1, 827 1 ,4 4 4 1, 186 1, 015

E m p lo y e e s e x c lu d e d w ith le s s th a n —

700 h o u r s - _________________________-_____ 1, 040 1 ,6 1 1 1 ,6 6 2 1, 486 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,6 3 7 1, 780 1 ,5 5 0 1 ,4 7 4 1 ,4 1 6

600 h o u r s -_____________________________- 1, 005 1, 594 1 ,6 2 4 1 ,4 6 2 1 ,4 1 4 1, 599 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,5 0 6 1 ,4 3 0 1 ,3 4 6 500 h o u r s -_-_________ ______________ 961 1 ,5 6 7 1 ,5 6 2 1 ,4 2 7 1, 387 1 ,5 7 8 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,4 6 2 1, 377 1 ,2 7 9 400 h o u r s___ _______________________ - 944 1, 382 1 ,4 5 7 1, 346 1 ,2 9 5 1 ,4 6 9 1, 543 1 ,4 1 7 1, 317 1, 165

300 h o u r s________________ ___ 914 1, 353 . 1 ,3 7 1 1, 311 1 ,2 6 8 1 ,4 3 1 1 ,4 7 8 1, 370 1 ,2 4 7 1, 068 200 h o u r s _________________________________ 874 1 ,2 7 4 1 ,2 7 3 1 ,2 6 6 1 ,2 0 6 1, 356 1, 350 1 ,3 7 0 1, 175 957

100 h o u r s _____________________________ 778 1, 187 1, 064 1, 154 1 ,0 5 7 1 ,2 2 8 1, 148 1, 149 1, 064 799

E m p lo y e e s w ith l e s s th a n —

700 h o u r s __________________-_____________ 224 256 220 242 208 213 62 237 249 202

600 h o u r s ________ — __-_______ 180 246 205 221 181 186 62 197 218 180

500 h o u r s _______________________________ 130 233 183 195 165 175 62 160 185 161 40 0 h o u r s _______________________________ 112 137 148 136 114 121 44 127 150 129 300 h o u r s _______________________________ 86 119 122 112 100 103 37 99 144 103

200 h o u r s _____________________________ 63 83 95 89 78 76 32 99 81 76 100 h o u r s _______________________________ 26 40 39 44 31 39 20 30 32 40

E m p lo y e e s w ith b e tw e e n — 60 0 an d 700 h o u r s______________________ 647 644 628 633 656 658 - 648 650 650

500 an d 600 h o u r s______________________ 539 562 543 546 553 546 - 556 554 545

40 0 an d 500 h o u r s --------------------------------- 456 441 439 445 445 436 440 440 447 447 300 an d 400 h o u r s______________________ 371 345 344 348 366 339 360 332 343 349 200 an d 300 h o u r s______________________ 254 233 252 244 246 243 200 _ 245 245

100 a n d 200 h o u r s______________________ 136 156 145 146 148 139 139 160 147 146

T a b le A -2 0 . A v e ra g e n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia f o r 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C a r p e n te r s 1 O p e ra tin g 

e n g in e e r s 2

C e m e n t 

m a s o n s 1 I r o n w o r k e r s 2 T e a m s t e r s 1

A ll e m p lo y e e s --------------------------------- 864 1 ,2 8 4 932 1 ,0 4 4 961

E m p lo y e e s e x c lu d e d w ith le s s th a n —

700 h o u r s _______________________________ 1 ,4 3 0 1 ,6 3 3 1, 503 1, 572 1 ,6 4 7 600 h o u r s _______________________________ 1, 382 1 ,5 9 6 1 ,4 5 8 1, 539 1, 598 500 h o u r s _______________________________ 1, 332 1, 558 1, 416 1 ,5 0 7 1 ,5 0 8 400 h o u r s _______________________________ 1, 278 1 ,5 2 0 1, 371 1 ,4 6 4 1 ,4 1 4 300 h o u r s _________________________ ____ 1 ,2 0 9 1 ,4 8 1 1, 316 1 ,4 2 0 1 ,3 3 0 200 h o u r s _ _____ -_____________________ 1, 333 1,4 3 6 1 ,2 5 6 1, 362 1 ,2 4 9 100 h o u r s _______________________________ 1, 021 1, 367 1, 174 1 ,2 6 2 1, 103

E m p lo y e e s w ith l e s s th a n —

700 h o u r s----------------------------------- --------- 237 291 200 194 255 600 h o u r s________________——_______ ___ 204 246 166 165 233 500 h o u r s _______________________________ 174 203 136 141 196 400 h o u r s _____________________________— 145 161 109 113 155 300 h o u r s 112 125 80 90 120 200 h o u r s __ _________________________ 81 91 56 67 92 100 h o u r s ---------------------------------------------- 42 44 30 37 41

E m p lo y e e s w ith b e tw e e n —

600 an d 700 h o u r s -------------------------------- 649 650 648 650 648 500 an d 600 h o u r s--------------------------------- 549 548 548 549 543 400 an d 500 h o u r s _____________________ 450 451 450 447 452 300 an d 400 h o u r s_____ _______________ 345 346 351 349 349 200 a n d 300 h o u r s _____________________ 247 246 246 244 244 100 an d 200 h o u r s ----------------------- ------ 147 149 146 145 153

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966.

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g f ro m Ju n e 1966 to M a y 1967.

81

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -2 1 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a by s e le c te d h o u r s i n te r v a l f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , J u ly 1966—J u ly 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s A ll

w o r k e r s B r ic k ­

la y e r s

C a r p e n ­

t e r s

C e m e n t

f in i s h e r s I r o n ­ w o r k e r s L a b o r e r s L a t h e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s T e a m s t e r s

A ll g ro u p s ----------------------------- 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 10 0. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------------- 5 5 .0 64. 2 7 0 .0 63. 3 5 8 .0 32. 2 57. 8 57. 1 5 2 .4 3 5 .4

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------------- 4 5 .0 35. 8 3 0 .0 3 6 .7 42 . 0 6 7 .8 42 . 2 4 2 .9 47 . 6 64. 6 L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s ----------------------- 4 2 . 1 32. 6 26. 5 34. 3 40 . 9 64. 5 39. 1 40. 0 4 2 .9 64. 6 L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------------- 38. 5 29. 8 23. 2 31. 1 3 8 .9 5 9 .7 39. 1 36. 1 41 . 3 6 3 .4 L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ----------------------- 34. 2 24. 7 1 9 .7 2 9 .0 34. 9 54. 5 3 1 .3 3 1 .7 39. 7 57. 3 L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s ----------------------- 2 9 .0 2 1 .2 16. 3 24. 8 29. 1 46 . 3 28. 1 2 7 .0 33. 3 5 1 .2 L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ----------------------- 2 2 .4 17. 2 12. 1 18. 2 2 4 .4 37. 2 2 1 .9 18. 4 2 7 .0 43 . 9 L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------------- 12. 5 8. 1 6. 6 9. 1 15. 5 22. 7 14. 1 8 .0 11. 1 3 1 .7

B e tw e e n 600 an d 700 h o u r s ------------ 3 .0 3. 3 3 .5 2. 4 1. 1 3. 3 3. 1 2 .9 4 .8 _

B e tw e e n 500 an d 600 h o u r s ------------ 3. 5 2. 8 3. 3 3. 1 2 .0 4 .8 - 3. 8 1 .6 1. 2 B e tw e e n 400 an d 500 h o u r s ------------ 4. 3 5. 1 3. 6 2. 1 4 .0 5. 2 7 .8 4. 5 1 .6 6. 1

B e tw e e n 300 an d 400 h o u r s ------------ 5. 2 3. 5 3. 3 4. 2 4 .8 8 .2 3. 1 4 .7 6. 3 6. 1

B e tw e e n 200 an d 300 h o u r s ------------ 6. 6 4 .0 4 . 3 6 .6 4 . 7 9. 1 6. 3 8. 6 6. 3 7. 3 B e tw e e n 100 an d 200 h o u r s ------------ 9 . 8 9 . 1 5. 5 9. 1 8 .9 1 4 .4 7. 8 10. 4 1 5 .9 12. 2

W ith h o u r s in J a n u a r y ------------------- 3 5 .9 4 0 .0 3 7 .9 4 5 . 1 37. 3 2 8 .9 2 1 .9 39. 2 2 5 .4 2 8 .0

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -2 2 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o i t by s e le c te d h o u r s i n te r v a l f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n tm a s o n s

R e in f o r c e d s t e e l w o r k e r s

A ll g ro u p s -------------------------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 6 0. 5 5 7 .0 67. 0 4 1 .7 45 . 3 52. 3

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 3 9 .5 4 3 .0 3 3 .0 58. 3 54. 7 4 7 . 7 L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 37. 3 4 0 . 5 3 0 .0 55 . 3 52. 5 44 . 8 L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 34. 8 37. 6 27. 5 5 1 .8 49 . 4 42 . 1

L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 3 1 .9 34. 2 24. 6 4 7 . 6 4 6 . 7 39. 0

L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 2 8 .4 30. 4 20. 7 4 1 .8 4 2 . 1 35. 2

L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 2 3 .9 2 5 .0 16. 1 34. 5 37. 4 3 1 .3

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ------------------------------------------- 14. 6 14. 3 9 .2 2 2 .4 27. 7 23. 1

B e tw e e n 600 an d 700 h o u r s --------------------------------- 2. 2 2. 5 2 .9 3 .0 2. 2 2 .9 B e tw e e n 500 a n d 600 h o u r s --------------------------------- 2. 6 2 .9 2. 5 3 .4 3. 1 2. 7

B e tw e e n 400 an d 500 h o u r s --------------------------------- 2. 8 3. 4 2 .9 4. 2 2. 8 3 .0

B e tw e e n 300 an d 400 h o u r s --------------------------------- 3. 5 3. 8 3 .9 5. 8 4. 6 3. 8

B e tw e e n 200 an d 300 h o u r s --------------------------------- 4 . 5 5 .4 4. 6 7. 3 4. 7 3. 8

B e tw e e n 100 an d 200 h o u r s --------------------------------- 9 . 3 10. 7 7. 0 12. 1 9 .7 8. 2

W ith h o u r s in J a n u a r y ----------------------------------------- 4 3 .0 39. 1 58. 7 67. 3 67. 1 6 0 .9

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -2 3 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e by s e le c te d h o u r s in te r v a l f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , 

D e c e m b e r 1965—N o v e m b e r 1966

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s A s p h a lt

p a v e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s 1 l a b o r e r s M a so n s C e m e n t f in i s h e r s L a t h e r s T e r r a z z o m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o s k ille d h e lp e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s

A ll g r o u p s ------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------------- 4 9 . 3 5 8 .9 4 8 . 5 6 3 .4 54 . 1 58. 3 5 6 .0 6 2 .9 5 5 .7 3 1 .9

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------------- 5 0 . 7 4 1 .1 5 1 .5 3 6 .6 4 5 .9 4 1 .7 4 4 .0 37. 1 4 4 . 3 68. 1

L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s ----------------------- 4 5 . 8 4 0 .0 4 9 . 7 3 4 .8 4 3 . 3 39. 3 4 4 .0 3 3 .9 41 . 1 64. 8

L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------------- 4 0 . 3 3 8 .4 4 6 .6 32. 2 4 1 .5 38. 1 4 4 .0 30. 6 3 7 .4 6 1 .6

L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ----------------------- 38. 2 26. 3 4 1 .1 2 6 .0 35. 1 3 1 .5 3 2 .0 2 7 .4 33. 0 5 5 .5

L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s ----------------------- 34. 7 24. 2 36. 2 2 3 .4 33. 2 2 9 .2 2 8 .0 24. 2 27. 8 49 . 5 L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ----------------------- 30. 6 1 8 .4 30. 1 2 0 .0 2 8 .9 2 4 .4 2 0 .0 24. 2 22. 2 4 1 .6

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------------- 20. 1 11. 6 14. 1 1 1 .1 17. 3 15. 5 4. 0 11. 3 12. 8 27. 6

B e tw e e n 600 a n d 700 h o u r s ------------ 4 .9 1 .1 1 .8 1 .8 2. 6 2 .4 _ 3. 2 3. 2 3. 2

B e tw e e n 500 an d 600 h o u r s ------------ 5. 6 1 .6 3. 1 2. 6 1 .8 1. 2 - 3. 2 3. 7 3. 2

B e tw e e n 400 an d 500 h o u r s ------------ 2. 1 12. 1 5 .5 6. 1 6 .4 6. 5 1 2 .0 3. 2 4 .4 6. 1

B e tw e e n 300 a n d 400 h o u r s ------------ 3. 5 2. 1 4 .9 2 .7 1 .9 2. 4 4 .0 3. 2 5. 2 6 .0

B e tw e e n 200 an d 300 h o u r s ------------ 4 . 2 5. 8 6 .1 3 .4 4. 3 4 .8 8 .0 - 5. 6 7 .9 B e tw e e n 100 an d 200 h o u r s ------------ 1 0 .4 6 .8 1 6 .0 8 .9 1 1 .7 8 .9 1 6 .0 1 2 .9 9 .4 14. 1

W ith h o u r s in J a n u a r y -------------------- 3 5 .4 32. 1 22. 1 3 5 .4 33. 1 13. 7 1 2 .0 1 1 .3 2 1 .5 20. 7

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

82

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -2 4 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia by s e le c te d h o u r s in te r v a l 

f o r a 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s C a r p e n te r s 1 O p e ra tin g 

e n g in e e r s 2

C e m e n t 

m a s o n s 1 I r o n ­ w o r k e r s 2 T e a m s t e r s 1

A ll g ro u p s ---------------:------------------------ 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s --------------------------------- 52. 6 74. 0 56. 2 6 1 .7 50. 7

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s --------------------------------- 4 7 . 4 26. 0 43 . 8 38. 3 49 . 3

L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s --------------------------------- 4 4. 0 23. 1 40 . 7 36. 1 46 . 7

L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s --------------------------------- 4 0 . 4 20. 2 37. 8 33. 9 4 1 .7

L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s --------------------------------- 36. 5 17. 4 34. 8 31. 1 36. 0

L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s --------------------------------- 3 1 .5 14. 5 31. 1 28. 3 30. 5

L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s --------------------------------- 25. 5 11. 3 27. 0 24. 6 24. 9

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s --------------------------------- 16. 0 6. 3 21. 1 17. 8 13. 4

B e tw e e n 600 an d 700 h o u r s ----------------------- 3 .4 2 .9 3. 1 2. 3 2. 6

B e tw e e n 500 an d 600 h o u r s ----------------------- 3. 6 2. 9 2 .9 2. 2 5. 0

B e tw e e n 400 an d 500 h o u r s ----------------------- 3 .9 2 .9 3. 0 2. 8 5. 7

B e tw e e n 300 an d 400 h o u r s ----------------------- 5 .0 2 .9 3. 7 2. 8 5. 5

B e tw e e n 200 an d 300 h o u r s ----------------------- 5 .9 3. 2 4. 1 3. 7 5. 6

B e tw e e n 100 an d 200 h o u r s ----------------------- 9 .5 5. 0 5 .9 6. 8 1 1 .5

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 19 66 .

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g f r o m J u n e 1966 to M ay 1967.

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -2 5 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of to ta l h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d b y w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , 

J u ly 1966—1967

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C o n s tr u c ­tio n

w o r k e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s

C a r p e n ­

t e r s

C e m e n t f in i s h e r s

I r o n ­ w o r k e r s L a b o r e r s L a t h e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s T e a m s t e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s ----------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0

E m p lo y e e s w ith h o u r s in J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------ 4 9 .9 52. 0 4 7 . 5 57. 0 53. 2 4 9 . 2 1 9 .9 52. 2 38. 5 58. 9

E m p lo y e e s w ith o u t h o u r s in

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------ 5 0 . 1 4 8 .0 52. 5 43. 0 4 6 . 8 50. 8 80 . 1 47 . 8 61. 5 41. 1

E m p lo y e e s w ith — M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------- 8 8. 1 9 0 . 6 9 2 . 2 91. 1 91 . 3 75 . 4 90 . 7 88. 2 89. 1 86. 3 L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------- 1 1 .9 9 .4 7. 8 8 .9 8. 7 24. 6 9. 3 1 1 .8 10. 9 13. 7 M o re th a n 600 h o u r s ----------------- 9 0 . 2 9 2 . 6 9 4. 1 9 2 .7 92.0 78. 8 92. 5 90 . 1 9 2 .0 86. 3

L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s ----------------- 9 .8 7. 4 5 .9 7. 3 8 .0 21. 2 7. 5 9 .9 8 .0 13. 7 M o re th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------- 9 2 .2 9 4. 1 9 5 . 7 94. 4 93 . 0 83 . 1 9 2 . 5 92 . 2 92 . 8 87 . 3 L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------- 7. 8 5 .9 4. 3 6. 5 7 .0 1 6 .9 7. 5 7. 8 7. 2 1 2 .7 M o re th a n 400 h o u r s ----------------- 9 4 . 2 9 6 . 2 9 7 . 1 95. 3 94. 8 86 . 8 9 5 .7 94. 3 93 . 4 90. 8 L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ----------------- 5. 8 3. 8 2 .9 4. 7 5. 2 13. 2 4. 3 5. 7 6. 6 9. 2 M o re th a n 300 h o u r s ----------------- 9 6 . 1 9 7 . 4 9 8 . 1 96. 6 96 . 8 9 1 .4 96 . 7 9 5 .9 9 5 .7 9 3 .7 L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s — -------------- 3 .9 2. 6 1 .9 3. 4 3. 2 8. 6 3. 3 4. 1 4. 3 6. 3

M o re th a n 200 h o u r s ----------------- 9 7 .9 98. 4 9 9 .0 98. 3 98 . 0 95 . 0 9 7 .9 9 8 .0 97 . 3 96 . 1

L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ----------------- 2. 1 1. 6 1 .0 1 .7 2 .0 5 .0 2. 1 2 .0 2. 7 3 .9 M o re th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------- 9 9 . 4 9 9 . 6 9 9 .7 99. 6 99 . 3 98 . 3 99 . 2 9 9 .6 9 9 .5 98. 3 L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------- . 6 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 7 1 .7 .8 . 4 . 5 1 .7

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls .

T a b le A -2 6 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f to ta l h o u r s o f w o rk r e p o r te d by w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o i t f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s C e m e n t m a s o n s R e in f o r c e d s te e l w o r k e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s --------------------------- -------------- 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0

E m p lo y e e s w ith h o u r s in J a n u a r y -------------------- 56. 8 52. 2 53. 3 53. 6 5 1 .0 5 8 .0 E m p lo y e e s w ith o u t h o u r s in J a n u a r y ---------------- 4 3 . 2 47 . 8 46 . 7 46 . 4 49.0 4 2 .0

E m p lo y e e s w ith — M o re th a n 700 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 1 .8 89 . 7 93 . 3 8 4 .0 8 8 .0 89. 8 L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 8. 2 10. 3 6. 7 16. 0 12. 0 10. 2 M o re th a n 600 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 3 . 2 9 1 .5 94 . 8 86. 5 89. 8 9 1 .9 L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 6. 8 8. 5 5. 2 13. 5 10. 2 8. 1 M o re th a n 500 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 4 . 6 93 . 2 9 5 .9 8 9 .0 92.0 93 . 6 L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 5 .4 6. 8 4. 1 1 1 .0 8. 0 6 .4

M o re th a n 400 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 5 .9 94 . 8 9 6 .9 91 . 5 9 3 .6 95 . 1 L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 4 . 1 5. 2 3. 1 8. 5 6 .4 4 .9 M o re th a n 300 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 7 . 1 96 . 2 98 . 0 94 . 1 95 . 7 96. 6 L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 2 .9 3. 8 2 .0 5 .9 4. 3 3 .4 M o re th a n 200 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 9 8 . 2 9 7 .6 9 8 .9 9 6 .5 97 . 1 97 . 7 L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 1 .8 2 .4 1. 1 3. 5 2 .9 2. 3

M o re th a n 100 h o u r s - — - ------ — --------- 9 9 .5 99 . 3 9 9 .7 98 . 8 9 8 .9 99 . 1

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ------------------------------------ . 5 . 7 . 3 1. 2 1. 1 .9

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

8 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -2 7 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of to ta l h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d by w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , 

D e c e m b e r 1965—N o v e m b e r 1966

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s A s p h a lt

p a v e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s ' l a b o r e r s

M a so n s C e m e n t

f i n i s h e r s L a th e r s T e r r a z z o

m e c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o s k ille d

h e lp e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s

A ll e m p lo y e e s------------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

E m p lo y e e s w ith h o u r s in 

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------ 5 0 . 3 4 6. 4 35. 5 46. 2 46. 5 19. 2 19. 8 15. 3 27. 4 35. 6

E m p lo y e e s w ith o u t h o u r s in 

J a n u a r y ------------------------------------------ 4 9 . 7 53. 6 64. 5 53. 8 53. 5 80. 8 80. 2 84. 7 72. 6 64. 4

E m p lo y e e s w ith —

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ----------------- 8 1 .8 9 0. 0 8 7. 7 9 1 .4 89 . 1 9 1 .5 90 . 2 9 1 .7 88. 2 76. 7

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ------------------ 18. 2 10. 0 12. 3 8. 5 10. 9 8. 5 9. 8 8. 3 1 1 .8 23. 3

M o re th a n 600 h o u r s ------------------ 8 6. 9 9 0 . 7 88. 9 92. 5 91. 2 93. 0 90 . 2 93 . 7 90 . 4 80. 2

L ess* th a n 600 h o u r s ----------------- 13. 1 9. 3 11. 1 7. 5 8. 9 7. 0 9. 8 6. 3 9. 6 19. 8 M o re th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------- 9 1. 6 9 1 . 5 9 0. 7 93. 9 92. 2 93 . 6 90. 2 95 . 4 92 . 6 83. 2

L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ----------------- 8. 4 8. 5 9. 3 6. 1 7. 8 6. 4 9. 8 4. 6 7. 4 16. 8

M o re th a n 400 h o u r s ------------------ 9 3 . 2 9 6. 6 9 3 . 4 96. 6 95 . 4 96 . 3 95 . 0 96 . 7 9 4 . 7 87. 8

L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ----------------- 6. 8 3. 4 6. 6 3. 4 4. 6 3. 7 5. 0 3. 3 5. 3 12. 2

M o re th a n 300 h o u r s ------------------ 9 5 . 2 9 7 . 3 9 5 . 2 97 . 5 96 . 2 97 . 1 96 . 3 9 7 .7 96 . 6 90. 5

L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s ----------------- 4 . 8 2. 7 4. 8 2. 5 3. 8 2. 9 3. 7 2. 3 3. 4 8. 6

M o re th a n 200 h o u r s ------------------ 9 6 .9 9 8 . 5 9 6 .9 98. 3 97. 4 98 . 2 97 . 7 97 . 7 98 . 1 94. 6

L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ------------------ 3. 1 1. 5 3. 1 1 .7 2. 6 1 .8 2. 3 2. 3 1 .9 5. 4

M o re th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------- 9 9 . 2 9 9 . 6 9 9 .4 99 . 5 99. 4 9 9 .4 99 . 7 99. 7 9 9 .6 98. 1

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ----------------- . 8 . 4 . 6 . 5 . 6 . 6 . 3 . 3 . 4 1 .9

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -2 8 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of to ta l h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d by w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a l if o r n ia f o r a 12 -m o n th p e r io d

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C a r p e n te r s 1 O p e ra tin g 

e n g in e e r s 2

C e m e n t 

m a s o n s 1 I r o n ­ w o r k e r s 2 T e a m s t e r s 1

A ll e m p lo y e e s---------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

E m p lo y e e s w ith —

M o re th a n 700 h o u r s ---------------------------- 87. 0 9 4 . 1 9 0 . 6. 9 2 .9 86. 9

L e s s th a n 700 h o u r s ---------------------------- 13. 0 5 .9 9 .4 7. 1 13. 1

M o re th a n 600 h o u r s ---------------------------- 8 9. 6 9 5 . 6 9 2 . 8 9 4 . 3 88 . 7

L e s s th a n 600 h o u r s ---------------------------- 10. 4 4. 4 7. 2 5. 7 11. 3

M o re th a n 500 h o u r s ---------------------------- 9 1 .9 96 . 8 94 . 5 9 5 . 4 91 . 5 L e s s th a n 500 h o u r s ---------------------------- 8. 1 3. 2 5. 5 4. 6 8. 5

M o re th a n 400 h o u r s ---------------------------- 9 3 . 9 9 7 . 8 9 5 .9 96 . 6 94 . 2

L e s s th a n 400 h o u r s ---------------------------- 6. 1 2. 2 4. 1 3. 4 5. 8

M o re th a n 300 h o u r s ---------------------------- 9 5 .9 98 . 6 97 . 3 97 . 6 96 . 2

L e s s th a n 300 h o u r s ---------------------------- 4. 2 1 .4 2. 7 2. 4 3. 8

M o re th a n 200 h o u r s ---------------------------- 9 7 . 6 99. 2 98. 4 98 . 4 97 . 6

L e s s th a n 200 h o u r s ---------------------------- 2. 4 0. 8 1. 6 1. 6 2. 4

M o re th a n 100 h o u r s ---------------------------- 9 9 . 2 99. 8 99 . 3 9 9 .4 9 9 .4

L e s s th a n 100 h o u r s ---------------------------- . 8 . 2 . 7 . 6 . 6

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966.

2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g fr o m J u n e 1966 to M ay 1967.

N O T E : D u e to ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -2 9 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in O m a h a by n u m b e r o f h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , 

J u ly 1966—J u n e 1967

S e le c te d g ro u p o f h o u r s

C o n s tr u e - 

tio n

w o r k e r s

B r ic k ­

la y e r s

C a r p e n ­

t e r s

C e m e n t f in i s h e r s I r o n ­ w o r k e r s L a b o r e r s L a t h e r s O p e ra tin g P l a s - 

e n g in e e r s t e r e r s T e a m s t e r s

T o t a l ---- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100, 0 100. 0 100.0

1 -1 9 9 h o u r s ----------------

2 0 0 -3 9 9 h o u r s ------------

4 0 0 -5 9 9 h o u r s ------------

6 0 0 -7 9 9 h o u r s ------------

8 0 0 -9 9 9 h o u r s ------------

1 .0 0 0 - 1 ,1 9 9 h o u r s — 

1 ,2 0 0 - 1 ,3 9 9 h o u r s — 1 ,4 0 0 - 1 ,5 9 9 h o u r s — 

1 ,6 0 0 - 1 ,7 9 9 h o u r s — 

1 ,8 0 0 - 1 ,9 9 9 h o u r s — 2 .0 0 0 - 2 ,1 9 9 h o u r s — 

2 ,2 0 0 - 2 ,3 9 9 h o u r s — 2 ,4 0 0 h o u r s o r m o r e

2 2 .3 1 7 .2

1 1 .9 7 .4

7 .8 7 .9

5 .9 7 .0

5 .9 5 .1 6.1 10.0 6. 5 7. 2

7 .4 1 0 .5

8 .1 1 2 .3

9 .7 1 3 .0

6 .5 2 .1

1 .3 .5

. 5

12. 1

7. 6 6. 8

7. 1 8. 2

6. 8

7. 7

8 .9 10. 1

14. 4 

9 .0

! 2

18. 2 10. 8

5. 2 6. 6

6. 3 

9 .8

7. 3 8. 0

10. 5

9. 1 7. 0 

. 7 

. 3

24. 4 

10. 5 6.0

3. 8

3. 8

4. 7

5. 8 8. 0

12.0 12. 2

7. 5 

1. 3

37. 2 

17. 3 10. 0

5. 5 

5. 0

3. 8

4. 8 

3. 0

3. 5

4. 2 

5 .0

. 6

. 2

2 1 .9 9 .4 

7. 8 

7. 8

3. 1 

3. 1 1. 6

26. 6 

18. 8

18. 3 

13. 3 

8. 3

5. 6 6. 0

6. 8

7. 6

9 .9 7. 6 

7. 1

5. 3 

2. 7 

1. 5

27. 0 43 . 9

12. 7 13. 4

3. 2 7. 3

6. 3 2. 4

_ 4 .9 6. 3 _

1 .6 -

1. 6 2. 4

11. 1 7. 3

1 9 .0 2. 6

9 .5 6. 1

- 7. 3

1. 6 2. 4

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

8 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A - 30. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in D e tr o i t by n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th 

p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

T o ta l

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C a r p e n te r s B r ic k la y e r s O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s L a b o r e r s R e in f o r c e d s t e e l w o r k e r s C e m e n t m a s o n s

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1-199 h o u r s -------------- 200-399 h o u r s ---------- 400-599 h o u r s ---------- 600-799 h o u r s ---------- 800-999 h o u r s ---------- 1 .0 0 0 - 1 ,1 9 9 h o u r s — 1.200- 1,399 h o u r s — 1,400-1,599 h o u r s — 1,600-1,799 h o u r s — 1,800-1,999 h o u r s — 2 .0 0 0 - 2 ,1 9 9 h o u r s — 2.2 00- 2,399 h o u r s — 2,400 h o u r s o r m o r e

23. 5 8. 1

5 .4 

4 . 4 

4. 7 6. 0 8. 1 11. 2

12. 4 

8 .9 4 . 4 1.8

. 9

2 5 .0 

9. 2 6. 2

5. 4 

5 .9 6. 0 8. 6 10. 6

1 1 .4 

6. 7 

4. 1 

. 7 

. 3

16.0

8. 5

5 .4 

5. 2 

5. 8 

5. 8 

5. 3

5. 7 6. 8

9 .4 

1 2 .4

6 .9 6. 7

34. 5 

13. 1 

7. 7 5. 8 

4 .9 4. 7

4. 4 

5 .0

5. 6 

6 .4 

5. 2 1.6

1. 3

31. 3 

7. 7

5 .8 4. 8

4 .9 6. 5 

6 .4

7. 4 10. 9

7. 8

5. 4 

.9 

. 3

37. 4 

9. 3

5. 8 4. 5 

4. 6 

7 .9 6. 1

4. 7 

5 .4

5. 8 

5. 5 2. 2

.9

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -3 1 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in M ilw a u k e e by n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d fo r th e 1 2 -m o n th 

p e r io d , D e c e m b e r 1965—N o v e m b e r 1966

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s A s p h a lt

p a v e r s L a b o r e r s P l a s ­

t e r e r s 1 la b o r e r s

M a so n s b r i c k ­

la y e r s

L a t h e r s C e m e n t

f in i s h e r s

P l a s ­

t e r e r s

O p e ra tin g

e n g in e e r s

T e r r a z z o m a c h a n ic s

T e r r a z z o s k ille d

h e lp e r s

T o ta l -------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0

1 -1 9 9 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 30. 0 4 0. 2 28. 8 1 9 .0 22. 6 28. 4 1 7 .4 20. 6 2 0 .0 17. 7

2 0 0 -3 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 7. 6 13. 9 1 1 .0 6. 1 7. 1 6. 2 7 .9 10. 7 12. 0 3. 2

4 0 0 -5 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 7. 6 9. 3 8. 6 8. 7 7. 7 8. 2 13. 7 8. 1 12. 0 6. 5

6 0 0 -7 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 10. 4 5 .9 2. 5 3. 9 4. 2 6. 1 1 .6 6. 4 - 4. 8

8 0 0 -9 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 2 1 .5 4. 9 3. 1 5. 0 3. 6 7. 1 4. 2 6. 9 - 4. 8

1 ,0 0 0 - 1 ,1 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 11. 1 4. 4 4. 3 5. 2 4. 8 7. 9 4. 7 7. 4 - 4. 8

1 ,2 0 0 - 1 ,3 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 6 .9 3. 4 2. 5 8. 3 4. 2 7. 4 5. 3 7. 5 4. 0 6. 5 1 ,4 0 0 - 1 ,5 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 3. 5 3. 5 4. 3 15. 9 7. 7 5. 3 10. 0 6. 0 8. 0 16. 1

1 ,6 0 0 - 1 ,7 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- - 4. 2 1 1 .7 18. 3 8. 3 7. 0 1 1 .1 6. 8 8. 0 9. 7 1 ,8 0 0 - 1 ,9 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- . 7 6 .9 15. 3 6. 2 2 1 .4 9. 2 1 8 .4 1 1 .3 32. 0 17. 7

2 ,0 0 0 - 2 ,1 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- - 2. 0 6. 7 2. 3 6. 5 6. 2 4. 7 6. 5 4. 0 1 .6

2 ,2 0 0 - 2 ,3 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- - - - . 1 - . 4 - - - -

2 ,4 0 0 h o u r s o r m o r e --------------------- " ' " ' " " “

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -3 2 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d c o n s tr u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia by n u m b e r of h o u r s of w o rk r e p o r te d fo r a 

1 2 -m o n th p e r io d

S e le c te d g ro u p of h o u r s C a r p e n te r s 1 O p e ra tin g e n g in e e r s 2 C e m e n t m a s o n s 1 I r o n w o r k e r s 2 T e a m s t e r s 1

T o ta l -------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 -1 9 9 h o u r s -------------------------------------- 25. 5 11. 3 27. 0 24. 6 24. 9

2 0 0 -3 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 1 1 .0 6. 1 7. 8 6. 5 11. 1

4 0 0 -5 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 7. 5 5. 8 5 .9 4. 9 10. 7 6 0 0 -7 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 6 .9 5. 8 6. 0 4. 4 5. 2

8 0 0 -9 9 9 h o u r s ---------------------------------- 7. 0 5 .9 5. 8 4. 7 4. 6 1 ,0 0 0 - 1 ,1 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 7. 1 7. 3 6. 9 5. 7 4. 7

1 ,2 0 0 - 1 ,3 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 7. 4 7. 2 6 .4 6. 6 4. 7

1 ,4 0 0 - 1 ,5 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 7. 5 8. 5 8. 5 9 .0 4. 8 1 ,6 0 0 - 1 ,7 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 7. 7 11. 2 9. 3 12. 6 6. 1 1 ,8 0 0 - 1 ,9 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 7. 8 13. 3 9. 4 14. 0 8. 2

2 ,0 0 0 - 2 ,1 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- 4. 2 1 1 .7 5. 7 5. 8 9 .0

2 ,2 0 0 - 2 ,3 9 9 h o u r s ------------------------- . 4 3. 7 . 9 .9 4. 3

2 ,4 0 0 h o u r s o r m o r e --------------------- . 1 2. 3 . 3 . 2 1 .7

1 C a le n d a r y e a r 1966. 2 F i s c a l y e a r ru n n in g f ro m J u n e 1966 to M ay 1967.

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

8 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -3 3 . P ercen t distribution of b r ic k la y e r s in D etroit by age and hours of work for the 12-m onth p eriod , N ovem ber 1966—O ctober 1967

Age interval

Hours interval

Total

1

to

199

2 0 0

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800

to

999

1 , 0 0 0 1

to i

1,199 !

1 , 2 0 0

to

1, 399

1,400

to

1,599

1,600

to

1,799

1,800 1

to :

1,999 i

I 1

[ 2 , 0 0 0 + 1

! 1

2 , 0 0 0 !

to j

2,199 1

2 , 2 0 0

to

2 , 399

2, 400 +

T o ta l__________________

By hours

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

i

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

Less than 2 0 years _________ 0 . 1 - 2 . 2 - - - - - - - - ! _ _ _

14-17 years ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

18-19 years ______________ . 1 - 2 . 2 - - - - - - - - ; - - -

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 . 1 - - 5. 0 2.9 1 .9 1. 5 2.4 1.7 - - 1; - -

25-29 years _____________ ____ 2. 3 4. 4 2 . 2 5. 0 2 . 9 7. 7 1. 5 2.4 . 6 2 . 0 1. 5 2 . 2 : i . 4 7 . 7 -

3 0 - 3 4 y e a r s __________________ 8 . 0 8 . 7 17. 8 7. 5 5.9 5. 8 3. 0 7. 1 8 . 4 8 . 3 6 . 5 1 0 . 8 ! 12. 3 - 14. 3

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 16. 6 13. 0 28. 9 7. 5 17. 7 11. 5 13. 6 15. 0 12. 4 17. 1 1 9 . 6 2 6 . 9 j 24. 7 46. 2 14. 3

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s __________________ 26. 0 23. 2 17. 8 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 6 25. 0 19.7 23. 6 26.4 28. 3 29. 0 34. 4 37. 0 23. 1 28. 6

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s __________________ 16. 6 15. 9 8.9 25. 0 26. 5 13. 5 12. 1 1 2 . 6 18. 5 2 0 . 0 1 9 . 6 8 . 6 ! 6 . 9 7 . 7 28. 6

50-54 y e a r s __________ _____ 8 . 2 8 . 7 4. 4 1 0 . 0 8 . 8 9. 6 13. 6 7. 1 7. 3 8 . 3 9.4 5.4 2. 7 15.4 14. 3

5 5 - 5 9 y e a r s __________________ 7. 8 1 1 . 6 2 . 2 1 0 . 0 2 . 9 13. 5 13. 6 7. 1 7. 9 6 . 8 7. 3 5 .4 ! 6 . 9 - _

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s __________________ 9. 3 4. 4 6 . 7 2. 5 2 . 9 7. 7 16. 7 15. 8 14. 6 7. 8 6 . 5 3. 2 4. 1 - -

65 years and o v e r ___________ 4. 0 1 0 . 2 8 . 9 7. 5 8 . 8 3.9 4. 6 7. 1 2. 3 14. 7 . 7 3.2 || - _

65-69 years ______________ 3.4 5.8 8 . 9 7. 5 8 . 8 3.9 4. 6 6 . 3 2. 3 . 5 . 7 3. 2 4. 1 - _

70 years and o v e r _______ . 6 4.4 - - - - -

. 8 " 1. 0 -

i

4. 1 -

By age

T o t a l ___________________ 1 0 0 . 0 6 . 6 4. 3 3. 8 3. 3 5. 0 6 . 3 1 2 . 1 17. 0 | 19. 6 13. 2 8 . 9 7. 0 1. 2 0. 7

L ess than 20 years _________ 1 0 0 . 0 - 1 0 0 . 0 - - - - - - - - - - - -

14-17 years ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

18-19 years ______________ 1 0 0 . 0 - 1 0 0 . 0 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 - - 18. 2 9. 1 9. 1 9. 1 27. 3 27. 3 - - - - - -

25-29 years __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 12. 5 4. 2 8 . 3 4. 2 16. 7 4. 2 12. 5 4. 2 16. 7 8 . 3 8 . 3 4. 2 4. 2 _

3 0 - 3 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 7. 1 9. 5 3. 6 2.4 3.6 2.4 10. 7 17.9 2 0 . 2 10. 7 11.9 10. 7 - 1. 2

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 5. 2 7. 5 1.7 3. 5 3. 5 5. 2 1 0 . 9 1 2 . 6 2 0 . 1 15. 5 14.4 10. 3 3. 5 . 6

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 5. 9 2 . 9 2.9 2 . 6 4.8 4. 8 1 1 . 0 17. 3 21. 3 14. 7 1 1 . 8 9.9 1 . 1 . 7

45-49 y e a r s______ ___________ 1 0 0 . 0 6 . 3 2. 3 5. 8 5. 2 4. 0 4.6 9.2 19. 0 23. 6 15. 5 4.6 2.9 . 6 1. 2

5 0 - 5 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 7.0 2. 3 4 .7 3. 5 5.8 10. 5 10. 5 15. 1 19.8 15. 1 5. 8 2. 3 2.3 1. 2

5 5 - 5 9 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 9.8 1. 2 4.9 1 . 2 8 . 5 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 17. 1 17. 1 1 2 . 2 6 . 1 6 . 1 -

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 3. 1 3. 1 1. 0 1 . 0 4. 1 11. 3 2 0 . 6 2 6 . 8 16. 5 9. 3 3. 1 3. 1 _ -

65 y ears and o v e r ___________ 1 0 0 . 0 61. 1 1 1 . 1 8 . 3 8 . 3 5. 6 8 . 3 38.9 1 1 . 1 36. 1 2 . 8 7. 1 8 . 3 _ -

65-69 years ______________ 1 0 0 . 0 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 8 . 3 8 . 3 5. 6 8 . 3 2 2 . 2 1 1 . 1 2 . 8 2 . 8 8 . 3 8 . 3 - -

70 years and o v e r_______ 1 0 0 . 0 50. 0 “ “ “16. 7 “3 3 . 3 “7. 1

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T able A -3 4 . P ercen t distribution of carp en ters in D etroit by age and hours of work for the 12-m onth p eriod , N ovem ber 1966—O ctober 1967

A g e i n te r v a l

H o u rs i n te r v a l

T o ta l

1

to

199

200

to

399

400 | 

to ! 

599 1

600

to

799

800

to

999

1 ,0 0 0 !

to ! 

1 ,1 9 9 i

1 ,2 0 0 

to

1 ,3 9 9

1 ,4 0 0

to

1 ,5 9 9

1 ,6 0 0 

to

1 ,7 9 9

1 ,8 0 0

to

1 ,9 9 9

2 ,0 0 0 +

2, 000 

to

2, 199

2, 200 

to

2, 399

2, 400 +

By h o u r s

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s__________ 1. 2 0 .9 3. 5 6. 7 1. 3 2 .4 1 .4 0 .4 1. 1 0. 3 0. 5 0. 2 0. 2 0 .4 _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ . 1 . 3 . 3 - - - - - . 2 - . 1 - - - -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ 1. 1 .6 3. 2 6. 7 1. 3 2 .4 1 .4 .4 .9 . 3 . 4 . 2 . 2 . 4 -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s .......................... ........ 7 .0 11. 6 10. 7 13. 5 9 .4 8. 3 9. 1 8 .7 6 .4 4 .9 3. 5 4 .9 5. 6 3 .8 4 . 3

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 8. 1 7. 5 11. 3 9 .4 15. 4 11. 8 9. 1 10. 1 6. 9 6 .4 5. 3 7. 4 6. 0 8 .4 12. 0

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s __________________ 8 . 7 9 .0 10. 7 7. 7 11. 0 8. 3 9. 3 8. 6 9 .0 6. 5 8. 7 10. 1 7. 9 13. 9 12. 0

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 12. 6 12. 5 9. 9 9 .8 12. 0 1 1 .6 10. 1 13. 0 11. 6 13. 9 13. 6 15. 1 15. 2 15. 1 14. 5

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s 16. 8 17. 9 16. 5 11. 5 14. 1 11. 6 13. 0 15. 4 15. 8 18. 4 22. 0 17. 8 17. 5 18. 1 18. 8

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 16. 1 13. 1 12. 5 11. 5 10. 0 11. 6 15. 0 12. 7 17. 2 1 9 .4 19. 2 17. 8 19. 0 1 6 .4 1 5 .4

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 11. 6 8 .4 8 .4 6 .4 6. 0 11. 3 11. 5 13. 3 1 2 .4 12. 5 13. 8 12. 0 11. 7 12. 2 12. 8

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 8. 1 3. 0 3. 5 5. 7 7. 0 7. 5 9. 3 7. 8 11. 3 9 .8 6. 9 8. 2 9 .6 6. 3 6. 0

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 6 .4 6. 3 3. 8 7 .4 7. 0 7. 8 8. 1 8 .4 6. 3 6 .6 5. 3 5. 5 6 .4 4. 2 4 . 3

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r___________ 3 .4 9 .9 9. 3 10. 5 7. 1 7. 8 4 . 0 1. 5 2. 1 1 .4 1. 2 .9 1. 0 1. 2 -

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 2. 6 7. 2 7. 0 8. 1 4 . 4 6. 5 2 .4 1. 3 1. 7 1. 1 1. 1 . 8 . 8 . 8 -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r ________ . 8 2. 7 2. 3 2 .4 2. 7 1. 3 1. 6 . 2 . 4 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 4 -

B y ag e

T o t a l______________ ____ 100. 0 4 .8 5. 0 4 . 3 4 . 3 5. 3 7. 1 9. 7 15. 1 17. 8 14. 0 12. 6 7. 5 3 .4 1. 7

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________

_ 2 2. 7 34. 7 2 6. 7 5 .3 12. 0 9. 3 4 . 0 52. 0 5. 3 25. 3 _ 1. 3 1. 3 _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 2 0 . 0 2 0. 0 - - - - - 4 0 . 0 - 20. 0 - - _ _

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 2. 7 14. 7 26. 7 5. 3 12. 0 9. 3 4 . 0 1 2 .0 5. 3 5. 3 2. 5 1. 3 1. 3 _

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 8 .0 7. 6 8 . 3 5. 8 6 .4 9. 3 12. 2 13. 8 1 2 .4 7. 0 8 .9 6. 0 1 .9 1. 0

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 4 .4 6 .9 5. 0 8 . 2 7. 8 8. 0 12. 1 1 2 .9 14. 0 9 .2 11. 5 5. 5 3. 6 2. 5

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 .0 4 .9 6. 1 3. 8 5 .4 5. 1 7. 6 9 .6 15. 7 13. 2 14. 0 14. 5 6 .8 5 .4 2. 3

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 4 .8 3 .9 3. 3 4 . 1 4 .9 5 .7 10. 0 1 3 .9 1 9 .6 15. 0 15. 0 9 .0 4. 1 1. 9

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s ____ __________ 100. 0 5. 1 4 .9 2 .9 3. 6 3. 7 5 . 5 8 .9 14. 2 19. 5 18. 3 13. 3 7. 8 3. 7 1. 9

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 .0 3 .9 3. 8 3 .0 2 .7 3. 8 6. 6 7. 7 16. 2 21. 5 16. 7 1 3 .9 8 .9 3. 5 1. 6

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 3. 5 3 .6 2 .4 2. 2 5. 2 7. 1 11. 2 16. 1 19. 1 16. 6 13. 0 7. 6 3. 6 1 .9

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 1 .8 2. 1 3. 0 3. 5 5. 0 8. 1 9 .4 21. 0 2 1 .4 11. 8 12. 7 8. 8 2. 7 1. 2

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s _______ •__________ 100. 0 4 . 7 2. 9 4 .9 4 . 7 6 .4 8 .9 12. 7 14. 7 18. 0 11. 6 10. 7 7. 3 2 . 2 1. 1 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r___________ 100. 0 2 9 .2 2 7 .4 2 5. 7 21. 3 2 2 . 2 20. 7 6 .8 17. 1 1 4 .8 8. 0 3 .4 4 . 0 2 .9 -

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 7. 3 1 3 .4 6. 7 5. 0 10. 1 7. 8 6. 2 3. 3 2 . 2 1. 1 -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 100. 0 1 5 .8 14. 0 12. 3 14. 0 8 .8 14. 0 1 .8 7. 0 7. 0 1. 8 3. 6 1. 8 1. 8 "

NOTE: B eca u se of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

8 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -3 5 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f la b o r e r s in D e tr o it by a g e an d h o u r s of w o rk f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

H o u rs i n te r v a l

A ge i n te r v a l

T o ta l

1

to

199 ,

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800 1 

to

999 :

1 ,0 0 0

to

1, 199

1 ,2 0 0

to

1 ,3 9 9

1 ,4 0 0 1 

to

1 ,5 9 9 i

1 ,6 0 0 I

to

1 ,7 9 9

1 ,8 0 0 | 

to j 

1 ,9 9 9 j

I

2, 000+ 1

2 ,0 0 0

to

2 ,1 9 9

2 ,2 0 0

to

2, 399

I

2 ,4 0 0 +

B y h o u r s

T o ta l ... . . . . . . 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 io o . o !

1

1 0 0 .0 i 1 0 0 .0 | 1 0 0 .0 ! 1 0 0 .0 | 1 0 0 .0

1

, 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 . 1 0 0 .0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s__________ 0. 1

!

_ j 0 . 7 . j 0. 3 : 0. 3 0. 4 j1

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s .............. ............. . 1 - - - - - - -

|

. 3 - .4 1 -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ . 1 - - - - - - . 7 - l - - - - !

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s _________________ 4 .9 11. 7 12. 0 16. 5 6. 6 1. 6 5. 0 3. 5 3 .2 2. 2 3. 2 . 8 1. 1 - -

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s _________________ 7 . 6 6. 6 16. 5 10. 1 8. 2 9 .6 7. 4 6. 3 7 .3 j1 6. 5 5. 7 6. 6 4. 5 11. 0 i 11. 5

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s __________________ 8. 9 13. 3 10. 5 7. 3 7 .4 12. 8 9. 9 11. 1 5 .9 9. 1 5. 7 9 .0 8. 7 9. 6 : 9 .6 3 5 -3 9 y e a r s 1 2 .9 13. 8 9. 0 10. 1 10. 7 16. 0 10. 7 1 0 .4 15. 5 13. 0 12. 0 15. 1 13. 5 2 1 .9 ! 13. 5

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s _________________ 1 5 .4 14. 3 15. 0 1 1 .9 1 6 .4 8. 8 13. 2 14. 6 15. 5 15. 7 17. 0 18. 2 1 9 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 5 .4

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s ... 16. 1 11. 7 13. 5 12. 8 1 3 .9 15. 2 13. 2 16. 0 1 6 .9 16. 1 18. 0 20. 2 1 8 .8 24. 7 21. 2

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 13. 7 10. 7 12. 0 9. 2 9 .8 1 4 .4 15. 7 16. 0 12. 8 1 4 .4 16. 1 14. 6 1 5 .0 9 .6 19. 2

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 10. 2 8 . 2 3. 8 9. 2 11. 5 1 0 .4 10. 7 6. 3 1 1 .9 12. 2 13. 9 9. 2 10. 9 ; 2- 7 9 .6

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 7 . 0 5. 6 5. 3 7. 3 10. 7 7. 2 9. 1 11. 1 6 .4 7. 8 6. 9 4. 6 5 .6 4 . 1 -

65 y e a r s an d o v e r ___________ 3. 2 4 . 1 2. 3 5. 5 4. 9 4. 0 5. 0 4 . 2 4. 6 3. 1 1. 3 i 1. 5 2. 3 ! -

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 2. 7 3. 1 2. 3 5. 5 4. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 5 4. 6 2. 2 1. 3 1 1. 9 1 .9 - -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ . 5 1. 0 - -

. 8 . 8 1

1. 7 . 7 -

. 9 - j . 4 . 4 ;

By ag e

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 9. 3 6. 3 5. 2 5 .8 i 5 .9 i

5. 7 6 .8 10. 4 10. 9 ! 15. 1 18. 6 12. 6 I3. 5 i 2. 5

L e s s th a n 2 0 _________________ 50. 0 50. 0

1..-...........

i

14 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 _ _ _ - ! - - - _ 50. 0 - 50. 0 !

!

18- 19 y e a r s --------------------- 100. 0 - - - - ! - 100. 0 - - - 3. 3 -

J

1

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 22. 3 15. 5 17. 5 7. 8 : 1 .9 5. 8 4 .9 6 .8 4 .9 9 .7 2 .9 2 .9 i

j

‘

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s 100. 0 8. 1 13. 7 6 .8 6. 2 ! 7. 5 5. 6 5. 6 9. 9 9. 3 11. 2 16. 2 7. 5 5. 0 3. 7

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 13. 8 7. 5 4 . 3 4 . 8 I 8. 5 6. 4 8. 5 6. 9 11. 2 9. 6 18. 6 12. 2 1 3‘ 7 j 2. 7

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 9 .9 4 . 4 4 . 0 4. 8 1 7 .4 4. 8 5. 5 12. 5 11. 0 14. 0 21. 7 13. 2 5 .9 2. 8

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s ............... ... 100. 0 8. 6 6. 2 4 . 0 6. 2 ! 3 .4 4 .9 6. 5 10. 5 11. 1 16. 7 21. 9 15. 7 < 3. 7 2. 5

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 6. 8 5. 3 4 . 1 5. 0 | 5 .6 4 . 7 6. 8 10. 9 10. 9 16. 8 23. 2 14. 7 ! 5 .3 3. 2

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 7. 3 5. 6 3. 5 4 . 2 t 6. 3 6. 6 8. 0 9 .7 11. 5 17. 7 19. 8 13. 9 2 .4 ! 3. 5 5 5 -5 9 y e a r s 100. 0 7. 5 2. 3 4 . 7 6. 5 j 6. 1 6. 1 4 . 2 12. 2 13. 1 20. 6 16. 8 13. 6 .9 j 2. 3 6 0 -6 4 y e a r s 100. 0 7. 5 4 . 8 5 .4 8 . 8 6. 1 7. 5 10. 9 9. 5 12. 2 15. 0 12. 2 • 1 0 .2 2. 0 ,

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r 100. 0 30. 5 5. 3 10. 5 18. 8 17. 0 9 .0 18. 8 17. 5 28. 8 7. 0 10. 0 i 18. 8 _ I

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s 100. 0 10. 5 5. 3 10. 5 8 . 8 7. 0 7. 0 8 . 8 17. 5 8 . 8 7. 0 8. 8 ! 8 .8 _ :

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 100. 0 2 0 . 0 -10. 0 10. 0 20. 0 10. 0 -

2 0 .0 10. 0 i 10. 0

i —...........

I

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s .

T a b le A -3 6 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of r e in f o r c e d s te e l w o r k e r s in D e tr o it by a g e a n d h o u r s of w o rk f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

A g e i n t e r v a l

H o u r s i n t e r v a l

T o ta l

1

to

199

200

to

399

4 0 0

to

599

6 0 0 : 

to j

7 9 9 |

8 00 ! 

to

9 9 9 i

1,000 :

to | 

1 ,1 9 9 1

1 ,2 0 0 !

to j 

1 ,3 9 9 1

1 ,4 0 0 | 

to

1 ,5 9 9

1, 600 

to

1 ,7 9 9

1, 800 

to

1 ,9 9 9

2, 0 0 0 + 1

2 , 0 00 

to

2 , 199

2 ,2 0 0 I 

to

2 , 399

2, 4 00 +

T o t a l .. ..............

B y h o u r s

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 .0 | 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 .0 ’ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 .0 j 1 0 0 . 0

L e s s t h a n 20 y e a r s _________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

- 1 _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s .. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

I

-

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s _______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - : - -

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s _ 2 9 .9 7 6 . 2 5 4 . 6 5 0 . 0 - 4 1 .7 4 . 8 2 5 . 9 2 1 . 1 13. 8 10. 5 4 1 . 7 4 2 . 9 i 4 0 . 0 _

2 5 - 2 9 y e a r s ___________________ 1 8. 6 9 . 5 _ 6 . 3 2 8 . 6 1 6. 7 19. 1 2 2 . 2 2 6 . 3 3 1 . 0 2 1 . 1 8 . 3 - 1 2 0 . 0 _

3 0 - 3 4 y e a r s ___________________ 1 4 .4 - 2 7 . 3 6. 3 14. 3 _ 19. 1 7 .4 15. 8 2 0 . 7 3 1 . 6 16. 7 14. 3 | 2 0 . 0 _

3 5 - 3 9 y e a r s ___________________ 15. 0 4 . 8 9 . 1 2 5 . 0 14. 3 8 . 3 19. 1 18. 5 2 1 . 1 13. 8 10. 5 16. 7 1 4 .3 j 2 0 . 0 _

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s 12. 4 4 . 8 - 6 . 3 14. 3 16. 7 2 3 . 8 2 2 . 2 5. 3 10. 3 1 5. 8 8 . 3 1 4 .3 ! _ _

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s 4 . 1 4 . 8 - - 14. 3 8 . 3 _ 3. 7 10. 5 6 . 9 _ _ ! _ _

5 0 - 5 4 y e a r s ___________________ 2 . 6 - 9 . 1 6 . 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. 5 8. 3 1 4 .3 j _ _

5 5 - 5 9 y e a r s ___________________ 1. 0 - - - - - 9 . 5 - - _ _ _ _ j _ _

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s _ 1. 6 - - - 14. 3 8 . 3 - - - 3. 5 _ _ _ _

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r __________ . 5 - - - - - 4 . 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6 5 - 6 9 y e a r s . 5 - - - - - 4 . 8 - - - - - - - - 70 y e a r s a n d o v e r ________ ~ “ " " “ “ " ~ " ~ ~ - -

B y a g e

T o t a l ____________________ 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 8 5 . 7 8 . 3 3. 6 6 . 2 10. 8 1 3. 9 9 .8 1 5. 0 9 .8 6 . 2 3. 6 2 . 6 _

L e s s t h a n 20 y e a r s __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ .

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s _______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s _______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ -

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s . .... 1 0 0 . 0 2 7 . 6 10. 3 1 3. 8 - 8 . 6 1. 7 12. 1 6 .9 6 .9 3 .5 8. 6 5 . 2 3. 5 _

2 5 - 2 9 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 5. 6 - 2 . 8 5. 6 5 . 6 11. 1 16. 7 13. 9 2 5 . 0 1 1 .0 2. 8 _ 2. 8 _

3 0 - 3 4 y e a r s . ___ 1 00 . 0 - 10. 7 3. 6 3. 6 - 14. 3 7 . 1 1 0. 7 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 7 . 1 3. 6 3. 6 _

3 5 - 3 9 y e a r s . _ . . ... 1 0 0 . 0 3. 5 3. 5 1 3. 8 3. 5 3. 5 1 3. 8 1 7 .2 1 3 .8 1 3. 8 6 .9 6 .9 3. 5 3. 5 _

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s __________________ 1 0 0 . 0 4 . 2 - 4 . 2 4 . 2 8 . 3 2 0 .8 2 5 . 0 4 . 2 12. 5 1 2. 5 4 . 2 4 . 2 _ _

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s ...................................... 1 0 0 . 0 1 2. 5 - - 12. 5 1 2. 5 - 1 2. 5 2 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 _ _ _ _ _

5 0 - 5 4 y e a r s ___________________ 1 0 0 . 0 - 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 - _ _ - _ _ 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 20.4) _ _

5 5 - 5 9 y e a r s ___________________ 1 0 0 . 0 - - - - - 1 00 . 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s ___________________ 1 0 0 . 0 _ _ _ 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 3 _ - 3 3 . 3 _ _ _ _ _

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r 1 0 0 . 0 _ _ - _ _ 1 0 0 . 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6 5 - 6 9 y e a r s __ 1 0 0 . 0 _ _ _ _ _ 1 0 0 . 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r ________ 1 0 0 . 0 " " " "

1 0 0 .0 " - “ " - -

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s .

8 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -3 7 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n o f c e m e n t m a s o n s in D e tr o it by a g e a n d h o u r s of w o rk f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

A g e in te r v a l

H o u rs i n te r v a l

T o ta l

i

to

199

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800

to

999

| 1 ,0 0 0

1 to 1 1 ,1 9 9

1 ,2 0 0

to

1 1 ,3 9 9

1 ,4 0 0

to

1 ,5 9 9

1 ,6 0 0

to

| 1 ,7 9 9

1 ,8 0 0 

to

1 ,9 9 9

1

2, 0 00+ I

1

2 ,0 0 0 I 

to 1 

! 2 ,1 9 9 1

2 ,2 0 0

to

| 2 ,3 9 9

2, 400 +

T o t a l ...................................

B y h o u r s

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________ _ - _ - - _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _

1 4- 17 y e a r s ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 1. 5 3. 3 12. 5 7. 1 - - - - - - - - - - -

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 2 .9 3. 3 - 7. 1 10. 0 - - 6. 7 4. 6 - 3 .9 - - - -

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s __________________ 7. 4 16. 7 - 7. 1 10. 0 20. 0 5. 3 6. 7 - 5 .9 3 .9 6. 1 5. 3 - 25. 0

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 11. 3 20. 0 12. 5 14. 3 10. 0 10. 0 10. 5 6. 7 9. 1 5 .9 7. 7 12. 1 5. 3 30. 0 -

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s _ . 17. 2 13. 3 37. 5 2 1 .4 _ 10. 0 10. 5 13. 3 18. 2 11. 8 26 . 9 21. 2 10. 5 50. 0 _

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 1 9 .6 16. 7 _ 7. 1 10. 0 10. 0 31. 6 6. 7 27. 3 23. 5 1 5 .4 33. 3 4 2 . 1 10. 0 50. 0

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s .... . ...... _ 10. 8 10. 0 _ 14. 3 10. 0 _ 21. 1 6. 7 9. 1 17. 7 11. 5 9. 1 10. 5 _ 25. 0

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 14. 2 6. 7 _ 2 1 .4 4 0 . 0 10. 0 10. 5 20. 0 22. 7 17. 7 11. 5 9. 1 10. 5 10. 0 _

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 5. 9 _ 12. 5 _ 10. 0 10. 0 5. 3 13. 3 4. 6 5. 9 11. 5 3. 0 5. 3 _ -

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r___________ 9. 3 10. 0 2 5 . 0 _ _ 30. 0 5. 3 20. 0 4 . 6 11. 8 7. 7 6. 1 10. 6 _ -

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 6 .4 3. 3 12. 5 _ _ 20. 0 5. 3 13. 3 4. 6 11. 8 7. 7 3. 0 5. 3 - -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 2. 9 6. 7 12. 5 “ -

10. 0 6. 7 - "

3. 0 5. 3 - “

B y ag e

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 14. 7 3. 9 6. 9 4. 9 4. 9 9. 3 7. 4 10. 8 8. 3 12. 8 16. 2 9. 3 4. 9 2. 0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________ - _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ .

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s _ ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 33. 3 33. 3 33. 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 16. 7 _ 16. 7 16. 7 - - 16. 7 16. 7 - 16. 7 - - - -

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s ..... . 100. 0 3 3 . 3 - 6. 7 6. 7 1 3. 3 6. 7 6. 7 - 6. 7 6. 7 13. 3 6. 7 - 6. 7

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 2 6. 1 4 .4 8. 7 4 .4 4 .4 8. 7 4. 4 8. 7 4. 4 8. 7 1 7 .4 4 .4 13. 0 _

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s .............. 100. 0 1 1 .4 8. 6 8. 6 _ 2 .9 5. 7 5. 7 11. 4 5 . 7 2 0 . 0 20. 0 5. 7 14. 3 _

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 12. 5 _ 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 15. 0 2. 5 15. 0 1 0. 0 10. 0 27. 5 20. 0 2. 5 5. 0

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 13. 6 _ 9. 1 4 . 6 _ 18. 2 4 . 6 9. 1 13. 6 _ - 9. 1 - 4. 6

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 6 .9 _ 10. 3 13. 8 3. 5 6. 9 10. 3 17. 2 10. 3 10. 3 10. 3 6 .9 3. 5 -

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 - 8. 3 _ 8. 3 8. 3 8. 3 16. 7 8. 3 8. 3 25. 0 8. 3 8. 3 _ _

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r 100. 0 4 1 . 0 24. 4 _ _ 32. 1 7 . 7 32. 1 7 . 7 1 5 .4 1 5 .4 10. 5 24. 4 - -

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 7 . 7 7 . 7 _ _ 1 5 .4 7 . 7 1 5 .4 7. 7 1 5 .4 1 5 .4 7. 7 7 . 7 _ -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 100. 0 33. 3 16. 7 ■ " 16. 7 16. 7 “

16. 7 16. 7 “

N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to t a l s .

T a b le A -3 8 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of o p e r a tin g e n g in e e r s in D e tr o it by a g e a n d h o u r s of w o rk f o r th e 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d , N o v e m b e r 1966—O c to b e r 1967

A g e in te r v a l

H o u r s i n te r v a l

T o ta l

1

to

199

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800

to

999

j 1 ,0 0 0 

I to 

1, 199

1 ,2 0 0 

to

1, 399

1 ,4 0 0

to

1 ,5 9 9

1 ,6 0 0 j 

to j 

1 ,7 9 9 |

1 ,8 0 0 

to

1 ,9 9 9

2, 000 +

2, 000 

to

2, 199

2, 200 

to

2, 399

2 ,4 0 0 +

B y h o u r s

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 |l0 0 . 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________ 0 . 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 .4 _ 1. 3 _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s __ _ _ _____ . 1 - - - - - - - - - - . 4 - 1. 3 - 1 8-1 9 y e a r s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ . 9 1. 5 - - - - 2. 1 2. 5 - - 1. 2 1. 1 0. 9 1. 3 1. 4

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 4 . 2 4 .4 3. 3 6. 1 6. 9 9 .7 2. 1 2. 5 6. 8 10. 3 4. 7 1. 5 - 2. 6 2. 7 3 0 -3 4 y e a r s 10. 1 14. 5 10. 0 6. 1 20. 7 12. 9 4. 2 2. 5 5. 1 17. 2 11. 6 9. 2 9. 7 4. 0 13. 7

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s _ ______________ 14. 2 23. 2 6. 7 15. 2 10. 3 6. 5 16. 7 17. 5 10. 2 8. 6 12. 8 15. 6 15. 0 11. 8 20. 6

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s . . . . . . 22. 2 14. 5 30. 0 21. 2 13. 8 25. 8 25. 0 22. 5 18. 6 20. 7 19. 8 25. 2 24. 8 34. 2 1 6 .4

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 16. 0 10. 1 16. 7 12. 1 20. 7 12. 9 10. 4 12. 5 22. 0 15. 5 17. 4 17. 6 21. 2 13. 2 1 6 .4

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 12. 0 11. 6 6. 7 6. 1 6. 9 1 2 .9 12. 5 12. 5 15. 3 10. 3 10. 5 13. 7 15. 0 13. 2 12. 3 5 5 -5 9 y e a r s 10. 2 13. 0 20. 0 2 4. 2 3. 5 3. 2 1 0 .4 12. 5 10. 2 10. 3 7. 0 8. 8 6. 2 9. 2 4. 1

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 7. 0 5. 8 6. 7 3. 0 10. 3 1 2 .9 4 . 2 10. 0 10. 2 5. 2 11. 6 5. 0 4. 4 6. 6 4 . 1 65 y e a r s an d o v e r ............. 3. 2 1. 5 _ 6. 1 7. 0 3. 2 12. 6 5. 0 1. 7 1. 7 3. 5 1. 9 2. 7 2. 6 _

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s 2. 7 1. 5 - 6. 1 3. 5 3. 2 6. 3 5. 0 1. 7 1. 7 3. 5 1 .9 2. 7 2. 6 -

70 y e a r s an d o v e r . 5 " - - 3. 5 "

6. 3 - - - - "

By a g e

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 9. 3 4 . 0 4 .4 3 .9 4. 2 6 .4 5 .4 7. 9 7. 8 11. 5 35. 2 15. 2 10. 2 9 .8

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s 100. 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100. 0 _ _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s 100. 0 - - - - - - - - - - 100. 0 - 100. 0 -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s . _ . __ 100. 0 14. 3 - - - - 14. 3 14. 3 - - 14. 3 42 . 9 14. 3 14. 3 14. 3

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s . ........... 100. 0 9. 7 3. 2 6. 5 6. 5 9. 7 3. 2 3. 2 12. 9 1 9 .4 12. 9 1 2 .9 _ 6. 5 6. 5

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 13. 3 4 . 0 2. 7 8. 0 5. 3 2. 7 1. 3 4 . 0 13. 3 13. 3 32. 0 14. 7 4. 0 13. 3

3 5 -3 9 y e a r s _ ______________ 100. 0 15. 1 1. 9 4 . 7 2. 8 1. 9 7. 6 6. 6 5. 7 4. 7 10. 4 38. 7 16. 0 8. 5 14. 2

4 0 -4 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 6. 1 5. 5 4 . 2 2. 4 4 .9 7. 3 5. 5 6. 7 7. 3 10. 3 40 . 0 17. 0 15. 8 7. 3

4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 5 .9 4 . 2 3 .4 5. 0 3 .4 4. 2 4. 2 10. 9 7. 6 12. 6 38. 7 20. 2 8 .4 10. 1

5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 9 .0 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 4. 5 6. 7 5. 6 10. 1 6. 7 10. 1 4 0 . 4 19. 1 11. 2 10. 1

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 11. 8 7 .9 10. 5 1. 3 1. 3 6. 6 6. 6 7. 9 7. 9 7 .9 30. 3 9. 2 9. 2 11. 8 6 0 -6 4 y e a r s _ _ 100. 0 7. 7 3 .9 1 .9 5. 8 7. 7 3. 9 7. 7 11. 5 5. 8 19. 2 25. 0 9 .6 9 .6 5. 8 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................. 100. 0 5. 0 3. 9 10. 0 30. 0 5. 0 90. 0 10. 0 5. 0 5. 0 15. 0 - 15. 0 10. 0 25. 0

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ... _ 100. 0 5. 0 _ 10. 0 5. 0 5. 0 15. 0 10. 0 5. 0 5. 0 15. 0 - 15. 0 10. 0 25. 0

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 100. 0 " _ 25. 0 75. 0 “ _ " _ “

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to t a l s .

8 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le A -3 9 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of c a r p e n t e r s in s o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia by ag e a n d h o u r s of w o rk , c a le n d a r y e a r 1966

H o u rs i n te r v a l

A g e in te r v a l T o ta l

1

to

199

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800

to

999

j 1 ,0 0 0

! to 

I 1, 199

1 ,2 0 0 ! 

; to 

! 1 ,3 9 9

| 1 ,4 0 0 

to

! 1 ,5 9 9

j 1 ,6 0 0 

! to 

I 1 ,7 9 9

1 ,8 0 0 {

I to ! I 1 ,9 9 9 |

!---------------

2 ,0 0 0 +

2 ,0 0 0 j 

to

2 ,1 9 9 |

! 2 ,2 0 0 

! to 

I 2 ,3 9 9

2, 400 +

T o t a l__________________

By h o u r s

100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 i1 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0

! 1 

100. 0 I

| 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 j 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________ 0 . 7 1. 5 1. 8 1. 5 1. 0 0 . 7 0. 4

j----- -

1 0 .3 0 . 1 0. 1 0. 1 _ _ _

14 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ H . 1 . 1 . 1 - . 1 - I- - -

1 - -

18 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ . 6 1. 3 1. 6 1. 4 1. 0 . 6 .4 J . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 J - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s _________________ 6. 8 8 . 7 9. 8 8. 5 7. 7 7. 9 6. 8 | 6. 2 5. 8 5. 6 4. 7 i 2 .4 2. 4 2. 4 2. 1

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________ _____ 13. 1 15. 2 12. 9 14. 2 14. 7 14. 9 13. 4 14. 3 12. 0 11. 7 1 1 .4 9. 0 8. 8 11. 4 6 .4

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s _________________ 12. 8 14. 7 1 3 .4 13. 0 12. 9 1 1 .9 13. 3 12. 1 12. 5 1 2 .4 1 2 .4 12. 5 12. 4 12. 0 19. 1 3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 12. 3 12. 6 11. 3 11. 1 12. 1 12. 0 11. 0 12. 2 12. 3 13. 6 12. 5 15. 1 14. 7 18. 0 19. 1 4 0 -4 4 y e a r s . .. .................. 1 3 .9 1 1 .4 12. 6 12. 2 1 1 .9 13. 0 12. 8 13. 8 14. 3 15. 4 16. 0 21. 0 21. 0 21 . 0 19. 1 4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 13. 7 10. 6 11. 5 11. 7 12. 3 12. 2 13. 7 14. 0 15. 7 15. 1 16. 8 17. 0 17. 2 15. 0 19. 1 5 0 -5 4 y e a r s _________________ 11. 0 8. 7 8. 9 10. 0 10. 7 10. 3 11. 3 ! 11. 7 11. 8 12. 1 13. 1 11. 7 1 1 .9 10. 2 8. 5

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s _____________ ___ 8. 5 7. 1 7. 8 9 .4 8. 7 8 .8 10. 0 ! 9 .0 9. 1 8. 8 8. 0 6. 3 6 .4 6. 0 2. 1 6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 5. 4 5. 7 6. 1 5. 9 5. 8 6. 5 5. 8 5. 3 5. 2 4. 4 4. 0 4. 0 4. 1 3. 0 4. 3 65 y e a r s an d o v e r __ _______ 1. 9 3 .9 4. 0 2. 6 2. 2 1 .8 1. 4 .9 1. 0 . 7 1. 1 1. 1 1. 1 1. 2 _

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 1. 5 3. 1 3. 3 2. 0 1. 7 1 .4 1. 2 .9 . 9 . 6 1. 0 . 9 . 9 1. 2 -

70 y e a r s an d o v e r .. . 3 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 5 .4 . 2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 - -

B y ag e

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 10. 0 8 .9 8. 5 8. 5 9 .0 9. 2 9 .6 r

9. 9 10. 1 10. 2 6. 1 5. 5 0. 5 0. 1

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s _________ 100. 0 21. 6 22. 8 19. 0 12. 9 9. 1 6. 0 4. 3 2. 2 0. 9 1. 3 _ _ _ _

1 4 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 38. 5 30. 8 1 5 .4 _ 1 5 .4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 20. 5 22. 4 1 9 .2 13. 7 8. 7 6 .4 4 . 6 2. 3 .9 1 .4 _ _ _ _

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 12. 7 12. 8 10. 7 9. 5 10. 3 9. 2 8. 8 8. 5 8 .4 7. 0 2. 2 1 .9 0. 2 (M 2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 11. 5 8. 7 9 .2 9 .5 10. 2 9 .4 10. 5 9. 1 9 .0 8 .8 4. 2 3. 7 .4 . i

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s . ...... 100. 0 1 1 .4 9. 3 8. 7 8. 5 8. 3 9. 5 9. 1 9. 6 9 .8 9 .9 6. 0 5. 3 . 5 . 2 3 5 -3 9 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 10. 2 8. 1 7. 7 8. 3 8. 8 8. 2 9 .6 9. 9 11. 2 1 0 .4 7. 5 6. 6 . 7 . 2 4 0 -4 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 8. 2 8. 1 7. 5 7. 2 8. 4 8. 5 9. 6 10. 2 11. 3 11. 8 9. 3 8. 3 . 7 . 2 4 5 -4 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 7. 7 7. 5 7. 3 7. 6 8. 0 9. 2 9 .9 11. 3 11. 2 12. 5 7. 7 6. 9 . 5 . 2 5 0 -5 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 7 .9 7. 3 7. 8 8. 3 8. 4 9. 5 10. 3 10. 7 11. 2 12. 2 6. 6 6. 0 . 5 . 1

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 8. 3 8. 2 9. 5 8. 6 9. 3 10. 8 10. 2 10. 5 10. 5 9. 6 4. 5 4. 2 . 3 (*) 6 0 -6 4 y e a r s 100. 0 10. 6 10. 1 9 .5 9. 2 10. 9 9 .9 9 .6 9. 6 8. 3 7. 7 4. 6 4 . 2 . 3 . 1 65 y e a r s an d o v e r ___________ 100. 0 2 0. 7 18. 8 11. 8 10. 0 8. 5 7. 1 4 . 7 5. 2 3. 8 6. 0 3. 5 3. 1 . 3 _

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s _____________ 100. 0 20. 0 19. 2 1 1 .2 9. 3 8. 0 7 .4 5. 3 5. 7 3. 8 6 .3 3. 6 3. 2 . 4 _

70 y e a r s an d o v e r_______ 100. 0 24. 1 17. 0 14. 3 1 3 .4 10. 7 5. 4 1. 8 2. 7 3. 6 4. 5 2. 7 2. 7 -

1 L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s .

T a b le A -4 0 . P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n of c e m e n t m a s o n s in s o u th e rn C a lif o r n ia by a g e a n d h o u r s of w o rk , c a le n d a r y e a r 1966

A g e in te r v a l

H o u rs in te r v a l

T o ta l i

________i

1

to

! 199

200 ! 

to ! 

399 :

! 400 | 

1 to j 

j 599 !

600

to

799

800

to

999

1 1 ,0 0 0 

! to 

1 1 ,1 9 9

| 1 ,2 0 0 | to 

1 1 ,3 9 9

1 ,4 0 0 

to

1 ,5 9 9

1 ,6 0 0 

to

1 ,7 9 9

1 ,8 0 0 

to

1 ,9 9 9

2 ,0 0 0 +

2, 000 

to

2, 199

2, 200 

to

2, 399

2, 400 +

T o t a l_________________

By h o u r s

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s__________ 0. 5 1. 3 1. 6 1. 8 0 . 5 0. 8 _ 0. 3 _ _ _ _ _ _

14-17 y e a r s ______________ (M .4 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 8 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ . 4 . 8 1. 6 1. 8 . 5 - . 8 - . 3 - - - - - -

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s 3. 5 4 . 6 4 . 8 5. 9 4. 2 4. 5 2. 5 2. 3 3. 0 4 . 2 2. 5 1 .9 2. 3 - _

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s ....................... 10. 4 13. 5 9. 1 10. 1 9. 5 9. 7 10. 6 10. 6 12. 8 9 .7 11. 2 6. 5 6. 8 6. 1 _

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s . . 13. 0 1 1 .4 16. 1 11. 8 11. 1 9. 1 1 1 .9 11. 0 12. 8 16. 6 12. 5 16. 0 1 5 .9 15. 2 20. 0 3 5 -3 9 y e a r s __________________ 16. 3 12. 2 9. 1 14. 8 20. 5 17. 6 14. 0 17. 0 12. 1 16. 9 21. 3 21. 3 21. 8 18. 2 20. 0 4 0 -4 4 y e a r s 16. 2 1 3 .9 16. 1 10. 7 14. 7 18. 2 12. 3 14. 2 17. 7 17. 2 19. 9 19. 0 16. 8 27. 3 4 0 . 0 4 5 -4 9 y e a r s ____ 13. 2 12. 2 10. 8 11. 8 10. 0 13. 6 11. 0 15. 1 12. 5 14. 8 12. 8 18. 3 18. 6 18. 2 10. 0 5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 9. 9 6. 3 8. 1 14. 2 8. 9 8. 0 1 1 .4 11. 0 1 1 .8 9 .0 10. 4 9. 5 10. 0 9. 1 _

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s 8. 0 .8 .4 7. 5 11. 8 8. 9 6. 2 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 8 .9 5. 7 6. 3 3. 8 4. 1 3. 0 _

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s __________________ 5. 7 9. 3 7. 0 4 . 7 7. 9 9. 1 8 .9 4. 1 5. 6 4 . 5 2. 2 3. 4 3. 2 3. 0 10. 0 65 y e a r s an d o v e r___________ 3. 2 6. 8 9. 7 2. 4 3. 7 4. 0 4. 7 2. 8 2. 6 1. 5 1. 1 . 4 . 5 _ _

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s _____________ 2. 6 5. 1 7. 0 2 .4 3. 2 3. 4 3. 8 2. 3 2. 3 1. 2 . 8 _ _ _ _

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ . 7 1. 7 2. 7 "

. 5 . 6 . 8 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 3 .4 . 5 - "

By a g e

T o t a l__________________ 100. 0 8. 8 6. 9 6. 3 7. 1 6. 6 8. 8 8. 1 1 1 .4 12. 4 13. 7 9 .8 8. 2 1. 2 0. 4

L e s s th a n 20 y e a r s__________ 100. 0 2 3. 1 23. 1 2 3. 1 7. 7 _ 15. 4 _ 7. 7 _ _

14 -1 7 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 100. 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18 -1 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 16. 7 25. 0 2 5 . 0 8. 3 _ 16. 7 _ 8. 3 _ _ _ _ _ _

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 11. 7 9. 6 10. 6 8. 5 8. 5 6 .4 5. 3 9. 6 14. 9 9. 6 5. 3 5. 3 _ _

2 5 -2 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 11. 5 6. 1 6. 1 6. 5 6. 1 9 .0 8. 3 14. 0 11. 5 14. 7 6. 1 5. 4 0. 7 _

3 0 -3 4 y e a r s 100. 0 7. 8 8. 6 5. 7 6. 0 4. 6 8. 0 6 .9 11. 2 1 5 .8 13. 2 12. 1 10. 1 1 .4 0. 6 3 5 -3 9 y e a r s _ ........ . 100. 0 6. 6 3. 9 5. 7 8 .9 7. 1 7. 5 8 .4 8 .4 12. 8 17. 8 12. 8 11. 0 1. 4 . 5 4 0 -4 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 7. 6 6. 9 4 . 1 6 .4 7 .4 6. 7 7. 1 12. 4 13. 1 1 6 .8 11. 5 8. 5 2. 1 .9 4 5 -4 9 y e a r s 100. 0 8. 2 5. 7 5 .7 5. 4 6. 8 7. 4 9. 3 10. 8 1 3 .9 13. 3 13. 6 11. 6 1. 7 . 3 5 0 -5 4 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 5 .7 5. 7 9. 1 6 .4 5. 3 10. 2 9. 1 13. 6 11. 3 14. 3 9 .4 8. 3 1. 1 _

5 5 -5 9 y e a r s __________________ 100. 0 9. 3 6. 5 9. 3 7. 9 5. 1 13. 0 12. 1 12. 6 8. 8 10. 7 4 . 7 4 . 2 . 5 _

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 14. 4 8. 5 5. 2 9 .8 10. 5 13. 7 5 .9 11. 1 9 .8 5. 2 5 .9 4. 6 . 7 . 7 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r 100. 0 1 8 .4 20. 7 4 . 6 8 .0 8. 0 12. 6 6 .9 9. 2 5. 7 4 . 6 1. 1 1. 1 _ _

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 1 7 .4 18. 8 5. 8 8. 7 8. 7 13. 0 7. 2 10. 1 5. 8 4 . 3 _ _ _ _

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r_______ 100. 0 22. 2 2 7. 8 "

5. 6 5. 6 11. 1 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 5. 6 " “

L e s s th a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t .

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls , 89

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e A- 4 1 . P e r c e n t distribution of i r o n w o r k e r s in southern California by age a n d h o u r s of w o r k , for the 1 2 - m o n t h period, J u n e 1966— M a y 1967

A g e interval

H o u r s interval

Total

1

to

199

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800 ; 

to j 

999 1

1,000

to

I 1,199

1,200 | 

to j 

1,399 |

1,400

to

! 1,599

1,600

to

1,799

1,800 1 

to | 

1,999 |

2, 000 +

2 , 000

to

2, 199

2, 200 

to

2 , 399

2, 400 +

T o t a l ------------------

B y h o u r s

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

L e s s than 20 y e a r s _________ 1. 7 5. 1 8. 1 4. 6 4. 2 2. 3 2. 5 1. 1 0.8 0 . 4 0. 2 _ _ _ _

14-17 y e a r s ______________ . 1 1. 0 1. 5 - - - - - - - - - - - -

18-19 y e a r s ______________ 1. 6 4. 1 6. 6 4. 6 4. 2 2. 3 2. 5 1. 1 . 8 . 4 . 2 - - - -

20 - 2 4 y e a r s _________________ 9.6 10. 6 15.4 15. 3 10.4 12. 2 12.9 10. 9 10. 2 8.9 7. 2 2. 8 3. 0 1. 7 -

25 - 2 9 y e a r s _________________ 13. 7 14. 0 12.4 12.6 14. 7 12.2 12. 2 14. 3 13. 1 16. 1 14. 0 11.4 11.9 8. 5 9.7

3 0 -34 y e a r s _________________ 13. 3 11. 8 10. 1 9.6 10.4 9. 1 12. 1 13. 3 14. 6 14. 9 16. 0 13. 1 12.9 15.4 9.7

3 5-39 y e a r s _________________ 12.9 9.4 10. 5 9.0 9.6 12. 1 12. 2 10. 3 11. 0 14. 7 15. 5 17. 6 18.4 12. 8 16. 1

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s _________________ 13.5 12. 0 11. 1 12. 2 13. 1 11. 5 9.9 12. 7 13. 7 12. 7 15. 8 17.9 17.4 22. 2 12.9

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s _________________ 11. 2 10. 0 10. 9 9.2 9.6 11.9 10. 1 10. 8 11. 2 10. 0 11. 8 15. 7 15. 5 13. 7 29. 0

50 - 5 4 y e a r s _________________ 10. 9 11.8 8. 8 11. 3 12.4 10. 8 11. 1 11. 2 11.4 11. 3 9. 1 12. 0 11.8 15.4 6. 5

55 - 5 9 y e a r s _________________ 7. 9 6. 3 5. 1 8. 8 9. 2 9. 3 10. 7 9.4 8. 5 7. 1 7. 2 6. 6 6. 3 6. 8 12.9

60 - 6 4 ye a r s 4. 2 5.9 5. 1 5. 5 4. 2 7. 0 4.9 5. 3 4. 8 3. 4 2. 5 2. 5 2.4 3.4 3. 2

65 y e a r s a n d over 1. 1 3. 0 2.4 1.9 2.4 1. 6 1. 5 . 7 . 8 .4 . 7 . 3 .4 _ _

65 - 6 9 y e a r s ______________ .9 2. 2 1.9 1.7 2. 2 1. 2 1. 1 . 6 . 6 .4 .6 . 3 .4 _ -

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r _______ . 2 .8 . 4 . 2 . 2 . 3 .4 . 1 . 2 . 1 . 1 - - -

B y age

T o t a l __________________ 100. 0 5.2 4. 8 4.9 | 5.2 5.9 7.5 8.8 12. 1 17. 1 19. 1 9. 3 7. 8 1. 2 0 . 3

L e s s than 20 y e a r s _________ 100. 0 15. 7 22.9 13. 3 12.7 7. 8 10.8 5.4 5. 4 4. 2 1. 8 _ _ _ _

14-17 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 41. 7 58. 3 - - - - - - - - - - - -

18-19 y e a r s 100. 0 13. 6 20. 1 14. 3 13. 6 8.4 11. 7 5.8 5. 8 4. 5 1.9 _ - _ _

2 0 - 2 4 ye a r s 100. 0 5. 8 7. 7 7. 8 5. 6 7. 5 10. 1 10. 0 12. 8 15. 8 14. 2 2. 7 2. 5 0 . 2 -

2 5-29 y e a r s ________ _________ 100. 0 5.4 4. 4 4. 5 5. 6 5. 3 6. 7 9.2 11. 5 20. 1 19.5 7. 8 6.8 . 8 0. 2

3 0 -34 y e a r s _ . _ _ ... . _ 100. 0 4.6 3. 6 3. 6 4. 0 4. 0 6.8 8. 8 13. 2 19. 1 22.9 9. 2 7. 6 1.4 . 2

35-39 y e a r s ____ ____________ 100. 0 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.8 5. 5 7. 1 7. 0 10. 3 19.5 22. 8 12. 7 11. 1 1. 2 .4

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s ........... .... 100. 0 4. 7 4. 0 4.4 5. 0 5. 0 5. 5 8. 3 12. 2 16. 1 22. 3 12.4 10. 1 2. 0 . 3

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s 100. 0 4. 7 4. 7 4. 1 4.4 6. 3 6. 8 8. 5 12. 1 15. 3 20. 1 13. 1 10. 8 1. 5 .8

50 - 5 4 ye a r s 100. 0 5. 7 3.9 5. 1 5.9 5.9 7.7 9.0 12. 6 17. 9 16. 0 10.4 8. 5 1. 7 . 2

5 5 -59 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 4.2 3. 1 5. 5 6.0 6.9 10. 2 10. 5 13. 0 15. 3 17.4 7.9 6. 3 1. 0 . 5

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 7.4 5.9 6.4 5. 2 9.9 8.9 11. 1 13. 8 14. 1 11. 6 5. 7 4.4 1. 0 . 2

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r __________ 100. 0 14.4 10. 6 8.7 11. 5 8. 7 10. 6 5.8 8. 7 6. 7 11. 5 2.9 2.9 - _

65 - 6 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 12.8 10. 5 9. 3 12. 8 8. 1 9. 3 5.8 8. 1 7. 0 12. 8 3. 5 3. 5 _ _

70 y e a r s a n d over 100. 0 22. 2 11. 1 5.6 5. 6 11. 1 16. 7 5.6 11. 1 5. 6 5. 6 - " -

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i t e m s ' m a y not equal totals.

T a b l e A - 4 2 . P e r c e n t distribution of operating e ngineers in southern California b y ag e a n d h o u r s of w o r k for the 1 2 - m o n t h period, J u n e 1966— M a y 1967

A g e interval

H o u r s interval

Total

1

to

199

200

to

399

400

to

599

600

to

799

800

to

999

1,000

to

1, 199

1,200

to

1,399

1,400

to

1,599

1,600 

to

1,799

1,800

to

1,999

2, 0 00+

2, 000 

to

2, 199

2 ,200

to

2,399

2, 400 +

B y h o u r s

T o t a l __________________ 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0

L e s s than 20 ye a r s 0. 2 _ 0.9 0.4 0. 4 _ 0. 1 0. 3 _

( M 0. 2 0. 1 ( M 0. 1 _

14-17 y e a r s ______________ ( M - . 3 - - - - - - - - - -

18-19 y e a r s ______________ . 2 - . 6 .4 . 4 - . 1 . 3 - (r) . 2 . 1 ( M . 1 _

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s 2.9 4. 7 3.9 4. 0 3. 8 3. 6 3. 1 4. 0 3. 2 2. 6 2. 0 1. 6 1. 6 1. 0 2. 3

25 - 2 9 ye a r s ________________ 8. 7 9.8 7. 4 10. 8 9. 7 9. 2 9. 5 8. 3 9. 0 9. 0 8. 0 7. 7 7. 1 8. 8 8. 8

3 0 -34 y e a r s _ . .. ...... 11. 8 10. 3 10. 7 10. 1 10. 1 8. 8 10. 2 10. 5 11. 7 14.4 13. 8 12. 5 12. 2 14. 3 10. 9

35-39 ye a r s _________________ 15. 1 11. 2 12.4 14.4 13.4 13.9 14. 2 12. 7 15.2 15. 7 17. 4 16. 9 17. 0 15. 3 19. 3

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s _________________ 16. 2 14. 1 13. 6 14. 1 14.4 14. 4 13.9 15. 6 15. 2 17. 3 17. 0 19. 5 19.2 20. 9 18. 6

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s 14. 6 13.8 15. 6 12. 3 12.4 13. 7 13.8 14. 3 15. 4 14. 3 14. 6 16.4 16. 1 15.9 18. 8

50 - 5 4 y e a r s _________________ 13. 7 12.4 14.4 11. 0 14. 4 16.9 15.4 15. 3 13.6 12. 6 13. 1 13. 0 13.4 11. 6 13. 2

55 - 5 9 y e a r s ...... ...... .... 9. 5 10. 6 9.9 11.9 11. 0 10. 3 10. 6 11.4 9. 6 8. 3 8. 5 7. 9 8. 3 8.4 5. 1

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s _________________ 5. 6 8. 0 7. 5 7. 7 7. 5 7.4 7. 2 5.9 5. 7 4. 7 4. 4 3. 7 4. 1 3.4 2. 1

65 y e a r s a n d over _ _ _ ... 1. 7 5. 0 3. 8 3. 3 2. 9 1. 8 2.0 1. 7 1. 5 1. 0 .9 . 7 . 8 . 3 .9

6 5 -69 y e a r s ______________ 1.4 4. 2 3. 0 2. 1 2. 3 1.4 1.9 1. 5 1. 3 1. 0 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 3 . 9

70 y e a r s a n d ov e r . 3 .8 . 8 1. 2 . 6 .4 . 2 . 2 . 3 ( M . 1 . 1 . 1 - -

B y age

T o t a l _________________ 100. 0 5. 0 4. 8 5. 5 5.8 6. 1 7. 8 7.9 9.5 12. 5 15. 1 20. 1 13. 2 4. 2 2. 6

L e s s than 20 y e a r s _________ 100. 0 _ 25.9 14. 8 14. 8 _ 3.7 14. 8 _ 3. 7 14. 8 7.4 3. 7 3. 7

14-17 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 - 100. 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18-19 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 - 20. 0 16. 0 16. 0 _ 4. 0 16. 0 _ 4. 0 16. 0 8. 0 4. 0 4. 0 _

2 0 - 2 4 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 8. 1 6. 5 7. 5 7. 7 7. 5 8.4 11. 1 10.4 11. 1 10. 6 11. 1 7. 5 1. 5 2. 1

25 - 2 9 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 5. 7 4. 1 6.8 6. 5 6. 5 8. 5 7. 6 9.8 13. 0 13.9 17. 8 10.8 4. 3 2. 6

30-34 y e a r s ................. 100. 0 4.4 4. 3 4. 7 4.9 4. 5 6. 7 7. 0 9. 3 15. 2 17. 6 21. 2 13. 7 5. 1 2.4

35-39 y e a r s 100. 0 3. 7 3.9 5. 2 5. 1 5. 6 7. 3 6. 7 9.5 13. 0 17.4 22. 5 14. 9 4. 3 3. 3

4 0 - 4 4 y e a r s 100. 0 4. 4 4. 0 4. 7 5. 2 5.4 6. 6 7.6 8.9 13. 3 15. 8 24. 0 15. 6 5. 5 3. 0

4 5 - 4 9 y e a r s 100. 0 4. 7 5. 1 4.6 4.9 5. 7 7. 3 7. 8 9.9 12. 3 15. 1 22. 5 14. 6 4. 6 3. 3

5 0 - 5 4 ye a r s ......... ........ 100. 0 4.6 5. 1 4 . 4 6. 1 7. 5 8. 7 8.9 9.4 11. 6 14. 5 19. 1 13. 0 3. 6 2.5

55 - 5 9 y e a r s _________________ 100. 0 5. 7 5. 0 6.9 6. 7 6. 6 8. 7 9.6 9.5 11. 0 13. 5 16. 8 11. 6 3. 7 1.4

6 0 - 6 4 y e a r s 100. 0 7. 2 6.4 7. 5 7. 7 8. 0 9.9 8. 3 9.5 10. 5 11.8 13. 2 9.7 2. 6 1. 0

65 y e a r s a n d over 100. 0 14. 6 10.4 10.4 9. 7 6. 2 9.0 8.0 8. 3 7. 3 8. 0 8. 0 5.9 . 7 1.4

65 - 6 9 y e a r s ______________ 100. 0 14. 6 10. 0 7.9 9. 2 5. 9 10. 0 8.4 8.4 8. 4 8.8 8. 4 5.9 . 8 1. 7

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r _______ 100. 0 14. 3 12. 2 2 2.4 12. 2 8. 2 4. 1 6. 1 8. 2 2. 0 4. 1 6. 1 6. 1 " -

1 L e s s than 0.05 percent.

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i t e m s m a y not equal totals.

9 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -4 3 . P ercen t d istribution of w ork ers in s e le c te d con stru ction occupations in Omaha by m onth and by hours of w ork reported for the 12-m onth p eriod , July 1966—June 1967

H o u r s J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y Ju n e July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

T e a m s t e r s

Total - - ______ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h n n r H ______________________ 56. 1 53. 7 50. 0 62. 2 61. 0 58.5 59. 8 67. 1 58. 5 62. 2 40. 2 40. 2

1-19 h o u r s ------------------- 4.9 - 6. 1 1.2 1. 2 4.9 2.4 1 2 1. 2 - 9.8 11. 0

2 0 -39 h ours- __ ___________ 2. 4 _ 7. 3 2. 4 2. 4 6. 1 2. 4 1.2 _ 1. 2 6. 1 4. 9

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s _ — ----------- 2.4 6. 1 1. 2 - 4. 9 2.4 1. 2 1. 2 2.4 - _ 3. 7

60 - 7 9 h o u r s ----------------- 3. 7 2.4 - 1. 2 1. 2 3. 7 4. 9 - 2.4 1. 2 3. 7 1. 2

8 0 -99 h o u r s ---- ----------- 2.4 1. 2 1. 2 2.4 - - - 1. 2 3. 7 1. 2 3. 7 8. 5

100-119 h o u r s --------------- 1. 2 2.4 4. 9 1. 2 3. 7 1. 2 2. 4 - - 1. 2 2.4 2.4

120-139 h o u r s ............... 1. 2 7. 3 1. 2 3. 7 - 1. 2 - 2.4 1. 2 2.4 1. 2 -

140-159 ho u r s ----- ------- 13.4 - - 4. 9 2. 4 2.4 4. 9 - 11. 0 3. 7 6. 1 4. 9

160-179 ho u r s -------------- 8. 5 14. 6 9. 8 12. 2 12. 2 9.8 _ 18. 3 7. 3 12. 2 9. 8 7. 3

180 h o u r s or m o r e --------- 3. 7 12. 2 18. 3 8. 5 11. 0 9. 8 22. 0 7. 3 12. 2 14. 6 17. 1 15.9

Plasterers

Total— ------------ -_ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1

100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

o _______________________ 44. 4 47. 6 42. 9 41. 3 39. 7 33. 3 28. 6 34. 9 42. 9 46. 0 42. 9 42. 9

1 _ 19 ho u r s _— — — — _ 4. 8 1. 6 1. 6 _ 1. 6 - - _ _ _ 3. 2

20 - 3 9 h o u r s __________________ - 4. 8 - 3. 2 - _ _ _ 1.6 4. 8 4. 8 -

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s __ __________ — 1. 6 3. 2 4. 8 _ 1. 6 3. 2 3. 2 _ 3. 2 _ 1. 6 1.6

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s _________________ 3. 2 _ _ _ _ _ 1. 6 3. 2 1. 6 _ 1.6 1.6

8 0 -99 h o u r s _________________ 3. 2 3. 2 4. 8 3. 2 - 3. 2 1. 6 11. 1 3. 2 4. 8 4. 8 1. 6

100-119 ho u r s ______________ 7. 9 1.6 6. 3 - 1. 6 4. 8 3. 2 6. 3 3.2 3. 2 4. 8 3. 2

120-139 ho u r s ______________ 4. 8 3. 2 4. 8 3. 2 4. 8 4. 8 4. 8 7.9 6. 3 11. 1 9. 5 1.6

140-159 h o u r s ______________ 23. 8 9. 5 4. 8 3. 2 17. 5 20. 6 7. 9 20. 6 20. 6 3. 2 19.0 9. 5

160-179 ho u r s ______________ 7. 9 19. 0 19. 0 27. 0 31. 7 6. 3 4. 8 14. 3 4. 8 12. 7 6. 3 6. 3

180 ho u r s or m o r e --------- 3. 2 3. 2 11. 1 17. 5 3. 2 22. 2 44 . 4 1.6 12. 7 14. 3 4. 8 28. 6

Operating engineers

Totals-------------- — 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 i 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

i

100.0 | 100.0 100. 0

0 h o u r s ______________________ 65. 8 67. 7

------:---- 1

54.4 41. 2 38. 7 48. 3 33. 4 32. 7 33. 8 34. 5 ! 4 0 . 4 50. 4

1-19 h o u r s ___________________ 2. 3 1. 3 2. 8 1. 7 1. 5 2. 3 . 9 1. 1 1. 1 1.4 1. 1 1. 7

20 - 3 9 h o u r s __________ ____ 1. 6 1.9 3. 0 2. 4 1. 9 2.4 1. 5 1.6 1.6 1. 5 2. 2 3. 5

4 0 - 5 9 h ours - ____ __ ____ 2. 7 1. 9 4. 5 2. 8 2. 4 3. 5 1. 3 2. 1 1. 8 1.9 2. 1 2. 5

6 0 -79 h o u r s ____ ___ __ — 2. 0 1. 8 3. 1 1. 8 2. 4 4.9 1. 9 1. 5 1. 8 1. 9 2. 6 2.4

8 0-99 h o u r s _________________ 3. 6 2. 1 3. 5 3. 2 3. 7 5. 7 2. 5 1.9 1. 9 2. 5 3. 2 3. 3

100-119 h o u r s _______________ 3. 2 3. 2 2. 8 5. 7 2. 2 4.9 2. 8 2. 8 3. 3 2. 8 3. 2 3. 0

120-139 h o u r s - ______ ____ 4. 2 4. 9 3. 2 7. 1 3. 6 5. 3 6. 2 5. 6 5. 8 4. 5 5.6 5. 8

140-159 ho u r s _ ____________ 4. 9 4.6 2. 8 11. 1 10. 4 5. 2 10. 0 6.6 8. 8 3. 8 8. 7 5. 2

160-179 h o u r s ______________ 5. 3 7. 8 6. 1 9.6 15. 1 6. 9 13. 1 13. 1 13. 2 9.9 11. 3 8. 3

180 h o u r s or m o r e --------- 4. 5 2.9 13.9 13. 5 18. 2 10. 9 26. 3 31. 0 26. 9 35. 3 19. 6 14. 0

L athers

T o t a l ---- ----------- 100. 0

i

! 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 | 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

o ho u r s ______________________ 34. 4

1

i 39. 1 29. 7 28. 1 34. 4

1------------

! 37. 5 46. 9 45. 3 45. 3 39. 1 39. 1 35. 9

1-19 h o u r s - ____-__________ — - ! - - - | 1.6 - 3. 1 _ - 4. 7 _

2 0 -39 h o u r s __________________ 1. 6 _ 3. 1 - 1. 6 j 1.6 - - _ 1.6 4. 7 _

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s _______ _______ 1. 6 _ _ 1.6 _ _ 1.6 _ 1.6 _ _

60 - 7 9 ho u r s _________________ 4. 7 3. 1 4. 7 3. 1 4. 7 _ _ _ 1. 6 6. 3 _ 1. 6

8 0 -99 h o u r s_____ ____ ____ 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 3. 1 1. 6 3. 1 _ 1.6 1.6 1. 6 1. 6 _

100-119 h o u r s ______________ 4. 7 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 1.6 4. 7 3. 1 7. 8 1.6 _ 1. 6 1.6

120-139 h o u r s _____________ 7. 8 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 4. 7 1. 6 10. 9 4. 7 3. 1 15. 6 9.4

140-159 ho u r s _ ___ ____ 40. 6 20. 3 9.4 9.4 20. 3 14. 1 4. 7 15. 6 15. 6 20. 3 25. 0 4. 7

160-179 h o u r s ........... 3. 1 29. 7 14. 1. 26. 6 32. 8 12. 5 1.6 14. 1 3. 1 9.4 6. 3 9.4

180 ho urs or m o r e __________ - " 31. 3 21. 9 -

20. 3 42. 2 -

26. 6 17. 2 1. 6 37. 5

L a b o r e r s

Total----- -_ - ----- 100. 0

l

100.0 100. 0

!

: 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 ho u r s --------- ----------- 67. 4 69. 5 60. 5 60. 7 55. 6 58. 8 52. 3 51. 0 54. 9 58. 1 59. 5 6 2 . 4

1-10 ho u r s __ __ ____ ___ _ 1. 7 1. 8 2. 8 2. 6 3. 9 3. 2 1. 5 2. 4 2. 3 1. 9 2. 4 1. 6

2 0 -39 h o u r s __________________ 2. 5 1. 8 2. 8 4. 3 3. 8 3. 7 1.9 2. 0 2. 3 1. 5 2. 2 2. 8

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 7 2. 1 2. 8 3. 0 2. 6 3. 7 1. 5 1. 9 3. 0 1. 9 1. 9 2. 6

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s ____ ____ 1. 6 ! 1. 5 2. 4 1. 7 1. 9 2. 2 2. 5 2. 8 3. 2 2. 0 2. 3 1. 5

80-99 h o u r s __________________ 2. 3 i 2. 0 2. 1 2. 8 2. 6 2. 6 3. 0 3. 2 3. 0 1. 8 2. 3 1. 7

100-119 h o u r s _______________ 3. 5 3. 5 1. 8 2. 4 3. 0 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 0 2. 7 2. 5 2. 9

120-139 h o u r s ______________ 5. 1 4. 1 2. 8 5. 7 4.4 3. 2 4. 1 3. 9 3. 7 2. 7 3. 7 3. 5

140-159 h o u r s __ — -------- 8. 0 4.6 4. 5 8. 0 7. 7 7. 3 7. 5 6. 8 12. 1 7. 7 8. 8 6. 7

160-179 ho u r s — ----- — 3. 2 6. 1 6. 8 5. 9 7. 3 5. 2 4. 8 11. 0 6. 1 9.2 5. 7 6. 9

180 ho u r s or m o r e _ _____ _ 2. 0 3. 0 10. 6 3. 0 7. 2 7. 0 17. 7 11. 7 6. 3 10.6 8. 6 7.4

91

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e A - 4 3 . P e r c e n t distribution of w o r k e r s in selected construction occupations in O m a h a b y m o n t h a n d b y h o u r s of w o r k reported for the 1 2 - m o n t h 

period, July 1966— J u n e 1967— Continued

H o u r s J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y J u n e | July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r j D e c e m b e r

I r o n w o r k e r s

Total _ --------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s _______________________ 46. 4 49. 3 44. 7 43. 3 36. 2 36. 5 32. 2 32. 5 34. 2 37. 3 38. 5 41. 1

i - 19 h o u r s ___________________ 1. 6 2. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2. 7 3. 5 1. 3 1. 1 3. 1 1. 5 . 9 . 9

2 9-39 h o urs _________________ 2. 0 1.8 . 9 2. 7 3. 1 3. 8 1. 8 1. 5 . 7 1. 5 . 9 2. 2

4* -59 h o u r s -__________ _____ 4. 5 2.9 2. 2 1.6 3. 6 2. 0 2. 7 1. 5 2. 0 1. 1 1. 5 2. 7

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s __________________ 4. 0 1. 5 2. 7 1. 5 1. 5 2. 9 3. 6 2. 0 1. 6 1. 8 2. 4 2. 0

8 0 -99 ho u r s _________________ 5.6 6. 7 3.6 5. 6 4. 0 7. 3 2.9 3. 5 4. 0 2. 2 3. 5 2. 9

100- 1 1 9 h o u r s ______________ 9. 3 6. 9 3.5 3. 1 4. 0 5. 3 3. 8 3. 6 3. 5 2. 7 4. 9 7. 8

1 2 0 -139 ho u r s ______________ 10. 9 10. 0 4. 5 15. 1 7. 6 6. 9 5. 3 6.4 6. 5 3. 8 8. 2 5. 6

1 40-159 ho u r s _______________ 8. 7 8. 9 6. 7 10. 4 20. 4 10. 9 17. 6 15. 1 17. 1 14. 0 17. 8 11. 8

1 6 0 -179 h o u r s --------------- 4. 2 7. 8 6. 5 8. 7 9. 3 8. 9 10. 9 16. 9 8. 2 13. 5 12. 2 12. 9

180 ho u r s or m o r e __________ 2. 7 1. 8 23. 1 6. 4 7. 6 12. 0 17. 8 16. 0 19. 1 20. 7 9. 3 10. 0

C e m e n t finishers

T o t a l ------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

o ho u r s ______________________ 63. 3 62.6 53. 8 37. 1 33. 2 46. 2 30. 1 23. 4 27. 6 26. 2 28. 3 37. 4

1-19 h o u r s ___________________ 4. 2 4. 2 1. 7 3. 8 3. 1 3. 8 2. 4 2. 8 1. 4 . 7 2. 1 6. 3

20 - 3 9 h o u r s .................. 3. 5 3. 8 3. 8 2. 4 1. 0 4. 5 2. 1 3. 8 1.4 2. 4 2. 1 5. 2

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s _________________ 5. 2 3. 5 3. 5 2. 1 2.4 3. 8 2. 1 . 7 1. 0 . 7 3. 1 3. 1

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 4 3. 5 2. 8 4. 5 1. 0 5. 9 1. 7 1. 4 2. 8 . 3 2. 4 6. 3

80 - 9 9 h o u r s ----------------- 2. 8 3. 1 1.4 3. 5 3. 8 4. 5 2. 8 3. 1 . 7 2. 1 3. 8 4. 9

100- 119 ______________________ 2. 8 4. 5 3. 1 7. 3 5. 9 4. 9 3. 8 4. 9 3. 1 4. 2 3. 8 7. 7

1 2 0 -139 h o u r s ______________ 3. 8 4. 2 4. 2 9.4 7. 3 4. 5 6. 3 4. 5 7. 7 3. 1 7. 7 6. 6

140-159 h o u r s _______________ 5.9 4.9 4. 2 11. 9 9. 8 6. 3 15. 7 11. 2 9. 8 11. 5 13. 3 7. 0

160-179 ho u r s ______________ 3. 1 4. 2 5. 6 11. 2 14. 7 6.6 13. 6 13. 6 12. 6 15.4 11. 5 5. 2

180 ho u r s or m o r e __________ 2. 8 1.4 15. 7 6.6 17. 5 8. 7 19. 2 30. 4 31. 8 33. 2 21.7 10. 1

C a r p e n t e r s

T o t a l __________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100, 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o urs ---------------------- 38. 1 40. 0 37. 5 36. 7 37. 1 42. 3 24. 9 23. 0 22. 1 25. 1 28. 9 32. 0

1-19 h o u r s ___________________ 1. 8 2. 1 2. 7 2. 4 1. 3 1. 1 1. 0 . 8 1. 6 1. 6 1. 3 2. 1

20 - 3 9 h o u r s __________________ 1. 9 2. 7 2. 3 3. 3 1. 8 1. 7 1. 4 1. 3 2. 0 1.4 1. 9 2. 6

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 6 2. 6 2. 5 2. 1 2. 3 2.7 2. 0 2. 1 2.9 3. 3 3. 3 2. 5

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s __________________ 2. 7 2. 8 2. 3 1.4 1. 6 2. 3 2. 8 3. 0 2. 3 2. 4 2. 2 3. 4

80 - 9 9 h o u r s ________________ 4. 0 3. 9 2. 7 3. 4 2. 8 3. 8 3. 7 3. 4 3. 5 1. 8 2. 4 2. 7

100-119 h o u r s ______________ 6.4 4. 6 3. 0 4.4 2. 9 3. 7 4. 1 3. 4 4. 3 3. 5 3. 7 3. 2

120-139 h o u r s --------------- 10.4 7. 5 4. 1 9. 8 4.6 6. 1 7. 3 5. 7 7. 3 7. 3 5. 3 6. 5

1 40-159 h o u r s ______________ 20. 1 11. 9 7. 0 13. 4 16. 0 9.6 20. 0 12. 1 22. 4 15. 6 19. 9 16. 5

160-179 h o u r s -------------- 7. 3 16. 7 13. 1 17. 7 16. 0 13. 8 14. 8 23. 0 12. 9 22. 4 13. 6 12. 4

180 h o urs or m o r e __________ 4. 7 5. 2 22. 7 5. 3 13. 6 12. 9 18. 0 22. 2 18. 7 15. 6 17. 4 16. 1

Bricklayers

T o t a l __________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s ______________________ 43. 0 44. 0 41. 2 38. 4 35. 3 49. 3 22. 1 21.4 25. 6 28. 6 30. 0 35. 1

1-19 h o u r s ____________ >______ 2. 8 1.4 1. 9 1. 6 1. 9 1. 4 . 5 .9 . 7 1. 2 1. 2 1. 2

2 0 -39 h o u r s ----------------- 4. 7 2. 1 1. 6 2. 3 2. 8 1.9 1.9 2. 1 2.6 1.4 2. 1 2. 3

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s _________________ 4. 0 7. 0 3. 0 3. 0 2. 8 1. 6 2. 1 1.4 2. 3 . 7 1. 9 2. 6

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s _________________ 6. 3 5. 6 4. 2 1.4 1. 6 3. 5 3. 7 3. 7 3. 5 2. 1 3. 7 3. 7

80 - 9 9 h o u r s _________________ 4. 4 8. 1 2. 8 3. 0 2. 6 3. 7 4. 7 2. 8 4. 7 2. 6 4. 9 9. 8

100-119 ho u r s -------------- 7. 0 5. 8 4. 7 7. 9 6. 0 6. 0 7. 9 4. 4 3. 0 6. 5 6. 0 10. 2

1 20-139 h o u r s _______________ 11. 9 8. 8 6. 7 16. 3 8. 4 4. 7 10. 7 7. 2 9. 3 6. 3 12. 6 9. 5

140-159 h o u r s _______________ 10. 7 6. 7 14. 2 10. 7 18. 6 8. 8 21.4 22. 8 24. 7 2 1.4 18. 6 10. 7

160-179 h o u r s _______________ 3. 3 6. 5 7. 0 9. 5 11. 9 6. 3 10. 9 15. 3 9. 3 16. 0 9. 8 5. 8

180 hours or m o r e __________ 2. 1 4. 0 12. 8 5. 8 8. 1 12. 8 14. 2 17. 9 14. 4 13. 3 9. 3 9. 1

Total of all selected construction crafts

T o t a l ------------ _ — 100. 0 100. 0

1

100. 0

r

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s _______________________ 54. 1 55. 9 48. 8 44. 8 42. 1 48. 0 35. 2 34. 0 35. 6 37. 8 40. 5 45. 3

1-19 h o u r s ___________________ 2. 1 1.9 2. 5 2. 2 2. 2 2. 3 1. 2 1.4 1. 7 1. 5 1. 7 2. 0

20 - 3 9 h ours _________________ 2. 3 2. 2 2. 5 3. 1 2. 5 2. 7 1. 7 1. 7 1. 8 1. 5 2. 1 2. 9

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s __________________ 3. 0 2. 8 3. 0 2.4 2. 6 3. 0 1. 8 1. 8 2.4 2. 0 2. 3 2. 6

6 0 - 7 9 h o u r s _________________ 2. 7 2. 3 2. 7 1. 7 1. 8 3. 1 2. 6 2. 4 2. 5 2. 0 2. 4 £. 7

80 - 9 9 h o u r s _________________ 3. 6 3. 5 2. 7 3. 4 3. 0 4. 2 3. 1 3. 0 3. 0 2. 1 2. 9 3. 3

1 00-119 h o u r s ______________ 5. 0 4. 2 2. 9 4. 3 3. 2 4. 2 3. 8 3. 4 3. 4 3. 2 3. 6 4. 2

1 20-139 h o u r s ______________ 7. 3 6. 2 3. 8 8. 9 5. 0 5. 0 6. 1 5. 4 6. 1 4. 8 6. 0 5. 6

1 40-159 h o u r s ______________ 11. 5 7. 4 5. 7 10. 7 12. 8 8. 0 13. 8 10. 6 15. 6 10. 9 13. 9 9. 9

1 60-179 h o u r s _______________ 5. 1 10. 1 8. 6 11.4 12. 9 8. 7 10. 8 16. 0 10. 3 14. 3 10. 4 9. 2

180 h o urs or m o r e __________ 3. 4 3. 6 16.6 7. 1 11. 9 10. 8 20. 1 20. 2 17. 6 19. 7 14. 2 12. 4

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual items m a y not equal totals.

9 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -44. P e r c e n t distribution of w o r k e r s in selected construction occupations in Detroit by m o n t h and b y h o u r s of w o r k r eported for the 1 2 - m o n t h 

period, N o v e m b e r 1966— O c t o b e r 1967

H o u r s J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April ! M a y !

i___________;

J u n e

1___________

July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

Total ------------------

C a r p e n t e r s

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s ----------------------- 37. 4 39. 3 39. 7 37. 6 36. 4 34. 8 34.2 33. 3 33. 4 40. 3 37. 3 36. 1

1-19 h o u r s — ----------------- 1. 3 2. 3 i1 1-4 1.4 1.0 1.9 1.5 1. 1 1.6 1.2 1. 5 1.6

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 1.7 2. 7 ! !-9 1.9 1.7 2. 1 1.9 1.8 2. 5 2.0 2. 6 2. 1

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 1 2.9 2. 0 1.9 1. 5 2. 2 2. 1 1.6 2. 4 1.7 3. 2 2. 1

6 0 -79 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 8 3. 7 2. 3 2. 4 2. 0 2. 0 3. 5 2. 2 2. 8 2. 3 5. 3 2. 7

8 0-99 h o u r s ------------------ 4. 3 5. 7 3. 5 4. 2 3.7 4. 3 6. 6 3. 5 4. 5 3. 8 8. 6 5. 3

100 - 1 1 9 h o u r s --------------- 8. 1 8. 7 5. 7 5. 8 5.5 5. 6 12. 2 4. 6 7. 0 6. 5 10. 1 9. 8

120 - 1 3 9 h o u r s --------------- 12. 2 9. 6 9.0 11.7 9. 6 13. 6 17. 0 7. 8 16.9 9.0 8. 3 12. 8

140 - 1 5 9 h o u r s --------------- 11.8 13. 8 12, 0 16. 5 I 13. 7 13. 7 8. 5 12. 1 11.7 13. 4 7. 5 10. 3

1 6 0 -179 h o u r s --------------- 9. 8 7. 4 9. 1 8. 3 j 14. 2 11. 1 6. 4 16. 5 8.9 10. 6 6.9 8. 7

180 h o u r s or m o r e ---------- 8. 5 3.9 13. 4 8. 2 10. 7 8. 7 6. 0 15. 5 8. 5 9. 3 8. 8 8.4

Opera t i n g engineers

Total ------------------ 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s - -------------------- 37. 4 39. 0 37. 9 35. 2 32. 4 32. 8 31. 2 31.0 35. 8 4 1.5 36. 1 36. 8

1-19 ho u r s ------------------- 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1. 2 1.2 1. 3 1.2 1. 6 1.4 1. 1 1.6

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 1 2. 3 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1. 3 1.5 1. 3 2. 0 1.9

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 1.9 2. 1 1.7 2. 1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1. 1 1.6 1.5 2. 4 2. 0

6 0-79 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.5 2. 0 1. 1 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.0

8 0-99 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 7 3. 5 3.0 3.0 3. 1 2. 8 3. 2 2.0 2. 3 2. 3 3. 4 3.0

10 0 - 1 1 9 h o u r s --------------- 4. 8 4. 2 2. 5 2. 3 1.8 2. 5 3. 2 2. 1 2. 0 2.0 5. 2 4. 3

120- 1 3 9 h o u r s --------------- 5. 8 5. 6 3.9 3. 2 3. 6 3. 5 4. 8 2.9 3.0 4. 4 7. 4 5.9

140- 1 5 9 h o u r s --------------- 10. 0 8. 3 6. 4 6. 1 5. 7 7.9 9. 8 5. 4 7. 7 7. 4 8. 7 9.0

160- 1 7 9 h o u r s --------------- 12. 8 17. 1 14. 5 14. 3 14. 5 16. 8 13. 2 13. 1 13.9 13. 6 12. 6 13. 3

180 h o u r s or m o r e --------- 18. 8 14. 4 25. 0 28. 2 33. 2 27. 8 28. 2 38. 9 29. 3 23. 1 19. 1 20. 4

B ricklayers

Total ------------------ 100.0 ! 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s ----------------------- 48. 1

1

i 49.0 42. 2 38. 2 33. 8 31.5 34. 0 33. 6 35. 2 43. 2 4 1 . 4 44. 9

1-19 h o u r s ------------------- 1.8 2. 6 2. 0 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 1. 3 1.8 3. 0

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 3. 2 4.9 2. 5 2. 1 1.9 1.9 1. 8 1.9 1.5 1.4 2. 4 4. 4

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 4. 3 6. 2 2. 3 1.9 2. 7 2. 6 2. 2 1.5 2. 3 2. 0 2. 7 4. 2

60-79 h o u r s ------------------ 5. 5 6. 1 3. 0 2. 3 2. 2 3. 0 2.9 2. 2 2. 5 2. 6 4. 2 6.0

8 0 -99 h o u r s ------------------ 7. 6 8. 1 5. 4 4. 3 3. 2 4. 4 5. 0 2. 7 4. 4 3. 7 6. 3 9.4

100 - 1 1 9 h o u r s --------------- 8. 1 6. 7 6.9 4.8 3. 3 4. 5 9. 6 3. 2 4. 5 6. 4 8. 7 8. 1

1 2 0 -139 h o u r s --------------- 5.9 5. 0 9. 2 9. 1 7. 3 8. 0 16. 4 4.9 11. 3 11. 3 11.0 6. 1

1 40-159 h o u r s --------------- 5. 5 3. 8 8. 5 16. 5 12. 0 18. 7 13. 7 9.0 15. 3 11.5 6. 5 5. 5

16 0 - 1 7 9 h o u r s --------------- 6.0 6. 2 8. 5 13. 1 14. 8 13. 7 8. 6 11.2 11. 1 9. 2 7. 1 5. 1

180 ho u r s or m o r e ---------- 4. 0 1. 2 9. 5 6. 2 16. 8 10. 1 4. 1 28. 1 10. 0 7. 3 8. 0 3. 3

L a b o r e r s

Total ------------------ 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 J 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u r s ----------------------- 58. 0 59. 7 57. 0 53. 2 ! 50. 5 48. 3 47. 3 46. 6 49. 3 57. 3 54. 9 55. 5

1-19 ho u r s ------------------- 2. 2 2. 2 2. 0 2. 3 J 2. 1 2. 2 2. 2 2. 1 2. 3 1. 8 1.8 2. 4

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 3 2. 6 2. 2 2.5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 1 2.0 2. 6 1.7 2. 3 2. 5

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 1 2.9 2. 1 2. 4 2. 1 2. 3 2. 4 2. 2 2. 6 1. 8 2. 4 2. 7

60-79 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 4 2. 6 1.7 2. 1 1.8 2. 3 2. 5 1.8 2. 3 1.8 2. 5 2. 7

80-99 h o u r s ------------------ 3. 0 3. 6 3. 0 2.9 2. 5 3. 1 3. 7 2. 6 2.9 2. 5 3. 4 3. 7

100-119 h o u r s --------------- 3.9 4. 4 3. 1 2. 6 2. 6 3. 2 5. 1 2. 3 3. 2 3. 0 5. 3 4. 8

120-139 h o u r s --------------- 5. 1 5. 3 4. 6 4. 5 3. 8 5.0 9. 5 3. 4 4. 9 5. 5 6. 5 6. 4

1 4 0 -159 h o u r s --------------- 6. 6 5.9 6. 8 8. 5 6. 7 10. 2 9. 8 5. 1 9.9 7. 3 6. 1 7. 8

1 6 0 -179 h o u r s --------------- 6. 1 7. 1 7. 4 9. 9 8. 8 10. 5 6. 8 9.0 8.4 7. 8 6. 5 5. 4

180 h o u r s or m o r e ---------- 8. 3 3. 7 10. 1 9. 1 17. 2 10. 7 8. 6 23.0 11.7 9.5 8. 4 6. 2

C e m e n t m a s o n s

Total ------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u r s ----------------------- 57. 7 56. 7 56. 3 47. 2 43. 3 38. 4 39. 9 44. 3 45. 1 50. 0 48. 2 53. 3

1-19 h o u r s ------------------- 5. 1 5. 7 4. 1 3. 8 4. 1 5.0 5. 6 2. 6 3.9 2. 9 5. 6 5.0

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 4. 3 3. 9 4.9 3. 5 3. 4 2. 6 3. 6 1.5 2. 6 2. 6 3. 1 3.9

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 7 3. 8 4. 0 3. 7 1. 6 3. 3 2. 0 2. 2 1.8 1.6 3. 5 3. 3

60-79 h o u r s ------------------ 3.0 4. 1 2. 3 2. 8 1.7 3. 8 3. 3 2. 0 2. 2 1.5 2. 4 4. 8

8 0 -99 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 1 2. 9 2. 6 5. 0 3.9 3. 1 3. 1 4. 7 3. 4

1 0 0 -119 h o u r s --------------- 4. 0 3. 4 2. 4 2.9 3. 3 3. 8 5. 0 3. 4 3.9 3. 5 5. 8 5.0

12 0 - 1 3 9 h o u r s --------------- 4. 9 5.0 4. 4 5. 6 4. 4 6. 0 11. 1 2.9 4. 8 6.4 4. 4 4. 8

1 4 0 -159 h o u r s --------------- 4. 7 5. 1 5. 1 6. 2 5. 2 9. 6 8. 3 4. 1 9-9 7. 7 7. 4 6. 8

16 0 - 1 7 9 h o u r s --------------- 4. 6 5. 8 5. 2 9. 7 9. 4 13. 1 9. 8 8. 8 9.4 9. 2 7. 5 4. 7

180 h ours or m o r e --------- 6. 9 3. 0 6. 8 9. 6 20. 8 12. 0 6. 5 24. 2 13. 4 11.6 7. 2 5. 0

Reinf o r c e d steel w o r k e r s

Total------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u r s ----------------------- 50. 1 53. 2 50. 9 45. 9 39. 3 32. 3 33. 7 31.7 35. 7 45. 8 45. 4 46. 3

1-19 h o u r s ------------------- 1.7 2.0 2. 3 2. 5 2. 5 3. 6 3. 2 2.4 3. 3 2. 6 3. 0 2.7

20-39 h o u r s ------------------ 1.5 1.9 2. 3 2.0 2. 5 3. 2 2. 5 1.4 2. 7 2.9 3. 8 2. 6

40 - 5 9 h o u r s ------------------ 2. 7 2. 6 2. 8 3. 2 3. 2 4. 4 2. 1 2. 2 2. 7 2. 3 2. 8 4.4

6 0 -79 h o u r s ------- ----------- 3. 6 4. 8 2. 6 1.6 2. 3 3.4 3. 6 3. 3 3. 2 2. 1 3.9 3. 8

80-99 h o u r s ------------------ 4. 1 6. 6 3. 2 3. 8 3. 5 4.0 4. 8 3. 5 4. 4 3. 6 6. 2 6. 7

100-119 h o u r s --------------- 6.0 7. 8 4. 4 3. 6 3. 4 5. 3 8. 5 3. 7 5.0 3. 8 6. 1 7.9

1 2 0 -139 h o u r s --------------- 8. 7 6. 2 6. 7 7. 0 6. 4 7.0 12. 5 6. 4 8. 1 9. 1 7. 4 8. 8

1 4 0 -159 h o u r s --------------- 7. 0 5.0 9. 7 11.9 8. 4 16. 8 13. 6 10. 4 13.4 10. 9 7. 5 7. 2

160- 1 7 9 h o u r s --------------- 6. 2 6. 6 8.9 11. 3 10. 2 12. 5 7. 5 10. 5 12. 6 8. 5 6. 1 5. 3

180 h o u r s or m o r e --------- 8. 4 3. 3 6. 2 7. 3 18. 2 7. 5 7. 8 24. 6 8.9 8. 3 7. 7 4. 2

N O T E : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual items m a y not equal totals.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e A -45. P e r c e n t distribution of w o r k e r s in selected construction occupations in M i l w a u k e e b y m o n t h an d b y h o u r s of w o r k reported for the 1 2 - m o n t h 

period, D e c e m b e r 1 965— N o v e m b e r 1966

H o u r s J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April

I 1 ; 1 i

M a y j J u n e j July ; A u g u s t ' S e p t e m b e r I O c t o b e r ’ N o v e m b e r p D e c e m b e r 

Asphalt p a v e r s

Total -------

0 h o u r s ------------

1-19 h o u r s---------

20-39 h o u r s -------

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s -------

6 0-79 h o u r s -------

80 - 9 9 h o u r s -------

10 0 - 1 1 9 h o u r s ----

120- 1 3 9 h o u r s -----

14 0 - 1 5 9 h o u r s ----

160- 1 7 9 h o u r s -----

180 h o u r s or m o r e

T o t a l -------

0 h o u r s ------------

1-19 h o u r s --------

20-39 h o u r s -------

4 0-59 h o u r s -------

60-79 h o u r s -------

8 0 -99 h o u r s -------

10 0 - 1 1 9 h o u r s -----

1 2 0 -139 h o u r s ----

14 0 - 1 5 9 h o u r s -----

16 0 - 1 7 9 h o u r s -----

180 h o u r s or m o r e

Total -------

0 h o u r s ------------

1-19 ho u r s --------

2 0-39 h o u r s -------

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s -------

60-79 h o u r s -------

8 0 -99 h o u r s -------

1 0 0 - 1 1 9 h o u r s -----

12 0 - 1 3 9 h o u r s -----

1 4 0 - 1 5 9 h o u r s -----

160 - 1 7 9 h o u r s -----

180 h o u r s or m o r e

T o t a l -------

0 h o u r s ------------

1-19 ho u r s --------

20-39 h o u r s -------

40 - 5 9 h o u r s -------

6 0 -79 h o u r s -------

8 0-99 h o u r s -------

10 0 - 1 1 9 h o u r s -----

12 0 - 1 3 9 h o u r s -----

14 0 - 1 5 9 h o u r s -----

16 0 - 1 7 9 h o u r s -----

180 h o u r s or m o r e

Total -------

0 h o u r s ------------

1-19 ho u r s --------

2 0 -39 h o u r s -------

4 0 - 5 9 h o u r s -------

6 0 -79 h o u r s -------

8 0 -99 h o u r s -------

100 - 1 1 9 h o u r s -----

1 2 0 - 1 3 9 h o u r s -----

1 4 0 - 1 5 9 h o u r s -----

1 6 0 - 1 7 9 h o u r s -----

180 ho u r s or m o r e

100. 0 100.0 100. 0

!

100.0 i 100. 0

1

100.0

i

100.0 100. 0 100. 0

1

100.0 I 100.0 : 100.0

82. 6 88. 9 90. 3 7 6 . 4 1 41.7 39. 2 31.9 31.2 31. 2

=— — I 

29.9 48. 6 63. 2

2. 1 . 7 . 7 1.4 7. 6 2. 1 ; 2. 8 I 2. 8 2. 1 5. 6 3. 5 9.0

1.4 - - 4.9 2. 8 2. 1 j 4. 2 2. 1 2. 8 . 7 2. 8 7. 6

1.4 1.4 . 7 4. 2 4. 2 ! 2. 8 - 2. 8 4. 2 2. 1 2. 1

- - - 4. 2 6. 2 2. 1 | 2. 8 2. 8 5. 6 1.4 8. 3 6.9

9.0 7. 6 6. 2 4. 2 6.9 2. 8 ; 2. 1 1.4 2. 8 3. 5 9. 7 4.9

. 7 - - 1.4 5. 6 i 2 . 6 ; 5. 6 5. 6 2. 1 3. 5 15. 3 1.4

- - . 7 - 5. 6 8.3 | 8. 3 8. 3 9.0 9.7 3. 5 . 7

1.4 - - . 7 12. 5 | 1 7.4 ! 9.7 28. 5 31.9 10.4 1.4 2. 8

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 6. 2 i! 11.8 ! 13. 2 12. 5 3. 5 13.9 4.9 1.4

" -

1.4 . 7 | 2. 8

! i

16. 7 4.9 6. 2 17. 8 -

T e r r a z z o skilled helpers

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

37. 1 41.9 33.9

!

37. 1 !

|=----- ------

40. 3 35. 5 37. 1 29.0 38. 7 4 1.9 46. 8 30. 6

- 1.6 1.6 - 1 “ 1- 1.6 _ _

_ - 3. 2 1.6 !

1.6 _ _ 1.6 1. 6 _

4. 8 4.8 3. 2 3.2 1.6 4. 8 6. 5 11. 3 8. 1 8. 1 6. 5 4. 8

1.6 1.6 _ _ 1. 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.6

6. 5 1.6 1. 6 1.6 1. 6 3. 2 3. 2 8. 1 _ 3. 2 3. 2 3. 2

_ 1.6 1.6 1.6 _ 1.6 4. 8 4. 8 3. 2 1.6 1.6 3. 2

6. 5 3. 2 1.6 8. 1 4. 8 1.6 6. 5 14. 5 3. 2 4. 8 6. 5 .

19.4 17. 7 14. 5 16. 1 30. 6 24. 2 27. 4 14. 5 3. 2 9.7 30. 6 6. 5

22. 6 25. 8 9.7 21.0 17. 7 4. 8 11. 3 17. 7 6. 5 27. 4 3. 2 11.3

1.6 " 29. 0 11. 3 " 24. 2 1. 6 -

37. 1 - - 38. 7

M a s o n s

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

l

33.8 i

f

34. 5 33.0 30. 3 |! 35. 5 37. 3 35. 3 3 0.4 30. 2 31. 2 33. 0 31.9

1. 2 j 1.0 . 6 .7 |i . 8 20.0 .9 . 6 . 2 . 7 . 9 . 4

3. 7 |I !• 7 1. 1 1.2 j! .9 3.4 5. 8 jI • 6 1. 1 1. 1 1. 3 . 6

9. 6 !j 6.4 6. 0 5. 3 1. 2 11.0 9. 6 1 5. 7 5. 6 5. 7 5. 3 5. 1

6.3 j! 4.7 2.0 1.6 1.0 3.4 13. 2 ii 1. 1 1. 2 1.0 1.4 1. 2

8.6 j1 7.9 3. 6 2.6 1i 2.9 5. 2 8. 3 :

i 3<1

2. 7 2.9 2.9 3.0

8.0 :j 10.7 4. 1 2.8 |i 2.7 3.7 3. 8 2. 7 2. 7 2. 5 5.9 3. 6

6. 1 | 12.0 10. 6 5. 6 | 13.3 4.0 4. 7 4. 4 5.4 5. 0 13. 5 6.4

9. 1 12. 5 16. 0 14. 2 1 24.9 4. 2 6. 8 16. 4 28.9 16.6 19.7 17.0

6. 8 | 8.3 10. 8 14. 5 13. 6 4. 3 5. 2 20. 7 7.9 12. 3 8.9 14. 4

6. 7 j . 2

i___________

12. 2 21. 1 3. 2

1

3. 5 6. 2 14. 3 14. 0 20. 9 7. 2 16.4

L athers

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

37. 5 34. 5 28. 0 30.4 39.9 31.0 32. 7 32. 1 36.9 38. 1 38. 7 32. 1

_ . 6 1. 2 - . 6 .6 .6 .6 _ .6 _ 1.2

1.2 1.2 1.8 1.2 . 6 .6 2. 4 . 6 . 6 1.2 1. 2 1.8

8. 3 8.9 8. 9 8. 3 1.8 8. 3 8. 9 8. 9 8.9 9. 5 9. 5 10. 7

4. 8 1.8 1. 2 3.0 1.8 1.8 4. 2 . 6 1.8 1.8 . 6 4.8

4. 8 6.0 4. 2 4. 2 6. 0 5. 4 8. 3 6. 0 4. 8 8.9 3. 6 4. 8

5. 4 6.0 4. 8 - 3. 0 3. 6 6. 5 4. 2 3. 6 1. 2 2. 4 3.0

7. 7 4. 8 1.8 4. 2 3. 0 1.8 5. 4 6.0 6. 5 3. 6 4. 2 7. 1

13.7 16. 7 6. 5 13. 1 10. 1 19. 6 15. 5 10. 1 17. 3 8.9 25. 0 8. 3

13. 7 14. 3 11.9 25. 6 26. 8 7. 7 4. 8 16. 1 3. 0 19. 0 8. 3 5.4

3. 0 5.4 29. 8 10. 1 6. 5 19. 6 10. 7 14. 9 16. 7 7. 1 6. 5 20. 8

C e m e n t finishers

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0

59.4 60. 3 53. 6 46. 6 43. 5 37. 7 37. 7 37. 6 37. 7 38. 5 41. 2 52. 5

1. 6 1.9 1. 3 2. 2 2. 1 1.9 2. 5 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.9 1. 3

1.9 1. 6 . 6 3.0 1.0 2. 2 1.7 1.4 . 8 1. 3 2. 1 2. 2

6. 6 5. 6 5. 3 5. 8 1.4 5. 8 5. 7 4. 5 4. 8 5. 4 6. 6 5. 7

2. 5 2. 2 2. 3 2. 6 1. 6 1. 2 1.6 1. 3 1. 7 . 8 2. 7 2. 2

6. 1 5. 3 3. 6 2.9 3. 2 3.5 2. 5 2. 2 1. 3 1.4 3.0 3.4

2. 1 3.4 2. 7 1.6 6. 7 2.5 2. 5 1.9 2. 7 1.4 4. 4 1.8

3.8 5. 6 4. 2 4.8 8. 6 7.7 5. 7 4. 8 5. 2 4. 2 6. 6 3. 8

6. 2 8.0 10. 9 6. 6 15. 7 17. 3 8. 6 11. 5 16. 5 9. 2 8.9 10.4

5. 3 6. 1 10. 9 9.1 12. 5 9.9 11. 5 18.0 13.4 12. 7 10. 5 7.4

4. 5 - 4. 5 14.9 3. 8 10.4 20. 1 14. 7 14.4 23. 3 11.9 9. 3

9 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -45. P e rc e n t d istrib u tio n of w o rk ers in selected con stru ction occupations in M ilwaukee by m onth and by hours of w ork rep o rted for the 12-m onth p e rio d , D ecem ber 1965—N ovem ber 1966— Continued

H ours Ja n u a ry jF ebruary M arch A pril May June July Augustj S eptem ber j O ctoberj N ovem ber D ecem ber

T o t a l-------------------- —

T erra z z o m echanics

100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 !

100.0 1! 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 i 100.0

i

100.0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u rs -------------------------------- 24. 0 24. 0 24. 0 28.0

— 

44. 0

h.................... |

24.0 32. 0 1

28.0 28.0 32.0 32.0 28.0

1-19 h o u r s---- - ------------ 4. 0 - - - - |

- - - 4. 0 - -

20-39 h o u rs ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - 4. 0 -

40-59 h o u rs ------------------------- 20. 0 20.0 20.0 16. 0 - 24.0 16. 0 16. 0 16. 0 16.0 20. 0 16.0

60-79 h o u rs-------------------------

- - - 4.0 4. 0 - - i 4.0 - - -

80-99 h o u rs------------------------- 4.0 - - - 4. 0 - - 4. 0 ii - - -

100-119 h o u rs--------------------- - - - 4. 0 4. 0 - - 8.0 Ii - - 4. 0

120-139 h o u rs--------------------- 8. 0 - 4. 0 - 8. 0 8.0 4. 0 j 12.0 '| 4. 0 8. 0 - -

140-159 h o u rs--------------------- 12. 0 8.0 - 16.0 20. 0 8.0 28. 0 j 8.0 4. 0 4.0 32. 0 -

160-179 h o u rs--------------------- 28. 0 48.0 12.0 24.0 16. 0 - 16. 0 24. 0 8. 0 36.0 4. 0 12.0

180 ho urs or m o re-------------- - “ 40. 0 8.0 - 36.0 4. 0 36. 0 8. 0 40. 0

P la s te re r s

100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u rs -------------------------------- 29.5 31. 1 31.6 30.0 37. 8 27.4 28.9 28.4 : 31.6 33. 7 37.9 30. 5

1-19 hours -------------------------- 4. 2 2. 1 . 5 . 5 1. 1 - 1. 1 •5 1 . 5 . 5 1. 1 . 5

20-39 h o u rs------------------------- 1. 1 . 5 1. 1 1. 1 . 5 3. 7 . 5 . 5 1 . 5 . 5 . 5 2. 6

40-59 h o u rs------------------------- 11.6 12. 1 10. 0 10. 5 . 5 12. 6 12. 1 12. i ; 11.6 16. 3 12. 1 10.0

60-79 h o u rs------------------------- 1.6 3. 7 - 1. 1 1. 6 2. 1 2. 1 2.1 | 1. 1 2.-6 2. 1 -

80-99 h o u rs------------------------- 7.9 5. 8 3. 7 3. 7 3. 2 3. 7 4. 7 4.7 j 5. 3 7. 4 3. 7 4. 2

100-119 h o u rs--------------------- 8. 4 5. 3 3. 7 1.6 2. 1 4. 2 3. 2 1.6 | 1.6 2. 1 4. 7 1.6

120-139 h o u rs--------------------- 8 .4 8.9 6. 3 1.6 5. 3 2. 6 3. 7 8 .4 ! 7.9 4. 2 7 .4 5. 8

140-159 h o u rs--------------------- 10.0 14. 7 15. 3 12. 6 18. 9 18.9 18. 9 16.8 | 19.5 8 .4 22. 1 14. 2

160-179 h o u rs--------------------- 11.6 15. 8 10. 0 17. 4 26. 3 12. 6 6. 3 14. 7 | 7.9 16. 3 7.9 12. 6

180 hours or m o re ------------- 5. 8 " 17. 0 20.0 2. 6 12. 1 18.4 io . o ; 12. 6 7.9 . 5 17.9

O perating engineers

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 ; 1

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u rs--------------------- 56. 2 59. 1 55. 7 48. 6 42. 2 39.9 36. 3 36. 1 j 35. 7 33. 9 41.9 49. 4 1-19 hours ---------------- 1. 2 . 8 . 7 1.7 1. 2 1.5 1.7 1.2 ! 1.6 1.6 1. 1 .9 20-39 h o u rs-------------- 1.9 .9 1. 1 2. 4 1. 1 1. 1 1.0 1. 1 i 1. 3 1.2 1.8 1.4 40-59 h o u rs-------------- 4. 5 2.9 3. 5 2.9 2. 1 3. 1 2. 6 3.6 | 3.0 3. 5 3. 8 3. 6 60-79 h o u rs-------------- 1.5 1. 3 1. 1 1.5 1.8 1. 1 1.4 .9 i 1. 2 1. 3 1. 6 1.7 80-99 h o u rs-------------- — 5. 3 5. 7 4. 7 4. 4 2.9 2. 1 1.6 2. 5 ! 2. 6 1.9 2.9 3. 3 100-119 h o u rs-----------— 2. 8 1.9 1.9 1.9 4. 1 2. 4 2. 3 1.6 ! 2. 5 2.0 5.0 3. 6

120-139 h o u rs----------- 4. 6 4.0 3. 5 2. 8 7. 7 6.1 3. 6 4. 3 | 3. 7 4. 7 11.8 5. 5 140-159 h o u rs-----------— 5. 5 8. 7 6.9 5. 1 15. 8 20. 5 8. 3 13.0 24. 5 10. 1 13. 7 10. 5 160-179 h o u rs----------- 9. 3 14. 4 14. 3 11.2 17. 8 12.0 13. 8 28. 4 16. 7 13. 1 11. 6 9. 5 180 hours or m o re —— 7. 1 . 2 6. 7 17. 5 3. 4 10. 1 27.4 7. 2 |

________ L

26. 9 5.0 5.0 10. 7

P la s te re r la b o re rs

T o t a l ------------------------ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0

0 h o u rs ------------------------------- 39. 3 38. 7 36. 8 42. 3 46. 0 41.7 41. 7 4 5 .4 48. 5 47. 2 47. 9 42.9 1-19 hours ------------------------- 3. 1 1. 2 . 6 1.8 1. 2 . 6 . 6 1.2 . 6 2. 5 1.8 1. 2 20-39 h o u rs ------------------------ . 6 2. 5 . 6 1.2 . 6 3. 1 1. 2 - - 1.2 . 6 . 6 40-59 h o u rs ------------------------ 7. 4 6. 7 6. 1 6. 1 1. 8 8. 0 7 .4 6. 7 6.1 7 .4 6. 7 4 .9 60-79 h o u rs ------------------------ . 6 3. 1 . 6 1.2 . 6 1. 2 1. 2 1. 2 1.2 . 6 1. 2 -

80-99 h o u rs ------------------------ 6. 7 5. 5 4. 3 2. 5 4. 3 3. 1 3. 1 3. 7 1 .6 3. 1 4. 3 1.8 100-119 h o u rs-------------------- 6. 1 5. 5 9. 2 . 6 5. 5 1.8 4.9 - | 1.2 . 6 1. 2 1. 2 120-139 h o u rs-------------------- 8. 0 7 .4 1.8 3. 1 3. 1 1.8 3. 1 4. 3 ! 3.7 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3

140-159 h o u rs-------------------- 11.0 10.4 8. 0 4.9 11.0 15. 3 14. 1 9 .8 I 16.0 9 .8 20. 2 14. 1 160-179 h o u rs-------------------- 12.9 19.0 12.9 21.5 23. 9 11.7 8. 6 19. 0 ! 5. 5 17. 2 9. 2 8. 0 180 hours or m o re------------- 4. 3 “ 19. 0 14. 7 1. 8 11.7 14. 1 8. 6 ! 16. 6 I

6. 1 2. 5 20. 9

L ab o rers

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

0 h o u rs-------------------------------- 70. 9 71.7 68. 8 61.5 57. 2 53. 7 52. 8 51.2 51.0 55. 2 59.7 64 .4 1-19 ho urs -------------------------- 1.2 1. 2 1. 1 2. 1 2. 5 2. 8 2. 3 1.9 2. 7 2. 1 2. 1 1.5 20-39 h o u rs------------------------- 1.5 1.2 1. 6 2 .4 2. 4 2.9 2. 7 2. 2 3. 2 2. 2 2. 1 1.6 40-59 h o u rs------------------------- 3. 2 2. 2 2. 7 3. 3 2. 4 4. 3 4. 0 3. 3 4. 6 3. 4 3. 3 2.9 60-79 h o u rs------------------------- 2. 2 1. 3 1.4 2. 1 2. 4 2. 5 3. 0 1.9 3.0 1.7 1.9 1.6 80-99 h o u rs------------------------- 3.9 3. 2 2. 3 2. 6 2.9 2.9 2. 7 2 .4 3. 0 2. 1 2. 6 2. 3 100-119 h o u rs--------------------- 2. 7 3. 2 1.7 2.0 3. 4 3. 7 3. 3 3. 2 3. 6 2. 1 4. 0 1.9 120-139 h o u rs--------------------- 3. 0 4 .4 3. 2 2. 3 7. 0 6.9 3. 8 5 .4 4. 7 3. 4 7. 6 3. 1 140-159 h o u rs--------------------- 4. 7 6. 6 6. 2 5.8 11.8 12.8 8. 8 12. 2 17. 1 7. 5 10. 8 8. 2 160-179 h o u rs--------------------- 3. 6 5.0 6. 3 5.9 6. 4 2. 7 6.9 11.6 2. 1 7. 7 3. 1 5. 2 180 hours or m o r e ------------- 3. 1 " 4. 6 9.9 1.6 4. 7 9.9 4. 7 5.0 12. 5 2. 8 7. 3

NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

9 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -46. P e rc e n t distrib u tio n of w o rk ers in se le cte d c on stru ction occupations in so uthern C aliforn ia by m onth and by ho urs of w ork rep o rted for a 12-m onth p eriod

Hours Jan u ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril 1-------------- ; May June July 1-------------- 1

; AugUSt | S eptem ber ------------- 1

O ctober i Novembe rj Decem be r

Iro nw orkers 1

T o ta l________________ 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 ' 100.0 100. 0 ! 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

---------------- 1

100. 0

1----------------

100. 0

o hours ____________________

-------- -------

37. 8 38. 8 38. 0 40. 5 48. 0 31. 3 31. 3

|---- ..... ^

i 29.4 30. 4 32. 0 33. 5 36. 2 1-19 h o u r s_________________ 2. 0 2. 1 1. 8 2. 2 | 2. 1 2. 6 2. 3 ; 2.8 2. 3 1. 9 2. 3 2. 4 20-39 h o u rs________________ 2. 5 2. 6 2. 3 2. 7 2. 5 2.4 2. 6 i 2.6 2.6 2.4 2. 2 2.6 40-59 hours ________________ 2. 6 3. 1 2. 7 3. 1 2. 6 2. 8 2. 9 | 2. 8 2. 9 2. 6 2. 9 2. 9 60-79 hours ________________ 3. 0 3. 1 2. 8 3. 5 ! 2. 4 2. 8 2. 8 2. 8 2.7 2. 3 3. 1 2. 9 80-99 hours _______________ 4. 2 4. 2 3. 0 5. 2 l 3. 2 3. 6 3. 8 | 3.7 3. 5 3. 5 4. 3 4 .6 6 4 4. 9 3. 8 3. 1 4. 3 4. 7 i 3. 9 4. 7 4. 1 5. 8 5. 7 120-139 hours _____________ 10. 8 8. 2 6. 0 11. 5 4. 1 6! 9 6.* 9 | 6°. 4 8. 8 6 . 8 11. 8 10. 8 140-159 h o u rs______________ 15. 3 16. 5 10. 1 10. 0 7. 5 15. 7 17. 2 ! 9. 8 18. 8 13. 1 13. 6 13. 7 160-479 hours _____________ 8.4 13.8 11.2 8. 8 11. 9 I 11.2 8. 6 ; 17. 2 9. 1 18. 5 11. 2 10. 0 180 hours or m o re_________ 6.9 2.6 18.4 4. 6

!

: 12.5 | 16. 2

1

17. 0 | 18. 6 14. 1 12. 7 9. 3 8. 1

O perating eng ineers 1

T otal_________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 i

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 h o u rs____ __ __ ________ 30. 8 31.3 31. 0 33.1 43. 7 19. 9 21.4 22. 2 23. 0 24. 9 27. 4 29. 3 1-19 h o u r s________________ 1. 6 1. 8 1. 6 2 .3 1. 5 1. 4 1. 7 1. 6 1. 5 1. 6 1. 6 1. 8 20-39 h o u r s_____ ______ 2. 2 2.4 2. 1 3 .4 j; 1.6 1. 8 2. 1 1. 9 2. 0 1. 9 2. 3 2. 3 40-59 hours ______ 2. 9 2. 7 2. 4 4. 0 i 2. 1 2. 2 2. 6 2. 5 3. 0 2. 5 2. 8 2. 8 60-79 hours _________ ____ 3. 3 2. 5 2 .4 4. 5 1. 8 2.7 2. 9 2. 3 2. 7 2. 2 3. 4 3. 1 80-99 h o u rs________________ 4. 1 3. 6 3. 2 6. 2 1 2. 1 3. 1 3. 7 3. 6 3. 2 3. 3 4. 3 4. 1 100-119 h o u rs_______________ 6 .4 4. 6 3. 4 7 .4 i 2. 3 4. 0 4. 5 3. 5 3. 7 3. 4 6.6 6. 5 120-139 h o u rs_______________ 10.4 6. 4 5. 1 9 .2 | 3. 1 5. 5 7. 0 5.4 5. 7 4. 8 10. 7 10. 1 140-159 h o u rs_______________ 13. 2 11. 2 8. 6 8 .4 | 5. 6 11. 1 11. 7 7. 1 15. 0 8. 9 13.4 11.9 160-179 h o u rs_______________ 12. 3 22. 3 13. 7 10. 6 ; 15. 8 14. 7 16. 7 20. 1 16. 6 20. 5 13.9 13. 0 180 hours or m o re__________ 12. 8 11. 1 26. 5 10. 9

1

20. 5 33. 5 25. 7 29. 9 23. 5 26. 2 13. 6 15. 4

T ea m sters 2

T otal - --- --- ------ _ 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 j 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 hours ___________________ 40. 9 41.6 37. 6 !1 47. 0 j 46 .6 | 46. 9 48. 3 47. 7 48. 2 48. 6 50. 9 53.9 1-19 hours - _______________ 1.9 i 2. 3 2. 1 ! l. 6 ; 1. 7 1. 7 1. 5 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1. 5 1. 7 20-39 h o u rs_____ _________ 2. 1 ; 2. l i 2. 1 1.5 | 1. 4 1. 8 1. 4 1. 2 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 1.9 40-59 h o u rs----------- ------ — 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.9 1. 7 1 1. 8 2. 0 1. 6 1. 8 1. 5 1. 6 2. 5 2. 2 60-79 h o u r s----- --- ---------- 1. 8 ! 3.2 j 1. 9 1.8 i 2. 0 1.6 2. 0 1. 3 1. 5 1. 6 2. 7 2. 0 80-99 hours ____________ __ 2. 8 i 4 .5 : 2. 3 1.8 | 2. 2 1. 9 2. 4 2. 1 2. 4 2. 0 3. 1 3. 1 100-119 hours _____________ 3. 3 5. 0 | 2.4 1.9 < 2. 7 2. 3 3. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 3 3. 8 4. 3 120-139 hours _____________ 5. 9 6 .9 j 3. 7 3. 0 ' 4. 1 3. 1 4. 0 3.4 4. 1 4. 0 7. 1 5.9 140-159 ho u rs -------------------- 9. 0 9. 9 ! 6. 0 5.7 ! 7. 6 6 .6 10. 2 4. 9 11. 0 7. 3 8. 1 8. 8 160- 179 h o u rs_________ ___ 15. 8 15. 1 j 11. 0 13.3 ! 16.4 9. 0 10. 5 10. 7 11. 4 13. 8 8. 3 7. 3 180 hours or m ore _________ 13. 8 6 .8 j

__________ 1

29. 0 20. 8 i

i

13. 5 23. 2 15. 0 23. 3 14. 7 15. 8 10. 3 9. 0

C a rp e n te rs 2

T o ta l________________

1

100.0 i 100. 0 ' !

100. 0 100.0 i 100. 0 ! 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 hours ____________________

----------------s

41 .3 ! I 40.6 j 38.4 .“ i 39. 5 j! 1 40 .6 | 39. 5 41. 3 42. 2 45. 8 49. 5 52. 7 55.4 1-19 h o u r s_________________ 2 .4 1 2. 5 ! 2. 3 2. 2 I 2. 0 ! 2. 2 2. 2 2. 1 2. 2 2. 0 2. 0 1. 8 20-39 h o u rs------------------------- 3. 2 : 3. 3 2.9 3. 0 ! 2.9 i 3. 0 2. 9 2.7 3. 2 2. 8 2. 7 2.6 40-59 h o u rs________________ 3. 7 ! 4. 0 3.3 | 3.4 3.5 j 3. 5 3. 6 3. 6 3. 6 3. 3 3. 3 3. 0 60-79 h o u rs-------- -------------- 3. 7 | 3. 5 3. 9 3. 2 3 .4 | 3. 4 3. 5 3. 2 3. 0 2. 9 2. 9 2. 6 80-99 h o u rs________________ 4. 5 4. 6 3. 7 3. 7 3. 9 1 3. 8 4. 3 4. 1 3. 8 3. 8 3.4 3. 4 100-119 h o u rs______________ 4. 6 5. 0 3. 6 3. 9 4. 2 j 4. 3 4. 8 3. 7 3. 8 3. 4 4. 0 4. 3 120-139 h o u rs______________ 7. 3 8. 2 5. 2 5. 3 6.6 j 5.4 6. 3 5. 3 5. 8 4. 7 7. 8 7. 4 140-159 h o u rs--------------------- 11. 2 11. 8 7. 3 8. 2 11.8 1 11. 2 16. 5 6. 1 14. 3 8. 8 7. 1 6. 9 160-179 hours _____________ 13. 2 14. 7 11. 0 15. 8 15.5 | 11. 1 6. 7 11. 7 6. 3 13. 2 8. 2 7. 2 180 hours or m o re --------------- 4. 9 !

1 1. 8

1

19. 4

i

11. 8

1 !

5.7 ! | i 12. 7 7. 9 15. 4 8. 1 5. 7 5.9 5. 2

C em ent m asons 2

T o ta l________________ 100. 0 100.0 i ' ! 100. 0 100.0 ! 1 . 100. 0 100.0 | 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

0 hours ________________ — 35. 0 i 34. 1 33. 1

1-----'

34. 0 35. 2 35. 1 36. 7 35. 5 37. 7 39. 5 42. 7 44. 7 1-19 h o u r s_________________ 5. 7 ! 4* 7 4. 5 4 .4 3. 7 4. 1 4. 1 3. 8 4. 3 4. 4 5. 0 5. 0 20-39 h o u rs________________ 3.4 i 4. 1 3. 1 3. 5 3.4 3. 2 3. 3 3.4 3. 3 3. 0 3. 7 4. 1

40-59 h o u rs________________ 4. 1 | 4. 8 3. 3 3. 5 3. 5 4. 0 3.6 3. 7 3. 8 4. 1 4. 7 4. 8 60-79 h o u rs------------------------- 4. 4 4. 6 3. 2 3. 1 3.4 2. 7 3. 7 3. 8 3. 3 3. 1 4. 4 4. 2 80-99 h o u rs________________ 4. 7 5.9 3. 3 3. 7 4. 5 4. 7 4. 5 4 .4 4. 8 4. 2 5. 2 5. 1 100-119 hours _____________ 6. 2 7. 8 4. 3 4. 7 5. 2 5. 3 5. 1 4. 6 5. 7 4. 6 5. 8 5. 6

120-139 h o u rs______________ 8. 5 8. 7 5. 3 5. 3 7. 8 6.6 7. 2 6. 3 7. 5 6 .4 8. 8 8. 3

140-159 ho urs _____________ 10. 7 10. 5 7. 8 8. 5 11.4 9.6 13. 8 7. 4 13. 3 9.6 7. 3 7. 5

160-179 h o u rs--------------------- 11. 4 10. 9 10. 2 13.4 17. 2 10.4 8. 9 11. 3 7. 5 12. 7 6. 8 5. 8 180 hours or m o re_________ 5. 9 3. 9 21. 8 15. 9 14. 2 9. 1 15. 8 8. 7 8. 5 5. 5 5. 1

1 F isc a l y ear running from June 1966 to May 1967. 2 C alendar y e a r 1966.

NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

9 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX B. THE M EASUREM ENT OF SEASONAL

UNEM PLO YM ENT IN 1968

In this bulletin the procedure for estimating the proportion of seasonal to total unemployment in contract construction was as follows: 1

1. The difference between the original and seasonally adjusted unemployment series was computed for

each month of 1968 for each of these groups:

Private wage and salary workers last employed in—

Mining

Construction

Durable goods manufacturing

Nondurable goods manufacturing

Transportation and public utilities

Wholesale and retail trade

Finance, insurance, and real estate

Service industries (including domestic services)

Agricultural wage and salary workers

All other classes of workers (workers in government and self-employed and unpaid family workers)

Persons with no previous work experience

The result gives a measure of seasonal unemployment (in absolute numbers) in relation to the annual

average unemployment.

2. The month of minimum seasonal unemployment according to the seasonal adjustment factors was

identified (August for the construction industry).

3. The deviation of the seasonal unemployment in other months from that of the lowest month (defined

equal to zero) is considered the amount of seasonal unemployment in that month. (See table B-l.)

4. The sum of the seasonal unemployment in each month over a 12-month period as a proportion of

total unemployment over the same period provides a measure of the percentage of total employment accounted for by seasonality.

These computations show that 36.1 percent of all construction unemployment in 1968 could be termed

seasonal. 2 Table B-2 presents these calculations for the construction industry for 1948—68.

1 Method is that described and utilized in U nem ploym ent: Terminology, Measurement, and Analysis (prepared for the Joint Economic Committee by BLS, Nov. 28, 1961), pp. 81-84. An earlier description may be found in “The Extent and Nature of Frictional Unemployment” Study Paper No. 6, prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, S tu dy o f E m ploym en t

Growth, and Price Levels (BLS, Nov. 19, 1959). 2 The extent of seasonal unemployment in construction also was measured by using a 6-month (May to October) aver­ age difference in lieu of the single month concept as outlined in step 3. This technique resulted in a somewhat lower propor­ tion of unemployment (27.7 percent) that could be considered seasonal. (See table B-l.)

97

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
To obtain the estimated amount of seasonal unemployment for the entire labor force, the separate estimates for each group listed in step 1 were cumulated. This figure is divided by the cumulation of the number of unemployed in each of the 12 months. Table B-4 shows that 20.4 percent of the Nation’s total unemployment in 1968 could be considered seasonal; private wage and salary workers in construction were responsible for 15.5 percent, of this. 3 (See table B-2.)

3 Because of definitional changes, the addition of later data, and revisions in the basic seasonal adjustment procedures, these figures are not directly comparable with those of earlier studies. Seasonal unemployment as a percent of the Nation’s total unemployment was estimated in 1960 and 1957 at 21 and 16 percent, respectively. Of this, the portion attributed to construction was 23 percent in 1960 and 19 percent in 1957.

96

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX B TABLES

Page

B-l. Measurement of seasonal unemployment in construction, 1968 ............................................................ 100

B-2. Seasonal unemployment as a percentage of total reported experienced unemployment:

Private wage and salary workers in construction, 1948—68............................................................... 100

B-3. Distribution of seasonal and nonseasonal unemployment by industry of last full-time

job, 1968 .................................................................................................................................................... 101

B-4. Seasonal unemployment as a percent of total unemployment, by industry of last

full-time job, 1968..................................................................................................................................... 101

9 9

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B - l. M easu rem en t of se aso n al unem ploym ent in con stru ctio n , 1968 1

(Thousands of w o rkers)

P ro c e d u re Janu ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril May !----------- June July j

A ugust S eptem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber

1. O rig inal se ries ____________________ 443 421 382 220 185 229 189 163 127 148 220 232

2. S easonal adju sted s e rie s ---------------- 287 268 282 201 240 275 245 24 7 201 213 236 203

3. D ifference (1 -2 )----------------------------- 156 153 100 19 -55 -46 -56 -84 -74 -65 -16 29

4. D eviations: a. F ro m m onth of m inim um difference ----------------------------- 240 237 184 103 29 38 28 0 10 19 68 113 b. F ro m 6-m onth (May to O ctober) averag e difference ------------------ 219 216 163 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 92

5. T otal season al unem ploym ent: Sums of row 4 a ------------------------------- 1,069 Sums of row 4 b ------------------------------- 819

6. S easonal unem ploym ent as a p e rce n t of to ta l unem ploym ent: a. B ased on single m onth:_________ 1 ,069t 2,, 959 2* 36. ]L

b. B ased on 6-m onth a v e ra g e :-------- 819f 2,, 959 -27. 7

1 E xperien ced priv ate wage and sa la ry w o rk ers. 2 Sum of line 1.

SOURCE: C u rren t P opulation Survey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of C ensus.

Table B -2. Seasonal unem ploym ent as a percen tag e of total rep o rted exp erienced unem ploym ent: P riv a te wage and sa la ry w o rk e rs in con stru ction, 1948—68

1 0 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able B -3. D istributio n of se aso n al and no nseaso nal unem ploym ent by- ind ustry of la s t fu ll-tim e job, 1968

Indu stry S easonal N on­ season al

A ll w o rk e rs

T o t a l--------------------------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0

E xperienced priv ate wage and sa la ry w o r k e rs---- 62. 6 75. 4 C o n stru c tio n___________________________ ____ 15. 5 7. 0 M anufacturing: D urable g o o d s__ ________________________ 7. 8 14. 4 N ondurable g o o d s_________________________ 6. 2 12. 8 T ra n sp o rta tio n and public u t i l i t i e s----------------- 3. 9 2. 9 W holesale and re ta il t r a d e----------------------------- 14. 8 19. 1 F inance, in su ran ce , and re a l e s ta te — --------- 2. 1 2. 8 O ther in d u strie s 1 ------------------------------------------ 12.4 16. 4 A g ricu ltu ra l wage and sa la ry w o rk ers — ----------- 5. 6 2. 4 A ll other c la s se s of w o r k e rs ------------------------------- 10. 2 9. 5 No previous w ork exp erience ----------------------------- 21. 7 12. 6

E xperienced p riv a te wage and sa la ry w orkers

Total 100. 0 100. 0

C o n stru c tio n ------------------------------------------------------- 24. 7 9. 3 M anufacturing: D urable goods ------------------------------------------------ 12. 5 19. 1 N ondurable g o o d s_____________________ ______ 9. 8 17. 0 T ran sp o rtatio n and public u tilitie s ______________ 6. 2 3. 8 W holesale and re ta il tr a d e ____________ _________ 23. 7 25. 3 F inance, in su ran ce and r e a l e s t a t e ------ ----------- 3.4 3. 7 O ther in d u strie s 1 _______________________________ 19. 7 21. 8

1 Includes m ining, se rv ic e in d u strie s, fo re stry , fish e rie s, and d o m estics.

SOURCE: C u rren t Population Survey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of the C ensus.

Table B -4. Seasonal unem ploym ent as a p e rce n t of total unem ploym ent, by ind ustry of la st fu ll-tim e job, 1968

Industry P e rc e n t

T o ta l_ 20.4

E xperienced priv ate wage and sa la ry w o r k e rs___________ C o n stru c tio n --------------------------------------------------------------- M anufacturing: D u rab le ____________________________________________ N ondurable ------------------------------------------------------------- T ran sp o rtatio n and public u tilitie s ___________________ W holesale and re ta il tr a d e ____________________________ F inance, in su ran ce , and r e a l e s ta te__________________ O ther in d u strie s 1 ------------------------------------------------------ A g ricu ltu ra l wage and sa la ry w orkers ___________________ A ll other c la s se s of w o r k e rs _____________________________ No previous w ork e x p e rie n c e ____________________________

17. 6 36. 1

12. 2 11. 0 25. 6 16. 7 16. 3 16. 2 37. 3 21. 5 30. 6

1 Includes m ining, se rv ic e in d u strie s, fo re stry , fish e rie s, and do m estics.

SOURCE: C u rren t P opulation Survey conducted for the BLS by the B ureau of the C ensus.

101

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX C. MEASURING THE EFFECT OF WEATHER ON 

EMPLOYMENT IN CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

Problem

In an effort to determine the effects of weather conditions on employment, weather data for Chicago 

were correlated with employment data for the same city in the same time period.

Data regarding temperature, rainfall, snowfall, snow accumulation, and peak wind gusts for the city of 

Chicago, daily, 1958—64, were obtained from the Weather Bureau, Environmental Science Administration. 

Contract construction employment and unemployment data were from the Current Population Survey and 

Establishment Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data reflecting construction demand in Chicago were 

obtained from the Bell Savings and Loan Institution, Chicago, 111. Various multiple regression equations using 

these data were then tested and evaluated. 1

Procedure

Testing began with the simple correlation of several independent variables and contract construction employment. (See table C-l.) Next, several hypotheses concerning the relationship of weather conditions and 

employment in Chicago were tested using multiple regression analysis, and the coefficients were examined for 

significance in terms of Student’s t-distribution. 2 Following are a few of the hypotheses that were tested:

A. Does the level of employment depend on and vary with each type of weather condition? Repeated 

tests indicated that temperature was a significant variable in explaining changes in employment levels. When 

dummy variables specific to the seasons were included in the regressions, no weather variable, excluding temperature was significant. Thus, it did not appear that the level of employment was strongly associated with 

specific weather conditions other than temperature. (See table C-2, equation 1 and 2.)

B. Do specific weather conditions help to explain that variance of employment which is not explained 

by demand factors? (See table C-2, equation 3.) A linear time trend was fitted to the data and deviations 

from the trend obtained. These deviations were regressed on variables representing weather conditions. (See 

table C-2, equation 4.) Temperature, peak gusts, and the chill factor (the product of peak gusts and temperature) showed significant coefficients. In this test, the variation of employment around the trend was affected 

by specific weather conditions.

C. If specific weather conditions explicitly are accounted for, as well as changes in secular demand, and 

national employment conditions, are there indications that employment in construction is related to institu1 The ideal weather test would have been to correlate hours of work recorded each day with daily weather data. Payroll data, however, relate only to the week including the 12th of each month. For purposes of comparability, this necessitated 

constructing weekly weather series that measured conditions in the week of the employment survey. Additional insight might 

have been gained using the same technique for several cities to determine the variations among them.

2 Some interest also is attached to the general explanatory value of the equations estimated, as represented in the 

multiple correlation coefficient. The employment data are strongly autocorrelated, as may be expected in monthly series, 

and the problem of serial correlation is pervasive in these studies. (See the Durbin-Watson statistics, table C-2.) Briefly, 

equations in which the error terms are serially correlated may be expected to contain unbiased estimates of regression coefficients, but to overestimate the precision of the standard errors of the coefficients. Hence, significant tests are open to 

some error. In essence, there is danger of accepting the significance of a coefficient that is actually insignificant. Essentially 

the study has made no attempt to utilize estimation procedures designed to improve the efficiency of the t-test in the serial 

correlation situation.

1 0 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tional practices regarding winter building as well as weather conditions? The deviation of contractors’ employment from a linear time trend was fitted to an equation involving the following variables: Precipitation, 

snow accumulation, temperature, chill factor, value of building permits issued in Chicago, the national unemployment rate for experienced construction wage and salary workers, and seasonal dummies representing 

December—January—February, March—April—May, and June—July—August. In this equation temperature, the 

unemployment rate, and the winter and spring dummy variables showed significant coefficients. (See table 

C-2, equation 5.) Thus, quite independently of actual weather and demand conditions a seasonal pattern 

emerged. The expectations of contractors and owners regarding winter construction seem to result in a reduction in employment in winter below that which would have been anticipated as a result of actual weather 

and demand conditions.

D. Is there a threshold range in the response of employment to temperature? Apparently employment 

responds to temperature increases within a favorable range but is nonresponsive below that range. Deviations 

in employment from a time trend were fitted to an equation including truncated temperature variables. One 

variable included all temperatures above 40 degrees. The other variables represented temperatures below 40 

degrees, with zeros in observations for which the temperature exceeds 40 degrees. In a multiple regression 

framework involving other weather conditions and demand variables, and seasonal dummy variables, four 

variables were significant: Temperature above 40 degrees, the construction unemployment rate nationally, and 

seasonal dummy variables for the winter and spring. Thus, the hypothesis of a threshold in temperature that 

affects contractors’ reactions to weather conditions was not rejected. (See table C-2, equation 6.)

1 0 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX C TABLES

Page

C-l. Simple correlation coefficients— dependent (employment) and independent (weather and

other) variables................................................................................................................................... 105

C-2. Equations used in correlation analysis for Chicago, 1958—64............................................................ 106

104

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table C-l. S i m p l e correlation coefficients— d e pendent ( e m p l o y m e n t ) and 

independent (weather an d other) variables

S i m p l e correlation 

coefficient with

Variables E m p l o y m e n t in 

contract c o n ­

struction Chicago, 

monthly, 1 958-64

Deviation of e m ­

p l o y m e n t f r o m a 

linear t i m e trend, 

monthly, 1958— 64

T e m p e r a t u r e __________________________________ 0. 79 3 5 8 0. 8 6626

T e m p e r a t u r e a b o v e 4 0 ° _____________________ .806 0 4 .892 9 3

T e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w 40 0 --------------------- 69200 -. 78503

Precipitation__________________________________ . 15476 . 19436

S n o w a c c u m u l a t i o n --------------------------- 5 2150 -. 6 0932

P e a k g u s t s ____________________________________ - . 2 9 5 9 8 -. 3 2178

P e a k gusts X t e m p e r a t u r e ___________________ .66491 .72611

T i m e __________________________________________ 37251 0

V a l u e of building permits, C h i c a g o --------- . 5 2380 .55364

Construction u n e m p l o y m e n t rate, U . S . A --- 72838 - 88 4 0 7

D u m m y : D e c e m b e r - J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y ----- 6 5 142 -. 71627

D u m m y : M a r c h - A p r i l - M a y __________________ 16865 -. 20563

D u m m y : J u n e - J u l y - A u g u s t___________________ . 5 0475 .5 4 8 6 8

S O U R C E : B u r e a u of L a b o r Statistics.

105

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le C - 2 . E q u a tio n s u s e d in c o r r e l a t i o n a n a ly s is f o r C h ica g o , 1958—64

E q u a tio n R 2 ’ D u r b in - 

W a tso n

R e g r e s s i o n

c o e ffic ie n t t- v a lu e P a r t i a l

c o r r e la ti o n

c o e ffic ie n t

E q u a tio n 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0. 7824 0. 9704

D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le E m p lo y m e n t in c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s

M e a n t e m p e r a t u r e 2 - -------- ----------------- ----------------- 0. 4504 3 11. 4184 0. 7891 P r e c ip ita t io n 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 . 3134 -. 6663 - . 0748 S n o w fa ll 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1. 3958 -1 . 1764 - . 1312 T im e ( li n e a r tre n d ) ---------------------------------- __ ________ -.1 8 5 0 3- 7 .6 3 9 0 - .6 5 1 8 C o n s ta n t ( i n t e r c e p t ) ------------------------------------------------------- 92. 2978

E q u a tio n 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 6742 . 6985

D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e --------------------

E m p lo y m e n t in c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s

M e a n t e m p e r a t u r e ------------------------------------------ ------------ . 2980 32. 7790 . 3074 P r e c i p i t a t i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------ -2 . 7853 -1 . 1191 - . 1290 S now a c c u m u la tio n ---------------------------------------------- ------- . 0400 . 0513 . 0060 C h ill f a c to r (p e a k g u s ts X te m p e r a tu r e ) _____________ . 0011 . 2822 . 0328 V a lu e o f p e r m it s is s u e d in C h i c a g o__________________ . 0001 1. 5029 . 1721 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te in c o n s tr u c tio n , USA ____________ 1. 0007 1. 0916 . 1259 D u m m y : D e c e m b e r - J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y___;___________ -9 . 1737 3-2 . 8783 - .3 1 7 3 D u m m y : M a r c h - A p r il - M a y___________________________ - 9 . 0462 3-3 . 7994 - . 4 0 4 0 D u m m y : J u n e - J u l y - A u g u s t___________________________ - 2 . 2559 - . 9038 - . 1045 C o n s ta n t (in te r c e p t) ___ _________________ ________ — 85. 2388

E q u a tio n 3 ------------------------------------------------------------ ------- . 8012 . 9647

D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le E m p lo y m e n t in c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s

T e m p e r a t u r e ------------------------------------------- — ______ . 9344 35. 2792 .5 1 8 0

P r e c ip ita t io n __ _________________ __________ __ ------- 5. 5056 . 5109 . 0585 S now a c c u m u la tio n ------------ ------------------------------------- 8962 4 -1 . 4491 - . 1640 P e a k g u s t s ------------------------------------------------------- — ------- 1. 0065 2. 6122 . 2870 C h ill f a c to r --------------------------------------------- --------------- — 0217 3-2 . 9073 - .3 1 6 4

T im e ____________________________________ ________ — — -• 1877 3-7 . 9869 - .6 7 5 5 P r e c ip ita t io n X t e m p e r a t u r e -------- --------------------------- 0915 - .5 7 8 6 - .0 6 6 2 C o n s ta n t (in te r c e p t) ------- — — _______________ __ __ 69. 0573

E q u a tio n 4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 7692 . 9648

D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le D e v ia tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t f r o m a

L i n e a r tim e tr e n d

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s

T e m p e r a t u r e — -------------------- ---------- ---- ------- ------- . 9341 35. 2775 .5 1 7 9 P r e c ip ita t io n -------------------- ----- ------------------ 5 .4 9 5 2 . 5099 . 0584 S now a c c u m u la tio n -------------------- --- ------------ — 8960 - 1 .4 4 8 8 - . 1639 P e a k g u s t s ----- --------------------------- ---------------------------- — 1. 0058. 4 2. 6105 . 2869 C h ill f a c t o r______________________________________________ - . 0217 3- 2 . 9056 - .3 1 6 2

T i m e _____ — ---------- ------------------------------------------ _ - . 0133 - .5 6 5 9 - . 0 6 4 8 P r e c ip ita t io n X t e m p e r a t u r e ------ ------- „ __________ - . 0913 -.5 7 7 6 - .0 6 6 1 C o n s ta n t______ __________ — ________ __ — ------- 4 4 . 9621

E q u a tio n 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .8 4 5 0 1. 082

D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le D e v ia tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t f r o m a L i n e a r tim e tr e n d

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s T e m p e r a t u r e ___ ___ ___ __ _________________ __ . 2642 33. 8497 .4 0 8 5 P r e c ip ita t io n __ — ---- ------- __ — — _ 9153 -• 5746 - . 0 6 6 6 S now a c c u m u l a t i o n______ __ __ „ __ __ __ 5429 -1 . 0879 - . 1255 C h ill f a c t o r ----------------- ------- ----- ---- — ______ 0001 0395 - . 0046 P e r m i t v a lu e _ _____ __ __ __ __ ______ ___ __ __ 0 1. 6598 . 1895 C o n s tr u c tio n u n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e , USA _ - 1 . 3855 4 -2 . 3616 - . 2 6 4 7 D u m m y : D e c e m b e r - J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y --------------------- - 7 . 8640 3-3 . 8550 - . 4 0 9 0 D u m m y : M a r c h - A p r i l - M a y_____________ — - 7 . 5741 4 - 4 .9 7 0 1 - . 5 0 0 3 D u m m y : J u n e - J u ly - A u g u s t------------------------------------------ . 2321 . 1453 .0 1 6 9 C o n s ta n t__________________ - — ___ ________ 4 3. 2822

E q u a tio n 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 8657 . 9841

D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le

D e v ia tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t f r o m a

L i n e a r tim e tr e n d

In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s T e m p e r a t u r e g r e a t e r th a n 4 0 ° ------ __ ------------ __ . 1884 33. 6215 . 3880 T e m p e r a t u r e l e s s th a n 40° _ __ ___ .0 1 8 3 . 2110 . 0245 P r e c ip ita t io n --------------------- __ __ ------- _ __ __ - . 4555 - . 3098 - .0 3 6 0 S now a c c u m u l a t i o n ______________________________________ - . 9230 -1 . 9545 - .2 2 1 6 P e r m i t v a lu e --------------------- „ __ _ ------- __ __ .0 3 0 0 1 .4 1 5 3 . 1623 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e in c o n s tr u c tio n , U S A ____________ - 1 . 2830 4-2 . 2844 - . 25-67 D u m m y : D e c e m b e r - J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y--------------------- - 5 . 8213 3-2 . 9184 - .3 2 1 3 D u m m y : M a r c h - A p r i l - M a y ----------------------------------------- - 6 .0 7 5 7 3- 4 . 4131 - .4 5 6 5

D u m m y : J u n e - J u ly - A u g u s t------------------------------------------ 1. 1161 . 7463 . 0864

1 C o r r e c t e d fo r d e g r e e s of f r e e d o m . 2 A ll w e a th e r v a r ia b le s a r e m e a s u r e d f o r th e w e e k o f th e m o n th in w h ic h th e e m p lo y m e n t s u r v e y w e r e c o n d u c te d . 3 S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t le v e l. 4 S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t le v e l.

S O U R C E : B L S , w e a th e r e m p lo y m e n t t e s t s .

1 0 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPEND IX D. THE EFFECT OF W EATHER ON

CONSTRUCTIO N OPERATIONS 1

In order to get a greater understanding of the relationship of the seasons and the weather to construction activity, examination of the specific effects of weather on each of the various types of construction work 

is necessary. This appendix describes what construction operations are technologically feasible given specific 

types of bad weather.

Workers perform the work or cause the work to be performed. A construction operation that may 

be technologically feasible given certain weather conditions may not be performed because workers are unable 

or unwilling to work under the required circumstances.

Additionally, combinations of weather factors can affect construction workers much more seriously than 

any single factor. Wind and temperature together can have a much greater effect on building activities than 

wind or temperature alone. If the temperature were zero with no wind, a worker may not be as uncomfortable as if the temperature were 40 degrees and the wind 10 miles an hour. Called the wind-chill factor, combinations of temperature and wind influence the rate at which the body will lose heat under given conditions. 

(See chart 2.) Chart 4 indicates how the factor varies through the year at selected places in the United 

States. Wind chill usually is greatest in January, although in Washington, D.C., it is greatest in February. In 

most places it is least in July, but in San Francisco it is least in October. Washington, D.C., has a moderate 

wind-chill factor throughout the year, comparable to the factor at Salt Lake City. Caribou, Maine has the 

most severe shown— it has a higher wind-chill in midsummer than Miami in midwinter. Chart 3 shows that 

the wind-chill factor through the course of a usual summer and winter day. The rhythmic warming during 

the daylight hours and cooling at night is apparent.

The discussion that follows refers mostly to the relationship between weather and the technological feasibility of various construction operations. Some general comments about the various weather conditions are 

in order:

R a i n

The effect of rain is a function of the amount and is not equally significant for all operations. Rain so 

light that it is only a mist will stop structural steel work while a moderate rain will not stop forming (outside 

carpentry) in some cases.

S n o w a n d s l e e t

Snow usually is accompanied by other elements that are adverse to construction operations. With snow 

the worker efficiency usually is not affected unless snowfall is moderate to heavy. However, in some cases, 

such as concrete work, all the forms have to be cleaned before work can commence.

F r e e z i n g r a i n

Where the intensity of freezing rain is great, outdoor construction is nearly impossible and even indoor 

work may be difficult to schedule because of delivery problems.

107

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 2.

Chill Factor for Selected Wind Speeds

Chill factor

Chart 3, Wind Chill-Diurnal Variation

Chill factor

1400 •

1200 •

1000 •

800 •

0° at 5 mph

32° at 5 mph

Chart 4.

Annual March of Wind Chili

Selected C ities

Chill factor Chill factor

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e

Where protection is not provided, extreme cold may adversely affect almost every element of construction. This extreme “cold” varies from below freezing (32 degrees F.) to 50 degrees F. Exterior painting requires temperature no lower than 45 degrees F. Concrete cannot be poured without protection (such as 

shelter) or some other protection measure (such as additives) if the temperature during setting and initial 

curing will drop below freezing (32 degrees F.).

H i g h t e m p e r a t u r e

High temperatures adversely affect only a few operations such as surveying, in which the equipment is 

sensitive to heat and concrete work where the cure will be too fast.

Wind

All outdoor construction is affected by strong winds; the most sensitive is structural steel and roofing. 

In addition, wind accentuates the action of the cold.

F o g

Fog has an impact on delivery of materials and on excavation work as well as work on dredging and 

cofferdams.

G r o u n d f r e e z e

Ground freeze is a major factor of concern in concrete work in most areas of the United States. In 

some sections of Alaska frozen ground is a requirement for some projects in order to get equipment into place.

E f f e c t s o f c l i m a t e o n c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s

1. Surveying. Although sometimes performed in light rain or drizzle, normally such a situation is avoided. 

The efficiency of the surveyor is reduced and damage to the equipment is possible even in light rain. The 

same situation would occur with any other form of precipitation and even fog would hinder this operation.

2. Demolition and clearing (also see 6 and 7). Depending on the site involved and on the construction 

to be undertaken, demolition and clearing may range from a minor operation such as the removal of fencing 

and bushes to the complicated and dangerous demolition of a tall building in a congested urban area.

While the minor activities would be almost independent of weather, building demolition involving the 

use of cranes and special equipment and the presence of hazardous conditions of work would be highly sensitive to any form of precipitation, particularly freezing rain, high winds, low temperatures, and fog.

3. Temporary work on site. Temporary work on site may range from the erection of a workers’ shack 

to the construction of a whole prototype building section. Usually it will involve the construction of shacks, 

offices, drafting accommodations, material stores, security facilities, and the erection of fencing. Some important temporary work may be required to ensure adequate facility for the delivery of material. Most of 

these operations will be affected by precipitation in all forms and low temperatures.

4. Delivery o f materials. Most materials delivered at a construction site arrive by some form of road 

transport.

109

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any form of road transport is subject to limitation by weather elements, particularly frozen or freezing 

precipitation, fog, and drying conditions. If drying is such that muddy conditions develop at a construction 

site, delivery may be seriously hampered, even though these conditions may exist over a relatively small area.

In some areas of Alaska the roads are useable only when they are frozen.

Many materials must arrive on site at a fairly closely scheduled time, either to avoid difficult or hazardous storage or to fit in with some critical condition for progress. Thus, trafficability of the area and its approaches are most important.

5. Material stockpiling. While to some extent material is stockpiled in each of the four major categories 

of construction, it is only considered a major operation in industrial building construction. In residential building, for example, most of the materials are delivered on the day they are to be used and are not left exposed 

to the weather for long durations. In the building of industrial establishments, on the other hand, material is 

stockpiled for long periods, often requiring temporary protection.

The major considerations in the stockpiling operation are whether or not the product is perishable and 

worker efficiency during the actual operation.

6. and 7. Site grading and excavation— including earth clearing (part o f 2), and backfilling (19). Earthwork within the construction industry is extremely weather sensitive. Precipitation and low temperature are 

the elements most likely to interfere with earthwork.

8. Piledriving. Piledriving may be required in any category of construction but it is unlikely in the building of residential homes.

Piledriving requires the use of heavy crane-like equipment which is likely to be affected by high winds, 

freezing precipitation and wet ground. Ground conditions are important both for positioning equipment and 

for the quality of the work produced. Any severe storm will make this operation hazardous.

9. Dredging. Although an important operation, dredging is likely to be required only in the category of 

heavy and specialized construction. The main influence of weather on this operation is likely to be the effect 

on worker efficiency. In addition to the chill factor, workers are subject to very wet conditions as the dredger 

carries out excavation under water. Severe storms, flooding, and abnormal tides will interfere with this operation. Fog is most likely in this environment and may prevent work.

10. Erection o f cofferdams. Usually associated with heavy and specialized construction or with highways 

and bridging, the erection of cofferdams is necessary to retain water away from an area in which construction 

is taking place. The construction and utility of a cofferdam will depend on a knowledge of local tides, which 

may overflow the dam if unusually high. Severe storms and heavy precipitation may damage the dam and the 

work it is protecting. The predictable low water levels that occur in the winter months in the northern regions of the United States may facilitate these operations.

11. Forming. Forming is relatively rough carpentry which frequently is performed outdoors and is not 

affected seriously by light rain. Weather effects on this operation are limited mostly to direct influence on 

worker efficiency. Where possible, and when construction is somewhat standardized, forms may be prefabricated so that exposed outdoor work may be kept to a minimum.

12. Emplacing reinforcing steel. Before pouring of concrete the steel must be completely free of any frozen precipitation so that protection is necessary and drainage must be assured. Weather effects are likely to 

be confined mostly to worker efficiency.

13. Quarrying. Quarrying consists of extraction of stone from the soil, either by excavation, hand digging, or blasting.

1 1 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Heavy machinery is used to crush the stone, after which it is washed and machine-grated into the desired 

size ranges.

Heavy precipitation or freezing rain will affect the quarrying operation. Temperatures below freezing may 

cause trouble in the washing processes. If blasting is carried out under conditions of inversion at low level, 

serious damange may be caused to surrounding property. Weather influence on worker efficiency and the effects of low temperatures are likely to be the most significant factors in quarrying.

14. Delivery of premixed concrete. Delivery of concrete is extremely weather-sensitive in that the scheduling of drivers is a highly complex decision process which must be related both to future weather and to the 

requirement for concrete.

Fog may so delay a delivery as to create problems on the amount of mixing which is normally timed to 

completion on arrival at site. In addition, drying conditions and precipitation may cause considerable difficulty 

at sites which have difficult access even under dry conditions.

15. Pouring concrete foundation and walls. Concrete pouring is among the most sensitive construction operations. Low temperature is the major factor of concern as pouring cannot take place on frozen ground or 

at temperatures below freezing without protection and the application of heat.

Protection also is needed against any precipitation, particularly snow or freezing rain. Since most concrete pouring can be satisfactorily performed during periods of light rain or drizzle, scheduling is not throught to 

be significantly affected until rainfall reaches the moderate to heavy ranges. However, in some instances contractors cancel their orders when any rain is falling to avoid the consequences of a possible heavier fall. Scheduling is highly dependent on the current weather conditions.

Concrete is most susceptible to rain damage in the first 4 hours after pouring. One heavy shower has 

more damaging power than a full day of continuous light rain. Walls and thin sections of concrete are least 

vulnerable and usually are readily protected, but it is possible, at increased cost, to protect slabs and decks 

from moderate to heavy rain by covering them with portable panels.

16. Stripping and curing concrete. When concrete has set and hardened somewhat, the wooden forms 

which serve to confine and shape the structure may be removed. This process may involve partial destruction of the forms; however, arrangements usually are made so that whole sections will be removeable as 

required.

Two weather factors which may interfere with stripping are a chill factor which seriously reduces worker 

efficiency or freezing conditions which make it extremely difficult to detach the wood from the concrete.

During the curing process concrete must be maintained in a relatively moist atmosphere while hydration is completed within the structure. Too rapid drying will lead to an inferior product but may be avoided 

by covering the structure to restrict evaporation. Under freezing conditions concrete also must be protected 

and possibly heated during curing.

17. and 29. Installing underground plumbing and trenching and installing pipe. Outdoor plumbing activities involve work which is weather sensitive from the point of view of worker efficiency. In addition the 

movement of equipment and materials may be hindered by wet ground conditions.

18. Waterproofing. Waterproofing involves the positioning of an impervious layer so as to prevent the 

ingress of moisture into a structure. It may take the form of a plastic sheet or of bitumen mastic which is 

painted, spread, or troweled into position.

Low temperatures will adversely affect both worker efficiency and the working characteristics of the 

material which hardens and tends to lose its adhesive properties while becoming difficult to apply.

1 1 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19. Backfilling (see 6 and 7).

20. Erecting structural steel Worker safety is the primary factor for consideration in the erection of 

steelwork so that high winds, low temperatures, or any precipitation causing slippery conditions will affect the 

operation.

Protection is usually difficult or impossible to provide.

Although the low temperature limit is related entirely to worker efficiency it must be higher than that 

associated with operations of a less hazardous nature.

21. Exterior carpentry; exterior cladding (23); installing metal siding; (24), and installing windows and

doors and glazing (31). In each of these operations worker efficiency is the important factor and any condition which affects this is significant.

Any rain can have an effect on finished outdoor carpentry. During even light precipitation, tools and 

lumber become wet, work becomes difficult and efficiency is low. Thus, although carpenters will work during light rain, it is concluded that there is an effect during all rain intensities.

The temperature limitations which can interfere are those indicated by a chill factor of more than 1000 

or a temperature/humidity index of more than 77.

22. Exterior masonry. The operation of exterior masonry work is very sensitive to weather, both from 

the standpoint of worker efficiency and the quality of product.

Precipitation and low temperatures are the weather elements most significant. In general, masonry work 

cannot be continued if it is exposed to any precipitation. Either shelter must be provided or work must cease. 

Brick must be covered to avoid the danger of freezing after being wetted by freezing or frozen precipitation. 

The construction of masonry structures is even more sensitive to low temperatures than is the construction of 

concrete structures, largely because it is laid in thinner structures.

23. and 24. Exterior cladding and installing metal siding (see 21).

25. Fireproofing. Fireproofing consists of the application to building structures of material which both 

is noninflammable and will not support burning. Fireproofing may be applied in the form of sheet material

in interior partitioning, asbestos/cement or asbestos/gypsum plasterboard, or as a plastic cement applied directly 

onto structural steel or lumber, in which case the material may be troweled or sprayed on. Both precipitation 

and low temperature will interfere if the work is exposed, but only worker efficiency considerations will apply 

when the work is carried out under protection (building at least partially closed in).

26. Flooring and other indoor work including interior carpentry (32), interior masonry (33), plastering

(34), tile work (35), interior plumbing, electrical work, etc., (36), and interior painting and decorating (37).

Generally, indoor construction operations are not significantly affected by weather. However, the general reduction in outdoor work due to winter weather does have an indirect effect on ail indoor work. In 

general, insufficient indoor work is maintained to last the entire winter season, especially when cold conditions persist for 3 months or more.

Indoor masonry, painting, and decorating require temperatures above freezing, but the overall requirement is that conditions shall not reduce worker efficiency. Only temperature and humidity are of significance and it is possible to maintain these at satisfactory conditions by heating or cooling the building.

27. Roofing. Roofing is very sensitive to weather conditions because of the use of perishable asphalt 

material and constant exposure of the workers. The operation is highly sensitive to precipitation of any type 

or intensity. For builtup roofing, dry weather for 2 to 3 days is necessary. Freezing or frozen precipitation

1 1 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
necessitates additional operations and increased cost in order to complete the operation satisfactorily. Strong 

winds and icy conditions are also major deterimental factors.

28. Cutting concrete pavement. The operation of cutting concrete pavement is usually outdoor work 

and involves not only the cutting but the removal of the concrete, so it is similar to demolition (2), site grading (6), and excavation (7). Precipitation and extreme cold are the weather factors that will interfere with 

this operation.

29. Trenching and installing pipe (see 17).

30. Bituminous concrete pouring (see 42).

31. Installing windows and doors, glazing (see 21).

32. 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37. Interior carpentry, masonry, plastering, tile work, plumbing, heating, electrical and painting (see 26).

38. Exterior painting. The main factors affected by weather in exterior painting are the perishable 

product, the quality of the work, and worker efficiency. Any precipitation or dense fog will halt an exterior 

painting operation. Shelter or protection must be provided during both the painting and drying periods. 

Painting is generally not attempted at temperatures below 45 degrees to 50 degrees F. because the quality of 

the work is significantly reduced below this temperature. Generally, outdoor painting is not attempted during questionable weather conditions. The painter usually has enough indoor work to keep him busy some of 

the time when inclement weather occurs.

39. Installation o f culverts and incidental drainage. The installation of culverts and drainage is in most 

instances performed out of doors and is seriously hindered by rain, cold, and flooding.

40. Landscaping. Landscaping includes site grading and shaping, as well as seeding and planting trees 

and bushes. This operation generally can be performed during periods of light rain or drizzle as long as accumulations do not create muddy conditions. However, moderate to heavy rain is considered the limit for practical landscaping performance; workers become inefficient and seeds are washed away under these conditions.

Any snow creates a hindrance to the landscaping operation. Ground visibility is restricted by any snow 

cover and the usually accompanying frozen ground makes landscaping operations inefficient.

Excessive drying may give rise to dusty conditions which will interfere with work.

42. Paving including bituminous concrete pouring (30). Paving may consist of concrete or asphalt as 

is usual with residential homes, or of bituminous concrete which is usual in the construction industry.

Bituminous concrete is sensitive to precipitation in any form or intensity. Any precipitation can cause 

cracking and permanent damage to the pavement. The material usually sets faster than portland cement concrete but is still sensitive to precipitation for generally 1 to 3 hours after pouring, according to drying conditions.

The quality of the pavement is reduced greatly by pouring at temperatures below about 45 degrees F. 

Work usually is not carried out when the temperature is likely to approach this limit.

43. Fencing, installing lights signs, etc., and traffic protection (41). The operations of fencing, installing light signs, and traffic protection are very similar and are common to all categories of construction, but 

they are relatively unimportant to home building.

Moderate precipitation of either rain or snow will interfere and even light freezing rain may halt work. 

Dense fog becomes a factor of concern when the operation is taking place in connection with highway construction.

Effects of temperature and humidity are limited to the maintenance of worker efficiency.

113

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX D TABLES

Page

D-l. Composite list of operations which are important in the industry..................................................... 115

D-2. Critical limits of weather elements having significant influence on construction operations............... 116

D-3. Critical limits of weather elements having significant influence on construction of residential

hom es............................................................................................................................................... 117

D-4. Critical limits of weather elements having significant influence on construction of highways .... 117

D-5. Critical limits of weather elements having significant influence on heavy and specialized

construction....................................................................................................................................... 118

D-6. Critical limits of weather elements having significant influence on construction of general

buildings............................................................................................................................................ 118

114

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble D-l. C o m p o s i t e list of operations w h i c h are impor t a n t in the i n d u s t r y 1

It e m Operation

Construction ca tegory

H e a v y

and

specialized

H i g h w a y s

G e n e r a l

buildings

Residential

h o m e s

1 S u r v e y i n g------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X X X X

2 Dem o l i t i o n an d clearing---------------------------- ------------------------- X X X X

3 T e m p o r a r y w o r k on site______________________________ X X X -

4 Deliv e r y of materials _________________________________ X X X X

5 Material stockpiling___________________________________ X X X -

6 Site g rading____________________________________________ X X X X

7 E x c a v a t i o n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X X X X

8 Pile driving___ _______________ -_______________________ X X X -

9 D r e d g i n g--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X - - -

10 Erect i o n of coffer d a m s --------------------------------------------------------- X - - -

11 F o r m i n g --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X X X X

12 E m p l a c i n g reinforcing steel------------------------------------------------ X X X -

13 Q u a r r y i n g ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - X - -

14 D elivery of p r e m i x e d concrete --------------------------------------- X X X X

15 P q u r i n g concrete foundations a n d walls.. -------------------- X X X X

16 Stripping a n d curing concrete ------------------------------------------- X X X X

17 Installing u n d e r g r o u n d plumbing, etc --------------- - X X X

18 W a t e r p r o o f i n g ---- ------------------- -------------- - - X X

19 Backfilling_________________ _______ - --------- X X X X

20 Erecting structural steel------------------------------ - - X -

21 Exterior carpe n t r y _____________________________ ____ - - - X

22 Exterior m a s o n r y _____________________________________ - - X X

23 Exterior c l adding___________ _________________________ - - - X

24 Installing m e t a l s i d i n g ________________________________ - - X X

25 F i r e p r o o f i n g --------------- - — — -------------- - - X -

26 F l o o r i n g ________________________________________________ - - X X

27 R o o f i n g _________________________________________________ - - X X

28 Cutting concrete p a v e m e n t --------------------------- X - - -

29 T r e n c h i n g an d installing p i p e ----- ----------------- X - - -

30 B i t u m i n o u s concrete p o u r i n g --------- - ----------- X X - -

31 Installing w i n d o w s a n d doors a n d glazing ---- --- - - - X X

32 Interior c a r p e n t r y _____________________________________ - - X X

33 Interior m a s o n r y ___________________ _________________ - - X X

34 Interior plastering____________________________________ - - X X

35 Interior tile w o r k (ceramic, vinyl, asbestos,

a n d acoustic)________________________________________ - - X X

36 Interior plumbing, ventilating, heating, a n d

electrical w o r k _____________ __ -------------- ------------------- - - X X

37 Interior painting a n d decorating _____________________ - - X X

38 Exterior p ai n t i n g_________________________ __________ - - X X

39 Installing culverts an d incidental d r a i n a g e __________ X X - -

4 0 L a n d s c a p i n g ------------- ---------- -------- — ------------------------------- X X X X

41 Traffic protection _ ________ _ __ — — ______ __ X X X -

42 P a v i n g ________________________________________________ X X X X

43 Fencing, installing lights, signs, e t c _______________ X X X

1 T h e operations are given in the a p p r o x i m a t e or d e r in w h i c h they w o u l d be carried out. In all s u b sequent tables, the operations are identified 

b y the n u m b e r s they h ave here.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational an d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r o n the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u Contract 

C W b - 1 0 9 4 8 , the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc., 250 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

1 1 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-2. Critical limits of w e a t h e r e l e m e n t s having significant influence on construction operations

It e m Operation R a i n S n o w an d 

sleet

F r e e z i n g

rain

L o w t e m ­

peratures 

(F.°)

H i g h w i n d 

(m. p. h. )

D e n s e

fog

G r o u n d

freeze

Dr y i n g

conditions

T e m ­

perature

inversion

Flooding

and

a b n o r m a l

tides

1 S u r v e y i n g------------------------------------- !L L L 0— -10 25 2x

2 Dem o l i t i o n a n d c l e a r i n g____________________ M M L 0— -10 15-35 X X - X _

3 T e m p o r a r y w o r k o n site____________________ M M L 0— -10 20 x X _ _ _

4 D elivery of m a t e r i a l s ________________________ M M L 0— -10 25 X - _ _ _

5 Material stockpiling_________________________ L L L 0---- 10 15 X - _ _ _

6 Site g r a d i n g ---------------------------------- M M L 20— 32 15-25 X X X _ _

7 E x c a v a t i o n ___________________________________ M M L 20— 32 35 X X X X _

8 Pile driving___________________________________ M M L 0— -10 20 X X _ _ X

9 D r e d g i n g _____________________________________ M M L 0— -10 20 X 3x _ _ X

10 Erection of coffer d a m s -------------------- M L L 32 25 X X X - X

11 F o r m i n g -------------------------------------- M M L 0---- 10 25 - X - - -

12 E m p l a c i n g reinforcing steel---------------- M M L 0---- 10 20 - X - - -

13 Q u a r r y i n g ----------------------------------- M M L 32 2 5 -35 X X X X -

14 Delivery of p r e m i x e d concrete _____________ M L L 32 35 X X _ _ -

15 P o u r i n g c oncrete foundation an d w a l l s ____ M L L 32 35 - X X _ _

16 Stripping a n d curing c o n c r e t e______________ M M L 32 25 - X X - -

17 Installing u n d e r g r o u n d plumbing, e t c______ M M L 32 25 - X X - -

18 W a t e r p r o o f i n g ------------------------------- M M L 32 25 - X - - -

19 Backfilling----------------------------------- M M L 20— 32 35 X X X _ _

20 Erecting structural steel___________________ L L L 10 10-15 X _ - _ _

21 Exterior c a r p e n t r y __________________________ L L L 0---- 10 15 - - - _ _

22 Exterior m a s o n r y ___________________________ L L L 32 20 - X X - -

23 Exter n a l cladd i n g____________________________ L L L 0---- 10 15 - - _ _ _

24 Installing m e t a l s i d i n g______________________ L L L 0---- 10 15 - - - - -

25 Fireproofing_________________________ _______ L L L 0---- 10 35 - - - _ -

26 F l o o r i n g ______________________________________

27 R o o f i n g ____________ _______________ _______ L L L 45 10-20 - - X - _

28 Cutting concrete p a v e m e n t ------------------ M M L 0---- 10 35 - X - _ _

29 Trenching, installing pipe___________________ M M L 20— 32 25 - X X _ _

30 B i t u m i n o u s concrete p o u r i n g --------------- L L L 45 35 X X X _ _

31 Installing w i n d o w s a n d doors, g lazing_____ L L L 0— -10 20 - 2 0 - - - _ _

32 Interior c a r p e n t r y ___________________________

33 Interior m a s o n r y _____________________________

34 Plastering------------------------------------

35 Interior tile w o r k (ceramic, vinyl,

asbestos, a n d acoustics)___________________

36 Interior p lumbing, ventilating, heating,

a n d electrical w o r k _________________________

37 Interior painting a n d d e c o r a t i n g_________ _

38 Exterior painting_____________________________ L L L 45— 50 15 X _ X _ _

39 Installing culverts an d incidental

d r a i n a g e ------------------------------------ M L L 32 25 - X X _ X

40 L a n d s c a p i n g ------------------------- ---- _ M L L 20— 32 15 X X X _ _

41 Traffic protections ------------------------- M M L 0— -10 15-20 X X - _ _

42 P a v i n g ---------------------------------------- L L L 32-- 45 35 X X X _ _

43 Fencing, installing lights, signs, etc______ M M L 0---- 10 20 X X

1 L indicates light; M indicates m o d e r a t e .

2 Indicates operation is affected b y this condition.

3 W a t e r freeze, x x x x T h e s e operations are carried out in the interior of the building a n d are not directly e x p o s e d to external w e a t h e r conditions.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational a n d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r o n the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u Contract 

C W b - 1 0 9 4 8 , the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc., 2 5 0 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

1 1 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able D-3. Critical limits of w e a t h e r e l e m e n t s having significant influence o n construction of residential h o m e s

It e m O p e r ation R a i n

S n o w an d 

sleet

F reezing 

rain

L o w t e m ­

peratures 

(F.°)

H i g h w i n d 

(m. p. h. )

D e n s e

fog

G r o u n d

freeze

D r y i n g

conditions

T e m ­

perature

inversion

Flooding

and

a b n o r m a l

tides

1 S u r v e y i n g_____________________ ______________ 1 L L L 0---- 10 25 2x

2 D e m o l i t i o n an d c l e a r i n g----------- ------- M M L 0---- 10 15-35 X X X - -

4 Deliv e r y of m a t e r i a l s ------------------------ M M L 0---- 10 25 X - - - -

6 Site g r a d i n g __________________________________ M M L 20— 32 15-25 X X X - -

7 E x c a v a t i o n ------------------- -------------- M M L 20— 32 35 X X X X -

11 F o r m i n g ---------------------------- -------- M M L 0---- 10 25 - X - - -

14 D e livery of p r e m i x e d concr e t e______________ M L L 32 35 X X - - -

15 P o u r i n g concrete foundation an d w alls----- M L L 32 35 - X X - -

16 Stripping and curing c o n c r e t e-------------------------- M M L 32 25 - X X - -

18 W a t e r p r o o f i n g ---------------------------------------- ------------- M M L 32 25 - X - - -

19 Backfilling --------------------------------------------------------------- M M L 20— 32 35 X X X - -

21 Exterior carpe n t r y ---------------------------------------------- L L L 0--------10 15 - - - - -

22 Exterior m a s o n r y ------------------------------------------------- L L L 32 20 - X X - -

23 External c l adding--------------------------------------------------- L L L 0— -10 15 - - - - -

24 Installing m e t a l siding---------------------------------------- L L L 0--------10 15 - - - - -

27 R oofing------------------------------------------------------------------------ L L L 45 10-20 - - X - -

31 Installing w i n d o w s a n d doors, glazing_____ L L L 0--------10 10-20 - - - - -

38 Exterior painting---------------------------------------------------- L L L 45— 50 15 X - X - -

40 L a n d s c a p i n g ___ _________________ ___ ________ _ M L L 20— 32 15 X X X - -

42 P a v i n g - .................... L L L 32-----45 35 X X X

1 L indicates light; M indicates m o d e r a t e .

2 Indicates operation is affected b y this condition.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational a n d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r on the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u Contract 

C W b - 1 0 9 4 8 , the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc., 250 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

Ta b l e D-4. Critical limits of w e a t h e r e l e m e n t s having significant influence o n construction of h i g h w a y s

I t e m Opera t i o n R a i n S n o w and 

sleet

F r e e z i n g

rain

L o w t e m ­

peratures 

(F.°)

H i g h w i n d 

(m. p. h. )

D e n s e

fog

G r o u n d

freeze

D r y i n g

conditions

T e m ­

perature

inversion

Flooding

a n d

a b n o r m a l

tides

1 S u r v e y i n g------------------------------------- 1 L L L 0---- 10 25 2x

2 D e m o l i t i o n a n d c l e a r i n g -------------------- M M L 0---- 10 15-35 X X - X -

3 T e m p o r a r y w o r k o n site---- -------------- M M L 0---- 10 20 X X - - -

4 Deliv e r y of materials ----------------------- M M L 0---- 10 25 X - - - -

5 M a terial stockpiling_________________________ L L L 0---- 10 15 X - _ _ _

6 Site g r a d i n g __________________________________ M M L 20— 32 15-25 X X X _ _

7 E x c a v a t i o n ----------------------------------- M M L 20— 32 35 X X X X -

8 Pile driving _ _______________________________ M M L 0--------10 20 X X - - X

11 F o r m i n g ------------------------------------------------------------------- M M L 0--------10 25 - X _ - -

12 E m p l a c i n g reinforcing steel________________ M M L 0--------10 20 - X - - -

13 Q u a r r y i n g ------------------------------------------------------------------ M M L 32 2 5 -35 X X X X -

14 Deliv e r y of p r e m i x e d concrete ____________ M L L 32 35 X X - - -

15 P o u r i n g concrete foundation a n d w a l l s ___ M L L 32 35 - X X - -

16 Stripping a n d curing c o n c r e t e ______________ M M L 32 25 - X X - -

17 Installing u n d e r g r o u n d p l u mbing, e t c ______ M M L 32 25 - X X - -

19 Backfilling--------------------------------------------------------------- M M L 20— 32 35 X X X - -

30 B i t u m i n o u s concrete p o u r i n g _________ __ _ L L L 45 35 X X X - -

39 Installing culverts a n d incidental

d r a i n a g e ------------------------------------------------------------------ M L L 32 25 - X X - X

40 L a n d s c a p i n g ________________________________ M L L 20— 32 15 X X X - -

41 Traffic protection---------------------------------------------- _ M M L 0— 10 15-20 X X - - -

42 P a v i n g _________________________________ ___ L L L 32-----45 35 X X X - -

43 Fencing, installing lights, signs, e t c _____ M M L 0— 10 20 X X

1 L indicates light; M indicates m o d e r a t e .

2 Indicates operation is affected b y this condition.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational an d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r o n the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u Contract 

C W b - 1 0 9 4 8 , the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc., 25 0 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

1 1 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble D-5. Critical limits of w e a t h e r e l e m e n t s having significant influence o n h e a v y an d specialized construction

I t e m Ope r a t i o n R a i n

S n o w a n d 

sleet

F r e e z i n g

rain

L o w t e m ­

peratures 

(F.°)

H i g h w i n d 

(m.p. h. )

D e n s e

fog

G r o u n d

freeze

Dr y i n g

conditions

T e m ­

perature

inversion

Flooding

and

a b n o r m a l

tides

1 Surveying ------------------------------------ 1 L L L 0— -10 25 2x

2 Dem o l i t i o n an d clearning ------------------- M M L 0— -10 15— 35 X X - X _

3 T e m p o r a r y w o r k o n site___________ _______ M M L 0---- 10 20 X X - - _

4 D e livery of m a t e r i a l s ________________________ M M L 0---- 10 25 X - - - _

5 Materials stockpiling--------------------- _ L L L 0— -10 15 X _ _ _ _

6 Site g r a d i n g __________________________________ M M L 20— 32 15-35 X X X _ _

7 E x c a v a t i o n ______________________________ ____ M M L 20— 32 35 X X X x _

8 Pile driving-__________________________________ M M L 0— -10 20 X X - _ _

9 D r e d g i n g _____________________ ______________ M M L 0---- 10 20 X 3 x - - -

10 E rection of coffer d a m s -------------------- M L L 32 25 X X - - _

11 F o r m ing — _-______________________ _____ ____ M M L 0— -10 25 _ X _ _ _

12 E m p l a c i n g reinforcing steel_______ _____ _ M M L 0— -10 20 - X - - -

14 D e livery of p r e m i x e d concrete __________ _ M L L 32 35 X X - - -

15 P o u r i n g concrete foundation a n d walls---- M L L 32 35 - X X - -

16 Stripping an d curing c o n c r e t e -------------- M M L 32 25 - X X - _

19 Backfilling -------------------------- ---- _ M M L 20— 32 35 X X X - -

28 Cutting c oncrete p a v e m e n t ----------------- M M L 0— -10 35 - X - - -

29 Trenching, installing pipe — ---- ---- - M M L 20— 32 25 - X X - _

30 B i t u m i n o u s concrete p o u r i n g _______________ L L L 45 35 X X X - -

39 Installing culverts a n d incidental drainage— M L L 32 25 - X X _ _

40 L a n d s c a p i n g _________________ ________ ____ M L L 20— 32 15 X X X - -

41 Traffic p r o t e c t i o n___________________________ M M L 0— -10 15-20 X X - - _

42 P a v i n g ----------------------------- ------ _ L L L 32-- 45 35 X X X _ _

43 Fencing, installing lights, signs, etc------ M M L 0---- 10 20 X X

1 L indicates light; M indicates m o d e r a t e .

2 Indicates operation is affected b y this condition.

3 W a t e r freeze.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational an d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r o n the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u C ontract 

C W b _ 1 0 9 4 8 , the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc. , 25 0 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

T a ble D-6. Critical limits of w e a t h e r e l e m e n t s h aving significant influence o n construction of general buildings

Ite m O p e r a tio n R a in Snow an d s l e e t F r e e z in g

r a in

Low t e m ­

p e r a t u r e s 

( F .° )

H ig h w in d 

( m .p . h. )

D e n se

fog G ro u n d

f r e e z e

D ry in g

c o n d itio n s

T e m ­

p e r a t u r e

in v e r s io n

F lo o d in g

an d

a b n o r m a l tid e s

1 S u r v e y i n g____________________ ______ _______ J L L L 0— -1 0 25 2x 2 D e m o litio n a n d c l e a r i n g ________________ ___ M M L 0— -1 0 15-35 X X - X -

3 T e m p o r a r y w o rk o n s i t e ----------------------- ------ M M L 0-------10 20 X X _ _ _

4 D e liv e r y of m a t e r i a l s — ___________________ _ M M L 0------10 15 X - _ - _

5 M a te r ia l s t o c k p i l i n g __________________________ L L L 0------10 15 X _ _ _ _

6 S ite g ra d in g----------------------------- ------- -_ ------ M M L 20— 32 15—25 X X X _ _

7 E x c a v a tio n ------ ----------------------------- — ------ M M L 20— 32 35 X X X X _

8 P ile d r iv in g__________________________ _____ - M M L 0------10 20 X X _ _ X

11 F o r m in g______________ __________ __ __ _ _ M M L 0------10 25 - X - - _

12 E m p la c in g r e in f o r c i n g s t e e l------------------------- M M L 0------10 20 - X - - -

14 D e liv e r y o f p r e m ix e d c o n c r e te __________ _ M L L 32 35 X X - - -

15 P o u r in g c o n c r e te fo u n d a tio n a n d w a l l s ------ M L L 32 35 - X X - -

16 S trip p in g a n d c u r in g c o n c r e t e ______ __ ____ M M L 32 25 - X X - _

17 I n s ta llin g u n d e rg ro u n d p lu m b in g , e t c -_____ M M L 32 25 - X X - _

18 W ate r p r o o f i n g __ ______________ ___ _ ____ M M L 32 25 - X - - -

19 B a c k f illin g _____________________________________ M M L 20— 32 35 X X X - -

20 E r e c tin g s t r u c t u r a l s te e l L L L 10 1 0 -1 5 X - - - -

22 E x t e r io r m a s o n r y ____________________________ L L L 32 20 - X X _ -

24 In s ta llin g m e t a l s i d i n g _______________________ L L L 0-------10 15 - _ _ _ _

25 F i r e p r o o f i n g __________________________________ L L L 0------10 35 - - - - -

27 R o o f i n g________________________________________ L L L 45 10-20 - - X - -

31 In s ta llin g w in d o w s a n d d o o r s , g la z in g L L L 0-------10 10-20 _ - - - -

38 E x t e r io r p a i n t i n g_____________________________ L L L 45— 50 15 X - X - -

40 L a n d s c a p in g___________________________________ M L L 20— 32 15 X X X - -

41 T r a f f ic p r o t e c t i o n ____________________________ M M L 0------10 1 5 -2 0 X X - - -

42 P a v i n g _________________________________________ L L L 32— 45 35 X X X - -

43 F e n c in g , in s t a l lin g li g h t s , s ig n s , e tc M M L 0------10 20 X X

1 L indicates light, M indicates m o d e r a t e .

2 Indicates operation is affected b y this condition.

S O U R C E : T h e Operational a n d E c o n o m i c I m p a c t of W e a t h e r o n the Construction Industry of the United States, U. S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u C ontract 

C W b - 10948, the T r a v e l e r s R e s e a r c h Center, Inc., 25 0 Constitutional Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut, M a r c h 1965.

1 1 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A P P E N D IX E. W E A TH E R RECO RDS

How much does weather affect construction? The answer varies according to climate, whether the season is extreme or not, and the type of construction being undertaken, as well as the particular operation. Additional insight into the problem of seasonality in the construction industry can be gained through a study of historical weather data. The records maintained by the United States Weather Bureau are well adapted for comparisons 

between cities and between different years. The tables in this appendix were developed for one city (Chicago,

111.) for 1 year (1960) to present what could be done with these records.

An attempt was made to determine the number of days over a 12-month period that construction operations could, under current practice, be carried out in a particular area (Chicago). First, a number of contractors were asked what types of weather conditions would terminate construction operations. The weather data 

was then used to compute the actual number of days, by month, that construction operations could have taken 

place, given the opinions of the contractors. The following tabulation summarizes the actual number of days 

available for work in Chicago in 1960, based on the parameters given in table E-7.

Number of working days available and unavailable for construction work in Chicago, 1960

Total days, Available days, Unavailable days, Percent number number number distribution

Total................ 255 222 33 100.0

January ........................ 20 14 6 18.1 February..................... 21 14 7 21.2 March.......................... 23 21 2 6.1 April.......................... 21 19 2 6.1 May............................. 21 17 4 12.1 June .......................... 22 20 2 6.1 July............................. 20 20 - - August........................ 23 22 1 3.0 September.................. 21 21 - - October........................ 21 20 1 3.0 November.................. 21 18 3 9.1 December.................. 21 16 5 15.2

NOTE: For a description of the parameters see the footnotes on table E-7, p.

SOURCE: Tabulations made by the BLS from the Weather Records of the U.S. Weather Bureau.

These data indicate that almost two-thirds of all the days that fall into the unavailable category are in 4 

months. Even though March has fewer unavailable days than May, the conditions are probably not so favorable 

due to the effects of frost leaving the ground.

Interestingly, weather records for Chicago for 1968 provided a similar pattern of unavailable days even when 

different parameters were used. The following tabulation shows that there were 38.5 days in 1968 unavailable 

for construction work compared with 33 days in 1960.

119

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of working days available and unavailable for

_______construction work in Chicago, 1968_______

Available Nonworking days - Net working Months days Temperature Precipitation days

TotaL.................. 260 26 12.5 221.5

January .......................... 22 11 1 10 February........................ 21 9 0 12 March............................. 21 0 0 21 April............................. 22 0 2 20

May................................ 22 0 1 21

June ............................. 22 0 2.5 19.5 July............................... 22 0 1.5 20.5 August.......................... 23 0 .5 22.5 September..................... 21 0 1 20 October.......................... 23 0 0 23

November..................... 20 0 2 18 December..................... 21 6 1 14

SOURCE: Robert G. Beebe, Special Assistant, Industrial Meteorology, Environmental Sci­ ence Services Administration, Weather Bureau U.S. Department of Commerce.

The parameters used in the above tabulation are:

1. Temperature below 32 degrees F. all day

2. 3 inches of snow the previous day

3. 1 inch of rain the previous day

4. 1 inch of snow during working hours, beginning by 7:00 a.m.

5. 0.50 inch of rain during working hours, beginning by 7:00 a.m.

These guides used above in defining a nonworking day were developed by Mr. Beebe in his work with

general contractors over a number of years.

As has been stated previously in this report, it is possible to carry out most construction operations under the most adverse conditions. However, the usual practice of the industry today is to reduce the amount of

work done in the winter months. This may be the practice because of the tremendous amount of detail that

must go into planning, scheduling, and protection of the existing work. Whatever the reason, employment is

most seasonal in those months that have the greatest number of days unavailable for outdoor construction work.

Measures of seasonality for contract construction for Chicago, 1960

Month

Deviation of monthly employ­ ment from annual average

Seasonal adjustment factors

January ..................... -13.0 87.5 February.................. -15.8 85.6 March........................ -17.0 88.4 April........................ -4.6 97.5

May.......................... 3.1 103.4 June ........................ 6.3 106.8 July ........................ 11.9 109.0 August..................... 13.7 110.4 September................ 10.7 108.5 October..................... 8.8 106.4 November................ 3.3 102.5 December................ 7.4 94.0

SOURCE: BLS, Current Employment Statistics based on estab­ lishment reports.

1 2 0

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The preceeding tabulation indicates that in only 1 month— May— do we find a situation that is difficult to explain

by the distribution of unavailable days.

However, a combination of factors result in seasonality. The days lost in May were all a result of rainfall

and the other climatic conditions were more favorable for construction activities. The contractors had time in

the month of April to get substantial amounts of work started and establish their organization by May for the

construction year. Thus, if the contractor, knows that the climatic conditions very shortly will be more conducive to construction operations, he will find keeping these men on the payroll less expensive than releasing

them.

Included on the following pages are a number of tables taken from the historical data maintained by the

U.S. Weather Bureau. These tables were prepared to show the prevalence of days by month on which certain

weather conditions occurred. Precipitation occurred on 94 working days in Chicago; however, 51 of these had

less than a .10 of an inch and only 2 days has an inch or more. Not all the precipitation occurred during working time; on only 53 working days precipitation occurred during working hours, and 35 of these days had less

than a .10 of an inch. (See tables E-2 and E-3.)

Temperature is another important factor that influenced construction in Chicago. The temperature fell below 18 degrees F. 34 days. On 14 of these days the temperature did not rise above 24 degrees F. (See table

E-6.) As has been shown previously in the report, low temperatures alone are not too uncomfortable, but if

this variable is combined with wind, the discomfort increases substantially. It is not necessary to discuss windchill measure for Chicago since it has received the nickname “Windy City” honestly.

Other climatic conditions such as snow accumulation influence the number of days that would be available

for construction. In Chicago, in 1960, 1 inch of snow or more fell on 46 working days— 16 of these had less

than 3 inches and 11 had 6 inches or more. (See table E-5.)

On the basis of the weather data obtained for Chicago, it would appear that if weather records were developed for several different cities, 1 dispersed throughout the United States with respect to both their geographic

location and importance as a construction center, the contractor, the union, and the researcher would be better

able to anticipate the pattern of weather conditions in a given area.

* Weather records are available from the Weather Bureau for most major cities.

1 2 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX E TABLES

Page

E-l. Number of working days, holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays in contract construction by month,

Chicago, 1960............................................................................................................................................. 123

E-2. Number of days on which various amounts of precipitation occurred in Chicago, by month

and category of day, 1960..................................................................................................................... 123

E-3. Number of days on which various amounts of precipitation occurred during working hours

in Chicago, by month and category of day, 1960............................................................................... 123

E-4. Number of afternoons on which various amount of precipitation occurred in Chicago, by month

and category of day, 1960..................................................................................................................... 124

E-5. Number of days on which the snow depth was 1 inch or more in Chicago, by selected

depths, 1960 ............................................................................................................................................. 124

E-6. Number of working days in Chicago, by selected temperature ranges, 1960 ..................................... 124

E-7. Number of available and unavailable working days in Chicago, by type of climatic

conditions, 1960 ....................................................................................................................................... 125

1 2 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table E - l . Num ber of working d a y s, h o lid a y s, Saturd ays, and Sundays in contract con stru ction by m onth, C hicago, I960

C lass of day J anuary F eb ruary M arch A pril May June July August Septem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber T otal

T o t a l---------------------------------- 31 29 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 366

H olidays (H O L )--------------------------- 1

. . _ ! _ 1

_ 1_ ! 1 6

Saturdays (S A T )-------------------------- 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 53

Sundays (S U N )---- --------- ---- 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 52

W orking days (W D )--------------------- 20 21 23 21 21 22 20 23 21 21 21 21 255

NOTE: Included in th ese tabulations are 6 holidays and they are: (1) New Y ea r’s Day; (2) M em orial Day; (3) Independence Day; (4) Labor Day; (5) Thanksgiving Day; and (6) C h ristm as D ay. If the holiday fe ll on Saturday, F rid ay was a holiday and if on Sunday;- then Monday was a holiday.

T able E -2 . * Num ber of days on w hich variou s am ounts of p recip itation o ccu rred in C hicago, by month and category of day, I960

1 T hese are the total num ber of days on w hich th ere was a m easu rab le am ount of p recip itation , defined as being any am ount equal to 0 .0 1 of

an inch or m o re.

SOURCE: Com putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eather reco rd s of the U. S. W eather B ureau, E nvironm ental S cien ces

S e r v ic e s A dm inistration .

Table E -3 . Num ber of days on w hich variou s am ounts of p recip itation occu rred during working hours 1 in C hicago, by m onth and category of day, I960

Amount in in ch es J anuary F eb ruary M arch A p ril May June July

SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD

T o ta l2 - - . . . 5

. 2. 6

_ . . 6 2 ! _ 4 1 1_ 7 2 1 _ 6

_ 2_ !

0 0 1 0 00 ......

_ _ _

4 -1

1

_

3

l

-

_ _

5

1

2

1

-

2

2 1

1 -3

2

2

1 _

4

2 _

2 -

1

0 10 0 25- 49 ___ ________ o ! 50- !99 ------------------- 1* 00 or m ore — — —

August Septem ber Octolber 1Novem ber D ecem b er T otal

T o ta l2 -------------------------------------------

0 .0 1 - 0 .0 9 ------------------------------------------------ 0 10- 24 - ___ - -

1 ! _ 3 _ ! _ 3 _ 1 _ 3 _ 1 _ 7 _ _ _ 2 6 l l _ 53

1 1 - 2 - 1 - 3 - - - 3 - - 4

2

- - - 1 3

1

2

9

1

-

35

115

1

0. 25- .4 9 ------------------------------------------------ (-) 50- QQ - - - - - - - - - - -

1 - - - - -

i - - -

1

1 .0 0 or m o r e ------------------------------------------

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 W orking hours are betw een 7:01 a. m . and 4:59 p .m . 2 T hese are the total num ber of days on w hich th ere w as a m easu rab le am ount of p recip itation , during working h ours, defined as being any

am ount equal to 0 .0 1 of an inch or m o re.

SOURCE: •C om putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eather r eco rd s of the U .S . W eather B ureau, E nvironm ental S cien ces S e r v ic e s A d m inistration .

1 2 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table E -4 . Num ber of a fte rn o o n s1 on which variou s am ounts of p recip itation occu rred in C hicago, by m onth and category of day, I960

Amount in in ch es J anuary F eb ruary M arch A pril May June July

SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD SAT SUN HOL WD

T otal -----------------

0 .0 1 - 0 .0 9 -------------------

i 10 ° 4 ■ "

. . 3 _ _ _ 4 1 _ _ 1

_ 1_ 1

! 1

_ 3 1

_ _ 4 _ _ _ _

- - - 3 - - - 2

2

1 - - 1 - 1 - 1 11 - 3 1 - - 3

l

- - - -

l . 25 or m o r e--------------

A ugust Septem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem b er Total

1

_ _ i_ _ _ 1_ _ _ 1_ 1

_ 6

_ _ _ i 4 3 _ 26

A A 1 A AO ........ 1 -

_

i -

_

- 1

_ _ _

1

_

1

_

6 - -

_

i 3 3 -23

3

U. Ul-U, U7 ——

02* ^ __ # faO or m o r e------------ - ———————

1 The num ber of afternoons on which th ere w as a m easu rab le am ount of p recip ita tio n , defined as being any am ount equal to 0 .0 1 of an inch or m ore, betw een the hours of 12:01 p. m . and 4:59 p .m .

NOTE: T h ese are days which would not be included in the working day concept u sed in other ta b les.

SOURCE: Com putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eather r eco rd s of the U .S . W eather B ureau, E nviron m en tal S cien ces S e r v ic e s A dm inistration .

Table E -5 . Num ber of days on w hich the snow depth w as 1 inch or m ore in C hicago, by se le c te d d ep ths, I960

Amount in inches

J anuary February March April

S A T S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D

1.0- 2 .9 ----------------------- 3.0- 5.9----------------------- 6. 0 or m o r e -------------------------

Total ---------------------------

3. 0-5.9------------------------------ 6. 0 or m o r e --------------------------

1 1 _ 7 3 3 _ 14 4 3 _ 16 _ . . .

1

:

-

7

3 3

-

8

6

1

3

2

1

-

4

9

3 -

:

- -

October November December Total

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 1 1 9 10 8 1 46

: : :

- -

-

-

:

1

1 1

1 5

2

2

3

7

4

4

1 16

1911

SOURCE: Com putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eather r eco rd s of the U .S . W eather B ureau, E nvironm ental S cien ces S e r v ic e s A d m inistration .

T able E -6 . Num ber of working days in C hicago, by se le c te d tem peratu re ra n g es, I960

J anuary February March April M a y June July

Class of day S A T S U N H O L W D SAT S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D SAT S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D S A T S U N H O L W D

Total --------- 5 5 1 20 4 4 _ 21 4 4 _ 23 5 4 _ 21 4 5 1 21 4 4 _ 22 5 5 1 20

Class I1------------ 1 1 5 4 1 1 1

Class II2___________ 1 3 3 1 l 2

Class III3---------- 1 1 2 2 g 1 2 g

Class IV4__________ 3 2 j g j 1 7 2 l 1 4

Class V 5----------- -

4 - - 1 - 1 - 3 4 3 -

17 4 5 1 21 4 4 - 22 5 5 1 20

Aug[USt September October November December Total

Total ---------- 4 4 _ 23 4 4 1 21 5 5 _ 21 4 4 1 21 5 4 ! 21 53 52 6 255

Class I1-------------

____ 1 4 3 2 14

ma c e IT 2 ____________ 20 -aoo TTT 3 ___________ ______ __ 2 1 ~

28

Pin'’ TV 4 V^XeLS a XV 1 1 9 5 5

Class V 5 ------------ 4 4 “ 23 4 4

1

21 5 5 17 3 4 _ 10 " 1 1 33 36 3 160

1 D ays on w hich the tem peratu re f e ll below 18° F and did not r is e above 24° F . 2 D ays on w hich the tem peratu re fe ll below 18° F and reached or exceed ed 25° F . 3 D ays on w hich the m inim um tem peratu re w as not below 1 8 °F , nor above 24° F , and the m axim um tem peratu re w as 19°F or above. 4 D ays on w hich the m inim um tem peratu re w as betw een 25° F and 32° F . 5 D ays on w hich the m inim um tem peratu re w as not below 33° F .

SOURCE: Com putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eath er r eco rd s of the U'.'S. W eather B ureau, E nvironm ental S c ie n ce s S e r v ic e s A d m in istration .

1 2 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table E -7 . Num ber of available and unavailable w orking days in C hicago, by type of clim a tic con d itio n s, I960

D ays

T otal num ber of d a y s ------------------------------ T otal available d a y s--------------------------- T otal unavailable d a y s------------------------

C lass I: 1 T otal number of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­

c ip ita tio n 2 — Num ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation -------------------■------------------

C lass II: i

Total num ber of d a y s------------------------- N um ber of days with p r e ­

cip ita tio n 2 — Num ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation — C lass III: 4 T otal num ber of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­ cip ita tio n 5 — N um ber of days without p r e ­ cipitation — C lass IV: 6 T otal number of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­ c ip ita tio n 5 — N um ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation — C lass V: i

T otal num ber of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­ cip ita tio n 8 — N um ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation —

T otal num ber of days ----------------------------- T otal available d a y s--------------------------- T otal unavailable days -----------------------

C lass 1:1 Total number of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­

cipitation 2 ----------------------------------- Num ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation — C lass II: 5 T otal num ber of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­

cipitation 2 ----------------------------------- N um ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation — C lass III: 4 T otal num ber of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­ cip ita tio n 5 — N um ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation — C lass IV: 6 Total num ber of days ------------------------ Num ber of days with p r e ­ c ip ita tio n 5 — Num ber of days without p r e ­ cipitation — C lass V: i

T otal num ber of d a y s------------------------- Num ber of days with p r e ­ c ip ita tio n 8 — Num ber of days without p r e ­

cipitation —

J anuary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril

T otal A vailable Un­ available T otal A vailable Un­ available Total A vailable Un­ available Total A vailable Un­ available

20 14 6 21 14 7 23 21 2 21 19 2

14 14 - 14 14 - 21 21 - 19 19 _

6 -6 7 - 7 2 " 2 2 2

5 -5 4 -

4

1

- 1 - - -

5 - 5 4 - 4 1 - 1 - - -

3 3 - 1 1 9 9 - - - -

3 3 - 1 1 - 9 9 - - - -

2 2 - 8 7 1 8 7 1 - - -

- - - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - - -

2 2 - 7 7 - r 7 - - - -

6 6 - 7 6 1 2 2 - 4 4 -

6 6 - 6 6 - 2 2 - 4 4 _

4 3 1 1 - 1 3 3 - 17 15 2

1 - 1 1 - 1 - - - 2 - 2

3 3 - - - -

3 3 -

15 15 -

May June July A ugust

21 17 4 22 20 2 20 20 23 22 1

17 17 - 20 20 - 20 20 _ 22 22 _

4

-

4 2

-

2

-

-

-

1

"

1

21 17 4 22 20 2 20 20

-

23 22 1

4 - 4 2 - 2 - - - 1 - 1

17 17 - 20 20 -20 20 -

22 22 -

See footnotes at end of tab le.

1 2 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able E -7 . N um ber of availab le and unavailable working days in C hicago, by type of c lim a tic con d itio n s, I960— Continued

Days

S eptem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber T otal

T otal A vail­ able Un­ available T otal A vail­ able Un­ available T otal A vail­ able Un­ available T otal A vail­ able Un­ available T otal A vail­ able Un­ available

T otal num ber of d a y s----------------- 21 21 . 21 20 1 21 18 3 21 16 5 255 222 33 T otal available d a y s-------------- 21 21 - 20 20 - 18 18 - 16 16 - 222 222 -

T otal unavailable d a y s----------- - - 1 - 1

3 -3 5 " 5 33 -

33

C lass 1:1 T otal num ber of d a y s------------ - - - - - - - - - 4 - 4 14 - 14 N um ber of days with p r e - cipitation 2 --------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N um ber of days w ithout p re cip ita tio n ------------------ - - - - - - - - - 4 - 4 14 - 14

C lass II: 3 T otal num ber of d a y s------------ - - - - - - - - - 7 6 1 20 19 1

N um ber of days w ith p r e ­ cipitation 2 --------------------- - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - 1

N um ber of days w ithout p re cip ita tio n ------------------ - - - - - - - - - 6 6 - 19 19 -

C lass III: 4 T otal num ber of d a y s------------ - - - - - - 2 2 - 8 8 - 28 26 2 N um ber of days with p r e ­ c ip ita tio n 3 — - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2

N um ber of days w ithout

p re cip ita tio n ------------------ - - - - - - 2 2 - 8 8 - 26 26 -

C lass IV: 6 Total num ber of d a y s------------ - - - 4 4 - 9 8 1 1 1 - 33 31 2

N um ber of days with p r e - cip ita tio n 5 --------------------- - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2 - 2

N um ber of days w ithout p re cip ita tio n ------------------ - - - 4 4 - 8 8 - 1 1 - 31 31 -

C lass V :7 T otal num ber of d a y s------------ 21 21 - 17 16 1 10 8 2 1 1 - 160 146 14 N um ber of days with p r e ­ c ip ita tio n 8 — - - - 1 - 1 2 - 2 - - - 14 - 14 N um ber of days without

p r e c ip ita tio n------------------ 21 21 " 16 16 "

8 8 11 "

146 146

1 D ays on w hich the tem peratu re fe ll below 1 8°F and did not r is e above 24° F . 2 T hese are c la s s I and c la s s II days on w hich any am ount of p recip itation occu rred during norm al working h ours. 3 D ays on which the tem peratu re f e ll below 18° F and reached or exceed ed 25° F . 4 D ays on which the m inim um tem peratu re w as not below 1 8 °F , nor above 24° F , and the m axim um tem peratu re w as 19°F or above. 5 T hese are c la s s III and c la s s IV days on w hich p recip itation of on e-tenth of an inch or m o re o ccu rred during working ho u rs. 6 D ays on which the m inim um tem peratu re w as betw een 25° F and 32° F . 7 D ays on w hich the m inim um tem peratu re w as not below 35°F . 8 T hese are c la s s V days on which p recip itation occu rred betw een 5 a. m . and 7 a. m . and continued throughout the day (4 hours out of the norm al working day which is from 7:01 a. m . to 4:59 p .m .) and accu m u lates to on e-tenth of an inch or m o re.

NOTE: A ll c la s s I days are c la s sifie d as being u n available. C lass II through c la s s V are c la s sifie d as being un available if they m e e t the c r ite r ia assig n ed for the p recip itation te st.

SOURCE: Com putation m ade by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics from w eather reco rd s of the U. S. W eather B ureau, E nvironm ental S c ie n ce s S e r v ic e s A dm inistration .

1 2 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX F. DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY DATA 

AND METHOD OF ESTIMATING WAGES

Data used in chapter VI and parts of VII and VIII of this report were developed from information contained in the Social Security Administrations’ 1-percent continuous work history sample. The sample, which

includes 1-percent of all social security account numbers, was selected by the Social Security Administration

on the basis of a multistaged systematic cluster sampling procedure. Once an individual is selected for the

sample he remains in it permanently. 1

Information about each individual included in the continuous work history sample is provided by the

individual and by each covered employer from whom he receives wages and salaries: The individual provides

demographic information (race, sex, and year of birth) when he applies for a social security account number.

Each covered employer from whom the individual received any wages or salaries during a calendar quarter

reports the amount of the wage payment in the quarter and the industry and geographic area in which the

wages or salaries were earned. 2 The employer, however, ceases to report wage and salary earnings for an

individual after the workers’ annual taxable earnings limit ($4,800 in 1964) is reached in that employment

situation.

M ethod of estim ation

The following section of this appendix presents a discussion on the methods of estimation for annual

earnings, quarters of work, major earner, any earnings, and four quarter workers.

Annual earnings

Each covered employer is required to provide information about the earnings of each employee up to the

maximum amount ($4,800 in 1964) subject to the social security tax. Hence, reported earnings may be substantially below the workers’ total earnings. The Social Security Administration, however, has devised a procedure to estimate total wages of individuals. In this estimation procedure, the quarter in which the taxable

limit is reached (“limit quarter”) is first determined. Then the wages in the prior quarter that are equal to or

greater than the limit quarter wages are substituted for the limit quarter and all subsequent quarters. Limit

quarter earnings, however, are used in estimating earnings in the limit and subsequent quarters if limit quarter

earnings were higher than earnings in previous quarters. The summation of the quarterly wages after substitution then becomes the estimated annual total. An exception to this is made when the taxable limit is reached

in the first quarter; then $32,000 for men and $25,000 for women was used as the estimated total for 1964.

Tables F-l, 2, and 3 show the exact reported earnings of 27 individuals as well as the estimate of their

annual earnings which were made by using the social security estimating technique.

* For a detailed explanation of the sampling procedure, reporting criteria, and social security coverage, see U.S. Social Security Administration, Workers Under Social Security I9 6 0 (Washington, D.C., 1968 and their Social Security Handbook (3rd edition) Washington, D.C., 1966). 7 If the worker is employed by a contractor in New York State but is working at a job in New Jersey he will be counted as employed in New York State unless the contractor creates a new “firm” and files the social security reports from

New Jersey.

127

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Examples 1, 6, 10, and 11 in table F-l, illustrate records where earnings probably would be overestimated.

In table F-2, attention is called to examples 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Table F-3, contains the records of individuals

who worked for more than one employer in 1964 and earned more than $4,800 from at least one of them.

There are several examples here where the income would be overestimated.

The estimates of annual earnings, developed using the social security technique are believed to be entirely

acceptable for the purposes of this report. They may be slightly overstated, one reason being that fourth quarter earnings may be less than third quarter earnings due to seasonal problems. However, since a much larger

proportion of workers are employed by more than one employer in construction than in other industries, construction is perhaps one of the best industries to work with when using these data. Comparing the estimates

developed for this report with other sources of data on annual income indicates that the estimates are rea­ sonable.

Quarters o f work. A quarter of work, for purposes of this study, is defined as any quarter in which the

worker received any wages in covered employment. Workers whose maximum taxable earnings limits in a single

employment situation are reached before the fourth quarter of the year (and thus, the employer does not further report information about their earnings) are considered to have worked in each quarter.

Workers with a major proportion o f earnings in an industry. Workers who earned more of their annual

wages or salaries in the specified industry than from any other industry. For example, an individual who

earned 40 percent of his total wages and salaries in industry A and 30 percent of his annual wages and salaries in each of the other industries is considered to be a major earner in industry A.

Workers with some earnings in an industry. This classification counts each individual who had any earnings in an industry during the course of the year as having had some attachment to the industry. A worker

who earned 40 percent of his annual earnings in industry A, 30 percent in industry B, and 30 percent in industry C is counted in each of the industries. (Because a worker is counted in each industry in which he had

any earnings, the aggregate count of workers with some earnings in each industry is greater than the total

number in covered employment.)

Earnings in the industry o f greatest earnings. A worker’s earnings in the industry of greatest earnings

are limited to the amount of wage and salary remuneration received from employers in the specified industry. Earnings in all employment are the sum of the worker earnings in the industry of greatest earnings and

earnings in all other industries. Thus, a worker who received 40 percent of his annual earnings from employment in industry A, 30 percent from industry B, 30 percent from industry C, would have 40 percent of his

total annual earnings counted as earnings in the industry of greatest earnings and 100 percent of the earnings

(from industries A, B, and C) in the earnings statistics for all wage and salary employment.

These concepts, including the quarters of major industry employment concept used in this study, are

presented in the following illustration of a single worker’s employment and earnings experience.

__________________ Earnings by quarter__________________

Total January April July October

(any - Industry quarter) March June September December

Total........................ $425 $110 $110 $120 $85

A ....................................... 150 - 60 90 B ....................................... 130 10 50 - 70 C ....................................... 145 100 - 30 15

This worker had greater earnings in industry A than in any other industry. Therefore, industry A is his

industry of greatest earnings.

He worked in industry A during each of two quarters*. Therefore, even though he was also employed in

other industries in each of the other two quarters, he is categorized in this report as a worker with two quarters of major industry employment.

1 2 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX F TABLES

Page

F-l. Examples of 1964 estimated annual income of construction workers made by the Social

Security Administration for persons who achieved maximum earnings before the

fourth quarter.......................................................................................................................................... 130

F-2. Examples of 1964 estimated annual income of construction workers made by the Social

Security Administration for persons who achieved maximum earnings in the fourth

quarter....................................................................................................................................................... 130

F-3. Example of 1964 estimated annual income of construciton workers made by the Social

Security Administration for persons who achieved maximum earnings and had more

than one employer................................................................................................................................. 131

129

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e F-l. E x a m p l e s of 1964 e stim a t e d annual i n c o m e of construction w o r k e r s m a d e b y the Social Security 

Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n for p e r s o n s w h o a chieved m a x i m u m earnings before the fourth quarter

(1) (2) (3)

R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d

w a g e s

R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d 

w a g e s

R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d

w a g e s

T o t a l ___________________________ $4, 800. 00 $9, 587. 30 $4, 800. 00 $8, 429. 00 $4, 800. 00 $ 13, 999. 60

F i r s t ..................................

S e c o n d --------- --------------------

T h i r d __________________________________

$2, 273. 00 

2,438. 10 

88. 80

$2, 273. 00

2.438. 10

2.438. 10 

2, 438. 10

$2, 515. 4 0 

1, 971. 20 

313. 30

$2, 515 . 4 0 

1, 971. 20 

1, 971. 20 

1, 971. 20

$3,499. 90 

1, 300. 00

$3,499. 90

3.499. 90

3.499. 90

3.499. 90

(4) (5) (6)

T o t a l ___________________________ $4, 800. 00 $9, 015. 6 0 $4, 800. 00 $6, 777. 00 $4. 800. 00 $9. 143. 50

F i r s t ----------------------------------

F o u r t h --------------------- ---- -

$2, 215. 20 

2, 266. 80 

318. 00

$2, 215. 20 

2, 266. 80 

2, 266. 80 

2, 266. 80

$1, 724. 10 

1, 684. 30 

1, 391. 50

$1, 724. 10 

1, 684. 30 

1, 684. 30 

1, 684. 30

$1, 823. 50 

2,440. 00 

536. 50

$1, 823. 50

2.440. 00 

2, 550. 00

2.440. 00

(7) (8) (9)

T o t a l ______________ ___ _____ $4, 800. 00 $9. 100. 00. $4, 800. 00 $8, 828. 70 $14, 800. 00 $32, 000. 00

F i r s t -------- ---- -----------------

S e c o n d -------------------------- — -

F o u r t h -------------- -------- — -

$2, 275. 00 

2, 275. 00 

250. 00

$2, 275. 00 

2, 275. 00 

2, 275. 00 

2, 275. 00

$2, 675. 70 

2, 051. 00 

73. 20

$2, 675. 70 

2, 051. 00 

2, 051. 00 

2, 051. 00

$4, 800. 00 -

(10) (11)

T o t a l ..... — ..................... - $5. 106. 00 $7, 044. 30 $4, 800. 00 $8. 070. 10

First ......... . $1, 551. 6 0 $ 1, 551. 60 $691. 60 

2,459. 50

$691. 60

S p r r m H . _ _ _____,, r 1, 830. 90 1, 830. 90 2,459. 50 

TV.4 rrf ........ 1, 723. 4 0 1, 830. 90 1, 648. 80 2, 459. 50

F o u r t h .. - 1, 830. 90 2,459. 50

T a b l e F-2. E x a m p l e s of 1964 e stim a t e d annual i n c o m e of construction w o r k e r s m a d e b y the Social Security 

Admi n i s t r a t i o n for p e r s o n s w h o a c hieved m a x i m u m earnings in the fourth quarter

(1) (2) 0 )

Q u a r t e r R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d

w a g e s

R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d

w a g e s

R e p o r t e d

w a g e s

E s t i m a t e d

w a g e s

T o t a l ____________________________ $4, 800. 00 $5, 040. 80 $4. 800. 00 $5. 003. 30 $4. 800. 00 $5. 261. 00

F i r s t __________________________ ______

S e c o n d ---- --- --- ------ ----

T h i r d ..................................

$964. 70 

1, 561. 70 

952. 70 

1, 320. 70

$ 9 6 4 . 7 0 

1, 561. 70 

95 2. 70 

1, 561. 70

$1, 311. 90 

1, 175. 60 

1, 257. 90 

1, 054, 60

$1, 311. 90 

1, 175. 60 

1, 257. 90 

1, 257. 90

$1, 209. 00 

1, 338. 00 

1, 357. 00 

896. 00

$1, 209. 00 

1, 338. 00 

1, 357. 00 

1, 357. 00

(4) (5) (6)

T o t a l ............................ $ 4 , 8 0 0 . 0 0 $5. 694. 30 $5. 526. 00 $5. 776. 20 $4. 800. 00 $7. 624. 9 0

F i r s t ________ ________________

S e c o n d ______ — ~ __ -----------

F o u r t h ----------- ----------- — ---

$1, 329. 30 

1, 751. 70 

1, 306. 50 

412. 20

$1, 329. 30 

1, 751. 70 

1, 306. 50 

1, 306. 50

$860. 20 

1,481. 20 

1, 717. 40 

1,467. 20

$860. 20 

1,481. 20 

1, 717.40 

1, 717. 40

1, 583. 70 

3, 020. 60 

195. 60

1, 583. 70 

3, 020. 60 

3, 020. 60

(7) (8) (9)

T o t a l ___________________________ $ 4 , 800. 00 $5, 603. 30 $4, 800. 00 $6, 003. 00 $4, 800. 00 $7, 050. 20

First ..................................

S e c o n d - ---- — ---- -------- —

$743. 30 

1, 660. 10 

1, 599. 90 

796. 50

$743. 30 

1, 660. 10 

1, 599. 90 

1, 599. 90

$845. 00 

1, 989. 30 

1,584. 30 

381. 20

$84 5. 00 

1, 989. 30 

1, 584, 30 

1, 584. 30

$59. 20 

2, 229. 80 

2, 380. 50 

130.30

$59. 20 

2, 229. 80 

2, 380. 50 

2, 380. 50

130

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table F-3. E x a m p l e s of 1964 estim a t e d annual i n c o m e of construction w o r k e r s m a d e b y the Social Security A d m i n i stration for 

p e r s o n s w h o achieved m a x i m u m earnings a n d h a d m o r e than one e m p l o y e r

u u a r r e r R e p o r t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

1 2 3 4 2

T o t a l __________________ $609. 90 $4, 823. 40 $222. 00 $ 1, 836. 50 $6, 772.40

First ------------------------ $23. 40 $184.20 $1, 067. 30 $23. 40

S e c o n d _______________________ - 1, 500. 40 37. 80 769. 20 1, 500. 40

T h i r d ________________________ _ 2, 624.20 _ _ 2, 624. 20

F o u r t h ----------------------- 675. 20 - -2, 624. 20

(1)

First _____

S e c o n d ---

T h i r d _____

T o t a l _________

S e c o n d -----

T h i r d _______

F o u r t h _____

F i r s t ________

S e c o n d ------

T h i r d ________

F o u r t h ------

(2) (3)

R e p o r t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

R e p o r t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

1 2 1 2 1 2 1

$4, 800. 00 $4, 800. 00 $ 15, 600. 00 $ 14, 400. 00 $4, 900. 00 $ 3 76.00' $5, 839. 10

$3, 900. 00 

900.00 $4, 800. 00

$3, 900. 00 

3, 900. 00 

3, 900. 00 

3, 900. 00

$ 4 , 8 0 0 . 0 0 

4, 800. 00 

4, 800. 00

$300. 10 

1, 816. 40 

1, 861. 20 

922. 10

___ i

$312. 00 

64. 00

$300. 10 

1, 816. 60 

1, 861. 20 

1, 861. 20

(4) (5)

R e p o r t e d wa g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

Reportec

e m p l o y e ]

1 w a g e s ,

* n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

1 2 2 1 2 1 2

$ 2 , 5 3 4 . 4 0 $4, 800. 00 $8, 783. 20 $4, 800. 00 $4, 878. 00 $ 7, 000. 00 $9, 100. 00

$593. 60 

1, 940. 80

$2, 193. 30 

2, 196. 60 

409. 90

$2, 193. 30 

2, 196. 60 

2, 196. 60 

2, 196. 60

$1,000. 00 

3, 000. 00

800. 00

$2, 350. 00 

2, 250. 00 

278. 00

$1,000. 00 

3, 000. 00

3, 000. 00

$2, 350. 00 

2, 250.00 

2, 250. 00 

2, 250. 00

(6) (7)

R e p o r t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

R e p o r t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

E s t i m a t e d w a g e s , 

e m p l o y e r n u m b e r

1 2 2 1 2 2

$2, 842. 00 $4, 800. 00 $9, 129. 80 $ 121.40 $4, 800. 00 $5, 285. 10

$1, 001. 30 

1, 841. 30

$1, 730. 60 

2,466. 40 

602. 90

$1, 730. 60

2.466. 60

2.466. 60

2.466. 60 $121.40

$ 1 , 0 4 1 . 4 0 

1, 230. 90 

1, 506. 40 

1, 021. 10

$1, 041.40 

1, 230. 90 

1, 506.40 

1, 506. 40

131

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX G.

Tables showing greater detail than those covering comparable data in the text of this study.

132

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Page

134

135

136

136

137

137

138

138

139

139

139

140

140

140

141

141

141

141

142

146

147

148

1 3 3

APPENDIX G TABLES

Value of construction put in place in the United States, by type, 1947—68 ............................

Value of construction put in place in the United States in constant 1957—59 dollars

by type, 1947—68 ...........................................................................................................................

Employment in contract construction, by major divisions, 1939—68 ..........................................

Employment in contract construction by type of heavy and special trades contractors,

1958-68............................................................................................................................................

Percent distribution of employment in contract construction by type of heavy and

special trades contractor, 1958—68 ...............................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors for employees in nonagricultural payrolls by industry division

and groups.........................................................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in contract construction (SIC 15-17)

by month, 1940—6 8 ........................................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in general building construction

(SIC 15) by month, 1945-68 ........................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in heavy construction (SIC 16)

by month, 1945—6 8 ........................................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in highway and street construction

(SIC 161) by month, 1958-68 .....................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in heavy construction, except

highway (SIC 162) by month, 1958—68.......................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in special trades construction

(SIC 17) by month, 1945-68 ........................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in plumbing, heating, and

air conditioning work (SIC 171), by month, 1958—68 .............................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in painting, paperhanging, and

decorating (SIC 172), by month, 1958—68 .................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in electrical work (SIC 173),

by month, 1958—6 8 ........................................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in masonry, plastering, stonework,

and tile work (SIC 174), by month, 1958—68 ...........................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers in roofing and sheetmetal work

(SIC 176), by month, 1958-68.....................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors of wage and salary workers employed by operative builders

(SIC 656), by month, 1958-68.....................................................................................................

Seasonal adjustment factors for contract construction employment by type and size of

contractor, and by region, selected months, 1960—68 ..............................................................

Unemployed male wage and salary workers by duration of unemployment and selected

industry group, annual averages, 1960—68 .................................................................................

Unemploymed male wage and salary workers in construction and manufacturing, by

duration of unemployment, annual average and by months, 1960—6 8....................................

Proportion of wage and salary workers experiencing unemployment during the year by

industry group of longest job, 1959—6 8 .......................................................................................

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able G - l. Value of con stru ction put in place in the United S ta tes, 1 by typ e, 1947—68

(M illions of do llars)

Type of constru ction j 1947 1948 1949 1-950 1951 1952 1953

T o ta l con stru ction activ ity $30,415 $37, 879 $38, 688 $45, 630 $48, 751 $50, 968 $53,549

T otal new c o n str u ctio n------------------------------------ $20, 041 $26, 078 $26, 722 $33, 575 $35,435 $36, 828 $39, 136

P riv ate c o n str u ctio n____ _________ __ 16, 722 21,374 20,453 26, 709 26, 180 26, 049 27, 894 R esid en tia l b u ild in g s___________________ 9, 850 13, 128 12,428 18, 126 15,881 15,803 16, 594 N o n resid en tia l b u ild in g s________________ 3, 243 3, 765 3, 383 3, 904 5, 279 5, 014 5, 680 F arm con stru ction — ------------------------- 1,434 1, 640 1, 570 1, 522 1,599 1, 614 1, 527 P ublic u t i l i t i e s__ _____________________ 2, 126 2, 776 2,994 3,045 3, 357 3,533 3, 973 A ll other p r iv a te------------- — __________ 69 65 78 112 64 85 120

P ublic c o n s tr u c tio n ________________________ 3, 319 4, 704 6, 269 6, 866 9, 255 10,779 11, 242

By type of ow nership: F ed e ra lly o w n e d------------------------------- 840 1, 177 1,488 1, 624 2, 981 4, 185 4, 139 State and lo c a lly o w n e d_____________ 2,479 3, 527 4, 781 5, 242 6, 274 6, 594 7, 103 R esid en tia l buildings _ ______ ____ — _ 200 156 359 345 595 654 556 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s_____________ _ 591 1, 291 2, 049 2, 387 3,496 4, 158 4, 350 E ducational b u ild in g s________________ 287 618 934 1, 133 1, 513 1, 619 1, 714 H ighways and s t r e e t s___________________ 1, 344 1, 661 2,015 2, 134 2, 355 2, 677 3,021 M ilitary fa c ilitie s ________ ____________ 204 158 137 177 887 1, 387 1, 290 C on servation and d evelop m en t- ____ - 424 670 852 94 2 912 900 892 Sew er sy ste m s ________ _______________ 188 300 354 383 425 435 520 W ater supply f a c il it ie s-------------------------- 163 235 265 276 350 355 363 A ll other public _______________ _______ 205 233 238 222 235 213 250

M aintenance and r e p a ir____ ________ ____ _ 10,374 11, 801 11, 966 12, 055 13, 316 14, 140 14,413

1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960

T otal con stru ction a ctiv ity _ -------- $56. 088 $62. 377 $64, 579 $67, 059 $67, 738 $74, 289 $73, 178

T otal new co n str u ctio n ________________________ $41, 380 $46, 519 $47, 601 $49, 139 $50, 153 $55, 305 $53, 941

P riv ate co n str u ctio n_______________________ 29, 668 34,804 34,869 35,080 34,696 39,235 38, 078 R esid en tia l buildings ----------------------------- 18, 187 21, 877 20, 178 19, 006 19, 789 24,251 21, 706 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s------------------------ 6, 250 7, 611 8, 818 9, 556 8, 675 8, 859 10, 149 F arm c o n s tr u c tio n____________ _______ 1, 425 1, 385 1, 392 1,411 1, 355 1, 397 1, 321 P ublic u tilitie s _________________________ 3, 685 3, 770 4, 361 4, 908 4, 688 4, 521 4, 621 A ll other p r iv a te-------- ------------------------- 121 161 120 199 189 207 281

P ublic c o n s tr u c tio n ________________________ 11, 712 11, 715 12, 732 14, 059 15,457 16, 070 15, 863

By type of ow nership: F ed e ra lly owned_____________________ 3, 428 2, 769 2, 726 2, 974 3, 387 3, 724 3, 622 State and lo c a lly o w n ed_____________ 8, 284 8, 946 10, 006 11, 085 12, 070 12, 346 12,241 R esid en tial buildings ----------------------------- 336 266 292 506 846 962 716 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s________________ 4, 609 4, 196 4,076 4, 507 4, 653 4, 514 4, 795 E ducational b u ild in g s------------------------ 1, 506 2,442 2,556 2, 825 2, 875 2, 656 2, 818 H ighways and s t r e e t s___________________ 3, 714 3, 852 4,415 4, 934 5, 545 5, 761 5,437 M ilitary fa c ilitie s ______________________ 1, 003 1, 287 1, 360 1, 287 1,402 1,465 1, 366 C on servation and d ev elo p m en t_________ 773 701 826 971 1,019 1, 121 1, 175 Sew er sy ste m s ________ ___ __________ 568 615 701 781 836 906 882 W ater supply f a c ilit ie s_________________ 414 470 574 563 551 561 605 A ll other public _________ _____________ 295 328 488 510 605 780 887

M aintenance and r e p a ir ________________ _____ 14, 708 15,858 16, 978 17, 920 17,585 18,984 19, 237

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

Total construction activity_____________ $75, 224 $79, 972 $83, 963 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

Total n e w construction----- ------------------ $ 5 5 , 4 4 7 $59, 667 $6 3 , 4 2 3 $66, 200 $72, 319 $ 7 5 , 1 2 0 $76 , 1 6 0 $ 8 4 , 6 9 2

Private c o n s t ruction------------------------ 38, 299 41, 798 44, 057 45, 810 50, 253 51, 120 50, 587 56, 996

Residential buildings ______________ ____ 21, 680 2 4 , 2 9 2 26, 187 26, 258 26, 268 23, 971 23 , 7 3 6 28, 823

Nonresidential buildings--- -------- __ 10, 734 11, 617 11, 646 12,955 16, 592 18, 595 18, 106 18, 800

F a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n_______________________ 1,300 1, 282 1, 247 1, 228 1, 189 1, 245 1, 324 (2)

Public utilities --------------------------- 4, 3 3 5 4, 330 4, 667 5, 031 5, 788 6, 825 6, 967 (2)

All other p r i v a t e_________________________ 250 277 310 338 4 1 6 4 84 45 4 5 73

Public c o n s t r u c t i o n_________________________ 17, 148 17, 869 19, 366 20, 390 22, 066 2 4 ,000 25, 573 27, 696

B y type of ownership:

Feder a l l y o w n e d _________ _________ 3, 879 3, 913 4, 010 3, 905 4, 018 3, 957 3, 512 3 ,458

State a n d locally o w n e d ______________ 13, 269 13, 956 15, 356 16,485 18,048 20, 043 22, 061 24 , 2 3 8

Residential b u i l d i n g s__ _____________ 842 938 531 567 601 655 706 706

Nonresidential buildings_________________ 5, 169 5, 154 6, 003 6, 609 7, 274 8, 265 9, 268 9, 701

Educational buildings_________________ 3, 052 2, 984 3,477 3, 790 4, 284 5, 333 5, 987 6, 061

H i g h w a y s a n d streets-------- ----- --- 5, 854 6, 3 65 7, 084 7, 133 7, 550 8, 355 8, 538 9, 295

Military facilities ________________________ 1, 371 1, 266 1, 189 938 852 769 721 824

C o n s e r v a t i o n an d d e v e l o p m e n t __________ 1, 384 1, 524 1, 690 1, 729 2, 019 2, 195 2, 196 2, 046

S e w e r s y s t e m s ___________ -_____________ 914 1, 072 947 1,325 1, 195 1, 300 1, 058 1, 551

W a t e r supply facilities------------------- 667 682 882 956 1, 266 1,066 1, 270 1, 514

All other public -------------------------- 947 868 1, 040 1, 133 1, 309 1, 395 1, 816 2, 019

M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r --- ---------------- __ 19, 777 20, 305 20, 540 (2) (2) (2 ) (2) (2)

1 Beginning w ith data for 1959, e stim a te s include A laska and Hawaii. 2 N ot availab le.

SOURCE: B ureau of the C en su s, U .S . D epartm ent of C om m erce.

1 3 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -2. Value of con stru ction put in place in the U nited S tates 1 in con stant 1957—59 d o lla rs by type, 1947—68

Type of con stru ction 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Total con stru ction a c tiv ity-------------------- $44, 881 $50, 375 $52, 996 $59, 222 $58, 603 $59, 347 $61, 227

T otal new c o n stru c tio n-------------- ------------------ $29,573 $34,681 $36,605 $43, 576 $42, 596 $42, 882 $44,747

P riv a te c o n stru c tio n---------------------------------- 24,682 28, 385 27,779 34,309 31, 387 30,334 31, 818 R esid en tial buildings ---------------------------- 14,044 16, 758 16,382 22,447 18, 346 17, 776 18,350 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s------- ------------- 4, 994 5, 210 4, 718 5, 321 6, 64 1 6, 071 6, 694 F a rm con stru ction -------------------------------- 1,939 2, 046 2, 003 1, 909 1, 808 1, 799 1, 679 Public u tilitie s _________________________ 3, 584 4, 267 4, 556 4,470 4, 505 4, 577 4, 948 A ll other p r iv a te----------------------------------- 121 104 120 162 87 111 14 7

Public c o n s tru c tio n----------------------------------- 4, 891 6, 296 8, 826 9, 267 11, 209 12, 548 12,929 R esid en tial buildings --------------------- !---- 300 199 474 4 30 687 737 614 N o n resid en tial b u ild in g s------------------------ 923 1, 787 2, 861 3, 252 4,421 5, 034 5, 107 E ducational b u ild in g s_______________ 449 859 1, 302 1, 543 1, 943 1,997 2, 029 Highways and s t r e e t s---------------------------- 1, 652 1, 831 2, 684 2, 722 2, 430 2, 681 3, 209 M ilitary fac ilitie s ______________________ 293 207 182 234 1, 060 1,612 1,483 C onservation and dev elo pm en t_________ 737 1, 048 1, 298 1, 351 1, 238 1, 175 1, 109 Sew er sy stem s _________________________ 329 470 54 2 550 578 567 645 W ater supply fa c ilitie s----- ------------------ 284 368 403 397 476 463 450 All other public ________________________ 373 386 382 331 139 279 312

M aintenance and r e p a i r---------------------------------- 15,308 15, 694 15, 391 15, 646 16, 007 16,465 16,480

1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

Total con stru ction a c tiv ity_____________ $63, 928 $69, 346 $67, 880 $68, 067 $67, 895 $72, 834 $70, 777

Total new c o n stru c tio n----------------------------------- $4 7, 164 $51, 717 $50, 034 $49, 878 $50, 270 $54,222 $52, 171

P riv a te c o n stru c tio n------------- ------------------ 33,721 38, 394 36, 651 35, 753 34,868 38, 218 36, 518 R esid en tial buildings ---------------------------- 20, 256 23,649 20, 888 19, 319 19,930 23, 641 20,824 N o n resid en tial b u ild in g s------------------------ 7, 287 8,668 9, 501 9, 774 8, 679 8, 614 9, 690 F a rm c o n s tru c tio n -------------------------------- 1, 587 1,511 1, 457 1,434 1, 384 1, 359 1, 270 Public u tilitie s _________________________ 4,449 4, 384 4, 673 5, 020 4, 686 4,407 4, 474 A ll other p r iv a te----------------------------------- 142 182 132 206 189 197 260

Public con stru ction — -------------------- ------ 13,443 13,323 13,383 14,125 15,402 16,004 15,653 R esid en tial b u ild in g s------- ------------------ 3 74 288 304 515 852 941 686 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s_______________ 5, 366 4, 751 4, 381 4, 631 4, 656 4, 387 4, 551 E ducational b u ild in g s------------------------ 2,466 2, 742 2, 748 2, 908 2, 879 2, 579 2, 664 Highways and s t r e e t s---------------------------- 4, 109 4, 396 4, 443 4, 753 5, 489 5, 993 5, 758 M ilitary fa c ilitie s ______________________ 1, 158 1,467 1,44 2 1, 297 1, 398 1,449 1, 336 C onservation and dev elo pm en t_________ 917 799 896 1, 007 1, 017 1,073 1, 089 Sew er sy stem s _________________________ 673 702 762 813 835 867 817 W ater supply fa c ilitie s----- ------------------ 491 436 625 586 550 536 563 A ll other public ________________________ 355 384 530 523 605 758 853

M aintenance and r e p a i r---------------------- --------- 16, 764 17, 629 17, 846 18, 189 17, 625 18, 612 18, 606

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

Total con stru ction a c tiv ity-------------------- $ 72, 021 $ 74,988 $76, 917 L....... (_2), (2) (2) (2) (2)_

T otal new c o n stru c tio n-------------- ------------------ $53, 087 $55, 948 $58, 102 $59, 172 $62, 896 $62, 941 $61, 144 $64,432

P riv a te c on stru ction -------------------------------- 36,428 39, 056 40, 309 40, 861 43, 780 43, 208 40, 967 43, 775 R e sid en tial c o n stru c tio n ------------------------ 20,725 22, 823 24, 099 23,510 23, 082 20, 561 19,413 22, 369 N o n resid en tial c o n s tru c tio n------------------ 10,004 10, 558 10, 292 11, 185 13,959 15, 131 14,197 13,837 F a rm c o n s tru c tio n -------------------------------- 1, 248 1, 239 1, 194 1, 169 1, 116 1, 121 1, 144 (2) P ublic u t i l i t i e s------------------------------------- 4, 226 4, 190 4,4 59 4, 719 5, 294 6, 024 5, 882 (2) All other p r iv a te_______________________ 225 246 265 278 329 371 331 393

Public c o n s tru c tio n----------------------------------- 16, 659 16, 892 17, 793 18, 311 19, 116 19, 733 20, 177 20,657 R esid en tial c o n stru c tio n ------------------------ 803 882 486 507 527 560 581 581 N on resid en tial b u ild in g s------------ --------- 4, 790 4, 670 5, 267 5, 648 6, 054 6, 54 2 7, 007 6, 881 E ducational b u ild in g s------------------------ 2, 813 2, 688 3, 035 3, 224 3, 554 4, 199 4, 504 4, 272 Highways and s t r e e t s ___________________ 6, 152 6,447 6, 998 7, 003 7, 108 7, 365 7, 269 7, 565 M ilitary fa c ilitie s ___________ ______ __ 1, 320 1, 182 1, 084 835 733 636 573 623 C onservation and d ev elo pm en t---------- __ 1, 255 1, 345 1,445 1,429 1, 605 1, 676 1, 611 1,406 Sew er sy stem s _________________________ 827 948 810 1, 092 951 993 778 1, 065 W ater supply f a c ilitie s - ----------------------- 604 601 755 786 1, 005 814 931 1, 043 A ll other public ________________________ 908 817 94 8 1,011 1, 133 1, 147 1,427 1,493

M aintenance and r e p a i r__________ _________ 18, 934 19, 040 18, 815 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

1 Beginning with data for 1959, e stim a te s include A laska and H awaii. 2 Not available.

SOURCE: U. S. D epartm ent of C om m erce.

1 3 5

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -3. E m ploym ent in c o n tra c t con stru ction, by m ajo r d iv ision s, 1939—68

(In thousands)

Y e a r

Contract construction G e n e r a l building 

contractors

H e a v y construction Special trades 

contractors

All

e m p l o y e e s

Construction

w o r k e r s

All

e m p l o y e e s

Construction

w o r k e r s

All

e m p l o y e e s

Construction

w o r k e r s

All

e m p l o y e e s

Construction 

w o rke r s

1939 ------------------- 1, 150

1940 ___________________ 1, 294 - - - - _ _ _

1941 ___________________ 1, 790 - - - - - _ _

1942 ___________________ 2, 170 - - - - - _ _

1943 ___________________ 1, 567 - - - - - _ _

1944 ___________________ 1, 094 - - - - - - -

1945 ___________________ 1, 132 - 3 9 7 . 0 - 223. 0 - 513. 0 _

1946 ___________________ 1, 661 - 6 6 3 . 0 - 284. 0 _ 714. 0 _

194 7 ................... 1, 982 1, 759 762. 0 689. 0 363. 0 321. 0 857. 0 749. 0

1948 ___________________ 2, 169 1, 924 837. 0 756. 0 389. 0 34 3. 0 944. 0 825. 0

1949 ------------------- 2, 165 1, 919 809- 0 731. 0 401. 0 354. 0 955. 0 834. 0

1950 .............. ..... 2, 333 2, 069 875. 0 791. 0 419. 0 370. 0 1,039. 0 908. 0

1951 ___________________ 2, 603 2, 308 9 9 1.4 895. 8 461. 6 407. 0 1, 149. 6 1, 005. 2

1952 ___________________ 2, 634 2, 324 983. 2 882. 3 481. 4 423. 6 1, 168. 8 1,018. 2

1953 ___________________ 2, 623 2, 305 969. 2 863. 3 480. 1 426. 7 1, 174.0 1,015. 2

1954 ___________________ 2, 612 2, 281 937. 1 832. 0 471. 0 418. 7 1,203. 5 1 ,030.5

1955 ___________________ 2, 802 2, 4 4 0 997. 2 880. 1 483. 8 429. 7 1,320. 8 1, 130. 1

1956 ___________________ 2, 999 2, 613 1, 0 7 4 . 6 950. 4 556. 7 493. 4 1,367. 6 1, 168. 8

1957 ___________________ 2, 923 2, 537 986. 8 866. 2 576. 0 512. 9 1,360. 6 1, 158. 2

1958 _________________ 2, 778 2, 384 893. 6 775. 2 564. 6 498. 1 1,320. 2 1, 110. 3

1959 ................... 2, 960 2, 538 959. 0 834. 4 586. 5 516. 8 1,414. 1 1, 186. 9

I960 ___________________ 2, 885 2 , 4 5 9 908. 4 785.4 585. 7 511. 5 1, 390. 7 1, 162. 3

1 9 6 1 ___________________ 2, 816 2, 390 874. 9 752. 6 583. 3 505. 7 1, 357. 9 • 1, 131. 3

1962 ___________________ 2 , 9 0 2 2 , 462 882. 1 755. 8 593. 1 514. 8 1,426. 6 1, 191. 8

1963 ___________________ 2, 963 2, 523 914. 1 787. 0 599. 2 522. 5 1,449. 3 1, 213. 9

1964 ................... 3, 050 2, 597 949. 1 817. 3 613. 9 529. 6 1,487. 0 1, 250. 2

1965 ................... 3, 186 2, 710 994. 0 852. 7 64 8. 5 560. 1 1,543. 4 1, 297. 2

1966 ___________________ 3, 275 2, 784 1,031. 5 888. 0 673. 5 580. 4 1,570. 6 1, 315. 2

1967 ___________________ 3, 208 2, 708 984. 5 840. 5 663. 7 570. 0 1, 560. 3 1, 297. 6

1968 ................... 3, 267 2, 754 986. 4 836. 7 680. 2 584. 4 1,600. 6 1, 333. 3

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent s ta tis tic s based on estab lish m en t re p o rts.

T able G -4. Em ploym ent in c o n tra c t con stru ction by type of heavy and sp ecial tra d e s c o n tra c to r, 1958—68

Y ear

Highway and s tre e t con stru ction Heavy con stru ction P lum bing, heating , and a ir conditioning P ainting, paper hanging and decorating

All em ployees C onstruction w orkers All em ployees C onstruction w o rk ers All em ployees C onstruction wo rke r s All em ployees C onstruction w o rk e rs

1958 ________________ 282. 5 253. 2 282. 1 245. 0 312. 1 251. 9 138. 1 125. 5

1959 ------------------------- 310. 4 279. 7 276. 1 237. 1 327. 9 264. 3 152. 9 139. 3 1960 ______________ 293. 6 262. 7 292. 1 248. 8 323. 2 259. 8 146. 3 133. 7 1961 ________________ 291. 5 261. 2 291. 8 244. 5 321. 5 258. 7 136. 5 124. 5 1962 ________________ 299. 5 269. 0 293. 6 245. 7 333. 0 267. 8 140. 7 127. 5 1963 ________________ 314. 1 282. 0 285. 1 240. 5 343. 1 277. 0 140. 6 127. 0 1964 ________________ 313. 7 279. 5 300. 3 250. 1 354. 3 286. 1 140.4 126. 5 1965 - ______________ 324. 4 289. 2 324. 1 270. 9 366. 2 298. 0 143. 1 128.4

1966 .................................. 322.4 286. 1 351. 1 294. 3 373. 0 302. 5 141. 8 126. 2 1967 ________________ 307. 2 271. 4 356.4 298. 6 375. 3 303. 0 134. 6 119. 5 1968 ------------------------- 315. 9 279. 7 364. 3 304. 7 387. 9 313. 0 131. 0 115. 1

M asonry, stonew ork, Roofing and sheet and p lasterin g m etal w ork

All C onstruction All C onstruction All C o nstruction em ployees w orkers em ployees w o rk e rs em ployees w orkers

1958 ...................................... 188. 9 148. 3 226. 6 205. 9 98. 5 81. 4

1959 ---------------------------- 194. 7 151. 9 247. 4 225. 8 108. 2 88. 5 1960 _________ ________ 200. 1 156. 2 233. 9 212. 8 107. 7 87. 3 19 61_____________ _____ 195. 9 151. 8 221. 1 200. 3 102. 0 82. 9 1962 ...................................... 205. 8 160. 7 234. 8 213. 5 102. 6 83. 6 1963 __________________ 211. 6 166. 0 241. 8 219. 6 106. 2 86. 3 1964 __________________ 218. 7 174. 0 241. 1 220. 2 107. 5 87. 0 1965 __________________ 233. 7 187. 6 238. 8 217. 6 110. 2 89. 6 1966 ...................................... 248. 8 199. 9 234. 4 213. 1 112. 0 90. 8

1967 __________________ 258. 0 206. 7 220. 2 198. 0 112. 7 91. 3 1968 __________________ 265. 8 212. 5 227. 3 205. 2 111. 5 90. 9

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tis tic s based on estab lish m en t re p o rts.

136

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -5. P e rc e n t distrib u tio n of em ploym ent in c o n tra c t c on stru ction by type of heavy and sp ecial trad es c o n tra c to r, 1958—68

Y ear

Heavy con stru ction c o n tra c to rs Special trad e c o n tra c to rs

Total (SIC 16)

Highway and 

s tre e t c o n stru c ­ tion (SIC 16 1)

Heavy c o n stru c ­ tion, n. e. c. (SIC 162)

Total (SIC 17)

Plum bing, he a tin g , and a ir conditioning (SIC 171)

P a p e r- hanging, decorating (SIC 172)

E le c tric a l w ork (SIC 173)

M asonry, stonew ork, and p la ste rin g (SIC 174)

Roofing and sh eet m etal w ork (SIC 176)

O ther sp ecial trad es (SIC 175 8, 9)

1958.......... .......................... 100. 0 50. 0 50. 0 100. 0 23. 6 10. 5 14. 3 17. 2 7. 5 26. 9 1959 _________________ 100. 0 52.9 47. 1 100. 0 23. 6 10. 8 13. 8 17. 5 7. 7 27. 0 I960 _________________ 100. 0 50. 1 49. 9 100. 0 23. 2 10. 5 14.4 16. 8 7. 7 27.4

1961__________________ 100. 0 50. 0 50. 0 100. 0 23. 7 10. 1 14. 4 16. 3 7. 5 28. 0 1962.......... .......................... 100. 0 50. 5 49. 5 100. 0 23. 3 9. 9 14. 4 16. 5 7. 2 28. 7

1963__________________ 100. 0 52.4 47. 6 100. 0 23. 7 9. 7 14. 6 16. 7 7. 3 28. 0 1964 _________________ 100. 0 51. 1 48. 9 100. 0 23. 8 9.4 14. 7 16. 2 7. 2 28. 7 1965 _________________ 100. 0 50. 0 50. 0 100. 0 23. 7 9. 3 15. 1 15. 5 7. 1 29. 3 1966 _________________ 100. 0 47. 9 52. 1 100. 0 23. 8 9. 0 15. 8 14. 9 7. 1 29. 4 1967 _________________ 100. 0 46. 3 53. 7 100. 0 24. 1 8. 6 16. 5 14. 1 7. 2 29. 5 1968 100. 0 46 .4 53. 6 100. 0 24. 2 8. 2 16.6 14. 2 7. 0 20. 8

NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. 

SOURCE: 3 L S , c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on establish m ent re p o rts.

Table G -6. Seasonal adju stm ent fac to rs for em ployees in n o n ag ricu ltu ral p a y ro lls by ind u stry division and groups

Industry Jan u ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril May June July August S eptem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber

Mining 97.6 97. 1 97. 4 99.2 100. 3 102. 6 102. 6 102. 6 101. 2 100. 2 99. 9 99.4 C o ntract c o n stru c tio n_____________ M anufacturing: 1 D urable goods: 1

90. 6 89. 1 91. 2 96. 8 99. 9 103. 9 107. 2 108. 7 107. 1 106. 0 102. 0 97. 5

O rdnance and a c c e s s o r ie s---- 100. 5 100. 3 99. 8 99.4 99. 1 99. 6 99. 8 99. 4 100. 4 100. 4 100. 8 100. 4 L um ber and wood p ro d u cts__ 97. 0 97. 2 97. 8 98. 3 99. 1 102. 9 102. 8 103.3 101. 7 100. 9 99. 8 99. 2 F u rn itu re and f ix tu r e s______ Stone, clay, and glass 99. 7 99.4 99.4 98. 9 98. 8 100. 1 98. 7 100. 9 100. 8 101. 1 101. 3 101. 1

prod ucts ________-_________ 96. 3 96. 0 97.4 99. 5 100. 2 102. 2 102. 7 103. 1 102. 2 101. 1 100. 5 98. 8 P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s----- 99. 3 99.7 100. 1 100. 8 101. 0 102. 1 101.4 100. 5 99. 1 98. 2 98. 5 99. 2 F a b ric ate d m e ta l p ro d u c ts---- M achinery, except 99.7 99.4 99. 3 99.4 99. 5 100. 9 99. 0 99. 8 100. 3 100. 8 101. 0 100. 8

E le c tric a l equipm ent and 100. 1 100. 3 100. 6 100. 4 100. 1 100. 8 100. 1 99. 7 99. 5 99. 1 99.6 99. 7

su pplies__________________ - 100. 3 100. 0 99. 5 99. 1 98.9 99. 8 98. 9 99. 9 100.4 100. 9 101. 2 101. 2 T ra n sp o rta tio n equ ipm en t___ In stru m en ts and re la te d 100. 8 100. 9 100. 8 100.4 100. 5 100. 9 98. 0 92. 7 100. 5 101. 2 101. 6 101. 9

M iscellaneous m anufacturing 99.8 99. 8 99. 8 99. 5 99. 3 100. 3 100. 0 100. 5 100. 1 100. 1 100. 3 100. 5

in d u strie s — _______ ___ - N ondurable goods: 1 94. 3 95. 8 96. 8 97. 9 99. 0 100. 6 97. 9 103. 0 104. 3 105. 8 105. 1 99. 3

Food and kindred products _____ 96. 0 95. 0 95.2 95. 3 96. 2 99. 8 102. 3 107. 5 107. 2 104. 7 101.4 99. 3 Tobacco m an u factu res__________ 98. 8 96. 5 91. 6 88.4 87. 3 88. 5 89. 0 108. 0 117. 3 117.4 108. 5 108. 8 T extile m ill products _ _________ A pparel, and other textile 98. 8 99.2 99.7 99.7 99. 8 101. 1 99. 3 100. 9 100. 6 100. 5 100. 6 100. 0

p ro d u c ts______________________ 98. 1 100.4 100. 7 99. 0 99. 5 100. 8 96.7 101. 4 101. 1 101. 3 101. 0 99. 9 P a p e r and allied p ro d u c ts___ __ 99.2 99. 0 99. 1 99. 1 99. 1 101. 1 100. 6 101. 2 100. 6 100. 1 100.4 100. 4 P rin tin g and p u b lish in g------------- 99. 5 99.7 99.9 99. 9 99.6 100. 2 100. 1 100. 2 99. 9 100. 1 100. 3 100. 6 C hem icals and allied products — 99. 1 99. 3 99. 8 100. 3 99. 9 100. 6 101. 0 101. 2 100. 1 99. 6 99. 5 99. 5 P etro leu m and coal p ro d u c ts___ Rubber and p la stic s p rod ucts, 97. 5 97. 7 98. 2 98. 7 99.4 101. 6 102. 9 103. 0 102. 0 100. 7 99. 7 98. 6

n e c____________________________ 99. 9 99. 7 99.4 99.4 100. 3 100. 3 98. 4 100. 1 100. 5 100. 8 101. 2 101. 0 L eather and le ath e r p ro d u c ts___ 99. 6 100. 5 99. 7 98. 3 98. 8 100. 6 99. 6 101. 6 100. 0 99. 9 100. 9 100. 6 T ra n sp o rta tio n and public u tilitie s__ W holesale and re ta il trad e: 1 98. 5 98. 4 98. 8 99.2 99. 7 101. 0 101. 0 101. 1 101. 1 100. 5 100.5 100. 2

W holesale trad e _ ---- ---- ----- 99. 2 98. 7 98. 7 98. 7 98. 7 100. 5 101. 2 101. 2 100. 5 100. 7 100. 9 101. 0 R etail t r a d e____ ____ ____ __ F inance, in su ran ce, and re a l 98. 2 97. 0 2 98. 2 2 98. 6 99. 6 100. 3 99. 5 99. 2 99. 7 100. 1 102. 0 107. 6

e sta te _____________________________ 98. 8 99. 0 99. 3 99. 6 99. 8 100. 8 101. 7 101. 7 100. 3 99. 9 09. 6 99. 6 Se rv ic e-______ _____________ _______ 98. 1 98. 4 98. 9 100. 0 100. 6 101. 6 101. 8 101. 2 100. 3 100. 1 99. 7 99.4 H otels and o th er lodging p la c e s.. 91. 4 92. 9 92. 9 96. 4 99. 6 105. 4 117. 4 117. 3 103. 1 97. 1 93. 8 92. 6 P e rso n a l se rv ic e s -------------------- M edical and other health 99. 0 98. 6 99. 1 100. 1 100. 6 101. 6 100. 6 99. 7 99.6 100. 3 100.4 100. 5

s e r vice s ______________________ 99. 5 99. 8 99. 8 99. 7 99. 5 100. 6 101. 0 100. 6 99. 9 99. 9 100. 0 99.7 E ducational se rv ic e s ___________ G overm ent: 1 103.4 104. 1 104. 3 103. 6 103.4 96.4 88. 0 86. 9 96. 5 103. 8 105. 1 104.4

F e d e ra l 3________________________ 99. 1 99. 0 99. 2 99.6 99. 5 101. 5 102. 3 101. 9 99.4 99. 5 99.4 99. 5 State and lo c a l__________________ 100. 9 101.6 101. 8 101. 5 101. 2 100. 5 95. 0 94. 1 98. 8 101. 1 101. 8 101. 6

1 S easonally adju sted data d eriv ed by sum m ation of com ponents. 2 F a c to rs shown a re for 1970. The fac to rs used for M arch and A pril 1969 w ere 97.6 and 99.2 resp ectiv ely . 3 B ased on data w hich exclude te m p o rary C h ristm as em ployees of the P o st Office during D ecem ber.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on estab lish m en t re p o rts.

1 3 7

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -7. Seasonal adju stm ent fac to rs of wage and s a la ry w o rk e rs in c o n tra c t con stru ctio n (SIC 15-17) by m onth, 1940—68

Y ear J anuary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril May June July August Septem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber

1940 1 88. 5 92. 4 92. 0 96.9 101. 3 104. 8 107. 5 109. 8 108. 2 105. 1 101. 5 91. 1 1941 ............................................. 88. 5 92. 4 92. 0 96. 7 101. 2 105. 1 107. 7 109. 7 108. 1 105. 0 101. 4 91. 2 1942 _______________________ 88. 9 91.7 92.2 96. 8 101. 1 105. 1 107.6 109. 5 107. 9 104. 9 101. 5 92.7 1943 . .. — ............................... 89. 5 91.2 92 .4 96. 8 101. 0 105. 0 107.4 109. 3 107. 8 104. 9 101.6 93.2 1944 ................................................ 89. 7 90. 7 92. 1 96. 5 100.6 105. 1 107. 5 109. 3 108. 1 104. 9 101.4 94. 0 1945 ................................................ 90. 0 89.9 91. 8 96.2 100.6 105.4 107. 3 109. 1 107. 8 105. 0 101. 9 95. 0 1946................................................. 90. 5 89. 5 91. 5 95. 8 100. 3 105. 0 106. 9 108. 9 107. 8 105. 5 102. 3 96. 1 1947 ............................................. 90. 7 88. 9 90. 7 95. 1 100. 1 104. 8 107. 0 109. 2 108. 0 105. 0 102. 7 96. 8 1948................................................. 90. 6 88. 3 90. 1 95. 0 100. 0 104.6 107. 0 109. 3 108. 2 106. 5 103. 0 97. 5

1949 ----------------------------------- 90. 7 87. 9 89. 7 94. 7 99. 8 104. 5 107. 0 109.4 108. 5 106. 8 103. 1 98. 0 1950 ................................................ 90.4 87. 5 89. 6 94. 8 99.6 104. 5 107. 1 109. 5 108. 6 107. 2 103. 3 97. 9 1951 ............................................. 90.4 87. 2 89. 6 94. 9 99.7 104.4 102.2 109. 5 108. 6 107. 2 103. 5 97.7 1952 _______________________ 90. 1 87. 1 89. 7 95. 0 99. 8 104.4 107. 3 109. 6 108. 8 107. 3 103.4 97. 4 1953 ________ _____________ 89. 8 87. 0 89. 7 95. 2 100. 0 104. 5 107. 5 109. 8 108. 8 107. 2 103. 3 97.2 19R4 89. 6 86 .8 89. 7 95.2 100.2 104. 8 107.6 109. 8 108. 9 107. 2 103. 2 97. 1 1955 _______________________ 89. 3 86. 7 89. 3 95. 1 100.4 105. 0 107. 8 109. 9 109. 2 107. 2 103.2 96. 7 1956 ___________________________ 89. 0 86.4 89. 0 95. 1 100. 6 105. 3 108. 0 110. 2 109. 3 107. 3 103. 2 96. 6 1957 _______________________ 88. 6 86. 2 88. 7 94. 8 100. 8 105. 7 108.4 110. 5 109.4 107. 5 103. 2 96. 1 1958 _______________________ 88. 4 85. 5 88.4 94. 7 100. 9 106. 2 108. 7 110. 8 109. 6 107. 8 103. 2 95.7 1 ono 88. 3 85. 1 88. 0 94. 7 101. 0 106. 3 109. 1 111. 2 109. 7 108. 0 103. 3 95. 4 I960 _______________________ 88. 2 84. 6 87. 7 94. 8 101. 1 106.4 109.4 111.4 109. 8 108. 3 103.4 94.9 19 61_______________________ 88. 1 84. 5 87. 5 94. 8 101. 2 106.5 109. 7 111. 6 109. 6 108. 2 103.4 94. 8 1962 _______________________ 88. 1 84. 7 87. 8 94. 8 101. 1 106. 6 109. 7 111.7 109.4 107. 9 103. 3 95. 1 1963 _______________________ 88. 3 84. 8 88. 3 94. 9 101. 0 106. 6 109. 8 111. 5 109.0 107. 6 103. 1 95.2 1964 _______________________ 88. 8 85. 1 88. 6 95. 1 100.7 106. 5 109.6 111. 3 108. 7 107. 1 102. 9 95.6 1965 ............................................. 89. 1 85.6 89. 1 95. 4 100. 7 106. 2 109.4 111. 0 108. 3 106. 7 102. 7 96. 0 1966 ................................................ 89. 2 86. 2 89.6 95 .4 100.4 106. 2 109. 2 110. 7 108. 0 106.4 102.4 96. 3 1967 ................................................ 89.6 86. 7 89. 8 95. 5 100. 2 106. 0 109. 0 110. 5 107. 6 106. 1 102.4 96.6 1968 89. 6 87. 1 90. 1 95. 8 100. 0 105. 8 108. 8 110. 3 107. 6 105. 9 102. 2 96. 8

S easnoal fa c to rs for f irs t 3 m onths a re 1941 fa c to rs.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on e stab lish m en t re p o rts.

Table G -8. S easonal adju stm ent fac to rs of wage and sa la ry w o rk e rs in g en eral building con stru ction (SIC 15) by m onth, 1945—68

Y ear Ja n u a ry F e b ru a ry M arch A pril May June July A ugust S eptem ber O ctober •November D ecem ber

1945 1 ........................................... 92.4 88. 7 89. 8 94. 5 99. 8 104. 5 106. 2 108. 1 107, 6 105. 5 102. 9 99. 9 1946 _______________________ 92. 4 88. 7 89. 8 94. 3 99.6 104. 3 106. 3 108. 3 107. 7 105. 8 103. 1 99. 8

19 4 7 _______________________ 92. 0 88. 3 89. 8 94. 1 99.4 104. 3 106. 6 108. 6 107. 9 106. 1 103.4 99. 6

1948 _______________________ 9 1 . 8 88. 0 89. 9 94. 2 99.4 104. 3 106. 6 108. 8 107.9 106. 3 103. 3 99 .4

1949 ----------------------------------- 91. 5 87. 8 90. 1 94. 2 99. 1 104. 3 106. 8 109. 1 108. 1 106. 5 103. 5 99. 0

1950 _______ ______________ 91. 0 87. 5 90.2 94. 4 99. 0 104. 4 107. 1 109. 3 108. 2 106. 7 103. 5 98.7 19 5 1 ................................................ 90. 8 87. 1 90. 2 94. 7 99. 2 104. 4 107. 3 109. 5 108. 2 106. 8 103. 5 98. 2

1952 ___ __________________ 90. 5 87. 0 90. 3 94. 8 99. 3 104. 4 107. 6 109. 7 108.4 106. 8 103. 4 97. 7 1953 _______________________ 90. 0 86. 9 90. 3 95. 1 99. 5 , 104.6 107. 8 110. 0 108. 5 106. 6 103. 2 97. 5 1954 _______________________ 89. 7 86. 8 90. 1 95 .4 99. 7 104. 7 108. 2 110 . 1 108. 5 106. 5 103. 0 97. 4 1955 ................................................ 89. 4 86. 8 89. 8 95. 3 99. 9 104. 8 108.4 110 . 2 108. 6 106. 5 103. 1 97. 2 1956 ............................................. 89. 3 86. 3 89.4 95 .4 100. 2 105. 1 108. 5 110. 4 108. 6 106. 6 103. 0 97.2 1957 ............................................. 89. 0 86. 0 89. 1 95. 3 100. 5 105. 5 108. 9 110. 6 108. 6 106. 7 103. 1 96.7 1958 ................................................ 89. 0 85.6 88. 9 95. 1 100. 5 105. 8 109.0 n o . 8 108. 7 106. 9 103. 1 96. 5 1959 __________________i____ 89. 1 85.4 88. 4 95. 1 100. 6 105. 9 109. 2 111. 0 108. 7 107. 1 103. 2 96. 2 I960 _______________________ 89. 2 85. 0 88. 1 95.2 100. 7 106. 0 109. 5 111. 1 108. 8 107. 2 103.4 95. 8 196 1 _______________________ 89. 3 85. 1 88. 0 95. 2 100. 5 106. 1 109.4 111. 3 108. 6 107. 2 103. 6 95. 9 1962 ___ ________________ 89. 4 85. 3 88. 1 95 .2 100. 3 106. 2 109.4 111.4 108. 3 106. 8 103.4 96. 3 1963 _____ ________________ 89. 8 85. 7 88. 8 95. 3 99. 8 106. 0 109. 3 111. 1 107. 9 106. 5 103. 3 96. 5 1964 _______________________ 90. 6 86. 1 89. 2 95. 4 99.4 105. 7 108. 9 n o . 8 107. 5 106. 0 103. 1 97. 3 1965 ______ _______________ 91. 1 86.6 89. 6 95. 8 99. 1 105. 2 108. 5 n o . 4 107. 1 105. 7 103. 0 97. 9 1966 _________________________ 91. 4 87. 3 90.4 95. 7 98. 8 105. 2 108. 1 n o . 0 106. 7 105.4 102. 8 98. 3 1967 _______________________ 91. 8 87. 8 90. 8 95. 7 98. 5 104. 9 107. 7 109. 6 106.4 105. 2 102. 8 98. 8 1968 _______________________ 91. 9 88. 3 91. 2 96. 0 98. 3 104. 5 107.4 109.4 106.4 105. 1 102. 5 99.0

1 S easonal fa c to rs for firs t 3 m onths a re 1946 fac to rs.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on esta b lish m e n t re p o rts.

138

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -9. S easonal ad ju stm ent fac to rs of w age and sa la ry w o rk ers in heavy co n stru ctio n (SIC 16) by m onth, 1945—68

Y ear Janu ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril M ay June July A ugust Septem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber

1945 1 ....................... 78. 9 75. 9 79.4 91. 9 101. 6 110. 5 114. 7 119 . 0 117. 4 112. 8 104. 9 92. 9 1946 ____________ 78. 9 75. 9 79.4 91. 8 101. 9 110.4 114. 7 119 . 0 117. 5 113. 0 105. 0 92. 7 1947 ____________ 79. 0 75. 8 79. 2 91. 6 101. 9 110. 5 114. 8 119 . 0 117. 3 113. 1 105. 1 92. 7 1948 ............. - 78. 9 75. 7 79. 3 91. 8 102. 1 110. 6 114. 8 118. 9 117. 1 113. 1 105. 0 92. 7

1949 .......................... 79.0 75. 7 79. 6 91. 8 102. 3 110. 7 114. 7 118. 8 116. 9 113. 2 104. 7 92.5 1950 ____________ 79. 1 75. 5 79. 8 92.0 102. 5 110. 6 114. 5 118. 6 116. 7 113. 5 104. 8 92.3 1951 . .. 79. 1 75. 6 80. 2 92.4 102. 9 110. 5 114. 3 118. 3 116.4 113.4 105. 0 92.0 1952 .......................... 79. 1 76. 0 80. 5 92. 5 103. 0 110.4 114. 3 118. 2 116.4 113.4 104. 9 91. 5 1953 ____________ 78. 9 76. 3 80. 7 92. 5 103. 3 110. 5 114. 5 118. 0 116. 2 113. 2 104. 6 91.4

19 5 4 ____________ 78. 7 76. 5 80. 7 92. 4 103. 7 110. 6 114. 6 117. 8 116. 3 113. 2 104. 2 91. 2 1955 .......................... 78. 6 76. 7 80.4 92. 0 103. 9 110. 9 114. 7 117. 8 116. 7 113.4 104.4 90. 5 1956 ____________ 77. 9 76. 7 79. 8 91. 9 104. 2 111.4 115. 3 118. 1 116. 7 113. 3 104. 3 90. 2 1957 .......................... 77. 2 76. 2 79. 5 91.4 104. 5 112. 2 115. 9 118. 5 117. 0 113. 6 104. 4 89. 7 1958 .......................... 76. 9 75. 3 79. 0 91. 1 104. 5 112. 9 116. 5 118. 9 117.4 114. 1 104. 3 89. 0 1959 ------------------- 76.4 74. 5 78.4 91.0 104. 8 113.4 117. 0 119. 5 117. 7 114. 5 104. 3 88.4 1960 ____________ 76. 1 73. 8 78. 0 91. 1 104. 8 113. 7 117. 5 120. 0 118. 0 115. 1 104.4 87. 8 19 61____________ 75. 7 73. 2 77. 6 91. 1 104. 9 114. 1 117. 9 120. 3 118. 0 115. 2 104. 5 87.4 1962 ....................... 75. 8 73. 1 77. 7 91.0 105. 1 114.4 118. 0 120. 5 117. 6 114. 9 104. 3 87. 5 1963 .......................... 76. 0 73. 1 78. 0 91. 1 104. 9 114. 6 118. 1 120. 2 117. 3 114. 9 104. 2 87.4 1964 .......................... 76. 5 73. 5 78.4 91.4 104. 7 114. 3 118. 0 120. 0 116. 9 114. 2 104. 1 87. 8 1965 ____________ 76. 7 74. 2 78. 9 91. 9 104. 8 113. 8 117. 8 119. 7 116. 4 113. 6 103. 8 88.4 1966 | ,,,, , , . , 77. 2 75. 2 79.5 91. 9 104. 5 113. 6 117. 5 119. 3 115. 9 113. 1 103. 6 88. 7 1967 ____________ 77. 7 75. 7 79. 7 92. 0 104. 3 113.4 117. 3 119. 1 115. 5 112. 7 103. 6 89. 1

1968 ____________ 77. 8 76. 2 80. 1 92. 3 104. 2 113. 0 117. 1 118. 8 115. 4 112. 4 103. 4 89. 3

1 Seasonal fac to rs for f ir s t 3 m onths a re 1946 fac to rs.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on establish m ent re p o rts.

Table G -10. S easonal a dju stm ent fa c to rs of wage and sa la ry w o rk e rs in highway and s tr e e t con stru ction (SIC 161) by m onth, 1958—68

Y ear Jan u ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril May June July A ugust S eptem ber Octobe r N ovem ber D ecem ber

1958 1 ----------------- 65. 0 61. 2 68. 7 87. 2 108. 7 121. 2 125. 8 129. 5 126.4 121. 2 105. 9 79. 1 1959 ------------------- 65. 0 61. 2 68. 7 87.4 108. 7 121. 1 125. 9 129. 6 126. 4 121. 4 105. 7 78. 9 I960 ____________ 65. 0 61. 3 68.4 87. 5 108. 8 121. 2 125. 8 129. 5 126.4 121. 6 105. 4 79. 1 19 61______ 64. 9 61. 7 68.4 87.4 108. 6 121. 2 126. 0 129.4 126. 1 121. 5 105. 3 79.4 1962 ____________ 65. 0 61. 8 68. 5 87.4 108. 6 121. 3 126. 0 129. 4 125. 6 121. 4 105. 1 79. 7 1963 ____________ 65. 1 62. 2 68. 5 87. 6 108. 3 121. 6 126. 1 129. 0 125. 2 121.4 105. 1 80. 0 1964 ____________ 65.4 62. 8 68. 7 88. 0 107. 8 121. 1 126. 1 128. 9 125. 0 120. 7 104. 9 80.5 1965 ____________ 65. 5 63.4 68. 8 88. 5 107. 8 120. 6 125. 8 128. 6 124. 6 120. 1 104. 8 81. 2 1966 ____________ 65. 8 64. 0 69. 3 88. 6 107. 7 120. 5 125. 7 128. 3 124. 2 119. 7 104. 6 81. 6 1967 ____________ 66. 1 64. 1 69. 5 88. 8 107.4 120. 3 125. 8 128. 2 123. 9 119. 2 104. 8 82. 0 1968 .......................... 66. 1 64. 5 69. 7 89. 1 107. 3 120. 0 125. 5 128. 0 123. 8 119 . 0 104. 7 82. 2

1 S easonal fa c to rs for f ir s t 3 m onths a re 1959 fac to rs.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on establish m ent re p o rts.

T able G- 11. S easonal ad ju stm ent fac to rs of wage and sa la ry w o rk e rs in heavy con stru ction, except highway (SIC 162) by m onth, 1958—68

Y ear Jan u ary F e b ru a ry M arch A pril M ay June July A ugust S eptem ber O ctober N ovem ber D ecem ber

1958 1 ....................... 86. 7 82. 9 86.4 95. 1 101.4 106. 9 109. 9 111. 6 110. 7 109. 5 104. 5 94. 7 1959 .......................... 86. 7 82. 9 86.4 95. 0 101. 6 106. 9 110. 1 111. 6 n o . 6 109. 4 104. 3 94. 5 1960 ___ _______ 86. 8 83. 0 86. 3 95. 0 101. 6 107. 1 n o . 3 111. 8 n o . 5 109. 2 104. 0 94. 5 1961 ____________ 86. 7 83. 3 86.4 94. 9 101. 6 107. 2 n o . 3 111. 7 n o . 3 109. 1 104. 0 94. 5 1962 ......................... 86. 8 83. 4 86. 6 94. 8 101. 8 107. 6 n o . 3 111.8 109. 9 108. 5 103. 7 94. 6 1963 ____________ 87. 0 83. 7 86. 9 94. 9 101. 7 107. 7 110 . 4 111. 7 109. 7 108. 3 103. 5 94. 6 1964 .......................... 86. 9 84. 2 87. 5 95. 0 101. 6 107. 6 110 . 2 111. 5 109. 3 107. 9 103. 3 95. 0 1965 ____________ 87. 0 84. 8 88. 1 95. 3 101. 6 107. 2 110. 1 111. 3 108. 8 107. 5 103. 0 95. 3 1966 ____________ 87. 2 85. 8 88. 6 95. 3 101. 4 107. 1 109. 8 111.0 108. 4 107. 1 102. 7 9S. 5 1967 ____________ 87.4 86. 5 89. 1 95. 3 101. 3 106. 9 109. 6 110. 6 108. 1 106. 9 102. 7 95. 6 1968 ......................... 87. 7 86. 8 89. 5 95. 4 101. 2 106. 6 109. 6 n o . 5 107. 9 106. 6 102. 4 95. 7

1 Seasonal fac to rs for f ir s t 3 m onths a re 1959 fac to rs.

SOURCE: BLS, c u rre n t em ploym ent sta tistic s based on establish m ent re p o rts.

139

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G - 12. S e a s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in special trades construction (SIC 17) b y m o n t h , 1945— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1945 1 ____________ 94. 8 92. 4 92. 8 96. 4 99.4 102. 4 104. 0 105. 5 105. 1 104. 1 102. 6 100. 3

1946 ______________ 94. 8 92. 4 92. 8 96. 2 99. 3 102. 3 104. 0 105. 6 105. 3 104. 4 102. 8 100. 1

1947 .... ......... 94. 8 92. 3 92. 7 96. 1 99. 2 102. 3 104. 1 105. 7 105. 4 104. 6 102. 8 100. 1

1948 ______________ 94. 7 92. 3 92. 8 96. 1 99. 1 102. 1 104. 1 105. 8 105. 4 104. 7 102. 9 100. 1

1949 -------------- 94. 6 92. 3 92. 8 95. 9 98. 9 102. 1 104. 2 105. 8 105. 6 104. 8 103. 0 100. 0

1950 ______________ 94. 4 92. 2 92. 8 96. 0 98. 7 102. 1 104. 2 105. 9 105. 7 105. 0 103. 0 99. 9

1 9 5 1 ..... ........ 94. 4 92. 2 92. 8 96. 0 98. 7 102. 0 104. 3 106. 0 105. 8 105. 0 103. 1 99. 8

1952 ______________ 94. 0 92. 0 92. 8 96. 1 98. 8 102. 0 104. 3 106. 1 106. 0 105. 1 103. I 99. 6

1953 ______________ 93. 7 9 L 9 92. 8 96. 2 98. 9 102. 3 104. 4 106.-2 106. 1 105. 1 103. 0 99.4

1954 ______________ 93. 5 91. 6 92. 8 96. 2 99. 0 102. 5 104. 4 106. 3 106. 3 105. 2 103. 0 99. 3

1955 ______________ 93. 1 91. 4 92. 5 96. 1 99. 1 102. 8 104. 6 106. 5 106. 6 105. 3 103. 0 99. 0

1 9 5 6 . ___________ 92. 8 90. 9 92. 3 96. 1 99. 3 103. 0 104. 8 106. 9 106. 7 105. 4 103. 0 98. 8

1957 ______________ 92. 6 90. 3 92. 0 96. 0 99. 5 103. 3 105. 0 107. 2 106. 9 105. 6 103. 0 98. 5

1958 ______________ 92. 5 89. 7 91. 8 95. 9 99. 6 103. 6 105. 4 107. 5 107. 0 105. 9 103. 0 98. 2

1959 -------------- 92. 4 89. 3 91. 6 95. 9 99. 7 103. 6 105. 6 107. 8 107. 0 106. 0 103. 1 98. 0

1960 ______________ 92. 3 89. 0 91.4 96. 1 99. 8 103. 6 106. 0 108. 0 107. 0 106. 0 103. 0 97. 7

1 9 6 1 ______________ 92. 3 89. 0 91.4 96. 1 99. 9 103. 6 106. 3 108. 2 106. 8 105. 9 102. 9 97. 6

1962 ______________ 92. 3 89. 2 91. 8 96. 1 100. 0 103. 7 106. 3 108. 1 106. 6 105. 6 102. 7 97. 7

1963 ______________ 92. 4 89.4 92. D 96. 2 99. 9 103. 8 106. 5 108. 0 106. 3 105.4 102. 5 97. 7

1964 ______________ 92. 7 89. 7 92. 2 96. 4 99. 8 103. 8 106. 5 107. 9 105. 9 104. 9 102. 3 98. 0

1965 ______________ 92. 9 90. 0 92. 7 96. 6 99. 8 103. 6 106. 4 107. 7 105. 6 104. 5 102. 1 98. 2

1966 ______________ 92. 9 90.4 93. 0 96. 7 99. 7 103. 6 106. 4 107. 5 105. 4 104. 2 101. 9 98. 3

1967 ______________ 93. 1 90. 7 93. 2 96. 8 99. 5 103. 5 106. 3 107. 3 105. 1 104. 0 101. 8 98. 6

1968 ______________ 93. 1 90. 9 93. 5 97. 0 99. 5 103.4 106. 2 107. 2 105. 0 103. 8 101. 7 98. 7

1 Sea s o n a l factors for first 3 m o n t h s a r e 1946 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

T a b l e G - 13. Seaso n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e an d salary w o r k e r s in plumbing, heating, a n d air conditioning w o r k (SIC 171), b y m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ____________ 97. 3 94. 2 93. 3 95. 6 97. 4 100. 2 102. 9 104. 8 105. 3 105. 0 102. 8 101. 1

1959 -------------- 97. 3 94. 2 93. 3 95. 7 97. 5 100. 2 102. 9 104. 9 105. 3 104. 9 102. 8 100. 9

I960 ______________ 97.4 94. 3 93.4 95. 7 97. 6 100. 3 102. 9 104. 9 105. 2 104. 7 102. 7 100. 9

1 9 6 1 .............. 97. 3 94. 3 93. 9 95. 7 97. 6 100. 3 103. 0 105. 0 105. 0 104. 5 102. 6 100. 8

1962 ...... . ..... 97. 5 94. 5 94. 2 95. 8 97. 7 100. 5 103. 0 104. 9 104. 6 104. 2 102. 5 100. 6

1963 -------------- 97. 5 94. 6 95. 0 95. 9 97. 7 100. 6 103. 1 104. 7 104. 1 103. 9 102. 4 100. 5

1964 -------------- 97. 7 94. 7 95.4 96. 2 97. 6 100. 6 103. 2 104. 7 103. 7 103. 5 102. 3 100. 5

1965 ____ ________ 97. 7 95. 0 95. 7 96. 4 97. 7 100. 6 103. 2 104. 5 103. 5 103. 5 102. 1 100. 3

1966 ______________ 97. 7 95. 3 96. 0 96. 6 97. 6 100. 6 103. 3 104. 3 104. 3 103. 1 102. 0 100. 3

1967 ______________ 97. 7 95. 5 96. 0 96. 9 97. 6 100. 5 103. 3 104. 1 103. 1 103. 1 102. 0 100. 3

1968 -------------- 97. 6 95. 8 96. 2 97. 0 97. 6 100.4 103. 2 103. 9 103. 1 102. 9 101. 9 100. 3

1 Sea s o n a l factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

,'SOURCE: B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

Ta b l e G - 14. Sea s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in painting, paperhanging, a n d decorating (SIC 172), b y m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ------------ 79. 5 78. 5 83. 7 94. 0 102. 7 108. 7 115. 4 118. 1 114. 1 110. 1 103.4 91. 9

1959 -------------- 79. 5 78. 5 83. 7 94. 2 102. 9 108. 7 115. 3 117. 9 114. 4 n o . 2 103. 3 91. 6

I960 ______________ 79. 6 78. 6 83. 7 94. 3 103. 1 108. 6 115. 0 117. 7 114. 5 n o . 3 103. 1 91.4

1961 -------------- 79. 6 78. 8 84. 1 94. 2 103. 3 108. 7 115.0 117. 4 114. 4 n o . 4 103. 0 91.4

1962 .......... __ 79. 8 79. 2 84.4 94. 1 103.4 108. 7 114. 9 117. 0 114. 3 n o . 2 102. 7 91. 5

1963 ______________ 80. 1 79. 7 84. 8 93. 9 103. 4 108.4 114. 6 116. 8 114. 1 n o . l 102. 5 91. 6

1964 .............. 80.4 80. 1 85. 2 94. 1 103.4 108. 3 114. 5 116. 5 113. 5 109. 8 102. 2 92. 0

1965 ______________ 80. 9 80. 8 85. 6 94. 1 103. 4 107. 9 114. 2 116. 5 112. 8 109. 5 101. 9 92.4

1966 ______________ 81.4 81.4 86. 0 93. 9 103. 2 107. 7 114. 1 116.4 112. 3 109. 2 101. 7 92. 7

1967 ______________ 81. 8 81. 8 86.4 93. 7 102. 9 107. 7 114. 2 116. 4 111. 8 108. 9 101. 6 92. 9

1968 .............. 81. 9 82. 3 85. 6 94. 0 102. 6 107.4 114. 0 116. 6 111. 8 108. 6 101. 5 93. 0

1 Seaso n | l factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

140

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ta b l e G - 15. Sea s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in electrical w o r k (SIC 173), b y m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y e a r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ____________ 97. 1 95. 1 93.3 95. 0 97.4 100. 3 103. 7 105. 2 105. 3 104. 3- 102. 5 100. 8

1959 .............. 97. 1 95. 1 93.3 95. 2 97. 5 100. 3 103. 6 105. 4 105. 3 104. 3 102. 3 100. 7

1960 ............ 97. 1 95. 1 93.4 95. 2 97. 5 100.4 103. 7 105. 5 105. 2 104. 2 102. 2 100. 5

1 9 6 1 .............. 97. 1 95. 1 93. 7 95. 3 97. 6 100. 5 103. 7 105. 5 105. 0 104. 0 102. 1 100. 5

1962 ______________ 97. 1 95. 2 94. 0 95. 5 97. 6 100. 6 103. 7 105. 7 104. 7 103. 6 102. 0 100. 4

1963 ______________ 97. 0 95. 2 94. 5 95. 9 97. 5 100. 6 103. 7 105. 7 104. 4 103. 4 101. 8 100. 3

1964 ______________ 97. 2 95. 4 94. 9 96. 2 97. 6 100. 8 103. 7 105. 5 103. 9 103. 0 101. 6 100. 2

1965 ______________ 97. 3 95. 6 95. 3 96. 6 97. 6 100. 8 103. 6 105. 5 103. 5 102. 6 101. 5 100. 2

1966 ______________ 97. 5 95. 8 95. 7 96. 8 97. 5 100. 8 103. 5 105. 3 103. 1 102. 2 101. 4 100/2

1967 ______________ 97. 7 95. 9 96. 0 97. 0 97. 5 100. 8 103. 4 105. 2 102. 8 102. 0 101. 4 100. 3

1968 ______________ 97. 7 96. 0 96. 2 97. 2 97. 5 100. 8 103. 4 105. 1 102. 7 101. 7 101. 3 100. 3

1 S e asonal factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on e stablishment reports.

Ta b l e G - 1 6 . S easonal a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e an d salary w o r k e r s in m a s o n r y , plastering, stonework, an d tile w o r k (SIC 174), b y m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y ear J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y J une July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ____________ 89. 2 87. 0 92. 7 98. 5 102. 6 106. 6 107. 9 109. 5 106. 9 104. 9 101. 7 92. 6

1959 -------------- 89. 2 87. 0 92. 7 98. 6 102. 7 106. 5 108. 1 109. 3 106. 7 104. 8 101. 7 92. 7

I960 ______________ 89.4 87. 1 92.4 98. 5 102. 9 106.4 108. 3 109. 4 106. 7 104. 6 101. 4 92. 8

1961 ______________ 89. 5 87.4 92. 7 98. 4 102. 9 106. 3 108. 5 109. 4 106. 4 104. 3 101. 2 93. 2

1962 ______________ 89.4 87. 7 93. 0 98. 1 102. 9 106. 2 108. 4 109. 3 106. 3 104. 1 100. 8 93. 9

1963 ______________ 89. 5 88. 0 93. 1 98. 0 102. 7 106. 0 108. 7 109. 5 106. 0 103. 7 100. 5 94. 3

1964 ______________ 89. 6 88. 2 93. 3 98. 2 102. 7 105. 7 108. 6 109. 4 105. 8 103. 4 100. 2 94. 9

1965 ______________ 89. 5 88. 7 93. 8 98. 4 102. 4 105. 3 108. 4 109. 1 105. 7 103. 4 100. 0 95.4

1966 ______________ 89. 6 89. 3 94. 1 98. 2 102. 0 105. 2 108. 2 109. 2 105. 5 103. 3 99. 7 95. 5

1967 ______________ 89. 6 89. 5 94.4 98. 3 101. 7 105. 0 108. 0 109. 1 105. 4 103. 3 99. 7 96. 0

1968 ______________ 89. 7 89. 7 94. 6 98. 5 101. 3 105. 0 107. 6 108. 8 105. 5 103. 5 99. 6 96. 3

1 Seaso n a l factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

Table G - 1 7 . S easonal a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s in roofing a n d sheet m e t a l w o r k (SIC 176), b y m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y ear J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y J une July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ____________ 92. 5 87. 7 89- 1 94. 7 97. 2 101. 5 105. 2 107. 9 108. 0 110. 1 107. 3 98. 7

1959 -------------- 92. 5 87. 7 89. 1 94. 8 97. 2 101. 6 105. 3 107. 9 107. 6 109. 9 107. 3 98. 9

1960 ______________ 92. 3 87. 4 89- 3 95. 0 97. 5 101. 9 105. 6 107. 9 107. 3 109. 7 107. 3 98. 9

1 9 6 1 .............. 92. 2 87. 3 89. 3 95. 2 97. 8 102. 1 105. 6 107. 8 107. 2 109. 4 107. 0 98. 9

1962 ______________ 92. 3 87. 4 89. 6 95. 3 98. 1 102. 5 105. 7 107. 7 106. 8 108. 8 106. 5 99.4

1963 ______________ 92. 3 87. 1 90. 0 95. 7 98. 3 102. 9 105. 8 107. 5 106. 4 108. 3 106. 2 99. 5

1964 ______________ 92. 6 87. 0 90. 2 96. 1 98.4 103. 0 105. 9 107. 6 106. 2 107. 5 105. 6 99. 9

1965 ______________ 92. 8 87. 1 90. 8 96. 5 98.4 103. 0 105. 7 107. 6 105. 8 106. 8 105. 2 100. 3

1966 _______ ______ 92. 7 87. 2 91. 3 96. 9 98. 5 103. 1 105. 6 107. 4 105. 6 106. 3 104. 9 100.4

1967 ______________ 93. 0 87. 5 91. 7 97. 0 98.4 103. 1 105. 4 107. 4 105. 5 105. 9 104. 4 100. 8

1968 ______________ 92. 9 87. 5 92.4 97. 2 98. 2 103. 1 105.4 107. 4 105. 2 105. 6 104. 2 101. 2

1 Seasonal factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on establishment reports.

Ta b l e G - 1 8 . Sea s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors of w a g e a n d salary w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y operative builders (SIC 656), by m o n t h , 1958— 68

Y ear J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h April M a y June July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r

1958 1 ____________ 89. 6 88. 3 93. 0 99. 3 102. 1 106. 2 107. 7 107. 8 106. 5 104. 1 99. 2 96. 2

1959 ---------- 89. 6 88. 3 93. 0 99. 5 102. 3 106. 2 107. 7 107. 6 106. 1 104. 2 99. 3 96. 1

I960 _______ „ 90. 0 88. 6 93. 3 99. 5 102. 4 106. 2 107. 6 107. 6 105. 6 104. 0 99. 2 95. 9

1 9 6 1 .............. 90.4 89. 1 93. 9 99.4 102. 3 106. 1 107. 7 107. 3 105. 2 103. 9 99. 2 95. 7

1962 ..... ........ 90. 5 89. 7 94. 3 99.4 102. 3 106. 2 107. 6 107. 1 104. 6 103. 6 99. 1 95. 5

1963 ______________ 91. 0 90.4 95. 0 99. 4 102. 5 106. 1 107. 3 106. 9 103. 9 103. 1 98. 9 95. 5

1964 ........... 91.5 91. 2 95.4 99. 5 102. 3 105. 8 107. 2 106. 7 103. 5 102. 8 98. 8 95. 3

1965 _ ___________ 91. 7 92. 1 95. 9 99. 7 102. 2 105. 7 106. 9 106. 6 103. 1 102. 4 98. 5 95. 2

1966 .............. 9 L 8 92. 4 96. 3 99. 7 102. 0 105. 7 106. 8 106. 6 103. 0 101. 9 98. 3 95. 3

1967 ______________ 9 L 9 93. 0 96. 6 99. 7 101. 8 105. 5 106. 7 106. 5 103. 1 101. 6 98. 2 95. 5

1968 -------------- 92. 0 93. 1 96. 7 99. 9 102. 0 105. 5 106. 3 106. 6 103. 0 101. 1 98. 0 95. 7

1 S e asonal factors for first 3 m o n t h s are 1959 factors.

S O U R C E : B L S , current e m p l o y m e n t statistics b a s e d on e stablishment reports.

141

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able G - 1 9 . Se a s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t factors for contract construction e m p l o y m e n t b y type an d size of contractor,1 a n d b y region, 

selected m o n t h s , 1960— 68

Y e a r

S m a l l L a r g e

J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r

(0-99) So uth— G e n e r a l building contractors (SIC 15) (100+)

I960 ...................... 91. 1 90. 1 92. 4 108. 0 109. 8 106. 1 94. 0 93. 3 94 . 4 105.4 106. 9 102. 9

1 9 6 1 _________________________ 91.2 90. 2 92. 4 107. 9 109. 6 105. 9 93. 8 93. 5 94. 8 105. 5 106.6 102. 7

1962 __________________________ 92. 0 90. 2 9 2.4 107. 8 109. 5 105. 5 105. 5 94. 1 95. 3 105. 2 106. 6 102. 7

1963 ________________________ 92.4 90. 1 92. 7 107. 6 109. 3 105. 1 94. 3 93. 8 95. 9 105. 0 106. 2 102. 5

1964 _________________________ 93.2 90. 1 93. 1 107. 5 109. 0 104. 6 94. 6 93. 9 95. 9 104. 3 105. 8 102.4

1965 _______________________ __ 93. 8 90 . 4 93. 3 107. 5 108. 5 104. 1 94. 7 94. 0 96. 5 104. 2 105. 1 102. 2

1966 _________________________ 93. 9 90. 3 93. 8 107. 2 108. 2 103. 9 94. 7 93. 9 97. 1 103. 8 104. 9 102. 1

1967 _________________________ 94. 1 90. 5 94. 1 107. 1 108. 0 103. 5 95.2 94. 0 97. 5 103. 2 104.4 102. 0

1968 ------------------------- 94. 1 90. 6 94. 6 107. 1 107. 9 103. 4 95.6 93. 9 97. 8 102. 5 104. 2 101. 9

(0-49) N o r t h Central— H i g h w a y a n d street construction (SIC 16 1) (50+)

lpft0__________________________ 35. 9 33. 8 38. 0 154. 9 160. 7 151. 6 49. 6 47. 5 49. 7 142. 4 145. 6 140. 3

1961 -------------------------- 35. 8 33. 7 38. 1 152. 5 159. 8 151. 7 49. 6 47. 2 50. 6 142. ] 145.4 139. 8

1962 __________________________ 35. 9 34. 0 38. 3 155. 3 159. 8 150. 9 49. 6 47. 0 51. 1 141. 9 145. 1 139. 0

1963 ________________________ 36. 0 33. 9 38. 6 154. 6 159. 3 151. 2 49. 8 46. 7 51. 6 141. 8 144. 9 138. 9

1964 __________________________ 36. 3 34. 1 38. 9 154. 4 159. 8 151. 3 49. 6 46. 8 52. 1 141. 2 144. 6 138. 3

1965 __________________________ 36. 1 34. 3 39. 5 153. 2 157. 4 151. 1 49. 5 46. 9 52. 3 140. 2 143. 6 137. 7

1966 36.4 34. 2 39. 9 153. 4 156. 9 151. 0 49. 6 46. 9 52. 9 139. 8 143.4 137. 1

1967 ________________________ 36. 6 34. 5 4 0 . 4 153. 6 156. 9 150. 6 49. 7 47. 1 53. 2 139. 7 143. 1 137. 0

1968 __________________________ 36. 6 34. 8 40. 9 152. 6 157. 1 150. 6 49. 7 47. 5 53. 6 139. 5 143. 0 137. 0

(0-99) W e s t — H i g h w a y a n d street construction (SIC 161) ( 100+)

l p A n _________________________ 76. 5 68. 1 77. 1 120. 4 124. 4 120. 2 87. 3 75. 2 86. 0 109. 7 114. 8 114. 0

1 Q k 1 76. 0 69. 1 77. 1 120. 9 124. 7 120. 2 86. 2 76. 9 86 . 4 110. 1 114. 7 113. 8

1 q6 2 __________________________ 75. 0 69. 8 77. 3 121. 0 124. 6 120. 5 85. 2 78. 2 87. 3 110. 2 115.4 113.4

1963 __________________________ 74. 2 70. 1 77. 1 121. 4 124. 2 121. 1 84. 5 79*. 0 87. 9 n o . 9 115. 3 113. 3

1964 __________________________ 73. 8 70. 9 77. 0 121. 5 124. 7 121. 5 84. 4 80. 7 88. 2 111.6 115. 5 113. 1

1965 __________________________ 72. 5 71. 1 77. 3 121. 5 124. 9 122. 0 83. 4 80. 9 88. 3 112. 2 115. 9 113. 6

1966 __________________________ 71. 8 71. 1 77. 0 121. 4 124. 8 122. 7 82. 7 81. 0 88. 4 112. 5 115. 6 113. 6

1967 __________________________ 71. 0 71. 6 76. 7 121. 3 124. 6 122. 7 82. 0 81. 6 87. 8 112. 9 115. 7 113. 5

1968 ------------------------- 7 0.4 71. 1 76. 8 120. 7 124. 4 123. 2 81. 8 81.4 87. 7 113. 3 115. 9 113. 9

(0-9) N o r theast— P l u m b i n g , heating , a n d air 1conditioning (SIC 171 ) (10+)

I960 _________________________ 98.9 95. 7 92. 8 102. 8 104. 2 105. 1 98. 6 95. 5 94. 1 102. 4 102. 8 104. 3

1961 __________________________ 99. 0 95.7 93. 0 103. 0 104. 0 104. 7 98. 7 95. 6 9 4.4 102. 1 102. 9 104. 1

1962 __________________________ 99. 1 95. 9 93. 3 103. 1 103. 8 104. 3 98. 8 95. 6 94. 7 101. 8 103. 1 103. 9

1963 __________________________ 99. 3 96. 0 93. 7 103.2 103. 5 103. 9 98. 9 95. 5 94. 9 101. 4 103. 0 103. 7

1964 __________________________ 99 . 4 96. 2 94. 3 103. 3 103. 3 103. 2 99. 2 95. 5 9 5.4 101. 2 103. 2 103. 6

1965 __________ _____________ 99. 5 96. 5 94. 7 103.0 103. 1 102. 6 99. 3 95. 6 95. 5 100. 8 103. 4 103. 5

1966 __________________________ 99. 7 96.7 95.2 102. 9 103. 1 102. 2 99. 5 95. 5 95. 8 100. 7 103. 4 103. 2

1967 __________________________ 99.6 96.9 95.7 102. 9 103. 0 101. 8 99. 8 95. 5 96. 0 100. 6 103.4 103. 0

1968 __________________________ 99.6 96. 9 96. 1 102. 6 103. 0 101. 7 99. 8 95. 3 96. 1 100. 5 103. 3 103. 0

(0-19) N o r t h Central— P l u m b i n g , heatin]g, and air conditioning (SIC 171) (20+)

I960 _________________________ 96. 7 93. 3 91. 2 104. 1 106. 0 106. 9 95.9 93. 1 93. 2 103. 8 106. 4 106. 1

1961 _________________________ 96.7 93. 2 91.6 104. 2 106. 0 106. 5 96. 0 93. 5 93.7 103. 3 106. 3 106. 0

1962 __________________________ 96. 7 93. 3 91. 9 104. 1 106. 1 106. 2 96. 2 93. 8 94. 1 103. 0 106. 0 105. 6

1963 _________________________ 96. 8 93. 3 92. 4 104. 2 106. 1 105. 8 96. 4 94. 0 94. 7 102. 7 105. 8 105. 1

1964 __________________________ 97. 1 93. 4 93. 0 104. 1 106. 1 105. 5 96. 7 94. 6 95. 1 102. 3 105. 3 104. 7

1965 _________________________ 97. 5 93. 6 93. 6 104. 0 106. 0 104. 9 97. 0 95. 0 95. 9 102. 0 104. 7 104. 4

1966 ------------------------- 97. 8 93. 7 94. 1 103. 8 105. 8 104. 6 97. 2 95. 1 96. 3 101. 8 i04. 4 104. 2

1967 _________________________ 98. 1 93. 9 94. 2 103. 9 105. 9 104. 2 97. 3 95. 5 96. 9 101. 9 104. 2 103. 8

1968 _________________________ 98. 2 94. 2 94. 5 103. 7 105. 7 104. 2 97. 1 95. 5 97. 3 102. 1 103. 7 103. 5

(0-19) W e s t — - P l u m b i n g , heating, a n d air conditioning (SIC 171) (20+)

1960 _________________________ 96. 7 94. 6 94. 1 104. 0 106. 2 105. 5 96. 4 95. 4 96. 9 101. 5 103. 6 103. 8

1961 _________________________ 96. 5 94. 4 93. 9 104. 1 106. 4 105. 6 96. 4 95. 8 97. 0 101. 6 103. 6 103. 7

1962 _________________________ 96. 6 94. 5 94. 0 103. 9 106. 2 105. 5 96. 3 95. 9 97. 2 101. 6 103. 5 103. 7

1963 _________________________ 96. 5 94. 3 94. 1 103. 7 106. 4 105. 6 96. 2 95. 8 97. 3 102. 0 103. 5 103. 8

1964 _________________________ 96. 1 94. 2 94. 1 103. 8 106. 2 105. 6 96. 5 95. 9 97. 1 102. 1 103. 5 103. 6

1965 _________________________ 96. 1 93. 7 94. 3 103. 7 106. 2 106. 0 96. 5 95. 7 97. 0 102.4 103. 2 103. 7

1966 __________________________ 96. 0 93. 7 94.4 103. 7 106. 2 105. 9 96. 5 95. 8 97. 1 102. 5 103. 2 103. 7

1 QA7 95. 7 93. 6 94.2 103. 6 106. 2 106. 0 96. 8 95. 7 96. 9 102. 3 103. 8 103. 8

1968 ------------------------- 95. 7 93. 6 94. 5 103. 5 106. 1 106. 0 96. 9 95. 4 96. 6 102. 5 103. 7 104. 0

S e e footnote at en d of table.

142

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble G - 19. Sea s o n a l adj u s t m e n t factors for contract construction e m p l o y m e n t b y type a n d size of contractor,1 an d b y region, 

selected m o n t h s , 1960— 68— Continued

Y e a r

S m a l l L a r g e

J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r

(0-9) N o rtheast— Painting, p a p e r h a n g i n g a n d decorating (SIC 172) (10+)

1960 ...................... 68. 2 67. 8 76. 2 121.4 122. 0 118. 5 82. 8 80. 2 83. 5 115. 0 117. 7 114. 3

1961 _ __________________.... 68. 1 67 . 4 76. 0 121. 6 122. 0 118. 2 82.6 80. 1 84. 3 114.4 117.6 114. 4

1962 ........................ 68. 2 67. 5 76. 0 121. 6 121. 6 118. 6 82. 4 80. 3 85. 0 113. 8 117. 5 114.4

1963 ......................... 68. 3 68. 0 76. 2 121. 6 121.4 118. 3 82. 2 80. 7 85. 6 112. 9 117.4 114. 5

1964 ......................... 68. 6 68. 0 76. 3 121. 6 121. 5 118. 8 82. 3 80. 6 86. 5 112. 1 117. 1 114. 1

1965 ......................... 68. 9 68. 8 76. 6 121. 4 120. 6 118. 5 81. 8 81. 2 86. 8 111. 8 116. 9 114. 2

1966 _________________________ 69. 7 69.6 76. 9 121. 2 120. 5 117. 8 82. 3 81. 6 86. 8 111. 3 116. 8 113. 9

1967 ........................ 70. 4 69. 8 77. 3 121. 6 120. 5 117. 7 82. 4 81. 6 87. 0 111.1 116. 5 113. 6

1968 ____________ _____________ 70. 5 70. 3 77. 7 121.4 120. 0 118. 1 82. 6 81. 9 86. 8 111.0 116. 2 113.4

(0-19) N o r t h Central— Painti ng, p a p e r hanging a n d decorating (SIC 172) (20+)

I960 ......................... 76. 6 77. 3 82. 8 116. 0 120. 7 116. 8 82. 2 7 8.4 79.2 115. 3 120. 8 116. 9

1 9 6 1 _________________________ 76. 5 77. 5 83. 3 116. 1 120. 1 1 16. 0 82. 0 79. 3 80. 3 115. 5 120. 2 116. 1

1962 _________________________ 76. 5 77. 8 83. 3 116. 2 119. 5 115. 2 82. 2 79. 8 81.4 115. 5 119. 9 115. 2

1963 _____________ ____________ 76. 9 77. 8 83. 9 116. 6 119. 1 114. 4 82. 2 80.4 82. 5 115. 4 119. 3 114. 3

1964 _________________________ 77. 0 78. 0 84. 6 116. 7 118.4 113. 7 82. 5 81. 2 84.4 115. 2 118. 5 113. 5

1965 ___________ __________ 77. 2 78. 6 85. 2 116. 7 117. 9 113. 0 82. 8 82. 2 85. 3 114. 7 117. 5 112. 4

1966 ........................ 77. 5 79. 1 86. 0 117. 1 117. 6 112. 6 82. 9 83. 2 86. 7 114. 0 117. 1 111. 7

1967 ........................ 77. 5 79. 5 86. 5 117. 3 117. 2 112. 2 82. 8 83. 8 87. 8 113. 6 117. 1 111. 1

1968 _________________________ 77. 7 79. 7 86. 6 117. 1 117. 6 112. 6 83. 1 84. 0 88. 6 113. 0 116. 9 110. 9

(0-19) South— Painting, p a p e r h a n g i n g a n d decorating (SIlC 172) (20+)

I960 ......................... 85. 9 83. 5 88. 1 111. 5 112. 8 108. 3 85. 6 83. 1 84. 7 112. 3 118. 5 106. 1

1961 ___________ ____________ 86. 4 83. 8 88. 5 110. 8 112. 2 107. 9 85. 6 84. 0 85. 3 111. 8 117. 7 106. 9

1962 ___________ ____________ 86. 8 84. 6 89. 0 110. 7 112. 6 107. 8 86.6 84. 1 86. 0 111. 1 117. 0 107. 5

1963 _________ _______________ 87.4 85. 2 89.4 110. 2 113. 2 107. 5 87. 8 84. 6 86. 5 111. 1 116. 1 108. 0

1964 ......................... 87. 3 85.6 89. 8 n o . 1 112. 6 107. 7 89. 4 85.4 87. 7 109. 9 114.4 108. 6

1965 ......................... 87. 3 86. 5 89. 9 109. 9 113. 2 107. 9 90. 4 86. 0 88. 2 109. 0 112. 9 109. 5

1966 _________________________ 87. 5 86. 7 89. 9 109.9 113. 8 108. 1 92. 0 86. 5 88. 9 108. 0 111. 9 109. 5

1967' ........................ 87.4 87. 2 89. 9 n o . 3 114. 0 108. 1 92. 9 87. 1 89. 3 107. 5 111.3 110. 0

1968 ------------------------- 87. 2 87. 5 89. 9 n o . 9 114. 8 108. 6 93. 1 87. 4 89. 6 107.4 n o . 9 109. 6

(0-9) W e s t — -Painting, p a p e r h a n g i n g an d decorating (SIC 172) (10+)

I960 ......................... 78. 9 80. 8 83. 4 118. 9 124. 7 119. 3 91. 5 87. 9 92. 0 107. 5 109. 1 108. 3

1961 _ _____________________ 79. 2 8 0.4 83. 1 117. 8 124. 3 119. 7 90. 8 88. 1 92. 1 107. 9 109. 4 108.4

1962 .......... ............. 78. 9 80. 8 83. 9 116. 5 123. 1 119. 5 90.4 88. 2 91.9 108. 1 109. 7 108. 7

1963 ________________________ 79. 2 81. 7 84. 2 114. 6 122. 0 120. 1 90. 3 88. 3 91.8 108. 7 109. 9 109. 2

1964 ......................... 79. 3 82. 2 84. 3 113. 7 120. 9 119. 7 90. 2 88. 5 91.2 109. 0 110. 8 109. 4

1965 ......................... 79. 6 83. 6 85. 5 111.9 119.7 118. 6 90. 0 88. 7 91.2 108. 9 111.2 109. 2

I966 , - , „ , ■■ 79. 6 84. 8 85. 9 110. 8 119. 5 117. 9 90. 0 88. 9 91. 1 108. 9 111. 5 109. 3

1 QA7 80. 1 85. 5 86. 5 109. 3 118. 5 118. 1 90. 1 89. 0 90. 7 108. 3 111. 9 109. 6

1968 _____________________ 80. 0 86. 6 87. 2 109. 4 117. 9 117. 5 90.4 89. 1 90. 5 107.9 ' 1 12. 0 109. 5

(10-19) Northeast-— Electrical w o r k (SIC 173) (20+)

1960 ......................... 98. 1 94. 1 93.4 103. 0 105. 7 104.4 96. 4 96. 0 94. 8 103. 9 103. 2 102. 1

1961 ........................ 98. 1 94. 2 93. 7 103. 2 105. 5 103. 9 96. 4 95. 8 95.2 103. 7 103. 2 102. 1

1962 _________________________ 98. 2 94. 3 94. 0 103. 3 105.4 103. 5 96. 4 95. 8 95. 6 103. 6 103. 1 102. 1

1963 _________________________ 98. 1 9 4.4 94. 4 103.4 105. 1 103. 0 96. 5 95. 9 95. 8 103. 6 102. 9 102. 0

1964 _________________________ 98. 5 94. 3 94. 9 103. 8 104. 6 102. 5 96. 5 96. 0 96. 3 103. 3 102. 8 102. 0

1965 „ ...................... 98. 8 94. 5 95. 5 104. 1 104. 1 102. 0 96. 8 95. 9 96. 7 103. 1 102. 7 101. 8

1966 _______ _______________ 99. 0 94. 8 95. 8 104. 4 103. 9 101. 8 96. 9 95. 9 97. 1 102. 9 102. 7 101. 7

1967 ......................... 99.2 95. 1 96. 0 104.4 103. 6 101. 6 96. 9 96. 1 97. 4 102. 8 102. 8 101. 5

1968 ......................... 99. 5 95. 3 96. 1 104. 4 103. 4 101. 6 97. 0 96. 3 97. 6 102. 8 102. 6 101. 3

(0 -49) N o r t h Ceiatral— Electrical w o r k (SIC 173) (50+)

I960 ......................... 97.6 93. 1 90. 9 105. 0 108. 3 106. 7 97. 5 95. 7 95. 1 103. 0 104. 3 103. 6

1 9 6 1 ......................... 97. 6 93. 3 91. 3 105. 2 108. 3 106.4 97. 3 96. 0 95. 5 103. 2 104. 2 103.4

1962 ......................... 97. 3 93. 5 91. 9 105.4 108. 2 106. 1 97. 4 96. 1 95. 9 103. 2 104. 0 103. 2

1963 ......................... 97. 0 93.7 92. 4 105. 6 108. 1 105. 7 97. 3 96. 1 96. 3 103. 3 103. 9 102. 8

1964 ........................ 96. 8 94. 0 93. 3 105. 9 107. 8 105. 2 97. 3 96. 3 96. 9 103. 2 103. 4 102. 3

1965 ______ _________________ 96. 9 94.4 93. 9 105. 9 107. 3 104. 8 97. 5 96. 5 97. 5 102. 9 103. 3 102. 0

1966 ........................ 96. 7 94. 9 94. 7 105. 9 106. 8 104. 5 97. 4 96. 8 98. 1 102. 7 102. 9 101. 7

1 9 6 7 -------------------------- 96. 7 95. 2 95. 1 106. 0 106. 4 104. 1 97. 4 97. 0 98. 4 102. 4 102. 5 101. 5

1968 ------------------------- 96. 8 9 5.4 95.4 105. 9 105. 9 104. 1 97. 7 97. 0 98. 4 102. 0 102. 3 101. 3

See footnote at e n d of table.

143

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble G - 1 9 . Sea s o n a l ad j u s t m e n t factors for contract construction e m p l o y m e n t b y type a n d size of contractor,1 a n d b y region, 

selected m o n t h s , 1 960— 68— Continued

Y e a r

S m a l l L a r g e

J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y M a r c h July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r J a n u a r y jFebruary M a r c h July A u g u s t [Se p t e m b e r

I960 _________________________

1 QA 3

(0-19) South— Electrical w o r k (SIC 173) (20+)

95. 9

95. 9

96. 2 

96. 2

96. 8 

96. 8

97. 2 

97. 2 

97.6

94. 6

94. 8

95. 0 

95. 3 

95. 4

95. 7

96. 2 

96. 5 

96. 7

94. 6

95. 0 

95. 0 

95. 4

95. 7

96. 0 

96. 0 

96. 1 

95. 9

104. 0 

104. 2 

104. 3 

104. 3 

104. 5 

104. 8

104. 9

105. 2 

105. 0

106. 7

107. 0 

107. 0 

107. 2 

107. 2 

107. 2 

107. 1 

107. 1 

106. 7

106. 4 

105. 9 

105. 5 

104. 9 

104. 4 

103. 9 

103. 3 

103. 0 

103. 0

99. 0 

99. 0 

98. 8 

98. 9 

98. 6 

98. 5 

98. 2 

98. 0 

98. 0

96. 1 

96. 2

96. 5 

96. 6 

96. 8

97. 0 

97. 1 

97. 1 

97. 2

95. 1 

95. 4 

95. 7

95. 8

96. 1 

96. 3 

96. 5 

96. 7 

96. 7

101. 4 

101. 5 

101. 4 

101. 4 

101. 2 

101. 3 

101. 3 

101. 4 

101. 1

104. 8 

104. 6

104. 7

105. 0 

104. 7 

104. 2 

104. 0 

103. 8 

103. 8

104. 2 

104. 2 

104. 0 

103. 9 

103. 8 

103. 3 

103. 0 

102. 5 

102. 1

1964 __________________________

1Q6 5 . _ ___

1966 __________________________

1967 __________________________

1Q6 8 ......

(0 -49) W e s t — Electrical w o r k (SIC 173) (50+)

1 9 6o __________________________ 97. 7 94. 0 93. 7 105. 6 105. 1 105. 1 92. 0 94. 1 92. 8 102. 7 106. 8 108. 4

1961 __________________________ 95. 7 94. 1 93. 5 105. 6 105. 0 105. 0 93. 0 94. 6 93. 3 103. 1 106. 3 107. 4

1962 __________________________ 97. 3 94. 0 93. 6 105. 2 105. 1 105. 1 93.6 94. 6 9 3.4 103. 2 105. 8 106. 7

1963 _________________________ 97. 2 94. 0 93.6 104. 6 105. 2 105. 5 94. 4 94. 9 93. 9 103. 5 105. 3 106. 0

1964 _________________________ 97.2 94.1 93. 7 104. 2 105. 2 105. 7 95. 7 95. 3 9 4.4 103. 2 104. 7 105. 2

1965 _________________________ 97. 3 94.1 93. 8 103. 4 105. 2 106. 1 96. 4 95. 7 94. 6 103. 4 104. 0 104. 7

1966 ________________________ 97 . 4 94.1 93. 9 103. 2 105. 3 106. 1 97. 2 96. 2 95. 0 103. 2 103. 6 104. 1

1967 __________________________ 97. 5 94.1 94. 0 102. 6 105. 3 106. 0 97. 8 96. 7 95. 0 102. 8 103. 1 103. 4

1968 __________________________ 97. 7 94. 0 94. 3 102. 1 105. 3 106. 4 98. 1 96.7 94. 9 102. 5 102. 9 104. 5

(0-49) North e a s t — M a s o n r y , s t o n e w o r k a n d plastering (SIC 174) (50+)

19 6o _________________________ 83.4 80. 6 84.4 n o . 9 113. 7 110. 3 90. 5 91. 5 95. 1 106. 9 104. 4 101. 2

1961 _________________________ 83. 2 81. 6 85. 7 110. 9 113. 6 109. 7 89. 7 91. 4 95. 9 107. 0 104. 5 101. 8

1962 ------------------------- 83. 7 82. 2 86. 9 110. 5 113. 5 109. 0 89. 3 91.2 96. 3 107. 2 104. 2 102. 3

1 Q63 83. 8 83. 0 88. 0 n o . 6 113. 0 108. 2 88. 7 90. 8 96. 5 106. 8 104. 3 103. 4

1964 _________________________ 84. 2 83. 7 88. 5 n o . 4 112. 6 107. 7 87. 7 90. 3 96. 7 107. 0 103. 6 103. 4

1965 ______________ ________ 84. 6 84. 0 89. 7 n o . 4 111. 5 107. 1 87.4 9 0.4 96. 3 107. 9 103. 8 104. 0

1966 ___________ _________ ____ 85. 1 84. 5 90. 3 n o . 0 111. 1 106. 7 87. 5 89. 2 96. 1 108. 0 103. 5 105. 2

1967 _________________________ 85. 0 84. 9 91. 0 109. 7 110. 7 106.4 87. 1 88. 4 95. 7 108. 2 103. 2 106. 2

1968 _________________________ 85. 6 84. 9 91. 1 109. 5 109.7 106. 7 87. 6 87. 2 94. 8 108. 5 103. 1 106. 6

(0-19) N o r t h Central— M a s o n r y , s t o n e w o r k a n d plastering (SIC 174) (20+)

,QA0 89. 7 85. 6 88. 9 111. 4 113. 1 109. 4 90.4 89. 3 90. 4 107. 3 111. 2 108. 9

1 9 6 1 ........... .............. 89. 5 85. 2 90. 1 111. 7 112. 6 109. 1 90. 5 89. 4 90. 9 107. 2 111. 3 108. 7

1962 _________________________ 88. 0 85. 0 91. 1 111. 8 112. 1 109. 0 90. 7 89. 4 91. 1 107. 1 111. 5 108. 5

1963 _________________________ 86. 9 84. 7 9 2.4 112. 0 112. 0 108. 5 90.6 89. 7 91. 7 107. 2 111.2 108. 3

1964 _________________________ 85. 9 84. 3 93.6 111. 9 111.4 108.4 91.0 89. 6 92. 0 106. 8 111. 0 108. 1

1965 84.4 84. 0 95. 1 111. 6 111. 0 108.4 90.6 90. 1 92. 8 106. 3 111. 0 108. 1

1966 __________ _____________ 84. 2 83. 7 96. 5 111. 9 111. 0 108. 1 90. 5 90. 8 93. 5 105. 9 111.1 108. 2

1967 _________________________ 83. 6 83. 8 96. 7 111. 5 111. 1 108. 2 90. 2 91. 3 94. 1 106. 0 111.2 108. 1

1968 ........... .............. 83. 5 83. 7 9 7.4 110. 9 ' 111. 2 108. 3 90. 2 91. 7 94. 5 105. 2 n o . 6 108. 1

(0-49) South— M a s o n r y , s t o n e w o r k a n d plastering (SIC 174) (50+)

I960 ________________________ 90. 7 89. 9 95. 1 109. 3 106. 2 103.4 93. 8 89. 6 93.4 104. 3 111.8 106. 5

196 1 _________________________ 90. 6 90. 0 95. 1 109. 1 106. 6 103. 2 93. 1 89. 5 93. 6 104. 7 111.4 106. 8

1962 _________________________ 90. 9 90. 2 95.2 108. 7 106. 8 103. 5 92. 3 89. 7 94. 0 104. 7 n o . 6 107. 1

1963 _________________________ 91. 2 90. 3 95. 4 108. 4 107. 4 103. 6 91. 9 89. 5 94. 6 105. 3 111.0 106. 9

1964 _________________________ 91. 7 90. 5 95. 3 107. 8 107. 7 103. 8 91. 1 89. 3 95. 1 105. 6 n o . 5 106. 8

1 9b 5 . . . _ 92. 0 90. 7 95. 3 107. 3 108. 0 103. 7 90. 4 89. 7 95. 8 105. 6 109. 7 105. 6

1966 _________________________ 92. 6 9 1 . 0 95. 4 107. 1 108. 2 103. 8 90. 4 90. 2 96. 0 106. 0 109. 7 105. 0

1967 _________________________ 93.2 91. 0 95.5 106. 8 108. 0 103. 4 89. 9 90. 9 96. 5 105. 5 109. 6 104. 7

1968 __________________________ 9 3.4 91. 1 95. 5 106. 6 107. 7 103. 7 90. 3 91. 3 96. 5 105. 3 ; 109. 7 103. 7

(0-19) W e s t — M a s o n r y , s t o n e w o r k a n d plastering (SIC 174) (20+)

I960 ____________ ______________ 91. 8 94. 4 96. 9 105. 6 106. 0 105. 7 93. 5 94. 1 97. 0 104. 0 104. 9 104. 1

1 96 1 92. 0 94. 9 96. 5 106. 3 106. 0 105. 2 94. 0 94. 1 97. 1 104. 6 105. 1 103. 6

1962 __________________________ 91. 7 95. 2 96.6 106. 9 106. 0 104. 9 93. 8 9 4.4 97. 0 104. 9 105. 5 103. 8

1963 __________________________ 9 1 . 4 95. 3 96. 8 107. 7 106. 6 104. 3 93. 7 94. 6 97. 1 106. 0 105. 8 103. 3

1964 __________________________ 91. 1 95. 5 96. 9 108. 3 107. 2 104. 1 93. 9 95. 0 96. 8 107. 0 105. 9 103. 5

1965 __________________________ 91. 3 95.2 96. 9 108. 3 107. 2 104. 2 93. 8 95. 0 96. 4 107. 9 105. 8 103. 7

1966 __________________________ 91. 6 95.2 ,96. 7 108. 1 107. 4 103. 8 94. 5 94. 7 95. 8 108. 3 105. 9 104. 0

1967 __________________________ 91. 7 95. 0 96. 5 107. 8 107. 5 103. 6 9 4.4 94. 9 95. 0 108. 9 106. 1 104. 1

1968 _________________________ 91. 7 94. 6 96. 7 107. 3 107. 8 104. 2 94. 3 95. 0 94. 5 109. 2 105. 8 104. 8

Se e footnote at en d of table.

1 4 4

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e G - 1 9 . S e a s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r s f o r c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t by ty p e a n d s i z e of c o n t r a c t o r , 1 a n d b y re g io n , 

s e l e c t e d m o n t h s , 1960—68— C o n ti n u e d

January F ebruary

—

M arch July August September January F ebruary M arch I July August 1 September

(0-9)

” ""

N o rtheast— Roofing and sh eet m e ta l w o rk (SIC 176) (10+)

I960___________________________ 83. 9 73.2 81. 5 1 10. 5 111. 5 109. 7 94. 8 88. 1

J

88. 1 104. 3 105. 1 1 106. 3

1961 __________________________ 83. 9 73. 7 81. 1 110. 7 112. 0 109.9 ; 94. 5 87. 9 88. 5 , 104. 4 1 0 5 . 4 j 105. 9

1962 __________________________ 83. 1 74. 4 | 8 1 . 2 111. 1 112. 2 1 10. 1 ! 94. 2 | 8 7 . 8 89. 2 104. 1 105.4 j 105. 9

1963 __________________________ 82. 9 75. 0 ; 81. 1 11 1. 4 112. 2 109.7 ! 94. 4 : 87. 3 89. 9 j 104. 2 105. 3 105.-4

1964 __________________________ 82. 4 75. 2 | 80. 9 1 12. 2 112.5 ! 1 0 9 . 9 1 94. 5 ! 8 6 . 6 i 9 0 . 6 1 104. 6 1 0 5 . 8 j 105. 0

1965 --------------------------------------- 82. 1 75. 6 ! 80. 9 112. 7 112.8 j 1 1 0 . 3 | 94. 6 1 8 6 . 6 ! 9 1 . 3 104. 6 105. 7 ! 104. 7

1966 81. 6 76. 1 80. 8 112. 9 112. 8 ! 1 1 0 . 6 j 94. 9 86. 8 ! 9 1 . 7 , 104. 8 105. 8 1 104. 2

1967 __________________________ 8 1 . 4 76. 0 I 80. 8 113. 3 113. 1 n o . 6 94. 9 87. 2 | 92.0 1 105. 1 105. 9 : 104. 2

1968 __________________________ 8 1 . 4 76 . 1 j 81. 1 113. 7 112. 6 1 10. 5 95. 4 87. 3 1 92. 2 1

i__________ 1

105. 2 105.7 j 104. 0

(0-19) N orth C e n tral—-Roofing and sh eet m e ta l w o rk (SIC 176) (20+)

1960 __________________________ 87. 7 79. 1 : 82. 3 112. 6 115. 5 ; 110.7 92. 4 88. 6 88. 2 106.0 ; 108. 6 107. 3 1 9 fa ] __________________________ 87. 0 79. 2 : 82. 7 112. 5 115. 0 ! 11 0.6 92. 2 68. 7 88. 9 106. 1 108. 1 107. 0

1962 __________________________ 86. 6 79. 9 1 83. 1 1 12. 5 114. 6 110. 0 92. 5 88. 9 89. 6 106. 0 107.6 \ 106. 5

1963 __________________________ 86. 1 80. 1 83. 9 1 12. 7 114. 1 j 10 9.6 92. 7 88. 7 90. 4 105. 7 107. 0 j 106. 3

1964 __________________________ 85. 6 81. 1 84. 6 112. 3 114. 1 1 1 0 8 . 9 ' 93. 0 88. 9 91. 3 105. 5 106.9 ! 105. 9

1965 __________________________ 85. 3 82. 4 I 85. 4 111. 7 114. 0 108.5 93. 3 89. 1 92. 5 105. 0 106. 8 j 105. 3

1966 __________________________ 84. 9 82. 9 ! 86. 6 111.6 1 1 3.8 108, 1 1 92. 8 89. 6 93. 8 104. 7 106. 5 | 104. 9

1967 __________________________ 84. 9 83. 5 87. 5 111. 5 114.1 • 1 0 7.9 92. 6 90. 1 94. 3 104. 2 106.4 j 104. 8

1968 __________________________ 84. 7 83. 6 ; 88. 2 111. 3

1

114.5 107. 7 92. 8 90. 3 ! 95. 0

__________

103. 8 106. 6 104. 7

(0-19) South— Roofing and sheet m e ta l w ork (SIC 176) (20+)

I960 __________________________ 94. 3 ! 90. 5 : 94. 3 1

1 04. 3 1 104.9 108. 1 95. 2 92. 3 1

i 9 3 . 8 1 104.3 j 1 0 5 . 7 ; 103. 9 1961 _________________________ 94. 3 90. 7 94. 0 i 104.6 i 104.9 107. 4 95. 1 92. 4 1 94. 4 104. 0 : 105. 6 ! 103. 4

1962 __________________________ 94. 7 91.0 ! 94. 2 ! 1 0 4.6 ! 1 0 5 . 4 1 0 6. 6 ! 95. 4 1 92. 3 94. 7 103. 8 105.6 i 103. 1

1963 __________________________ 94. 8 90. 9 i 94. 3 ! 1 0 4 . 8 1 10 5.3 105.2 ! 95. 5 j 92. 1 95. 3 103. 6 105. 2 j 102. 8

1964 __________________________ 95. 2 91. 2 1 10. 2 i 10 5.2 i 1 0 5.5 1 0 4 . 3 96. 0 ! 92. 3 95. 6 103. 2 105. 1 j 102. 4

1965 __________________________ 95. 3 91.7 j 94. 3 ! 10 4.7 | 1 05.6 ! 1 0 3 . 3 96. 2 i 92.4 96. 0 103. 3 104. 8 ; 102. 0

1966 ________________ ._____,___ 95. 9 92. 1 94. 1 ! 1 0 4. 3 i 105. 1 ; 1 0 3 . 0 ! 96. 7 ! 92.7 i 96. 2 103. 1 1 0 4 . 8 j 101. 9 1967 __________________________ 96. 0 92. 7 ; 93. 9 ! 1 0 3 . 8 ! 10 4.7 102. 5 i 96. 9 ! 93. 3 ! 96. 3 102. 7 104.4 i 101. 8

1968 __________________________ 96. 0 93. 3 ' 94. 0 , 1 0 3. 5

1

1 04. 7

j

; 102. 1

_l____

1 97. 3 i 93. 3 j 96. 2

1________

102. 8 104.4 101. 9

0-19) W est— Roofing and sh e e t m e ta l w o rk (SIC 176) (20+)

I960 __________________________ 9 1 . 4 92. 1 | 9 1 . 2 101.4 106.8 111.2 97. 0 95. 1 ; » . * 1! 9 8 . 6 102. 8 105. 4

1961 __________________________ 91. 4 92.7 1 90.4 100. 6 | 107. 0 I 11 1.6 1 97. 0 95. 4 ! 95. 3 j 98. 6 103. 0 105. 2 1962 _______ __ _ _ _______ _ 91. 9 92. 1 90. 6 99. 9 1 1 0 6.9 ; 1 1 1 . 4 97. 7 1 96. 0 1 95. 3 | 99. 0 102. 7 104. 8

1963 __________________________ 92. 1 92. 1 90. 9 99. 6 J 10 6.9 111.2 98. 5 96. 0 1 9 5 . 4 99. 1 102. 5 104. 0

1964 __________________________ 92. 4 92. 5 90. 5 1 9 9 . 6 1 1 0 7.5 | 110. 4 99. 6 : 97. 1 ! 95. 5 99.4 102. 1 103. 8

1965 __________________________ 93. 3 9 2 . 0 90. 8 1 98. 8 1 10 7.5 110.2 100. 6 1 98. 2 | 9 5 . 3 99. 8 101. 4 102. 9

1966 __________________________ 93. 7 91. 9 90. 9 99. 1 107. 4 | 1 1 0 . 5 100. 8 ! 9 8 . 4 ! 9 5 . 3 100. 4 ! 1 0 0 . 9 102. 8 1967 ........... 94. 3 92. 1 9 1 . 0 * 9 8 . 4 i 10 7.8 ! 1 1 1 . 0 100. 8 99. 0 1 95. 3 100. 8 ; 100. 7 1 0 3 . 0

1968 __________________________ 95. 1 91. 5 91. 7 , 99. 0

1 .......

; 1 0 7.5 j 1 1 0.3 1 100.7 i 99. 5 1 95. 3

1

100. 8 | 100. 0 [ 10 2.6

(0-19) Northeast— Special trades contractors, other (20+)

196o __________________________ 97. 1 79. 7 1 83. 5 109.8 1 111. 0 109.2 ! 91. 9 i 90. 6 94. 1 103. 3 103. 3 104. 4

1961___________________________ 87. 0 80. 0 83. 3 l 1 1 0 . 0 1 11. 0 1 0 8 . 8 j 9 1 . 8 | 90. 0 94. 5 104. 0 104. 0 104. 1

1962 ..................................................... 87. 1 , 80. 4 83. 3 ! 109. 8 ; 111. 2 108.8 91.6 | 89. 8 94. 5 104. 6 104. 5 103. 7

1963 __________________________ 87. 1 | 80.4 j 83. 6 109.9 ! 1 11. 4 108.7 i 91. 6 | 89. 9 94. 7 105. 4 104. 9 104. 0 1 Q64 87. 0 | 80. 7 ; 83. 9 110.1 : 111.5 108.4 1 91.6 1 89. 9 94. 3 106. 4 105. 4 103. 3

1965 __________________________ 8 6 . 6 1 81. 3 1 84. 2 110.3 1 111.4 1 108.6 j 91. 5 1 89. 9 94. 8 106. 5 f 105.3 103. 4 1 966 86. 5 ! 81. 6 84. 5 110.2 i 1 11. 4 1 0 8.7 1 91. 9 89. 8 95. 1 107. 2 105. 3 103. 0 1967 _____________________ 86. 7 1 82. 0 84. 8 110.2 j 111. 2 ! 1 0 8 . 5 ! 92. 5 ! 90. 3 94. 9 108.0 105. 3 102. 5

1968 __________________________ 86.7 ! 82. 1 i 85. 2 | 11 0.1 !

i i

1 1 1.4 I 1 0 8 . 8 

1____ - ____ L

92. 6 i1

90. 9 i 94. 6 10 7.6 104. 6 102. 9

1 T he d e fi n i t i o n of " s m a l l " a n d " l a r g e " is in c l u d e d in the p a r e n t h e s e s f o r e a c h i n d u s t r y and a r e a an d v a r i e s b y i n d u s t r y an d a r e a . T he s i z e of e m p l o y e r is b a s e d on the n u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s on th e e m p l o y e r s ' p a y r o l l f o r th e p a y r o l l p e r i o d n e a r e s t M a r c h 15 of e a c h y e a r .

SOURCE: BLS, cu rren t em ploym ent statistics based on establishm ent rep orts.

145

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able G -20. Unem ployed m ale wage and s a la ry w o rk e rs by d u ratio n of unem ploym ent and selected ind u stry group, annual a v e ra g es, 1960-68

Y ear T otal unem ployed (thousands) Total

U nem ployed by du ratio n of unem ploym ent (percent distrubution) A verage du ratio n of unem ploym ent 1-4 w eeks 5- 14 w eeks 15-26 w eeks O ver 26 w eeks (weeks)

All n o n ag ricu ltu ral in d u strie s

1960 .......................................... 2, 061 100. 0 42. 5 30. 4 13. 7 13.4 14. 3 19 61_______________________ 2,486 100. 0 34. 8 28. 6 16. 7 19. 9 17. 8 1962 ................................................ 2, 010 100. 0 38. 9 29. 5 14. 3 17. 4 17. 0 1963 ........................................... 1,992 100. 0 40. 9 29. 6 13. 6 15. 9 16. 1 1964 ............................................. 1,752 100. 0 42. 0 29. 9 13. 7 14. 4 15. 1 1965 ................................................ 1, 506 100. 0 46. 5 29. 5 12. 2 11. 8 13. 3 1966 ............................................ 1,239 100. 0 52. 2 26 .4 10. 8 10. 6 12. 1 1967 ........................................ 1, 222 100. 0 52. 3 30.4 10. 0 7. 3 9. 9 1968 ----------------------------------- 1, 160 100. 0 52.4 31. 0 9.6 7. 0 9.6

C onstruction

1960 _______________________ 475 100. 0 44. 6 30. 9 14. 1 10. 3 12. 3 19 61_______________________ 555 100. 0 40. 2 29. 2 17. 1 13. 4 14. 0 1962 _ 473 100. 0 42. 3 32. 1 15.2 10.4 12. 8 1963 ............................................. 466 100. 0 43. 9 31. 5 13.9 10. 7 12. 6 1964 .......................................... 394 100. 0 45. 9 32. 0 12. 9 9. 1 11.4 1965 ..................... ...................... 366 100. 0 45. 5 33. 5 14. 4 6. 5 10. 8 1966 ................................................ 289 100. 0 53. 6 28 .4 11.4 6.6 9.7 1967 ..................... . . . 263 100. 0 50. 6 31. 6 10. 6 7. 2 10. 1 1968 ................................................ 252 100. 0

1

51. 2 32.9 9.9 6. 0 9. 1

M anfacturing

1960 . ________________ 694 100. 0 40. 8 30. 3 15. 0 14. 0 14. 9 1 9 61................................................ 888 100. 0 32. 1 27. 1 17. 6 23. 2 19. 3 1962 ................................................ 645 100. 0 37.4 28. 5 14. 3 19. 8 19. 1 1963 ............................................. 623 100. 0 39.0 28 .4 15.4 17. 2 17. 4 1964 _______________________ 542 100. 0 39. 3 30. 1 13. 7 17. 0 17. 1 1965 _______________________ 414 100. 0 46 .4 28. 7 11. 1 13. 8 13. 8 1966 ........................................... 360 100. 0 53. 1 25. 8 10. 0 11. 1 12.4 1967 _______________________ 404 100. 0 51. 7 30. 7 9. 9 7. 7 10. 2 1968 363 100. 0

!

51. 9 30. 1 10. 5 7. 7 9.9

SOURCE: C u rren t P opulation Survey conducted for the BLS, by the B u reau of the C ensus.

1 4 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G -21. U nem ployed m ale wage and sa la ry w o rk e rs in con stru ction and m anufacturing, by du ratio n of unem ploym ent, annual average and by m onths, 1960-68

____________________________________________________ (P erc en t distrib ution )________________________________________________________ _

Month

C onstruction M anufacturing

T otal (thou­ sand) P e rc e n t 1-4 w eeks 5-14 w eeks 15-26 w eeks O ver 26 A verage duration (w eeks) T otal P e rc e n t 1

w eeks 5-14 | w eeks 15-26 w eeks

1 A verage O ver 26 1 duration 

1 (w eeks)

I960 I960

Ja n u a ry ___________________ 679 100. 0 44. 9 43. 7 6.6 4. 7 8. 9 717 100. 0 !

40. 4

1 | 

34. 8 10. 8 14. 0 15. 3 F e b ru a ry__________________ 632 100. 0 34. 1 41. 5 16. 8 7. 6 11. 8 596 100.0 1 37. 7 34. 7 16. 5 11. 0 14. 3 M arch ---- _ — ----------- 733 100. 0 29. 0 40. 2 23.9 7. 0 12. 8 729 100. 0 36. 9 32. 1 18.4 12. 6 15. 9 A pril __ _ ___ __ _____ 501 100. 0 32. 9 24. 7 31. 5 11. 0 15. 3 696 100. 0 37. 5 27. 3 17. 7 17. 5 17. 1 M ay_____________________ __ 392 100. 0 38. 2 20. 5 24. 9 16. 4 16. 1 599 100. 0 42. 1 32. 4 12.4 13. 0 14. 0 J u n e______ _______________ 340 100. 0 55. 7 17. 5 14. 6 12. 2 13. 1 655 100. 0 48. 5 24. 9 13. 6 13. 0 14. 1 J u ly................................................. 362 100. 0 50. 8 28. 2 8. 0 13. 0 12. 6 702 100. 0 41. 0 30. 5 15.4 13. 1 14. 8 A u g u st___________________ _ 365 100. 0 55.9 22. 5 9. 9 11. 8 11. 8 710 100. 0 42. 4 30. 5 13. 0 14. 1 14. 8 Septem be r________________ _ 292 100. 0 49. 3 25. 3 5. 5 19. 9 15. 7 672 100. 0 46. 3 26. 7 11. 4 15. 2 14. 8 O c to b e r__ _ ___ _____ 318 100. 0 49. 8 23. 0 10. 1 17. 0 14. 8 667 100. 0 37. 0 29. 9 16. 0 17. 1 15. 7 N ovem ber „ _______________ 457 100. 0 57. 2 24. 5 7. 2 11. 1 11.4 723 100. 0 38. 5 32.4 15. 8 13. 3 14. 5 D e ce m b e r___________ __ __ 627 100. 0 56. 3 31.9 4. 5 7. 3 9. 0 865 100. 0 41. 8 27. 7 17. 6 13. 0 13.4

1961 1961

Ja n u a ry____________________ 834 100. 0 43. 1 39. 7 7. 9 9.2 11. 4 1,045 100. 0 33.6 37. 8 1

12.5 | !16. 1 1I

: i4. 7 F e b ru a ry — -------------------- 869 100. 0 34. 3 44. 9 13. 7 7. 1 11. 4 1,213 100. 0 35. 5 31. 0 18.1 ! 15.4 i 15. 3 M a r c h----- ------------------------ 742 100. 0 24. 8 37. 8 30. 9 6. 5 13. 3 1, 153 100. 0 28. 0 33. 0 21 .4 1 17.7 16. 9 A pril_______________________ 677 100. 0 26. 0 20 .4 39. 8 13. 8 17. 2 962 100. 0 22.6 24. 6 27. 5 25. 3 22. 6 M ay -______ —_____________ 569 100. 0 29. 5 19. 9 31. 8 18. 8 18. 1 905 100. 0 26. 1 21. 1 25. 1 27. 7 21. 7 J u n e______________________ _ 485 100. 0 46. 0 19. 8 9. 9 24. 3 16. 7 866 100.0 29. 9 24 .4 18. 4 27. 4 20. 8 J u ly.............................................. 493 100. 0 44. 1 24. 2 10. 4 21. 3 14. 8 881 100.0 31. 2 23. 8 16. 0 28. 9 21. 7 A ugust— __ _ ____________ 363 100. 0 45. 0 25. 4 11. 9 17. 7 14. 6 889 100.0 36. 3 21. 1 13. 2 29. 5 21. 5 S eptem ber__________________ 360 100. 0 49 .4 22. 5 8. 3 19. 7 16.4 694 100.0 37. 0 22. 7 13.4 26. 9 20. 7 O c to b e r__ _ _____________ 302 100. 0 53. 5 19. 1 9.6 17. 8 14. 5 672 100.0 ! 37. 1 23. 8 14. 3 24. 9 20. 6 N ovem ber _________________ 410 100. 0 58. 5 24. 4 5. 1 12. 0 12. 0 656 100. 0 35. 4 29.4 11. 6 23. 6 19.6 D e ce m b e r--------------------------- 555 100. 0 54. 9 26. 8 10. 4 7. 9 10. 2 706 100.0

i

37.4 27. 5 14. 2 21. 0 18. 7

1962 1962

Janu ary ___________________ 712 100. 0 39. 5 46. 8 7. 2 6.6 10. 0 795 100. 0

| I 

i 36.4 1 33. 0 9. 7 1 21. 0 i 18. 2 F e b ru a ry------------------ -------- 739 100. 0 29. 4 45 .4 16. 4 8. 8 13. 2 746 100. 0 j 25. 5 37. 8 17. 3 19. 4 20. 1 M arch ______________________ 710 100. 0 25. 8 37. 2 27. 5 9 .4 14. 5 653 100.0 ! 28. 6 29. 2 17. 3 24. 8 22. 4 A p r il______________________ 527 100. 0 28. 3 25. 1 33. 5 13. 1 17. 0 580 100.0 33. 1 26. 0 15. 9 25. 0 21. 8 M ay______ _________________ 433 100. 0 33. 0 23. 8 27. 5 15. 7 16. 9 620 100.0 37. 4 24. 5 16. 0 22. 1 20. 7 J u n e__ _ 384 100. 0 48.6 24. 2 11. 7 15. 6 13. 9 651 100. 0 40. 1 26.4 12. 6 20. 9 19.6 J u ly________________________ 373 100. 0 52. 1 25. 4 7. 2 15. 2 12. 3 584 100. 0 38. 3 26. 3 13. 2 22. 2 20. 4 A u g u st-------------------------------- 268 100. 0 54. 3 29.2 6. 7 9. 7 10. 5 747 100. 0 50. 1 24. 6 8. 4 16. 8 16. 0 S eptem ber------ ------------------ 258 100. 0 61. 9 22. 6 7 .4 8. 2 9.2 568 100. 0 40. 1 26. 9 14. 1 18. 8 18.4 O c to b e r____________________ 288 100. 0 59.2 22. 5 6.9 11. 4 12. 2 553 100. 0 40. 7 25. 7 j 15. 9 17. 7 18. 9 N ov em ber--------------------------- 405 100. 0 61. 0 26. 7 5. 4 6. 9 9.7 628 100. 0 44. 6 25. 8 16. 2 1 13.4 15. 3 D e ce m b e r--------------------------- 585 100. 0 54. 5 27. 9 9.2 8. 4 11.2

1_________

624 100. 0 34. 3 31.9 1 16.9 i 16. 9

1________

17. 5

1963 1963

J a n u a ry____________________ 752 100. 0 43. 2 40. 3 10. 8 ! 5. 7 9.7 684 1 100.0 36. 3 30. 4 14. 9 18. 4 1

17. 5 F e b ru a ry __________________ 828 100. 0 33. 1 46.6 14. 5 i 5.9 11. 2 762 100.0 ; 34.4 1 32.5 15. 9 ; 17. 2 | 17. 1 M arch _____________________ 653 100. 0 26. 7 37. 9 21. 6 13. 8 15. 3 718 100.0 | 29. 3 37.9 13. 8 19. o I 19. 1 A p r il______________________ 522 100. 0 29. 3 24. 1 31. 0 15. 5 18. 5 612 j 100.0 l 31. 7 28. 9 22. 2 1 17. 2 18. 3 May --------- ------------------------ 370 100. 0 39. 7 19.7 23. 5 17. 0 16. 9 546 I 100.0 I 33.9 25. 1 22. 2 18. 9 19.9 June -______________________ 352 100. 0 52. 8 18. 2 11. 1 17. 9 14. 5 639 100.0 1 44. 9 20. 5 21. 1 13. 6 16. 1 July _______________________ 356 100. 0 54. 5 21. 9 5.9 17. 7 13. 0 594 | 100.0 \ 41 .4 29. 8 11.4 17. 3 16.4 A u g u st_____________________ 290 100. 0 53. 3 26. 5 7.6 12. 7 14. 1 614 100. 0 ! 43. 5 26. 1 13. 2 17. 3 18. 1 S eptem ber__________________ 268 100. 0 52. 8 24. 7 11. 2 11.2 12. 5 516 100. 0 i 47. 1 22. 9 12. 2 ! 17. 8 17. 8 O c to b e r__________ ________ 292 100. 0 54. 5 19.5 12. 3 8. 6 10. 8 581 100. 0 ! 44. 6 24.4 12. 0 18. 9 17. 3 N ov em ber________ ________ 405 100. 0 65. 7 22. 0 4. 0 8.4 9.4 603 100. 0 ! 46. 3 26. 7 11. 9 15. 1 15. 0 D e ce m b e r--------------------------- 509 100. 0 52. 8 38. 2 1

5. 7 3. 3 8.4 610 100. 0 ' 38. 5 31.8 13. 7 16. 0 16. 5

1964 1964

J anuary --------------------------- 655 I

100.0 1! 43. 7 44. 0 6. 7 5. 6 10. 1 733 ioo. o 40. 0 : 32. 2 13. 3 r14. 5 ; 16. 3 F e b ru a ry ____ _________ 639 100,. 0 24. 9 56. 1 14. 1 4. 9 11. 8 659 ! ioo. o 33.7 ! 37. 5 16. 7 ! 12. 1 ! 15. 9 M a r c h__— ————_______ 509 100. 0 25. 9 39. 1 28. 5 6. 5 13. 4 647 100. 0 33. 4 ; 36.4 14. 9 15. 3 | 17. 1 Ap r il_______—_____________ 405 100. 0 30. 0 26. 0 32.4 11.6 15. 5 566 i 100.0 30. 9 ! 32.9 , 17. 8 | 18.4 ; 17. 6 M ay----------------- — ------------ 314 100. 0 46. 7 21. 3 19.4 ji 12. 7 13. 6 478 : ioo. o i 31. 8 i 27. 0 I 22 .4 i 18.8 1 20. 1 J u n e___ ___ ________ ___ 321 100. 0 55. 8 20. 2 10. 0 14. 0 12. 1 512 ! ioo. o i 39.3 j 27. 0 12. 1 j 21.7 | 18. 1 J uly.—— ————— —_______ 284 100. 0 57. 7 20.4 5.6 16. 2 11.8 516 100.0 41. 7 i 26. 8 ! 9.9 21.6 | 18. 4 A u g u st--------------------- -------- 289 100. 0 61.2 15. 9 5. 9 17. 0 12. 7 529 100.0 44. 3 ! 25. 1 1 10. 6 20. 0 I 17. 4 Septem be r__________________ 260 ! ioo. o 55. 8 23. 1 5.4 15. 8 11. 6 473 100. 0 46. 5 i 25. 6 9.7 : 18.2 t 16. 5 O c to b e r------------------------------- 289 100. 0 62. 6 23. 9 5,9 7.6 8. 4 446 100. 0 45. 3 ! 24. 2 12. 8 ; 17.7 ! 17. 1 N ov em ber--------------------------- 274 100. 0 56. 6 28. 1 6. 6 8. 8 10. 8 488 100. 0 44. 9 26.6 11. 5 17. 0 j *17.4 D e ce m b e r------------------------- ! 489 !

100. 0 66. 1

1

25. 2

I

5. 1 3. 7 6. 7 467 100. 0 44. 5

________ L

32. 3 11.8 | 11.3

------------ L

13. 8

147

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G-21. Unemployed m ale wage and salary w orkers in construction and manufacturing, by duration of unemployment, annual average and by month, 196 0—6 8— C o n ti n u e d ______________________________________________________________________________( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n ) _________________________________________________________________ _____

Construction Manufacturing

Month Total (thou­ sand)

i

1 P e r c e n t 1-4

weeks 5-14 weeks 15-26 weeks

[Average O ver 26 [duration . ( w e e k s ) Total

1 T

! P e r c e n t j 1-4

weeks 1 5 - 1 4 

! w e e k s | 15 -26 ■ w e e k s

1---------------

, O v e r 26 [Average duration ! ( w e e k s )

1965 1965

J a n u a r y_______________________ 608 100. 0 43. 2 45. 8 7. 2 3. 8 8. 5 519 100.0 ! 45. 9 ! 32. 0 1 1 .4

1

10. 6 11. 8 F e b ru a ry_____________________ 645 100. 0 34. 3 46. 2 15. 5 4. 0 j 10. 2 548 1 100. 0 3 9 . 0 ! 34. 2 i 13. 5 ; 13. 3 13. 9 M a r c h _________________________ 540 100. 0 30. 4 42. 0 20. 9 6. 7 1

1 12. 6 437 100.0 ; 38. 7 1 30. 0 ! 16. 7 i 1 4.6 15. 0 A p r i l __________________________ 405 100. 0 32. 6 25. 7 32. 3 9 . 4 15. 5 502 100.0 ; 46 . 7 ! 23. 7 j 1 6 .4 ' 13. 2 i 13 .1 M ay___________________________ 315 ; 1 0 0 . 0 45. 9 27. 7 22. 3 4. 1 i 10. 4 408 100.0 ; 41. 7 j 3 0 . 4 | 10. 8 j 17. 2 14. 8

J u n e ----------------------------------------- 309 | 1 0 0 . 0 57. 0 21. 7 14. 6 6. 8 j 10. 0 405 100.0 43. 2 j 3 0 . 6 8. 4 1 17. 8 15. 5 Ju ly___________________________ 306 100. 0 55.9 26. 1 8. 5 9. 5 j 10. 9 370 100.0 50. 0 i 28. 1 8. 4 | 1 3 .5 ! 12.6 A u g u s t _________________________ 228 100. 0 51. 1 27. 5 8. 7 12. 7 12. 3 419 1 0 0 . 0 , 56. 8 ! 26. 7 ! 7.2 j 9. 3 i 11.1 Septem ber____________________ 245 100. 0 53. 9 25. 3 9. 8 11. 0 1 1. 4 300 100.0 : 53. 0 ! 20. 0 1 5.7 ■ 2 1 . 3 ' 1 6 .6 O ctob er_______________________ 223 100. 0 59. 4 26. 3 5. 8 8. 5 10. 9 314 i! 100. 0 , 45. 4 j 27. 6 8.9 ; 18. 1 ; 17. 2 N ov em b er____________________ 258 100. 0 56. 2 29. 1 9. 3 5.4 , 9. 3 358 100. 0 52.9 j 26. 1 ! 9. 2 ! 1 1 .8 ' 1 3 .9 D ecem b er____________________ 316 100. 0 63. 9 23. 1 8. 9 1 4. 1 7. 8 383 ' 100. 0 50. 0 ! 30. 7

L .. _

! 12. 0 i 7 ' 3 11.8

1966 1966

Ja n u ary _______________________ 435 100. 0 53. 3 i 3 7 . 2 5. 1 4. 4 8.6 416 100. 0 43. 3 31. 0 |

1 13. 0

1

12. 7

l---------------

14. 1 F e b r u a r y ______________________ ! 448 100. 0 39.6 - 4 3 .4 12. 0 4. 9 9. 0 432 100. 0 41. 5 32. 3 14. 2 12. 1 1 14. 9 M a r c h ------------------------------------ : 392 100. 0 36. 1 1 38. 6 ! 21.0 4. 3 10. 6 405 100.0 44. 9 25. 2 15.6 14. 3 15. 6 A p r il -------------------------------------- j 319 100. 0 43. 8 16.9 ' 33. 1 6. 3 12. 4 289 100. 0 45. 7 23.2 : 17. 6 13. 5 15. 5

M a y ----------------------------------------- 1 228 100. 0 54.6 j 19.2 ; 17. 9 8. 3 11. 1 293 100. 0 51. 2 , 28. 0 7. 2 13. 7 14. 9

J une __________________________ i 206 100. 0 6 6 . 3 j 1 9 . 0 : 4.9 9. 8 10. 0 408 100. 0 69. 9 ! 1 6 .4 ' 7. 1 6.6 8. 2 July __________________________ 196 100.0 68.4 j 13. 3 7. 1 1 1. 2 10. 1 394 100. 0 5 9 . 0 i 2 3 . 9 J 8.9 8. 1 9.4 August------------------------------------- 1 189 i 1 0 0 . 0 1 64. 0 1 20.6 I 6. 3 j 9. 0 ! 9.4 405 I 100. 0 j 5 9 . 4 j 22. 0 ! 5.7 i 1 2 .9 1 12. 5 Septem ber____________________ 199 100.0 60 . 8 | 25. 1 ! 3. 0 1 1. 1 11. 4 329 100. 0 60. 8 ! 1 8 .2 I 9.7 1 1. 2 12. 0 O ctob er_______________________ 1 203 100.0 1 57. 1 28. 1 6. 9 7. 9 9. 5 278 100. 0 43. 0 ■ 35. 0 | 7. 6 14. 4 13. 2 N o vem b er____________________ 1 279 100.0 ' 66. 3 21. 5 6. 8 5. 8 8. 2 319 100. 0 56. 3 32. 2 1 5. 9 5. 6 ! 8. 8 D ecem b er____________________ 1! 370 100. 0 60. 5 30. 4 4.6 4.6 7. 4 353 i 100. 0 60. 5 23. 0 1

i_____ J

1 7. 7 8. 8 1 9 . 7

.j 1967 1967

J a n u ary---------------------------------- ; 412 100. 0 50. 1 39.2 7. 1 3.6 8. 5 422

r

100.0 51. 8 29. 7 8. 6 ; 10. 0 11. 3 F e b r u a r y -------------------------------- ! 426 100.0 , 41. 3 ! 44 . 8 9 . 6 4. 2 9. 5 422 100. 0 47. 2 35. 1 9. 7 i 8. 1 . 11. 5

M a rc h ---------------------------------- ; 351 100. 0 35. 5 : 41. 8 j 18. 2 4. 5 11. 3 424 100. 0 43. 2 37. 3 11. 3 i 8. 3 1 1 2 . 0

A p r i l ------------------------------------- | 307 i 100.0 1 41.6 ; 28. 9 ! 21. 1 1 8. 4 12. 1 375 , 100. 0 43 . 2 34. 1 ! 15. 7 I 6 . 9 ' 1 1. 3

M a y ----------------------------------------- 227 ; 100.0 : 44. 7 ! 24. 8 16.4 | 14. 2 13. 5 363 ! 100. 0 53. 0 30. 5 1 11. 8 ! 4. 7 i 9.2 237 ! 100. 0 : 64. 0 | 14. 8 ; 12. 3 8. 9 9.4 415 1 00. 0 57. 9 25. 7 I 11.1 i 5. 3 ; 8 . 5

Ju ly___________________________ 189 100. 0 57. 3 ! 23. 8 i 4. 8 1 14. 3 10. 0 468 ; 100.0 , 63. 0 24. 6 7. 7 ; 4 . 8 7. 8 A u g u s t ------------------------------------ 172 1 0 0 . 0 61. 8 j 27. 1 1 11. 2 8. 5 455 100. 0 57. 3 1 27.5 : 8. 1 7.0 9. 0 Septem ber____________________ 131 ; 1 0 0 . 0 ! 6 0 . 6 26. 5 5. 3 7. 6 9. 3 374 100. 0 55. 2 • 28. 0 , 10. 4 j 6.4 9. 1 O cto ber_______________________ 185 100.0 ! 58. 9 23. 2 5. 9 11. 9 12. 1 368 100. 0 4 7 .4 34. 3 10. 4 ■ 7.9 10. 6 N ov em b er____________________ ]! 239 100. 0 59. 8 ! 28. 9 6. 3 5. 0 9. 1 364 100. 0 49. 6 ; 3 0 . 6 7. 7 ; 12. 1 12. 4 D ecem b er ------------------------------ ! 270 100. 0 59.4 ! 28. 4 7. 7 4. 4 7. 9 389 100. 0 50. 1 3 2 . 6 , 7. 2 | 10. 0 10. 8

1968 1968

January ______________________ 445 100. 0 46. 4 42. 8 7.4 3.4 7. 9 391 100. 0 42. 5 38. 9 9.5 9. 1 1 1. 3 F ebruary ------------------------------ 433 ■ 1 0 0 . 0 36. 5 , 50. 1 10. 9 2. 5 8. 6 465 100.0 « 52. 3 30. 8 1 8. 2 ! 8. 8 10. 6 M arch ________________________ 387 ! 1 0 0 . 0 3 7 .6 37. 8 19. 7 4.9 11.2 429 100.0 ! 44. 4 34. 7 : 13. 3 : 7. 7 1 1. 1 A p r i l __________________________ 222 : 1 0 0 . 0 36.2 ; 32. 1 23. 1 8. 6 14. 1 338 100.0 41. 1 33.4 , 16. 3 i 9 . 2 12. 6

May __________________________ 184 i 1 0 0 . 0 48. 1 ; 24. 9 21. 6 5.4 9.9 324 100.0 ; 50. 0 24.4 i 16.0 \ 9.6 11.4

J une -------------------------------------- 230 1 0 0 . 0 63. 5 , 2 1 . 6 6. 9 8. 1 7. 8 367 100.0 ! 59. 8 16.9 13. 1 ; 10. 1 10. 6 Ju ly___________________________ 191 | 1 0 0 . 0 57. 8 1 27. 2 5. 2 9. 8 9. 6 381 100.0 j 54. 6 , 26. 5 9. 3 : 9. 3 9.6

A u g u st________________________ | 164 - 1 0 0 . 0 64. 0 : 20. 1 4. 3 j 11. 6 8. 3 382 1 0 0 . 0 ] 59.9 ' 25. 1 ! 7. 1 j 7. 9 9. 0 Septem ber____________________ 138 i 1 0 0 . 0 74. 1 17. 3 3. 6 5. 0 6. 5 j 312 1 0 0 . 0 58. 8 24. 0 ; 1 1 .8 5. 4 8. 0 O cto ber_______________________ 167 ! 1 0 0 . 0 67 . 3 21. 7 3. 6 7. 4 9- 1 ! 336 : 100. 0 5 2 . 4 , 37. 2 i 6. 3 ! 4. 3 7. 9 N ov em b er____________________ i 224 100. 0 73. 7 17. 4 3. 6 5. 4 7. 2 1 344 100. 0 55. 5 ! 34. 0 i 6. 7 1 3. 8 7. 8 D ecem b er ------------------------------

i

242 100. 0 54. 1 37. 6 2. 1 6. 2 8.5 | 285 100. 0 52.6 j 3 5 .1 8. 1 j 4. 2 8. 1

SOURCE: C u rren t Population Survey conducted for the BLS, by the B ureau of the Census.

Table G-22. P roportion of wage and salary w orkers experiencing unemploym ent during the year by i n d u s t r y g r o u p of l o n g e s t jo b , 1959—68

Year Nonagricultural

industries Construction Manufacturing

1959__________________________________ 15. 8 38. 0 19. 5 I9 6 0 _________________________________ 17. 7 43. 4 21.7

1961 _________________________________ 18. 7 43. 9 22. 0

1962 _________________________________ 17. 9 43. 0 20. 5

1963 _________________________________ 16. 5 38. 1 19. 4 1964 _________________________________ 16. 1 36. 1 18.4

1965 _________________________________ 13.9 31. 8 15. 6

1966 12. 5 27. 3 13. 9

1967 ................................................................... 12. 4 26. 4 14. 6

1968 -------------------------------------------------- 12. 0 24. 2 13. 1

SOURCE: C u rren t Population Survey conducted for the BLS, by the B u reau of the Census.

1 4 8

☆ U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E : 1970 O - 3 9 7- 34 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
/

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

W A S H IN G T O N , D.C. 20212

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

THIRD CLASS MAIL

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis