# Patent

## Title
Device for optically scanning and measuring an environment

## Abstract

A laser scanner optically scans and measures an environment, the laser scanner having a base resting in the stationary reference system of the laser scanner, a measuring head rotatable about a vertical axis relative to the base, a measuring head rotatable relative to the base about a vertical axis, a motor supported in the measuring head, the motor having a motor shaft and a gear which, when driven by the motor by the motor shaft, turns the measuring head relative to the base, the gear being configured as a planetary gear.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a Non-Provisional Application of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/714,773, filed on Oct. 17, 2012, which claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. DE 102012107544.1, filed on Aug. 17, 2012, and which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a device for optically scanning and measuring an environment.
By a laser scanner device such as is known from German Patent Application No. DE 10 2010 032 725, the environment of the laser scanner can be optically scanned and measured. The laser scanner has a pre-assembled pivot-axis module that is provided with a base which rests in a stationary reference system of the laser scanner and with parts that are fixed to a support structure of a measuring head which is rotatable relative to the base. A motor is provided for driving the measuring head, the motor being arranged outside the pivot-axis module. Through use of a horizontally arranged worm, the motor acts upon a worm wheel of the pivot-axis module.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention are based on improving a laser scanner device of the type mentioned hereinabove in the introduction, in particular of reducing the installation space required.
Through use of a planetary gear, the drive motor of the measuring head can be configured in a relatively more compact manner. In particular, a construction saving installation space is possible, for example by a vertical motor shaft and by rotational axes of the planet wheel which are parallel to the motor shaft and/or by an integration of the motor in a pivot-axis module, as it is used in the known device. A relatively larger transmission ratio compared to a worm gear is obtained by use of two differently configured hollow wheels. With the larger transmission ratio it is also possible to use a relatively more low-powered motor which saves weight, installation space, energy and costs, and which compensates for the lower power by a higher rotational speed. Sun wheel, planet wheels and hollow wheels each can be made from plastics material, so that the planetary gear can also save weight and costs.
The terms “horizontal” and “vertical” are used in relation to the geometry of the laser scanner. It is assumed that the direction of the weight corresponds to the “vertical” direction, i.e., the laser scanner is on a horizontal plane. The laser scanner can, however, also be slightly inclined, for example up to 15° with respect to the horizontal and/or vertical direction, i.e., the rotational axes of measuring head and mirror are inclined correspondingly, without problems occurring in carrying out the scan or its evaluation. The terms “horizontal and “vertical” are therefore to be intended to be generalized.



The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of an exemplary embodiment illustrated in the drawing, in which
FIG. 1 is a partially sectional view of a laser scanner;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the laser scanner of FIG. 1 in operation;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a planetary gear;
FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the planetary gear;
FIG. 5 is a perspective illustration of the planetary gear without a planet carrier; and
FIG. 6 is a further perspective illustration of the planetary gear with the planet carrier.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a laser scanner 10 is provided as a device for optically scanning and measuring an environment of the laser scanner 10. The laser scanner 10 has a measuring head 12 and a base 14. The measuring head 12 is mounted on the base 14 as a unit that can be rotated about a vertical axis Z. The measuring head 12 has a mirror 16, which can be rotated about a horizontal axis. The intersection point of the two receiving slot axes is designated as the center C10 of the laser scanner 10.
The measuring head 12 is further provided with a light emitter 17 for emitting an emission light beam 18. The emission light beam 18 may be a laser beam in the range of approximately 300 to 1600 nm wave length, for example 790 nm, 905 nm or less than 400 nm. However, other electro-magnetic waves having, for example, a greater wave length can be used. The emission light beam 18 may be amplitude-modulated with a modulation signal. The emission light beam 18 is emitted by the light emitter 17 onto the rotary mirror 16, where it is deflected and emitted to the environment. A reception light beam 20, which is reflected in the environment by an object O or scattered otherwise, is captured again by the rotary mirror 16, deflected and directed onto a light receiver 21. The direction of the emission light beam 18 and of the reception light beam 20 results from the angular positions of the rotary mirror 16 and the measuring head 12, which depend on the positions of their corresponding rotary drives which, in turn, are registered by one encoder each.
A control and evaluation unit 22 has a data connection to the light emitter 17 and to the light receiver 21 in the measuring head 12, whereby parts of the unit 22 can be arranged also outside the measuring head 12, for example as a computer connected to the base 14. The control and evaluation unit 22 is configured to determine, for a multitude of measuring points X, the distance d between the laser scanner 10 and the illuminated point at the object O, from the propagation time of the emission light beam 18 and the reception light beam 20. For this purpose, the phase shift between the two light beams 18 and 20 can be determined and evaluated, for example.
Scanning takes place along a circle by means of the relatively quick rotation of the rotary mirror 16. By virtue of the relatively slow rotation of the measuring head 12 relative to the base 14, the entire space is scanned step by step, by the circles. The entity of measuring points X of such a measurement is designated as a scan. For such a scan, the center C10 of the laser scanner 10 defines the origin of the local stationary reference system. The base 14 rests in this local stationary reference system.
In addition to the distance d to the center C10 of the laser scanner 10, each measuring point X comprises a brightness information value that is determined by the control and evaluation unit 22. The brightness value is a gray-tone value which is determined, for example, by integration of the bandpass-filtered and amplified signal of the light receiver 21 over a measuring period which is assigned to the measuring point X. Through use of an optional color camera, pictures having color values (R, G, B) can be generated and assigned to the measuring points.
The laser scanner 10 has a support structure 30 which may comprise a metal material and which serves as a “skeleton” of the measuring head 12 and to which different components of the laser scanner 10 are fixed. The metal support structure 30 is, in an embodiment of the present invention, configured in one piece and made from aluminum. The support structure 30 has a receiving slot which is open at the bottom, into which a pivot-axis module 40 is inserted. The pivot-axis module 40 is a pre-assembled assembly which comprises parts which are fixed to the support structure 30 and is rotatable about the vertical axis Z relative thereto; i.e., the base 14 and parts which are fixed thereto. The indications of direction within the pivot-axis module 40 refer to this vertical axis Z; i.e., to the rotational axis between the support structure 30 and consequently the measuring head 12 and the base 14.
The base 14 has, on its upper end, a bowl-shaped area. A hollow pivot pin 41 protrudes upward from the base 14. In an embodiment of the present invention, the pivot pin 41 has a smaller diameter than the base 14, the pivot pin 41 being provided with a flange by which the pin 41 is fixed to the wall of the bowl-shaped area of the base 14. For reasons of manufacture, the base 14 and the pivot pin 41 are therefore separately configured components. In an alternative geometry, the pivot pin 41 and the base 14 can be configured together in one piece. The pivot-axis module 40 has a cup-shaped housing 42 which is open to the bottom. The housing 42 radially encloses the base 14 together with the pivot pin 41 and is rotatably mounted on the base 14 and pin 41 about the vertical axis Z. More specifically, The housing 42 is supported by one roller bearing 43 each (for example, a cross roller bearing) on the pivot pin 41 on top and on the base 14 on the bottom. Between the wall of the bowl-shaped area of the base 14 and the lower roller bearing 43, a compression spring 44 is located which is convoluted around the base 14, and which eliminates the axial backlash between the base 14 and the housing 42.
A horizontally arranged encoder disk 45, above which the housing 42 is provided with read heads 46, is fixed to the upper end of the pivot pin 41. Furthermore, slip rings 47 for the internal (i.e., taking place within the pivot-axis module 40) transmission of data and energy of the power supply are provided between the flange of the pivot pin 41 and a shoulder of the housing 42. Electric plug contacts of the pivot-axis module 40 for the transmission of data and energy from and to the measuring head 12 are provided on the upper end of the housing 42 and on the lower end of the base 14. The upper electric plug contacts are closed when the pivot-axis module 40 is introduced into the location slot of the support structure 30.
Inside the hollow pivot pin 41 a motor 50 with its motor holder 52 is arranged with a radial gap. The cup-shaped motor holder 52, which is open at the bottom, firmly receives the motor 50 and is fixed at its upper end to the housing 42. The motor 50, with its motor shaft 50a which is coaxial to the vertical axis Z, drives a two-stage planetary gear 54. In terms of space, the motor 50 and the planetary gear 54 are completely contained in the pivot-axis module 40.
Referring also to FIGS. 3-6, the planetary gear 54 has an externally toothed central sun gear 55 (as a drive for the planetary gear 54), which sits firmly on the motor shaft 50a. Three planet wheels 56 are arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction (i.e., offset by 120°) around the sun gear 55. The three externally toothed planet wheels 56 each mesh by a first toothing 56a with the sun gear 55, wherein they rotate about their planet-wheel rotational axis 56d each, which is parallel to the vertical axis Z. The three planet-wheel rotational axes 56d are guided by a planet carrier 58, whereby they can be shifted in the radial direction, in parallel to the vertical axis Z, the planet carrier 58 being provided with three radial slots or indentations for this purpose. On both ends of the planet-wheel rotational axes 56d, i.e., on both front ends of the planet carrier 58, a biased spring collar 59 is provided, for example a retaining ring. The two spring collars 59 load the three planet-wheel rotational axes 56d and consequently the three planet wheels 56 radially outwards.
The planet wheels 56 mesh by their first toothing 56a and also with a first hollow wheel 61 having an internal toothing. The first hollow wheel 61 is arranged concentrically to the vertical axis Z. Through use of a formed-on, or configured as a separate hollow-wheel support, flange 61a, the first hollow wheel 61 is connected with the motor holder 52, i.e., is fixed relative to the motor 50. If therefore the sun gear 55 drives the three planet wheels 56, the planet wheels 56 rotate about the sun gear 55, and the planet carrier 58 rotates about the vertical axis Z and leads the planet-wheels rotational axes 56d along a circle (i.e., on a cylinder surface).
A second hollow wheel 62 as output of the planetary gear 54 is arranged with an axial offset to the first hollow wheel 61, and concentrically to the vertical axis Z. The second hollow wheel 62 is formed on or fixed to the wall of the bowl-shaped area of the base 14, i.e., is rotatable relative to the motor 50. The first hollow wheel 61 and the second hollow wheel 62 are configured differently, for example having different dimensions with regard to the pitch diameter or to another diameter and/or provided with another number of teeth.
The planet wheels 56 mesh by a second toothing 56b with the second hollow wheel 62 having an internal toothing The second toothing 56b, in a relatively simple embodiment, is an axial extension of the first toothing 56a, but can be configured also in a different manner for example with regard to diameter and/or number of teeth. Due to the different configuration of the two hollow wheels 61 and 62, the rotation of the planet wheels 56 about the sun gear 55 leads to the generation of a relative rotation of the two hollow wheels 61 and 62.
The spring collars 59 eliminate the backlash between the planet wheels 56 and the hollow wheels 61 and 62. The transmission ratio of this relative rotation compared to the rotation of the sun gear 55 (i.e., of the motor shaft 50a) depends on the extent of the different configuration of the two hollow wheels 61 and 62, for example of the relative pitch-diameter difference and on the extent of the different configuration of the two toothings 56a and 56b of the planet wheels 56.
In the pivot-axis module 40, the pivot pin 41, the second hollow wheel 62 and the encoder disk 45 are assigned to the base 14 and fixed thereto, while, rotatably relative thereto, the housing 42, the first hollow wheel 61, the motor holder 52 bearing the motor 50 and the encoder read heads 46 are assigned to the measuring head 12 and fixed to the support structure 30 of the measuring head 12. If the motor 50 drives the planetary gear 54, a rotation of the measuring 12 relative to the base 14, about the vertical axis Z, is therefore generated.

## Claims

1. Device for optically scanning and measuring an environment, the device being configured as a laser scanner, the device comprising:
a base which rests in a stationary reference system of the laser scanner;
a measuring head which is rotatable relative to the base about a vertical axis;
a motor which is supported in the measuring head, the motor having a motor shaft and a planetary gear which, when driven by the motor by the motor shaft, turns the measuring head relative to the base, wherein the motor shaft is coaxial to the vertical axis;
the planetary gear comprises a sun wheel which is driven by the motor, and at least one planet wheel which meshes with the sun wheel;
the at least one planet wheel further meshes by a first toothing with a first hollow wheel, and by a second toothing with a second hollow wheel, wherein the first and second hollow wheels are configured in a different manner to cause relative rotation between the first and second hollow wheels in response to rotation of the at least one planet wheel about the sun wheel;
the measuring head and the base are configured relative to each other and to the first and second hollow wheels such that relative rotation between the first and second hollow wheels causes rotation of the measuring head relative to the base; and
the measuring head comprising a light emitter configured to emit an emission light beam, a light receiver configured to receive a reception light beam which is reflected by an object in the environment of the laser scanner or scattered otherwise, and a control and evaluation unit which, for a multitude of measuring points, is configured to determine at least a distance to the object.

2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the laser scanner has a pivot-axis module, which, as a pre-assembled assembly is provided with the base and with parts which are to be fixed to a support structure of the measuring head.

3. Device according to claim 2, wherein the motor and the planetary gear are completely contained in the pivot-axis module.

4. Device according to claim 2, wherein the pivot-axis module is introduced in a receiving slot of the support structure.

5. Device according to claim 2, wherein the sun wheel is driven by the motor shaft, and the at least one planet wheel comprises several planet wheels which mesh with the sun wheel and are rotatably mounted on a planet carrier around planet-wheel rotational axes.

6. Device according to claim 5, wherein the several planet wheels mesh by the first toothing with the first hollow wheel, and by the second toothing with the second hollow wheel.

7. Device according to claim 6, wherein the first hollow wheel is assigned to the measuring head and is fixed in particular to a support structure of the measuring head, while the second hollow wheel is assigned to the base and is fixed thereto.

8. Device according to claim 5, wherein the planet-wheel rotational axes can be shifted and are loaded radially outwards relative to the planet carrier by at least one spring collar.