324 

SELECTED REFERENCES 

Benzie County 

2000 “Benzie County 2020 Comprehensive 

Plan.” Accessed September 2007 at 

http://www.benzieco.net/dept_planni

ng.htm#master_plan. 

2002 “Benzie County Open Space and 

Natural Resources Protection Plan.” 

Accessed September 2007 at 

http://www.benzieco.net/dept_planni

ng.htm#master_plan. 

Burkett, R. D. 

1984 An Ecological Study of the Cricket 

Frog, Acris crepitans.” Pp 89-102. In: 

Vertebrate Ecology and Systematics by 

R. A. Seigel, L. E. Hunt, J. L. Knight, 

L. Malaret and N. L. Zuschlag (eds.). 

1984. Museum of Natural History, 

The Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 

Case, F. W., Jr. 

1987 “Orchids of the Western Great Lakes 

Region.” Revised ed. Cranbrook 

Institute of Science, Bull. 48. 251pp. 

Cooper, J. L. 

1999a “Special Animal Abstract for 

Accipitergentilis (Northern 

Goshawk).” Michigan Natural 

Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 

pp. 

1999b “Special Animal Abstract for Buteo 

lineatus (red-shouldered hawk).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 

Corace, G. R. III, C. Goebel, and T. Wyse 

2003 “A Multi-scale Assessment and 

Evaluation of Historic Openlands at 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore.” Unpublished report. 

Copy available at National Lakeshore 

headquarters. 

Crispin, S. R. and M. R. Penskar 

1989 “Rangewide Status Survey of Mimulus 

glabratus var. michiganensis (Pennell) 

Fassett, the Michigan Monkeyflower.” Lansing, MI: Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory. p.13. 

Cuthrell, D. L. 

2002 “Special Animal Abstract for Falco 

columbarius (merlin).” Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, 

MI. 3 pp. 

Elias, J. 

2007 “Water Quality Sampling at Pictured 

Rocks and Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshores, 2005.” National 

Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory 

and Monitoring Network Report: 

GLKN/2007/06. 

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and 

Chippewa Indians 

2007 Information from the Grand Traverse 

Band (GTB) website, 

http://www.gtb.nsn.us. 

Haswell, Susan Olsen, and Prof. Arnold R. 

Alanen 

1994 “A Garden Apart: An Agricultural and 

Settlement History of Michigan’s 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore Region.” Prepared for 

NPS Midwest Regional Office, 

Omaha, NE, and State Historic 

Preservation office, Michigan Bureau 

of History, Lansing, MI. 

Harding, J. H. 

1997 “Amphibians and Reptiles of the 

Great Lakes Region.” The University 

of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. 
Selected References 

325 

HerpCenter (Center for Reptile and 

Amphibian Conservation and Management) 

2004 “Blanchard’s Cricket Frog Acris 

crepitans blanchardi: Identification, 

Status, Ecology, and Conservation in 

the Midwest.” Science Building, 

Indiana University-Purdue 

University. Document available at 

http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/outreach/ 

accounts/amphibians/anurans/Blanc

hards_cricket_frog/BlanchardsFactSh

eet.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2007. 

Higman, P. J. and M. R. Penskar 

1996a “Special Plant Abstract for Bromus 

pumpellianus (Pumpelly’s Brome 

Grass).” Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 2 pp. 

1996b “Special Plant Abstract for Calypso 

bulbosa (Calypso Orchid).” Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, 

MI. 2 pp. 

1996c “Special Plant Abstract for Orobanche 

fasciculata (Fascicled Broom-rape).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 2 pp. 

1999a “Special Plant Abstract for Cirsium 

pitcheri.” Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 

1999b “Special Plant Abstract for 

Botrychium campestre (Prairie 

Dunewort).” Michigan Natural 

Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 2 

pp. 

1999c “Special Plant Abstract for Pterospora 

andromeda (Pine-drops).” Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, 

MI. 2 pp. 

Humphrey, S. R., A. R. Richter, and J. B. Cope 

1977 “Summer Habitat and Ecology of the 

Endangered Indiana bat, Myotis 

sodalis.” J. Mammalogy 58:334-346. 

Hyde, D. A. 

1996 “Special Animal Abstract for Sterna 

caspia (Caspian Tern).” Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, 

MI. 3 pp. 

1999a “Special Animal Abstract for 

Charadrius melodus (Piping Plover).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 4 pp. 

1999b “Special Animal Abstract for 

Terrapenec. carolina (Eastern Box 

Turtle).” Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

(IPCC) 

2007 “Climate Change 2007: The Physical 

Science Basis. Contribution of 

Working Group I to the Fourth 

Assessment Report of the 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change.” S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. 

Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. 

Avery, M. Tignor and H. L. Miller 

(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, United Kingdom and 

New York, NY, USA. 

Kurta, A., D. King, J. A. Teramino, J. M. 

Stribley, and K. J. Williams 

1993 “Summer Roosts of the Endangered 

Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis) on the 

Northern Edge of Its Range.” 

American Midland Naturalist

129:132-138. 

Lafrancois, B. Moraska, and J. Glase 

2005 “Aquatic Studies in National Parks of 

the Upper Great Lakes States: Past 

Efforts and Future Directions.” 

Water Resources Division Technical 

Report, NPS/NRWRD/NRTR2005/334. National Park Service, 

Denver, Colorado. 
SELECTED REFERENCES

326 

Ledder, T. 

2003 Water Resource Information and 

Assessment Report for the Great 

Lakes Inventory and Monitoring 

Network.” National Park Service, 

Great Lakes Inventory and 

Monitoring Network, Ashland, WI. 

54806. Great Lakes Network 

Technical Report: GLKN/2003/05. 

42p. 

Lee, Y. 

1999 “Special Animal Abstract for 

Glyptemys insculpta (Wood Turtle).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 

Lee, Y., D. A. Hyde, and J. Legge 

2000 Special Animal Abstract for Acris 

crepitans blanchardi (Blanchard’s 

Cricket Frog).” Michigan Natural 

Features Inventory. Lansing, MI. 4 

pp. 

Leelanau County 

2005 “Leelanau General Plan.” Accessed 

September 2007 at 

http://www.leelanau.cc/ 

generalplan.asp. 

MacDonald, Eric and Arnold R. Alanen 

2000 “Tending a Comfortable Wilderness, 

A History of Agricultural Landscapes 

on North Manitou Island, Sleeping 

Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 

Michigan.” U.S. Department of the 

Interior, National Park Service, 

Midwest Field Office, Omaha, 

Nebraska. 

McEnaney, Marla J., William H. Tischler, and 

Arnold R. Alanen 

1995 “Farming at the Water’s Edge, An 

Assessment of Agricultural and 

Cultural Landscape Resources in the 

Proposed Port Oneida Rural Historic 

District at Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshore, Michigan.” 

Midwest Regional Office, National 

Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska. 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources 

2005 “Bird Summary: Prairie Warbler 

(Dendroica discolor).” Michigan’s 

Wildlife Action Plan, SGCN Status & 

Species-Specific Issues. Revised June 

27, 2005. Available at http:// 

www.michigandnr.com/publications/

pdfs/HuntingWildlifeHabitat/WCS/S

GCN/Dendroica_discolor.pdf. 

Accessed 5 August 2007. 

Michigan Department of Transportation 

2007 Annual Average 24-Hour Traffic 

Volumes — 2006. Accessed at 

http://www.michigan.gov/documents

/adtfront_20092_7.pdf. 

Michigan Grape and Wine Industry Council 

2007 “Michigan Wines.” Accessed at 

http://www.michiganwines.com/Win

eries/wineries.html. 

Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) 

2006a “Michigan’s Natural Communities: 

Draft List and Descriptions.” 26 April 

2006. Michigan State University 

Extension. 

2006b “GIS Database of Species 

Occurrences in or proximal to 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore.” Data generated and 

transmitted 30 November 2006. 

2007 “Rare Species Explorer (Web 

Application).” Available online at 

http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/expl

orer. Accessed August 3, October 14, 

and December 14, 2007. 

Michigan State Historic Preservation Office, 

accessed at 

http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso 
Selected References 

327 

Monfills, M. J. 

2003 “Special Animal Abstract for 

Ixobrychus exilis (Least Bittern).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 6 pp. 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the 

Interior 

1982 “Scenic Road Feasibility Study, 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore.” NPS Midwest Regional 

Office. Copy available at Sleeping 

Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. 

1992a “Development Concept 

Plan/Interpretive Prospectus, Glen 

Haven Area.” Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshore, Michigan. 

1992b “Platte River Management Plan.” 

Denver Service Center, Denver, CO. 

Copy available at National Lakeshore 

headquarters. 

1999a “Draft Historic Properties 

Management Plan, Sleeping Bear 

Dunes National Lakeshore.” 

1999b “Exotic Plant Hit List.” Unpublished 

document; available at National 

Lakeshore headquarters in Empire, 

MI. 

2002 “Water Resources Management Plan 

for Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore.” By David Vana-Miller, 

NPS Water Resources Division, Fort 

Collins, CO. 

2003 “Business Plan—Fiscal Year 2003, 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore.” Copy available at 

National Lakeshore headquarters.

2004 “The Homestead Resort Wastewater 

Disposal Environmental 

Assessment.” 112 pp. 

2005a “Fire Management Plan.” Sleeping 

Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. 

Copy available at National Lakeshore 

headquarters. 

2005b “Strategic Plan, Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshore.” Sleeping Bear 

Dunes National Lakeshore. Copy 

available at National Lakeshore 

headquarters. 

2006a “Biological Assessment of the 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore Invasive Plant Species 

Control in the Vicinity of Endangered 

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), 

Endangered Michigan Monkeyflower (Mimulus glabratus var. 

michiganensis), Threatened Pitcher’s 

Thistle (Cirsium pitcheri), and 

Threatened Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus).” Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshore, National Park 

Service, Empire, Michigan. 

2006b “Does the Cougar Inhabit Sleeping 

Bear Dunes National Lakeshore?” by 

Jerry Belant, Stephen E. Yancho, and 

Kimberly S. Struthers. Natural Areas 

Journal, vol. 26(4): 370-375. 

2006c News Release — “No pets in piping 

plover nesting areas.” A public news 

release reminding visitors of seasonal 

prohibition. May 4, 2006. 

2007 “Public Use Statistics Office — The 

Money Generation Model II.” 

Accessed at 

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/stats/. 

National Register of Historic Places website, 

accessed at http://www.nr.nps.gov 

NatureServe 

2007 “NatureServe Explorer: An Online 

Encyclopedia of Life [web 

application].” Version 6.2. 

NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. 

Accessed July 2007 at 

http://www.natureserve.org/ 

explorer. 

New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife 

(NJDFW) 

2007 “Indiana Bat fact sheet [pdf].” 

Accessed August 13, 2007, at 

http://www.state.nj.us/ dep/fgw/ 

ensp/pdf/end-thrtened/ 

indianabat.pdf 
SELECTED REFERENCES

328 

Northwest Michigan Council of Governments 

(NMCOG) 

2006 “2007 Economic Forecast for the 5-

County Region of Atrium, Benzie, 

Grand Traverse Kalkaska, and 

Leelanau Counties.” Accessed at 

http://www.tcchamber.org/ 

documents/2007EconomicForecast.p

df 

Penskar, M. R. and P. J. Higman 

1996 Special Plant Abstract for Panax 

quinquefolius (ginseng). Michigan 

Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, 

MI. 3 pp. 

1997 Special Plant Abstract for Asplenium 

rhizophyllum (Walking Fern).” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 

1999 Special Plant Abstract for 

Cypripedium arietinum (Ram’s-Head 

Lady’s-Slipper).” Michigan Natural 

Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 2 

pp.

Preserve Historic Sleeping Bear website, 

accessed at http://www.phsb.org 

Rabe, M. L. 

1999 “Special Animal Abstract for 

Trimerotropis huroniana (Lake 

Huron Locust).” Michigan Natural 

Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 

pp. 

Robert Peccia & Associates 

2001 “Transportation Study — Sleeping 

Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 

Michigan.” Prepared for the Denver 

Service Center, National Park 

Service. 

Soule, J. D. 

1992 Element Stewardship Abstract — 

Glyptemys insculpta, Wood Turtle.” 

Michigan Natural Features 

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 22 pp. 

Tinkle, D.W., P.E. Feaver, R.W. Van 

Devender, and L.J. Vitt 

1979 A Survey of the Status, Distribution 

and Abundance of Threatened and 

Endangered Species of Reptiles and 

Amphibians.” Mich. Department of 

Natural Resources. Unpubl. Rep. 

Travel Michigan 

2004 “Michigan 2002 Travel Summary,” 

prepared by D.K. Shifflet and 

Associates. Accessed at 

http://travelmichigannews.org/mtr/re

search/ 

Traverse City Convention and Visitors Bureau 

2006 “Tourism Industry Analysis for 

Grand Traverse County,” prepared 

by Fishkind & Associates. Accessed at 

http://www.tcchamber.org/ 

documents/TourismIndustryReport.

pdf. 

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 

2007 “Regional Economic Information 

System (REIS), Personal Income by 

Major Source and Earnings by 

Industry and Full-Time and PartTime Employment by Industry, 1969 

to 2005.” Accessed at 

http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/ 

statelocal.htm. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

2007 “Local Area Unemployment 

Statistics, Annual Averages, 2000 to 

2006.” Accessed at 

http://www.bls.gov/lau/home.htm. 

U.S. Census Bureau 

2002 “Census 2000, Demographic Profiles 

— 100 Percent and Sample Data, 

Michigan.” Accessed at 

http://www.census.gov/PressRelease/www/2002/demoprofiles. 

html. 
Selected References 

329 

2005 State Interim Population Projections, 

By Age and Sex, 2004 - 2030, Table 6. 

Total population for regions, 

divisions, and states: 2000 to 2030. 

Accessed at http://www.census.gov/ 

population/www/projections/ 

projectionsagesex.html. 

2007a “Annual Estimates of the Population 

for Counties of Michigan, April 1, 

2000 to July 1, 2006.” Accessed at 

http://www.census.gov/ 

popest/counties/ 

2007b “Annual Estimates of the Population 

for Incorporated Places in Michigan, 

Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to 

July 1, 2006.” Accessed at 

http://www.census.gov/ 

popest/cities/. 

2007c “Manufacturing, Mining and 

Construction Statistics — Building 

Permits, by County.” Accessed at 

http://censtats.census.gov/ cgibin/bldgprmt/bldgdisp.pl 

2007d “Small Area Income and Poverty 

Estimates, Estimates for Michigan 

Counties, 2004.” Accessed at 

http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/sa

ipe/county.html. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

2007 Natural Resources Conservation 

Service PLANTS Database. Accessed 

July 2007 at http://plants.usda.gov 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, National 

Agricultural Statistics Service 

2004 “2002 Census of Agriculture — 

Michigan.” Accessed at 

http://www.nass.usda.gov/mi/ 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

2007 “PILT Payment in Lieu of Taxes — 

Total Payments and Total Acres by 

State/County.” Downloaded from 

http://www.doi.gov/pilt/. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) 

2000 “Ambient Water Quality Criteria 

Recommendations: Information 

Supporting the Development of State 

and Tribal Nutrient Criteria for Lakes 

and Reservoirs in Nutrient Ecoregion 

VII.” Office of Water, Office of 

Science and Technology, Health and 

Ecological Criteria Division, 

Washington, D.C. EPA-822-B-00-

009. 

2006 “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas 

Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2004.” 

Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/ 

globalwarming/publications/ 

emissions. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), U.S. 

Department of the Interior 

1988 “Determination of Threatened Status 

for Cirsium pitcheri (Pitcher’s 

Thistle).” Federal Register 53 (137): 

27137-27141. 

1990 “Determination of Endangered Status 

for Mimulus glabratus var. 

michiganensis (Michigan Monkeyflower).” Federal Register

55(120):25596-25599. 

1991 “Species Account, Indiana Bat.” 

Division of Endangered Species. 

Accessed August 13, 2007, at 

http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i/ 

a/saa08.html. 

1997 “Recovery Plan for Michigan 

Monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus

var. michiganensis).” Ft. Snelling, 

Minnesota. vii+ 37 pp. 

2001 “Final Determination of Critical 

Habitat for the Great Lakes Breeding 

Population of the Piping Plover.” 

Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 88. 

Monday, May 7, 2001. Rules and 

Regulations. 50 CFR Part 17. 

2002a “Birds of Conservation Concern.” 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Division of Migratory Bird 

Management Arlington, Virginia. 
SELECTED REFERENCES

330 

2002b “Pitcher’s Thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) 

Recovery Plan.” Fort Snelling, 

Minnesota. vii + 92 pp. 

2002c “Draft Conservation Assessment for 

Green Spleenwort (Asplenium 

trichomanes-ramosum L.).” 16 pp. 

2006 “Response to request for information 

on federally listed threatened and 

endangered species for the General 

Management Plan/Wilderness Study/ 

Environmental Impact Statement for 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore, MI.” Letter from USFWS 

Field Supervisor Craig Czarnecki to 

NPS Superintendent Dusty Schultz, 

dated 21 March 2006. 

U.S. Forest Service (USFS), U.S. Department 

of Agriculture 

2000 “Conservation Assessment for Ram’s 

Head Lady Slipper (Cypripedium 

arietinum).” USDA Forest Service, 

Eastern Region. September 25, 2000. 

20 pp. 

2003 “Conservation Assessment for 

Braun’s Holly Fern (Polystichum 

braunii).” USDA Forest Service, 

Eastern Region. March 1, 2003. 

U.S. Geological Survey 

1998 “Popular Beach Disappears 

Underwater in Huge Coastal 

Landslide — Sleeping Bear Dunes, 

Michigan.” USGS Fact Sheet-020-98. 

2000 “Piping Plover Charadrius melodus.” 

Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 

Patuxent Bird Identification 

InfoCenter. Accessed July 29, 2007, 

on the World Wide Web at 

http://www.mbrpwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2770id. 

html 

2005 Triphora trianthophora. White 

Mountain NF 2005 Forest 

Management Plan. Laconia, NH. 

2007 “The Effect of changing Water Levels 

on the Fauna of the Crystal River, 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore, Michigan.” Final report to 

the Glen Lake/Crystal River 

Technical Committee. USGS Great 

Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI 

and USGS Water Resources Division, 

Lansing, MI. 

Voss, E.G 

1996 “Michigan Flora. Part III. Dicots 

(Pyrolaceae-Compositae).” Bull. 

Cranbrook First Inst. Sci. 61 & Univ. 

of Michigan Herbarium. xix + 622 pp. 

Williams Wheeler, Brenda, Arnold R. Alanen, 

and William H. Tischler 

1996 “Coming through with Rye: An 

Historic Agricultural Study of South 

Manitou Island at Sleeping Bear 

Dunes National Lakeshore, 

Michigan.” Prepared for Midwest 

Field Area, National Park Service, 

Omaha, Nebraska. 

Yancho, S. 

2007 Telephone conversation between 

Chief of Natural Resources , S. 

Yancho, Sleeping Bear Dunes 

National Lakeshore, and C. Schmidt 

(e2M) about conservation measures 

for piping plover nesting areas/critical 

habitat. 13 August 2007. 
331 

PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 

PLANNING TEAM MEMBERS 

Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore: 

Dusty Shultz, Superintendent 

Tom Ulrich, Assistant Superintendent 

Michael Duwe, Environmental 

Specialist/Planner 

Bruce Huffman, Public Information 

Officer 

Lee Jameson, Facility Manager 

Larry Johnson, Chief Ranger 

Dan Krieber, Administrative Officer 

Lisa Myers, Chief of Interpretation and 

Visitor Services 

Steve Yancho, Chief of Natural Resources 

Midwest Regional Office: 

Sändra Washington, Chief of Planning 

and Compliance 

Denver Service Center: 

Miki Stuebe, Landscape Architect/Planner 

(Project Leader) 

Craig Cellar, Archeologist/Planner 

Nola Chavez, Landscape 

Architect/Planner 

PREPARERS 

Craig Cellar, Archeologist/Planner, NPS 

Denver Service Center. B.A. 

History/Anthropology. 34 years with the 

National Park Service as archeologist, 

cultural resources management specialist, 

and project manager. 

Nola Chavez, Landscape Architect/Planner, 

NPS Denver Service Center, B.L.A., M.L.A. 

Landscape Architecture, 27 years 

experience with the National Park Service 

as landscape architect, planner, and 

transportation planner. 

Ronald Dutton, Regional Economist, 

Sammons/Dutton L.L.C. B.S. Economics, 

M.S. Economics. 28 years experience. 

Cheryl Schmidt, Natural Resources Specialist, 

engineering-environmental Management, 

Inc. B.S. Biology, M.S. Biology, Ph.D. 

Biology. 22 years experience. 

Miki Stuebe, Landscape Architect/Planner 

(Project Leader), NPS Denver Service 

Center. B.A. Biology, M.S. BiologyEcology, M.L.A. Land Resource Planning. 

18 years experience, 12 years with the 

National Park Service. 

CONSULTANTS 

Timberly Belish, Parsons Engineering 

Sciences 

Kerri Cahill, Technical Specialist, User 

Capacity, NPS Denver Service Center 

Nicholas Chevance, Regional Environmental 

Coordinator, NPS Midwest Regional 

Office 

Greg Cody, Technical Specialist, Cultural 

Resource Compliance, NPS Denver 

Service Center 

Jan Harris, Branch Chief, Division of 

Planning, NPS Denver Service Center 

John Hoestery, Parsons Engineering Sciences 

Ken Hyde, Wildlife Biologist, Sleeping Bear 

Dunes National Lakeshore 

Dave Kreger, Technical Specialist, Natural 

Resource Compliance, NPS Denver 

Service Center 

Mike Leborgne, Manager, Construction 

Program Management, NPS Washington 

Office 

Todd Morgan, Facility Management 

Specialist, Sleeping Bear Dunes National 

Lakeshore 

Janice Poehlman, Geographic Information 

System Specialist, NPS Midwest Region 

GIS Technical Support Center 

Rick Potts, former Chief, NPS Wilderness 

Stewardship & Recreation Management 

Division 

Douglas Wilder, Coordinator, NPS Midwest 

Region GIS Technical Support Center 
PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS

332 

PUBLICATION SERVICES 

Jim Corbett, Visual Information Specialist, 

 NPS Denver Service Center 

Christy Fischer, Editor, NPS Denver Service 

 Center
333 

INDEX 

access, 4, 7, 9, 10, 14, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33, 42, 

43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 

66, 67, 69, 70, 78, 85, 87, 90, 130, 135, 136, 

143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 153, 158, 164, 168, 

175, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 194, 

196, 200, 201, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 

217, 218, 221, 226, 230, 232, 235, 236, 240, 

241, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256, 

258, 261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 

276, 277 

accessibility, 24, 48, 50 

air quality, 18, 155 

American Indian(s), 3, 13, 19, 25, 68, 69, 140, 

146, 153, 154, 155, 285 

asset/asset management, 24, 38 

assets, 38, 148, 149, 154, 197 

beach access, 10, 32, 50, 51, 54, 57, 61, 63, 66, 

67, 130, 133, 135, 149, 151, 191, 230, 257, 

277 

beaches, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 18, 30, 32, 47, 83, 102, 

105, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 122, 124, 129, 

135, 139, 149, 151, 152, 187 

Benzie Corridor, 7, 10, 27, 28, 30, 50, 51, 55, 

58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 78, 131, 168, 184, 185, 

186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 201, 203, 

205, 208, 209, 210, 212, 215, 222, 224, 225, 

228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 

241, 243, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 255, 

256, 257, 261, 263, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271, 

275, 277 

Benzie County, 3, 9, 13, 30, 85, 97, 110-118 

123, 124, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 

142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 151, 154, 159, 164, 

175, 194, 216, 235, 256, 283, 284, 287 

boundary adjustment, 27, 51, 55, 62, 67 

Bow Lakes, 7, 10, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 

65, 66, 84, 126, 174, 185, 190, 195, 201, 203, 

207, 209, 210, 222, 224, 228, 229, 230, 241, 

243, 248, 249, 251, 261, 263, 267, 269, 270 

campers, 193, 213, 233, 253, 273 

campgrounds, 23, 30, 42, 43, 45, 50, 53, 54, 

55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 130, 132, 133, 

134, 135, 143, 148, 149, 150, 152, 168, 184, 

193, 197, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 210, 211, 

213, 218, 221, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 

237, 245, 247, 251, 253, 257, 270, 273, 277 

camping, 8, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 57, 

61, 65, 78, 89, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 139, 

145, 150, 167, 168, 186, 189, 193, 194, 195, 

201, 211, 213, 215, 231, 233, 234, 242, 244, 

248, 251, 252, 253, 255, 261, 263, 265, 271, 

273, 274 

carrying capacity, (see user capacity)

coastal zone management, 158 

commercial services, 23, 42, 43, 139 

concession(s)/concessioner, 24, 42, 50, 53, 

57, 61, 65, 69, 130, 134, 139, 147, 165, 201, 

203, 210, 214, 218, 230, 241, 247, 250, 254, 

257, 265, 267, 270, 277, 288 

cost(s), 4, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 51, 55, 58, 59, 62, 

63, 66, 67, 174, 179, 180, 194, 255, 275, 283 

county road(s), 9, 42, 43, 49, 52, 53, 56, 57, 

60, 61, 64, 65, 83, 85, 86, 87, 131, 134, 196, 

213, 217, 232, 272, 276 

critical dunes, 33, 184, 186, 189, 190, 202, 

204, 208, 209, 222, 224, 228, 229, 242, 244, 

248, 250, 262, 264, 268, 269 

Crystal Ridge, 10, 13, 191, 210, 270 

Crystal River, 7, 10, 12, 45, 47, 50, 54, 62, 84, 

126, 127, 129, 151, 159, 173, 201, 203, 209, 

210, 218, 241, 243, 249, 251, 258, 287, 289 

cultural landscapes, 19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 94, 

106, 112, 130, 135, 147, 148, 156 

cultural resources, 4, 10, 14, 19, 25, 26, 29, 

33, 38, 40, 42, 47, 52, 69, 90, 93, 97, 100, 

146, 147, 165, 166, 183, 191, 196, 201, 210, 

221, 230, 240, 251, 261, 270 

desired conditions, 16, 28, 29, 31, 38, 44, 45, 

48, 51, 55, 59, 63, 67, 196, 197, 282 

Dune Climb, 10, 12, 33, 45, 47, 50, 53, 54, 57, 

58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 129, 133, 135, 139, 

143, 148, 150, 151, 152, 164, 184, 189, 190, 

191, 192, 202, 208, 209, 210, 212, 222, 228, 

229, 230, 232, 242, 248, 250, 252, 261, 262, 

268, 269, 270, 272, 277 

endangered species, (see threatened and 

endangered species)

environmental justice, 93, 158-159 

erosion, 32, 45, 46, 68, 70, 102, 123, 127, 158, 

167, 168, 173, 180, 184, 185, 188, 201, 202, 

207, 208, 209, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 241, 

242, 243, 247, 249, 261, 262, 267, 268, 269 
INDEX

334 

Esch Beach, 50, 58, 151, 271 

Esch Road, 2, 54, 61, 66, 151, 201, 203, 205, 

207, 210, 218, 241, 243, 245, 248, 251, 258, 

261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 277 

ethnographic resources, 21, 39, 94, 147, 153, 

154, 167 

fire, 8, 16, 17, 23, 28, 47, 90, 144, 196 

fishing, 8, 13, 14, 43, 53, 57, 61, 65, 90, 109, 

130, 135, 137, 139, 153, 164 

flood, 158 

floodplains, 30, 45, 115, 116, 157 

fundamental resources and values, 2, 4, 9, 

12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 37, 48, 49, 71, 175, 

210, 230, 235, 250, 256, 270, 276, 281 

Giant Cedars, 52, 53, 56, 61, 64, 65, 69, 106, 

185, 188, 201, 203, 207, 210, 211, 218, 227, 

230, 241, 243, 247, 250, 252, 257, 261, 263, 

265, 267, 270, 271, 277 

Glen Haven, 12, 32, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 

57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 74, 94, 98, 99, 100, 

129, 135, 139, 143, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 

164, 182, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 199, 

200, 202, 208, 210, 212, 220, 221, 222, 228, 

230, 232, 239, 240, 242, 248,뉐250, 251, 

252, 259, 260, 262, 268, 270, 271, 272, 275 

Grand Traverse County, 135-142, 145, 175, 

194, 287 

hiking, 8, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 

62, 65, 66, 130, 134, 135, 167, 168, 169, 188, 

207, 210, 211, 215, 231, 271, 276 

hunting, 8, 14, 42, 43, 53, 57, 61, 65, 108, 109, 

110, 112, 113, 121, 130, 135, 137, 153 

interpretation, 21, 22, 32, 42, 84, 130, 139, 

147, 148, 190, 210, 216, 230, 250, 270 

invasive species, 16, 33, 45, 46, 49, 52, 56, 60, 

64, 106, 121, 168, 169, 185, 202, 203, 223, 

224, 242, 243, 262, 263 

Lake Michigan, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, 32, 41, 42, 43, 

47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 

65, 66, 83, 86, 101, 102, 105, 108, 109, 113, 

118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 

131, 135, 146, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157, 158, 

164, 172, 184, 186, 188,뉐189, 191, 192, 

202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 217, 218, 

222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231, 232, 242, 244, 

245, 246, 248, 251, 252, 262, 263, 265, 266, 

268, 271, 272, 274, 276 

Leelanau and Benzie counties, 124, 140, 142, 

143, 284 

Leelanau County, 3, 13, 29, 32, 50, 54, 58, 61, 

62, 66, 85, 94, 111-117, 123, 124, 127, 135-

145, 149, 151, 157, 159, 164, 175, 184, 185, 

186, 188, 189, 192, 194, 201, 202, 203, 206, 

208, 212, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 

241, 242, 244, 246, 248, 249, 252, 261, 262, 

263, 266, 267, 268, 272, 276, 283, 284, 287 

Leelanau Scenic Heritage Route Trailway, 

30, 31 

life-saving service/station/complex 3, 12, 13, 

49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 64, 65, 74, 94, 

99, 100, 130, 135, 149, 152, 182, 199, 200, 

220, 221, 239, 240, 259, 260 

motorized boats, 78, 131, 185, 189, 190, 191, 

201, 202, 207, 208, 211, 212, 222, 223, 224, 

227, 229, 231, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 251, 

261, 262, 267, 268, 271 

National Environmental Policy Act, 16, 38, 

46, 71, 72, 158, 163, 165, 166 

National Historic Preservation Act, 14, 19, 

38, 46, 69, 97, 163, 165, 166, 167, 182 

National Register of Historic Places/national 

register, 8, 19, 20, 33, 42, 43, 39, 58, 69, 94, 

97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 154, 166, 167, 182, 183, 

200, 221, 240, 260 

natural resources, 2, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 38, 42, 

43, 49, 52, 56, 60, 69, 86, 87, 148, 152, 165, 

173, 187, 188, 196, 198, 206, 219, 226, 237, 

238, 246, 258, 266, 278 

nonmotorized boats, 54, 55, 63, 67, 203 

nonnative plants, 106, 172 

North Bar Lake, 47, 50, 54, 58, 61, 62, 66, 

127, 128, 151, 174, 185, 189, 201, 203, 208, 

222, 223, 227, 229, 241, 249, 261, 262, 267, 

268 

North Manitou Island, 13, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 

53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 74, 78, 

79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 99, 100, 101, 108, 109, 

110, 123, 134, 150, 168, 183, 186, 189, 191, 

193, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 

211, 213, 218, 220, 230, 233, 239, 241, 242, 

243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 

254, 257, 259, 261, 263, 265, 267, 270, 273 

orientation, 22, 41, 42, 50, 53, 57, 61, 65, 129, 

130, 147 

parking, 10, 28, 29, 32, 33, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50, 

51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 147, 148, 

149, 151, 164, 167, 168, 174, 180, 184, 186, 

188, 189, 190, 192, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 
Index 

335 

205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 218, 222, 

224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 236, 241, 242, 

243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 

256, 258, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 

269, 270, 272 

partner(s), 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 26, 32, 38, 51, 

53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 139, 146, 148, 

182, 183, 195, 215, 234, 255, 275 

Peterson Beach, 151 

Peterson Road, 50, 54, 58, 61, 66, 151, 241, 

243, 245, 248, 251, 258 

Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive, 12, 32, 47, 86, 

129, 130, 133, 143, 149, 151, 152, 164, 184, 

186, 188, 189, 192, 202, 203, 206, 208, 212, 

222, 224, 226, 228, 232, 242, 244, 246, 248, 

251, 252, 262, 264, 266, 267, 268, 272 

Platte River, 10, 12, 28, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 58, 

61, 62, 66, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 109, 112, 114, 

118, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 147, 

149, 151, 152, 156, 159, 164, 167, 172, 184, 

185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 197, 201, 

202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, 218, 

222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 237, 

241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 

252, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 

268, 269, 270, 271, 277, 278, 288 

Port Oneida, 12, 29, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 

61, 64, 65, 74, 94, 99, 100, 130, 133, 143, 

148, 152, 182, 191, 192, 199, 210, 213, 220, 

230, 232, 239, 251, 259, 270 

primary interpretive themes, 12, 129, 210, 

230, 250, 270, 281 

recreation, 7, 11, 12, 21, 25, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 

43, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 62, 66, 74, 78, 

79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 98, 130, 131, 133, 135, 

137, 139, 145, 146, 175, 178, 191, 192, 193, 

195, 196, 199, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 

216,뉐217, 220, 230, 232, 233, 236, 239, 

245, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259, 

264, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 277 

scenic road feasibility study 28 

Section 106, 46, 69, 97, 165, 166, 167, 182 

Sleeping Bear Plateau, 12, 52, 56, 64, 84, 86, 

87, 129, 134, 213, 232 

soils, 33, 76, 102, 115, 117, 120, 124, 156, 

157, 158, 167, 168, 184, 185, 188, 198, 201, 

202, 218, 222, 223, 227, 237, 241, 242, 258, 

261, 262, 278 

South Manitou Island, 12, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 

54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 74, 75, 

79, 84, 86, 87, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 

108, 112, 123, 124, 125, 130, 134, 139, 150, 

156, 157, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 200, 201, 

203, 210, 213, 221, 222, 224, 229, 230, 232, 

233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 250, 251, 

253, 254, 257, 260, 261, 263, 265, 267, 270, 

271, 272, 273 

South Manitou Island Light Station, 12 

special mandates, 2, 48, 281 

strategies, 4, 10, 16, 18, 48, 78, 212, 231, 232, 

245, 252, 264, 271, 272 

threatened and endangered species, 8, 

14,17, 18, 32, 33, 47, 49, 52, 56, 60, 64, 70, 

77, 93, 105, 106, 109, 110, 113-118, 119, 

121, 148, 170, 171, 172, 186, 187, 188, 204, 

206, 224, 225, 227, 244, 245, 247, 264, 266, 

267, 284 

threatened species, (see threatened and 

endangered species) 

Tiesma Road, 50, 54, 57, 58, 61, 66, 78, 149, 

151, 222, 224, 229, 230, 232, 237 

traffic, 32, 121, 143, 144, 146, 159, 167, 172, 

196, 197, 198, 201, 216, 217, 218, 235, 236, 

237, 256, 257, 258, 275, 276, 277, 278 

trails, 8, 24, 28, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 54, 55, 

57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 130, 

131, 134, 135, 147, 149, 168, 169, 180, 184, 

185, 187, 191, 193, 197, 200, 201, 203, 205, 

209, 210, 213, 218, 219, 223, 225, 233, 237, 

243, 245, 247, 252, 253, 257, 263, 265, 269, 

270, 273, 277 

treaty, 8, 14, 153, 154 

tribes, 14, 19, 25, 68, 69, 97, 153, 154, 155, 

285 

U.S. Life-Saving Service/station (see lifesaving service/station/complex)

user capacity, 2, 10, 17, 37, 44, 45, 46, 78, 

159, 109, 201, 202, 207, 208, 211, 212, 222, 

223, 227, 229, 231, 232, 241, 242, 248, 249, 

252, 261, 262, 267, 268, 271, 272, 282 

vegetation, 28, 33, 44, 45, 46, 76, 102, 105, 

106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 

123, 156, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 185, 

186, 188, 193, 198, 202, 203, 204, 207, 214, 

218, 223, 224, 227, 233, 237, 242, 243, 244, 

247, 248, 253, 258, 262, 263, 264, 267, 273, 

278 
INDEX

336 

vehicles, 8, 42, 50, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 69, 

122, 133, 134, 145, 147, 196, 224, 227, 229 

viewsheds, 22, 26 

visitor center, 42, 50, 53, 57, 61, 65, 129, 139, 

147, 148, 152, 190, 210, 230, 250, 254, 270, 

274 

visitor experience, 4, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21, 22, 

40, 44, 45, 46, 78, 89, 129, 165, 177, 180, 

211, 212, 217, 219, 231, 251, 252, 271 

water quality, 8, 16, 18, 45, 46, 77, 119, 120, 

126, 127, 128, 148, 158, 173, 174, 175, 190, 

208, 209, 229, 230, 249, 250, 268, 269 

water quantity, 18, 158 

wetland(s), 11, 12, 18, 30, 69, 77, 83, 107, 

110, 111, 113, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 134, 

173, 174, 175, 189, 190, 207, 208, 209, 227, 

228, 229, 230, 248, 249, 250, 267, 268, 269 

wheelchair, 50, 90, 152 

wild and scenic river, 93, 159 

wilderness, 2, 7, 8, 9, 13, 25, 38, 45, 49, 52, 

56, 60, 64, 71, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 

131, 133, 134, 146, 155, 163, 176, 177, 178, 

185, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 202, 204, 

206, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 223, 225, 227, 

232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 243, 245, 247, 253, 

254, 256, 258, 263, 264, 267, 272, 273, 275, 

276, 278, 281, 282 

Wilderness Act, 8, 83, 89, 133, 134, 177 

wilderness study, 7, 8, 83, 84, 133, 282 

wildlife, 14, 16, 18, 76, 106, 107, 108, 128, 

131, 135, 144, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 

177, 185, 186, 198, 202, 203, 204, 207, 218, 

223, 224, 227, 237, 242, 243, 244, 247, 248, 

258, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 278 
As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility 

for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering 

sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; 

preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and 

providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our 

energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests 

of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The 

department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for 

people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. 

NPS D-121 April 2008 

U S. . DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

MARCH 3, 1849
U.S. Department of the Interior • National Park Service • Denver Service Center

S l e e p i n g B e a r D u n e s N a t i o n a l L a k e s h o r e