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National Economic Development

Procedures Manual - Urban Flood

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Primer for Surveying Flood Damage for

Residential Structures and Contents

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION Sur PAGE veinaFoo

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leaev b~ank) 2. REPORT DATE 3REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERD

131 Oct 91 T

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS I

National Economic Development Procedures Manual - Urban

Flood Damage, Volume II: Primer for Surveying Flood

Damage for Residential Structures and Contents

S. AUTHOI(S)

Allan S. Mills

Stuart A. Davis

William J. Hansen

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADRES(S) B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers REPORT NUER

Water Resources Support CEnter IWR Report

Institute for Water Resources 91-R-10

Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5586

9. SPONSOR:NG/MONITORING AGENCY NAMM() AND ADDRESSME) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORING

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

CECW-PD

Washington, DC 20314-1000

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Available from National Technical Information Service,

5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161

12a. DISTRBUTIONIAVAILASITV STATEMENT ib. DISTRIBUTION COO1

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 woM)

This is the second in a series of manuals designed to provide procedures and

techniques to measure flood damage and to further implement the Principles and

Guidelines of the U.S. Water Resources Council. This manual is a primer for

conducting comprehensive flood damage and related surveys. It explains how

basic principles of survey research can be applied to data collection for flood

damage studies. Two prototype questionnaires (one face-to-face and one mail with a

preliminary telephone supplement) are presented. Examples from previous

applications of these questionnaires provide insight as to how they may be adapted

and implemented for future flood damage studies.

14. SUBJECT TERMS IS. NUMBER OF PAGES

Survey, Sampling, Questionnaires, Residential Structures, 174

Residential Contents, Flood Damage, National Economic 16. PRICE COO

Development

1?. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION M70. LtTATION Of ABSTRACT

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE Of ABSTRACT

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Same as Report

.. Standard Form 29 (Re, 2-1) PMusb" bw Alm S IM-I
NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES MANUAL -

URBAN FLOOD DAMAGE

Volume II

Primer for Surveying Flood Damae

for Residential Structures and Contents

! A 064-0*4t11 For

by o _____

Allan S. Mills t .

Stuart A. Davis LD i St

Av0t 4bi i-. 1

William J. Hansen • !A* 611lEand/ur jIodes 

Dist Spucial

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Water Resources Support Center

Institute for Water Resources QU- n

Ft. Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5586

October 1991 IWR Report 91-R-10
PREFACE

This manual was prepared as part of the National Economic Development

(NED) Procedures Manual Work Unit within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)

Planning Methodologies Research Program. Mr. William Hansen of the COE Water

Resources Support Center (WRSC), Institute for Water Resources (IWR), manages

this Work Unit under the general supervision of Mr. Michael Krouse, Chief of the

Research Division, Mr. Kyle Schilling, Director of IWR, and Mr. Kenneth Murdock,

Director of WRSC. Mr. Robert Daniel (CECW-PD) is the Technical Monitor for

Headquarters, COE.

Dr. Allan Mills, School of Community and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth

University (VCU), co-authored this manual while serving under the terms of an

Intergovernmental Personnel Act appointment with IWR.

Much of the information presented in this manual is based on the development

and application of two different survey instruments used in on-going flood damage

studies. Participating COE Districts and their study areas included: Baltimore

District - the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania; Galveston District - Houston, Texas;

and Los Angeles District - Santa Ana River Basin of California. Susan Durden,

Formedy Acting Chief of Economics of the Corps Baltimore District; David Miller, Chief

of Economics; and Clifford Kidd, Economist for that District, helped to facilitate the

Wyoming Valley study. Also assisting with that study were James Brozena, P.E. -

Luzerne County Engineer, and Jack Ruane - Flood Coordinator for the Luzerne

iii
County Flood Protection Planning Board. The Houston study was facilitated with the

help of Frank Incaprera, Former Chief of Economics for the Corps Galveston District.

Also assisting from that District were Carol Hollaway, social scientist, and Roger

Freeman, economist. Director, Dr. Wayne Jordan and Tobie Smith of the Texas

Water Resources Institute at Texas A & M University also provided valuable

assistance. Several individuals helped to facilitate the Santa Ana study in California.

They include Ron Conner, Chief of Economics for the Corps Los Angeles District, and

Patricia Luvender, economist with that District. Also of great assistance were Terrie

Madeiras, Project Manager for the Orange County Lower Santa Ana River Project,

and George Snider, Orange County Public Works Department.

Dr. Margot Garcia, Chair, and Dr. Gary Johnson of the Urban Studies and

Planning Department at VCU, provided valuable assistance in designing and

implementing the Wyoming Valley and Santa Ana River Basin data collection efforts.

Dr. Diana Weigmann, Assistant Director for Research Administration at the Virginia

Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

also provided critical administrative assistance in facilitating the VCU data collection

for these projects.

S
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE...................................................... i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1

BACKGROUND..............................................1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE .... ................................... 1

INTENDED AUDIENCE ........................................ 2

ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL ............................... 2

CHAPTER 11 DETERMINING OBJECTIVES AND DATA NEEDS...............7

ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS OF FLOOD WARNING

AND PREPAREDNESS SYSTEMS...........................9

DAMAGE ANALYSIS.........................................11

DESCRIPTIVE PROFILE OF POPULATION ........................ 14

CONTENT AND STRUCTURE VALUES ........................... 15

UPDATE..................................................17

OTHER OBJECTIVES ........................................ 18

CHAPTER III SELECTING SURVEY APPROACH ......................... 19

FACE-TO-FACE ............................................. 19

MAIL.................................................... 20

TELEPHONE.............................................. 22

COMBINATION ............................................. 23
Table of Contents (Continued)

CHAPTER IV DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE ...................... 27

QUESTION RELEVANCE .................................... 29

QUESTION CONSTRUCTION ................................. 29

QUESTION VALIDITY ....................................... 31

QUESTION RELIABILITY .................................... 33

QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT .................................. 34

FACE-TO-FACE ...................................... 35

M A IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 36

OTHER REVISIONS FOR A CHANGED METHOD OF

ADMINISTRATION .................................... 38

PRETESTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE ........................... 40

CHAPTER V DESIGNING AND DRAWING THE SAMPLE ................. 43

SAMPLING FRAME ........................................ 43

SAM PLE SIZE ............................................ 44

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS .............................. 45

CATEGORICAL QUESTIONS ............................ 46

SMALL POPULATIONS ................................. 47

SMALL SAMPLES FROM LARGER POPULATIONS ............ 48

ALTERNATIVE SAMPLING METHODS .......................... 48

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING ........................... 48

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING ............................... 49

CLUSTER SAMPLING .................................. 51

MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING .............................. 52

STRATIFICATION ..................................... 54

vi
Table of Contents (Continued)

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................. 58

SMALLER SAMPLES....................................58

SMALL SAMPLES OVER TIME ............................. 59

CHAPTER VI SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION.............................61

INTERVIEWER SELECTION .................................... 61

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS................................61

SOURCES ............................................ 62

INTERVIEWER TRAINING.....................................63

FACE-TO-FACE ........................................ 63

TELEPHONE..........................................67

IMPLEMENTATION .......................................... 68

FACE-TO-FACE ........................................ 69

TELEPHONE..........................................70

MAIL................................................72

CHAPTER VII RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS ....................... 75

IMPLEMENTATION .......................................... 75

FACE-TO-FACE ........................................ 75

MAIL................................................77

QUESTIONNAIRE MODIFICATION...............................78

FACE-TO-FACE ........................................ 78

MAIL................................................81

vii
Table of Contents (Concluded)

CHAPTER VIII SUMMARY ........................................ 83

DEFINING OBJECTIVES ..................................... 83

SELECTING SURVEY METHOD ............................... 84

DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE ............................ 85

DRAW ING A SAMPLE ...................................... 86

SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION ................................. 87

FURTHER APPLICATIONS ................................... 88

LITERATURE CITED ............................................ 89

APPENDIX A FACE-TO-FACE QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTRODUCTORY

LETT E R ........................................... 91

APPENDIX B TELEPHONE SURVEY SCRIPT, MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE, AND

COVER LETTERS ................................... 135

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Number Number

1. STEPS IN SURVEY RESEARCH METHOD ............................. 3

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Number Number

1. GEOGRAPHICAL STRATIFICATION OF FLOOD PLAIN - SANTA ANA STUDY AREA .... 56

2. GEOGRAPHICAL STRATIFICATION OF FLOOD PLAIN - WYOMING VALLEY

STUDY A REA ............................................ 57

Viii
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

There is a continued need for improved techniques for identifying and

measuring flood damage mitigation benefits. Research, being conducted under the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Planning Methodologies Research Program, is

addressing such issues as depth-damage relationships, content-to-structure value

ratios, and the evaluation of flood warning programs. As part of this research effort, a

series of residential surveys were conducted to provide needed data for analyses,

specific results of which will be reported elsewhere.

From the series of residential surveys, prototype questionnaires have evolved

for potential use in other flood control studies. These prototypes are very

comprehensive and may address more survey objectives or may collect more detailed

information than would normally be included in a planning study. Adaptation of all or

part of these questionnaires to other flood control studies, however, has two benefits:

1) Corps districts and others using them will not have to completely "re-invent the

wheel" of flood survey instrumentation; 2) resulting data from a series of similarly

conducted flood control studies could contribute to a national data base, making

further analyses possible.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This is a primer for conducting comprehensive flood damage surveys. It

explains how the basic principles of survey research can be applied to data collection
for flood damage studies. Two prototype questionnaires (one face- to-face, and one

mail with a preliminary telephone supplement) are presented. Examples from previous

applications provide insight as to how these questionnaires may be adapted and

implemented for future flood damage studies.

This manual is not meant to provide a comprehensive introduction to survey

research methodology. Some familiarity with the survey method by the reader is

assumed. A subsequent manual in this overall National Economic Development series

will expand on many of the basic surv~y research issues not included here.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This manual is primarily intended for use by Corps economists, other planners

and administrators who must conduct flood damage surveys. It may also be useful for

communities, states and other agencies who may participate as a non-Federal

sponsor in a Corps study or who must design and implement their own flood damage

survey. Distribution to non-Federal sponsors is encouraged whether or not they intend

to take an active part in the flood damage analysis.

ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL

Following this introductory chapter, the manual is divided into chapters which

generally correspond to the steps of the survey process as applied in flood damage

studies. Some steps of the survey process must be completed in sequence, while

others can be done simultaneously. The survey process, as illustrated in Table 1,

consists of eleven steps, which differ somewhat depending upon the type of survey

that is conducted: face-to-face, mail, or telephone. "I ,.3 manual, designed as a

2
primer for survey design and implementation, addresses the first seven of these steps,

b' not the last four, pertaining primarily to data processing and report writing.

TABLE 1

STEPS IN SURVEY RESEARCH METHOD

Face-to-Face Telephone Mail

Surveys Surveys Surveys

1. Define Objectives 1. Define Objectives 1. Define Objectives

2. Select Survey Method 2. Select Survey Method 2. Select Survey Method

3. Design Questionnaire 3. Design Questionnaire 3. Design Questionnaire

4. Pretest 4. Pretest 4. Pretest

a. Questionnaire a. Questionnaire a. Questionnaire

b. Interview Process b. Interview Process b. Cover Letters

c. Mail Procedures

5. Draw Sample 5. Draw Sample 5. Draw Sample

6. Select and Train 6. Select and Train 6. Select and Train

Interviewers Interviewers Personnel

7. Conduct Interviews 7. Conduct Interviews 7. Conduct Mail-Out(s)

a. Visit Residences a. Initial Calls a. Initial Mailing

b. Followup Visits b. Followup Call-Backs b. Follow-up Mailings

c. Manage Raw Data c. Manage Raw Data c. Manage Raw Data

d. Supervise Interviewers d. Supervise Interviewers d. Supervise Personnel

8. Assess Non-Response 8. Assess Non-Response 8. Assess Non-Response

9. Code Data 9. Code Data 9. Code Data

10. Analyze Data 10. Analyze Data 10. Analyze Data

11. Write Final Repo.1 11. Write Final Report 11. Write Final Report

3

IW~li iEi m mi E i i
It is very important that early in the process the objectives of the flood i

mitigation study be clearly defined (Step 1). Only after the study objectives are

identified can it be determined whether or not a survey is the best method to obtain

needed data, and what the more specific objectives of the survey should be. In

Chapter II some typical objectives of flood mitigation studies are discussed as well as

potential information needs.

Once the type of information needed and from whom it must be collected are

identified, consideration can be given for selecting a survey approach (Step 2). There

are basically three different ways to conduct a survey: face-to-face, telephone and

mail. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of each method and some of the

comparisons judged most relevant for determining which type of survey is best for

different flood mitigation study situations are summarized in Chapter II1.

The interrelated steps of designing (Step 3) and pretesting (Step 4) the

questionnaire and survey procedures are addressed in Chapter IV. Discussed in this

chapter are such issues as question relevance, validity, reliability and construction and

questionnaire format; all of which should be given careful consideration when adapting

the prototype questionnaires, or other previously used survey instruments, for use in

new studies. Also discussed is the often overlooked step of pretesting, which is

important even when only minor revisions are made to previously used questionnaires

or survey procedures.

Sampling is an excellent means of reducing overall study data collection cost.

Extreme care must be taken, however, to insure the sample selected is truly

4
Srepresentative of the population from which it is drawn. In Chapter V, the general

steps for designing and drawing a sample (Step 5) for flood damage surveys are

described. Also discussed are alternative sampling methods and some special

considerations relevant to flood mitigation studies.

The steps of selecting and training interviewers/personnel (Step 6) and

conducting the survey (Step 7) are addressed in Chapter VI. Considerations for

selection of, and suggested training for, interviewers who will be contacting the public

(with face-to-face and/or telephone surveys) are discussed. Survey implementation

procedures for all three of the basic survey methods are illustrated through discussion

of the previous applications of the prototype questionnaires.

Some recommendations for improving the prototype questionnaires, based on

0experience gleaned from previous applications are presented in Chapter VII. Chapter

VIII provides a general summary. The manual concludes with two appendices.

Appendix A contains the prototype face-to-face questionnaire, the letter announcing

the survey, and the prior letter of introduction used in the Houston study. Appendix B

contains the supplementary telephone survey script, the prototype mail questionnaire,

cover letters, and post cards used in the Santa Ana River Basin and Wyoming Valley

applications.

5
6
P CHAPTER II

DETERMINING OBJECTIVES AND DATA NEEDS

It is very important that the overall objectives of the flood mitigation study be

clearly defined. Only after the study objectives are identified can it be determined

whether or not a survey is the best source to obtain any needed data, and what the

more specific objectives of the survey effort should be. There may be just one study

objective or several. It is usually cost effective to include more than one study

objective in large scale flood damage survey efforts, because fixed costs of identifying

the sample and contacting interviewees remain the same. If a survey is to be used,

specific objectives of the survey are formulated based upon the specific kinds of data

* needs dictated by the study objectives.

The prototype questionnaires in Appendices A and B were developed and

implemented to support both research and project-specific planning needs. As part of

its Planning Methodologies Research Program, IWR is investigating several flood

mitigation topics, including: 1) empirically deriving depth-damage functions and other

damage (e.g., evacuation costs) relations and statistically testing factors (e.g., duration

of flooding) that might influence these relationships; 2) empirically quantifying content

values and deriving methods for predicting the influence of affluence and other factors

over time; and 3) developing procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of flood

warning systems.

As described later in this chapter, the questionnaire in Appendix A was

designed to collect information to support all of the above research needs. Socio7
economic profiles of respondents were also collected for sampling purposes and to

support data analysis. Much of the data collected was also intended to be used to

support an on-going flood mitigation study in Houston, Texas, where the survey data

were collected.

The objectives for the prototype questionnaire in Appendix B were more

narrowly focused. It was developed and implemented, primarily, to respond to an

Army Audit Agency review that was critical of contents-to-structure ratios used in flood

mitigation studies for the Santa Ana Flood Control Project in Orange County,

California, and the Wyoming Valley Levee Raising Project in Luzerne County,

Pennsylvania. The primary survey objective, therefore, was to collect data needed to

empirically verify existing content-to-structure ratios and to provide supporting socioeconomic profiles for data analysis. As described in more detail in Chapter VI, the 0

relevant portions of the questionnaire in Appendix A were excerpted and modified as

necessary to address the more limited objectives for these planning studies. The

data, however, were collected in a consistent manner so they could be compared with

previously collected data from the Houston study for research purposes.

Following is a discussion of some of the more typical study objectives that

might be included in flood damage survey efforts. Included is a brief discussion of

information needs to support these objectives and references to particular questions or

sections of the questionnaires in Appendices A and B that were used to collect this

information. The objectives are discussed in the general order that questions

supporting them were included in the questionnaire. The reasons for this ordering are

8
discussed in more detail in Chapter IV on questionnaire design. Some specific

questions do support more than one study objective. For example, questions

identifying content and structure values are also important in deriving depth-damage

relationships.

ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS OF FLOOD WARNING

AND PREPAREDNESS SYSTEMS

One potential flood damage study objective is to assess the effectiveness of

flood warning and preparedness systems. To address this objective, surveys can be

used to collect detailed information on residents' awareness of watches and warnings

issued before the flood. The survey can also document the type of actions taken by

residents as a result of hearing these messages. Survey questions can be used to

D1 document any environmental cues (e.g. seeing the river level rise or continued heavy

rain) to which individuals respond, the actions they take to prevent damages, and the

amount of damages they are able to prevent in response to a warning message.

The first part of the Appendix A questionnaire, (Questions 1-30, pages 97-105)

address the flood warning process. Question 1 is used to determine whether or not

respondents were living in the residence at the time of the flood, and Question 2

determines which month the residence was flooded (if at all). The Houston area

experienced floods in both May and June of 1989, and questions, throughout the

survey, were to apply to the first of those floods that reached the respondent's home.

Questions 3 through 5 determine how respondents perceive flood risk, whether they

have experienced flooding, and if they evacuated in response to threat of flooding.

Questions 6 through 9 determine whether respondents heard a message about

9
possible flooding prior to the flood, what the message was understood to say, and

what day and time the message occurred. The time of the message was needed to

determine how long, relative to the onset of the flood (determined by Question 11), it

took to get the message out to the public and how long respondents had to react.

Question 10 determines the form in which the message was received. Question 12

determines how respondents responded to the message and Question 13 rates the

strength of the respondent's belief in the message.

It is sometimes necessary to issue more than one warning, and at different

levels of severity, to get people to respond to messages. Question 14 is used to

determine whether or not more than one message was received. If so, then

Questions 15 through 20 are used to obtain similar information for the second

message as was obtained for the first (with Questions 7 through 13). Questions 21

through 23 ask about any more messages received, and Question 24 asks for

suggestions for ways to improve the current flood warning system.

If a warning message is received it cannot be assumed that everyone receiving

it will take preventive action. Questions 25 through 29 determine whether or not

residents evacuated their residence, the day and time of evacuation, the reason for

evacuation, mode of evacuation, and time it took to get out of the area of danger. For

those who received a warning message but did not evacuate, Question 30 determines

their reasons for not evacuating.

Some additional questions needed to complete the evaluation of the

effectiveness of flood warning systems were included in the second part of the

10
questionnaire in Appendix A, addressing costs and damages. Questions 31 through

33 (page 106) are used to determine the costs of evacuation. Question 45 (page 109)

determines the amount of time that was available to spend on damage prevention.

This information can be used to construct a "damage prevented lead-time" curve.

Questions 46 through 48 ask about additional damages that might have been

prevented if additional time were available. These questions were also included to

provide data for construction of a hypothetical "damage prevention lead time" curve.

In our application, however, respondents had difficulty in providing this hypothetical

information, and the questions were subsequently dropped from the interview.

Additional information to evaluate flood warning and preparedness systems is included

in the content inventory form, described below in the section on content and structure

values. Questions on whether preventive action was taken and whether an item was

elevated or moved out of the structure are included.

DAMAGE ANALYSIS

One of the most important tools analysts have for estimating residential flood

damage is depth-damage functions. Consequently, a frequent objective of Corps flood

damage surveys is to collect data needed to derive these functions.

Depth-damage functions describe the relationship between the level of

inundation to water in a structure and the amount of damage sustained. The level of

sustained damage is generally measured as percent damage-to-structure and percent

damage-to-contents. Percent damage-to-structure is defined by the structure damage

as a percentage of total structure value, and percent damage-to-contents is defined by

11
content damage as a percentage of the total value of the contents. The structure is

defined as the building itself and its components, as well as built-in appliances,

shelves and carpeting. Contents includes all those items within the structure not

permanently attached.

There are two types of depth-damage information which can be collected: 1)

historic damage from actual floods recent enough that most flood victims will still be

there and have records and recollections of their damages; and 2) in cases where

there has not been recent flooding, an inventory of existing "damageable property" for

estimating synthetic depth-damage relationships. Synthetic depth-damage

relationships are derived by estimating the amount of damage that would likely occur

for various levels of flooding, rather than by actual flood experience. Whether the

depth-damage relations are based on actual damage or synthetic damage estimates, it 0

is necessary to obtain estimates of structure and content value, described in more

detail in a following section.

While depth-damage functions describe direct physical losses, it is also

important to make a full accounting of the other costs of flooding that have occurred.

For instance, costs of clean-up and temporary relocation are generally not included in

standard depth-damage functions. These other costs of flooding may also be related

to depth, duration of flooding, the amount of sediment in the water, or some other

factor.

Part II of the Appendix A questionnaire (Questions 31-52, pages 106-110) was

used to determine flood damage and costs incurred for different types of properties

12
and possessions. It provides much of the basic data for determining depth-damage

and other damage relations. As noted above, Questions 31-33, and 45-48 are used

primarily in the evaluation of the effectiveness of flood warning systems.

Questions 34 and 35 ask for the number of days and estimated wages lost as a

result of the flood. Question 36 is used to determine the value of the residence before

the flood occurred, and Question 37 obtains information on number of vehicles and

vehicle damage. Question 38 asks whether or not the resident had National Flood

Insurance coverage at the time of the flood, and Questions 39b. and 41b. ask how

much in insurance payments they expected to receive. The flood insurance question

was included to determine the impact of flooding on the individual households, that is

to determine what portion of their losses would likely be covered by flood insurance.

More specifically for depth-damage functions, Questions 39-44 obtain

information on type and amount of structure damage, total amount of content damage

(more specific information on specific content damage is asked under the content

inventory described below), amount of structure and content damage covered by

insurance payments, and information on the depth and duration of flooding.

The end of Part II of the questionnaire (Questions 49-52) obtains information on

time and costs of clean up and repair and damage or cost incurred from such other

activities, as storage, vandalism or looting.

Additional depth-damage information was included in the inventory form,

described below under content and structure values. Questions relating the elevation

13
of each room to the first floor level and the elevation of each item relative to the floor is

of that room were included to make synthetic damage estimates.

DESCRIPTIVE PROFILE OF POPULATION

A very basic, but important, objective of most flood damage studies is to

describe the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the floodplain

population. Census data can be used to address this study objective in a very general

way, but for the most accurate description a survey is usually required. To describe

the floodplain population, questions such as sex, ethnicity, marital status, age,

education, and income are either asked in the survey questionnaire or observed by a

survey interviewer. The third part of the questionnaire in Appendix A (Questions 53-

61, pages 111-112) were used to record these characteristics.

The demographic and socio-economic "background" questions included in a

survey questionnaire are often important for data analysis in support of other study

objectives or purposes. Resident characteristics such as education may make a

difference in flood warning response, and can be included in analyses associated with

flood watch/warning studies. Socio-demographic data can also be used to determine

if content-to-structure ratios vary by some of these characteristics. If they do, ratios

can be estimated or projected based on the underlying characteristics. The

characteristic of home ownership, which is requested by Question 57 in Appendix A,

may be important to consider when calculating depth/damage relationships.

Descriptive profiles can also be used for post-stratification weighting procedures

to adjust for differences between sample characteristics and population characteristics

14
documented by the U.S. census or other sources. Examples from the Appendix A

questionnaire of variables typically used for this purpose are race/ethnicity, marital

status, age, education, and income.

CONTENT AND STRUCTURE VALUES

Determining structure and content values are a basic part of the floodplain

inventory. Survey data can be important sources of both. In either case specific

information from floodplain residents can be much more valuable than that from any

secondary source.

For Corps flood damage analysis, depreciated replacement values are to be

used in estimating structure value. Market value is only to be used if it can be

demonstrated that it closely approximates depreciated replacement value (Engineering

Regulation 1105-2-100, paragraph 6-167). Depreciated replacement values are

believed to more closely measure the value of economic welfare subject to flood loss

than market values.

Depreciated replacement values for structures can be determined by using the

data and programs developed by firms such as Marshall and Swift Company of Los

Angeles, California, or E.H. Boeckh and Company, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. When

this is done, a survey may still serve an important purpose. The survey questionnaire

can document detailed information about each structure, which is then used as input

for the value estimating procedure. Page 1151 of Part IV of the Appendix A

questionnaire and Questions 1-10 (pages 161-162) of the Appendix B questionnaire

1A cautionary note on the use of this form is the subjective nature of item "CO 5 Effective Age."

Interviewer training is required to ensure consistent and reliable information is collected for this variable.

15
were used to obtain the information needed (e.g. building style, construction materials,

and heating and cooling systems) to use the Marshall-Swift residential estimator

program.

Another method to estimate structure values is to include valuation questions in

a survey questionnaire; simply asking the respondents what they perceive their

structure (home) is worth. For example, Question 36 in Appendix A asks for

approximate market value of the home. The "market valuen includes land value, which

later must be deducted. But, as stated above, these market values should only be

used if they can be shown to closely approximate the depreciated replacement value.

A contents inventory can provide information on what contents are present, and

can also provide either direct estimates of their value or information such as age and

condition which can later be used to estimate their value. Inventory forms are

included in both prototype questionnaires. The inventory form can be completed by

an interviewer (part V of the Appendix A questionnaire, pages 117-133), or by the

respondent (pages 149-160 of the Appendix B questionnaire).

The inventory forms are used to identify specific content items located in the

residential structure, not only at the time of the interview, but also during the time a

previous flood occurred. Additional information such as physical location (e.g. room

and/or elevation), age, and/or condition of content items ,an also be recorded. In our

use of the Appendix A questionnaire, a range of suggested item replacement costs

was also included on the inventory form. It was shown to respondents to help elicit an

estimate of replacement costs if they otherwise found it difficult to provide such an

16
estimate. Replacement cost was defined as the approximate cost of an item if it was

to be purchased new at the time of the interview.

The inventory form for the face-to-face survey has multiple purposes. The

value data, the location of the room relative to the first floor, the location of the item

relative to the floor, and the amount of damage can be useful in determining both

synthetic depth-damage functions and depth-damage functions based on actual flood

experience. Questions related to whether preventive action was taken and whether

the item was elevated or evacuated are useful in determining the extent of flood

warning response.

Th content and structure value information, determined from flood surveys,

can be used to determine content-to-structure value ratios. Content-to-structure value

ratios measure the value of a building's contents as a percentage of the value of the

structure. These ratios might be applied on a generalized basis to the entire project

area or to other projects in the same district. Adjustments in content-to-structure value

ratios can be made by the application of regression analysis, accounting for such

factors as income, tenure, and marital status of the population as well as square

footage and market value of the structure.

UPDATE

A survey objective may be to determine whether or not significant changes

have occurred in data previously collected. In this case it may be useful to conduct a

small scale survey asking a few select questions of a small sample. For example,

Questions Q17 through Q20 in Appendix B provided baseline information on the

17
proportion of floodplain households with flood insurance for the Pennsylvania and

California study areas surveyed. Future small scale survey results using these same

questions would provide a crude test for changes in the information obtained. Results

might be used to make a decision regarding whether or not households in the survey

region should be encouraged to acquire flood insurance, or to assess the results of

any such efforts made at a previous point in time. Results of the update survey may

also be used to determine whether or not a more detailed survey is need.

OTHER OBJECTIVES

Surveys may be designed to collect appropriate information for one or more of

the above study objectives at the same time. Additional study objectives may be

determined by the flood damage analyst. A local government project sponsor or state

government agency also may have additional objectives, which a Corps survey can

help fulfill. Questions 17 through 20 in the Appendix B survey were included at the

request of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, officials to help with their flood mitigation

strategies. It must be remembered, however, that adding additional study objectives

to any one survey usually means adding additional survey questions and increasing

questionnaire length. At some point a maximum tolerable length will be reached.

18
CHAPTER III

SELECTING SURVEY APPROACH

There are basically three alternative methods of survey design and

administration: face-to-face surveys, telephone surveys, and mail surveys. The

strengths and weaknesses of each method in terms of different performance

characteristics have been compared in a comprehensive table by Dillman (1978: 74-

75). Some of the comparisons judged most relevant for determining which type of

survey is best for different flood damage study situations are summarized below.

FACE-TO-FACE

A face-to-face survey instrument is generally best for getting high response to

long and complex flood damage interviews. In a face-to-face situation interviewers

can verify that responses to survey questions are obtained from the appropriate

respondent or spokesperson. They can also clarify survey questions for respondents

and obtain complete answers. Interviewers usually record all answers given, saving

the respondent this task as compared to a self-administered mail questionnaire.

However, face-to-face surveys are generally more costly and require more personnel

than telephone and mail survey alternatives. With face-to-face surveys, there is also

the risk of the interviewer introducing bias or distorting the data collected, but this can

be rinimized with good interviewer training (see Chapter VI).

Critical considerations as to what type of survey is most appropriate for a

particular application include the type of information to be collected, the length of the

* questionnaire and the size of the area from which information must be collected.

19
Face-to-face interviews are generally more appropriate than either mail or telephone

surveys when the questionnaire is long (e.g. 15 pages or more) or very detailed. The

questionnaire in Appendix A was designed to address several research objectives. As

such it was quite lengthy, 36 pages, and often required obtaining considerable detail

from the respondents. In addition, the Houston floodplain area was a relatively small

geographic area that could be efficiently surveyed with a face-to-face approach. For

these reasons, and to ensure a good response rate, the face-to-face approach was

considered most desirable.

MAIL

Mail surveys may be appropriate for some flood damage studies. This is

especially true when households must be sampled in a large geographical area for

which face-to-face household interviews surveys would be very costly. Mail surveys

are generally less successful for questions which are complex, long, or open-ended

(requiring a written response rather than a choice from a list of answers).

With a mail survey, the absence of an interviewer does eliminate the chance for

interviewer bias, however, it practically eliminates any possibility of assisting the

respondents in understanding the questions asked. Therefore the questions must be

as unambiguous as possible. Even if mail respondents are invited to telephone the

analyst at no cost when they do not understand something in the questionnaire, they

will seldom take the time to do so. However, many will telephone if they are angry or

upset. Several potential respondents to the Appendix B mail questionnaire phoned to

indicate they felt the level of detail being requested for the home content inventory

20
was excessively intrusive. In such cases, the callers benefitted by being able to vent

their feelings. It was explained to them why this detail was needed for accurate value

estimates, but they were told they did have the right to refuse to provide the

information if they so desired.

Mail surveys are usually lower in cost than other methods, but can be very

expensive when lengthy questionnaires must be mailed repeatedly with first class

postage. Mail surveys also usually take the longest time to implement. This is

because a 'wave technique' is generally required to assure an adequate response. It

involves several questionnaire "waves" or repeat mailings, which are sent to each

household until a response is achieved. All of this can rarely be completed in less

than two months. Response to mail surveys is typically not as high as with other

* survey methods, even with careful attention to proper procedure. The poorer the initial

response, the greater the additional cost and effort needed for repeat mailings.

Techniques, such as using a booklet format for the questionnaire and hand

signing each cover letter sent with the questionnaire, can help to increase response.

However, response to long and detailed flood damage questionnaires is likely to be

biased toward those who are more highly motivated to fill out tWe questionnaire or

more likely to have the time to do so. Corrections for these biases can sometimes be

made during analysis of the data, provided biases are identified during data collection.

Data can be weighted relative to characteristics of the overall population if one or

more population groups are under- or over-represented in the sample. Analysis

21
procedures such as multiple regression can also be used to generate results with

appropriately weighted coefficients.

A mail questionnaire was used in the Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley studies

because of the large geographic areas involved, particularly for Santa Ana, and the

judgement that a sufficiently sophisticated and workable mail data collection instrument

could be developed. The questionnaire was formatted to produce both an original and

a carbonless copy of the content inventory. The carbonless copy was to be retained

by respondents for their own personal records and was included in the design as an

incentive to get respondents to take the time to complete and return the questionnaire.

A preliminary telephone contact was also included to explain the study to all potential

respondents, and to obtain verbal commitments for completing the mail survey.

TELEPHONE

Similar to face-to-face surveys, telephone surveys also require using trained

interviewers who read survey questions to respondents and record the responses.

Telephone surveys generally require the least number of days to complete, because

interviewers do not have to physically travel to the residences being surveyed and it is

not necessary to wait for questionnaires to be mailed back. Telephone surveys are

also generally less costly than face-to-face surveys.

There are limits to the amount and complexity of information that it is possible

to get from respondents over the telephone. The amount of time respondents are

willing to spend answering questions by telephone is 31so limited. Lengthy questions

and long lists of answer choices are difficult for some respondents to comprehend

22
.over the telephone. Also, there may be a reluctance to answer questions considered

very personal or confidential over the phone. Examples might be background

questions such as family income, structure and contents values, and flood loss

information. For these reasons telephone surveys are usually not the best method for

conducting long and complex flood damage interviews.

A telephone survey may be appropriate for a flood damage survey objective for

which the required survey questions do not have the above limitations. An example

would be assessing the effectiveness of flood warning and preparedness systems.

Questions 1 through 30 of the Appendix A questionnaire could be easily adapted for a

telephone survey script to collect the data necessary to address this objective. Most

of these questions should be relatively easy for respondents to answer and would not

* result in a lengthy interview. A letter mailed in advance of the telephone call may be

helpful in alerting respondents to the reason for the interview and to any questions for

which facts may need to be gathered from personal records.

COMBINATION

Combining telephone, mail and/or face-to-face components in a survey may be

a better approach in some instances than using any one method by itself. Telephone

surveys are recommended for short preliminary interviews to select (screen)

appropriate respondents and get their commitment to respond to a later face-to-face or

mail survey. They also can be used for followup interviews to determine reasons for

refusals to participate in face-to-face interviews and for non-response to mail surveys.

23
As mentioned earlier, a preliminary telephone survey was combined with the

mail survey procedure used to survey residents in the Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley

studies. Both telephone and mail components of that survey are included in Appendix

B and described in more detail in Chapter VI. A telephone contact was first used to

explain the study to selected respondents and get their commitment to complete a

mail questionnaire. The questionnaire was then sent with a persuasive cover letter

and self-addressed, postage-paid return envelope. This was followed by a reminder

post card to all respondents, and later, with a second letter and questionnaire sent to

those who had not responded within three weeks. A final telephone call was made to

a sample of those who did not return their questionnaire two or more months after the

initial mailing. The telephone call documented reasons for refusals to respond and

asked several demographic questions to check for non-response bias. S

In some situations a mail survey may be conducted first, followed by a face-toface or telephone survey. Instead of a full scale survey, the initial mail contact may be

only a letter to alert potential respondents to a future telephone or face-to-face

interview. A map or other illustration needed for the following interview may also be

mailed with this kind of preliminary letter.

A face-to-face contact may also be used to precede a mail and/or telephone

survey. Interviewers can make an initial face-to-face contact, leaving a self

administered questionnaire to be mailed back or telephoned in when completed.

Survey procedures may also combine face-to-face, telephone, and mail

methods all in the same survey. One example of this would be making the original

2

24
contact by telephone, mailing the questionnaire to those consenting to be interviewed,

and picking it up in person from respondents at an agreed upon date rather than

waiting for it to be returned. Personal contact at the time questionnaires are collected

might increase the number and completeness of questionnaires returned. If

necessary, a supplementary face-to-face interview could be conducted at the pickup

time to fill in questionnaire omissions or obtain additional information.

Combining several methods may become just as costly as designing a

complete face-to-face survey. If so, and all other considerations are equal, a face-toface survey should generally be used. There may, however, be very good reasons to

consider conducting combination surveys that are as costly or more expensive than

face-to-face surveys. These include: time constraints for completing the overall study,

* the need for the respondent to have time to study a questionnaire or gather factual

information requested before responding, and getting a higher response rate than

would otherwise be possible.

2

25
26
CHAPTER IV

DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Questionnaires can be totally designed from scratch or be revisions of previous

questionnaires. When previous questionnaires are used as a point of departure, it is

usually necessary to modify them for conditions unique to each flood damage study.

This may mean only a slight redesign, in which case many of the same questions are

repeated word-for-word, or the design of a new questionnaire in which most questions

have to be reworded or are completely different. Minor changes in an existing

questionnaire may sufficiently adapt it for study purposes while allowing sufficient

comparability with data collected over time and in other regions of the country.

P1 However, even this type of survey redesign typically involves some reformatting and

rearrangement of the questions used in prior surveys.

For Corps analysts one source of previous questionnaires is the Approved

Questionnaire Items for Collection of Planning Data (IWR 1984). This compendium

of questionnaire items includes, not only items from questionnaires used in previously

conducted flood surveys, but also items from other types of water resources

development surveys. The compendium is used to periodically (every three years)

obtain the necessary Office of Management and Budget clearance for public surveys

to obtain planning data. General administrative guidelines for using the OMB

approved questionnaires are provided in Engineer Regulation 1105-2-100.

The compendium provides the analyst with a helpful start in identifying

appropriate questionnaire items and/or question formats for collection of needed data.

27
The analyst then proceeds to redesign, reformat, and combine items into an

acceptable first draft questionnaire for the desired study (as was done in the

development of the prototype questionnaires). Only questions meeting the intent of

the OMB approved questions should be used. Several draft iterations are usually

necessary before an acceptable final draft questionnaire is developed. This final

questionnaire should again be compared to the compendium of approved items to

make sure that, at least in a generic sense, all types of included question content has

been previously approved.

!n addition to adhering to previously approved question content, the analyst

must also comply with OMB guidelines concerning implementation of the Privacy Act

of 1974 (P.L. 93-579). This Act requires the protection of the privacy (confidentiality)

of respondents. The questionnaire design should include introductory statements

assuring: 1) confidentiality will be maintained, 2) respondent participation is voluntary,

and 3) respondents have the right to refuse to answer any, or all, questions. These

statements can be written on the questionnaire to be read by the respondents

(Appendix B, page 148), included in introductory or accompanying letters (Appendix B,

pages 141 and 142), and/or included in introductory statements made by an

interviewer (Appendix A, page 95; Appendix B, page 139).

There are several other particularly important considerations for designing

survey questionnaires. These include question relevance, proper construction of

questions, validity, reliability, and the overall formatting of the questionnaire. Survey

design also depends in part on the method of survey administration: face-to-face, mail,

28
telephone, or some combination of these methods. The final draft of any survey

questionnaire is also dependent upon pretest results and subsequent revisions,

additions, or deletions found to be necessary.

QUESTION RELEVANCE

Those who design survey questionnaires often are tempted to include extra

questions simply because they think these questions might be interesting to ask. Most

often the responses to these questions contribute little or nothing to the survey results.

Such questions do not belong in the survey questionnaire, and they constitute a

needless imposition on the respondents. All questions should be reviewed to assure

they are providing information needed to respond to overall study objectives. To test

for relevance, the analyst should ask him/herself exactly how each question relates to

' one or more of the study objectives, and how the results of the questions might be

used. If no link to study objectives can be determined for a question, it probably

should be dropped from the questionnaire. Including questions which are obviously

not related to study objectives may cause some respondents to refuse to complete the

questionnaire, or to answer questions less carefully and thereby reduce the overall

validity of response.

QUESTION CONSTRUCTION

Generally in attempting to evaluate how well the questions are written, the

analyst should ask him/herself if the questions are stated in as simple and straightforward a manner as possible. A question should not be ambiguous in its meaning.

2

29
There are essentially two basic kinds of survey questions: open-ended

questions, to which the respondents reply in their own words; and structured response

questions, to which the respondents are provided all possible answers. There are two

types of responses which open-ended questions may request. For one type

respondents are asked to respond with words, phrases or sentences. For example,

Questions 24 in the Appendix A questionnaire (page 103) asked for suggestions for

improving flood preparedness and warning systems. When included in mail

questionnaires, this type of open-ended question discourages response because of

the effort required to compose and write out the answer. Therefore none of these

types of questions were included in the Appendix B mail questionnaire. The second

type of open-ended question simply asks respondents to give a number as their

response. For example, Questions 31-36 in the Appendix A questionnaire (page 106)

each ask for either a number of days or dollars as the open-ended response. The

inventory forms in both Appendix A and Appendix B also contain this type of question.

In evaluating structured response questions, the answer categories provided

should be just as closely scrutinized as the way in which the question is written. In

doing this it is important to look for two things: first, the answer categories must be

exhaustive; second, they must be mutually exclusive. Exhaustive response categories

include all categories that might be relevant to the question. If not exhaustive, the

question may deny some respondents the opportunity to select what they feel is an

appropriate answer. For example, Question 10 (page 99) in the Appendix A

questionnaire asks how respondents first heard the flood watch/warning message.

30
Ten possible ways were listed as responses. These were all the ways the analyst

could conceive possible, and thereby appeared to fulfill the "exhaustive" requirement.

However, an eleventh response entitled "other" was provided to be sure the list of all

possible responses was exhausted. If in doubt as to whether structured responses

provided for by a question are exhaustive it is good practice to include such an

"other" response. If it is desirable to know to what these "other" responses refer, it is

also good practice to include a line for the interviewer (or mail respondent) to write in

that response as an open-ended addition to such a structured question. Again,

Question 10 pruvides an example of this.

Mutually exclusive answer categories for a question are answers which

do not overlap in any way. Question 61 (page 112) in the Appendix A questionnaire,

asking household income, is a good example. Analysts often inadvertently violate the

mutually exclusive principle with overlapping income ranges such as $10,000-$20,000

followed by $20,000-$30,000. The eleven answer categories to Question 61 are

mutually exclusive (do not overlap) because each income category differs from the

next by one dollar. This is because most income categories were made to end with

999 while the first number of the next larger category ends in zeros.

QUESTION VALIDITY

An important consideration relating to proper question construction is the

validity of survey questions. In order to confirm that a particular question in a flood

damage survey is valid, the analyst must be sure that it actually measures what it is

supposed to measure. Questions should also be scrutinized to make sure

31
wording is not used that will bias response in any way.

For example, one objective of the Houston study was to determine the overall

effort involved in cleaning up the structure and contents after the flood. A question

that simply asked, "What were the costs you incurred or will incur in cleaning your

structure and contents?" would underestimate the level of effort, since it would not

include the often extensive unpaid labor category. Similarly, just asking "How many

hours have you or will you and others spend cleaning up?" would miss the cost of

materials and supplies, and, possibly labor provided by commercial enterprises, such

as carpet cleaners. Therefore to get a valid estimate of the total cleanup costs, two

questions were included in the Appendix A questionnaire (Questions 49 and 50, page

110), one addressing monetary costs and the other unpaid labor.

Questions can also produce invalid results if subject to "response set." S

Response set occurs when respondents may stop reading or thinking about their

answers to interviewer questions toward the end of a list of very similar questions,

slipping into a pattern of answering the same way to each question. For example,

Questions 12, 27, and 30 (pages 100, 104, and 105) contain lists of reasons for

deciding to evacuate (Questions 12 and 27) and for deciding not to evacuate

(Question 30) which could potentially induce response set in some respondents. The

interviewer reads each one and waits for a "yes" or "no" reply. Many respondents

answered "no" to all of these reasons. This could reflect response set in cases where

one of the last reasons in the list should have been answered "yes" but was given as

"no." The previous pattern of "no" answers may cause the respondent to respond

32
O automatically towards the end of the list, without thinking (listening to the questions).

Response set is difficult to detect or confirm once the survey begins. Where the

potential for it exists, lists of survey questions should be carefully pretested reordering

the questions in different ways. The best question sequence should then be used. It

can also be remedied by breaking lists into two or more parts, each with an

introduction likely to keep respondents alert, or by separating the questions with

several others, as was done in the questionnaire in Appendix A.

A similar validity problem, the "halo effect," can be remedied the same way.

With this problem the response to one question conditions a respondent to respond a

certain way to a subsequent question. When this happens, other questions must be

interspersed between the problem questions. For example, a respondent may be

O asked how important he/she thinks it is to evacuate after hearing a warning message.

If the person answers "very important" and the following question then asks whether

or not he/she did evacuate, there may be some tendency for them to say "yes" even

though they did not, just because of the way they answered the first question.

QUESTION RELIABILITY

Reliability refers to the consistency or repeatability of the information produced

by particular survey questions. The most common cause of unreliable survey

questions is use of words with many different meanings, where the context of the

question does not make clear which meaning is being used. Different respondents

answer these questions with different meanings of the word in mind. In fact, the same

respondents can truthfully answer the same questions differently at different times by

33
attributing different meanings to a word each time. This is the essence of a reliability

problem for a survey question. The analyst can guard against unreliable items by

carefully evaluating every word included in a survey question. Other words should be

substituted for any found to be ambiguous in the context of the rest of the question

and surrounding questions. An example is the importance of specifying exactly what

is meant by contents "value" requested from respondents in the inventory portion of

the Appendix A and B questionnaires. The Appendix A questionnaire asks for the

replacement cost of items if they were new, and the Appendix B questionnaire asks

for both the current cash value and the total original purchase cost. Just asking for

item "value" would produce unreliable results, because it could not be determined

which definition of value respondents were using as a point of reference.

QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT

Just as important as validity, reliability, and how well survey questions are

written is survey questionnaire format and design. The first set of questions is

especially critical. It should serve to arouse the respondent's interest and should be

applicable to all respondents surveyed. It should also be easy to understand and

answer (Dillman 1978).

One of the most important general principles in formatting questionnaires for

any type of survey is leaving adequate "white space" between questions and along the

margins. This is particularly important for mail and other self-administered

questionnaires, to make them appear "easy" to respondents and to reduce any

chances for confusion. Not leaving adequate white space can also contribute to errors

34
* in interviewer administered questionnaires by making them more difficult to read or to

accurately code responses. The basic rule is to maximize white space. It is generally

better to have a six page questionnaire with ample white space than to have all

questions crowded onto two or three pages with no space to spare. Accuracy and

respondent cooperation may be negatively affected in the latter case.

Another important formatting principle is to group questions by topic or subject

area. For example, all questions addressing flood costs and damages should be

grouped together on the same page, or on consecutive pages. This helps

respondents to concentrate, avoids confusion, and decreases the time necessary to

answer all questions. Sensitive questions such as the income, age, and education of

respondents generally should be placed near the end of the questionnaire. The last

. question is often an open-ended request for comments from respondents.

FACE-TO-FACE

The grouping and sequencing of questions in the Appendix A questionnaire

illustrates the above points. Questions relating to the flood warning process are

grouped together in Part I of the questionnaire (pages 97-105). The first two

questions are easy to answer and they apply to everyone. Respondents are asked if

they were living at that location at the time of the flood, and when they had been

flooded. Questions three and four are similarly easy to answer, though three requires

a bit more thought. Subsequent questions become somewhat more difficult. Part II of

the questionnaire (pages 106-110), which begins with Question 31, groups together all

questions addressing costs and damages. Much of this is factual information which

35
may be difficult for respondents to recall, and may require them to refer to their own

written records or insurance claims. Part III of the questionnaire, entitled nBackground

Characteristics," (pages 111-112) was the last group of questions asked before

conducting the inventory. These included the sometimes sensitive age, education,

and income questions, which generally provoke fewer objections and refusals when

left to the end of an interview.

The inventory portions of Appendices A and B are structured very differently.

The content inventory portion of the Texas survey instrument was designed for faceto-face administration, and required that an interviewer record the information for each

content item present in a residence. The fact that an interviewer administered the

Appendix A questionnaire made it possible to collect much more detailed kinds of

information than was possible in the mail version of the inventory shown in Appendix

B. The Appendix A face-to-face questionnaire also included suggested replacement

values for contents items. These were used by interviewers to prompt respondents.

They could not be included in the mail questionnaire for fear they would be

misinterpreted or misused by respondents with no interviewer present.

MAIL

For the mail survey, the inventory portion was placed first instead of last. This

was because acquiring these inventory data was the main objective of the survey, and

that is what respondents were told. They were also told they could keep a copy of the

inventory as an incentive for them for taking the time necessary to complete it. By

beginning the questionnaire with the inventory, respondents could immediately begin

0

36
realizing this incentive as they tore out their copy as each inventory page was

completed.

The inventory part of the questionnaire had to be redesigned extensively for the

mail questionnaire so that it could be easily understood and completed by

respondents. First, instructions for completing the inventory were written on the inside

front cover of the mail survey booklet, facing the first page of inventory items

(Appendix B, page 148). Next, copy pages were designed so that respondents could

easily identify them and tear them out (they were perforated) for their insurance or

other records. Lastly, the number of inventory pages was shortened from that used in

the face-to-face questionnaire by combining some rooms, and the number of columns

of information requested on each inventory page was reduced.

A booklet format now is generally considered to be the most effective for

maximizing response to mail questionnaires. According to one authority (Dillman

1978) on mail surveys, a 6 1/8" x 8 1/4" booklet of 16-pound paper is preferable.

When folded, this fits into a 7 112" x 3 7/8" envelope. Questions are typed on

standard 8 1/2" x 11" paper and reduced 79 percent to fit the booklet pages and leave

adequate margins. No questions should appear on either the front or back cover.

The front cover of a booklet questionnaire should display an appropriate graphic

illustration to stimulate interest. The front cover also should contain the title of the

study, the name and address of the sponsor, a short description of the purpose of the

study, and any instructions necessary before filling out the questionnaire.

Questions should be typed, mainly, in lower case letters and numbered

37
consecutively on the left side of the page. Answer categories for the questions should

be in all upper case and preceded by numbers, which the respondent is instructed to

circle to indicate his or her answer. When possible, answer categories should also be

positioned in a vertical line down the page. This creates the important psychological

effect of a vertical flow pattern and gives the respondent a sense of making progress

in completing the questionnaire. It also maximizes white space between questions.

The Appendix B mail questionnaire conformed to most of the above formatting

principles for the "Background Questions" section of the booklet, which comprised the

second half of the questionnaire. The inventory portion, comprising the first half of the

booklet, was a new innovation. It was also necessary to utilize the inside of the front

cover for instructions pertaining to the inventory form. This is because the inventory

pages were one sided (due to duplicate pages for respondents).

OTHER REVISIONS FOR A CHANGED METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION

When questions used in one survey are to be used in another that is to be

administered differently, changes in question structure are often necessary. The most

revisions are necessary when the change is from an interviewer administered

questionnaire to a self administered questionnaire. For example, the mail

questionnaire in Appendix B included many of the same Marshall and Swift questions

as were in Part IV of the Appendix A face-to-face questionnaire, and many of the

same inventory items as were in Part V of that questionnaire.

In the face-to-face questionnaire, the Marshall and Swift form (page 115) was

used to inventory structural characteristics such as building composition and age.

38
S This form does not have questions written on it, just blanks to enter or responses to

circle for various information categories. Interviewers were provided with verbal

instructions on how to complete the form either through observation (e.g., for roofing

material) or how to ask respondents for non-observable information (e.g., year

structure built). For the mail questionnaire, written questions were composed for each

category of information desired (see Q1 - Q10, Appendix B pages 161-162). Only the

most essential items were included in the mail questionnaire. When reformatted with

written questions, almost two pages were required for the items adapted from the one

page form.

Converting the inventory portion of the face-to-face questionnaire to a mail

format required the most revision. First of all it was decided that it would be next to

impossible to obtain as much detailed information by mail as was obtained in the faceto-face questionnaire. Therefore the data requested from respondents was limited to:

1) total number of pieces of each content item, and either 2) total cash value of each

type of content item, or 3) a combination of total original purchase cost and number of

years ago that the item was purchased. Blanks for this information were arranged in

columnar form, and respondents were given the option, in a short instruction at the top

of the page, of choosing to provide either the second or third type of requested

information. Each page of the mail questionnaire was limited to pertain to no more

than one type of room of the house, and was clearly labeled. A detailed explanation

of how to fill out each page was provided on the inside front cover of the

39
questionnaire. It faced the first page (room) of items, and was formatted with lines

and numbers to correspond to the column format of the inventory pages.

PRETESTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

After a questionnaire is constructed it must be pretested one or more times.

Most questions written for a survey questionnaire have to be revised several times on

the basis of pretests conducted with potential survey respondents. This is a normal

part of questionnaire development, and one indication of potential problems with

survey questions is when the survey designer admits to not having done this essential

pretesting.

The initial pretest is usually done by asking several colleagues who understand

the study objectives to read and try to answer the questions, and to reflect on any

difficulties in understanding what the questions are asking. In addition, these

colleagues may suggest other questions needed to adequately address study

objectives or identify questions which should be deleted because they do not

contribute to the study objectives.

After pretesting with coll-eagues, the questionnaire should be pretested with

several members of the survey population or as similar a population as possible to

those who will be surveyed. An example would be residents of another floodplain

near the study area. During the pretest interviews, the interviewer watches for cues

indicating respondents are having difficulty in understanding or answering any of the

questions. After completing the pretest interviews, respondents are debriefed and

40
asked if they had problems in understanding or answering any of the questions.

Revisions are made to address any problems identified, and another pretest is

conducted with several more respondents. This is repeated until the questionnaire

appears to be relatively free of problems.

The face-to-face questionnaire in Appendix A was first pretested with

colleagues at IWR and the Corps Galveston District. After appropriate revisions it was

pretested with several flood victims, at their homes, in different parts of the north

Houston suburbs, which had been flooded. Revisions were made at IWR based on

these pretest results. Pretests of revisions were not made, because of the cost of

traveling to the Houston area, and the fact that no major changes were necessary in

the questionnaire.

The mail questionnaire in Appendix B was first pretested with IWR colleagues.

It was later pretested with Corps personnel in the Los Angeles and Baltimore Districts,

and with County personnel residing in the Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley study

areas. Each person participating in the pretest was asked to inventory his/her home

contents and answer the survey questions in the same manner as if it had been

received by them in the mail. Most comments were given to IWR by telephone,

although some questionnaires were returned by mail to check out mail-back

procedures. Appropriate changes were implemented to make the mail questionnaire

more user friendly. Comments on the cover letters were also received and changes

were made to improve them.

41
The preliminary telephone supplement to the mail questionnaire was also

pretested. The Survey Research Lab at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) first

prepared the telephone script and submitted it to IWR for review. Several changes

were made based on this review. The final telephone script was then pretested with a

small number of respondents taken from the sample drawn for the study. There were

minor problems with some of the questions which were corrected before full scale

telephone interviewing was allowed to begin. Telephone pretest interviews were

retained as part of the final data set, because they were part of the sample. The only

loss in data from these pretest questionnaires was for some of the problem questions

which were unanswered.

42
CHAPTER V

DESIGNING AND DRAWING THE SAMPLE

Usually the population to be surveyed is too large or too dispersed for it to be

feasible to collect data from everyone. The population must therefore be sampled and

data collected from only those members of the population selected in the sample.

Typical populations surveyed for flood damage studies are all adult occupants of

flooded residences within an area. With very small flood damage populations, it may

be possible to collect data from all population members. This is the ideal case, but in

most situations a sample must be drawn.

The general steps for designing and drawing a sample for flood damage

p surveys are covered in this chapter. There must be a population to be sampled. This

population is further described by the sampling frame or list of population elements

which have known probabilities of being drawn in the sample. A sample size

adequate for purposes of the study is determined. One of several alternative

probability sampling methods is selected and the sample drawn. These steps are

briefly described in this chapter. A more detailed discussion of the basics of survey

sampling is provided by Moser and Dunning (1986) in Chapter II of The National

Economic Development Procedures Manual - Recreation, Volume II, A Guide for

Using the Contingent Value Methodologv in Recreation Studies.

SAMPLING FRAME

The first step in survey sampling is to carefully define the population that is

being surveyed and then to reduce it to a "sampling frame" or actual list of population

43
members, from which the sample will be drawn. It is important to select an

appropriate sampling frame to adequately address the study objectives. When

collecting data to compute depth-damage functions, map delineation of the appropriate

floodplain is one way to define the sampling frame. For example, identifying

structures within a 100 year floodplain by overlaying a floodplain map onto a map of

subdivisions, would constitute a viable sampling frame for certain surveys. A sample

could be drawn from such a frame so that all structures of interest within this frame,

and only those structures, would have a known probability of being selected.

The "structures of interest" are determined by the purpose of the study, and the

sampling frame must be defined accordingly. Two different types of survey

populations are often of interest following a flood. A population consisting of only

those structures which have been flooded is of interest for studies concerning historic

flood damages (e.g. studies to develop depth-damage relationships). Other structures

which were not flooded would not be included in this sampling frame. In contrast, a

population consisting of both those structures which have been flooded and those not

flooded might be of interest in a survey to assess the effectiveness of flood watch and

flood warning messages. Residents receiving and potentially responding to these

messages would not be limited to structures actually flooded.

SAMPLE SIZE

A needed sample size can be calculated for every question in a survey

questionnaire. The calculation is generally made, however, only for a few questions

that provide the data considered most important relative to the study objectives. For

44
example, Question 39A in the Appendix A questionnaire provides numerical data on

the cost of flood damages to structures. This is typically a very important data need,

and might be one question which would be used for sample size calculations.

A sample provides an estimate of what one would find if every member of the

sampled population were to be surveyed. There is always some error associated with

any sample. The amount of sampling error that one is willing to tolerate, or the

amount of precision required, is the criterion generally used to determine sample size.

The precision value is determined by the analyst as the number of percentage points

of error away from the true mean that can be tolerated in the sample estimate of the

true mean. The analyst must also decide the amount of confidence he or she wishes

to have in attaining the desired level of precision. In general, the greater the precision

and/or the greater the confidence desired, the larger the sample size needed.

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

For numerical questions the following formula can be used to determine the

sample size: n = t

2 * s2

(Y * r)

where,

n = The sample size

s2 = The variance (std. deviation squared) of critical variable. It is a

best guess estimate for the study, usually the variance found in a

similar study completed in the past. Another best guess estimate

for the variance is the difference in the high and low values that

might be expected for the variable divided by four Schaeffer et al.

1979, p. 43). It is wise to use a conservative (large) estimate of

variance in this formula so as not to have the actual variance,

found after data are collected, to be larger, thus creating more

error than desired.

45
0

Y= An estimate of the mean of the critical variable, typically

taken from a past study.

r = The level of precision desired (e.g., .05 or .10). This is

the number of plus or minus percentage points of tolerable error,

away from the true mean of the variable for which the sample size

is being calculated.

t = The t table value corresponding to the probability that the resulting

sample estimate of the variable mean will be within the specified

range of precision. For example, a "t" value of 1.96 would provide

95% confidence that the estimate of the mean is within the

number of percentage points of the true mean specified by the

level of precision. Other commonly used "t" values are 2.58 for

99% confidence and 1.65 for 90% confidence.

For example, assume that the critical variable being considered (Y) is the

estimate of structural damages. In a previous study the mean (Y) of this variable was

$10,000 and the standard deviation (s) was $15,000. If the criterion was for the mean

of the survey estimate to be within 10% (r) of the actual mean damage value 95% of

the time (t table value of 1.96), the resulting sample size would be 864. Inserting

these numbers in the formula, we have: n = (1.96)2 * 15,000 2 = 864

(10,000 * .10)

CATEGORICAL QUESTIONS

A different formula is used to calculate sample size for questions resulting in

categorical results expressed as proportions of respondent answers. An example

would be the proportion of respondents saying "yes" they had received a flood

warning. The following formula can be used to calculate the sample size necessary to

produce the desired level of precision of results for such a question:

n = t2 * pq

(rp) 2

46
where,

n = The sample size

p = An estimate of the proportion "p" of response for the

question answer category of most interest (e.g. "yes"

responses).

q = The proportion of other responses to the question

(i.e., q = 1 - p).

r = The level of precision desired (e.g., .05 or .10). This

is the number of plus or minus percentage points of

tolerable error, away from the true proportion of the

question category response for which sample size is being

calculated.

t = The t table value corresponding to the probability that the

resulting sample estimate of the proportion will be within the

specified range of precision. For example, a "t" value of

1.96 would provide 95% confidence that the estimate of the

proportion is within the number of percentage points of the

true proportion specified by the level of precision.

SMALL POPULATIONS

For smaller populations where the sample constitutes 5 percent or more of the

total population, the same desired level of precision can be obtained with a relatively

smaller sample size. Multiplying the results of the above formulae by a finite

population correction (fpc) factor will provide an estimate of the final sample size

needed for such cases. With N being the population size and n being the initial

sample size estimated by one of the above formulae, the fpc is calculated by:

fpc- N-n

N- 1

Continuing the previous example, if the sample of 864 was calculated for a total

* population of only 2000, the fpc correction factor would be (2000 - 864) divided by

47
1999, which equals 0.568. Multiplying 864 by 0.568 would reduce the needed sample

size to 491. The fpc should not be used, however, if n < N/20 (Schaeffer et al. 1979,

p 36.).

SMALL SAMPLES FROM LARGER POPULATIONS

For some types of surveys, small samples resulting in very low precision may

be tolerable. For example, it may be desirable to determine if housing values derived

from an earlier survey are still appropriate to use. This could be accomplished by

conducting a survey with a small size "n" that could be quickly completed. Such a

small update survey would have very low precision for the resulting housing values

obtained. However, this may be acceptable if the objective is simply to see whether

or not housing values have increased, not precisely how much they have increased.

ALTERNATIVE SAMPLING METHODS

After the size of the sample has been determined, attention is turned to sample

selection procedures. Care must be taken to design a sample in which all members

of the population being sampled have either equal or known probabilities of being

drawn as part of the sample. The analyst should guard against subjectively choosing

a sample and calling it "random."

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Simple random sampling is usually the most desirable type of sample design.

A number of members of the population equal to the desired sample size are

independently drawn by using a random number table or some other method of

randomization. The sample is constituted by randomly drawing non-duplicative

48
*numbers 2 until the desired sample size is achieved. The sample numbers drawn

each correspond to unique numbers assigned to all units of the population being

sampled. For example, to draw a sample of 50 residences, a listing of all residences

in a flooded region must be numbered. The first residence on the list is assigned

number one, the second number two, and so on to the end of the list. If there are

more than 99 but less that 1000 residences on the list, then 50 three digit numbers

(for example, 001) can be drawn from a random number generator or table to achieve

the required sample size.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

A systematic sample (sometimes referred to as a sequential or interval sample)

can be considered a random sample if the listing from which it is drawn is randomly

* constituted, if the starting point is randomly selected, and if the entire listing of the

population sampling frame is sampled. With this kind of sample the first unit of the

population selected for the sample should be randomly selected, using a random

number table or some other method of randomization. Thereafter, every nth member

of the numbered population list is automatically selected, where "n" is the interval or

sampling fraction needed to acquire the desired sample size by going through the

entire list sequentially (in other words, n is equal to the size of the population divided

by the size of the sample).

2Drawing non-duplicative numbers refers to sampling "without replacement," where numbers drawn

from a population are not replaced back into the population and therefore have no chance of being

drawn again in the sample.

49
In addition to the requirement of a random starting point, it is also necessary for

the list to be randomly constituted. Alphabetically constituted lists are usually

acceptable. However, if there is any periodic bias occurring in the list, it could

produce a similarly biased sample. For example, if the sampling interval or sequence

was 10 and every tenth house chosen in a residence sample of a flooded area was

situated on top of a hill, then average flood damage reflected in the sample would

probably be much lower than the actual average for all residences flooded.

For face-to-face household surveys, systematic samples are often more efficient

to use in the field than simple random samples. After arriving at the random starting

point for interviewing in the field, interviewers simply move systematically through the

entire sampling list selecting every residence encountered at a given interval

determined by the required sample size. This is usually very efficient, because such

lists often can be constructed on the basis of geographical proximity of listed

structures, such as the sequential occurrence of homes located on a city block. For

example, if the desired sample size is fifty and the list contains 500 residences, every

tenth residence on the list is selected to be included in the sample. To make the

sample random, a number between one and ten must to be selected from a random

number table to see which of the first ten houses on the list would be the starting point

for the survey. If the list is constituted in the same order as residences are located on

the ground, interviewers can efficiently walk from the first selected residence selected

to the next one, ten houses away, and to every subsequent tenth residence.

50
. CLUSTER SAMPLING

For cluster sampling, the population units to be sampled and analyzed are first

aggregated into larger units or clusters. For example, each city block might be

defined as a "cluster," including all houses on that block. These clusters are then

treated as substitutes for the ultimate units of analysis (usually households) for

purposes of drawing the sample. A sample of the clusters is then drawn, usually

either sequentially (with a random start) or by a simple random sample. All houses on

each randomly selected block ("cluster") then are surveyed.

In household cluster sampling, a cluster of several households is substituted for

the individual household as the unit used for drawing the sample. For face-to-face

household surveys involving large geographic areas, clustering is usually more

. efficient for the overall survey than simple random or systematic sampling. This is

because less interviewer travel time is generally required than for samples in which

each selected house is in a different geographic location.

In a flood damage survey, the clusters would usually be groups of houses in

the geographic areas which have been flooded. Interviewers would simply go to all

houses in each cluster before moving on to another cluster location. The clusters

themselves should be randomly selected so as to be representative of all geographic

areas being sampled. Clustering produces a somewhat larger sampling error than

when the population units to be sampled are selected individually for the same size

sample. A larger cluster sample can be drawn to compensate for this.

51
For relatively small populations in small geographic areas, a large sampling

fraction (proportion selected for the sample) is often required to obtain the desired

sample size. In such cases clustering may not be any more efficient in time and

money than other sampling methods. For example, if a 50 percent sample is to be

drawn of 200 households within one flooded "reach," selecting every other household

with a systematic sample may be just as efficient for interviewing purposes as

randomly selecting ten clusters of ten consecutive households each.

MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING

Multi-stage sampling is a technique which is useful for sampling large

geographic areas for face-to-face interviews. It is often confused with cluster

sampling, because the final "stage" may involve selecting clusters rather than

individual units of analysis. In this sense the ultimate sample selected with this

method mav be a cluster sample. But this is not always the case, and even when it

is, there is more to sequential sampling than that. The important fact is that one or

more preliminary stages of sample selection precedes the final stage selection of

sampling, the stage where the actual units are selected from which data are to be

acquired.

Multi-stage sampling designs are advantageous for sampling large dispersed

populations. When large geographic areas must be sampled and interviewers sent to

each residence selected, it is usually too time consuming or expensive to survey all

the dispersed residences that would be drawn in a normal random or sequential

sample. Multi-stage sampling is also a useful technique to use when no listing of the

52
O population to be sampled is available. The simplest case of multi-stage sampling

would be a two-stage sample of a large metropolitan area, where separate samples

are drawn at both the first and second stages. At the first stage a list of primary

sampling units such as census tracts or city blocks is compiled. This list is sampled

using either a simple random or a systematic sample, but the resulting sample is not

surveyed. Instead, each of the blocks or census tracts selected in the first stage

sample is subdivided into secondary sampling units (e.g. residences). These

secondary sampling units (residences) are then sampled in the same proportion or

percentages as the first stage units were sampled. For example, if 50 percent of the

city blocks are selected in the first stage sample, then 50 percent of the households

within each city block are selected in the second stage sample. Each of these

O selected residences is then included in the survey.

More than two stages may be appropriate for very large geographic areas. No

matter how many stages are used, the first stage of multi-stage sampling is always at

the most macro levAl and only the units selected in the final stage are included in the

survey. An example of a case in which a four-stage sample might be appropriate is a

large urban region with many separate geographic floodplain areas containing several

census tracts each. As a first stage of sampling, the floodplain areas would be

numbered and a sample of them drawn (e.g., 50 percent). The second stage

sampling would be to draw samples of census tracts within each selected floodplain, in

the same (50 percent) proportion, as the first stage sample. The third stage would be

to draw samples, in the same (50 percent) proportion, of city blocks from within each

53
of the selected census tracts. The fourth stage would then be to draw samples of

households, in the same (50 percent) proportion, from within each of the selected city

blocks. The households selected in this fourth stage of sampling would constitute the

final desired units of analysis to be included in the survey.

STRATIFICATION

It is often possible to reduce sampling error and get more precise sample

estimates of population characteristics by stratifying the population into homogeneous

sub-groups before the sample is drawn. A separate sample is then drawn from each

sub-group and the results combined to comprise a complete stratified sample. Some

key variables on which flood damage survey samples may be stratified include flood

zones, urban subdivisions, and one or more structure characteristics. To stratify the

sample on any one of these variables, it is necessary to have complete information for

that variable for the entire population.

For example, a sample could be stratified on all three of the following structure

characteristics: 1) purpose of structure (e.g., residential vs. commercial), 2) number of

stories (e.g., single vs. multiple stories), and 3) whether or not a basement was

present. This stratification would delineate the following eight different population sublistings (strata):

1) Single storied residential with a basement,

2) Single sturied residential without a basement,

3) Multiple storied residential with a basement,

4) Multiple storied residential without a basement,

5) Single storied commercial with a basement,

6) Single storied commercial without a basement,

7) Multiple storied commercial with a basement, and

8) Multiple storied commercial without a basement.

54
. A separate sample would then be drawn for each of the eight strata, assuming each is

represented in the population.

Normally, stratified samples like the above example are drawn proportionate to

the actual population proportions of characteristics used for stratification. If 20 percent

of the structures in the population list were single storied residential with a basement,

then 20 percent of the stratified sample would be single storied residential with a

basement, and so forth. However it is sometimes necessary to proportionately

oversample some of the smaller sub-groups (strata) to assure adequate data are

collected for later analysis.

The survey populations of residences in the Santa Ana River Valley and in the

Wyoming Valley were stratified by disaggregating each of them into three separate

subgroups (strata) corresponding to the flood risk zones in which they were located.

Figures 1 and 2 show how these areas were mapped (stratified) by flood risk zones

prior to drawing the samples for both surveys. The analyst preferred obtaining

relatively equal sized samples from each flood risk zone to assure adequate data from

each zone for analysis. Therefore samples for the Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley

surveys were drawn so as to disproportionally oversample the smaller flood risk zones

(equal sized samples were drawn from each zone). The resulting Wyoming Valley

sample was the most disproportionate. Only 3.5 percent of the population resided

within one of its flood zones, but one third of the sample was drawn from that zone.

One third of the sample was also drawn from each of the other two zones, which had

*30.5 percent and 66 percent of the population, respectively.

55
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IC

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57.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

SMALLER SAMPLES

One way to economize on survey costs is to draw smaller samples than would

normally be desired. Smaller samples have higher sampling error than larger

samples, making them potentially less accurate. There is less reduction in accuracy

of sample estimates for reduced sample sizes for populations which are very

homogeneous in their characteristics. This is because, in addition to sample size,

sampling error is also a function of the amount of variance in the population for any

given characteristic. An example of a homogeneous population with respect to depth

of flood waters and structure type would be a relatively flat floodplain area where all

houses are approximately the same size and value. Here variance in flood damages

between houses would be lower than in a floodplain region with houses of different

sizes and values built at different elevations above sea level.

Another way to improve the accuracy of survey data collected with small

samples is to pay particular attention to controlling non-sampling error. rhis is

because total survey error is a function of both sampling error (based on sample size

and variance) and non-sampling error. Non-sampling error includes sample selection

error, non-coverage (sampling frame) error, non-response error, data collection errors,

and data processing (office) errors (Kish, 1965). Much of non-sampling error is simply

human error, which can be as large or larger than sampling error.

Some aspects of non-sampling error are ,,sier to control with smaller samples

because, typically, fewer personnel are involved and the scope of small sample

58
surveys tends to be limited. Sample selection error can be minimized by ensuring that

whoever selects the sample does it in a truly random manner. To minimize sampling

frame error, careful pre-survey field reconnaissance is necessary to make sure that no

qualifying units of analysis are omitted from the list of residences constituting the

frame from which the sample will be drawn (e.g. houseboats or other non-typical

dwellings). Non-response and data collection errors can be reduced by such things

as preparing high quality hand signed letters for mail surveys and high quality

interviewer training and supervision for face-to-face and telephone surveys. For

example, monitoring of interviewer performance in the Houston survey revealed that

some interviewers were turning in survey forms without the required contents inventory

data. Corrective measures resulted in minimizing this non-response error for the

balance of the interviewing. Replacing hand coding of data with automatic

computerized data file generation, as is done with computer assisted telephone

interviewing (CATI) systems or computerized face-to-face questionnaires, helps to

minimize data processing errors.

SMALL SAMPLES OVER TIME

Some study objectives may not require large survey samples. One such

objective may be checking for changes in areas that are flooded often (e.g. changes in

structure or content values). For this objective, drawing a series of small samples

from a population over time may be preferable to conducting one large sample survey

at one point in time. The trade-off for these multiple data points over time is less

precision at any one point in time due to the smaller sample sizes.

59
Another reason that small samples may be required is the need to stay within

budget constraints. A small sample may be better than none at all, if that is the best

that the available budget will allow. The formulae on pages 45 and 46 can be used by

the analyst to determine the amount of precision that can be achieved with the

affordable sample size. A sensitivity analysis can be performed, by slightly increasing

or decreasing the sample size, to determine whether or not a small increase in the

survey budget would substantially reduce the potential survey error. If this analysis

indicates unacceptably high error from the largest possible sample size, a purposeful

(rather than haphazard) selection of representative survey units may be used to help

ensure meaningful data collection results. This is only true if the sample can be

carefully designed to ensure representativeness. Otherwise results are likely to be

misleading. Each survey unit should be carefully selected so that, in aggregate, they

represent each known major difference in the population that might be a significant

determinant of a critical variable. This would be called a purposive sample, because it

is subject to the professional judgement of the analyst whose purpose is to ensure

that the sample represents all population characteristics important to the study.

60
CHAPTER VI

SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION

INTERVIEWER SELECTION

Prior to survey implementation, interviewers must be selected and trained for

face-to-face and telephone surveys. The requirement of involving interviewers in the

survey process has direct implications for the quality of data obtained by these two

survey methods. Careful interviewer selection and training is essential for quality

results. It is therefore important to have a highly competent person in charge of

selecting and training interviewers.

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

The best persons to select as interviewers are individuals who have good

interpersonal skills and are not likely to be perceived as a threat by those who are to

be interviewed. The principle of being non-threatening is more important than many

other characteristics of interviewers. For instance, tone of voice and clarity of speech

are important screening variables for selecting good telephone interviewers. Middleaged women often make very good face-to-face or telephone interviewers because

they tend to be perceived as non-threatening by most segments of the general

population.

All interviewer applicants should be screened, and the best selected, based

upon their attitudes toward people, non-threatening demeanor, apparent patience, and

positive references. Appropriate dress and general appearance is also important for

* face-to-face interviewers. Patience is an especially important characteristic for good

61
interviewers. It is sometimes necessary to be very patient while waiting out extensive 0

unrelated commentaries, opinions on tangential issues, or hostile outbursts from

respondents. Interviewers must be able to patiently wait until these are over and then

calmly redirect the discussion, resisting any urge to acknowledge or in any way

encourage this kind of undesirable respondent behavior. Interviewers must never feel

they have the right to argue with, or provoke, the respondent on these kinds of

occasions, and applicants who will not accept this behavioral constraint should not be

hired.

It is also often preferable for face-to-face flood damage surveys to select

interviewers who are comfortable working in two person male/female teams. Although

experience to date has shown that interviewers working alone can do the job, team

interviewing may often be advisable. It can improve the interview from the standpoint

of maximizing rapport with interviewees during long interviews. It can also shorten

total interview time when a contents inventory is part of the survey, by allowing team

members to concurrently conduct inventory and other interview tasks, provided these

tasks have been clearly defined as mutually exclusive. Team interviewing may also

be advisable from the standpoint of interviewer safety, especially for female

interviewers.

SOURCES

Conducting a survey often requires many interviewers working on the survey for

a relatively short period of time. Interviewer personnel needs often require outside

recruitment and selection. Colleges and universities can be an excellent source of

62
. dependable and low cost student interviewers. For example, interviewers were

recruited from the University of Houston and Prairie View A & M University to

administer the face-to-face survey questionnaire in the Houston study. Most

interviewers recruited for the Santa Ana/Wyoming Valley telephone survey were

Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) students in Richmond, Virginia. At times of

the year when university students are not available, interviewers can be recruited by

placing a newspaper advertisement, briefly describing the type of survey (face-to-face

or telephone), for which interviewers are required. Some of the Santa Ana/Wyoming

Valley telephone survey interviewers were recruited from the general population of the

Richmond metropolitan area by placing such newspaper advertisements.

It is often cost effective to contract or sub-contract telephone survey work to a

O telephone survey research institute, or independent survey research firm. In addition

to being equipped with a computerized telephone research laboratory, they usually

maintain a pool of trained interviewers. Their interviewers can be moved from

completion of one survey project to a new project with minimal retraining.

INTERVIEWER TRAINING

FACE-TO-FACE

Adequate training for face-to-face interviewing usually requires one to two days.

The training procedure followed for the Houston flood damage survey is illustrative of

what should be involved.

Training of the interviewers began at 9 a.m. The trainer first gave a 15 minute

orientation to the day's training activities. Then trainees were given a copy of the

63
questionnaire to be used in the flood damage survey. An hour and 15 minutes was

spent familiarizing trainees with each question. The trainer read through each

question, modeling appropriate interviewer behavior for asking each. Then the

rationale for each question was explained so that everyone understood its importance.

Following a 15 minute break, a 30 minute audio tape was played which

illustrated several principles of good interviewer performance. Trainees followed along

with a copy of the questionnaire being used on the tape. Interviewers were trained to

read questions exactly as written, so as not to introduce their own interpretations of

question meaning. A 15 minute question-and-answer period followed.

The trainer then presented a 30 minute mini-lecture to: 1) sensitize trainees to

some special considerations for interviewing flood damage victims, and 2) review

some of the basic principles and tasks of face-to-face interviewing. Trauma

associated with being a flood victim and the need to listen patiently to victims who

insist upon "telling their stories" were emphasized. In addition to listening techniques

for dealing with trauma, techniques for dealing with "displaced aggression" and other

potential forms of hobtility were discussed.

After a one hour lunch break, trainees were given two handouts, one listing

common "feedback phrases" and another listing common "probes." Feedback

phrases are used to assure the respondent, in a positive way, that he or she is

adequately responding to the interviewer's questions. Probes are used to prompt the

respondent to provide additional or more precise information in response to a

64
0 question. Trainees participated in an hour long exercise utilizing audio tape examples

of appropriate and inappropriate probes and feedback phrases.

The form for inventorying household contents was then handed out. An hour

was spent explaining how to conduct a household contents inventory, using each item

in the form. Division of inventory tasks between each person in two person teams

was explained as the most expedient way to complete the inventory. Trainees were

instructed to attempt to persuade flood damage victims to allow them to walk through

their house and record contents on a room-by-room basis. They also were instructed

to probe the memories of victims regarding contents that may have been damaged

and not replaced. Alternative procedures for identifying and determining values of

content items which cannot be observed were also explained.

0 After a 15 minute break, trainees were instructed to pair up and role play one

complete interview, including the inventory of household contents. Trainees

conducting these hypothetical interviews were instructed to write all answers down on

the questionnaire and to hand in completed questionnaires at the end of the role

playing session.

After the first role playing interview was completed, those trainees who had

acted as hypothetical flood victims were instructed to switch roles and become

interviewers. A second round of role playing was then conducted, at the end of which

the completed questionnaires were again collected. A subsequent debriefing session

was held to go over any questions arising from the role playing experience. At this

time interviewers were sensitized to the need to record data in the specific places

0

65
called for in the questionnaire, and in a legible manner. It was explained how S

important this is for the task of later accurately coding the data into computer files. A

question and answer period ended this first day of training at 5 p.m.

A second day of training is advisable. Normally, the second day of interviewer

training begins with one half hour of critique by the instructor on the way data had

been recorded on the previous afternoon's role playing questionnaires. The

importance of recording data legibly and exactly in accordance with the written

interviewer instructions is again emphasized.

Each trainee may then be given an opportunity to participate in one more role

play interview with a different partner than the day before. This takes approximately

one hour and 15 minutes, and is followed by 15 minutes of questions and answers.

After a 15 minute break, trainees are briefed on how they will spend the rest of

the day conducting practice interviews in the field. First, they are assigned a partner.

Trainees hired especially for the study are paired with experienced personnel or

training consultants. In each case, the designated person in charge for each team

should have had interviewing experience. Each team ideally is given two addresses at

which appointments have been made for them, one at mid day and the other at mid or

late afternoon. They are then told to leave and have an early lunch, so as to arrive on

time for their first interview. Each team member is instructed to conduct only one of

the two interviews. The experienced person should conduct the first interview,

modeling appropriate behavior for the inexperienced interviewer.

6

66
All trainees are instructed to be back at the training site by 5 p.m. for a

debriefing session. They are also instructed to note any problems encountered during

the day with either the survey questionnaire or contents inventory form. During the

debriefing, any problems are discussed and all completed questionnaires are turned in

to the instructor.

TELEPHONE

The training of interviewers for the telephone screening phase of the Santa Ana

and Wyoming Valley surveys is illustrative of the kind of training needed. The

Telephone Survey Research Institute of VCU was sub-contracted for this phase of the

study. They hired and trained all of the interviewers for this work.

The VCU Survey Research Lab begins its training by giving each new

O interviewer a paper copy of the telephone survey questionnaire to take home and

study. A sequence of supervised role playing and practice interviews is then followed,

similar to the procedure described for training face-to-face interviewers.

The VCU telephone interviewers are taught to use a computer assisted system

of telephone interviewing (CATI), in which the questionnaire questions are read to

respondents over the telephone directly from a computer screen. Interviewers must

correctly enter responses on the computer keyboard in the form of appropriate code

numbers.

Telephone interviewers must also be taught "call-back" procedures for those

respondents who are not at home or who are too busy to complete the interview when

67
first called. The telephone interviewer is taught how to try to persuade these people 0

to agree to another time when they can be called back and the interview completed.

IMPLEMENTATION

Face-to-face, telephone, and mail surveys are all implemented somewhat

differently. This is illustrated by descriptions of the implementation of the face-to-face

survey in Houston and the telephone and mail components of the surveys in the Santa

Ana Basin and Wyoming Valley.

No matter the type of survey used, it is important to gain the awareness and

trust of potential respondents. Local officials can be important partners in

communicating the need for cooperation by the public and the benefit to the public of

the effort. Press releases in local newspapers can be used to announce forthcoming

survey efforts, to identify the support of and/or level of participation by local officials,

and for local officials to request cooperation by the public. Although it is realized that

many individuals will not be reached by press releases, they will reach many in the

community not sampled, thus creating more awareness and potential support for the

survey effort. As described below, survey materials, including introductory or cover

letters and opening interviewer comments, should also identify palticipation by local

agencies and local officials that can be contacted for validation of the survey effort.

Provided there are no major problems with the survey questionnaire or

inventory form, the first day of survey implementation should be the day immediately

following interviewer training. Interviewers are told that the study is now beginning,

but that on this first day they are still to look for and report any perceived problems

68
* with either the questionnaire or the assigned procedures. A debriefing session is held

for this purpose at the end of the day.

FACE-TO-FACE

A letter announcing the survey (Appendix A, page 93) was mailed to all

floodplain residences shortly before field surveying began. The letter indicated

approximately when surveys would be conducted, gave three reasons why it was

important, and provided points of contact (with telephone numbers) for additional

information at the Corps Galveston District Office and the Harris County Flood Control

District (the local project sponsor). It also indicated that the Harris County Police

Department would verify the identity of interviewers if requested. Each interviewer

also provided potential respondents with a letter of introduction (Appendix A, page 94)

* containing the same information. Both of these letters were signed by the Acting

Director of the Corps Institute for Water Resources.

A quota of two to four interviews per interviewer was assigned each day by a

field supervisor for the Houston Corps flood damage survey. Their household

interview locations were also assigned to them by the field supervisor, who referred to

a listing of households to be included in the sample.

Data collected from households the first day of the study should be temporarily

held apart from the rest of the total listed sample. Data from these first interviews

may later be added to data gathered in the full study sample, provided no major

problems occur. If problems occur, the data collected this first day can be discarded

without materially affecting the overall study sample. If problems occur the first day,

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69
interviewers are told to delay reporting back for work until the day when corrections in

the questionnaire and/or procedures have been completed.

One study supervisor should be assigned to oversee the interviewers each day

in the field. This supervisor should see to it that all completed questionnaires and

inventory forms are collected at the end of each day. The supervisor should check

over each one of these for data recording errors and legibility. Errors must be

corrected before the completed instruments are filed for computer data entry. The

supervisor is also responsible for all field logistics and for controlling close adherence

to the sample of households drawn for the study. Scheduling of interviewers is

another supervisor responsibility. Some must be assigned to work evenings, since

this is the only time certain residents can be found at home. Safety of the

interviewers is another supervisor responsibility. The supervisor should know at all

times generally where every interviewer is in the field. It is advisable to have periodic

meetings between the supervisor(s) and interviewers. Interpersonal problems and

disciplinary actions are also the concern of the field supervisor.

TELEPHONE

Computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) was used to implement the

Santa Ana/Wyoming Valley surveys. The telephone survey script used is provided in

Appendix B, pages 139-140. With CATI all questions are programmed to

automatically come up on the screen to be read by the interviewer in the sequence

desired. Skips or branches in the questionnaire can be included in the programming,

automating this task for the interviewer. Another important aspect of CATI is that the

70
* interviewer uses the computer keyboard to directly enter responses into a data file.

As mentioned in the previous chapter, this reduces human error by eliminating the

need for hand recording responses onto survey forms and the subsequent need for

manual data coding. The CATI system also allows for programmed restrictions on

what response data the interviewer can enter, thereby further reducing potential data

entry errors.

One key to implementing a high quality telephone survey is having a highly

qualified person supervising it. The supervisor should be constantly monitoring the

telephone survey process. The VCU telephone survey supervisor is seated at a desk

on one end of the lab, facing toward a semi-circle of telephone work stations.

Telephone interviewers sit at the work stations facing toward the outside wall of the

* lab looking into their computer screens, and are surrounded on three sides by soundproof wall partitions. The supervisor periodically monitors the telephone interviews.

The supervisor can also observe the progress of data entry on his/her own computer

terminal. In this way the supervisor can check to see if questions are being asked

properly and if the data are being entered correctly. At the VCU Survey Research Lab

the ratio of interviewers to supervisors is never more than 5 to 1.

The telephone phase of the Santa Ana/Wyoming Valley surveys was primarily

used to identify individuals willing to complete a detailed mailed inventory and survey

form. The interviewers also verified the correct complete mailing addresses for the

respondents.

71
MAIL O

The Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley mail surveys were implemented with

graduate student personnel supervised by the Director of the Center for Public Affairs

and the Chair of the Department cf Urban Studies and Planning at VCU. The mailings

were conducted from a room in the Urban Studies and Planning Department dedicated

to that purpose for the duration of the survey. It was possible to mail a questionnaire

to all residences in the sample within one week of their initial telephone contact, by

using computerized mailing lists from which appropriate mailing labels could be

generated.

The mail survey was conducted in three "waves." The first wave consisted of

mailing a questionnaire with accompanying materials to everyone who had agreed, by

phone, to participate in the survey. This mailing was initiated by the graduate

students by first checking the address mailing labels provided from the telephone

survey to be sure they were located within the survey boundary. Next they selected a

color coded mail questionnaire corresponding to the flood risk zone in which the

address was located (see Figures 1 and 2 on pages 56 and 57). Blue was for the

highest risk flood zone "A" (100 year flood plain), grey for zone "B" (100-500 year

flood plain), and green for the lowest risk flood zone "C" (outside 500 year floodplain).

The color code was used to separate completed return questionnaires into proper

flood risk zones for data coding and subsequent analyses. The questionnaire was

then placed in an envelope together with a hand signed cover letter Appendix A, page

141), a postage paid return envelope, and a postage paid return post card (page 142).

72
* This post card was to be returned, signed by the respondent at the same time as, but

separate from, the questionnaire. It informed researchers the completed questionnaire

was being mailed back separately. In order to ensure confidentiality, no respondent

identification % as attached to the questionnaire itself.

Upon receiving the return post card with the respondent's signature, student

employees deleted the respondent's name and address from the computer f'. of

mailing addresses. Upon receiving the completed questionnaires, the student

employees gave each returned questionnaire a sequential code number, which also

indicated whether they had been sent back from the Santa Ana or from the Wyoming

Valley sample, and which of the three flood risk zones they were from (as indicated by

the color code).

The second "wave" of the mail survey implementation was a hand signed post

card (Appendix B, page 143), sent to everyone addressed in the first mailing. It

thanked those who had responded and reminded those who had not to do so. This

was mailed approximately one week after the first mailing.

Approximately three weeks after the post card reminder, a third "wave" mailing

went out, but only to those who had not yet responded. This consisted of a revised

cover letter (Appendix B, page 144) composed to persuade those who had not yet

responded to do so, together with another copy of the questionnaire with postage paid

mail back envelope and post card to send back separately.

Management of the mail outs of each of these "waves" involved several tasks

which had to be completed daily from the beginning of the survey until survey

73
implementation was completed. It was important to closely supervise students

working on these mail out tasks to ensure that each task was being done correctly

and completed on schedule.

Another critical procedural point for the success of this and similar mail surveys

is having an authoritative and responsible individual requesting the information and

identified as a point of contact. For the Santa Ana and Wyoming Valley mail surveys,

that person was the Chairperson of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at

VCU. She hand signed each of the letters and post cards sent out to each person

who had agreed by phone to participate in the mail survey. Her name and phone

number were also placed on the cover of the survey booklet, with an invitation for

respondents to phone her "collect" if they had any questions. This served to confirm

to respondents that the survey was part of a legitimate study, and they could confirm

this by telephone at no charge.

74
CHAPTER VII

RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS

Despite prior pretesting and revision of questionnaires, some things were

learned during administration of the face-to-face and mail surveys which should aid in

improving questionnaire design for future studies. Some of the problems encountered

are discussed below, with specific recommendations for improvement.

IMPLEMENTATION

FACE-TO-FACE

The sampling frame for the Houston survey was a listing of street addresses,

most of which did not have names attached. Interviewers initially telephoned sampled

O residents during the day and attempted to set up a time for a face-to-face interview.

This often resulted in either no answers or refusals. The telephone numbers for these

phone calls were obtained from Cole's Directory, a directory arranged by street

address rather than by name. However, this directory did not include unlisted

telephone numbers, nor listings for some outlying areas in the sampling frame. Due to

these difficulties, this procedure of preliminary phone contacts to set up the interview

was largely discontinued. Residents of most households in the sample were

subsequently approached in person, although some residents were still reached by

telephone in the evenings.

In place of the initial telephone contacts, a letter (Appendix A, page 93) was

sent to all residences within the flooded area (the sampling frame) informing residents

* of the survey. The letter was mailed on May 4th. As described in the previous

75
chapter, the letter indicated that a survey would be conducted in the area during May

and June, gave three reasons for the importance of the survey, and provided points of

contact (with telephone numbers) at the Corps Galveston District Office and the Harris

County Flood Control District (the local project sponsor), from whom additional

information could be obtained. It also indicated that the Harris County Police

Department would verify the identity of the interviewers. The letter was signed by the

Acting Director of the Corps Institute for Water Resources.

The letter was very effective, to the point that some people whose neighbors

were interviewed were disappointed that they weren't. Many residents receiving the

letter were not interviewed, because it was sent to all residences in the sampling

frame, not just those selected in the sample. A letter like this should be used in future

face-to-face surveys, but it is recommended that it only be mailed to those households

selected in the sample.

Some respondents were reluctant to allow interviewers to inventory their

household contents or enter all rooms of their home. Some would not allow

interviewers to inventory room contents on a second floor of the house. These

respondents indicated that since the second floor had not been flooded it was not

relevant. These data were needed, however, for determining contents-to-structure

ratios and percent damage to total content value. When respondents objected, an

alternative to walking through all rooms in the house was for the interviewer to sit with

the respondent and have them conduct a mental tour of the house. Residents who

object to giving interviewers a tour of their house should be asked to cooperate in this

76
* way. If they refuse because they are pressed for time, the interviewer should offer to

come back at a more convenient time to complete the inventory.

MAIL

As previously described, a telephone screening of the Santa Ana and Wyoming

Valley samples was conducted to identify sampled household residents willing to

complete the more comprehensive mail questionnaire. The proportions agreeing to

participate were 57.6 percent and 60.5 percent for the two respective samples.

However, despite obtaining this preliminary telephone "commitment," less than 40

percent of the sampled households who agreed to do so actually completed and

returned their questionnaires. This was even after the repeated mailings described

earlier for the mail-out procedure.

Possible reasons for nonresponse include the amount of detail required and

failure by telephone interviewers to fully convey the amount of time it would take to

complete the questionnaire. From comments on returned questionnaires and a

telephone sampling of non-response, many respondents indicated that when they said

they would participate, it was without knowing how much time and effort were required

to complete the questionnaire. It is recommended that pre-screening telephone

interviewers be instructed to make an attempt to confirm that respondents who agree

to participate in the mail survey are sincere in their commitment after being informed

of the amount of effort required. However, there may be a trade-off in that this more

frank approach might produce more phone refusals.

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77
In some cases, agreement from someone in a residence to participate was

obtained by telephone interviewers with a second phone call, which was placed after a

person in that residence had previously refused to participate. It is unlikely that such

persistence always obtains sincere agreement to participate. It is recommended once

a refusal is given by any occupant of a residence, no further attempts should be made

to persuade anyone in that residence to participate.

QUESTIONNAIRE MODIFICATION

FACE-TO-FACE

The following comments pertain to the face-to-face questionnaire (Appendix A).

Front Cover: Some respondents were disturbed by the cover sheet

(Appendix A, page 95) containing a place for their name and address,

when they had been assured by interviewers that their "... name will

not be associated with your answers." Interviewees should be assured

that the cover sheet is only for the survey administrator to verify that the

interview has been completed, that the cover sheet will be discarded

after data are coded, that names and addresses will not be coded with

the data, and that it will therefore be impossible to associate names or

addresses with answers during analysis. Keeping cover sheets

physically separate from questionnaires, with only sequential

identification numbers on the questionnaires, would also help to convince

respondents of the confidentiality of their responses.

Question 2: This item was used to determine whether respondents had

been flooded by the first, second, or both 1989 floods. This question

was somewhat unique to the Houston survey, because two different

floods occurred in the area in 1989 approximately two months apart.

This item should be omitted in adaptations of this questionnaire for

similar face-to-face surveys in which only one flood had taken place

during the year. The question worked well for identifying which flood(s)

affected residents, but those respondents who reported being flooded

both times found it difficult to respond to subsequent questions asking

damages for only one of the two floods (the "first" flood experienced).

For a survey similar to the Houston case where residences have been

flooded two or more times, it is recommended the subsequent questions

about damages be repeated with reference to each particular flood.

78
0 Question 6: This item referred to the period "just before" the first 1989

flood that affected respondents. Some people interviewed were

confused by this and wanted to know how many days "just before"

meant. The words "During the 24 hour period" or something similar

should be added to the beginning of this question to define an exact time

period of reference.

Questions 7 & 15: These items refer to the "first" and "second"

messages received just before the first flood that affected respondents.

Respondents often became upset with these questions because the

listed responses were generally not part of the messages they had

received. Messages which were received tended to be more general,

referring to heavy rains rather than flooding, and without instructions for

specific actions to be taken. An open-ended question inserted before

Questions 7 and 15 asking what were the respective first and second

messages received should help to relieve respondents' frustration and

make them less prone to becoming upset. It would also allow the

interviewer to record many of the required answers to components of

Questions 7 and 15, without verbally asking for them, based upon what

respondents say in their initial open-ended response.

Question 30: This item referred to those who did not evacuate and their

decision not to evacuate. This was "somewhat difficult to follow" for

some respondents, and difficult for some interviewers to administer;

perhaps because two negatives were used in writing the question.

Interviewers said that having a blank to check after each response would

have made it less confusing for them than having to circle either a "no"

or a "yes" as instructed. It is recommended that the question be

shortened, omitting the first negative to: "Which of the following affected

the decision of you or others in your residence NOT to evacuate?" The "no" or "yes" responses to be circled could then be replaced with an

open bracket and instructions to the interviewer to check all that apply.

Question 40: This question was actually a full page of related items.

The items refer to specific types of structure damages and measures

taken to prevent these damages. As presented in the Houston

questionnaire, these items were found confusing by respondents for two

reasons: 1) too much specific detail being requested, and 2) a difficult to

follow matrix format. With respect to the first reason, there was just too

much information requested at one time for respondents (and

interviewers) to grasp. Six pieces of information are asked for, on each

of eleven lines. Two of these ask for a percentage that each line

response is of the eleven line total. This was not needed; it could be

calculated during analysis.

79
With respect to the format problem, a matrix is one of the most difficult formats

for respondents to understand. If included in similar future face-to-face surveys,

these items should be completely reformatted. It is recommended that each of

the eleven lines of items on this question page be converted into four written

questions. Following is an example of how line one could be reformatted:

1A. For built-in shelves and appliances:

a) What was the replacement value of damages? $_

b) How many hours were required to repair or install

replacement shelves and appliances, in addition to time

paid for in the dollar value of damages given above?

HOURS

c) Were any actions taken to prevent these damages?

1 YES 2 NO

d) If yes, what do you estimate was the dollar value of the

damage prevented by your actions to prevent damages?

Questions 46, 47 & 48: These items ask how much damage (to

contents) could have been prevented if 3, 6, or 12 hours evacuation

notice (respectively) had been received. Most respondents found these

questions too difficult to answer, perhaps because they were too

hypothetical. They were found to be a problem during the pretest of the

questionnaire, but were included because the information was important

for the study objectives. Approximately half way through the survey

sample, interviewers were instructed to stop asking these questions

because of the difficulties encountered. They should not be included in

future surveys without additional research and pretesting.

Inventory Items: Many respondents became impatient with the inventory

because of the time required to complete it and difficulty in providing the

requested dollar values for contents. The only apparent way to address

the time issue is to eliminate or combine some of the different items on

the inventory sheets so as to shorten them. The trade-off is that less

80
precise information is obtained and the loss of information and precision

may at some point be unacceptable.

Some respondents could not give a "replacement value" for some items,

because they felt such items as family mementos could literally not be replaced.

Additional research is needed to develop improved value measures for such

items.

MAIL

The following comments pertain to the Santa Ana/Wyoming Valley

questionnaire (Appendix B).

Questions 7 & 8: The items refer to the square footage of the home and

basement, if present. Many respondents either did not provide this

requested information or gave numbers that were obviously too small for

any normal dwelling. Future surveys should revise these questions to

ask for approximate length and width of their dwe!ling and basement

area in feet. Pretesting this revision will show whether or not further

revisions are necessary to improve validity of response to these items.

Question 14: Some respondents did not know the market value of their

homes, and either noted this or left this question blank. After the

question in parentheses are the words "YOUR BEST GUESS." This

could be expanded to read "Give your best guess, considering the price

of any homes similar to yours recently sold in your neighborhood." A

pretest should give an indication of whether or not this change will

prompt additional response to this question.

Inventory Items: Some respondents did not completely fill out all

inventory pages. Some filled out none, answering only the background

questions. Reasons given included the fact that they did not have the

time, that it was too much work, and that we were being "too intrusive."

Some respondents put question marks on the answer blanks rather than

a number. Others grouped items listed on the questionnaire and gave

only one value for the entire group. This makes it difficuit to attribute the

appropriate values to each inventory item when coding the data. A

similar problem was encountered in coding the age of content items for

some respondents, who gave a range of ages (e.g. 5-10 years old)

rather than the exact age. These problems could be addressed in the

cover letter. For example, a short paragraph could be added near the

end of the letter, but underlined or highlighted so as to draw attention to

* it. The first sentence could stress confidentiality and the importance for

81
respondents to provide complete and accurate information for each

inventory item. One or more following sentences could specifically ask

respondents NOT to group items, giving only one value for them

together, and NOT to give ranges of values or ages in place of giving

one value or age per item. When making these additions to the cover

letter, care should be taken to keep it one page in length. This may

require a revision of the complete letter, or, alternatively, only making

reference in the letter to an attached page of "special inventory

instructions." The instructions on the back of the front cover of the

questionnaire should be similarly revised and pretested.

82
CHAPTER VIII

SUMMARY

This manual was designed as a primer for use by Corps economists, other

planners, administrators, and others who must conduct surveys of actual or potential

flood damage to residential structures and contents. It is not a completely

comprehensive and exhaustive primer. It is limited to residential structures and

contents, although many of the survey principles illustrated could also be applied to

non-residential property. This primer is also limited to the steps in survey research

relating to survey design and implementation; with no reference to assessing, coding,

and analyzing survey data, or to writing final reports.

DEFINING OBJECTIVES

It is important that the first step in the study process be a clear and explicit

definition of study objectives and data needs. The process of defining study

objectives often reveals that a survey is not necessary to obtain the data necessary to

address them. Sometimes the desired information may be acquired from local

government records or by merely observing relevant properties. Surveys are costly

and time consuming and should only be used when necessary. When the decision

has been made that a survey is needed, it is usually cost effective to design it so that

data are collected to address more than one objective. However, there are trade-offs

and limitations to the number of study objectives that can be addressed at one time,

relative to the acceptable length and complexity of the survey questionnaire. The

83
prototype 36 page face-to-face questionnaire displayed in Appendix A approaches the

upper limits of tolerable length and complexity.

SELECTING SURVEY METHOD

Selection of the appropriate survey method is usually the next step in the

survey process. There are three alternative methods of survey administration that are

most often used: faco-to-face, telephone, and mail. Each has strengths and

weaknesses relative to different survey objectives, constraints, and flood damage

situations. In general, face-to-face surveys are best for getting a high response to

flood damage surveys. These types of surveys tend to involve long and complex

questionnaires. Well trained interviewers can generally obtain larger amounts of

complex and sensitive information in face to-face interviews than would be possible

using other survey methods.

The main advantage of telephone surveys is they can usually be implemented

relatively quickly. They may be appropriate for addressing some kinds of flood

damage objectives where the level of detail and complexity of necessary questions is

not great. It is not recommended that telephone surveys be used to address study

objectives requiring inventory of household contents.

Mail or telephone surveys (for certain objectives) may be more appropriate than

face-to-face when large or dispersed geographic areas must be surveyed. In such

cases it is usually not practical or cost effective to send interviewers to every

residence selected in the sample.

84
At the time of selecting the survey method some thought must also be given to

how the population to be surveyed will be sampled. This is because mail and

telephone surveys usually depend upon the existence of a complete listing of the

addresses or telephone numbers of the population to be surveyed. If such a list does

not exist, or cannot be created, the possibility of utilizing either of these survey

methods is usually precluded.

DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Flood damage questionnaires and other questionnaire items in the Approved

Questionnaire Items for Collection of Planning Data (IWR 1984), together with the

prototypes in the appendices of this manual, should be used by Corps analysts as a

point of departure for questionnaire design. Some redesign of these questionnaires

*will usually be required to adapt them to the unique conditions of each new flood

damage study. Design of some new survey questions within the approved general

subject areas might also be needed.

Important considerations for designing survey questionnaires include: question

relevance, question reliability and validity, and the overall proper construction of

questions and formatting of the questionnaire. To meet the relevance test, all

questions in a survey questionnaire must in some way relate to the study objectives.

To be judged reliable and valid, questions must consistently measure (reliability) what

they are supposed to measure (validity). A number of other principles for proper

construction of questions and formatting of the questionnaire, explained in Chapter IV,

85
must also be simultaneously taken into account when designing any survey

questionnaire.

When questions are taken from one type of survey (e.g. face-to-face) and

incorporated into questionnaires designed for another method of administration (e.g.

mail), changes in format and other revisions are usually necessary. Failure to make

these revisions will jeopardize survey results.

Pretesting of the questionnaire is the final phase of questionnaire design and

should never be overlooked. Ideally, questionnaires should be first pretested with

colleagues (and revised) before pretesting with several respondents who either are

from the actual population to be surveyed, or reside in similar residential and flood risk

areas. After respondents finish the pretest interview, they should be debriefed to

identify all potential problems with the questionnaire. The questionnaire should then

be revised and pretested again, until all problems have been corrected. For mail and

telephone surveys, the telephone and mail-out procedures should also be pretested to

be sure that nothing critical has been overlooked that might jeopardize survey

success.

DRAWING A SAMPLE

Usually the population to be surveyed is too large or too dispersed for it to be

feasible to collect data frbm everyone. The population must therefore be sampled and

data collected from only those members of the population selected in the sample. The

study population is first carefully defined and reduced to a "sampling frame" or listing

of population members from which the sample will be drawn. An adequate sample

86
*size is then determined, based upon the levels of precision and confidence desired for

final results, as well as minimum numbers of observations needed for statistical

procedures which the analyst may plan to use. Samples should be randomly drdwn to

as."ire that data collected will represent the study population in all respects. The

accuracy of sample estimates of population characteristics which are of particular

importance to the study can be improved by stratifying the sample on the basis of

those characteristics.

SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION

Careful selection, training, and supervision of survey personnel is critical to

successful implementation of any survey effort. This is especially true for face-to-face

and telephone interviewers who will be contacting the public. The best persons to

* select for interviewers are individuals with good interpersonal skills and who are not

likely to be perceived as threatening or overbearing to those who are to be

interviewed.

An often overlooked aspect of a successful survey is the careful monitoring and

concern for detail in implementation of the survey process. Whether its maintaining a

survey schedule, reviewing data entry for accuracy and legibility, monitoring "wave"

mailings and returns, or any of the myriad other logistical details, poor quality control

during survey administration can quickly negate the best efforts in questionnaire

design and survey sampling.

87
FURTHER APPLICATIONS 0

As stated at the beginning of the present chapter, this manual is not meant to

be a completely comprehensive and exhaustive primer. Rather, it illustrates how two

different flood damage surveys were conducted, following the steps of the survey

process, and provides the questionnaires used in those surveys as prototypes for

those who must conduct similar surveys elsewhere.

It is important to emphasize that those who apply all or part of either of these

survey prototypes must carefully consider all steps of the survey process within the

context of their particular study situation. All studies are unique in some ways, and

inadequate attention to any of the steps in the survey process could seriously affect

survey results. Corps analysts are encouraged to apply the methodology presented in

this manual, but to do so with appropriate adaptations to effectively address the

specific study objectives of future applications. In doing so, particular attention should

be given to the recommended questionnaire modifications in Chapter VII.

With each additional application lessons are learned that contribute to the

knowledge and experience of the individual analyst and to the improvement of the

overall survey process. As such prior to implementing any survey effort, contact with

individuals with previous experience with appropriate questionnaires or implementation

procedures can be a useful source of information to avoid previous mistakes or to

identify potential pit falls.

0

88
S1 LITERATURE CITED

Boeckh, E. H. 1990. Residential Building Valuation System. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Cole's Directories 1990. Reverse Telephone Directory for Houston and Surrounding

Texas Communities.

Davis, S. A. (ed.) 1'488. National Economic Development Procedures Manual - Urban

Flood Damage, IWR Report 88-R-2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources

Support Center, Institute for Water Resources. Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Davis, S. A. 1991. Guidelines to Estimating Existing and Future Residential Content

Values. (DRAFT) Institute for Water Resources Water Resources Support Center. U.E

Army Corps of Engineers. Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Dillman D. A. 1978 Mail and Telephone Surveys, The Total Design Method. New

York; John Wiley & Sons.

Institute for Water Resources 1984. Aporoved Questionnaire Items for Collection of

Planning Data. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Kish, L. 1965. Survey Sampling. New York; John Wiley and Sons.

Marshall and Swift 1987. Residential Estimator Program. Los Angeles, California.

Moser, D. A. and C. M. Dunning 1986. National Economic Development Procedures

Manual - Recreation, Volume II, A Guide for Using the Contingent Value Methodology

in Recreation Studies, IWR Report 86-R-5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water

Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources. Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Schaeffer, R.L., W. Mendenhall, and L. Ott 1979. Elementary Survey Sampling. North

Scituate, MA; Duzbury Press.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1990. Engineering Regulation 1105-2-100.

Washington, D.C.

89
0

900
P APPENDIX A

FACE-TO-FACE QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTRODUCTORY LETTERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Paqe

Preliminary Letter Announcing Survey 93

Interviewer Letter of Introduction 94

Face-to-Face Survey Questionnaire 95

S0

91
92
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, WATER RESOURCES SUPPORT CENTER

INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESOURCES

CASEY BUILDING

FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA 22060-5586

REPLY TO

ArrENTOON OF May 4, 1990

CEWRC-IWR-R

Dear Resident:

During the month of May, employees of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Texas A&M

University, and Prairie View University will be in your area to conduct a survey regarding flood losses,

potential flood loss, and response to flooding that occurred from Cypress Creek and Greens Bayou

during May and June of 1989.

We are conducting this survey in cooperation with the Galveston District, Corps of Engineers

and the Harris County Rood Control District. Your response to this survey will enable to help us better

determine the economic loss of these and other floods, to determine your response to the flood threat,

as it occurred and to any flood warning messages you may have heard.

This study will be very important to us in three ways:

1) It will help in the evaluation of the flood control projects that our Galveston District is

planning for your area.

2) The increased understanding of flood losses which we get from this survey will help us more S accurately determine the benefits of other flood damage reduction projects throughout the United States. 3) It will help the Corps and other agencies plan and evaluate more effective flood warning and

preparedness systems.

Should you have any concerns or questions, please contact Mr. Frank Incaprera, Chief of

Economics, Galveston District, Corps of Engineers, at 1-800-392-6412, extension 3127 (This is a tollfree call.), or Ms. Markett Ryza, Information Services Manager, Harris County Flood Control District, at

684-4000. Also, the Harris County Police Department is aware of this survey, and can verify the

identity of our interviewers. Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Kyle E. Schilling

Acting Director

PRELMI9NARY LETTER ANNOUNCING SURVEY.

93
A 11DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, WATER RESOURCES SUPPORT CENTER

INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESOURCES

CASEY BUILDING

FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA 22060-5586

REPL.Y TO

ATTENTION OF

CEWRC-IWR-R

Dear Resident:

The purpose of this letter is to introduce Mr. Anthony Greisinger. Mr. Greisinger is employed

by the University of Houston and is working for us under an inter-agency agreement. Mr. Greisinger

and several Texas A&M employees are conducting interviews in the Cypress Creek and Greens Bayou

areas of Harris County. These interviews are being done because of floods that occurred in your area

in May and June 1989. We are conducting this survey in cooperation with the Galveston District, U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers and the Harris County Flood Control District. Your response to this survey

will help us better determine the economic loss of these and other floods and to determine your

response to the flood threat as it occurred as well as to any flood warning messages you may have

heard.

This study will be very important in three ways:

1) It will help in the evaluation of the flood control projects that Galveston District is planning for

your area.

2) The increased understanding of flood losses which we get from this survey will help us more

accurately determine the benefits of other flood damage reduction projects throughout the United States. 3) It will help the Corps and other agencies plan and evaluate more effective flood warning and

preparedness systems.

Should you have any concerns or questions, please contact Mr. Frank Incaprera, Chief of

Economics, Galveston District, Corps of Engineers, at 1-800-392-6412, extension 3127 (This is a tollfree call.), or Ms. Markett Ryza, Information Services Manager, Harris County Flood Control District, at

684-4000. Also, the Harris County Police Department is aware of this survey, and can verify the

identity of our interviewers. Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Kyle E. Schilling

Acting Director

INTERV EWR TER:' OF INTRODUCTION

94
Houston Survey OMB Approval #0710-0001

Expiration Date 11/30/92

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Institute for Water Resources and

Galveston District

Residential Flood Survey

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is conducting a study of your

community to identify possible projects to prevent future flood

damage. Your help in discussing how you responded to the recent

flood(s) will be greatly appreciated.

Before we get started, I want to assure you that the answers you

give will be kept confidential. Your name will not be associated

with your answers and your answers will be combined with those we

get from everyone else. This interview is voluntary and you are

entirely free not to participate or not to answer any of the

questions you choose. You are also free to terminate the

interview at any time. Are you willing to participate?

Name of interviewee:

Address of interviewee:

Name of interviewer:

Date of interview:

Interview number:

95
0

96
Survey Number

OMB Approval #0710-0001

Expiration Date 11/30/92

FLOOD SURVEY - RESIDENTIAL

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

Institute for Water Resources

Part I - The Warning Process

Most of the questions in the first part of this survey concern

flood watch and flood warning messages you may have received

prior to the recent floods in this area. There are no right or

wrong answers. Instead, we want to know what you heard and did

before and during this flood.

1. Were you living at this residence in both May and June of

1989?

0. NO (If NO, fill-in address : 1. YES, BOTH MAY AND JUNE

2. MAY, BUT NOT JUNE

3. JUNE, BUT NOT MAY

2. In what month or months of 1989 was your residence flooded?

1. NO MONTHS (If NONE, Only do contents inventory and

2. MAY Marshall & Swift.)

3. JUNE

4. MAY AND JUNE

5. OTHER MONTHS

3. Before February, what would you have said the chance was of

major flooding that would cause an evacuation of your

neighborhood? (circle one)

1. NO CHANCE

2. SLIGHT CHANCE

3. MODERATE CHANCE

4. STRONG CHANCE

5. EXTREMELY LIKELY CHANCE

4. Before the first flood you experienced this year, had your

home ever been flooded? (circle one)

0. NO If No, SKIP to Q6

1. YES

97
5. L±ease give me the year that these previous floodings

occurred, and whether or not you evacuated your home each

time. Y

YEAR

0. DID NOT EVACUATE 1. EVACUATED

0. DID NOT EVACUATE 1. EVACUATED

0. DID NOT EVACUATE 1. EVACUATED

THESE QUESTIONS ONLY APPLY TO THE FIRST FLOOD TO ENTER YOUR HOME

IN 1989.

->6. Just before the first flood that affected you in 1989, did

anyone at this residence hear from anyone or receive any

other communication that flooding was possible? (circle one)

0. NO If No, SKIP to Q24

1. YES

7. Did the FIRST such message that you received include any of

the following information? [Read list and circle responses.]

a) "Conditions possible for a flood

in your community?" 0. NO 1. YES

b) "Watch the river or stream for flooding?" 0. NO 1. YES

c) "It's possible your home will be flooded." 0. NO 1. YES

d) "Flooding will occur; take action?' 0. NO 1. YES

e) "Evacuate your home?" (no instructions) 0. NO 1. YES

f) "Evacuate your home?" (with instructions) 0. NO 1. YES

g) The time that flooding would occur. 0. NO 1. YES

h) Other information in the message. 0. NO 1. YES

(Specify:).

8. What would you call this first message that you received?

(circle one)

1. A FLOOD WATCH

2. A FLOOD WARNING

3. NEITHER ONE

4. UNSURE

9. On what date and at what time of day did you hear this

message?

MO. DAY TIME (Hours and Minutes): _/ __/ : (circle one): AM or PM

98
10. How did you hear this first message? (circle one only)

1. TV

2. RADIO

3. TELEPHONE BY PUBLIC OFFICIAL

4. TELEPHONE BY OTHER

5. FACE TO FACE BY PUBLIC OFFICIAL

6. FACE TO FACE BY OTHER

7. LOUDSPEAKER

8. SIREN

9. C.B., HAM RADIO or POLICE SCANNER

10. NEWSPAPER

11. OTHER:

["Probe" for HOW.]

11. On what date, and at what approximate time did the flood

waters reach your block? [Put a Number on each Blank, or

Check [ ] if DON'T KNOW]

DATE TIME (Hours and Minutes):

_ : (circle one): AM or PM

99
12. I will now read through a list of possible actions to take

as a result of hearing a flood watch or warning message.

Please answer yes or no to each to indicate the actions that

you took, if any, as a result of this first message you

heard. Remember, these are only actions with respect to

the first message you heard.

[Read list and circle responses.]

In response to the first message did you

a) Listen to TV or Radio? 0. NO 1. YES

b) Contact family members? 0. NO 1. YES

c) Contact other people? 0. NO 1. YES

d) Disconnect appliances? 0. NO 1. YES

e) Pack or prepare any household possessions

for an evacuation? 0. NO 1. YES

f) Elevate possessions above the floor of the

first story of your house, things such as

furniture or documents? 0. NO 1. YES

g) Move any possessions to a safer location

outside of the house? 0. NO 1. YES

h) Go out and look at the stream? 0. NO 1. YES

i) Move cars or other vehicles to higher

ground? 0. NO 1. YES

j) Evacuate from the structure? 0. NO 1. YES

k) Take any other actions?(If yes, list below) 0. NO 1. YES

13. On a scale of 1 to 10 how would you estimate the strength of

your belief in this first message? (1 represents ultimate

disbelief and 10 represents ultimate belief)

(fill-in with number between 1-10)

14. The previous questions asked about the first message you

received. Did you receive a DIFFERENT MESSAGE LATER ON

indicating that flooding was possible or the possibility of

flooding had increased?

0. NO If No, SKIP to Q 24

1. YES

100
.15. Did the SECOND message that you received include any of the

following information? [Read list and circle responses.]

a) "Conditions possible for a flood

in your community?" 0. NO 1. YES

b) "Watch the river or stream for flooding?" 0. NO 1. YES

c) "It's possible your home will be flooded." 0. NO 1. YES

d) "Flooding will occur; take action?" 0. NO 1. YES

e) "Evacuate your home?" (no instructions) 0. NO 1. YES

f) "Evacuate your home?" (with instructions) 0. NO 1. YES

g) The time that flooding would occur. 0. NO 1. YES

h) Other information in the message. 0. NO 1. YES

(Specify:)

16. What would you call this SECOND message that you received?

(circle one)

1. A FLOOD WATCH

2. A FLOOD WARNING

3. NEITHER ONE

4. UNSURE

17. On what date, and what time of day did you hear this

message?

MO. DAY TIME (Hours and Minutes):

/ _/ : (circle one): AM or PM

101
18. How did you hear this SECOND message? (circle one only) 4

1. TV

2. RADIO

3. TELEPHONE BY PUBLIC OFFICIAL

4. TELEPHONE BY OTHER

5. FACE TO FACE BY PUBLIC OFFICIAL

6. FACE TO FACE BY OTHER

7. LOUDSPEAKER

8. SIREN

9. C.B., HAM RADIO or POLICE SCANNER

10. NEWSPAPER

11. OTHER:

["Probe" for HOW.]

19. Please answer yes or no to each to indicate which of the

following actions, if any, that you took as a result of this

SECOND message you heard. [Read list and circle responses.]

In response to the second message did you

a) Listen to TV or Radio? 0. NO 1. YES

b) Contact family members? 0. NO 1. YES

c) Contact other people? 0. NO 1. YES

d) Disconnect appliances? 0. NO 1. YES

e) Pack or prepare any household possessions

for an evacuation? 0. NO 1. YES

f) Elevate possessions above the floor of the

first story of your house, things such as

furniture or documents? 0. NO 1. YES

g) Move any possessions to a safer location

outside of the house? 0. NO 1. YES

h) Go out and look at the stream? 0. NO 1. YES

i) Move cars or other vehicles to higher

ground? 0. NO 1. YES

j) Did the SECOND message cause you to

evacuate from the structure? 0. NO 1. YES

k) Did the SECOND message cause you to take

any other actions? (If yes, list below) 0. NO 1. YES

102
20. On a scale of 1 to 10 how would you estimate the strength of

your belief in this second message? 0(1 = ulitmate disbelief, and 10 = ultimate belief)

(fill-in with number between 1-10)

21. After receiving the second message, did you receive any

later messages which caused you to take further action?

0. NO If No, SKIP to 0 24.

1. YES

2. UNSURE

22. Please describe the (those) later message(s).

23. What additional actions, if any, did you take as a result of

hearing the (those) later message(s)?

->24. Do you have any suggestions on ways to improve the current

flood warning system?

25. For each of the following categories, please tell me the

total number of people who were in the residence, the number

who did evacuate, and the number who did not:

[Put a Number or Zero on each Blank]

EVAC- DID

TOTAL UATED NOT

a) Household members under 13:

b) Household members 13-64 yrs. old:

c) Household members 65 and over:

d) Non-household members < 13:

e) Non-household members 13-64 yrs. old:

f) Non-household members 65 and over:

103
26. During the flooding this year, how many people evacuated

from your household using each of the following modes of

transportation? (Put a Number or Zero on each blank.)

[SKIP to 0 30, if no one evacuated.]

Number Evacuating

a) CAR OR TRUCK?

b) BOAT?

c) WALKING?

d) OTHER TRANSPORTATION?

(What kind?)

27. For you and/or others who decided to evacuate from your

residence, which of the following affected the decision to

evacuate? Please answer yes or no to each.

Did you evacuate because of:

a) Messages on TV or Radio? 0. NO 1. YES

b) A telephone message from friends

or relatives? 0. NO 1. YES

c) A face to face message from friends

or relatives? 0. NO 1. YES

d) Telephone messages from local officials? 0. NO 1. YES

e) Face to face messages from local officials? 0. NO 1. YES

f) Experience you or other residents had with

floods in previous years? 0. NO 1. YES

g) High stream level or flood waters close to

the residence? 0. NO 1. YES

h) Because it was physically impossible to

remain in the structure? 0. NO 1. YES

i) To find or meet family members? 0. NO 1. YES

j) Because the neighbors were evacuating? 0. NO 1. YES

k) Other Reason(s) for Decision to Evacuate? 0. NO 1. YES

[Probe for reasons]

104
P28. On what date, and at what time of day did you last leave

your house to go to a place of safety?

MO. DAY TIME (Hours and Minutes):

/ _/ : (circle one): AM or PM

29. How much time did it take in your evacuation to get out of

the area of flood danger?

[Put a Number or a Zero on each Blank]

HOURS; MINUTES

Check Box if everyone evacuated [ ], and SKIP to Q31.

->30. If you and others did NOT evacuate when warned, which of

the following affected your decision NOT to evacuate or to

delay doing so? [Read list and circle responses]

a) Did not believe messages on TV or Radio? 0. NO 1. YES

b) A telephone message from friends

or relatives? 0. NO 1. YES Sc) A face to face message from friends

or relatives? 0. NO 1. YES

d) Telephone messages from local officials? 0. NO 1. YES

e) Face to face messages from local officials? 0. NO 1. YES

f) Experience you or other residents had with

floods in previous years? 0. NO 1. YES

g) Location of flood waters in relation

to the residence? 0. NO 1. YES

h) Because it was physically impossible

to leave the structure? 0. NO 1. YES

i) Because of location of family members? 0. NO 1. YES

j) Because the neighbors were not evacuating? 0. NO 1. YES

k) Fear of looting? 0. NO 1. YES

1) Other Reason(s) for Not Evacuating? 0. NO 1. YES

5 [Probe for Reasons]

105
PART II - COSTS AND DAMAGES

The next group of questions are for the purpose of determining

flood damages for different types of properties and possessions.

These guestions should apply only to the first flood that entered

your home in 1989.

[If no one evacuated, skip to Q. 34]

->31. How many days did you or will you spend in temporary

residence due to the evacuation or while flocd damage to

your home is (was) being repaired?

DAYS

32. How much money did your household spend, or will you spend,

on travel and lodging (including trailer rental or purchase)

due to your evacuation(s) this year?

DOLLARS

33. Due to the evacuation(s), how much money did your household

spend, or will you spend, on food in excess of what you

normally would have spent?

DOLLARS

->34. How many days of work were lost by all wage earners in this

household due to all aspects of this year's flooding?

WORK DAYS LOST

35. How many dollars in pay do you estimate were lost by all

wage earners in this household this year due to all aspects

of this year's flooding?

$ _WAGES LOST

36. How much was your house worth just before this year's

flooding?

106
p

37. At the time of flooding this year . .

a) How many vehicles were located at this residence?

VEHICLES

[If zero, enter above and skip to Q. 38]

b) How many of those vehicles were damaged by the flood?

DAMAGED

Check Box if Not Applicable [ ];

If zero enter above and skip to Q. 38

c) What was the total dollar replacement cost to your

household for vehicles damaged by the flood?

d) How much of the total dollar replacement cost for vehicle

damage was covered by insurance?

->38. At the time of flooding, did you have National Flood

Insurance coverage?

0. NO 1. YES

39. a) What is the cost of the structural damage to your home?

[If zero, enter above and skip to Q.40 for estimate of

damages prevented.]

b) How much in insurance payments did you or will you

receive for this structural damage?

Check Box if Not Applicable [ ]

107
REAL ESTATE DAMAGES (filL-in tab(e with S or Z of total whn applicable)

40. 4) :an you break-dow your total real estate dwmges into the following categories?

b) :an you also break-down any additional time that was spent on repairs other than paid labor hours?

c) Did you take " damage prevention measures for these categories?

d) Can you estimate the value of damages prevented due to these actions?

VALUE OF DAMAGS I PREVENTION MEASURES

............................. ,................ ..... .........

QJiSTO AI ACTION I VALUE OF

RPAIR EI ORt TAKEN TO J DAMAGE

IN I INSTALL, PREVENT PREVENTED:

OF I IN ADDITION I DAMAGE? I IIM % OFI

AREA OF DAMAGE IN S TOTALI TO S SPENT I (Y/) IN s I TOTAL

............................................. ............................. . ........ ...............

1. BUILT-IN SHELVES AND APPLIANCES I I I

II I I I II

..................................................... ...............

L'E1RICAL M. I I I I I

II I I I I

................................. ....................... .......................... ... . ...............

3.LU PUIBIIMG I I I I 

II I I I I

......................................................................................... . .............

4. EXTERIOR WALLS. WDI jINOUS, ORS I I I I 

(PAINTING INCLUDED) AND ROOFING I I I I I

I I. I I I I

................................................................................... ..... ...............

. FOOTINGS AM FOUNOATION I I I I I

II I I I I

.......................................................................... ............ 6. INTERIOR 000S AD UALLS I I I I I

(PAINTING INCLUOED) I I I I I

II I I I I

...................................................................................................... I

ITERIOR N. FLOORS, CARPET AND I I I I I I

CEILINGS I I I I I I

i I I I I I.

8. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS - NEAT, A/C, I I I I I I

SUM PtE, BUILT-IN VACLUN I I I I I I

......................... %.............................................. ............... I

9. OUTBUILDINGS, DECKS, FIREPLACES I I I I I I

ANo AGS I I I I I I 

I I I I I II

......................................................................... ........... 10. OUTSIDE PROPERTY AN LANDSCAPING I I I I I I

I I I I I II

"'...................................................... .............

11. SEPTIC, SEWR AND WATER SYSTEMS I I I I I I

I I I I I II

TOTAL (FROM 0.39 a.) i I/' I . . .. - I I... "

.................... . . ........ .... ......... ............. ............ *0
41. a) What is the cost of flood damage to the contents of your

home?

b) How much in insurance payments did you or will you

receive for that flood damage to your contents?

Check Box if Not Applicable [ ]

42. How high in feet and inches did the water get relative to

the front entryway of your house?

FEET; INCHES (ABOVE, BELOW) FRONT ENTRYWAY

[circle]

43. For each of the following stories in your house, please give

the distance in feet between the floor and the ceiling, and

the maximum height in feet above the floor reached by water.

Have? Room Height Feet of Water

a) Basement : 0. NO 1. YES FEET FEET

b) 1st Floor: 0. NO 1. YES FEET FEET

c) 2nd Floor: 0. NO 1. YES FEET FEET

d) 3rd Floor: 0. NO 1. YES FEET FEET

44. How many hours did the waters remain in your residence?

HOURS

45. [If no flood damage prevention measures were taken, skip to

Q. 461

a) How long a time period did the flood damage prevention

take?

HOURS; MINUTES

b) Approximately how many person hours were spent on damage

prevention?

HOURS

c) How many person hours did it take to put the contents of

your house back into their original positions?

_ HOURS

109
->46. If you had been told to evacuate in THREE hours, how much

damage could you have prevented from the flood you experienced

this year? Consider preventive measures such as moving things,

taking them with you, disconnecting the electricity, or any other

measure.

$ IN DAMAGE

47. If you had been told to evacuate in SIX hours, how much

damage could you have prevented from the flood you experienced

this year? Consider preventive measures such as moving things,

taking them with you, disconnecting the electricity, or any other

measure.

$ IN DAMAGE

48. If you had been told to evacuate in TWELVE hours, how much

damage could you have prevented from the flood you experienced

this year? Consider preventive measures such as moving things,

taking them with you, disconnecting the electricity, or any other

measure.

$ IN DAMAGE

49. What was the monetary cost to you for labor and supplies to

clean-up the structure and contents of your house after the

flood?

50. How many total unpaid hours will you and others spend on

clean-up for the structure and contents of your house after the

flood?

HOURS

51. How many total unpaid hours will you and others spend on

repair of the contents of your house? (Only Contents;

Do not include repairs to the structure of the house)

HOURS

52. How much, if anything, did each of the following cost you in

actual dollar expenditures as a result of all of the flooding

this year?

a) Costs for moving furniture and other belongings? $

b) Costs for storing furniture and other belongings? $

c) Vandalism, Looting, or Theft Costs? $

d) Costs from flooding-related medical problems? $

e) Any other costs due to 1989 flooding? $

(Specify):e_

110
Part III: BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

The following background questions are necessary to help us

determine the characteristics of different types of potential

flood victims, so that warning messages can be more effectively

communicated to different residents in the area. We need this

information, but you have the right to refuse to answer any

questions you would rather not respond to.

53. [Interviewer: Observe type of structure and CIRCLE below.]

1. One Story Structure

2. One and One Half Story Structure

3. Two Story Structure

4. Mobile Home or Trailer

5. High-Raised Structure (8 Ft. or Higher)

6. Apartment (Living Quarters on One Level)

7. Condominium (Living Quarters on 2+ Levels)

8. Other (Specify)

54. Are you the head of this household (the principal wage

earner)?

(Probe, and Note Gender of Head of Household)

0. Male

1. Female

55. Which of the following racial or ethnic groups best

describes the head of this household? (circle one)

1. American Indian

2. Black American

3. Hispanic or Mexican American

4. Oriental

5. Caucasian

6. Other (Specify)

56. What is the longest time in years and months that any member

of your household has lived in this residence?

YEARS; MONTHS

57. At the time of flooding this year, did you own, rent or

lease this residence?

1. OWNED

2. RENTED or LEASED

3. OTHER (Specify):

ill
58. At the time of flooding this year, what was the marital

status of the head of this household?

1. MARRIED

2. SINGLE

3. WIDOWED

4. DIVORCED OR SEPARATED

5. OTHER (Specify):

59. At the time of flooding this year, what was the age of the

head of this household?

YEARS OLD

60. How many total years of schooling have been completed by the

principal wage earner of this household?

Grade School High School Colleqe/Technical Graduate School

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21+

61. What is your approximate total yearly household income?

Include total income before taxes for you and all other

members of this household.

1. Less than $10,000

2. $ 10,000 - $ 19,999

3. $ 20,000 - S 29,999

4. $ 30,000 - $ 39,999

5. $ 40,000 - $ 49,999

6. $ 50,000 - $ 59,999

7. $ 60,000 - $ 69,999

8. $ 70,000 - $ 79,999

9. $ 80,000 - $ 89,999

10. $ 90,000 - $ 99,999

11. $100,000 or more

112
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS INVENTORY

Thank you for your cooperation in answering the survey questions.

The last thing we would like to do is inventory the structure and

furnishings of your house. This information will help the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers to determine the type of flood losses

flood victims suffered as a result of the flood and to estimate

the value of damages avoided due to damage prevention measures

taken. The inventory information is also needed to help the

Corps in making decisions for future flood prevention programs.

The first portion of this inventory concerns the age and

structural composition of your house; the second section consists

of an inventory of the contents of your house.

INSTRUCTIONS TO INTERVIEWER FOR CONTENTS INVENTORY: We are

attempting to get three major pieces of information from the

following contents inventory. These are: the depreciated value

of the contents of each house by elevation at the time of the

flood (this is to be used to estimate damages with given flood

heights), the value of actual damages incurred due to the flood,

and an account of the damage prevention measures taken by the

residents after receiving a flood warning.

In order to get values for the contents of people's homes, the

elevation of each item will be determined. The first step

involved with each room of the house is to enter the approximate

distance from the entryway to the floor of the room which is to

be inventoried. This distance should be similar to the height

values obtained from Q. 45 for the various floors of the house.

Next, the elevation of each item from the floor of the room

should be entered in the first column of the inventory form.

This elevation must represent the elevation of the item at the

time before the flood hit, not the current elevation or the

elevation of the item after damage prevention measures were

taken.

The next item of information to be obtained is the value of the

contents of each house at the time of the flood by elevation.

The type of value we are attempting to get is called "depreciated

replacement value." This value is the cost to the owner to

replace each item with an item of similar quality and age. In

order to simplify this task, we have included two columns on the

inventory sheet which, when combined, give an approximation of

depreciated replacement cost. These columns are the "age" and

the "replacement cost (new)" columns. If the interviewee is

unwilling or unable to provide this information, the "suggested

replacement cost" columns are to be consulted for estimates of

possible replacement values. These estimates are to be used as

guidelines for estimating the depreciated replacement prices; if

you believe that a particular item, such as an antique, does not

fall in the suggested price range, these figures should not be

113
followed. When the interviewee refuses to estimate a replacement

cost, use these columns as a guide to ask the interviewee if one

of these estimates sounds to be about right. It is important to

note that many of these suggested costs represent the value of

one item in cases where there is likely to be more than one item

in a room (e.g., the firearms cost range of $230-$600 represents

the cost of only one such item, not a gun collection) and a few

suggested costs (e.g., books) represent the cost for a collection

of such items.

The second major focus for the inventory deals with the value of

contents damages from the flood. The "value of damages" column

should be filled-in with the interviewee's assessment of damages

incurred to each item as a result of the flood. These values

should again represent the replacement cost for a similar new

item.

Lastly, the inventory is designed to attain information on flood

damage prevention measures taken. This information should be

entered in the last two columns of the inventory forms. The

"action taken to prevent damage" columns should be answered with

either a "Y" if a damage prevention measure was taken, or a "N"

if no prevention action was taken. The last column on the form

is for entering the specific way in which an attempt to prevent

damage was undertaken: if the item was elevated, the approximate

number of feet that the item was placed relative to the first

floor should be entered; if the item was moved out of the

structure, a "M" should be placed in that column. This

information will later be used to estimcate the value of damages

prevented.

Note: The larshall-Sift Residential Estimator farm, on page

115, is a slight adaptation of the original farm published by

Marshall and Smift (Residential Estimator Program), Los kngeles:

1997). The responses: 'mbile home wder "type'; 'year

built' under 'effective agen; and 'refrigerated window unite

under 'heating and coling', wre added for the purpose of this

survey.

0

114
I 1MARSHALL AND SWIFT RESIDENTIAL ESTIMATOR

GI 1 Property Owner __________________ _________

GI 2 Address

GI 3 City. State. ZIP

GI 4 Surveyed by

GI 5 Date of Survey

CO 1 Type 1 Single Family 3 Town House. End Unit 5 Duplex

2 Low-rise Multiple 4 Town House, Inside Unit 6 Mobile Home

CO 2 Zip Code

CO 3 Quality 1 Low 3 Average 5 Very Good

2 Fair 4 Good 6 Excellent

CO 4 - Finished Floor Area

CO 5 _ Effective Age _ Year Built

CO 6 Condition 1 Worn Out 3 Average 5 Very Good

2 Badly Worn 4 Good 6 Excellent

CO 7 Style

1 One-Story 5 1-1/2 Story Finished 9 3-1/2 Story Finished

2 Two-Story 6 1-1/2 Story Unfinished 10 3-1/2 Story Unfinished

3 Three-Story 7 2-1/2 Story Finished 11 li-Level

4 Split-Level 8 2-1/2 Story Unfinished

CO 8 Heating and Cooling

Heating: Heating I Cooling: 1 Forced Air 6 Ceiling, Radiant, Electric 1t Warmed and Cooled Air

2 Gravity Furnace 7 Baseboard. Electric 12 Heat Pump System

3 Floor Furnace 8 Baseboard, Hot Water Cooling only: 4 Wall Furnace 9 Radiators. Hot Water 13 Evaporative with Ducts

5 Floor, Radiant, Hot Water 10 Radiators, Steam 14 Refrigerated with Ducts

CO 9 Exterior Wall 15 Refrigerated Window Unit

Wood Frame: Masonry:

1 Plywood 4 Siding 7 Common Brick 10 Concrete Block

2 Hardboard Sheets 5 Shingle 8 Face Brick

3 Stucco 6 Masonry Veneer 9 Stone

COlo Roofing

1 Composition Shingle 4 Wood Shake 7 Galvanized Metal 10 Plastic Tile

2 Built-up Rock 5 Concrete Tile 8 Slate

3 Wood Shingle 6 Clay Tile 9 Composition Roll

COil Number of Units (Low-rise Multiples only)

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

GARAGE & BASEMENT BUILDING GENERAL

GAT SF Attached Garage aSP SF Open Slab Porch LAN - Land

GDT SF Detached Garage SLA SF or % Slab on Ground SIT Site Improvements

GBU SF Built-in Garage PLA SF or % Plaster Interior PHY Physical Deprec.

CPT SF Carport (flat roof) SFP Number of Single Fireplaces FUN Functional Degrec.

TBA SF Total Bsmt. Area DFP Number of Double Fireplaces LOC Locational Deprec.

BMF SF Bernt. Min. Finish

BPF SF Ssmt. Prtn. Finish 0 See back for additional miscellaneous items

ADDITIONS AND REMARKS

Description Cost Options

ADI _

AD2 _

AD3 $

AD4 $

RE1

RE2

SAVE

FORM G-2200.2 115 Printed in USA.
116
0

LIVING ROWO

.31 ELEVATION ASOVII/ELOW 11m : FT. .. . . . . . ............................. ue * . .... ... ....... ......... .* .................... ....... .......... *..... ....... ...............

SSUGGESTED0 ACTION IIF ELEVATED: ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TA T EU ELEVATI

ONST COST Of PREVENT (AIL.TO ENTRY)

1.0. jPLOI (NEW) ................. DAMAGES DAMAGE? O1 " IF

M."ER I ITEM (FEET) AGE (5) ILow NED INIGN I (S) (T/N) MOVED OUT .. . . . . . ........ ...... ... ......... *...... * ......... ............. ..... .... ... ............................. ... ....... *..............

101 1RUG I I I 1 10 160 150 I ..... ....... .. 0...0....00o..............* ..... .... ..... ... ... 0... .... . ...... 00..... ......0.....o*. 000 .... ......... ..... .

102 1 ONAPIS/CURTAINS/LINOS I I I 1 50 1 150 1 300 1 1 1 .. . . . . .•* .* . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * .* . * .* . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * ............. * * * * * * *.... ......... ............ ............. ........... ............... .

103 PICTURES I I I I I I I I I I . . . . .. . . .. ....... - - - - - - ................-...-....-- - - - - -....... 0. 00 ............ 0. ................. .. ... .. .. o....... ....... ..... .

104 C1CUCNSOFA 1 1 1 1150 350 19001 1 .. o........***...*... ...... * ....** .* ..... * ..... *.*.*.*** .. ........ ..... .. ....... ............ ......... ........ * ....... ..... ..... .

I a I I I I I I I I I I

. . . * . * * *.. ................................. ................ ... ........ ...... .. .......... ...... . *......... .... ...... 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1I

105 ICHAIN I1 1 1 1 100 1225 1495 1

... ............................. ......................... ............................. ........ * *...... ..... ..... ....... ...

13 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 .. . . .•* . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * ......... * * * .... ... ...... ..... ......... ............. ........ .. .............................

106 I LIVING ON SUITE I I I I I I I I I

1011 TABLES 110 180 300

108 I _ TALE LAMPS 40 50O 2 ....... ......................... . . . . . . . .. . . . - - - . . . .......-...-. -.....-- - - - --. . . ... . . . ..

109 I FLOOR LAWS 70 11001 IS0I

... ............ ............................ .... 000...... *.... . ....................... ................................ ........ .. 110 1ITABLE TV I I I 1 150 1275 1400 1 1 I 1

.. . .•* . .* .** . * . * . * . ....... ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** ** .................. * * .* . ** . . . .. . . . . . ...................................... ....... III I CONSOE/81GS$MIEN TV I I I 1 700 1130012500 I 1 1

112 I VCR/VIDEO TAPIS I I 1 I 300 1500 11000 1 1 1 1 . .. . . . . .* .* .* .. **.* .* .* . ** . . ** . * .............. * * ** * * ........ .. ............ ....... ............. ......... .......0......... ......... ...

113 1 §DOKS/SOOKCASf (not built-in) I I I I I05 11450 1 1 1 ....................................................................................................................

114 CLOCKS I I I I 251 65 1 125 I I I ..............*............... 0 . . ..0 .. ............ -... ............ .................... ........ .......... .... .............

11S I STEREO EQUIPMENT I I 1 I 250 11000 11500 1 1 1 1 .............................................................................. .. .................................

116 I PMONO. RECOtOS/CONPACT DISCS I I 1 1 250 1 300 I 350 1 1 1 ............................................ .............................................................

117IMIRRo I I I I I I I I II .......................................................................................................

118 I DISK I I 1 1 125 1200 1 350 1 1 1 ................................................................................................ .........

119 1 FAN I I I I 1 351701 1 1 ......................................................................................

120 1AIR CODITIIIER I I 1 550 0 8001 I I .............................................................. .......................

121 KNICK-KNACKS I I I I I I I I ..................................... ............... ........................................

122 1TOYS, VIDEO GAMES EUIP. I I 1 200 I50 850I I I ............... ....................... ............ ...................................

II I I I I I I I II .. ............ . *. . **.... .. ******* ............. . ....................................................... ................

I I I I I I I I I II .................................. . ............................. ..... ...............

I I I I I I I I III

I9 IMISCELLANEOUS I I I I I I I I I

0............ . . ............ . . .

117
DINING Room

:.OL cLEVATION ASOVE/91LON 9INUAII: _FT.

SUGGESTED I ACTION I If ELEVATED: IELEVATION I IREPLACEMENT I REPLACEMENT jVALUE TAE TON EW ELEVATIONI

.: IPEN COST COST OF PREVENT (RIL.TO ENTRY)

0 in ITEM I(FEET) IAGE (S) "LWI NE INIGN I (S) I (YIN) MOVED OUT I

2011 RUGS I I I 1 10 160 11ISO1 I I I .......................................................................................................... 202 1IONAS/CRTAINS/ILINOS I I I I so100 1 I wI IS 

2o3 iP ic11*Es I I I I I I I I I I .............................................................................................................

207I.1.._.TALES I I I 1 110 1ISO 1300 1 1 1

206 1 _TABLE LAWS I I 1 I 40 1 ISO1260 I 1 1

209 1IFLOORLAWPS I I 1 I 70 1100 11501 I I I

214 1CLOCI(S I I 1 1 23 1 65 1125 1 1 1 1

217 1MIRROA I I I I I I I I I I

220 1 AIR CONDITIONER I I I I S0 17D00 Sa I I I I

221 IENICK-KNACKSII II I I II I

223 M IING TABLE & CHAINS j 2S0 j 550 j1200 1 I1

224 1IDINING TABLE I I I I I I I I I I

2.S'I INING CHAIR$ I I I I I I I I I I

, Z~I 4- 1 BUFFE E 350 1450 1 50I III

227 1 CHINA CABINET I I 1 1 45O10 1 730 1 1 1 1

2281 ICHINA I I 1 1 200 1350 1600 1 1 1

229 1ISILVERWdARE I I I I 150 1300 1600 1 1 1 I

..I .. .... ..I .. .I ... .... .I ... .I ... I .... .I ... ..I .. .... I .... .... ..I... 

II I I I I I I I I I ...... . .. ~ ~~ . ~ . ~ . ... .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

II I I I I I I I II

.I... .... .... ...I.. .. ... .... I...... ...I....I... .... .I .. ... I.. .... .... .

II I I I I I I I I I

2" 1IMISCELLANEOUS I I I I I I I I I I

118
' - 0 1 E L E V A T IO N A A O V/ S L O M E N T RA N CE : F T._ O E M

ELE~ATIO RELACEENTE j ALI ACTION If ELEVATED:

ELEATON EPACEEN RELAEMET ALU ITAE TO NEW ELEVATI1ON

W~.NSR TE FON ~ COST Of PREVENT RETo ENlTly)

l~"E TM(FEET) AGE (6) 1LOW I NOD j1GM I (S) (?/M3 I MOVED OUT

301 1IRUGS I I I 1 10 1 6011ISO I I II

302 1 ONAPES/CURTAINS/SLINDS I I I I so I ISO I 300 111

303 1PICTURES I I I I I I I I II

30O COUCM/SOFAD 01 1 1 I IS 1 0350 1 90 1 1 1I

305 I CHAINR 01 1 1 1I 100I1225I9 I 1 I" I

I a3 I I I I I I I I II

307 1 _ TABLES I I I 1 110I1180I1300 1 1 1I

308 1 _ TABLE LAPPS I I 1 1 40 1I1260 1 1 1I

309 1 _ FLOOR LAWPS I I I 1 70 1100 11ISO1 I II

310 1ITABLE TV I I I I IS I 2m1400 1 1 1

311 cONSOLE/IG SCEEN TV I 1 700I11300I12500I 1 1

312 IVCR/VIDEO TAPES I 300150oo 11000 1 1

313 1IMS/BM0CAS (nlot bui~t-in) I IS 5050It50 I So I 1

314 CLOWK I I I I 2S 1 63 1125 1 1

315 1ISTEREO EQUIPMENT I I 1I I250I1000 11500l 1 1I

316 1 P4W.RECO*OS/C0MPACT DISCS I I 1 1I250I1300I13S50I I II

31? 1 "1aR01 I I I I I I I I II

310 jDESK I I 1 1 125 1200 1 350I I II

319 1FAN I I I I1 1135 1?0 1 1 1I

320 1IAllCONDITIOUER I I I I ss50Ino I goo I I II

321 1KNICK-KMACES I I I I I I I I II

322 1 TOTS, VIDEOGANS EQUIP. I I I I m 1 450 18no I I II ................................................................................................................

330 1COMPUTERMHARlDWARE I I I I Soo 11S500I3000 I I 1

331 1COPUTER SOTARE I I I 1I130I1 30I11000I 1 1 I

.. .............................................................................................................

332 ISAN (nhotCMbut- I I 1 1 3 1 5520I1 701111 ................................................................................................................

33 I PRS G IMN I I I 1 100 I10 I10 1 1I .............................................................................................................. 33 IG W E IEI I I I 1 I6 26 1 40I ..............................................................................................................

III I I I I I I I

................................................................................................................

119
NALL & NALL CLOSEY(S)

.XI ELEVATION AIOVE/21LOW ENTRANCE: ___FT.

ELEATIN 

I ISUGGESTED EPLCEMNT REPACEEN VAUE jACTION TAE N If W ELEVATED ELEVATION: I

EL V T O RCEOE RE CS T O AF U PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

1.0. F ~LON ( NEW) .. DAMAGES DAMAGE? Olt "No I F

UJBR ITEM (FEET) jAGE (S) I LOW I KO (NIGN I Cs) I (YIN) MOUGT Am ..........................................................................................................................

4011 RUGS I I I 1 10 1 60 11ISO I I I ........................................................................................................... 402? DRAPES/CUR.TAINS/SLINOS I I I I so I ISO I 3w0 1 1 I ...........................................................................................................

1.03 1PICTURES I i I I I I I I II

407 j - TABLES I II 110 I110 I300 II

408 TABLE LAMPS 4010260I 0 IS 

413 1 lOONS/BOOKCASE (not buitt-in) 1 130 1 500 11450 1 1 1I

4-14 1CLOCKS I I I I 2S51 65 1125 1 1 1

417I1MIRROR I I I I I I I I II

419 1 FAN I I I I isI1 3 1 70 1 1 11

420 j AIR CONDITIONER 550 7?00 NoI

(21 1 X ICK-KNACKSII I I I III

422 1 TOTS, VIDEO GAMES EQUIP. I I 1 1 200 1450 18$50 1 1 1I

9 SPORTS EQUIPMENT 1 1000 11200 11500 1

SEWING MACHINE I II160 1260 1400 I I

43S I VACUU14 I I I I I I I I I

436 1DRESSER I I I I I I I I II

437 1LUGGAGE I I 1 1 200 1 3O1 450 1 1 I

438 1 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS I I I I I I I I I

439 1CLOTHING I I I I I I I I I

4460 1 t0.ELS/LINENS/SLANKETS I I 1 1 300 1 400 1 500 1 1

f4l1 FIREARMS I I 1 I 230 1400 1600 I 1 1I

II I I I I I I I II .......................I....................................................................................

II I I I I I I I II

iI I I I I I I I II ...........................................................................................................

III II I I I I II

III I II I I I I ...........................................................................................................

499 1 ISCELLANEOUS II I I I I I III ..........................................................................................................

120
I

GATN

, €LIVATION AIOISILW INIWRlICB: _ FT.

SUGMITOATION If LVATO

ELEVATION REPLACENIT REPLCEMNT VALUE TAIEN TO EVd 0LIVAT IOl

PROS cOT I OF PIEWNIT (ELTO ENTRY) I

1.0. FLOWN (N)W) ................. DAMSS DAMNE "No iF

mjie ITEI (FEET) ACI (s) ILOW IRD INIGN I (S) (T/11) "EOD OUT

S0 I I I I1 10 1 60 150I I

502 IDRA SI/CUTAINS/kIiOS I 1 50I115 300 1 1 1 1

SO3PICT Plms I I I I I I I II

514 cLoKU I I I ai IIi I I I I

w ?I illma I I I I I I I II

519 1FM I I iI15701 5I 1 1

S20 IAl CIONITIONER I I I S 1 001Uan I I I I

521 1K NICKN ACKS I I I I I I I I I I

$40 1 TOLS/LINENS/LAIMTI I I

5&2 INEOICINES/IJP9LIESII II I I III

.... .... ... .... ... .... ... . .. ... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ...

m!

S4 I CN I/ " l l I I I I I I I I I I

............................... ................ ............... .............. ........

I I I I I I I I I I

S" I MISCLLANEOUS I I I I I I I I

121
0

.001 ELEVATION AIOV[/ULOW |NTtAM: _ PT. .. . . . . . . . ....................... ... .... ........................................-- -- - -- - ........... ......... . ... ....... ..... •.......

SUJGGESTED IVLE ACTIONT I2I ELEVATED: I

ELEVATION I[EPAc.NE EPIACEMENT AUl TiI TO NEW ELEVATIONI

FUN1 COBT CUST OF PtI[UT (19L•T0 ET)

(..FLOOR ("wt) ................. OAKUM[ 0AMG1 an ow I f

wiT ITEM (FEET) AN I I LOWId NO INIGN (S) (Tim) M ut

501 nJ S 1 11 60 i5o

.. .... .. .... ................. * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * * . .. .°

52 I0XAPES/CURTA NS/5L1.MOS SO so 0 0

5O3 1PICT ES I I I I I I I I I

514 CLOCWS 251 a 1S I1 .•...° .. ..... ..... ................... ........ ..... ............................ ............... .-............................

917 1 IR M I I I I I I I I I I

519 I VAN I I yI 11351 701 1 1

520 All CONITIONER I Im 5t17U1 I I I I ...... .... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ . ...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........

521 1 ICK•K MACES I I I I I I I I I .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ ** ** ................   **  **   **  **   .................... **  **   **  ** . .°..... . .

540 1 TWELSLIMEMS/LANKITS I

542 1 ZDICINESSUczLIEI

........... -............... .... ................................... I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I II

I I I I I I I I I II

I9 ZCLL~IJ I I I I I I I I II

I0

..........III °........ *... ................................ 122.... ................ III ..................................... IIII

S99 I MISCELLANEOUS IIII

............................. .......................... ............... .............. ............................

122
&ATM

.30l ELEVAT'ION ASOVE/ULON INTRAICS: FT.__

CA 'JGTED I ACTION IF ELEVATED: ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT IVALUE TAKENTO NEW ELEVATION

FRO COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

1.0 00 1OO (NEW)........................ DAM4AGES IDAMAGE? OR "NO I

4iUMBER I ITE1 (FEET) IAGE I(S) I LOW I NED IMIGN I (S) I(Y/N1) IMOVED OUT

501 1RUGS I I I 1 10 1 60 1150 1 1 I

502 1DRAPES/CURTAINS/GLINOS I I 1 1 50 1150 1 300 1 1 1

503 1PICTURES I I I I I I I I I I

514 CLOCK$ I I 1 1 25 1 65 1125 1 1 1I

517 1MIRROR I I I I I I I I I I

519 1FAN I I I 1 15 135 1701 1 1 1 .............................................................................................................. 5Z0 1 AIR CONOITIONER I I I1550 1700 1800 1 1 1 1

521 1KNlCK-KNACKS I I I I I I I I I I

5160O TOqW LS/LINENS/GLANKETS I I I I I I I I I I

P4 I EDICINEI/SUPPLIES I II I I III

II I I I I I I I I II

.. ... .I ... .... I ..I ... .... .I .... I .... I .... I . .... I .... ..I.. . .... ...

III I I I I I I II .............................................................................................................. II I I I I I I I I I .............................................................................................................

II I I I I I I I I I

............................................................................................................. II I I I I I I I I I ..............................................................................................................

5"9 1MISCELLANEOUS I I I I I I I I II .............................................................................................................

123
BEDROOM 0 -

uI.. .EVATION A4/ULW ENTRANE: - FT.

SUGG STED ACTIONY gW, EVATED: ELEVATION REP.ACEMIT REPLACMENT VALUE TAKEN TO MEV ELEVATION

FCOM OST COST OF PREVIT (R[L.TO ENTRY)

1.0. FLOOR (NE) ................. DAMAGES TKlA? OR OW IF

mISSER ITEM (FEET) AGE (5() LOW IMED IGN I (S) (YA) wcm OUT

6011RU6I I 1 0 1 60 1S0I I

602 DRDE S/OTAI S/A3L I I I I I 1501 I5 300 1 I I .. . . . . . ** . . * . * . * . ** . .* .* .* ............. ** * * * * ** * * *.... . ....... . . ........................--... *................. - •. . . .

603 1PICTE$ I I I I I I I I I

605 I CNAINU 1 1 1 1I 100 12a 1 4" 1 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I

6071 TAiS I I I 1110 180 13001 1 *****************************************************.... ............................. ...... .... ..- -*.... ....... ........ . . . . . .

608 -- TALELPS I I 1 1 40 150 260 1 1 1

609 FLOORILAWS I I 1 1 70 1100 150 .. .... ....... .. .... ...**................. *. *.. .. *.... • o * o .... ...... .. .............---- -.--............. .............

610 TAILE T I I I I IS012751400 1 . ... .... ......... e......................................... .. . . . ............... .. . . ....... ----.... ............ ............

611 1 CONSOLE/IG SCREEN TV Iw I 11300 12500 1 .... .. ... . . ..... ** * ** * * ** * * ** * * * ** * ** * ** * * *...** ... ** * .... - - - -- .. . .. . . . . . . . .

612 jVOVIHO TAPES 300 500 11000 •. .. ................... **................................. . .............................. ........................... ....

613 1I OOKS/OO8KCASS (not built-in) I I I I IS015oo11450 I 1 1

..614 .. 1CLOCK$ .... ... ................................. I I 1 .... ................................................................ 1 251 65 1 I 1I

05Y IsmTo EQUIPMENT I I II 0 1000 11500 1 1 .. **. . . ..• Q ... ... ... ... .... ... .0. ...... .. ... ... .. • .......................-----. . . .......... ..................

U' PNONO. RECONItS/COMPACT 0ISCS 250 1300 350 I 1 I

617 ** * I *** llR08 * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** I* ** * ** * ** * ***................** * ** * ** * ** *.. . ... .. . .. .. .

618 lOUSE 125120013501 I ........ ..... 0. . .. ....... ... . .o .. .. *.. .... o •....... .* . •.o.......... o.... .........*...... .. ........ .................

619 FAN I I 1 15 351 7 1 I 1 ... . .•....................................................... -.. ........... ..... .................................. .............

620 618 1KEKAK IAIRCONOI T IONIEt I I 1 1 55017001800 12I 0 S I I I I I I ............. ............................................ . . .. - . ..................................---....... ...................

612 1 TFN IEGAUEWP I I I20145 1 50 1 1 1I

...................... ...........................................................

630 ICONPUTERNIAIIOUAE I I 500j1500 I3000 II

6301 Al CONDIERSTINERE 13 40 1 000 I I I

...................................................................................................................... 6314 IVINACKSN I I II 1602 I0400 I I ....................................... 63 1 TOTS. G E ............................................................. 1 0 I I I I

6 3 1 1 I S OFT ARE I1 1 1 60 1 60 00 1 1

634 1LSEWIN IANN I 1 1 16 1 26 1 40 636 1 DRESSER m I I I I I I I I I

.. .. . .. R IO~l l l i .i i l l = i I i E I ' E .I iil I . 1 l 50.. 10 l I- i l I' li l l. ..I. . . . . . . . .

... . ........................................ ... .............................................................

639I I I I I I I I I I

6 I I I 1 0 I I I I ...... . .......... o **......... •.......... -... ----..... -...... -..- * ..- ...................... "..........................."........... ......

6S I RO 11 11 s .I I i I I I

. .. .. ... . .. ..... .e e... e i*i.. eee e ... e......... i ...e ".... * ... .... .e ee . .* . . . . . . . . . .

........................... 4.......................................... . ........... 124
BEDROM I_

CLOO tLEVATION AM/UELW EU1SAINI: - PT.

VANE-TD CI"" I -LIA1ED:

ILEVATIO REPIRACEMENT REPLCEMET VALL TAKN TO W ILEVATI rem COSTST OF PIVT (21L.70 IvINT)

5.0. PLO (NW). ................. DMAGS DAA? on 'o IF

EaER TEN (FEET) AGE (5) LO I me INIG1 CS) (T/1) mom ot

601UG 1 1 1 1I 10 160 1150 1 1

6021 OfAPS/O*TAINS/SLIWS 50 SO 300 I

603 PICTURES

605 ICHAIR #1 100 m5 I

I III I I I

• .. . . . ... ... . . . .......... .. -- -... -o .. . ..... .. - o - -. -.. o~ e . 0. ........ . .. .. - -- -. . ............ .0 ......... . 60?7 TABLES Io I1011300I I IS 

60 _ TAILE LAWS 401150 I I0

609 FLOOR LWS I00 I. 70 5 I

610 WTAI TYV I I ISO v i

611 1 CONSOLE/IG SCREEN TV II I 1 0 11300 1250 1 1 1

61k 1VCR/VID0O TWAIS I 1 1 3001 51 s11000 1 1 . .e ... . . .. . . .. ~ .s .e e . e ... e l e l l e e .ee e .~ee el........ .... .... e .... l le e.. o................o.............oole e.•

613 BOOKS/9MCAS (not bullt-In) ISO I 500 11450 I

6 CLOWIS I I I I I

I STEREO IGUIPMIIT I50 as 1 00 1 1

616 PHN. uEWfS/CCPACI DISCS I 250 I 300 1 350 j I

617 N1MIt I I I I I I I II

618 DISK I I I 125 101 3I 1 I 

619 FAN I I I15 5sIhc I I I ... 0............. ........ e .o. .-.... e -o -.. - . . . . . . . .0o. ........ .....00 0 .. .. 0 . .... 0. .-.....-... ........ ........

620 1AIRCONDITION11% I I I 55 I no0 0 I I I I .................. :; ............ ................................................................................ e..ee.eeo ooe.eo.........

621 I KMICE-IRACKS I I I I I I I I I I IIf ... .. . i ~ .j .l .... l . . .ll l l l l l l l . l l i i l .~~~ll 

. . . . ~ . i ,l l l O l = lJ .... l~ l l l l f l .

622 TOYS. Vi DE GS E UIP. 1 200 j 01U0 IS I5

630 1COMPUTERIARWAE I I I I5So11500130001 1 1 .................................. .............................................................. °°°~eee~e~ee e °•e.... ......... ...

631 ICOMPUTER SFT' I I I 1 1 130 1430 110001 1

634 1SEwaAcUINI I 1 1 160 12601400 1 1 1 .................................. ...... .............. ee .............. ee~ oee eoeoee• e• .......... .... •--.e. *o ------

636 10otUstm in I I I I

......................................................................................... . . . ............................................................................... ............... ....... 639 CLOTHNIG

Wf 60/NG/ATTIEfS 1001 1 5I

e.........e...........o......e.... .......... e. eo.........................................................................

6 1 I IUITI I I I I I I I I

...................... ..................... ............... ......... ..........

611 2tO is so 110

.. o•o•o e ............ o. e o .. eo -"........ o . oo o o . o oo o ~ o o ~ o .o o.. .. . o ~ ~ e o e ~ o o . •o o ~ o

125
IEOIOm 9 __

:-001 ELEVATION ASIOE/SELOW ENTRANCE: _-._-- FT. ......................... .......... ....... .............. ............ o- ....................... •......................................

SGJGESTED ACTION if ELEVATED:1 ELEVAT ION IEP.ACEWENi REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN 10 NlEW ELEVATION

FON COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

i.o. FLOOR (NEW) ................. DAMAGES DAMAGE? O 'P IF WUMSER ITEM (FEET) AGEI (S) LOW I NiD INIGN (S) (YIW ) MOVED OUT ............................... ........................... ...... ................ ............................................

601 RUGS I I I 1 101 60 1150 1 I .................................. ....... .. °.... ... .......... o.....o........ ......... ........ ......... .. ....... .....................

602 1DRAPES/CURTAINS/ILINDS I I I I SO11501300 I I 1 ........................................................ ..............................................

603 PICTURES I I I I I I I I I . . . . . . . . . . ................ ..... ...... ....... * * ...... * * * * ....... * * * * .... * * * .... oo o*....... .... ............ .................

605 ICHAIR 0 1 1 11 100 1225 495 1 1 1 .......................................... .............. . ................................. ............

.......................................................... ° * . . .. * *........................ .. o.. ................. . . . . .

607 -. TALES 110 1180 3001 1 1 .. .•. . ..*.*........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . *. . . * * * * * * * * * * * . o. .. . .... ......... °......

608 - TABLE LAMPS 40 150 260 .... .... ... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ** o ** ** * * .. . . . . .. . .* • * . . * * . . . .. . . . . . . .

609 I _ FLOOR LANPS II I 71 1001150 III ..... ... .. . .. FLO . ... LAMPS ................ ...... ** •.... ......... ..... ?0 100.. IS ......... . ° o ........... . . . . . .

610 TABLE TV S7150 2 400 ............................... **........ .................. .* * . . . ... o.....•..... ...... ...... ........... •... ...... ................

611 COINSOLE/SIG SCREEN TV I I I 1 700 11300 12500 1 1 ........................................ •.......................... ..... .• . . . ............... °.. * .* **...** .. ... * ** ...... * * ** * *......

612 VCR/VIEO TAPES I I 1 I 300 1 50011000 1 .................... .. ....... ...... ......•... .......... •... . . . ... . .. . . . . ** . . * .. * .* .* .* .* ........... * * * * * * * ....... * * * * * .......

613 1SOOKS/I0OKCASE (rnot buiLt-in) I I I I I50Ioo11450 1 I 1 ......................••................. .............. o . **o.. ............ .• ....... ** ......... * ** * * ** * * ......* o**...... o.. .......... o 

614 1CLOCs I S I 6S I 12S

615 j STEREO EQUIPMT E I 250 (1000 (150o . . . .......................**.................. . ...... ......... o. .. .. o.. ................... o.oo.............................

.................. 616 1 PHONO. RECOROS/COMPACT 

°........... .o... DISCS .........I •............... I .. I . .... ............. I 2SO 1 •...... 300 I ............ 350 1 oo... .ooo...**  1 1 ... .. . . . .° . 617 MIRROR I I I I I I I I I .................. •...................................o.... .. . . o ... . ....... oo.. .o... ....... ............ ......................

618 DESK I I 1 1 125 1 200 3501 ............................................................... •........ .I........ o......................*..............................

619 1FAN I I I 1 151351?01 1 1 .................. •............ ................ . . .............. **.......°.........•...... .................. .. •**......** ...............

620 1AIR CONITIONER I I I I5501 001S0 I I II ............................................... ......... ....... *......... ................................... •..........................

621 1 XMICK-KMACKS I I I I I I I I I ........................................................... o ........... ................................. ...... •......................

622 1 TOYS, VIDEO GAMES EQUIP. I I 1 200 50 I 850 I I ....................................... •................. .. *••........o....... o........................°.........•....................

630 1 COMPUTER HARDWARE I I I 1 500(1500 13000 1 I ..................................................... o........ ......... ,.......................•.........°.............................

631 ( COMPUTER SOFTWARE I I 1 1 130 1 430 11000 1 1 .. . . ........... ..... ........... .. ..... ........ . .... . ... • . . ............ ........ .......... ......... ....................

634 1 SEWING MACHINE I I 1 1 160 1260 1400 1 I ..................... • .... .o**.. ............................ .***......•.......................o........ .. ............................

636 ORESSERI 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 .......................... •.ooo........................o................... •..................... ....... o . ..... ....................

1 02 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1I ................................................................... o•..............•............o.................o•....................

639 CLOTHING I I I I I I I I I ........................................................ .... ..................... ....... . ..........................

643 1ED/KATTESS I I 1100 1300 1500 I I ..................... •.....o............................... . . . . . . ........... o..............................•....................

644 1 EDROC4 SUITE I I I I I I I I .......................... •.............o.....................•...........•................... .......... .. • ......... o....................

645 tRADIO I I I i s so1110 1 1 1 .. .I. ..................................... ....................... ........ .... ...... ............ ....... o. ...... •...................

646 (SEDOING/AINENS I I 1 3001'0 50 I I

............. ............. o............................................ I ........ o .. o. ............... o..... •..................

II I I I I I I II ................................. .............................. .......................................................... .

I9I I I I I I I I I

6"9 1MISCELLANEOUJS II II I I III ......................................................... . .... ......................................................

126
CLOOR ELEVATION oI/ULON INTIUMU: FT. . . . . . . ....................... .......-. - - - - - - -................ .. ................ ......... ..... .............. ... .......................

SUGGESTED ACTIN fELVTD

ELEVATION REPLACINNT VALUE TAIEN TO 1EV ELEVATIoN

FROM COST COST OF PIVANT (UEL.TO EmTRY)

F.L. LOM (11910) ................. DAAGS ONA 7 on if J|S ITEM (FEET) A (S (5) LOW N I ID (S) (MIR) E OT

.................... . .... ..... .... ..o...............o.........Q.... .... ................ .. ..... .... ......... o... ........................

601 1 *G I I I 1 101 6011IS I I I .. .............. .................-- - -- -* ...... .... . ..... o .. ..... .... .... ... .............. °.............................

602 1DRAPES/CITAINSALINS II I 1 501150 1300 1 1 1 .. . . .. . . . ** . .* ......... * * * ....... ** * * * * * ** * * * * ** * * **....... o *o................ . . .. . . ... ........................................

603 PICTURES I I I I I I I I . .. .. . .. .* .* .* ....... .* ......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..... * * .... * .... .... ** . °*................. . . .. . . . ... . ..................................

605 I1CHAIR 1 1 1 10 1 us1 4"1 1 ............. o.. . oo....oo......*. .. * o .. . .... ..... o.o................ ...... .......... ...... o...... ..............................

I QI I I I I I IIII .............. o.o ............... o .... oooo......... ooo..o.. o.. ....................................................................... o 

607 I TA LES I I I 1 110 180 1300 1 1 ................ .*. o**........ ....... ............ .... .......... .......... .............°..............................................

606 1 TABLE LAWS I 1 1 4011501260 1 1 1 ................ ............. o ..... .. . °......°...... ... ...... ........ ......................................................

609 1 FPLOLWS II 1 I 70 100IO I I I I .............. .............. .. o° o. o o . ..... o ..... .. o ........... .... ....... ...... ...... ....................................

610 TABLE TV I I 275 1 4001 . . .o. . . . . *. .° . . . ..... ° .. ..... * . . °°... .. ° .. ........ ... ... .° ... . * . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . .

611 COMSOLE/liG SCREEN TV j ?w 1300 23o0 j I I ................ o... .... ..... *.. ***....*** ........ ... °...° ... * .. .......... .o**........ .......... ............... °**.. ..........

612 VC/VIDEO TAPIS I I 1 13001 So0 110001 1 I ................ ................... . . . . . . . ........................ ..... ........ .°....... .. . . - . . . .. . . . . . .

613 1 BoOKS/CCASE (not itt-n) I I I I SO I 11450 I 1 I

614 CLOCK$S I 1 1 65 1 1 1 1 ....... o.... ..................... *... °. . .. . * ................... .... .°..................... * ** .. .. .°. ... .. .. .

615 ISTEEO EUIP IN T II 1 120 11000 11500 1 I' .. . . . . . . . . . . ........................... * ** * * ** * ** * ** * * ** * ** **...... ............ ..... ... **. * .... *....................

6 16 PWOlO. IECS/COACT DISCS I I 1 1 2013001 350 1 11

. .. 61TjMIIARII . .. . . . ............... *** * ** ** ................ * ** ** * I ** ** * ** ** * .. ....... . ..* ... .. . ° .. . . . . . I* . . . . . . . .

618 DESK I I I 1 1812001350 I ................. .o...... .. o..... .... . o * * o....... .o..... ............o................. .............. ............................

619 FAN I I I I 1135 1701 1 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .** . .** . * . ** . .......................... * * ** * * ** * ** * * ** * *.....o............. .***........o.........o...........................

620 1AIR CONDITIONERI 550700800 . .. .. .. . . ............... ** * ** * * ** * ............. ** * ** * * ** * * **................. ~ ............................. .°.... ......

621 1NXIC *NACKS I I I I I I I I

622 1 TOYS, VIDEO GAMES EQUIP. I 2004501850 n I . . . . . . . . .. .................... . *......**.....-* .. ° ° ° . . .. o....... ...... ..... °...... o........ .... ...... ..........................

630 1CCUTERW tARV E I I I S0 1150 13000 I 1 1 . . . . . .. . ......... ....... *** * * ** * * ** * * ....... ** * * ** *......... oo*..........o oo..... o.............. ......................

631 ICOPUTER SOFTWARE 130 1 1000 two I . . . . . . . . .. ..................................... ............... ..... o**..... o....-................................ ......

634 1 SEVIG MACIM I I 1 I 160 1 2601 400 .. . . . . . . . J . ~ . l . J . J . e . J . l . J . J . J . J . . . .................. j j j j i e J J J l o...... e. .......... ..... l ... . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

636 1DESSERU1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. . ............... ........ ** ** * ** ** * ***..... oo. . .. ..... ..oo.....oooo................ . . ........ ... ......................

............. o * o .... .. oo...... . o .. o* * * * .......................... oo...................o.....o......................... ........

639 1CLOTING I I I I I I I I I .. . .......... o o ...... ..... . * .oo....... -

..... o o o o o o o

.... ...............~o *- oo-~o o- . ........I...............

643 1 E0/ATTRISI 1 30 s 0 oo

.. .

644 ....... EDROM .............. UJITEII o..*** - * o* * -.....-- ....-. ** ' .. .... . . .. .o* * .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . II I I II

643 RADIO I1 I'I5$01110III .. ..e . . e. .. .. .... .... . ......................................... ........ .. .~...ee.. ........... ............................

646 1SE0IMA/LIINNS I I 1 1300 400 I o..... ... ..... ....... ...... ********** **********   ** ***.. ooooo.* .. o.....o... .. .... .......... ; ................................... *'*'* ......o .... .. ..... o. .........................

... .°- ... I- -- *°L--°.*;*a*° -* -*.-...-...... ..... ....... ... ..........................

... .................................... .12............................7.--.... . . . ..... . ..... ......................

127
IICEN

:.-OO ELEVATION AIOVE/SLO ENTUIKCE: _ FT. ..................... ....................... *........ ........ .. **oo...**.... .... ..o..****.........o.....................................

UJGESEOACTION' IF1 ELEVATED: ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO NEW ELEVATION

FRON COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

I.0. FLOO (NEW) ......... -..--- DAMAGES DAMAGE? OR 'N" IF

.UMER ITEM (FEET) AGE (S) LOW I " E INION (S) (Y/N) MOVED ouT ................ o........... o.............................. ......... o........ °.......... .......o.......................o.............

701 IRUGS I I I I 01601 IS II ............ .. o... .... .. *.. .... ........ ................ ** * * ** . * . * ........... ** * * ** * *..... ....... . . . . . ......................

702 1 ORAPEStCLATAINS/ILINOS I I 1 50 1 150 1 300 1 1 I ............................. ......... . .......... ....................................................................

03 1PICTUIES I I I I I I I I ....... ..... ... *.............** ..... ..... . .. .. ..... o......o...........*.. oo............ ..... ....... ...........................

70S I CHAIRS I I I I I I I ............... . . . . . ...... .................... . .... ........................................ .........o.......................

707 1 _.TASLES I I 1 110 1180 1300 1 1 1 .......................... ...*oo..... .... .............. ............................*** ** * ** ** *.... . *o * .. ....................

708 I _.TAILELPS I 140 I 150 260 I 1 1 ....... o.**...oo.....**..... .... .................. ............ o.o. **.............**......oo**.°..... ................................

709 1 FLOOR LAWS I I I 1 0110011IS I I I ................ o .. * ...*o .o .oo .... .o** .. *.. oo ..... •.......... ....................... ....... ***   **  .. . ....................

714 CLOCKS I I 1 I 251 65 125 1 1 1

720 1AIR CONoITIONER I I I I 50 7001an I I II ............... ............. o..*.. ....... .......... ... .............. °....o....***.............*.. . * . . ..... ..... ......... .......

721 1KNICK"KNACKS I I I I I I I I .. . ................. **** ...... ***** **** ..... .. . .................. . * . * . * .. ** ......... * .... * * ** * .. * * ** * * *........ °......° ............

729 1 SILVERWARE I I 1 150 300160 1 1 I .............. ..............**.......... . . .. o . ............... ..... o..... ... o........... .... ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

730 TV I I ISO 275 400I . . . . .o .. . . . . . .... o o . . . **. ..... . ..* . ....... *. * .... o. . . * . .°o.. ..... ..... .... . . . . . . . . .

74,7 KITCHEN TAILE & CHAIRS 450 ISSO 650 1 .. ................*........... ........................................................ *...... . .. * . . ..... ...............

7 KIT CHNTR I I I I I I I I I I ... ... . oo~ .... ... .o. .... . . .. ..... . .,... .. ......... ........................ ..... .......ooo.....o................. .

749 DEEPFREEZ I I I I I I I I I .............. ................. .... ****... .................. ......... I ..................................o. *............ 0......... .

7?0 1OISHSHER (Irt e InIy) I 1 475 . ........... 0 ... .....................***...... .......... .. ...... ............. .... ...... .... ..... ......... ...........................

7I COOKING UTENSILSI I I I I I I I I . ............. ........... .... ...... o...° ...... ............ ......... o** ................. o .... .... . . . .........................

................... 7 2 1TOASTER I I I I I I I I I ........ ............... ...... 0 ........... ....... ..... ........... .... ..... ........ o..................... 0........

75?3 1 ES I I I I I I I I II ........................ .......... ...... .. . . . .... .. .......... °.. ......... .... ..... ..... o.... ..................................

754 COFFEE MAKERI I I I 6 I I I ................. ............ 0....... ....... o.... .......... ....... ...... **......... ..... ................................................

............... 

7 5 1M ..... 

VIXER .... .............. ... I 

.. ......... I ....... I .. *......... I I I I I I .........o..°... .... ... 0.....................................

6I I I I I I I I I .............. 0 .- .......... . ............ o~ . . . . ... o. .... o. ...........o......... o ...... ......... ...............................

I I I I I I I I .. . ................ ......... ** * ** ** * * ***.... ..**...............o o o..... o ... *........................ 0........ o..............

758 1 OSTUFFS II 11250 1600 11000 1111

............... ....... * * * * * * ............... * * * * . .. •....o..... . . .. . .. •...... . .. . ooo.. .... . ........... . .........................

739 1 OO PROCESSOR I I 1 1 193 .. . . .. ............ . . . ................ 1............ 28..................... .................................................... ...... 760 1MICROWAVE (not buftt[-in) II 11246 1400 1 760 111

......................... 0.... ... oo............................o......................... , ...............................................

761 COOKWARE IO It I 0 7 250 111

....................**............o.... 0............................ o ............ ..o.o..oo .... ........ o......... o..........................

762 1RANGE/OVEN (nrot b~uittK-in) I e 6w0 1200

............................*o..... o ............................. o ......... o.....oo0.oo..oo.............................................

763 1 EFRIIGERATORI (not bit-in) I I 1 ,53 1731 1 979 11 1

................... o....... ....... .............................. o..............o ............ o. ....o 0........ 0........................

.................. ... ....... ..... o.......................... . ....... 0....o .o.. .. . . ... o . ...... •......................... ......

.. .................................................................................................................... e

.............. o *.. ooooo**** ..... o......o........................... .. o .... o.......*....................................................

128
LAUNDRY-UTILITY NOWR

:.300 ELEVATION ABOVE/ILOW ENTURNCE: FT.

.. . . . . . . . ...................... ................... **   ........... **  ..... *** ** .. *........... .. ...... ** o....o* .. .. ..............

UJGGE$TED ACTION IF EEVATED:

ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO 4EY ELEVATION

FROM COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

I.D. FLOOR (NEW) ................. DAMAGES OAMAC? 0R "N" IF

NW.MIER ITEM (FEET) AGE (S) LOW I NED IIGH" (S) (MIN) MOVED OUT

.................................................................................................... .....................

801 1RUGS I I I 101 60 1 I I ............. .................... . . . .. .° ..... .. .... ..... ................................... .... ....... . . . . ° . . . . . . .

802 1 DRAPES/CUBTAINS/ILINS I I 1 50 1 150 1 300 1 I .........................................................................................

05 CHAIR 1 1 1

.................. ..................................................................................... 80? 1 _ TAILES I I 110 180130 1 I 1 1

............... o... .......... ................... ...................... ...... .... ....

8NO I _ TALELWS II 1 1 40 1IS1 0 260 1 1

.....80 o. ......................... 1 _ FLOOR ......... oo.. ... .o ......... ....... .*. ... .......... . ... *........ . o . .. ......... LAMPS II I I ? 1 10011 I I I

819 1F" I I I 1151351701 1 1 1 ...... •...... ..................... . . . .. . .... ...............................................- -.... ..... .... ...... .. ..........

820 1AIR CNOITIONI I I I I 5501700100 I I II

.................... ... *. ....... ....... . ....... ............... .. .. . .......................-..................... .............

833 SP TS EUIPMEuT 1 1000 112100 0 I I 

834 SEWINGM ACZNIN 1 160 1 26 400 I

.... *.. .. * . . e .*.... e o e e* ** .. l.. * ** * '* ** *' ' '* *' ,* -oe , e -*.. ee * ~ .ee . eo *e. . ........ o o oo ** oe ...... go eo e .........

835 1VACUUM I I I I I I I I II ........... •.......° .... ...... .... .. .. .. ..... ... .... ... ..... °..... .... ......................---....---.....- - - - -. . .........

851 1DEEPFREEZER I I I I I I I I I ............... .. 0...... ....................... ....... .0. .. . .......... .........................- . - -- --.-... .. .

86 1LAUNOIY SUPPLIES .. ... ..... •.... ..°....... . ° . ° . . .. o.. . . . * . ,. * *.. .. . .. . . . o.. . . ** * . . . ° .. . . . . . . .

865 1CLOTHESU ASHER I ..............-.... o ...... ....... o ....... 0°..... .... ...... ... ..... .... 0. 0 .... ° ... .... .. .... - - .... - - - 0 -.. .. - . . ..........

866 1CLOTHES ORER I I I I I I I I I ............. °..... .°. ............. . . .. °..... ..... . °... .. . .... ............... .. , , G, - -o......... ..........

II I I I I I I I II ............. ,............. .... ................................ ..... ..... .................. o....... ......... **...o... .................

I I I I I I I I I II ............. ....... . ........... .. . .. .. .... .... ...... . o . .° . * . .... .................. .... ....... ...... ..............

............................. *.... .. .. ...... .......... . . . .. ....... ,........... ......... o............................

.. . . . . ....................... ............ ..... * ......... °.. .. . ............... ............. ,... ........ . . . . .

899 MISCELLANEOUS II I I I I I I II ............. o....... .. . ... o..o ..... . . .... . .o ............................ .........................

129
GARAGE

-3OR ELEVAtON AaOVE/sELOW ENTRMT : - FT.

...................................................................................................................................

ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO NEW ELEVATION

FRON COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

I.0. FLOOR (NEW) . ............... OAMAGES OA/AG? 01 "N" IF '4MBER ITEM (FEET) AGE CS) LOW I NO INIGH (S) (Y/1) NOVED OUT .............................. ......................................... .o..........o............. .......... ......... ...............

919 FAN I I I 1 1 1 S t 1 7

......................................................................... ..... ............... ...... ........ ..............

933 1SPORTS EOUIPMENT I1000 11200 11 1 111SOO ........................................................ ............. ...............................................

941 1IFIREARMS I I 1 1 230 400 600 1 1 1 1 ................................ ,.......o .o..............................°.. oo. . ..... .. o..o...... .o-oo---.--.. .--... .. . --.

9I DEEPFREEZER

96 LAUNRY SUPPLIES ................................ . . . ....... .. ....................... ,.......... o..............° . . . . . ** * . . . . .. .*

965 1CLOTHES WASHER I I I I I I I I I I ........................................... ..................... ...... ................... .. ....... .... o... ..... ...... .......... .. oo.

966 1CLOTHES DRYER I I I I I I I I I I ........................................... ...................... ..... *..**..**...........*...... . o ..... **o..... ............... .....

967 1LAWIMR I I I I 165 325 12420 1 1 1 . ... . .... .... .......................... ........... o ................... ...... ........ * * * * * * * * * * * ............ * * * * * * * **

968 EOGER/TRI4ER I I I I I I I I I I . ............... ............... .................................. *... ...... ............. ...... ....... ...... ........................

969 GARER TILLER I I I I I I I I I 0

................................................................. •.... ......................... .... 0......... ....................... 970 1FISHINGEQUP. 50 0125 1 1200 III1

971 CAMP EUIPINENT j I j50 300 500 . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... .......... .......... ........... o,...... ................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... .... .. o......

07?. CHAIN SAW I3 z O I0

q73I ORILL ... .............................................................. .................... o..oo...oo......... .o... .o . . . . .......

97 1 SANDER I I I I I I I I I I ........................... o.......................................... ............... **.. oo...... .... *.. .. .... ... o ......... °.***.

975 LATNE I I I I I I I I ......................................................................................... °. o ........ **.... .............. o.....o......

976 1OTHER POWER TOOLS I I I I I I I I I ............................................ •............................. .................. .......... ...... °............... ........

977 1ICYCLES I I I 1110 1300 16001 1 ........................... ..... °............................................................°........ o ....... ... * * . ............ .

978 1LAWN FURNITURE I I I I I I I I I ... ....... ......................................................... ................. ............ .. .o.... .........................

979 CAR/TRUCK 01 1 1 1 1 . ........ ............................................................................................. ° ... *......... .... °............

#2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 ................................................ . ............................................. ............... ...

I I I I I I I I I I I

.............................. o......... .... ...................... ........ .................. ................. .............

I .I I I I I I I I I I ................................................................................................. ................. .... .. o..

II I I I I I I .................................................................................................... ..... ......... . .............

iI I I I I I I I I .......... .................................................................... ............................. ...... ...........

999I I I I I I I II ..................... ...................... ........................ ..... .................................... ..................

999 1 MISCELLANEOUS I I I I I I I I I I .........................................................................................................

130
BASEMENT - FINISHED 0S UNFINISHED (circle am)

:.3OR ELEVATION AIOVE/IELOW INTRAiI: _ FT.

............................ o..o.......... •oo........................ ...... ..........................................................

SUGGESTED ACTI ON IFELEVATED:

ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO !EW ELEVATION FEON COST COST OF PREVENT ( TO ENTRY) NEL 

I.0. FLOOR (NEW) DAM.................. AGES DAMAGE? ON "N" IF

%UMBERI ITEM (FEET) AGE (S) LOW MIED jtGNM (S) (Y/) MOVED OUT

...................................................................................... ................................

1001 RUGS I I 1 101 60 1150 1 .............................................................. ..........................................................

lo3 PICTURES I I I I I I I I ......................... ..... . ................. .............................. .........

1004 1 CMCN/SQFA01 1 1 I 10 350 1900 1 1 ............................................................ ................................. .........

.......... ............. . ........ . ............. ............ ... . .........................

1005 ICHAIR 1 1 I I 10012251 4 I 1 .............................................................................................. ......... I I I I II ............. ..................... . . . . •. ................ • . .. o . ...•.............. o........................................

I 03 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ...................... ............ . . . . •. .................. . ** o . ..... o..........•........................................

1007j _ TABLES I I 1110 180 300 1 .............. ..... •.... ...... ................ ..........•........ ••.....•............°......•.....•.................. . . . . . ..........

10081 _ TAILE LAMPS II 10 1 IS0 1 2601 1 1

..................... ..................... ......... .................. ....................... ........ ..................

.. 10091 ....................... F LOOR LAMPS •.......... ........................ I 1 ....................... 170 1100 11S01 .•......................................I

1010 1TABLE TV I I I 150 275 1 400 1 1 I ............................ .................................... ..... ....... .................. ..........

1011 1CONSOLE TV I 1 700 11300 2500 I 1 1 .... . . . . . .. .......................... * *..... ......... *... °.................. ............................. ..........

1012 VCI/VIDEO TAPES I I 1300 150 110001 1 1

1013 1 &OOKS/OCKCASE (not buiLt-in) I I I I I50 I 500 11450 I 1 1

............. o................ I .................................. ........... . . .. . . . .. °.................................. 1014 1CLOCKS I I I I 25165 1125 1 1

O 1015 1 STEREO EQUIPMENT I I 1 1 250 11000 11S00 I I ............ .*. . .. o o....... ....... ....... .o.........o.......... .................... **......... ... ................................

1016 1 PNW . RECORDS/COEPACT DISCS I I 1 250 1300 1 350 I I .. . . . . .I. . . ....................... o **....o* • .................... ..... *.. .... ........... ..... •.... ...................................

1017 MIRROR I I I I I I I I I .............................................. •......•......°................ o........................ . ........... .. .. . .........

1018 DESK I I 1125 12001 3SO I I ................................... •.......... ....... •**..........o.....................................................................

7019 1AN I I I i 15 35I 701 1 1 ........................... o. . ....... . . . ...•o..................................................................................

10201 AIR CONOITIONER I I I 5501700 1800 I I .................. o. .............. . . . . .•..........*o ..... ...... •o........................................ . . . . . ...........

1021 1 KNICK-KNACKS I I I I I I I I .....................**.... ........ . ............... *** ** *... .. . . . ................ •.......................................

1022 1 toYs, VIDEO GAMES EQUIP. I 1 I 200 1 450 1850 .................... o..................... **°. ...... .. *****......................................................................... ..

1030 1 COMPUTER HARDWARE I I 500 11500 13000 I I 1 ..................... . ... o........• . ............ .......... °..................•.......................................... .

1031 1 COMPUTER SOFTVAAE 130 I 430 11000 1 1 1

1032 I SAN (not butt-in) 330 1550 770 - * - ....................... .o .... ***o...... .............. o............................ ...... •..............................................

1033 1 SPORTS EQUIPMENT I I I 1 1000 11200 11500 1 1 1

1034 1SEWINGACHINE I I 1 1 160 1260 1 4001

1041 1IIREARMS I I 1I 230 1400 1600 1 1

1051 I OEEPFREEZER I I I I I I I I I ..................................................... •.......... .o....................................................................

1064 LAUNORY SUPPLIES I .. ...... .... o .o* * * ... *. .... . . .•. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1065 ICLOTNES UASHER I

1066 1CLOTNES ORYEI I I I I I I I ............. ......... ..........o*.................o............ o. . . . . ............. .... ...... o...................... .

1067 LANOER 165 1325 124201 I 1

.......................o ..... ** **•......... ........................................o....................................... ..........

1069 1 GACATILLER I I I I I I I I I

.............. ............. . ......... . .................... .

131
&ASEMENT - (cont'd.)

. . . . . . .... . .................... . ..... * * ' * * ' *] ............................. " J" ............................. ST[* *°*At1 .... ................. I [f A JO

SUGGESTED ACTION IF ELEVAT:;7 ELEVAION RPACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO NE ELEVATION

FROMN COST ST T OF PREN[ (2EL.TO ENTIY)

I.0. FLOOR (NEW) . . ................. .AMAGES DAMAGE? OR -m- IF

dUNISEll ITEM (FEET) AGE (S) LOW NED INIGN (S) (Y/N) uo *D ouT

1070 FISNING EQUIP. I SO 251 200 ................,.°....... ......... °.... °.................. .o o, °°.................°........... °............................ - - - -

1071 1CAP EQUIPENT 150 O 300 1500 .. . *.... . . ... . .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . * * . .. ° * ° ° ° °.... ... * * * * * ** * * * *. . . .. °. . . . . .

1072 . CHAIN SAW 83 200 1 0 j . ..... . ..... . ° ..... . . . .*......o* . . . .. ........ .°....°* . . . ... *.................. .... *** ** ** * ** ** **............. .. .............

1073 1 DRILL I I I I I I I I I I

IOT4 SANOER I I I I I I I I I I .... ..... *... .. ..° ....................**.... ....... . * ° . . .... ... ... * *. 0 o ..... 0* .... °.. .. . ° ........ °................ .

1075 LAING I I I I I I I I .... ** ........................... *.... ...... ........... . * .. .. ... *.... 0 .. ....... .. ... .... ...... . .. .....* *....... . .

1076 OTNER PaOER TOO.S I I I I I I I I . . .. . ***°.......°. . .. ........... ........ .... .. .. .. .......................... ** * ° ** ° * * ° ........... .... *..... ... ......... °...........

1077 1 BICYCLES I I I 110 130 1600 1 1 1 ............ .*.*. . ........ .. . .................... .. . . .. .... ° *..... .... ....... ....... *... .. ......... *.... .........

1078 1LAWFUNITUhE I I I I I I I I I I ......... . ....... . .... .*....... ........ ...... ........ . °°............. * * * * ...................... * 0* . * . * . * . * . * . * . * . . .

.. °. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. ................ °. . o ....... 0...... .... ... ** ... °..... .................................. ******

. .. . ....... ............ .. ........... ............. . e ............. ..... .. ee ...... .e *ee e . * e e e ....... ee e .

... ... .... ... .. ................. .... ..;..... ;............. ;...... ..... ...... ......... .......... ................ ;

i IU9 ......................................... MSELNOSI I ..... i............. I i...... I ..... I i I ...... ................... I I ......... I I

........................................... i i..... i.... ...... ...... .. ... ...... ........ 0 i...... 0.... i........ ........

132
S PORCH/ITEMS OUTSIDE OF STICTURE

FLOOR ELEVATION ASOVE/SELON ENTRANCE: -- FT. ...........................oo... ... .. ...... ............. ...... S..o.E.A................A.O...... ..........................

ELEVATION REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUE TAKEN TO NEW ELEVArION FRON COST COST OF PREVENT (REL.TO ENTRY)

F006 0.0. (NEW) ............... DAMAGES DAMAGE? 01 "N" IF

NUNSER ITEM (FEET) AGE IS) LOW INED INIGN (S) (T/U) MOVED OUT ................................................................... ............ . o ° o o . o . . ..... ° .............. ..... .....

1104 1 COUCH/SOFA 01 1 1 1150 1350 1 900 I ............... ........... ................................. ...... .... ...... ....... .°....... . ... o... .. ° o .....................

1105 1 CHAIR 01 1 1 1 20 1 65 1 IN I I I .............. .................. ..... * . ** ° . .......... ...... *..... . . ....**.......°........ °... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . ............ * .. o .... . ............ ............... .. o.oo........... .o. o. .. o.....o ,ooo...... .................

.............. 1 °.........°........ 03 . . ... .. I . . ........ ..... 1 ............ 1 ....................... 1 I 1 . . . 1 . ° * . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 1

1107 1- TABLES I I 1 110 1 180 1 300 I .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... ..... . o...... . .. °..................................... ....

1121 1KNICK-KNACKS I I I I I I I I ................................. o. . ... o . . ............. ........ .. ............. o. oo...... o . .o . .°. . . .. . . . . . .

1133 SPORTS EQUIIMENT I I I1000 1200 1500 1 ................. ....... ............ .... ............ .o .......... .. °.o . . .... oo .. o°... . *.. o. . . °. .o o .......................

1151 1DEEPFREEZER I I I I I I I I I I .................................... . . .. . . . ..................... ..o..... ... ........ ° . ° . . . o . . . . . . . . .......

1167 1 LAWNNOIR I 1 1 165 1 325 12420 1I ................................... ° . . . . . . . .............................. ...... .... *........ .. *. . ......... **........ ....

1168 EDGER/TRIMIMER I I II .................................... °..................... . . . . .... o.o....... ..................... .... ........................

1169 GAROER TILLER I I I I I I I I I I .................. •..*.. ...................... .... ... . . . . . ............ ** * * * * ......... ** * * * * * ... o. . ........... .*.........

1170 FISHING EQUIP. I I I so 1 25 200 I I I I .............. .. . ...... . ................ .. . ... ......... °........... ..**....*.................. .. * °- ** o* °* .o . .

1171 CAW EQUI I I I SO 13001440 1O0 ................................... .......................................... .............. 1172 CHAIN SAW 83 200 "0O

1173 IDRILL

. ................................... ..................................................

117S 1LATHE I I I I I I I I I I . .................................. ....................................................

1176 1OTHERPORTOOLS I I I I I I I I I I ....................................... .............. ................................

1177 1 BICYCLES I I I 110 1 300 1 600 1 1 1 1 ................................... ....................................................... . ... ......................

117 TLAWNFURNITURE I I I I I I I I I .....................................................................................................................

1179 1GRILL I I 1 100 118012401 1 1 ......................................................................................................

1180 PLANTS&POTS I I I I I I I I I ....................... .......... .....................................................

1181 SWING I 1 1 00 120 1150 1 1 ...................... ° ...................................... ...... .........................................

1182 1 S AT I I I I I I I I I I ................................. .....................................................

11831 CAN/TRUC 1 1 1 1 9 10 1 1 1 1 ....................... ........ ... ............ ............... ............... .....................

1184 1 02 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .................................. ....................................................................

1185 1L/IVESTOCK I I I I I I I I I I ................................ o ............. ...... ..... ........ .... ............ ............. ........................

1186 1MOTOROWE I I I I I I I I I ................................................................................................................. ....

1187 1MOTORCYCLE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ................................................................. ...................................................

1188 1 02 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 ................................................................................................................

1189 1MED(PORTABLE) I I I I I I I I I I ........................................ ...........................................

.................................................................. ...............................................

II I I I I I I I II

.... oo ... o . ... ... ...o** ooo o .. . ... ... .... ... • ... ... ... ... . .... o* o . ... ... o ... . o o~o oo.......... ... ... .. .

...........................................................................................................

1199 I MISCELLANEOUS I I I I I I I I I ........................ ......................................... .I .. .................... .....................

133
134
APPENDIX B

TELEPHONE SURVEY SCRIPT, MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE, AND COVER LETTERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Telephone Survey Script 137

Initial Cover Letter 141

Post Card to be Returned at Same Time as Questionnaire 142

Post Card Reminder 143

Second Cover Letter 144

Mail Questionnaire 145

1

135
136
... ....... ..... .... .0 --ti ............. .......

.. w tli .............. ............. ......... ........... ......... .................... .............. ROOM, ......... ........... ......... .4.0 ........-POOlw"'............ wo w .-- m

I ..... ..... .. .... .. .................. ........... ..... .......... .. ... .............. ......Rog, ... ... . .. ........... ......... ...... 

.. ... ...... ... ...... .. ... ...... ..... P.

. ... ......... i:;; WI 

................

WIN ............ .... .... ....... .......... .......... ..... Wd. 1 10 .. .......... ........... ... ..... ..... .

... ... w ........... i1w .......... . ......

I 1111111*,"M to th" ... ..... .......... * A, , .* %I : ,'i: ':iiii:!i- ,. l' .. ....... ""R ... ..... .............. ...................

................... as p ...... w . ............. ................................ M... . W ..Y

....... ..... "Ollefie, ... ...... ..

P, NO W .............. ......

137
138
"Hello, I'm (Name of Interviewer) calling from Virginia Commonwealth

University in Richmond Virginia for our Department of Urban Studies and

Planning." Is this (Phone Number) in Area Code ?a

1 Yes - possible household

2 No - first contact with a wrong phone number

3 No - second contact with a wrong phone number

4 Answering service - possible residence

"Have I reached you at your home phone?"

1 Yes

No - SAY: "Thank you for your time"

Then hang up and record type below, if possible.

5 Business, Commercial, Pay, or Mobile Phone

6 Group Quarters, Institution

7 Other Non-Household

"We are conducting a study for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in

cooperation with (Luzerne, PA) or (Orange, CA) County. Are you 18 years of

age or older?"

-1 Yes

2 No .... [GO TO TOP OF NEXT PAGE]

READ: "The information gathered will be used in determining

flood protection programs, such as the one proposed by the

(Project Name). Your participation is extremely important

because you were selected as part of a scientific sample of

residents in the area. All information that is gathered is

being kept strictly confidential.

If you participate you will be mailed a questionnaire

requesting information on your household contents. The

questionnaire is designed so that you may keep a copy of the

information. This record of your possessions will be very

helpful if you ever have a loss of property from flood,

earthquake, fire or some other disaster.

The questionnaire takes a fair amount of time to fill out,

but we sincerely need your help in providing the necessary

information for our study. Your participation is voluntary,

and you may refuse to give any or all of the requested

information. Are you willing to participate in this mail

survey?"

1 Yes - SAY: "Thank you for your time'

Then hang up and record any problems.

2 No - SAY: "Thank you for your time"

Hang up and record reason, if possible.

TELEPHONE SURVEY SCIPTF

1 39.. ... .....

139
"May I speak to someone 18 years of age or older who lives there?"

1 Adult comes to phone

2 Adult not home, cannot come to phone now (CALL BACK LATER]

3 No one 18 or older in household

"May I speak to someone 16 or 17 years of age who lives there?"

1 Yes, is on phone already [READ BOX PREVIOUS PAGE]

2 Yes, comes to phone

3 Is not home now or cannot come to phone (CALL BACK LATER]

4 No one 16 or older lives there [TERMINATE INTERVIEW]

READ: - "Hello, I'm (Name of Interviewer) calling from

Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond Virginia for our

Department of Urban Studies and Planning. We are conducting

a study for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in cooperation

with (Luzerne, PA) or (Orange CA) County. The information

gathered will be used in determining flood protection

programs, such as the one proposed by the (Project Name).

Your participation is extremely important because you were

selected as part of a scientific sample of residents in the

area. All information that is gathered is being kept

strictly confidential.

If you participate you will be mailed a questionnaire

requesting information on your household contents. The

questionnaire is designed so that you may keep a copy of the

information. This record of your possessions will be very

helpful if you ever have a loss of property from flood,

earthquake, fire, or some other disaster.

The questionnaire takes a fair amount of time to fill out,

but we sincerely need your help in providing the necessary

information for our study. Your participation is voluntary,

and you may refuse to give any or all of the requested

information. Are you willing to participate in this mail

survey?"

1 Yes - SAY: "Thank you for your time"

Then hang up and record any problems.

2 No -SAY: "Thank you for your time"

Hang up and record reason, if possible.

TELEPHONE SURE R.PT..

0
Virginia Commonwealth University

July 3, 1990

Respondent's Name

Street Address

Garden Grove, California 92401

Dear Respondent's Name

Recently, you agreed over the phone to assist us with our research on the value of homes and their

contents. Your participation is extremely important because you were selected as a member of a

scientifically drawn sample of residents in the area. Results of this study will be used in determining

the economic efficiency of plans for the Santa Ana Flood Control Project and similar projects

throughout the United States. You may confirm the importance of our study and your participation

by contacting Terrie Medeiros, Project Manager for the Lower Santa Ana River Flood Control Project.

Orange County Environmental Management Agency in Santa Ana at 714-834-3388.

The enclosed booklet questionnaire requests the information described to you over the telephone. It

is designed so that you may keep a copy of the information on the value of your household items.

You may need this in case you ever have a loss from fire, flood, earthquake or other disaster.

Countless millions are lost each year by homeowners and renters who do not prepare proper claims for

losses Insurance claims based on memory are usually faulty and result in less money being recovered.

Factual claims backed-up by a written record are more accurate and should result in a larger recovery

of your loss.

Please take the time necessary to fill out the information requested for each room in your residence.

1 do not expect you to have every item, but please fill it out the best you can. Then complete the

background information questions at the end of the booklet. Move the tagboard separator to behind

the yellow sheet as you write so that your marks will not show through on every page, just on the

appropriate one. After you have completed the questionnaire, tear out the yellow sheets on the

perforated line and put them in a safe place outside your home. Then please mail the booklet back to

us in the enclosed self-addressed stamped envelope.

I can assure you that all of the information you furnish us will be kept strictly confidential.

Neither your name nor address will be placed on the questionnaire booklet. We have enclosed a

postcard for you to return separately from the questionnaire so that we can know that you have

mailed the questionnaire back. Please mail both the questionnaire and the postcard in order to avoid

us sending you a second questionnaire. Information from all questionnaires received back will

combined for analysis, and the results will be reported as group statistics for your area.

As director of this project, I want to thank you for your time and effort. It is through the help

that you and others give that we can improve public policy and make government more efficient If

you have any questions about filling out this questionnaire please call me at 804-367-1134 between 9

am. and 5 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. Thank you for your help.

Sincerely,

Margot W. Garcia, , AICP

Project Director

INITI4L COVER LETTER

141
I mailed the completed survey booklet on

Date

Signature

3, Check here if you would like an Executive Summary of our findings.

POST CARD TO BE RETURNED AT SAME

TIME AS QUESTIONNAIRE

142
Dear Resident

Last week you were mailed a question*, desgned to rovde us wiih inlomalon on ft

value of residential budings and tier cotmt. Ths infVomaton is needed byVirgins

Commonweal h Unirmsity to assist in m Corps of Engfts good damage predon

efforts.

I am writng now to encourage you to complete te ques re at your eariest converience. Information reMated to your home is vital, if we are to successfully complete hs study.

If you have already completed and mailed fe questioriim, please accept our ftanks.

Your efforts are greaty apprecated.

Margot Garcia, Proje Director

P.S. It you did not receive a questionnaire, p lse call us collect at (804) 367-1134 between

9 am and 5 pm Eastem Daylo Savings time.

POST CARD REMINDER

143
Virginia Commonwealth University

July 5, 1990

Respondent's Name

Street Address

Orange, California 92665

Dear Respondent's Name

About a month ago you agreed over the phone to assist us with our research on the value of homes

and their contents and we sent you a questionnaire and follow-up postcard. We have not yet received

your filled in questionnaire, or if you sent us your questionnaire, we did not receive the postcard

which told us it had been mailed. Your participation is extremely important because you were

selected as a member of a scientifically drawn sample of residents in the area. With all the news of

the floods this spring you can understand the importance of flood control programs.

Enclosed is another copy of the questionnaire. Please take the time necessary to fill out the

information requested for each room in your residence. I do not expect you to have every item, but

please fill it out the best you can. Then complete the background information questions at the end of

the booklet. Move the tagboard separator to behind the yellow sheet as you write so that your marks

will not show through on every page, just the appropriate one. After you have completed the

questionnaire, tear out the yellow sheets and put them in a safe place outside your home. Then please

mail the booklet back to us in the enclosed self-addressed stamped envelope and also mail the postcard

enclosed in the packet so we will know that you have completed the survey.

I can assure you that Neither your name nor address will be placed on the questionnaire booklet.

Information from all questionnaires received back will be combined for analysis and the results will

be reported as group statistics for your area. The results of this study will be used in determining the

economic efficiency of plans for the Corps of Engineer' s Santa Ana Flood Control Project and similar

projects throughout the United States. You may confirm the importance of our study and your

participatior by contacting Terrie Mederios, Project Manager for the Lower Santa Ana River Flood

Control Project, Orange County Environmental Management Agency in Santa Ana at 714-834-3388.

As director of this project, I want to thank you for your time and effort. Citizens often complain

they have no way to influence governmental actions. You can take pride in the fact that by filling

out this questionnaire you are helping us make government more efficient. If you have any questions

about filling out this questionnaire, please call me collect at 804-367-1134 between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.

Eastern Daylight time. Again, thank you very much for your help.

Sincerely,

Margot W. Garcia PhD, AICP

Project Director

iCO.ND CO.VERT LETTE

144
~ .*.* .... . . . . . .*. ~.*.**.* ........... .~**....*.*.... .. *. ...........

WW .. O

......... .* IM , ~ c

wv..............................

........... M i: 0 ..... ...... ,.~~wn~wy p*~ Th KW4W0 9U

o~ t~p~w wb ot e~et.I * ove

.0 eei o

OP. 4, W. s IRb In ! INNtimb ft ~ ku1 .. ........ i g t ly T..

145
146
OMB Approval #0702-0116

Expiration Date: 10/31/92

Home Contents Value Survey

Virginia Commonwealth University

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Thank you for your help by

,: I , filling out this questionnaire.

If you have any questions

please phone collect (804)

367-1134 between 9 a.m. and

5 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time.

Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed, postage

paid envelope to:

Dr. Margot W. Garcia

Department of Urban Studies

and Planning

Virginia Commonwealth

University

812 W. Franklin Street

Richmond, Virginia

23284-2008

147
0

INVENTORY INSTRUCTIONS:

Most pages of this questionnaire are designed for you to do a thorough inventory of the contents of your home. Contents are

items within your home which are not permanently attached to the

building.

The simplest way for you to complete this inventory is to walk

through the room to which each page applies. For each type of item

listed on a page:

(I) AND (21 OR (31

EITHER

Indicate Indicate total Indicate t Indicate the nb

how many current cash original costs of years ago that

pieces value for each when ourchased, you obtained each

of each item. for each type item. If you

item there of item. If obtained more than are in the you obtained one of the item

room(s) to an item as a over the years,

which the gift or if you estimate the

page inherited it, aege number of

applies. enter total years ago that you

cash value you obtained the items.

think it was worth at the

time.

The information you provide does not have to be absolutely precise. 0

If in doubt, make your best guess. Be sure to fill out each page which lists items found in your house. Most types of items will be

listed on only one page. If an item you own is listed on a room page different from the room where the item is found in your house,

put the value and number of years owned for the item on that page.

After you complete the inventory sheets, please answer the final

background auestions and mail back our questionnaire. DON'T

FORGET TO TEAR OUT THE YELLOW COPIES TO KEEP WITH YOUR INSURANCE

RECORDS.

Your participation in this

survey is voluntary and you

may refuse to give any or all

of the requested information.

0

148
LIVING ROOM

For Al such items, please give:

1) the t u~mber of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the oriinal purchase ost. and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Unattached Bookcases ........ $L$ L... Years Ago

Books ..................... $ $ -- Years Ago

Couches/Sofas .............. $$ L. Years Ago

Chairs .................... $ $. Years Ago

Tables .................... $ $ Years Ago

Lamps .................... $ L__ __Years Ago

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ..... L.. . $-- Years Ago

-- Unattached Carpets/Rugs .......... - Years Ago

Stereo Equipment ............ L-- L Years Ago

-- Records/CDs/Cassettes ......... . L$$ Years Ago

Television Sets .............. L$$ _Years Ago

___ VCR Equipment ............. $ L .-- Years Ago

Video Tapes ................ $ . $--Years Ago

Pictures ................... $ L . $.-Years Ago

Antiques .................. $ $ -- -Years Ago

Pianos .................... $ $ Years Ago

Other ..................... . L.$.. Years Ago

S........................ .. $ Years Ago

S.......................... $ _ Years Ago

S.......................... $ Years Ago

149
LIVING ROOM

For 1 such items, pleas. give: 1) the tojdLaum~ of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total cuffreut cash value, .......

OR3) the original Durchaselost, and average numnber of years owned.

(1) 2) (3)

Total Total Average........

Total Current Original Number of A

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items:.W

bnValue Costs Obtained

Unattached Bookcases....L........ .... __Years Ago

Books.......................L er Ago

Couches/Sofas ............... S.... er Ago ,

Chairs....................L $ LS. Years Ago

Tables .................... $ L .... Years Ago

Lamps ...... .............. $.~ L. a....Ago.. ...

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ......... .. , .. Years Ago

Unattached Carpets/Rugs .... L __Years Ago i

Stereo Equipment .......... $... -Years Ago

Records/CDs/Cassettes ......... $ $ ~ Years Ago

Televibion Sc ts ........ . $ . _Years Ago

VCR Equipment ............. $ Years AgoW

Vlideo Tapes ................ L. $ $ -__Years Ago

Pictures ................... L. S. $ -Years Ago

Antiques .......... . $_Years . Ago

Pianos .. .. .. .. .. . $. s_ _Years Ago

Other.....................L. S.. -Years Ago

..................... $ . ___LYears Ago

.... ... .... ... .... ... $_ Years Ago

........... ............ $... L . -Years Ago

Your Pea~ma1 .

1990 Hoxmlkold UniW

150
pDINING ROOM

For AU such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the original purchse cost. and averaue number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Pieces Value Costs Obtained

Unattached Buffet/Bar ....... $ L ___Years Ago

Chairs .................... $ .. _ Years Ago

Tables .................... $ .. ___Years Ago

Unattached China Cabinets .... $ $ -Years Ago

China .................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Glassware ................. $ $- Years Ago

Silverware ................. $ $-.Years Ago

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ....... $ L ___Years Ago

Linens .................... L.. L . ___Years Ago

Unattached Carpets/Rugs ..... $ $ . -Years Ago

Tables ................... ... $___Years Ago

Other .................... .. .. Years Ago

........................... $ $ - Y ears Ago

. ......................... .... $_$ ____Years Ago

........................... L L__ _-_Years Ago

.......................... $ $ ___Years Ago

........................... $ Years Ago

151
KITCHEN AND PANTRY

For All such items, please give:

1 the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value

OR 3) R the ririnal RRur aeyt, and averae number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Pie Value cost Obtained

Fresh Food ................ S $ _Years Ago

Canned Food ................ $ $ ___Years Ago

Frozen Food ............... $ $ -_Years Ago

Liquor .................... $L $ _ years .. Ago

Freezers .................. $ ____Years Ago

Refrigerators ................ $$ ____Years Ago

Microwave Ovens ........... ._-_ $ -- Years Ago

Chairs .................... $$ __years Ago

Tables .................... $ $ __years Ago

Dishes & Crockery ............ $ ___Years y Ago

China .................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Glassware & Crystal ......... $$ __Years Ago

Silverware ................. $$ __Years Ago

Knives/Other Utensils ........ $ $ _Years Ago

Pans & Cooking Ware ........ $_.. ___Years Ago

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ........ $ $ ___fYears Ago

- Appliances ................. $$_.. _ Years Ago

Desk/File Cabinets .......... L._ ___Years Ago

Lamps .................... L. L ___Years Ago

Other .................... $. ____ Years Ago

152
BEDROOMS

For An such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the orikinal ourchase cost and average number of years ownEr

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

vaue costs Obtned

__ Beds ..................... S ___. S _Years Ago

_ Box Springs/Mattresses .... L. S -Years Ago

Bedding/Bedspreads/Etc ........ $$ _ . Years Ago

Chest of Drawers ............. $ $-Years Ago

- Night Tables ................ $ S Years Ago

_ Other Tables ............... $ $ _Years Ago

Lamps .................... . $ - Years Ago

_ Chairs .................... . $ - Years Ago

_ Trunks (Hope Chests) ......... $ $ -Years Ago

- Curtains/Drapee ............ $. $ -Year= Ago

- Unattached Rugs ............. $. . $Years Ago

Pictures .................... $ - Years Ago

Television Sets .............. $.Years L . L Ago

Other .................... S L - Years Ago

......................... L . Years Ago

- .......................... $ - Years Ago

.......................... $ -. Years Ago

S.......................... $ $ _Years Ago

- ......................... .$ $ Years Ago

- .......................... $ Years Ago

153
MEN'S CLOTHING

For All such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the original purchase cost, and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Pieces Value Costs Obtained

Coats and Jackets ........... $ $ - Years Ago

Raincoat .................. $ $ -___Years Ago

Ties/Neckwear .............. $ $ ___Years Ago

Pants ..................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Shirts .................... . $ ____Years Ago

Suits ...................... $ -_ Years Ago

Sweaters ................... $ $_Years Ago

Underwear ................. $$ ___Years Ago

Socks (pairs) ............. . L . ___Years Ago

Shoes and Boots (pairs) ........ $ . $Years Ago

Jewelry ................... $- $ ___Years Ago

Belts ..................... $$ ___Years Ago

Other ...................... $ ___Years Ago

. ......................... . $ ___ Yearv Ago

.......................... $_$ __ Years Ago

.......................... $ L.. . __ Years Ago

............. ............. $$ ___Years Ago

.......................... . $ ___ Years Ago

.......................... .. $ _ _ Years Ago

.......................... $ ____Y ears Ago

154
WOMEN'S CLOTHING

For All such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the orginal kurchase cost, and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Pieces Value Cost_ Obtained

Coats and Jack-ts ........... .$ ___Years Ago

Raincoats ................. $ $L ___Years Ago

Dresses .................... $ ____Years Ago

Pants & oiack. ........... $ ____Years Ago

Skirts .................... $ ____Years Ago

Blouses & Shi .............. L $ -Years Ago

Suits ....................... $ __Years Ago

Sweaterq ................. $ __Years Ago

Underwear . ............ $ __Years Ago

.... Sock 3'Stoc!-:ngr, ",airs) ........ $ ____Years Ago

Slicoe and > :rs)....... $ ____Years Ago

Haradbags.Px, s............. $ ___Years Ago

Hats ......... ............ $ ____Years Ago

Jewelry ................... . ____Years Ago

Scarves ................... $ ____Years Ago

Other .................... $_ ___ Years Ago

.......................... _ $ Years Ago

................ ....... _____Years Ago

._ .......................... $ ___ Years Ago

.......................... $ ____Years Ago

155
CHILDREN'S CLOTHING

For AH such items, please give:

1) the total numbe of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the orieiM vurchase cost. and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

h~oValue Costs Obtained

Coats and Jackets ........... $$ ___Years Ago

Raincoats .................. $$ __Years Ago

Dresses ................... $ $ ____Yearb Ago

Pants ...................... $ L $___Years Ago

Skirts .................... L.__ .___Years Ago

Suits ..................... $ 1 ____ Years Ago

Sweaters .................. $ $ ____Years Ago

Shirts/Blouses .............. . L. __Years Ago

Socks/Stockings (pairs) ........ L$ ___Years Ago

Shoes and Boots (pairs) ....... $ . ___Years Ago

Sportswear ................ L. __Years Ago

Underwear ................ $ $ ___ Years Ago

Jewelry ................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Other .................... $$ ___Years Ago

......................... $ . ___Years Ago

• ................ ....... $ $ . . ___ Years Ago

.......................... $ $ ___Years Ago

.......................... $ $ ____Years Ago

........................ L. . $ ____Years Ago

.................. ... .L.. L.$ $ ____Years Ago

156
DEN, OFFICE, LIBRARY, OR FAMILY ROOMS

"S " For All such items, please give:

1) the totl number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value.

OR

3) the oririnal Rurchase, cost and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Total Average

No. of Current Original Number of

Piece Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

u c Obtained

Unattached Bookcases ........ $.$ L * Years Ago

Books .................... $ $ Years Ago

_ Couches/Sofas .............. $.. ___Years Ago

Chairs ..................... $$ __ Years Ago

Tables .................... $ $ _--Years Ago

Desk/File Cabinets .......... $L ... $ LYears Ago

Lamps .................... $$__ _ Years Ago

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ......... L -Years Ago

_ Unattached Carpets/Rugs ..... $ $,.Years Ago

_ Unattached Bar .............. $ . Years Ago

_ Stereo Equipment ........... .$$ L Years Ago

Records/CD's/Cassettes ....... S$ L.. Years Ago

Television Sets ............. $ . $ __.Years Ago

VCR Equipment .............. $ _ Years Ago

Video Tapes ................ $ $ ____Years Ago

Computer Hardware ........ L.. $$ __Years Ago

Computer Software .......... $ $ _ Years Ago

_ Pictures ................... $ $ __ Years Ago

Sewing Machines ............ .$$___ Years Ago

Typewriters ................. $ . Years Ago

_ Other .................... $ $ ___ Years Ago

....................... $ $ ___ Years Ago

157
SPORTS, RECREATION, AND HOBBY ITEMS KEPT IN RESIDENCE

For All such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value

OR

3) the oriuinal nurchase cot, and averafe number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Average

Total Current Original Number of

No. of Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Pieces Value Costs Obtained

Billiard Table .............. $ $ -Years Ago

Camping Equipment ........... $ _..Years Ago

Fishing Equipment .......... $ $ _- -Years Ago

Games .................... $ L..- . Years Ago

Golf Equipment ............. $$. -Years Ago

Skiing Equipment ........... $ $ _Years Ago

Guns/Hunting Equipment .. L. $ . Years Ago

Musical Instruments ......... $ $ ___Years Ago

Photography Equipment ...... $ $ Years Ago

Sewing Machine & Supplies ... $ $. __Years Ago

Tennis Equipment ............ $ . $ Years Ago

Bicycles ................... $ __ L . Years Ago

Exercise Equipment .......... $ $ _ Years Ago

Toys ... .................. .. Years Ago

Collection (Stamps, etc.) .... t... $Year Ago

Other ..................... . L Years Ago

.......................... $ $ Years Ago

.......................... $$ ___ Years Ago

.......................... $ $ .. Years Ago

......... I................. $ $ Years Ago

158
LAUNDRY, BASEMENT, AND GARAGE ITEMS

For All such items, please give:

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value,

OR

3) the original purchase cost, and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Total Average

No. of Current Original Number of

Pieces Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Value Costs Obtained

Chairs ............................................. _ $ - Years Ago

Tables .............................................. $ ____Years Ago

Clothes Dryer ................................. $ ____Years Ago

Ironing Equipment ....................... $ $ ____Years Ago

Freezer ........................................... $ ____Years Ago

Refrigerator .................................... $ ____Years Ago

Luggage .......................................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Hand Tools ..................................... $ __ Y ears Ago

Power Tools .................................... L $ ____Years Ago

Lawn & Garden Tools ................... $ ____Years Ago

Work Bench .................................... $ ____Years Ago

i Barbecue Equipment ..................... $ $ ___Years Ago

Other Items .................................... $ ___Years Ago

......................................................... $ ____Years A go

................................................... ...... $ $ ____Years Ago

......................................................... $ $ __ Years Ago

......................................................... $ $ ____Years Ago

......................................................... $ $ ____Years Ago

........................... ............................ $ $ __ __Years Ago

......................................................... $ $ - Years A go

159
BATHROOM ITEMS, MEDICAL APPLIANCES, AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

(If Not Already Listed for Other Rooms)

For AU such items, pl-,ase give;

1) the total number of pieces,

AND EITHER

2) the total current cash value

OR

3) the original purchase cost, and average number of years owned.

(1) (2) (3)

Total Total Total Average

No. of Current Original Number of

Cash Purchase Years Ago Items

Value Costs Obt

BATHROOM ITEMS

Medication .................. L L ___Years Ago

- Hygiene Items .............. $ $ ___Years Ago

Towels .................... $ $ ____Years Ago

Bathroom Appliances ........... ___ $ ___Years Ago

Cosmetics/Perfumes .......... $ ___Years Ago

Other ..................... .. . $ Years Ago

MEDICAL APPLIANCES

Wheelchairs................. $ ___Years Ago

Walkers .................... $ - Years Ago

Other .................... $ _ Years Ago

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

Art Work ................... $ ___Years Ago

Indoor Plants ............. L. . $ ___Years Ago

Telephones ................ $ ___Years Ago

Curtains/Drapes/Blinds ....... $ ___fYears Ago

Luggage .................. $ ___Years Ago

Briefcases ................. $ ____Years Ago

Other .................... $L ___Years Ago

.......................... L . $ ____:Years Ago

.......... ............. . ____Years Ago

160
BACKGROUND QUESTIONS

Please fill in the following background questions circling the appropriate number and

filling in the blanks.

QI. From the list below, please circle the number in front of the type of building that most

closely matches your residence.

(CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

I. SINGLE FAMILY 4. TOWNHOUSE, END UNIT

2. LOW-RISE MULTIPLE FAMILY 5. TOWNHOUSE, INSIDE UNIT

(3 STORIES OR LESS) 6. DUPLEX

3. MID- AND HIGH-RISE MULTIPLE 7. MOBILE HOME

FAMILY (4 OR MORE STORIES)

Q2. From the list below, please circle the number of the building style that most closely

matches the style of this residence.

(CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

I. ONE STORY

2. TWO STORY

3. THREE STORIES

4. SPLIT LEVEL

5. I 1/2 STORY (WITH THE 1/2 FINISHED)

6. 1 1/2 STORY (UNFINISHED 1/2)

7. 2 1/2 STORY (WITH THE 1/2 FINISHED)

8. 2 1/2 STORY (UNFINISHED 1/2)

9. 3 1/2 STORY (WITH THE 1/2 FINISHED)

10. 3 1/2 STORY (UNFINISHED 1/2)

II. BI-LEVEL (2 STORY WITH IST UNFINISHED)

12. OTHER (Please Explain):

Q3. From the list below, please circle the number of the heating and/or cooling system that

most closely matches the system installed in this home. (CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

Heating Only%

i. FORCED AIR 5. FLOOR, RADIANT HOT WATER

2. GRAVITY FURNACE 6. CEILING, RADIANT, ELECTRIC

(HOT AIR, NO FAN) 7. BASEBOARD, ELECTRIC

3. FLOOR FURNACE 8. BASEBOARD, HOT WATER

(NO HEAT DUCTS) 9. RADIATORS, HOT WATER

4. WALL FURNACE 10. RADIATORS, STEAM

(NO HEAT DUCTS)

Heatina and Coolina:

II. WARMED AND COOLED AIR

12. HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

Coolint Only%

13. EVAPORATIVE WATER COOLER (SINGLE OR SHORT DUCTS)

14. REFRIGERATED, WITH CONDENSER AND DUCTS

161
Q4. From the list below, please circle the number of the type of exterior wall covering that

best matches most of the exterior of this home. (CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

I. PLYWOOD 6. MASONRY VENEER

2. HARDBOARD SHEETS 7. COMMON BRICK

3. STUCCO S. FACE BRICK

4. SIDING 9. STONE

5. SHINGLE 10. CONCRETE BLOCK

QS. From the list below, please circle the number of the roofing type that most closely

matches the roof of this home. (CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

I. COMPOSITION SHINGLE 6. CLAY TILE

2. BUILT-UP ROCK 7. GALVANIZED METAL

(EMBEDDED IN ASPHALT) 8. SLATE

3. WOOD SHINGLE 9. COMPOSITION ROLL

4. WOOD SHAKE 10. PLASTIC TILE

5. CONCRETE TILE

Q6. How many bathrooms OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES are there in this home?

There are: FULL BATHS (SINK, TOILET, AND TUB, WITH OR WITHOUT

SHOWER)

There are: 3/4 BATHS (SINK, TOILET, AND SHOWER

There are: 1/2 BATHS (SINK AND TOILET)

Q7. Please give the total square feet of finished floor area for floor area for all rooms in

this home, not including the basement. (GIVE YOUR VERY BEST ESTIMATE)

AREA NOT INCLUDING BASEMENT: SQUARE FEET

Q8. Please give the total square feet of floor area for the basement in this home.

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

TOTAL BASEMENT AREA: SQUARE FEET

FINISHED BASEMENT AREA: SQUARE FEET

Q9. Please circle all of the home features listed below that apply to this home: (CIRCLE

ALL THAT APPLY)

I. ATTACHED GARAGE S. UNFINISHED BASEMENT AREA

2. DETACHED GARAGE 6. FINISHED BASEMENT AREA

3. BUILT-IN GARAGE 7. OPEN SLAB PORCH

4. CARPORT 8. FIREPLACE

QIO. What year was your home built?

QI 1. How many years have you lived at this address? YEARS

Q12. How many people live at this residence? PEOPLE

0

162
IQ13. Do you own this home? (circle)

1. YES 2. NO

Q14. If you own this home, how much would it be worth if it were to be sold in the real

estate market today? (YOUR BEST GUESS)

QI5. Has this residence ever been flooded? (4.ircle)

1. YES 2. NO

QI6. If yes above, please indicate below how high the water got relative to the front

entryway of this house during the last time it was flooded.

Water was: FEET (ABOVE? or BELOW?) the front entryway.

(Circle]

Q17. Do you now have flood insurance for this residence:(Circle)

On the Building(s)? I. YES 2. NO

On the Contents? 1. YES 2. NO

QI8. If you answered yes to either of the above, please give the dollar amount(s) of flood

insurance coverage you now have:

$ On Buildings

$ On Contents

Q19. Some people have had flood insurance policies that they have discontinued at some

point in the past. Have you ever discontinued a flood insurance policy? (Circle)

I. YES 2. NO

Q20. If you answered yes above, why did you discontinue your policy? (circle)

I. POLICY COST INCREASED

2. LOSS OF JOB/REDUCED INCOME

3. OTHER PERSONAL PROBLEMS

4. DISSATISFACTION WITH PAYMENT AFTER FLOOD

5. NO LONGER CONSIDERED FLOODING A SERIOUS RISK

6. OTHER REASONS (Please Specify):

Q21. If a friend was about to move into your neighborhood and asked for your advice,

what would you tell him/her about the risk of flooding? (circle)

5. 4. 3. 2. I.

VERY HIGH HIGH MODERATE LOW VERY LOW

163
Q22. What is your zip code?

Q23. What is the marital status of the principal wage earner of this household?

(CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

I. SINGLE

2. MARRIED

3. WIDOWED

4. DIVORCED OR SEPARATED

5. OTHER

Q24. Please circle the number below which indicates the total years of schooling that the

principal wage earner of this household completed. (CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

GradSc l High School olte/Technical GradutSl

12345678 91011 12 13 14 15 16 1718192021+

Q25. What was the age of the principal wage earner of this household on his/her last

birthday?

YEARS OLD

Q26. The list below contains income categories. Please circle the number of the category

that contains your annual household income (before taxes) for 1989. Include income

for you and all other members of this household.

(CIRCLE ONE NUMBER)

!. UNDER $10.000

2. $10,000 - $19,999

3. $20,000 - $29,999

4. $30,000 - $39,999

5. $40.000 - $49,999

6. $50,000 - $59,999

7. $60,000 - $69,999

8. $70,000 - $79,999

9. $80,000 - $89,999

10. $90,000 - $99,999

!!. $100,000 - $124,999

12. $125,000 - $149,999

13. $150,000 - $174.999

14. $175,000 AND OVER

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

164
YOU MAY MAKE ANY ADDITIONAL COMMIENTS BELOW:

*U.S. roVE0MNT PJJ.JTChIOFCE: 1 9 91 -311 'S 63/4241 7

165
0

166