[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

___________________ _____ No. 13

- 12510 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 4:12

- cr - 00133

- CLS

- MHH

- 3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus DAVID EARL ALLEN , Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabam a

________________________ (May 5, 2014) Before TJOFLAT , PRYOR and JORDA N , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM : David Earl Allen a ppea ls his conviction s and sentence of 97 month s of imprisonment for conspiring to distribute and p ossess with intent to distribute five

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 1 of 222 grams or more of methamphetamine , s ee 21 U.S.C. §§ 841( a )( 1 ) , 841(b)(1)(B) , 846 , and distributing five grams or more of methamphetamine, see id. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)

. Allen argues for relief from his convictions on the ground that the district court erred when it refused to accept his p lea of guilty to the distribution offense and later when it denied his motion for a judgment of acquittal on the charge of conspiring to distribute methamphetamine . Allen also challenges the enhancement of his sentence for obstruction of justice and the denial of relief under the safety valve . We a ffirm. I. BACKGROUND Allen and his coconspirators were charged, in a six

- count indictment, for crimes related to their conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Allen was indicted for two crimes: conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to
distri bute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine between January 24, 2011, and August 19, 2011 , id. §§ 841( a )(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 846, and distributing five grams or more of methamphetamine on August 19, 2011 , id. §§ 841(a)( 1), (b)(1)(B). Allen initially pleaded not guilty to the charges. Allen entered a written agreement to plead guilty to distributin g methamphetamine in exchange for the dismissal of his charge for conspiracy and for recommendations by the government to reduce his offen se level for his acceptance of responsibility and to impose a sentence at the low end of the

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 2 of 223 advisory guidelines range . The factual basis stated that Allen agreed to sell a confidential informant $1,600 of methamphetamine; the informant delivered the
cash to Allen at his tile shop ; Allen handed the money to Andres Hernandez , who left the shop in Allen’s truck to obtain the methamphetamine; the informant also left Allen’s shop and later returned after Allen notified him that the drugs had been delivered; th e informant collected the methamphetamine, which was lying on the floor of the shop wrapped inside a towel; and Allen also s o l d the informant half of a pound of marijuana for $650 , which was wrapped in a towel. When tested, the methamphetamine weighed 22.2 grams. At the change of plea hearing, Allen tendered a plea of guilty and stated that he had not been coerced to change his plea to guilty. But when asked if he was tende ring his plea of guilty voluntarily, Allen stat ed that his father had received a telephone call in which the caller threatened to harm Allen’ s family if he did not plead guilty. THE COURT: Other than the terms of the plea agreement we have just briefly discussed, has anybody promised you any thing or given you any other assurance of any kind in an effort to induce you to enter this plea of guilty? THE DEFENDANT: No, sir. THE COURT: Has anyone attempted in any way to force you to plead guilty in this case? THE DEFENDANT: No, sir. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 3 of 224 THE COURT: Are you pleading guilty voluntarily and of your own personal decision to do so? THE DEFENDANT: Well, can I say something, Your Honor? THE COURT: Yes, sir. THE DEFENDANT: My and my dad’s name are the same. And I was

— I was kind of

— somebody called my dad and threatened if I didn’t plead into it, you know, or that they were going to harm my family. And they called his number thinking that was me, because I’m a junior and it’s not listed in the phone book as a junior. So, but I understand, yes, sir

. THE COURT: Well, are you pleading guilty because somebody made a threat on your life, or your father’s, or your family’s, or are you pleading guilty because you are, in fact, guilty?

. . . THE DEFENDANT: It was today when they called.
THE COURT: No. That’s not my question. Are you pleading guilty because you are, in fact, guilty? THE DEFENDANT: No, sir. I’m guilty. I’m guilty, sir, you

— but, you know, I’m guilty, yes, sir. When asked to state a factual basis for his plea, Allen stat ed that he
p articipat ed in the drug transaction because he worked as a confidential informant for the Etowah County Drug Task Force . Allen s t a te d that he had worked for the task force for years and that he was trying to gain the confidence of drug dealers
and infiltr ate a drug organization to “work off” criminal charges incurred by his

son. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 4 of 225 THE DEFENDANT: I was working

— I sold narcotics

— I worked for Etowah County for seven y e ars. I have worked for Etowah County as a C.I.
THE COURT: C.I.? THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir. And to the point

— to the point I have listed things I have done for them that I was under the influence of whatever I had to do to get to the Avilas is what I was asked to do. And I got

— I was also in a process, these other guy s here with me, I have cases on them that I

— I was actually trying to work something off for my son. My son was in some trouble. And I got involved in it and was trying to help him in on it. And when the physical evidence come back against my son, I co uldn’t

— they said it wouldn’t count. So all this that I have done for

— for my son, the trafficking cases with these guys here that are listed on this, they don’t count. So I was still trying to get to the Avilas through Andres and the other Mexican trying to bring down an organization that Etowah County’s been trying to get for the past 10 or 15 years, I guess, maybe longer. And I got caught up in it too much and

— and was trying to do whatever I had to do, do w hatever I had to do to get involved in it. And I got caught selling also. THE COURT: Well

— THE DEFENDANT: Without

— without the

— their authorization, but was under the influence that I was told specially to do what I had to do, we went to Avilas.
THE COURT: So did you think you were working for the drug task force, or were you doing it for your own profit? THE DEFENDANT: There was no profit involved, sir. I was t r ying to further more

— my influence of getting involved with them, you know. They come to my shop, like a few days before that, five of them did, with An d res. Come to my shop

. And Steve Guthrie knows about that the

— of Etowah

— Steve Guthrie and [sic] narcotic agent that I have been working for, for the past five years and brought down Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 5 of 226 b ig cases for them all over Georgia, Alabama, you know. I was in the other states, too, doing work for them. But he knew about them coming to the shop, meeting with m e. And this was exact words, the organization

. . . . They were in Roebuck, these guys were. And they were in an organization. The district court interrupted Allen and ask ed the prosecutor why Allen was being charged for distributing methamphetamin e. The prosecutor a cknowledged
that Allen had served extensively as an informan t before the drug transaction, but the prosecutor argued that Allen did not conduct the transaction on behalf of the government

. Allen’s attorney interjected that the government had video and audio recordings of the transaction. THE COURT: Why are we here, Ms. Hodge?

. . . MS. HODGE: It’s the Government’s position

— we agree in part with what Mr. Allen says. There was a period of time where he was working with the Etowah County Drug Task Force Unit extensively in the past for credit for things on state

- related cases, things related to his son, things of that nature. He was, in fact, working to help make some of the deals that are part of this indictment. And then he fell off the wagon, so to speak. There was a period of time in between . . . . And the last buy that we have in which he was involved working for law enforcement was April 6th of 2011. So it’s the Government’s position there was a period of approximately four months when he was not in contact with law enforcement where he was not working at thei r behest. He was not conducting otherwise illegal activity under the authority of law enforcement, which is ho w we were able to make this buy from him on August the 19th. That was not part of any authorized activity that he was supposed to be doing as a confidential informant. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 6 of 227 THE COURT: So you sent a C.I., a C.I. informant in to make a buy on this date from Mr. Hernandez and Mr. Allen? MS. HODGE: Yes, Your Honor. And that was based on information that they were hearing

— that law enforcement was h e ari ng about Mr. Allen going off on his own ventures. MR. BROOME: I might also add, there is a video and audio of that C.I. buying from Mr. Allen on August the 19th. The district court questioned Allen about his conduct. Allen acknowledged that he was not instructed by the task force to sell the methamphetamine, but he insist ed that h e made the sale on behalf of the task forc e . THE COURT: Mr. Allen, did you hear and understand what Ms. Laura Hodge the assisting supervisor said?
THE DEFENDANT: Ye s , sir. THE COURT: Is she correct? THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, she is. But I was under the influence

— you know

— The district court refused to accept Allen’s change of plea to guilty. Allen and his attorney appeared prepared to proceed to trial, but t he prosecu tor requested a recess for Allen to confer with his attorney

. THE COURT:

— I tell you wha t. I think we better try this case. And let Mr. Allen explain himself to the jury. And if they believe that he thought he was still under the influence of the Government, even though the Government sent a confidential informant in, then he can be found not guilty, but I am not going to take this plea. I wouldn’t touch it with a ten foot pole. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 7 of 228 MR. BROOME [Defense counsel]: Yes, Your Honor. THE COURT: So you ju st get read y for trial, Mr. Allen. And that way you won’t have to worr y about any personal

— THE DEFENDANT: Your Honor, I would, just speaking what I feel, you know, I’m sorry. . . . Y ou know, but I

— you know, I do other work. I’ve actually got

. . . o ther things, too, you know.
THE COURT : Okay.
MS. HODGE: Y our Honor, if I may. Could we have a few moments outside the presence of the Cou r t to give Mr. Broome an opportunity to talk to his client and then to ask any questions of us that he might have in an effort to clarify this matter and resolve it today? THE COURT: I will give you some time. When the hearing resumed, d efense counsel announced that Allen wanted to plead guilty . The district court continued to express its reservations about accepting Allen’s plea of guilty in the light of his protestations of innocence

. MR. BROOME: Judge, we would like to go forward with our change of plea, Your Honor. THE COURT: Well, I’m concerned about doing that, Mr. Broome. As I unde rstand what your client is saying, is that he . . . was under the mental impression that he was doing what the Government wanted him to do when he sold 5 grams or more of methamphetamine to a confidential informant on the 19th day of August of 2011 in Etow ah County.
MR. BROOME: Judge, I don’t think that’s what the facts show, and I don’t really think that’s what Mr. Allen meant to tell the Court. THE COURT: He stated it pretty clearly, as far as I heard. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 8 of 229 MR. BROOME: Your Honor, he wouldn’t have been

— Judge, he can probably tell the Court must better than I can. Allen acknowledged that the information included in the factual basis was
accurate . Allen admitted that his truck was used to obtain the methamphetamine because “[t]hey always used my vehicle ”; he knew the confidential informant, Sam Greenwood, because Greenwood had sold Allen illegal drugs in the past; and he instructed Greenwood to retrieve from the floor a towel containing the methamphetamine

. But , when questioned by the district court, Al len maintained that he was acting for the task force

. THE COURT: Well, when you were doing all these things, did you think you were working on behalf of the Government, or was it for your own profit? MR. BROOME: You have got to tell the truth. That’s all I can tell you. THE DEFENDANT: I felt like I was, but I guess I wasn’t, sir. I felt like I was, though, in my heart. The district court questioned Allen about the threatening telephone call

. Allen ’s father stat ed that the caller said “ they [ would ] get rid” of Allen. Based on Allen’s hesitation to admit his guilt and the threatening phone call, the district court refused to enter a plea of guilty. THE COURT: And do you know who called your father’s house today and threatened him?
THE DEFENDANT: No , sir. Other than being part of that organization. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 9 of 2210 THE COURT: And what exactly did they say? THE DEFENDANT: What exactly did they say, daddy? MR. DAVID ALLEN, SR.: Said they was going to get rid of him. THE COURT: Well, I’m not prepared to take this plea. And if there’s a threat against Mr. Allen’s life, best protection that we can give him is to try his case. That way nobody will think that he is acting as a snitch, as an informant.

. . . MR. BROOME: Judge, I respect Your Honor’s opinion on that, but it would come out during a tria l that he was actually working

— it would be more information than the public, as far as him working for the Etowah County Drug Task Force, if he went to trial. He would testify to that. I would ask the agents informat ion about that. THE COURT: Well, if you want to waive venue, we could try it some place other than Gadsden and Etowah County. MR. BROOME: Then that is a

— THE COURT: That’s up to you . . . .

. . . MR. BROOME: Thank you, Your Honor. At trial, the gov ernment presented testimony and audio recordings establishing that Allen sold methamphetamine and marijuana to G reenwood, who

was a nother informant for the county task force

. Michael Martin, an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, testified that Allen had worked as a confidential informant when making controlled purchases of methamphetamine between

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 10 of 2211 January and April 2011 ; Allen purchased the drugs from Hernandez, who the
Bureau believed ha d connections to a drug trafficking organization run by the Avila family; and Allen always w as equipped with a recording device and gave the drugs that he purchased to his supervising agents. After Martin learn ed that Allen had been selling drugs and had s o l d methamphetamine to Greenwood , Martin arranged for Greenwood to make a controlled purchase from Allen

. Martin and Greenwood testified about the drug transaction between Greenwood and Allen o n August 1 9 , 2011 , and Greenwood identified the audio recording of the sale. Martin testified that, w hile Greenwood was waiting inside Allen’s shop for Hernandez to return with the methamphetamine, Martin visited the shop to talk to Allen , but Allen did not mention that he was selling dr ug s t o Greenwood. Greenwood admitted that he used methamphetamine and testified
about his drug transaction with Allen; stated that Allen had demanded payment for methamphetamine he had given Greenwood one day earlier; and recalled a conversation in which Allen boasted that he was going to perform tile work in a federal agent’s house and “smoke some stuff in [the] bathroom.” At the conclusion of Greenwood’s testimony , Allen moved for a judgment of acquittal on the ground that there was insufficient evidenc e to prove that he had conspired with Hernandez to distribute methamphetamine , but the district court denied Allen’s motion

. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 11 of 2212 Allen testifie d that he was act ing on behalf of the task force when he sold methamphetamine t o Greenwood. Allen testified that he began working for the Etowah County Drug Task Force in 2008 in exchange for the dismissal of a drug charge and later he ma d e controlled buys for compensation because “it made [him] feel like one of [the officers].” Allen testified that he ceased work ing as an informant in 2009, but he resumed the work about a year later to “work off charges against his son.” Allen acknowledged that his supervising agent, Agent Steve Guthrie, had told him to wait before transacting with Greenwood, but Allen sold methamphe tamine to Greenwood because Guthrie said to “do whatever you have got to do” to “bring down the organization” ; Allen wanted to continue c ultivat ing his relationship with Hernandez, who m Allen believed had connection s to the Avila organization; and Allen ne e ded to dispel suspicions expressed recently by
Hernandez and other s that Allen was working for the government

. Allen acknowledge d that he did not contact Guthrie about the transaction with Greenwood , but Allen said that h e hinted that he was “working on something right
now” to Agent Martin when he visited Allen’s shop. Guthrie testifi ed that Allen had worked regularly as an informant for the task force ; he was a n “enthusiastic” informant; and he liked to “brag [that] his initials
were DEA.” Guthrie testified that all government informants were instructed not to buy or sell drugs unless at the direction of the task force, but Allen had

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 12 of 2213 purchased drugs without permissi on on a couple of occasion s and been allowed to continue working as an informant . Guthrie also testified that Allen had been warned to “ quit [making purchases without permission] . . . because [the task force] can’t make prosecutable cases [that] way.” On cross

- examination, Guthrie
stat ed that he was introduced to Gre enwood by Agent Martin; he never gave Allen permission to make uncontrolled drug purchases ; he never i nstruct ed Allen to “do whatever it takes”; and Allen had bought, but never sold drugs as an informant.
T he government called Agent Martin to rebut Allen’s testimony. Martin d enied that Allen mentioned having “ something going on right now” or that he gesture d to Greenwood to suggest that Allen was conducting a drug transaction for the government . Martin testified that Allen did not report to the task force that he had sold methamphetamine to Greenwood, nor did Allen confess immediately when he was question ed by agents

. Allen renewed his motion for a judgment of acquittal on the charge of conspiracy, but the district court denied the motion

. The jury found Allen guilty of conspiring to distribute and of distributing methamphetamine. The jury found that Allen was responsible for more than five grams, but less than 50 grams of methamphetamine that t he conspiracy distributed

. Allen’s present ence investigation report provided a base offense level of 28, based on the 22.2 grams of methamphetamine that he sold to Greenwood. S ee United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(6) (Nov. 2012). The

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 13 of 2214 report increased the offense level by two p oints because Allen had perjured himself at trial by falsely “testif[ying] that he was working as a [CI] when the August [19] , 2011, drug transaction took place

. ” S ee id. § 3C1.1 . With a criminal history of I and a total offense level of 30, Allen’s presentence report provided a sentencing range between 97 and 121 months of imprisonment. Allen objected to the two

- point enhancement of his sentence for obstruction of justice on the ground that he did not give “willful and intentional perjured testimony at trial , ” and he also sought a reduction of two points under the “safety valve,” see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(16); 18 U.S.C § 3553(f) . The government responded that Allen perjured himself by testifying that he was w ork ing as an informant on August 19 , 2011

. The government also argued that Allen failed to qualify for the safety valve because he “maintained through the course of the trial . . . that he was working under the direction of the Government when he sold
met hamphetamine . . . .” The district court overruled Allen’s objections to the presentence investigation report . The district court credited the testimon y from Martin and Guthrie that “Allen had never been instructed to sell methamphetamine to anyone
at an y time” and that “[h]is sole function as a confidential informant was to purchase controlled substances usually while wearing the wire or video equipment and providing information” against Hernandez and another coconspirator

. Based

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 14 of 2215 on its findings that th e agent s’ testimonies were “credible and truthful” and that “Allen lied,” t he district court determin ed that an enhancement for obstruction was “a correct attribution for [Allen’s] false testimony during trial” and for “the denials that he made in [ th e] Rule 11 plea colloquy

. ” The district court rule d that Allen’s false statements “ also deprive[d] him of the benefit of the . . . safety valve under Guideline Section 5C1.2(a)(5), and . . . its . . . statutory corollary Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 3553(f) (5). ” The district court adopted the factual finding s and calculations in the presentence report , sentenced Allen to two terms of 97 months of imprisonment , and ordered that the terms run concurrently

. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW We apply three standards of review . We review the refusal of the district court to enter a plea of guilty for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Gomez

Gomez , 822 F.2d 1008 , 1010 ( 11 th Cir

. 1987 ). We review de novo the denial of a motion for acquittal based on the sufficiency of the evidence and interpret all inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdicts

. United States v.
Isnadin , 742 F.3d 1278 , 1303 ( 11 th Cir

. 2014 ). We review for clear error th e enhancement of a sentence for obstruction of justice and the denial of relief under the safety valve , United States v. Singh , 291 F.3d 756, 763 (11 th Cir

. 2002) (obstruction); United States v. Johnson , 375 F.3d 1300, 1301 (11th Cir. 2004)

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 15 of 2216 (safety valve) , and we “ accord great deference to the district court’ s credibility determinations , ” Singh , 291 F.3d at 763. III. DISCUSSION Allen argues for vacat ur of his conviction s and his sentence on three grounds

. First, Allen argues t hat the distr ict court erred in refusing to accept his plea of guilty to distributing methamphetamine “on [an] erroneous legal conclusion that there is a ‘good faith’ defense to the offense of distributi o n of a controlled substance.” Second, Allen a rgues that there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Third, Allen argues that the district court clearly erred by finding that he gave false testimony and by

e nhanc ing his sentence f or obstruction of justice without specifying that the false testimony was material. Allen’s arguments fail. We address each in turn.

A. The D istrict C ourt D id N ot A buse I ts D iscretion by R efusing to A ccept Allen’s Tendered P lea o f G uilty

. “[W] e give the utmost deference to the decision of the trial judge in rejecting guilty pleas. ” Gomez

- Gomez , 822 F.2d at 1011 . A defendant has no absolute right to have a plea of guilty accepted by the district court , i d. at 1010, and “[w] hen a defendant attempts to couple a guilty plea with an assertion of facts that would negate his guilt, a judge may properly treat this assertion as a protestation of
innocence ” and “ is not required to

. . . enter judgment upon a guilty plea under these circumstances ,” id. at 101 1

. “[ W ] hen a defendant casts doubts upon the

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 16 of 2217 validity of his guilty plea by protesting his innocence or by making exculpatory statements, the court may resolve such doubts against the plea.” Id. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it r efused to accept Allen’s plea of guilty. During the change of plea hearing, Allen stat ed that someone had threatened to harm him if he did not plead guilty. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(2) (requiring the district court t o determine that the defendant is entering a plea of guilty voluntary and not due to coercion or promises )

. And Allen asserted repeatedly that he sold the methamphetamine on behalf of the county drug task force

. See id. 11(b)(1)(B) ( requiring the district court t o ensure tha t the defendant
understands that he has the right to “persist” in a plea of not guilty). Allen insisted that he conducted the drug transaction to maintain the confidence of a drug seller whom he believed he could use to infiltrate a large

- scale d rug organ ization

. Even after Allen consulted with his attorney, who acknowledged that the evidence was sufficient to substantiate a plea of guilty, and Allen admitted the elements of the d istribution offense , he maintained that he was innocent. Allen like n s his situation
to United States v. Martinez , 486 F.2d 15 (5th Cir. 1973), where the district court erred by refusing to accept a plea of guilty on the ground that Martinez ’s statement to authorities was arguably coerced and rendered his tendered plea invo luntary

. Id.
at 21. But, u nlike Martinez , who “freely a dmitted his guilt , ” id. , Allen contend ed that he was innocent because he distributed methamphetamine in cooperation with

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 17 of 2218 the task force and in the belief that he had been instructed to do “whatever [he] had to do to get to the Avilas

. ” Allen argues that the district court err ed by reasoning
that h e had a viable “innocent intent” or “public authority” defense, but Allen asserted that his actions were the result of a mistake of fact th at would not be consistent with criminal intent

. See United States v. Tobin , 676 F.3d 1264, 1280 (11 th Cir

. 2012) (“[T]he term ‘knowingly’ means that ‘ the act was performed voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of a mistake or accident. ’ ” (quotin g United States v. Woodruff , 296 F.3d 1041, 1047 (11th Cir. 2002) ); see also United States v. Baptista

- Rodriguez , 17 F.3d 1354 , 1368 n.18 ( 11 th Cir

. 1994 ). Regardless of the validity of h is defense , Allen’s continued protestation of his innocence cast ed doubt on the v oluntariness of his decision to plead guilty. The district court had the discretion to resolve such doubt against accepting Allen’s plea o f guilty. See Gomez

- Gomez , 822 F.2d at 1011. B. Sufficient Evidence Supports Allen’s Conviction for C onspiring to Distribute Methamphetamine. The district court did not err by denying Allen’s motion for a judgment of acquittal on the charge of conspiring to distribute methamphetamine. To convict Allen, the government had to prove that Allen agreed with Hernandez to distribute methamphetamine; Allen knew the purpose of the agreement; and Allen knowingly and voluntarily participated in the agreement. See 21 U.S.C. § 846. Allen d id not d ispute that on August 19, 2011, he sold methamphetamine to Greenwood ; the task

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 18 of 2219 force had instructed him only to purchase, n ot to sell, methamphetamine ; and he continued to consort with Hernandez after the drug task force ceased making controlled purchases from him . And the jury r easonably could have found that Allen conspired with Hernandez to sell drugs based on the evidence that Hernandez was waiting at Allen’s shop for Greenwood to arrive; Allen counted Greenwood’s $1,600 payment i n Hernandez’s presence and hand ed him th at money; Hernandez used Allen’s vehicle to transport the methamphetamine ; Allen also sold marijuana to Greenwood; and Allen later demanded payment from Greenwood for the marijuana

. See United States v. Gianni , 678 F.2d 956, 959 (11th Cir. 1982) (“ T here is rarely any direct evidence of an agreement to join a criminal conspiracy , so that a defendant ’ s assent can be inferred from acts furthering the conspiracy ’ s purpose . ”). Sufficient evidence supports Allen’s convict ion for conspiracy. Allen argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he had a “personal stake” in the drug transaction or that he join ed in the objective of the conspiracy, but we disagree. Allen argues th at he participated only in “an isolat ed instance of distribution,” see United States v. Hardy , 895 F.2d 1331, 1335 (11th Cir. 1990), but the jury reasonably could have f ou nd that Allen had an ongoing agreement with Hernandez based on their past transactions and the ir coordinat ed efforts to sell methamphetamine and marijuana to Greenwood . Allen also argues

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 19 of 2220 that he was “work[ing] to impede his alleged co

- conspirators’ efforts to distribute” drugs , but the jury reject ed Allen’s testimony and credited the testimonies of Agents Marti n and Guthrie that Allen was selling drugs “on the side , ” see United States v. Calderon , 127 F.3d 1314, 1325 (11 th Cir

. 1997) (“I t is well established that credibility determinations are the exclusive province of the jury.” (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)). We will not disturb th e credibility determinations of the jury , particular ly when Allen does not challenge the agents’ testimonies as incredible as a matter of law. See id. C. The District Court Did Not Clear ly Err by Enhancing Allen’s Sentence for Obstruction of Justice or by Denying Him Relief Under the Safety Valve.

A defendant is subject to a two

- level increase in his offense level if he

“ willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede , the administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of conviction

. . . .” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. O ne way in which a defendant o bstruct s justice is when he “commit [s] , suborn [s] , or attempt [s] to suborn perjury.” Id

. § 3C1.1 cmt. n.4

. Perjury occurs when a defendant offers “false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.” United States v. Dunnigan , 507 U.S. 87, 94, 113 S. Ct. 1111, 1116 (1993). Where the basis for the obstruction of justice enhancement is perjury, “a general finding that an enhancement is warranted suffices if it

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 20 of 2221 encompasses all of the factual predicates for a pe rjury finding.” Singh , 291 F.3d at 763 (quoting United States v. Lewis , 115 F.3d 1531, 1538 (11th Cir. 1997) )

. The district court did not clearly err when it enhanc ed Allen’s sentence for obstruction of justice. Allen objected to the enhancement on the ground that he did not give “willful and intentional perjured testimony at trial,” but the district court was entitled to make a contrary finding. The district court f ound that Allen’s testimony about acting on behalf of the task force was irreconcilable with the testimony from Agents Martin and Guthrie that Allen never had been instructed to sell drugs and that he had not followed the routine procedures for engaging a controlled transaction on behalf of the task force

. S ee United States v. Williams , 627 F.3d 839, 845 (11th Cir. 2010) (concluding that a defendant ’ s testimony which is irreconcilable with evidence credited by the jury constitutes obstruction of justice). Allen’s testimony warranted an enhancement for obstruction of justice. Allen argues that the district court fail ed to identify the material facts about which he testified falsely, but this argument fails

. We can readily discern from the
statements of the district court at sentencing that it found Allen obstructed justice by testifying falsely t hat he distributed methamphetamine in cooperation with the drug task force. Because Allen’s perjurious statements were woven throughout his testimony , more “det ailed findings [by the district court] were not necessary and would have been redundant.” See United States v. Smith , 231 F.3d 800, 820 (11 th

Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 21 of 2222 Cir

. 2000). Moreover, the district court was not obliged to make further findings when it adopted the statement in Allen’s presentence investigation report that h e “perjured himself . . . at trial” when “[h]e testified that he was working as a confidential informant when the . . . drug transaction took place, when in fact, he
was not , ” and when Allen did not ask the district court to specify what statements were material . Allen “ failed to request more detailed find ings of perjury at sentencing, [and] it is too late now to complain in this c ourt.” United States v. Gregg , 179 F.3d 1312, 1317 (11 th Cir

. 1999) (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted); see, e.g. , United States v. Wayerski , 624 F.3d 1342 , 1352 ( 11 th Cir

. 2010 ); Smith , 231 F.3d at 820. We will not disturb the decision of the district court to deny Allen relief under the safety valve. Allen requests an “opportunity to seek the safety val v e adjustment” if we conclude that the district court clearly erred by finding that Allen’s testimony was false. Because we affirm the enhancement for obstruction of justice based on perjury, we need not consider Allen’s request for the application of the safety valve. IV. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM Allen’s convictions and sentence. Case: 13-12510 Date Filed: 05/05/2014 Page: 22 of 22