# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 3- 11 78

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Dav id Lee Ard rey

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

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App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Weste rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - J effe rs on Cit y

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Su bm it te d: Nov em

be r 21 , 20 13
Fil ed : J an ua ry

16 , 20 14

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Befo re BENTON, BEAM, an d S HEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

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BEAM, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Dav id Lee Ard rey ap pe al s aft er a jury fo un d hi m gu il ty of th e ch arg e of fel on

in po ss es si on of a fir earm in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ) an d 92 4 ( e )

, an d

po ss es si on of an un reg is te red fir earm in vi ol at io n of 26 U.S.C. § 58 61 ( d )

. Thedi st ric t co ur t se nt en ced Ard rey t o co nc ur ren t se nt en ces of 26 2 m on th s' 1

im pr is on m en t. Ard rey's so le arg um en t on ap pe al is th at th e di st ric t c o u r t e r r ed in

refu si ng to gi ve an en tra pm en t i ns tru ct io n t o t he jury. W e aff irm.

I. BACKGRO UND

In Ju ne 20 11

, Lau ren Bree dl ov e face d si gn ifi can t dr ug ch arg es

. In an effo rt to

r e d u ce he r po te nt ia l pu ni sh m en t, Bree dl ov e's fia nc é (n ow hu sb an d)

, Lan e Ph il li ps ,

co nt act ed th e lo cal po li ce de pa rtment an d of fere d to pr ov id e in fo rm at io n rel at in g to

c r i m in al act iv it y

. Ph il li ps to ld an of fic er th at he wou ld be dr iv in g in to St ur g e o n , Mi ss ou ri, at a sp eci fic ti m e, acco m pa ni ed by Ard rey, a pa ro l e v i o la to r who ha d

ou ts ta nd in g arre st warra nt s. Ph il li ps of fere d to a s s i s t th e of

fic ers in ap pr eh en di ng
Ard rey, in ex ch an ge for a po ss ib le be ne fit for Ph il li ps ' fia nc é, Bree dl ov e.

Loc al of f ic ers co or di na te d a pl an an d req ue st ed as si st an ce fro m th e co un ty

sh eri ff's de pa rtment. An of fic er in st ru ct ed Ph il li ps to dr iv e in to St ur ge on , Mi ss ou ri,

an d to di sp la y hi s fro nt li cen se pl at e on hi s das hb oa rd so th at a tra ffi c st op co ul d be

m ad e. All wen t as pl an ne d. At th e ti m e of th e st op Ard rey was se at ed i n t he fro nt

pa ss en ge r se at of th e ve hi cl e an d Bree dl ov e was in th e ba ck

. Offi cers ap pr oa ch ed th e

ve hi cl e an d rem ov ed Ph il li p s , t h e d riv er, be cau se he di d no t ha ve pr op er
id en ti fic at io n. A se co nd of fic er as ke d Ard rey fo r id en ti fic at io n an d Ard rey pr ov id ed

a fal se ID card

, whi ch th e of fic er ran , an d le arn ed be lo ng ed to a de ceas ed m an

. W he n

as ke d fo r hi s real na m e, Ard rey at te m pt ed to fo rcef

ul l y pu sh pa st th em

. Offi cers

ha nd cu ffed Ard rey, reco ve red a kn ife fro m hi s wais tb an d, an d pl aced hi m in a pa tro l

c a r. Bu t hi s res is te nc e di d no t en d th ere. W it h Ph il li ps ' co ns en t, of fic ers be ga n to

se arch th e car. Dur in g th is ti m e, Ard rey ki ck ed ou t th e pa ss en ge r wi n d ow of th e

po li ce ve hi cl e an d tri ed to es cap e. Now su bd ue d wit h le g res tra in ts

, Ard rey st at ed to

The Hon or ab le Fern an do J. Gait an , Jr

., Uni t e d S t a t e s Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e 1

W es te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.

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-th e of

fic ers th at th ere were it em s in th e car th at di d no t be l o n g t o th e ot he r

pa ss en ge rs

. Acco rd in g to te st im on y , Ard rey st at ed th at th ere was a gu n in hi s ba g an d

th at he want ed to tak e res po ns ib il it y for an y ch arg es rel at ed to th e g un

.

Offi cers reco ve red a lo ad ed .41 0 sh ot gu n fro m a du ffel ba g on th e flo or bo ard

of th e fro nt pa ss en ge r si de of t he car whe re Ard rey ha d be en se at ed

. Ro un ds of

am m un it io n were ta pe d to th e bu tt of th e gu n an d se ve ral ot he rs were in si de th e ba g.
Als o reco ve red fro m th e du ffel ba g was a dr aws tri ng ba g wi th ho le s cu t ou t of it to

m ak e a m as k. An of

fic er te st ifi ed th at Ard rey ex pl ai ne d th at he po ss es se d th e m as k

to "m ak e m on ey ." Ph il li ps te st ifi ed th at th e en ti re rid e oc cu rred be cau se Ard rey ha d

cal le d P hi ll ip s as ki ng for a ri de to Mo be rly, Mis so ur i, b ecau se he was go in g t o h op

a tr ai n a nd rob a ba nk

.

At tri al

, Ard rey's co un se l so ug ht an en tra pm en t in st ru ct io n. It is Ard rey's cl ai m

th at he ha s ne ve r us ed a gu n an d ha d n o i n t e nt to po ss es s a gu n in th is cas e.

Acco r d i n g t o Ard rey, wha t act ua ll y ha pp en ed was th at as Ph il li ps ' car was be in g

pu ll ed ov er, Ph il li ps reac he d be lo w hi s se at

, pu ll ed ou t a gu n an d ha nd ed it to Ard rey,

as ki ng Ard rey to "t ak e th e weig ht f o r i t

, " whi ch Ard rey fu rth er te st ifi ed m ean t to

"t ak e th e b la m e fo r th is for Laur en be cau se if you d on 't, s he 's g oi ng do wn."

At tri al Ard rey po in te d ou t th at al th ou gh he ha d m ul ti pl e pa st co nv ic ti on s, no ne

of th em in vo lv ed gu ns

. Ard rey ad di ti on al ly in tro du ced th e te st im on y of Tric ia Ree d,

hi s gi rlf rie nd as well as Bree dl ov e's m ot he r, who ha d se en Ard rey of f th e m or ni ng of

th is pa rti cu la r tri p, a n d t e s t i f i e d th at Ard rey di d no t ha ve a gu n. The di st ric t co ur t

de ni ed Ard rey's en tra pm en t de fen se in st ru ct io n. The jury co nv ic te d Ard rey of al l

ch arg es an d t he di st ric t co ur t s en te nc ed hi m t o 2 62 m on th s' i m

pr is on m en t, t he lo w

en d o f th e Gui de li ne s ra ng e. Thi s ap pe al fol lo wed

.

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-II

. DISCUSS IO N

Th i s co ur t rev ie ws "t he di st ric t co ur t's de ni al of a pr of fere d le ga l de fen s e d e

no vo ." Uni te d St at es v. You ng , 6 13 F.3 d 73 5, 74 3 (8 th Cir . 20 10 ). "'To th e ex te nt

th at th e di st ric t co ur t's le ga l co nc lu si on reg ard in g whe th er [Ard rey's] de fen se th eo ry

accu rat el y refl ect ed th e la w was ba se d on fact ua l fin di ng s, we rev ie w fo r cl ear erro r.'"

Uni te d St at es v. Ch as e, 71 7 F.3 d 65 1, 65 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (q uo ti ng You ng , 61 3 F.3 d

at 74 3) ).

"En tra pm en t is an affi rm at iv e de fen se th a t req ui res a de fen da nt to pr es en t

ev id en ce th at a go ve rn m en t ag en t 'im pl an t[e d] in an in no cen t pe rs on 's m in d th e
di sp os it io n to co m

m it a cri m in al act .'" Uni te d St at es v. Hav li k, 71 0 F.3 d 81 8, 82 3 (8 th

Ci r. 20 13 ) (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (q uo ti ng Ja co bs on v. Uni te d St at es , 50 3 U.S. 54 0,

54 8 (1 99 2) ). "[ A ] v a l id en tra pm en t de fen se ha s two rel at ed el em en ts : go ve rn m en t

in du cem en t of th e cri m e, an d a la ck of pr ed is po si ti on on th e pa rt of th e de fen da nt to

en ga ge in th e cri m in al co nd uc t." Mat he ws v. Uni te d St at es , 48 5 U.S. 58

, 63 (1 98 8)

. Onl y if th ere is su ff

i c ie nt ev id en ce fro m whi ch a reas on ab le jury co ul d fin d

en tra pm en t is th e in st ru ct io n warra nt ed

. Id . a t 62

. Here, th e di st ric t co ur t pr op erl y
he ld th at th ere was in su ffi ci en t ev id en ce fo r a rea so na bl e jury to fi nd en tra pm en t.

Fi rs t, ev en as su m in g Ard rey's cl ai m th at Ph il li ps ha nd ed hi m th e fir earm at th e

sc en e of th e st op an d as ke d Ard rey to ta ke th e bl am e fo r it s po ss es si on , Ard rey fai le d

to es ta bl is h th at th ere was go ve rn m en t in du cem en t of th is cri m e. "In du cem en t ex is ts

whe n th e go ve rn m en t ' i mp l a n t e d th e cri m in al de si gn ' in th e de fen da nt 's m in d."

You ng , 61 3 F.3 d at 74 7 (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Eld eeb

, 20 F.3 d 84 1, 84 3 (8 th Ci r.

19 94 )). Here, whi le th e go ve rn m en t cert ai nl y ag reed to co or di na te th e tra ffi c st op
wit h Ph il li ps , it di d so on ly to effe ct ua te th e arre st of Ard rey on ou ts ta nd in g warra nt s.

Ph il li p s was no t act in g as an ag en t of th e go ve rn m en t whe n he al le ge dl y in du ced

Ard rey to ta ke th e bl am e fo r th e g u n

. Eve n if Ph il li ps di d tra ns fer th e weap on to

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-Ard rey, he di d it on hi s own vo li ti on an d to fu rth er hi s own pu rp os e, no t as so m eo ne

who was a ct in g a s a g ov ern m en t ag en t.

Bec au se Ard rey i s u n a b le to es ta bl is h th at th ere was an y go ve rn m en t

in vo lv em en t or in du cem en t rel ev an t to th e in st an t ch arg e, we ne ed no t d i s c u ss
whe th er Ard rey was pr ed is po se d to en ga ge in th e rel ev an t co nd uc t. The fai lu re of th e

fir st ele m en t d efea ts th e en tra pm en t i ns tru ct io n a lt og et he r. See i d. at 74 6- 47

.

II I. CONCLUSI ON

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t's de ni al of Ard rey's req ue st to in st ru ct

th e jury on an en tra pm en t d efen se

.

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