Midair Collision of Electronic News Gathering Helicopters 

KTVK-TV, Eurocopter AS350B2, N613TV, and 

U.S. Helicopters, Inc., Eurocopter AS350B2, N215TV 

Phoenix, Arizona 

July 27, 2007 

Accident Report 

NTSB/AAR-09/02 

PB2009-910402 National 

Transportation 

Safety Board 
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NTSB/AAR-09/02

PB2009-910402

Notation 8077

Adopted January 28, 2009

Aircraft Accident Report

Midair Collision of Electronic News Gathering Helicopters

KTVK-TV, Eurocopter AS350B2, N613TV, and

U.S. Helicopters, Inc., Eurocopter AS350B2, N215TV

Phoenix, Arizona

July 27, 2007

National 

Transportation 

Safety Board

490 L’Enfant Plaza, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20594
National Transportation Safety Board. 2009. Midair Collision of Electronic News Gathering 

Helicopters, KTVK-TV, Eurocopter AS350B2, N613TV, and U.S. Helicopters, Inc., 

Eurocopter AS350B2, N215TV, Phoenix, Arizona, July 27, 2007. Aircraft Accident Report 

NTSB/AAR-09/02. Washington, DC.

Abstract: This report explains the accident involving two electronic news gathering (ENG) helicopters, 

N613TV and N215TV, that collided in midair while maneuvering in Phoenix, Arizona. The Eurocopter 

AS350B2 helicopters, from local channels 3 and 15, had been covering a police pursuit. N613TV, the 

channel 3 helicopter, was operated by KTVK-TV, and N215TV, the channel 15 helicopter, was operated 

by U.S. Helicopters, Inc., under contract to KNXV-TV. The safety issues discussed in this report focus on 

the limitations associated with the primary method of separation used during ENG operations; methods 

for improving an ENG pilot’s awareness of other helicopters operating in the same area; and the need for 

(1) meetings of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and ENG personnel to discuss operational 

procedures and manage risk, (2) ENG best practices guidelines, and (3) flight recorder systems for 

smaller aircraft. Safety recommendations concerning these issues are addressed to the FAA.

The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent Federal agency dedicated to promoting aviation, 

railroad, highway, marine, pipeline, and hazardous materials safety. Established in 1967, the agency is mandated by 

Congress through the Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 to investigate transportation accidents, determine the 

probable causes of the accidents, issue safety recommendations, study transportation safety issues, and evaluate the 

safety effectiveness of government agencies involved in transportation. The Safety Board makes public its actions 

and decisions through accident reports, safety studies, special investigation reports, safety recommendations, and 

statistical reviews.

Recent publications are available in their entirety on the Internet at <http://www.ntsb.gov>. Other information about 

available publications also may be obtained from the website or by contacting:

National Transportation Safety Board

Records Management Division, CIO-40

490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW

Washington, DC 20594

(800) 877-6799 or (202) 314-6551

Safety Board publications may be purchased, by individual copy or by subscription, from the National Technical 

Information Service. To purchase this publication, order report number PB2009-910402 from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22161

(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000

The Independent Safety Board Act, as codified at 49 U.S.C. Section 1154(b), precludes the admission into evidence 

or use of Board reports related to an incident or accident in a civil action for damages resulting from a matter 

mentioned in the report.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board i

Contents

Figures........................................................................................................................................... iii

Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iv

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... vi

1. Factual Information.................................................................................................................1

1.1 History of Flight.....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Injuries to Persons..................................................................................................................4

1.3 Damage to Aircraft ................................................................................................................4

1.4 Other Damage ........................................................................................................................4

1.5 Personnel Information............................................................................................................4

1.5.1 The Channel 3 Pilot...................................................................................................4

1.5.2 The Channel 15 Pilot.................................................................................................5

1.6 Aircraft Information...............................................................................................................6

1.7 Meteorological Information ...................................................................................................8

1.8 Aids to Navigation .................................................................................................................8

1.9 Communications....................................................................................................................8

1.10 Airport Information................................................................................................................9

1.10.1 Air Traffic Control ....................................................................................................9

1.10.2 Sharp Echo Letter of Agreement...............................................................................9

1.11 Flight Recorders.....................................................................................................................9

1.12 Wreckage and Impact Information.......................................................................................10

1.13 Medical and Pathological Information.................................................................................10

1.14 Fire .......................................................................................................................................11

1.15 Survival Aspects..................................................................................................................11

1.16 Tests and Research...............................................................................................................11

1.16.1 Radar Data Extraction .............................................................................................11

1.16.2 Audio/Video Recorder Systems..............................................................................12

1.17 Organizational and Management Information .....................................................................13

1.17.1 Channel 3 ................................................................................................................13

1.17.2 Channel 15 ..............................................................................................................14

1.18 Additional Information ........................................................................................................15

1.18.1 Witness Information................................................................................................15

1.18.2 Federal Aviation Administration Guidance ............................................................15

1.18.3 Group Interview With Phoenix-Area Electronic News Gathering Pilots................16

1.18.4 Postaccident Actions...............................................................................................17

1.18.5 Previous Electronic News Gathering Accidents .....................................................18
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1.18.6 Aviation Safety Reporting System Reports.............................................................19

1.18.7 Use of Recorded Information..................................................................................20

2. Analysis...................................................................................................................................23

2.1 General.................................................................................................................................23

2.2 Accident Sequence...............................................................................................................23

2.3 Pilot Flying and Reporting Duties .......................................................................................26

2.3.1 Pilot Workload ........................................................................................................26

2.3.2 See-and-Avoid Concept ..........................................................................................28

2.4 Methods for Improved Situational Awareness.....................................................................29

2.4.1 Visual Indications....................................................................................................29

2.4.2 Cockpit Systems......................................................................................................32

2.5 Electronic News Gathering Conferences.............................................................................33

2.6 Electronic News Gathering Guidelines................................................................................35

2.7 Flight Recorder Systems for Smaller Aircraft .....................................................................36

3. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................40

3.1 Findings..................................................................................................................................40

3.2 Probable Cause .......................................................................................................................41

4. Recommendations..................................................................................................................42

4.1 New Recommendations..........................................................................................................42

4.2 Previously Issued Recommendations Classified in This Report............................................43

5. Appendixes .............................................................................................................................45

A: Investigation and Hearing..................................................................................................45

B: Audio Recordings ..............................................................................................................46
Aircraft Accident Report

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Figures

Figure 1. AS350B2 ENG Helicopter Instrument Panel. .................................................... 7

Figure 2. Channel 3 and 15 Helicopter Position Information. ......................................... 13
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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AC advisory circular

ASRS aviation safety reporting system

ATC air traffic control

ATCT air traffic control tower 

ATIS automatic terminal information system

BEA Bureau d‟Enquêtes et d‟Analyses pour la Sécurité de l‟Aviation 

Civile

C Celsius

CAMI Civil Aeromedical Institute

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CVR cockpit voice recorder

ENG electronic news gathering

EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FDR flight data recorder

FSDO flight standards district office

HAI Helicopter Association International

LED light emitting diode

LOA letter of agreement

msl mean sea level

NBPA National Broadcast Pilots Association

nm nautical mile
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OpSpec operations specification

PHX Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport

SDL Scottsdale Airport

SFAR Special Federal Aviation Regulation

TC Transport Canada

TOPS Tour Operators Program of Safety

TSB Transportation Safety Board (Canada)

TSO technical standard order

USFS United States Forest Service

VFR visual flight rules

VMC visual meteorological conditions
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Executive Summary

On July 27, 2007, about 1246 mountain standard time, two electronic news gathering 

(ENG) helicopters, N613TV and N215TV, collided in midair while maneuvering in Phoenix, 

Arizona. The Eurocopter AS350B2 helicopters, from local channels 3 and 15, had been covering 

a police pursuit. N613TV, the channel 3 helicopter, was operated by KTVK-TV, and N215TV, 

the channel 15 helicopter, was operated by U.S. Helicopters, Inc., under contract to KNXV-TV. 

Each helicopter had a pilot-reporter and a photographer on board. The occupants on board both 

helicopters were killed, and the helicopters were destroyed by impact forces and postcrash fire. 

The helicopters were operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. 

No flight plans had been filed. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the 

accident.

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this 

accident was both pilots‟ failure to see and avoid the other helicopter. Contributing to this failure 

was the pilots‟ responsibility to perform reporting and visual tracking duties to support their 

station‟s ENG operation. Contributing to the accident was the lack of formal procedures for 

Phoenix-area ENG pilots to follow regarding the conduct of these operations.

The safety issues discussed in this report focus on the limitations associated with the 

primary method of separation used during ENG operations; methods for improving an ENG 

pilot‟s awareness of other helicopters operating in the same area; and the need for (1) meetings of 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and ENG personnel to discuss operational procedures 

and manage risk, (2) ENG best practices guidelines, and (3) flight recorder systems for smaller 

aircraft. Safety recommendations concerning these issues are addressed to the FAA.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 1

1. Factual Information

1.1 History of Flight

On July 27, 2007, about 1246 mountain standard time,1two electronic news gathering 

(ENG) helicopters, N613TV and N215TV, collided in midair while maneuvering in Phoenix, 

Arizona. The Eurocopter AS350B2 helicopters, from local channels 3 and 15, had been covering 

a police pursuit. N613TV, the channel 3 helicopter, was operated by KTVK-TV, and N215TV, 

the channel 15 helicopter, was operated by U.S. Helicopters, Inc., under contract to KNXV-TV. 

Each helicopter had a pilot-reporter and a photographer on board. The occupants on board both 

helicopters were killed, and the helicopters were destroyed by impact forces and postcrash fire. 

The helicopters were operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

Part 91.2 No flight plans had been filed. Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) prevailed at the 

time of the accident.

After receiving a report of a police pursuit of a suspect who had reportedly stolen a 

pickup truck and backed it into a police car after being pulled over, the channel 15 helicopter 

departed Scottsdale Airport (SDL), Scottsdale, Arizona, about 1222. According to the air traffic 

control (ATC) transcript, about 1226:08, the channel 15 pilot contacted the air traffic control 

tower (ATCT) at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Phoenix, Arizona; advised 

that he had automatic terminal information system (ATIS)3information “Kilo”; and requested to 

enter the tower‟s class B airspace via “Sharp Echo.”4 A controller at the local control north 

position responded to the channel 15 helicopter pilot, stating “proceed via Sharp Echo as 

requested, say altitude and destination.” The pilot advised that his helicopter was “going to be 

heading downtown ... eighteen hundred feet [mean sea level (msl)5] ... to intercept the police 

chase.” About 1229:03, the channel 15 pilot advised the controller that his helicopter would be 

climbing to 2,000 feet to get out of the way of the police helicopter following the pursuit, which 

was operating at 1,900 feet at the time,6and the controller acknowledged this transmission.

 

1

All times in this report are mountain standard time based on a 24-hour clock.

2

U.S. Helicopters could conduct ENG flights under Part 91 pursuant to the aerial work operations exception in 

14 CFR 119.1(e)(4)(iii). Section 1.17.2 provides additional information about this issue.

3

An ATIS is a continuous broadcast of recorded noncontrol information in selected terminal areas.

4

Both the channel 3 and 15 helicopters were required to enter the airspace above the pursuit according to the 

provisions of a letter of agreement (LOA) with PHX designated “Sharp Echo.” Section 1.10.2 provides details about 

the LOA.

5

PHX elevation was 1,132 feet msl. To determine pilot-reported altitudes in feet above ground level, subtract 

1,132 feet from the altitude.

6

According to informal procedures among Phoenix-area ENG pilots, ENG helicopters are expected to fly 

500 feet above police helicopters.
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The channel 3 helicopter departed SDL about 1232 to cover the police pursuit. The ATC 

transcript indicated that the channel 3 helicopter pilot contacted the ATCT about 1236:41 and 

informed the controller, about 10 seconds later, “Sharp Echo ... going where the other 

helicopters are over there.” The controller responded, “radar contact, proceed via Sharp Echo as 

requested.”

In addition to the channel 3 and 15 helicopters and the police helicopter, three other ENG 

helicopters were operating in the airspace over the police pursuit. Table 1 presents the time that 

each of these helicopters made initial contact with the controller and the altitudes at which they 

were operating.

Table 1. Helicopters Operating at the Time of the Police Pursuit.

Helicopter Time of initial contact with 

controller

Operating altitude(s) 

(in feet msl)

Police 1222:56 1,800 and 1,900

Channel 15 1226:08 1,800 and 2,000 

Channel 12 1229:31 2,500

Channel 5 1235:29 2,200

Channel 3 1236:41 2,000

Channel 10 1244:36 2,400

Note: Some of the altitudes were reported to the controller when the helicopters entered the area, some altitudes 

were reported to the controller while the helicopters were operating over the scene, and one altitude was reported 

over a common traffic advisory frequency.

According to informal Phoenix-area procedures, the ENG helicopter pilots were expected 

to use the same air-to-air frequency to report their position and intentions. The channel 3 and 15 

helicopters were equipped with an on-board system that recorded audio and video. The audio 

recordings indicated that, about 1238:02, the channel 15 pilot stated, “okay, twenty two 

hundred,” and that, about 1 second later, the channel 3 pilot broadcast that he would be operating 

at 2,000 feet.

According to the channel 3 and 15 audio recordings, about 1241:02, the channel 15 pilot 

stated, “I‟ll just kinda park it right here.” About 1241:18, the channel 3 pilot broadcast, “OK, I‟m 

gonna move.” Between about 1241:22 and about 1241:26, the channel 15 pilot stated, “where‟s 

three?,” “like how far?,” and “oh jeez.” The channel 15 pilot then transmitted, “three. I‟m right 

over you. Fifteen‟s on top of you.” Afterward, the channel 3 pilot questioned which helicopter 

channel 15 was over, to which the channel 15 pilot responded, “I‟m over the top of you.” About 

1241:34, the channel 3 pilot indicated that he was operating at 2,000 feet. About 1242:25, the 

channel 3 pilot stated to the channel 15 pilot, “OK ... I got you in sight,” to which the channel 15 

pilot responded, about 3 seconds later, “got you as well.”

Along with their flying duties, the channel 3 and 15 pilots were responsible for reporting 

information about the event while airborne. (The channel 3 and 15 photographers were 

responsible for operating a remotely mounted video camera to show the event as it unfolded.) 

The transmissions over the air-to-air frequency about 1242:25 and 1242:28 were the last times 

that the channel 3 and 15 pilots coordinated their helicopter‟s position or their intentions with 
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each other. (These transmissions occurred about 4 minutes before the collision.) The rest of the 

audio recordings comprised narration of the events on the ground or related conversations.

The Safety Board‟s study of the video recordings (see section 1.16.2) showed that, about 

1246:05, the suspect stopped the stolen vehicle. At that time, the channel 3 and 15 pilots were 

broadcasting,7and, according to estimated helicopter positions based on information from the 

video recordings, both helicopters were moving. Toward the end of his only report, which started 

about 1245:43, the channel 3 pilot stated, “looks like he [the suspect] is starting to run ... looks 

like he‟s gonna try and take another vehicle ... looks like they‟ve got him blocked in there but he 

did get,” and then the report ended suddenly with an unintelligible word. During his live update 

that started about 1246:03, the channel 15 pilot stated, “he [the suspect] has stopped ... now it‟s a

foot chase. Now he‟s in another vehicle ... doors open police ... oh jee,” and then the report 

ended suddenly. The audio recordings indicated that the midair collision occurred about 1246:18.

According to the ATC transcript, about 1246:50, the channel 10 pilot advised the 

controller, “just had a midair collision over here at the park, two helicopters, two helicopters 

down.” About 1247:17, the controller asked the pilot if he knew which two helicopters were 

involved in the collision. The pilot indicated that channel 3 and possibly channel 15 were 

involved. The controller then tried to contact channel 15 but received no response. About 

1248:35, the channel 12 pilot informed the controller that the channel 3 and 15 helicopters had 

been involved in the collision. The main wreckages from both helicopters were located about 

160 feet apart in a park.

The channel 10 ENG pilot indicated that the accident helicopters were positioned apart at 

a reasonable distance when he first noticed them (about 1 minute before the accident). The pilot 

witness stated that, after the police helicopter broadcast that a carjacking was going to occur, he 

noticed that the accident helicopters had moved closer together. He further indicated that they 

impacted shortly afterward, with the channel 3 helicopter breaking into many pieces and the 

channel 15 helicopter remaining in the air before diving nose first toward the ground.8

 

7

The channel 15 broadcast had been live since at least 1242:42, and the channel 3 broadcast was being 

recorded.

8

Other witness accounts are discussed in section 1.18.1.
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1.2 Injuries to Persons

Table 2. Injury chart.

Injuries Flight Crew Cabin Crew Passengers Other Total

Fatal 2 0 2 0 4

Serious 0 0 0 0 0

Minor 0 0 0 0 0

None 0 0 0 0 0

Total 2 0 2 0 4

1.3 Damage to Aircraft

Both helicopters were destroyed by impact forces and postcrash fire.

1.4 Other Damage

A portion of the red main rotor blade from the channel 15 helicopter impacted a parked 

truck, damaging its hood. Also, the roof of a covered walkway that crossed a pond in the park 

was damaged as a result of falling debris.

1.5 Personnel Information

1.5.1 The Channel 3 Pilot

The channel 3 pilot, age 42, received a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

commercial pilot certificate on August 24, 1987, with a rotorcraft-helicopter rating. He also held 

a certified flight instructor certificate with a rotorcraft-helicopter rating; his most recent 

certificate was dated April 27, 2007. The pilot‟s second-class FAA medical certificate was issued 

on August 8, 2006, with no limitations.

The channel 3 pilot was a backup pilot for and part-time employee under contract to the 

station. The channel 3 pilot worked full time as the director of operations and a charter pilot for 
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Westcor Aviation in Scottsdale. As of September 2006 (the date of his latest yearly résumé), he 

had accumulated 13,579 total flight hours.9

The chief pilot for channel 3 reported that, between January 2 and July 5, 2007, the 

accident pilot flew 79 flights and 124 hours for the station.10 Westcor Aviation‟s current director 

of operations reported that in 2007 the pilot had flown 88 hours during charter operations for the 

company.

Westcor Aviation reported that the pilot‟s last flight before the accident occurred 2 days 

earlier when he flew a charter flight that was scheduled from 0745 to 0900. On the day of the 

accident, the pilot reported to work at Westcor Aviation at 0900. The company‟s current director 

of operations saw the pilot then and stated that he seemed normal with a positive attitude. The 

pilot had no charter flights scheduled that day and was planning to work for channel 3 from 1600 

to 1830, but he reported for work at the station when he received the breaking news story about 

the police pursuit.

The channel 3 pilot‟s most recent ground and flight training for the AS350B2 helicopter 

was completed on June 27, 2007. The pilot‟s most recent checkride, which occurred on April 27, 

2007, was conducted under Part 135 in the AS350B2. The FAA reported that the pilot had not 

been involved in any previous accidents or incidents and that no enforcement actions had been 

taken against him.

The channel 3 pilot was not married, did not have children, and lived alone, and close 

friends did not know his schedule in the 72 hours before the accident. They reported that he did 

not smoke or drink and that he had been in good health.

1.5.2 The Channel 15 Pilot

The channel 15 pilot, age 47, received an FAA commercial pilot certificate on 

December 7, 1990, with a rotorcraft-helicopter rating. The pilot‟s second-class FAA medical 

certificate was issued on December 27, 2006, with a waiver for defective color vision.11

 

9 Westcor Aviation‟s current director of operations estimated that, at the time of the accident, the channel 3 pilot 

had accumulated 14,100 total flight hours, of which 2,400 hours were in AS350-series helicopters, 11,400 hours 

were in other helicopter models, and 300 hours were in fixed-wing airplanes. (The Safety Board did not find the 

pilot‟s logbook.)

10 The channel 3 accident pilot flew for the station between July 6, 2007, and the date of the accident, but the 

records of these flights were in the helicopter at the time of the accident and thus were destroyed. 

11 The channel 15 pilot‟s records showed that he received a March 27, 1990, letter from the manager of the 

FAA‟s Aeromedical Certification Division that noted, “your eligibility for a third-class medical certificate has been 

established and made a part of your record in our office ... a Statement of Demonstrated Ability is enclosed to 

document your eligibility to hold this class of medical certificate despite your failure to entirely meet the physical 

standards.” On December 27, 1990, the pilot received an updated Statement of Demonstrated Ability for a secondclass medical certificate. A statement of demonstrated ability does not need to be updated as long as the disability 

does not change. 
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The channel 15 pilot began work at U.S. Helicopters (headquartered in Marshville, 

North Carolina) in October 2005. U.S. Helicopters reported that he had accumulated 8,006 total 

flight hours, all in rotorcraft; 907 hours of which were in the AS350B2. The pilot had flown 122, 

28, and 3 hours in the 90 days, 30 days, and 24 hours, respectively, before the accident. The 

channel 15 pilot‟s most recent ground and flight training for the AS350B2 helicopter was 

completed on December 7, 2006. His last checkride, which also occurred on December 7, 2006, 

was conducted under Part 135 in the AS350B2.

U.S. Helicopters reported that the channel 15 pilot flew an average of 45 hours per month 

for the station. The pilot did no other flying for the company. The FAA reported that the pilot had 

not been involved in any previous accidents or incidents and that no enforcement actions had 

been taken against him. The company reported that the pilot had not been disciplined for any 

performance issues.

The channel 15 pilot worked a standard weekday schedule from 0530 to 1430. The pilot 

was not married, did not have children, and lived alone, and his activities outside of work in the 

72 hours before the accident could not be determined.

1.6 Aircraft Information

Both helicopters were Eurocopter AS350B2 models that were equipped with Turbomeca 

Arriel 1D1 engines. The helicopters had three main rotor blades that were blue-gray on the top 

and black on the bottom and were color-coded red, blue, and yellow at the blade root. The main 

rotor blades on the AS350B2 rotate clockwise when viewed from above.

The channel 3 helicopter was equipped with a single ENG monitor that displayed four 

panels and was mounted near the instrument panel. The top panels showed the station‟s 

broadcast and the video being taped by the on-board photographer. The pilot could decide what 

was shown on the bottom two panels.12 Figure 1 shows the channel 3 instrument panel; the fourpanel monitor appears on the left. The channel 15 helicopter was equipped with a similar monitor 

that displayed one panel at a time. The pilots were expected to scan the monitor during their 

normal flying duties.

The channel 3 helicopter had an L-3 Communications SkyWatch SKY497 traffic 

advisory system on board. The system provided the aural warning “traffic, traffic” over the 

pilot‟s headset and displayed other traffic on the helicopter‟s Garmin GNS 430 navigation unit 

(shown in the center of figure 1 with the indication “STANDBY” in the display window). The 

system was capable of tracking up to 30 transponder-equipped aircraft at the same time by 

interrogating transponders within an 11-nautical mile (nm) radius and computing the responding 

aircraft‟s range (± 0.05 nm or 304 feet), relative bearing (± 5° to 7°), relative altitude 

(± 200 feet), and closure rate (to a maximum of 900 knots). The system also predicted collision 

 

12 The helicopters had outside cameras mounted on their nose and tail, a “talent” camera inside the cockpit that 

focused on the pilot/reporter, and a tape deck with file footage.
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threats, provided a 20- to 30-second warning of aircraft that were on a collision path, and plotted 

the eight most threatening aircraft locations on the display.

Figure 1. AS350B2 ENG Helicopter Instrument Panel.

Source: KTVK-TV.

The manufacturer‟s guidance for the traffic advisory system included a warning that 

stated the following:

Do not attempt evasive maneuvers based solely on traffic information on the display. 

Information on the display is provided to the flight crew as an aid in visually 

acquiring traffic; it is not a replacement for Air Traffic Control (ATC) and See & 

Avoid Techniques.

The system issued an aural alert when aircraft entered a cylinder of airspace surrounding 

the pilot‟s aircraft that had a horizontal radius of 0.2 nm (1,216 feet) and a height of ± 600 feet. 

The manufacturer‟s guidance stated that, after the system issued the aural alert, the pilot should 

look outside for other aircraft and should then use normal right-of-way procedures. The guidance 

also warned pilots not to rely on the aural alert for aircraft information because the alerts 
Aircraft Accident Report

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occurred only when the collision threat was first detected. The manual further pointed out that 

the aural alert might be inhibited.

The channel 3 chief pilot stated that turning on the system was part of the power-up 

checklist and that the system worked when he flew the helicopter earlier on the day of the 

accident. The chief pilot also stated that, when “a lot of traffic [was] in close,” the volume on the 

aural alert would be turned down so that it would not obscure the communications frequency.

The channel 15 helicopter did not have a traffic advisory system on board.

1.7 Meteorological Information

ATIS information “Kilo,” issued at 1155, included the following weather information: 

winds from 280o at 6 knots gusting to 14 knots; visibility 10 (statute) miles; ceiling broken at 

5,500, 15,000, and 25,000 feet; temperature 34° Celsius (C); dew point 19° C; and altimeter 

setting 29.94 inches of mercury.13

According to the U.S. Naval Observatory, the sun‟s elevation angle was 71.9o at an 

azimuth of 139.1o (true heading) at 1245:00 on the day of the accident.

1.8 Aids to Navigation

None.

1.9 Communications

The accident pilots (and the other ENG pilots that were operating in the area at the time 

of the accident) were using the same air-to-air frequency on one radio to broadcast their 

helicopter‟s position and their intentions. (The police helicopter pilot was using the same 

air-to-air frequency as well.) The ENG and police helicopter pilots were also monitoring the 

PHX ATCT frequency on another radio. In addition, the ENG pilots communicated with their 

station‟s news department on a third radio and the station‟s photographer via an intercom.

No technical communications problems were reported.

 

13 Section 1.16.2 describes the meteorological conditions near the accident site. 
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National Transportation Safety Board 9

1.10 Airport Information

1.10.1 Air Traffic Control

The accident helicopters were operating in PHX ATCT class B airspace.14 According to 

FAA Order 7110.65, Air Traffic Control, paragraph 7-9-6, controllers are not required to provide 

separation to visual flight rules (VFR) helicopters in class B airspace.

The controller who handled the accident flights was at the local control north position. He 

began working at the PHX ATCT in June 2000 and received training on the Sharp Delta Letter of 

Agreement (LOA) in April 2002, August 2004, and April 2006.15 The controller‟s training 

records did not indicate training for the Sharp Echo LOA, but the PHX ATCT air traffic manager 

indicated that the controller had received the training.

The controller stated that he did not see the accident occur because he was watching an 

airplane taxi for departure but that he did see a smoke plume after being advised of the collision 

by an ENG helicopter pilot. He was subsequently advised by the pilot of another ENG helicopter 

that the channel 3 and 15 helicopters had been involved in the collision. The controller then 

advised the on-duty controller-in-charge about the accident and was relieved from his position 

per standard procedure.

1.10.2 Sharp Echo Letter of Agreement

The Sharp Echo LOA, “Phoenix Tower and Helicopters Operating in the Phoenix Class B 

Airspace,” became effective on May 15, 2007.16 Its purpose was to specify responsibilities, 

define terms, and establish procedures to be used between the PHX ATCT and signatory 

operators for the control and operation of VFR helicopters within the PHX class B airspace. The 

LOA stated, “„Sharp Echo‟ shall be used by pilots on initial contact with Phoenix Tower to 

indicate their understanding of and participation in this program. The pilot must state ... the 

current ATIS code.” The LOA also stated that Sharp Echo “shall be used by Phoenix Tower as 

clearance into the Phoenix Class B airspace and/or the pilot‟s requested routing.” In addition, the 

LOA provided altitude assignments and frequencies for helicopters while in the class B airspace.

1.11 Flight Recorders

The accident helicopters were not required to have a cockpit voice recorder (CVR) or a 

flight data recorder (FDR) installed.

 

14 The collision occurred about 370 feet outside of the horizontal boundary of the airspace.

15 The Sharp Delta LOA preceded the Sharp Echo LOA.

16 Phoenix-area ENG helicopter operators provided their pilots with a copy of the Sharp Echo LOA. 
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1.12 Wreckage and Impact Information

Most of the main wreckage from the channel 3 and 15 helicopters was found in a debris 

field that was about 2,160 feet long and 560 feet wide. The accident site elevation was 1,100 feet 

msl.

The channel 3 helicopter‟s airframe sustained severe mechanical and thermal damage and 

had fragmented. The cabin was found inverted with the mast imbedded in the ground. The tail 

boom was broken into several pieces. The forward tail boom section was found about 170 feet 

west-northwest of the main debris field. The aft tail boom section was found about 260 feet 

northwest of the main debris field with the tail rotor attached. The piece of the tail boom that 

formed the aft portion of the left horizontal stabilizer was located about 320 feet north of the 

main debris field. The tail cone was located about 50 feet to the east of the left horizontal 

stabilizer piece.

The channel 15 helicopter‟s airframe also sustained severe mechanical and thermal 

damage. The main airframe did not fragment, and all of its components were within the main 

debris field.

Both helicopters‟ engines sustained severe mechanical and thermal damage. The 

channel 3 helicopter‟s engine axial rotor was solidly packed with mud and debris, and the axial 

compressor blades exhibited gouges and scratches. The engine axial rotor blades on the 

channel 15 helicopter were bent opposite the direction of rotation (reverse bending). The damage 

to the engine rotating components on both helicopters was consistent with operation at high 

power.

An 18-inch outboard segment of the channel 3 helicopter‟s yellow main rotor blade was 

found about 1,050 feet southwest of the main debris field. The inboard leading edge of this piece 

exhibited forward bending mechanical damage in excess of 90o. A 32-inch outboard segment of 

the channel 15 helicopter‟s red main rotor blade was found about 1,040 feet southwest of the 

main debris field and about 180 feet from the yellow blade piece from the channel 3 helicopter. 

These pieces were found the farthest from the main debris field.

1.13 Medical and Pathological Information

Toxicology tests were performed by the FAA‟s Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) on 

tissue specimens from both pilots. The tests detected low levels of ethanol in both pilot‟s 

specimens, which were consistent with postmortem ethanol production. The specimens tested 

negative for a wide range of drugs, including major drugs of abuse (marijuana, cocaine, 

phencyclidine, amphetamines, and opiates).
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 11

1.14 Fire

No evidence or witness statements indicated an in-flight fire. The evidence indicated that 

the fire damage occurred after the midair collision.

1.15 Survival Aspects

The Maricopa County, Arizona, coroner determined that the cause of death for the ENG 

pilots and photographers was multiple blunt force injuries.

1.16 Tests and Research

1.16.1 Radar Data Extraction

To determine the accident helicopters‟ flightpaths based on radar data, the Safety Board 

imported a file containing all radar data pertinent to the accident (1,200 radar returns) into a 

Google Earth image. The image that resulted showed 20 minutes of radar data for all of the 

helicopters operating in the area along with a satellite image of the area over which they were 

operating. Time and mode C altitude information from the helicopters‟ transponders,17 as well as 

information about the helicopters‟ initially reported altitudes, were used to verify each 

helicopter‟s flightpath.

Radar data showed that the channel 15 helicopter maintained an altitude between 2,000 

and 2,200 feet from about 1236:40 to about 1245:46. The helicopter began a right turn about 

1245:27, and the rate of turn increased about 1245:50, at which time the helicopter‟s altitude also 

increased to 2,300 feet. The last valid radar return associated with channel 15‟s flightpath 

occurred about 1245:59 at an altitude of 2,300 feet.

Radar data also showed that the channel 3 helicopter generally maintained an altitude 

between 1,900 and 2,100 feet from about 1238:18 to about 1243:31.18 Within that time frame, 

from about 1241:17 to about 1242:50, the helicopter was at an altitude of 1,900 feet. The 

helicopter then maintained an altitude of 2,000 feet from about 1243:50 to about 1245:45, at 

which time the helicopter turned to the right. About 1245:54, the helicopter was at an altitude of 

2,100 feet. The last valid radar return associated with channel 3‟s flightpath occurred about 

1246:00 at an altitude of 2,100 feet.

 

17 Mode C transponder information provides an airplane‟s altitude in 100-foot increments. For this accident, this 

information was provided every 4.5 seconds. All altitudes referenced in this section are based on mode C 

information. 

18 Three returns during this time frame (occurring about 1242:59, 1243:04, and 1243:13) were at an altitude of 

1,800 feet.
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National Transportation Safety Board 12

1.16.2 Audio/Video Recorder Systems

The accident helicopters were equipped with an on-board system that was capable of 

transmitting audio and video live to a ground station. The Safety Board developed a transcript of 

the audio recordings and conducted a video study to estimate the positions of the helicopters.

The audio recordings continuously recorded the pilots‟ voice and background sounds as 

captured by their microphones. It is not known whether the photographers on board each 

helicopter had microphones; their voices, however, were captured by the pilots‟ microphone but 

were generally not loud enough to discern. The audio from the pilots‟ headset was not recorded, 

so the conversations on the recordings were mostly one sided. The audio recordings indicated 

that both pilots were talking to several people, including news station personnel, other ENG 

helicopter pilots, the police helicopter pilot, ATC, and their station‟s photographer. The transcript

of the audio recorded by both systems appears in appendix B.19

The systems‟ video cameras were mounted externally. The content of the video 

recordings was focused on a suspect driving a vehicle that was being pursued by several police 

vehicles. The camera views were changing frequently because of the cameras‟ capability to pan, 

tilt, zoom, and pitch. The video recordings showed that the weather appeared to be generally 

sunny. Broken or scattered cloud layers could be seen when portions of the sky were visible in 

the camera views, but these cloud layers were well above the helicopters‟ operating altitudes. The 

helicopters did not appear to be in or near clouds at any time, and visibility was unrestricted 

throughout the recording.

The video study estimated the path of the suspect‟s vehicle and several locations of the 

channel 3 and 15 helicopters.20 The locations of the helicopters during the minute that preceded 

the midair collision could not be calculated at all times or over a regular interval because of the 

changing camera views. Also, in some instances, only a single reference line could be 

constructed, which provided a sight line along which the helicopter was most likely located (but 

the location along that line could not be determined).

A lack of suitable ground references in the camera view precluded any location estimates 

for the channel 3 helicopter in the final 13 seconds before the collision and for the channel 15 

helicopter in the final 10 seconds before the collision. However, the location of the channel 15 

helicopter at the moment of the collision could be estimated because ground references had come 

into the camera view at that precise time. Figure 2 shows the locations of the channel 3 and 15 

 

19 For the time period until the final 3.5 minutes before the collision, the transcript contains all comments that 

were considered to be (1) an indication of the accident helicopters‟ position, (2) coordination between the accident 

pilots regarding their helicopter‟s position and their intentions, and (3) callouts about the position of other 

helicopters operating in the area. All comments heard during the final 3.5 minutes of flight, regardless of their nature, 

were included in the transcript. 

20 The locations of the channel 3 and 15 helicopters were estimated by triangulation or single line-of-sight lines 

using ground reference features that could be identified in the video recordings and a geographical information 

system program. Landmarks that were located along a sight line from the helicopter were identified in the video 

recordings and then plotted in the geographical information system program. Vertical reference lines were overlaid 

onto the image at locations where easily identifiable landmarks aligned vertically. The extension of these reference 

lines to the locations where they intersected each other resulted in a triangulation estimate of the cameras‟ locations. 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 13

helicopters in the minute preceding the accident along with some of the radar data (as discussed 

in section 1.16.1) and the path of the suspect‟s vehicle.

Figure 2. Channel 3 and 15 Helicopter Position Information.

Note: The circles indicate locations where a single helicopter position could be established either with multiple 

reference lines from the video study or a radar data position. The solid lines indicate a location where only a single 

reference line could be constructed and the position and altitude of the helicopters along that line could not be 

determined.

1.17 Organizational and Management Information

1.17.1 Channel 3

Channel 3 (KTVK) owned and operated the accident helicopter and contracted with 

Westcor Aviation for maintenance on the helicopter.21 The channel 3 chief pilot was the only 

 

21 Westcor Aviation, located in Scottsdale, was established in 1980. According to its website, the company 

provides helicopter, charter, and maintenance services. 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 14

full-time pilot for the station; the accident pilot was the primary backup pilot. (Two other pilots 

were also backup pilots for the station.) At the time of the accident, channel 3 assigned its pilots 

both flying and reporting duties.

The chief pilot reported that he briefed station management directly about safety issues 

and local ENG pilot meetings. He also stated that station photographers complete an 

indoctrination course during which they are taught the “see and avoid” concept of flying 

(because, once in the air, photographers were considered by the station to be part of the crew) and 

to look for traffic while the pilot is flying. Channel 3 did not have any formal procedures for 

training its pilots.

Channel 3 changed its operations after the accident. The station now has two full-time 

pilots and one backup pilot and plans to include other backup pilots for its operations. If an 

assignment involves filming video only, then one pilot will fly while the photographer films. If 

an assignment also involves reporting, then two pilots will fly together, one with flying duties 

and the other with reporting duties, with the photographer filming video.

1.17.2 Channel 15

Channel 15 (KNXV) contracted with U.S. Helicopters to provide a helicopter and pilots 

and to conduct maintenance. U.S. Helicopters conducted ENG flights under Part 91 pursuant to 

the aerial work operations exception in 14 CFR 119.1(e)(4)(iii), which states the following:

Except for operations when common carriage is not involved with airplanes having a 

passenger-seat configuration of 20 seats or more, excluding any required crewmember 

seat, or a payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or more, this part [air carrier and 

commercial operator certification] does not apply to ... aerial work operations, 

including ... aerial photography or survey.

The KNXV helicopter was the only one of the company‟s 46 aircraft to operate in the 

Phoenix area. The accident pilot worked the morning shift (0530 to 1430) at the station, and 

another company pilot worked the afternoon shift. At the time of the accident, channel 15 

assigned its pilots both flying and reporting duties.

U.S. Helicopters was founded in 1979. Its headquarters office is located in Marshville, 

North Carolina. According to its website, U.S. Helicopters provides full-service, exclusive-use 

ENG helicopters and other helicopter services, including on-demand charter operations and 

helicopter maintenance. U.S. Helicopters received, via e-mail, a daily report of channel 15‟s 

flight times and maintenance, and either the company‟s director of maintenance or director of 

operations would follow up, as needed, by telephone with a station pilot.

U.S. Helicopters has a safety office that is part of its headquarters operations. The safety 

office maintains the company‟s safety and operations manuals and reports directly to the 

company‟s chief information officer, who communicates safety information to employees 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 15

through e-mails and memos and in person. U.S. Helicopters did not have any formal procedures 

for training its pilots.

Channel 15 changed its operations after the accident. The pilot no longer has reporting 

duties along with flying duties, and the photographer videotapes film footage only.

1.18 Additional Information

1.18.1 Witness Information

The Safety Board obtained additional information about this accident from 18 witnesses 

using contact information provided by the Phoenix police department and from telephone calls 

made to the Board‟s communications center and the local FAA flight standards district office 

(FSDO). The most frequently cited observations in the witness statements were the following:

The accident helicopters were flying closely together above the police helicopter 

during the car chase.

The channel 3 helicopter appeared to be at a higher altitude than the channel 15 

helicopter. (Some witnesses could not discern the helicopters‟ altitudes relative to one 

another, and others reported that the helicopters were at the same altitude.)

The channel 3 helicopter appeared to be hovering, and the channel 15 helicopter 

appeared to be repositioning when it impacted the channel 3 helicopter from below its 

left side. (Other witnesses reported that both helicopters were maneuvering at the 

time, yet other witnesses indicated that the channel 15 helicopter was relatively 

stationary and that the channel 3 helicopter was maneuvering when it impacted the 

channel 15 helicopter.)

The helicopters‟ main rotor blades came together during the collision. (Other 

witnesses reported that the helicopters‟ tail sections came together at the time.)

No abrupt maneuvers, unusual sounds, or fire occurred before the collision.

After the collision and before descending to the ground, the channel 15 helicopter 

remained relatively intact, excluding its main rotor blades, and the channel 3 

helicopter separated into many pieces.

1.18.2 Federal Aviation Administration Guidance

Advisory Circular (AC) 90-48C, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance, states that Part 91 

flight rules set forth the concept of “see and avoid.” This concept requires vigilance at all times 

by each person operating an aircraft regardless of whether the flight is conducted under 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 16

instrument flight rules or VFR. The AC also notes that most midair collisions and reported near 

midair collisions occur during good VFR weather conditions and daylight hours. The AC further 

states that pilots should remain constantly alert to all traffic movement within their field of vision 

and that they should scan the entire visual field outside of their aircraft to ensure that conflicting 

traffic would be detected.

1.18.3 Group Interview With Phoenix-Area Electronic News Gathering Pilots

After the accident, the Safety Board met with ENG helicopter pilots in the Phoenix area 

to discuss issues related to the accident flights. The pilots indicated that the following procedures 

occurred when they received notification of an event:

The first pilot to arrive on scene establishes a position.

As additional pilots enter the area, the pilots transmit (on a local frequency) their 

altitudes and positions to each other.

ENG helicopters fly 500 feet above police helicopters.

Pilots wanting to reposition their aircraft transmit the necessary information about this 

change.

During live broadcasts, pilots continue to monitor the local frequency and discuss 

positions.

The ENG helicopter pilots stated their belief that communication between the accident 

pilots was adequate during the broadcast of the police pursuit. They also stated that, at the time of 

the accident, all of the operators except one used a combination pilot/reporter; the one exception 

used a photographer/reporter.

In addition, the ENG pilots stated that they would occasionally lose sight of other 

helicopters when flying over the city because the helicopters tended to blend in with the desert 

landscape and vegetation. These pilots suggested that high-visibility main rotor and tail rotor 

blade paint and light-emitting diode (LED) anticollision lights would help them better discern 

other helicopters. The accident helicopters were not equipped with LED anticollision lights and 

did not have high-visibility blade paint on their main rotor blades.22

 

22 Channel 15‟s new ENG helicopter has high-intensity anticollision lights and a high-visibility paint scheme on 

its main and tail rotor blades. 
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National Transportation Safety Board 17

1.18.4 Postaccident Actions

The channel 3 chief pilot stated that, since the time of the accident, ENG pilots have been 

having “a lot more” air-to-air conversations. He indicated that the pilots were making more 

callouts that described their helicopter‟s location and acknowledged the position of other 

helicopters. He also stated that, in a static situation (such as a building fire), no helicopters would 

change position until all of the pilots responded and that, in a dynamic situation (such as a car 

chase), the pilots would constantly communicate with one another and confirm each other‟s 

positions. He further indicated that the pilots were providing more distance between each other‟s 

helicopters and were asking the photographers more often to check clearances (separation) with 

other helicopters.

In August 2008, Helicopter Association International‟s (HAI) ENG committee issued a 

revised draft of the association‟s ENG aviation safety manual, which contained updated safety 

management procedures and guidelines for ENG operations. The revised manual discussed pilot 

and pilot-reporter duties, maintenance, crewmember training, station management 

responsibilities, safety guidelines, dispatch and flight management procedures, emergencies, and 

risk management procedures. HAI anticipated that the manual would be finalized by 

February 2009.23 Excerpts from the draft manual include the following:

Radio communications among pilots

As you approach a scene, make an initial radio call no less than 2 miles out 

announcing your approach, direction, altitude and distance in miles. Radio calls shall 

be made on the helicopter air to air frequency 123.025 unless local published 

procedures specify otherwise.

You shall not enter the scene unless both positive communication and visual contact 

with any other aircraft over the scene have been established. Visual contact and 

communication shall be maintained at all times.

Operating altitudes

Special procedures are required for participating in a moving scene. Careful attention 

is required because scenes change from moment to moment and often rapidly. 

Procedures should be determined in advance during regular meetings of local 

helicopter crews.

During news events that are moving, the need for wide separation of public service 

aircraft and media aircraft is crucial.

 

23 According to the chairman of the HAI ENG committee, the manual was expected to be forwarded to the HAI 

Board of Directors by the end of November 2008 for a final vote so that the manual could be adopted before the 

February 2009 HAI Heli-Expo.
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National Transportation Safety Board 18

Separation standards

Vertical and horizontal separation between all aircraft in a scene shall be determined 

by local protocol established by local coordination meetings. To allow for any evasive 

maneuvering or emergency action, it‟s recommended all aircraft utilize a minimum 

separation distance from other aircraft of:

- Minimum recommended horizontal separation of 500 feet (1,000 feet preferred)

- Minimum recommended vertical separation of 200 feet (400 feet preferred)

Pilot responsibilities

The pilot’s primary responsibility is to fly the aircraft safely. ALL other duties will 

be secondary while flying.

Safety, not news, is the primary consideration. Pilot-reporters shall decline station 

requests for live reports when ATC obligations and safe aircraft operation preclude 

safely narrating a report personally.

Scene work can increase the possibility of target fixation. All pilots should establish 

and maintain cockpit routines that reduce the likelihood of target fixation.

In addition, the manual recommended that ENG helicopters be equipped with highintensity anticollision lights, a traffic advisory system, and high-visibility main and tail rotor 

blades because of “the special nature of ENG flight and the routine operation of aircraft in close 

proximity to other aircraft.” The manual also recommended that cockpit/flight data recording 

systems be installed on ENG helicopters and that local coordination meetings be held to discuss 

pertinent operational issues.24

Finally, in January 2009, the National Broadcast Pilots Association (NBPA) was 

reorganized so that its full membership would include other ENG industry personnel, including 

photographers, reporters, aircraft mechanics, and engineers. The new organization is known as 

the National ENG Helicopter Association.

1.18.5 Previous Electronic News Gathering Accidents

The Safety Board‟s aviation accident database contained 23 cases that involved 

helicopters used for ENG operations. However, the circumstances associated with these events 

 

24 Phoenix-area ENG pilots stated that they attend an annual meeting with local law enforcement and 

U.S. Forest Service personnel to discuss procedures for standardizing operations. Also, the president of the National 

Broadcast Pilots Association stated that several ENG pilot groups hold meetings with local public use pilots and 

ATCT personnel to discuss the local operating area procedures, review any problems that may have arisen, and 

devise ways to mitigate future problems.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 19

involved equipment malfunction/failure, impact with terrain or obstacle, or operational errors 

that were incidental to the type of operation. One of the events involved a November 1999 

nonfatal collision in Seattle, Washington, between a Bell 206B returning from an ENG 

assignment and a Bell 206L-3 on a Part 91 flight. During postaccident interviews, the Bell 206B 

pilot stated that he saw the other helicopter at the same time that he felt the impact, and the 

Bell 206L-3 pilot stated he did not see the other helicopter before or after the collision. A 

calculated convergence angle between the two aircraft indicated that no visual restrictions would 

have prevented either pilot from seeing the other aircraft. The Safety Board determined that the 

probable cause of this accident was the inadequate separation and lookout maintained by both 

helicopter pilots.25

1.18.6 Aviation Safety Reporting System Reports

The Safety Board reviewed reports related to ENG operations in the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration‟s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), which is a national 

repository for reports regarding aviation safety-related issues and events. These reports were 

submitted voluntarily by pilots since the time of the database‟s creation in 1988.

26 The ASRS 

database contained 77 reports of events related to ENG operations. Of these 77 reports, 

18 involved near midair collisions, 3 involved a critical airborne conflict, and 5 involved a less 

critical airborne conflict; the remaining reports referenced various topics, with airspace and/or 

altitude violations commonly cited.

One of the 18 ASRS reports involving a near midair collision, dated March 1997, was 

submitted by an AS350A ENG helicopter pilot who had been dispatched to cover a breaking 

news story. Two other ENG helicopters were also on scene. The report stated that all three 

helicopters set up counterclockwise orbits and agreed on altitudes at which each helicopter would 

operate (1,400, 1,700, and 2,000 feet). The helicopters operating at 1,400 and 1,700 feet 

subsequently switched altitudes, and all three helicopters then made a few more orbits. The pilot 

who submitted the report stated that a near midair collision occurred when the helicopter that 

should have been operating at 1,700 feet was at an altitude of 2,000 feet and coming straight at 

him. The pilot made an evasive maneuver and avoided the other helicopter by about 200 to 

300 feet horizontally and about 150 feet vertically. In addition, the pilot who submitted this 

report stated that, with ENG operations, it was not uncommon to have up to five radios operating 

and to broadcast live at the same time. He also stated that as many as 7 to 10 aircraft might be 

trying to broadcast from an airspace that is 1,000 feet high and 1/2 mile wide. He further stated 

that anything that takes the pilot‟s attention away from the primary job of piloting could cause an 

incident such as the one he reported.

 

25 Additional information about this accident, SEA00FA021A/B, can be found on the Safety Board‟s website at 

<http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp>.

26 Because ASRS reports are submitted voluntarily, the existence of reports concerning a specific topic in the 

ASRS database cannot be used to infer the prevalence of that problem within the National Airspace System.
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National Transportation Safety Board 20

Another ASRS report involving a near midair collision, dated August 2000, was 

submitted by an ENG helicopter pilot who was covering the pursuit of a stolen vehicle. The pilot 

indicated that, as his helicopter began the climb to stay clear of the police helicopters, he also 

began reporting for his television station. The stolen vehicle involved in the pursuit chase then 

collided head on with another vehicle, so the pilot began repositioning the helicopter while still 

reporting the event. At that time, the pilot inadvertently allowed the helicopter‟s altitude to drop, 

and a near midair collision with a police helicopter occurred. The pilot did not see the police 

helicopter, but his photographer noticed that a helicopter had passed close to their position. The 

pilot then began an immediate climb. The pilot acknowledged that his workload could be “a bit 

hectic” and that he had let the coverage of the story distract him from his altitude awareness.

1.18.7 Use of Recorded Information

Although neither of the accident helicopters was required to have a CVR or an FDR, the 

audio/video streams that were actively sent back from each helicopter to its respective news 

station on the ground were recorded and, along with radar data, provided information for the 

reconstruction of the accident sequence. With regard to the video, if the camera view happened to 

include sufficient ground references, a triangulation method (or a line-of-sight method) could be 

used to estimate a helicopter‟s actual position or line of position. In the 1 minute preceding the 

accident, two positions and four lines of position could be estimated for the channel 3 helicopter, 

and three positions and five lines of position could be estimated for the channel 15 helicopter.27

The audio portion of the stream came from the pilots‟ microphones, which were 

continuously active. Examples of information extracted from the audio include position 

(location) reports, operating altitude, and intentions. The audio also provided pilot confirmations 

and acknowledgments, as well as conversations between the two accident pilots, even though 

each side of these conversations was separately recorded. Further, the audio recordings indicated 

that both pilots were actively reporting when the collision occurred but that only the channel 15 

pilot was broadcasting live.

The Safety Board has previously addressed the need for recording information on aircraft 

such as those involved in this accident. Specifically, on December 22, 2003, the Safety Board 

issued Safety Recommendations A-03-62, -64, and -65, which asked the FAA to do the 

following:

Require the installation of a crash-protected image recording system on all 

turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that are 

manufactured after January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a flight data 

recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 135 

 

27 For presentation purposes, figure 2 in section 1.16.2 shows, from the video study, one position and one line of 

position for channel 3, three positions and one line of position for channel 15, and the line of position for both 

helicopters at the time of the collision. (Figure 2 also shows two radar returns for channel 15 and two radar returns 

for channel 3.) 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 21

and 121 or that are being operated full-time or part-time for commercial or 

corporate purposes under Part 91. (A-03-62)

Require all turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that 

are manufactured prior to January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a cockpit 

voice recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations 

Parts 91, 135, and 121 to be retrofitted with a crash-protected image recording 

system by January 1, 2007. (A-03-64)28

Require all turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that 

are manufactured prior to January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a flight data 

recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 135 

and 121 or that are being used full-time or part-time for commercial or corporate 

purposes under Part 91 to be retrofitted with a crash-protected image recording 

system by January 1, 2010. (A-03-65)

On October 11, 2005, the FAA stated that it had been actively working to address these 

recommendations (as well as Safety Recommendation A-03-63, which was issued along with 

Safety Recommendations A-03-62, -64, and -65)29 and was collecting data to establish an FAA 

position on aircraft image recorders. The FAA indicated that the Safety Board‟s 

recommendations did not specify what data the image recorder should capture. The FAA stated 

its belief that the intent of these recommendations was primarily to collect parametric data from 

the images of the cockpit instrumentation but that an image recorder system had not been 

manufactured or installed for this specific purpose.

The FAA also stated that it was working with the Safety Board to develop tests of an 

image recorder system in a simulator and on an FAA Beechcraft King Air airplane. The FAA 

indicated that images of the flight deck instrumentation would be recorded and analyzed, Board 

and FAA accident investigators would derive parametric data from these flights, and the derived 

data would be compared with the actual recorded data to determine the accuracy of the derived 

data. The FAA further indicated that the tests concluded in June 2005 and that the final report 

detailing the test findings would be completed by December 2005.

On April 26, 2006, the Safety Board acknowledged that one benefit of an image recording 

system was the potential to obtain parametric data from images of the cockpit instrumentation 

but stated that the Board did not agree with the FAA‟s belief that the intent of Safety 

 

28 Safety Recommendation A-03-64 superseded Safety Recommendation A-99-60, which was issued as a result 

of the Department of the Interior Cessna 208B accident in Montrose, Colorado. Safety Recommendation A-99-60 

asked the FAA to “require, within 5 years of a technical standards order‟s issuance, the installation of a crashprotective video recording system on all turbine-powered nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft in 14 CFR

Part 135 operations that are not currently required to be equipped with a crashworthy flight recorder device.”

29 Safety Recommendation A-03-63 asked the FAA to “amend the current regulations for 14 Code of Federal 

Regulations Parts 91, 135, and 121 operations to require all turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestrictedcategory aircraft that have the capability of seating six or more passengers to be equipped with an approved 2-hour 

cockpit voice recorder that is operated continuously from the start of the use of the checklist (before starting engines 

for the purpose of flight), to completion of the final checklist at the termination of the flight.”
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 22

Recommendations A-03-62 through -65 was primarily to collect parametric data. The Board 

explained that the letter that transmitted these recommendations to the FAA noted that cockpit 

image recorders “obtain not only audio information like that from CVRs and event data like that 

from FDRs, but also information about the environment outside the cockpit window.” The Board 

recognized the value of the FAA‟s parametric data study but stated that the unfinished final 

report was not a valid basis for delaying the recommended actions. The Board indicated that, for 

the FAA‟s actions in response to these recommendations to be acceptable, the FAA must prepare 

and issue the recommended regulations. As a result, Safety Recommendations A-03-62 

through -65 remained classified “Open—Unacceptable Response.”30

Finally, it is important to note that the Safety Board has included “require image 

recorders” and Safety Recommendation A-03-64 on its Most Wanted List of Transportation 

Safety Improvements since 2004. (Safety Recommendation A-99-60, which was superseded by 

Safety Recommendation A-03-64, appeared on the Most Wanted List from 2001 to 2003 under 

the “Automatic Information Recording Devices” issue area.) In January 2006, the Board prepared 

a document detailing its observations of and recommendations resulting from the parametric data 

tests with the FAA.31 The Department of Transportation indicated, in its February 2008 report on 

the status of the recommendations on the Most Wanted List, that the FAA was reviewing the 

document to determine if an image recorder was an acceptable method for collecting flight data 

information.

 

30 Safety Recommendations A-03-64 had previously been classified “Open—Unacceptable Response” on 

November 9, 2004; Safety Recommendations A-03-62, -63, and -65 had previously been classified “Open—

Unacceptable Response” on December 15, 2004.

31 As of December 2008, the FAA had not issued its planned final report on the parametric data study. 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 23

2. Analysis

2.1 General

The pilots of the channel 3 and 15 helicopters were properly certificated and qualified in 

accordance with applicable Federal regulations. Both helicopters were properly certified, 

equipped, and maintained in accordance with Federal regulations. The recovered components 

showed no evidence of any preimpact structural, engine, or system failures.

Although the reported weather at the time of the accident indicated multiple broken cloud 

layers in the vicinity of PHX, the video recordings showed that there were few clouds and mostly 

clear sky in the area of the police pursuit. A prevalent factor in many midair collisions during 

VMC is sun glare, which prevents a pilot from detecting another aircraft when it is close to the 

position of the sun in the sky. However, at the time of this accident, the sun‟s angle was high. 

Thus, weather was not a factor in this accident, and sun glare would not have interfered with the 

pilots‟ ability to detect and track other helicopters over the pursuit scene.

The channel 15 pilot had received a statement of demonstrated ability for his color vision 

deficiency. Communications recorded during the accident flight indicated that he did not have 

difficulty discerning objects in the air or on the ground. Also, movement is primarily detected 

through the use of peripheral vision, which is not affected by color vision deficiencies. Thus, the 

channel 15 pilot‟s color vision deficiency was not a factor in this accident.

This analysis discusses the accident sequence, the pilots‟ joint flying and reporting duties, 

methods to improve ENG pilots‟ awareness of other helicopters operating nearby, and the 

benefits of (1) FAA-led ENG meetings to discuss operational procedures and manage risk, 

(2) FAA-sponsored ENG best practices guidelines, and (3) flight recorder systems for smaller 

aircraft.

2.2 Accident Sequence

The channel 3 and 15 helicopters were dispatched to cover a police pursuit of a suspect 

who had reportedly stolen a pickup truck and backed it into a police car after being pulled over. 

Three other ENG helicopters were also covering the event, and a police helicopter was operating 

below the ENG helicopters. Both the channel 3 and 15 helicopters entered the airspace according 

to the provisions of the Sharp Echo LOA with PHX, except the channel 3 pilot did not state the 
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National Transportation Safety Board 24

current ATIS code during his initial transmissions with the controller.32 However, this omission 

was not a factor in the accident.

In addition to their flying duties, the channel 3 and 15 pilots were also reporters. Each 

station had an on-board photographer who was videotaping the event. (Two of the three other 

stations with ENG helicopters in the area had pilots with joint flying and reporting duties; the 

other station had a pilot with flying duties and a photographer with videotaping and reporting 

duties.) The channel 15 broadcast of the event was live, and the channel 3 broadcast was being 

recorded. The controller was not required to provide radar services to ensure separation, per ATC 

handbook procedures for VFR helicopters operating in class B airspace. Thus, as part of their 

flying duties, both pilots were responsible for keeping a safe distance from all of the helicopters 

operating in the area.

The channel 3 and 15 pilots, as well as the other ENG pilots operating in the area, were 

expected to communicate position information and intentions with one another using an air-to-air 

frequency. (The pilots were also expected to monitor the PHX ATCT frequency, which would 

have provided some general information about other aircraft in the area.) The channel 15 

helicopter was the first ENG helicopter to arrive on scene, and its pilot established the 

helicopter‟s altitude of 2,000 feet about 1229:03.33 The channel 3 helicopter arrived on scene 

about 1238:03, and its pilot announced that the helicopter would be operating at an altitude of 

2,000 feet. However, neither pilot recognized each other‟s intention to operate at the same 

altitude.34

The audio recordings from the channel 3 and 15 helicopters showed that, about 1241:18 

(about 5 minutes before the midair collision), the channel 3 pilot commented that he would be 

changing position. The channel 15 pilot then stated, “where‟s three?,” “like how far?,” and “oh 

jeez.” The channel 15 pilot transmitted, “three. I‟m right over you. Fifteen‟s on top of you.” 

Radar data showed that the channel 3 helicopter had been at an altitude of 1,900 feet and that the 

channel 15 helicopter had been at an altitude of 2,100 feet.35 The channel 3 pilot then stated to 

the channel 15 pilot, “OK ... I got you in sight,” to which the channel 15 pilot responded, about 

3 seconds later, “got you as well.” By that time, the channel 15 helicopter‟s altitude had increased 

to 2,200 feet. However, these transmissions, which occurred about 4 minutes before the midair 

 

32 The ATC transcript showed that two of the three other ENG helicopters operating in the area also did not 

state the current ATIS code during their initial transmissions with the controller. 

33 The audio recording from the channel 15 helicopter showed that, about 1238:02, the channel 15 pilot stated, 

“okay, twenty two hundred.” However, this statement was more likely a position acknowledgment rather than a 

position report. According to the ATC transcript, another ENG pilot had notified the controller that his helicopter 

would be operating at an altitude of 2,200 feet, and that pilot had also told the controller that he would be 

communicating with the other ENG pilots that were operating in the area. Radar data showed that the channel 15 

helicopter was operating at an altitude of 2,100 feet at that time. 

34 In addition, both accident helicopters, as well as one of the other three ENG helicopters operating in the area, 

were not flying 500 feet over the police helicopter. Thus, these pilots were not adhering to informal ENG procedures 

for the Phoenix area. 

35 The ATC transcript showed that the channel 15 helicopter was, at one point, operating 100 feet above the 

police helicopter. The channel 15 pilot did not express concern about operating 100 feet above the police helicopter. 

It is possible, however, that the channel 15 helicopter was not directly above the police helicopter at that time. 
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National Transportation Safety Board 25

collision, were the last times that the channel 3 and 15 pilots coordinated their helicopter‟s 

position or their intentions with each other.

The audio recordings showed that the channel 15 and 3 pilots began reporting the event 

by 1242:42 and about 1245:43, respectively. The video study showed that, between about 

1244:43 and about 1246:05, the suspect had traveled on one street, turned right onto a short 

block, turned right again onto another block, traveled a few hundred yards, and stopped the stolen 

vehicle. The channel 3 and 15 pilots‟ broadcasts indicated that the suspect had abandoned the 

vehicle and was attempting to flee the police while on foot but that the suspect had then acquired 

another vehicle and drove off.

According to the video study and radar data, both helicopters were moving along similar 

flightpaths over the ground by about 1245:19. About 1245:25, the channel 3 helicopter appeared 

to be 0.3 nm ahead of the channel 15 helicopter. The channel 15 helicopter began a slight turn to 

the right about 1245:27, which was about 15 seconds after the pilot started a live update. The 

channel 3 helicopter appeared to begin a turn to the right about 1245:45, which was about 

2 seconds after the pilot started his report. The channel 15 helicopter‟s rate of turn then increased 

farther to the right by about 1245:50, which was about 3 seconds after the pilot started another 

live update. After completing 90o turns, the helicopters appeared to be closer in proximity than 

before.

The last valid radar return for the channel 15 helicopter was about 1245:59 at an altitude 

of 2,300 feet. The last valid radar return for the channel 3 helicopter was about 1 second later at 

an altitude of 2,100 feet. (Additional radar returns were received through 1246:23, but these 

returns might not be valid indicators of position because of the proximity of the helicopters at the 

time.)

The channel 3 and 15 pilots‟ attention had been focused on the ground immediately 

before the police announcement about the impending carjacking. The midair collision occurred 

shortly after the announcement—about 35 seconds after the channel 3 pilot began his only report 

and about 15 seconds after the channel 15 pilot began his final live update. The Safety Board 

concludes that the channel 3 and 15 helicopters collided because one or both pilots lost 

awareness of the other helicopter‟s position.

Even though the channel 3 and 15 pilots had previously identified the location of the 

other helicopter, at some point the channel 3 helicopter‟s altitude increased, the channel 15 

helicopter‟s altitude decreased, or both. The other ENG pilots operating in the area did not see 

the collision because their attention was also focused on the changing situation on the ground, 

but, during a postaccident interview, one of the pilots stated that the accident helicopters were 

initially positioned apart at a reasonable distance but had moved closer together after the police 

announcement of the carjacking. The Safety Board did not have the information necessary to 

make any further determination about the helicopters‟ movements. Thus, the Safety Board 

concludes that the lack of available information regarding the helicopters‟ movements and 

positions precluded investigators from determining precisely the events that transpired before and 

at the time of the collision.
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National Transportation Safety Board 26

Examination of the main rotor blade pieces indicated that the yellow blade on the left side 

of the channel 3 helicopter and the red blade on the right side of the channel 15 helicopter 

contacted each other about 2 feet from the end of each blade and then separated. The yellow 

blade was moving forward (advancing) toward the nose of the channel 3 helicopter, and the red 

blade was moving backward (retreating) from the nose of the channel 15 helicopter, at the time 

of the collision.

After the outboard section of the channel 3 yellow blade separated, that helicopter‟s main 

rotor blades deformed and broke the helicopter‟s tail boom into several pieces. The helicopter 

then fragmented in the air and struck the ground in an inverted position. After the outboard 

section of the channel 15 red blade separated, that helicopter entered a nose-down attitude, which 

it maintained until impacting the ground.

2.3 Pilot Flying and Reporting Duties

2.3.1 Pilot Workload

The channel 3 and 15 helicopter pilots were experienced in helicopter operations, the 

AS350B2 helicopter model, ENG operations, and flight operations in the PHX area. As a result, 

many of the tasks that the pilots were performing during the accident flight (such as flying the 

helicopter, operating the radios, and initiating communications) were well-learned skills that 

would have been performed without much cognitive or physical effort. However, the two 

helicopters collided without either pilot detecting the impending hazard. Thus, even for 

experienced pilots, the ability to shift attention among competing task demands may break down 

under high workload conditions and can lead to a narrowing of attention on a specific task.

The channel 3 and 15 helicopter pilots were required to follow a ground target (the 

reportedly stolen vehicle) while maintaining a safe altitude, position, and track that ensured the 

helicopters‟ separation from the ground and other ENG helicopters. Because the pilots were 

visually tracking a moving ground target (as opposed to a stationary ground target), they needed 

to continually shift their attention from inside to outside the helicopter. For collision avoidance, 

the pilots needed to visually scan for the other helicopters operating in the area, identify the 

helicopters‟ positions, assess their flightpaths to determine whether the helicopters posed a 

collision risk, and initiate corrective actions when required.

In addition to flight operations associated with maneuvering their helicopters above the 

police pursuit, the channel 3 and 15 pilots were also directly supporting their station‟s ENG 

operations. The pilots were responsible for reporting, communicating with their station‟s news 

department on a dedicated radio, communicating with the station‟s photographer via an intercom, 

scanning the monitor that showed the station broadcast and the video leaving the helicopter, and 

monitoring police radio communications for information about the pursuit. These tasks placed 

additional demands on the pilots‟ attention. However, both pilots were experienced in initiating 
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National Transportation Safety Board 27

communications to support ENG operations, and both were experienced in flying and reporting 

simultaneously.

As they approached the scene, the ENG pilots communicated their locations and 

intentions to each other on the air-to-air radio frequency. Additional radio communications 

would have facilitated the pilots‟ understanding of the location of the other ENG helicopters and 

expected positions in the future, especially if the communications referenced a helicopter that 

was not visible to the pilot at the time. However, it would have been difficult for the pilots, while 

in the process of reporting, to announce position changes or reliably hear such announcements by 

the other pilots.

Even though the air-to-air frequency was not recorded, the channel 3 and 15 helicopter 

audio recordings showed that the stations‟ pilots were not using the frequency to announce their 

positions and intentions as often as indicated during a postaccident group interview that included 

the three other ENG pilots who were operating in the area at the time. Also, with one exception, 

the recordings did not include responses from the channel 3 and 15 pilots to communications 

from these ENG helicopter pilots.36

It is difficult to determine the extent that the channel 3 and 15 pilots‟ reporting duties 

contributed to the breakdown in each pilot‟s awareness of the other helicopter. The additional 

tasks of directly observing activities on the ground and providing narration could have affected 

the pilots‟ ability to maintain their helicopter‟s position or track the other helicopter‟s positions. 

From about 1245:43 (channel 3) and about 1246:03 (channel 15) to the time of the collision, the 

pilots were continuously reporting the events as they unfolded, which narrowed the pilots‟ 

attention to the ground and away from other tasks, such as maintaining the helicopters‟ stated 

position and altitude and scanning the area for potential collision hazards.

Even with the limited evidence to determine the extent that the pilots‟ ENG-related duties 

affected their ability to see and avoid the other helicopter, the circumstances of this accident 

demonstrated that a failure to see and avoid occurred about the time that a critical event of 

interest to the ENG operations (the carjacking) was taking place on the ground. Although the 

photographers had experience with the see-and-avoid concept for supporting the pilots in 

collision avoidance,37 the photographers‟ primary job was to operate the camera, which was a 

continual tracking task that required a significant portion of their attention to perform 

successfully. It is critical for ENG pilots to be vigilant of other aircraft during close-in operations 

and not to divert their attention to a nonflying-related task or event.

This accident is not the first time that an ENG helicopter pilot failed to maintain position 

while reporting an event. An August 2000 ASRS report reflected this type of performance 

degradation during an ENG operation. Specifically, the report indicated that the pilot had been 

 

36 About 1240:19, the channel 15 pilot stated, “I‟m off your [aircraft‟s] nose,” to the channel 12 ENG pilot.

37 About 1236:33, the channel 15 pilot had told the station‟s photographer, “if you could call out where we‟re at 

please, don‟t hesitate to talk.” When the channel 15 pilot stated, about 5 minutes before the collision, “where‟s 

three”?, “like how far”?, and “oh jeez,” he was most likely discussing the position of the channel 3 helicopter with 

the channel 15 photographer. 
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National Transportation Safety Board 28

repositioning his helicopter while narrating a stolen vehicle pursuit when he inadvertently 

allowed the helicopter‟s altitude to drop near that of a police helicopter, causing a near midair 

collision. The pilot did not see the police helicopter, but the on-board photographer noticed that a 

helicopter had passed close to their position. The pilot acknowledged that his workload could be 

“a bit hectic” and that he had let the coverage of the story distract him from his altitude 

awareness. In addition, an ENG pilot submitted an ASRS report in March 1997 as a result of a 

near midair collision that occurred when an ENG helicopter that should have been operating 

300 feet below him was instead at his altitude and coming straight at him. The pilot indicated 

that anything that takes a pilot‟s attention away from the primary job of piloting, including live 

broadcasting, could cause an incident such as the one he reported.38

The midair collision in PHX airspace and the near midair collisions described in the two 

ASRS reports demonstrate the hazards involved in conducting ENG operations with multiple 

aircraft nearby. The additional workload necessary for a pilot to support ENG operations reduces 

the time and resources available for the pilot to perform tasks directly related to flight operations, 

including collision avoidance. Specifically, the pilot has to shift attention visually (from the air to 

the ground) to obtain the necessary information for maintaining separation from other aircraft as 

well as the necessary information to be included in a live or recorded report. In this accident, the 

channel 3 and 15 pilots appeared to quickly focus their attention on an emerging situation on the 

ground that was of interest to ENG operations; in the process, one or both pilots lost awareness 

of the other helicopter‟s location. The Safety Board concludes that the channel 3 and 15 pilots‟ 

reporting and visual tracking duties immediately before the collision likely precluded them from 

recognizing the proximity of their helicopters at that time.

2.3.2 See-and-Avoid Concept

AC 90-48C, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance, states that Part 91 flight rules set forth 

the concept of “see and avoid,” which requires vigilance at all times by each person operating an 

aircraft. The AC further states that pilots should remain constantly alert to all traffic movement 

within their field of vision and that they should scan the entire visual field outside of their aircraft 

to ensure that conflicting traffic would be detected. However, there are inherent limitations 

associated with the see-and-avoid concept as the primary method for separation used during 

high-density traffic operations, including ENG operations.39 These limitations include the pilot‟s 

ability to perform systematic scans, competing operational task demands, and blind spots 

associated with an aircraft structure. After the accident, channels 3 and 15 took steps to mitigate 

 

38 These ASRS reports are discussed in section 1.18.6.

39 These limitations also apply to non-ENG operations. For example, in the November 1999 nonfatal midair 

collision between a Bell 206L-3 helicopter and a Bell 206B helicopter in Seattle (see section 1.18.5), neither pilot 

saw the other helicopter before the collision, even though no visual restrictions would have prevented either pilot 

from seeing the other helicopter. Although an ENG helicopter was involved in the collision, the pilot was not 

performing any ENG duties at the time. Also, on June 29, 2008, two Bell 407 helicopters collided in midair while 

approaching the helipad at Flagstaff Medical Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, resulting in seven fatalities. The pilots of 

these helicopters were supporting emergency medical services operations. (For more information about this ongoing 

investigation, see DEN08MA116A/B at the Safety Board‟s website.) 
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National Transportation Safety Board 29

these limitations by modifying their flight operations.40 For channel 3, two pilots are now present 

in the cockpit for reporting assignments—one with flying duties and one with reporting duties. 

For channel 15, the pilot no longer has reporting duties along with flying duties; the ENG 

helicopter provides the station with film footage only.

As previously indicated, it can be difficult for pilots to adequately ensure separation from 

several other aircraft while the pilots are also conducting ENG-related duties. Further, although 

there were informal procedures that the Phoenix-area ENG pilots were expected to follow 

regarding communications (announcing positions and intentions on an air-to-air frequency) with 

other ENG pilots, evidence indicated that these procedures were not rigorously followed on the 

day of the accident, possibly because of the pilots‟ additional responsibilities to provide coverage 

of the ongoing situation on the ground.

The Safety Board notes that, even though most ENG operations are conducted under 

Part 91, Part 135 operators are required to establish minimum flight crew requirements based on 

anticipated workload, including collision avoidance activities and communications. The 

circumstances of this accident demonstrate that Part 91 ENG operators should be held to a 

similar standard, even though joint flying and reporting duties are not inherently unsafe under 

some conditions and joint pilot duties are not uncommon (for example, joint flying and briefing 

duties). The Safety Board concludes that this accident demonstrates the limitations of the 

see-and-avoid concept for reliably ensuring separation of aircraft during high-density traffic 

operations, especially when the pilot is conducting other nonflying duties as part of the operation. 

Therefore, the Safety Board believes that the FAA should require ENG operators to assign 

reporting responsibilities to someone other than the flying pilot unless it can be determined that 

the pilot‟s workload would remain manageable under all conditions.

2.4 Methods for Improved Situational Awareness

2.4.1 Visual Indications

The ENG helicopters were maneuvering over an urban area with a complex terrain 

pattern (desert landscape and vegetation), which might have made it difficult for the pilots to 

distinguish between the shape of an airborne object operating below them and the surrounding 

terrain. In fact, during a postaccident group interview, Phoenix-area ENG pilots stated that they 

occasionally lose sight of other helicopters when flying over the city because the helicopters tend 

to blend in with the terrain.

 

40 Channel 5 still uses a pilot/reporter, but the new operator of the station‟s helicopter does not allow its pilots to 

look at the talent camera inside the cockpit. Channel 10 still uses a pilot/reporter, but the station‟s helicopter now has 

a high-visibility paint scheme and is expected to be equipped with high-intensity anticollision lights (see 

section 2.4.1). Channel 12 still uses a dedicated pilot.
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National Transportation Safety Board 30

The Phoenix-area ENG pilots suggested that LED anticollision lights would help them 

better discern other helicopters. The Federal Aviation Regulations address standard anticollision 

light systems. Specifically, 14 CFR 27.1401, Anticollision Light System, states that such systems 

are to consist of one or more approved anticollision lights located so that their emitted light will 

not impair the pilot‟s vision or detract from the conspicuity of the position lights. These systems 

are also expected to meet the field of coverage, flashing characteristics, color, light intensity, and 

minimum effective intensities that are specified in the regulation. Even though the anticollision 

light system requirements apply only to those rotorcraft that are certificated for night operations, 

most ENG helicopters have been certificated for these operations. The accident helicopters were 

both equipped with an anticollision light system that met the requirements of the regulation, and 

the lights were likely on during the flights (per standard procedures) and were likely visible, even 

with the daytime VFR conditions at the time.41

However, other anticollision lights, including the LED anticollision lights mentioned by 

the Phoenix-area pilots, are brighter than those currently required by 14 CFR 27.1401. 

Specifically, the regulation requires a minimum effective intensity equivalent to the light emitted 

by 150 candles (referred to as candela), but there are anticollision lights that emit 400 candela. 

ENG pilots whose helicopters are equipped with these high-intensity anticollision lights (and 

who have operated along with other helicopters equipped with these lights) indicated that the 

lights are more visible to other ENG pilots than the standard anticollision lights.

The Phoenix-area ENG pilots also suggested that high-visibility main rotor and tail rotor 

blades would help them better discern other helicopters. The Federal Aviation Regulations do 

not address the conspicuity of main rotor and tail rotor blades. CAMI conducted a study to 

determine the conspicuity on the ground of three paint schemes for airplane propellers and two 

paint schemes for tail rotor blades.42 Three Piper Cherokee 140 airplanes and two Bell B47G 

helicopters were used for the study. The three propeller paint schemes were black and white 

stripes placed asymmetrically on opposing blades, a yellow tip design, and a red and white 

striped design. The two tail rotor blade paint schemes consisted of black and white asymmetrical 

stripes and a red, white, and black design. The propeller and tail rotor paint schemes that were 

judged to be the most conspicuous (by 30 volunteer subjects with normal vision, at three 

different viewing angles, and under bright sunlight conditions) were the ones with black and 

white asymmetrical stripes because they provided a “flickering” sensation.

The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) acknowledged the importance of helicopter visibility in 

its December 2005 document detailing requirements for contractors providing helicopters to the 

USFS for firefighting.43 The USFS requires one or more independently switched white or white 

 

41 One of the three other ENG pilots operating in the area stated that she thought she saw the channel 15 

helicopter with its lights on. This pilot did not provide information about the channel 3 helicopter‟s lights, likely 

because the helicopter had entered the airspace after hers and she was focusing on the situation on the ground at the 

time.

42 Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Conspicuity Assessment of Selected Propeller 

and Tail Rotor Paint Schemes, FAA-AM-78-29 (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: FAA, 1978).

43 These helicopters, known as type III exclusive-use helicopters, are similar in size to those used for ENG 

operations.
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National Transportation Safety Board 31

and red anticollision light(s) mounted on top of the helicopter or in another location that would 

be visible from above the helicopter.44 The USFS also requires high-visibility markings on the 

helicopters‟ main rotor blades and provides a listing of acceptable paint schemes, which include 

blades with alternating white and orange paint and alternating solid black and solid white blades.

Also, helicopter air tour operators recognized that aircraft visibility was essential in 

helping to avoid collisions during these operations. In January 1996, the operators voluntarily 

established a safety program for air tour operations. The February 2007 document describing this 

program, the Tour Operators Program of Safety (better known as TOPS), indicated that 

high-visibility rotor blades and at least one anticollision light were required to be used at all 

times (except when the pilot deems it inappropriate for safety reasons).

In addition, in its report on the September 1992 midair collision of two sightseeing 

helicopters over Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, the Transportation Safety Board of Canada 

(TSB) stated that the cause of the accident was that neither helicopter pilot saw the other 

helicopter in time to avoid the collision.45 In its report, the TSB indicated that two safety 

measures that had already been implemented as a result of the accident were (1) air tour flights 

operating in the Niagara Falls area were required to operate with anticollision lights illuminated 

and (2) all helicopters were to have approved conspicuous paint schemes on the upper surface of 

their blades.46

The channel 3 helicopter‟s cabin was painted primarily white, and its tail boom was 

painted red, orange, and yellow. The channel 15 helicopter‟s cabin was painted black with white 

stripes, and its tail boom was painted black and yellow. These paint schemes would not have 

impeded airborne observers from detecting the helicopters. However, the main rotor blades of 

both helicopters were blue-gray on the top and black on the bottom. (The color coding at the 

blade root would not be visible to ENG pilots.) Enhanced coloration of the main rotor blades 

could have increased the conspicuity of these helicopters for airborne observers either looking 

down on the helicopters (because rotor blades are painted on their top) or in another position in 

which the top of the blades would be visible. The circular area resulting from the movement of 

the main rotor blades appears much larger in surface area than the helicopter‟s fuselage (as 

viewed from any angle); thus, painting main rotor blades would increase the conspicuity of an 

entire helicopter. In addition, high-intensity anticollision lights would help pilots detect the 

presence of other helicopters because these lights could capture a pilot‟s attention, especially 

 

44 The lights are required to meet the applicable requirements of 14 CFR 27.1397, which provides the 

specifications for the aviation red, green, and white position light colors. 

45 Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Mid-Air Collision Between Niagara Helicopters Limited, Bell 

Helicopter Textron 206B Jetranger, C-GFXX, and Rainbow Helicopters Incorporated, McDonnell Douglas 

MD369E, N588DB, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 29 September 1992, Aviation Occurrence Report A92H0029 

(Quebec, Canada: Transportation Safety Board, 1993).

46 An official from Transport Canada (TC)—the FAA‟s counterpart in Canada—indicated that the authorization 

to conduct flight operations in the Niagara Falls area includes a requirement for alternating bands of contrasting 

color on helicopter blades. The TC official stated that one Canadian Niagara Falls operator uses black and white on 

its helicopters‟ blades and that another uses red and white on its helicopters‟ blades. The TC official further indicated 

that, according to the acting operations manager for one of these operators, this equipment was especially effective 

when looking out for aircraft operating at lower altitudes. 
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National Transportation Safety Board 32

when the flashes occur in the pilot‟s peripheral vision, and would help under viewing conditions 

in which blade paint might not be visible.

Just before the time of the collision, the accident pilots and the on-board photographers 

were likely focusing on the ground because of the events occurring there, including the 

impending carjacking. However, the Safety Board concludes that a high-visibility paint scheme 

on the helicopters‟ main rotor blades or high-visibility anticollision lights could have facilitated 

the detection of the impending collision risk. Therefore, because of the close-in nature of ENG 

operations, the Safety Board believes that the FAA should require ENG operators to use 

high-visibility blade paint schemes and high-visibility anticollision lights on their aircraft.

2.4.2 Cockpit Systems

The channel 3 helicopter had a SkyWatch SKY497 traffic advisory system installed. The 

system provided an aural warning and displayed targets on the helicopter‟s Garmin GNS 430 

navigation unit. The Safety Board reviewed the SkyWatch system‟s capabilities and found that 

the system (1) had an alerting envelope with a horizontal radius of 0.2 nm (1,216 feet) and a 

height of ± 600 feet, (2) computed an aircraft‟s range with 0.05-nm (304 feet) accuracy, and 

(3) was capable of tracking up to 30 aircraft at the same time. The Board also found that the 

system was developed for business and general aviation aircraft, including helicopters, but that 

the system was not specifically designed according to helicopter flight characteristics.47

An HAI ENG committee member (who is also an ENG pilot) stated that he has 

discovered about one-half of threat traffic via a traffic advisory system aural alert. He further 

stated that the alert provides heading, elevation, and distance information for other aircraft and 

that, after he receives an aural alert, he immediately scans the area for the traffic.

The channel 3 chief pilot stated that, when helicopters were maneuvering closely to one 

another, the aural alert “traffic, traffic” would frequently sound over the pilot‟s headset. Also, 

any time a helicopter went out of and then reentered the system‟s 0.2-nm range, the alert would 

again sound. The chief pilot also stated that, when “a lot of traffic [was] in close,” the volume on 

the aural alert would be turned down so that it would not obscure the communications frequency. 

Thus, it is possible that the channel 3 pilot had turned down the volume on the aural alert during 

the accident flight, preventing the pilot from hearing the “traffic, traffic” alert and recognizing 

the proximity of his helicopter to the channel 15 helicopter. (The channel 3 audio recording was 

not designed to record sounds over the pilot‟s headset.)

In addition to aural annunciations, most traffic advisory systems (including SkyWatch) 

have visual displays of nearby traffic showing an aircraft‟s relative altitude and an indication of 

 

47 The Safety Board reviewed the operating characteristics of six available traffic advisory systems (including 

SkyWatch) and noted that their range sensitivity and altitude discrimination were best suited for fixed-wing 

airplanes. Helicopter flight characteristics require closer range dimensions and closer altitude discrimination because 

helicopters are more maneuverable and operate at slower speeds. Staff is not aware of any current traffic advisory 

systems that meet these criteria.
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National Transportation Safety Board 33

its direction of travel, including whether the aircraft is climbing or descending. This additional 

information can facilitate a pilot‟s efforts to maintain awareness of and visual contact with 

nearby aircraft to reduce the likelihood of collision. The Safety Board recognizes that a scan of 

visual traffic displays could increase a pilot‟s workload, but the HAI ENG committee member 

stated that the extra scanning was offset by the additional safety benefit provided by the system. 

The Board acknowledges the benefits of traffic advisory systems but notes, however, that these 

systems are not a substitute for the see-and-avoid concept. In fact, the manufacturer of the 

SkyWatch system issued guidance stating, “information on the display is provided to the flight 

crew as an aid in visually acquiring traffic; it is not a replacement for ... See & Avoid 

Techniques.”

The channel 3 helicopter‟s SkyWatch system would have aided the pilot as he entered the 

scene by indicating the direction of the other helicopters already on scene, including channel 15, 

and their altitudes. Also, although the alert should have sounded once the channel 15 helicopter 

was inside the system‟s 0.2-nm range, the system would have been less useful at that range as a 

position locator because of the nuisance alerts, so the channel 3 pilot should have been 

communicating with the channel 15 pilot and verifying the helicopter‟s location. The channel 15 

helicopter did not have a traffic advisory system, and two of the three other ENG helicopters 

were not equipped with this system. Regardless, all of the ENG pilots were responsible for 

communicating with each other, paying attention to each helicopter‟s position for collision 

avoidance, and not relying solely on a traffic advisory system for position information for 

helicopters.

The Safety Board concludes that a traffic advisory system would enhance an ENG pilot‟s 

capability to detect other aircraft operating in the same area by providing aural annunciations and 

visual displays of the traffic and that a system designed specifically for helicopters could help 

eliminate the nuisance warnings that ENG pilots can receive when other aircraft are operating 

near the system‟s alerting envelope. Therefore, the Safety Board believes that the FAA should 

develop standards for helicopter cockpit electronic traffic advisory systems so that pilots can be 

alerted to the presence of other aircraft operating in the same area regardless of their position. 

The Safety Board further believes that, once standards for helicopter cockpit electronic traffic 

advisory systems are developed, as requested in Safety Recommendation A-09-04, the FAA 

should require ENG operators to install this equipment on their aircraft.

2.5 Electronic News Gathering Conferences

Phoenix-area ENG pilots stated that they attend an annual meeting with local law

enforcement and USFS personnel to discuss procedures for standardizing operations. Also, the 

president of the NBPA stated that several ENG pilot groups hold meetings with local public use 

pilots and ATCT personnel to discuss the local operating area procedures, review any problems 

that may have arisen, and devise ways to mitigate future problems. However, these meetings did 

not involve all ENG-related personnel in the local area and did not have fixed agendas to ensure 

that all pertinent topics would be discussed. Further, according to an HAI ENG committee 

member, local ENG meetings are not held in each metropolitan area with ENG operations.
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National Transportation Safety Board 34

In its report on the Niagara Falls accident, the TSB indicated that interested parties, 

operators, and regulatory officials from both Canada (Transport Canada [TC]) and the United 

States (FAA) would review flying operations at Niagara Falls on a semiannual basis. An FAA 

inspector from the Rochester, New York, FSDO48 reported that FAA inspectors, TC officials, 

and U.S. and Canadian companies with flight operations in the Niagara Falls area participate in 

annual meetings that are hosted by TC. The FAA inspector indicated that the meetings were 

beneficial and that they provided a forum to discuss any deviations from the regulations and 

clarify any misinterpretations of the regulations. According to an official from TC, these annual 

meetings, which have been held since 1993, are a mandatory requirement of the authorization to 

conduct flight operations in the Niagara Falls area. He also stated that the meetings “greatly” 

benefit flight safety because operators can discuss operational and safety issues in a proactive 

environment. The TC official further stated that, between the annual meetings, TC and the FAA 

are in “regular contact” to discuss any operational or safety issues.

In its report on the September 2004 Bali Hai Helicopter Tours accident in Kalaheo, 

Hawaii, the Safety Board discussed that Bali Hai was required to ensure that its tour pilots 

participated in at least one formal air tour safety meeting annually.49 According to the report, the 

FAA stated that the purpose of the safety meetings was to review Special Federal Aviation 

Regulation (SFAR) 71 and sightseeing/air tour issues and procedures.50 However, the Board 

concluded that the annual safety meetings were not effective because the Honolulu, Hawaii, 

FSDO had not ensured that the meetings were focused on safety trends and SFAR 71 procedures; 

in fact, a FSDO inspector stated that some past meetings had turned into complaint sessions or 

had strayed onto other topics. As a result, on February 27, 2007, the Board issued Safety 

Recommendation A-07-22, which asked the FAA to direct the Honolulu FSDO to ensure that 

annual safety meetings focus on pertinent and timely commercial air tour safety issues, including 

reviews of Hawaii air tour accidents and SFAR 71 procedures.51

According to HAI, about 140 ENG helicopters operate daily in the United States. At 

HAI‟s February 2008 Heli-Expo, participants at an ENG helicopter safety roundtable (which 

included FAA, Safety Board, HAI, NBPA, and ENG operator officials) identified the need for 

safety meetings to directly discuss pertinent ENG issues. These issues included radio 

 

48 The Rochester FSDO provides oversight of U.S. companies with flight operations in the Niagara Falls area.

49 National Transportation Safety Board, Weather Encounter and Subsequent Collision Into Terrain, Bali Hai 

Helicopter Tours, Inc., Bell 206B, N16849, Kalaheo, Hawaii, September 24, 2004, Aviation Accident Report 

NTSB/AAR-07/03 (Washington, DC: NTSB, 2007). 

50 SFAR 71, “Special Operating Rules for Air Tour Operators in the State of Hawaii,” was replaced on 

March 15, 2007, by 14 CFR Part 136, Appendix A.

51 On May 17, 2007, the FAA stated that operations specification (OpSpec) paragraph B048(b)(6), dated 

March 9, 2007, addressed Safety Recommendation A-07-22 by indicating that at least one formal commercial air 

tour safety meeting would be held annually. On December 4, 2007, the Safety Board stated that the OpSpec 

paragraph represented progress in responding to the recommendation but that the FAA still needed to address two 

important concerns. The Board‟s first concern was that, because the OpSpec applies only to Part 135 operators, it 

was not clear how the FAA would apply this requirement to Part 91 operators (such as Bali Hai). The Board‟s 

second concern was that the FAA needed to evaluate whether the meetings were actually covering the topics on the 

agenda (which were to include the issues discussed in this recommendation). Pending evaluation of the effectiveness 

of the required meetings and extension of this requirement to Part 91 commercial air tour operators, Safety 

Recommendation A-07-22 was classified “Open—Acceptable Response.”
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 35

communications among pilots, risk assessment, safety audits, operating altitudes, ATC frequency 

usage, and separation standards. The circumstances of this accident demonstrate that these and 

other related issues need the attention of the entire ENG community.

The Safety Board recognizes the necessity for annual meetings of FAA and ENG 

helicopter personnel to provide a forum for ENG helicopter operators to meet and become 

familiar with the others‟ operations, discuss ENG helicopter operational and safety issues, and 

manage risk by identifying hazards and ways to mitigate them. The Board notes that the 

importance of some issues, such as the number of ENG helicopters operating in a metropolitan 

area as well as weather, obstacle, and terrain considerations, may depend on the specific region 

of operation. It would also be beneficial to hold such conferences by region rather than by state 

because local news affects specific regions rather than entire states. Further, some regional areas 

encompass more than one state (for example, the Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York 

City metropolitan areas), so a statewide conference would not bring together the ENG operators 

who work in such regions. In addition, some states may only have one metropolitan area with 

ENG operations, so a statewide conference would not be necessary.

The Safety Board concludes that annual meetings with local ENG helicopter and local 

FAA personnel would help improve the safety of ENG operations by facilitating a proactive 

exchange of information among the participants. Therefore, the Safety Board believes that the 

FAA should host annual ENG helicopter conferences by major metropolitan region to discuss 

operational and safety issues affecting all ENG operations as well as those issues that pertain to 

the specific region. The Safety Board further believes that, on the basis of the safety issues 

identified at the regional conferences discussed in Safety Recommendation A-09-06, the FAA 

should develop LOAs or amend existing LOAs to specify minimum horizontal and vertical 

aircraft separation requirements.

2.6 Electronic News Gathering Guidelines

In August 2008, HAI‟s ENG committee issued a draft ENG aviation safety manual that 

contained recommended safety management procedures and guidelines for ENG operations. 

Many of the subjects presented in the ENG manual were also discussed at the ENG helicopter 

safety roundtable held during HAI‟s February 2008 Heli-Expo.

The ENG manual stated that, before entering the airspace over a scene and while 

operating in that airspace, pilots needed to establish and maintain at all times positive 

communication and visual contact with other aircraft operating in the area. The Safety Board 

notes that the actions detailed in Safety Recommendations A-09-02 and -05 would enable 

continuous communication and visual contact, especially when multiple aircraft are operating in 

the same area.

The manual also stated that careful attention was required for scenes with moving targets 

because the scene could rapidly change, necessitating sufficient airspace in which to maneuver, 

and that wide separation between public use helicopters (including law enforcement) and other 

aircraft operating over such scenes was crucial. In addition, the manual recommended that the 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 36

minimum horizontal and vertical separation between ENG aircraft be 500 and 200 feet (or 

1,000 feet and 400 feet if possible), respectively. Most importantly, the manual strongly 

expressed that an ENG pilot‟s primary responsibility was to fly the aircraft safely and that all 

other duties would be secondary.

In addition, the manual recommended that ENG helicopters be equipped with 

high-intensity anticollision lights, a traffic advisory system, and high-visibility main and tail rotor 

blades because of the proximity in which ENG flights operate. The manual further recommended 

that cockpit/flight data recording systems be installed on ENG helicopters.

The Safety Board notes that HAI‟s draft ENG Aviation Safety Manual contains valuable 

information for ENG pilots, photographers, and other station personnel that was based on 

practical experiences and that the manual recommends, as part of several different topics, the 

need for local coordination meetings to discuss pertinent operational issues. Given the number of 

ENG helicopters that operate each day, it is also important that the FAA take additional actions 

to promote ENG flight safety. Safety Recommendation A-09-06 addresses the need for the FAA 

to host local ENG conferences, but the FAA also needs to issue ENG guidance because HAI‟s 

manual may not reach all ENG operators, including those that operate fixed-wing airplanes. The 

Safety Board concludes that best practice guidelines would provide ENG pilots with practical 

knowledge to apply during these operations. Therefore, the Safety Board believes that the FAA 

should incorporate pertinent information from HAI‟s ENG Aviation Safety Manual into an AC 

detailing best practices for ENG operations.

2.7 Flight Recorder Systems for Smaller Aircraft

ATC radar data were available to the Safety Board to determine the altitudes and 

flightpaths of the accident helicopters. However, one limitation with this information was that 

both helicopters (as well as the other three ENG helicopters operating in the area) were using the 

same transponder beacon code,52 which impeded efforts to distinguish individual helicopters. 

Another limitation was that the mode C information provided by some radar returns could have 

possibly been distorted because of the proximity with which the helicopters were operating at the 

time.

Although the Safety Board was able to use the audio/video streams that were recorded for 

both helicopters, the amount of useful information for the investigation was limited. For 

example, each helicopter‟s position, or line of position, could only be determined at locations 

where the camera view was in a favorable position (showing sufficient ground references) and 

detailed geographical information system data existed. Also, the audio/video streams could not 

be used to estimate altitude information for either helicopter and did not include parametric data 

related to the engines and other systems. In addition, the audio was recorded only from the pilots‟ 

microphones; audio from their headsets was not recorded. As a result, only one-sided 

 

52 All of the ENG helicopters used the same beacon code because it signified operation according to the 

provisions of the Sharp Echo LOA.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 37

conversations were available. These conversations were difficult to understand in context 

because the pilots could have been talking to a pilot of another ENG helicopter, the law 

enforcement pilot, news station personnel, or the on-board photographer, among others.

The Safety Board notes that the accident helicopters were not required to have a CVR or 

an FDR installed but that they would have been subject to the requirements for a cockpit image 

recorder that were included in Safety Recommendation A-03-64 (see section 1.18.7, where 

Safety Recommendations A-03-62 and -65 are also discussed) if the FAA had implemented this 

recommendation.

On October 11, 2005, the FAA stated that it had been actively working to address these 

recommendations. The FAA further stated its belief that the intent of these recommendations was 

primarily to collect parametric data from the images of the cockpit instrumentation but that an 

image recorder system had not been manufactured or installed for this specific purpose. The FAA 

also stated that parametric data tests of an image recorder system in a simulator and on an FAA 

Beechcraft King Air airplane concluded in June 2005 and that the final report detailing the test 

findings would be completed by December 2005.

On April 26, 2006, the Safety Board acknowledged that one benefit of an image recording 

system is the potential to obtain parametric data from images of the cockpit instrumentation but 

stated that the Board did not agree with the FAA‟s belief that the intent of these 

recommendations was primarily to collect parametric data. The Board explained that cockpit 

image recorders obtain audio information (like CVRs) and event data (like FDRs) but also obtain 

information about the environment outside the cockpit window. The Board recognized the value 

of the FAA‟s parametric data study but indicated that, for the FAA‟s actions in response to these 

recommendations to be acceptable, the FAA must prepare and issue the recommended 

regulations. As a result, Safety Recommendations A-03-62, -64, and -65 remained classified 

“Open—Unacceptable Response.”

The Safety Board notes that government and industry representatives have been 

participating since 2007 in a European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) 

working group to develop a flight recorder specification titled, “Minimum Operational 

Performance Specification for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems” (ED-155). (Both the Board 

and the FAA are members of this working group.) When finalized, ED-155 is expected to 

address recent improvements in technology by establishing the minimum performance 

requirements for flight recorder systems that could be used on board smaller aircraft (such as the 

accident helicopter models). This specification targets a more affordable flight recorder option 

for smaller aircraft than traditional CVRs or FDRs and addresses the recording of audio, image, 

and parametric information. As currently written, ED-155 identifies parameters that should be 

recorded according to the type of aircraft (that is, airplane or helicopter). Also, ED-155 

accommodates variations in aircraft complexity by identifying parameters that should always be 

recorded and parameters that should be recorded if an information source for the parameter is 

used by aircraft systems and/or the flight crew to operate the aircraft. ED-155 is expected to be 

issued by June 2009.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 38

It is also important to note that Bell Helicopter Textron and American Eurocopter have 

been developing digital imaging recorders as FAA “nonrequired safety-enhancing equipment 

hardware.” According to the safety department managers at Bell Helicopter Textron and 

American Eurocopter, the recorders (which are not required under Parts 27, 29, 91, or 135) are 

expected to provide digital imaging of the cockpit and its instruments at a sampling rate of 

between one and eight frames per second. The recorders are also expected to record ambient 

cockpit noise and flight data.

Both companies have developed prototype recorders that contain internal global 

positioning system receivers and inertial sensing electronics. Although these recorders are not 

being designed to meet the crash-protection requirements stipulated in the FAA‟s current 

technical standard orders (TSO) for CVRs and FDRs,53 the safety department managers indicated 

that the recorders would have a level of crash protection that meets many of the industry criteria 

stipulated in the December 2004 RTCA, Inc., document DO-160E, “Environmental Conditions 

and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment,” including moisture tolerance, temperature 

extremes, vibration, and electromagnetic interference. The companies expected to deliver and

install these recorders on new-production helicopters in early 2009. The companies also expected 

to make kits available for retrofitting older helicopters with the recorders.

If recorder systems that captured cockpit audio, images, and parametric data had been 

installed on the accident helicopters, the recorders would have enabled Safety Board 

investigators to determine additional information about the accident scenario, including the 

helicopters‟ precise locations, altitudes, headings, airspeeds, engine performance, and other 

systems information. It is also possible that recorded images could have shown the proximity of 

one helicopter to another and any obstruction that might have prevented a pilot from seeing 

another helicopter. The Safety Board concludes that recorder systems that captured cockpit 

audio, images, and parametric data would have significantly aided investigators in determining 

the circumstances that led to this accident.

With the anticipated completion of EUROCAE specification ED-155 and the proactive 

development of digital imaging recorders by Bell Helicopter Textron and American Eurocopter, 

technology will soon be in place for the implementation of flight recorder systems for smaller 

aircraft that are not currently equipped with a CVR or an FDR. (It is important to note the Safety 

Board‟s position that such flight recorder systems should never take the place of a crashprotected CVR, per TSO-C123B, for those aircraft so equipped.) These developments in 

incorporating data recording, as well as audio and image recording, into more affordable flight 

recorder systems for smaller aircraft are significant. The technology to record flight data in an 

affordable flight recording system for smaller aircraft was not available at the time that the Safety

Board issued its previous image recorder recommendations. As a result of the development of 

this more advanced technology, and because the FAA has not taken timely 

 

53 TSO-C123B, “Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment,” dated June 1, 2006, contains the minimum performance 

standards that CVR equipment must meet. TSO-C124B, “Flight Data Recorder System,” dated April 1, 2007, 

contains similar information for FDR equipment.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 39

action with regard to the Board‟s image recorder recommendations,54 the Safety Board classifies 

Safety Recommendations A-03-62, -64, and -65 “Closed—Unacceptable Action/Superseded.”

The Safety Board believes that the FAA should require the installation of a crash-resistant 

flight recorder system on all newly manufactured turbine-powered, nonexperimental, 

nonrestricted-category aircraft that are not equipped with an FDR and are operating under 

14 CFR Parts 91, 121, or 135. The crash-resistant flight recorder system should record cockpit 

audio (if a CVR is not installed), a view of the cockpit environment to include as much of the 

outside view as possible, and parametric data per aircraft and system installation, all to be 

specified in EUROCAE document ED-155, “Minimum Operational Performance Specification 

for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,” when the document is finalized and issued. (This 

safety recommendation supersedes A-03-62).

The Safety Board also believes that the FAA should require all existing turbine-powered, 

nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that are not equipped with a CVR and are 

operating under 14 CFR Parts 91, 121, or 135 to be retrofitted with a crash-resistant flight 

recorder system. The crash-resistant flight recorder system should record cockpit audio, a view of 

the cockpit environment to include as much of the outside view as possible, and parametric data 

per aircraft and system installation, all to be specified in EUROCAE document ED-155, 

“Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,” 

when the document is finalized and issued. (This safety recommendation supersedes A-03-64).

In addition, the Safety Board believes that the FAA should require all existing turbinepowered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that are not equipped with an FDR and 

are operating under 14 CFR Parts 91, 121, or 135 to be retrofitted with a crash-resistant flight 

recorder system. The crash-resistant flight recorder system should record cockpit audio (if a CVR 

is not installed), a view of the cockpit environment to include as much of the outside view as 

possible, and parametric data per aircraft and system installation, all to be specified in 

EUROCAE document ED-155, “Minimum Operational Performance Specification for 

Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,” when the document is finalized and issued. (This safety 

recommendation supersedes A-03-65).

 

54 The initial image recorder recommendation, A-99-60, was issued on February 8, 2000. The recommendation 

was classified “Open—Unacceptable Response” because the FAA could not commit to the timeframe proposed by 

the Safety Board. Instead, the FAA wanted to refer the recommendation to an industry committee, but that committee 

had no immediate plans to address the use of image recorders in the near term. Safety Recommendation A-99-60 was 

superseded by Safety Recommendation A-03-64 so that the recommendation could be expanded to include Parts 91 

and 121 in addition to Part 135. However, Safety Recommendation A-03-64 was also classified “Open—

Unacceptable Response” because the FAA had not prepared and issued the recommended regulation. In addition, the 

FAA‟s report on image recorder system tests, conducted in response to Safety Recommendations A-03-62 

through -65, was expected in December 2005 but has not yet been issued. 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 40

3. Conclusions

3.1 Findings

1. The pilots of the channel 3 and 15 helicopters were properly certificated and qualified in 

accordance with applicable Federal regulations.

2. Both helicopters were properly certified, equipped, and maintained in accordance with 

Federal regulations.

3. The recovered components showed no evidence of any preimpact structural, engine, or 

system failures.

4. Weather was not a factor in this accident, and sun glare would not have interfered with the 

pilots‟ ability to detect and track other helicopters over the pursuit scene.

5. The channel 15 pilot‟s color vision deficiency was not a factor in this accident.

6. The channel 3 and 15 helicopters collided because one or both pilots lost awareness of the 

other helicopter‟s position.

7. The lack of available information regarding the helicopters‟ movements and positions 

precluded investigators from determining precisely the events that transpired before and at 

the time of the collision.

8. The channel 3 and 15 pilots‟ reporting and visual tracking duties immediately before the 

collision likely precluded them from recognizing the proximity of their helicopters at that 

time.

9. This accident demonstrates the limitations of the see-and-avoid concept for reliably ensuring 

separation of aircraft during high-density traffic operations, especially when the pilot is 

conducting other nonflying duties as part of the operation.

10. A high-visibility paint scheme on the helicopters‟ main rotor blades or high-visibility 

anticollision lights could have facilitated the detection of the impending collision risk.

11. A traffic advisory system would enhance an electronic news gathering (ENG) pilot‟s 

capability to detect other aircraft operating in the same area by providing aural annunciations 

and visual displays of the traffic, and a system designed specifically for helicopters could 

help eliminate the nuisance warnings that ENG pilots can receive when other aircraft are 

operating near the system‟s alerting envelope.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 41

12. Annual meetings with local electronic news gathering (ENG) helicopter and local Federal 

Aviation Administration personnel would help improve the safety of ENG operations by 

facilitating a proactive exchange of information among the participants.

13. Best practice guidelines would provide electronic news gathering pilots with practical 

knowledge to apply during these operations.

14. Recorder systems that captured cockpit audio, images, and parametric data would have 

significantly aided investigators in determining the circumstances that led to this accident.

3.2 Probable Cause

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this 

accident was both pilots‟ failure to see and avoid the other helicopter. Contributing to this failure 

was the pilots‟ responsibility to perform reporting and visual tracking duties to support their 

station‟s electronic news gathering (ENG) operation. Contributing to the accident was the lack of 

formal procedures for Phoenix-area ENG pilots to follow regarding the conduct of these 

operations.
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 42

4. Recommendations

4.1 New Recommendations

As a result of the investigation of this accident, the National Transportation Safety Board 

makes the following recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration:

Require electronic news gathering operators to assign reporting responsibilities to 

someone other than the flying pilot unless it can be determined that the pilot‟s 

workload would remain manageable under all conditions. (A-09-02)

Require electronic news gathering operators to use high-visibility blade paint 

schemes and high-visibility anticollision lights on their aircraft. (A-09-03)

Develop standards for helicopter cockpit electronic traffic advisory systems so 

that pilots can be alerted to the presence of other aircraft operating in the same 

area regardless of their position. (A-09-04)

Once standards for helicopter cockpit electronic traffic advisory systems are 

developed, as requested in Safety Recommendation A-09-04, require electronic 

news gathering operators to install this equipment on their aircraft. (A-09-05)

Host annual electronic news gathering (ENG) helicopter conferences by major 

metropolitan region to discuss operational and safety issues affecting all ENG 

operations as well as those issues that pertain to the specific region. (A-09-06)

On the basis of the safety issues identified at the regional conferences discussed in 

Safety Recommendation A-09-06, develop letters of agreement (LOAs) or amend 

existing LOAs to specify minimum horizontal and vertical aircraft separation 

requirements. (A-09-07)

Incorporate pertinent information from Helicopter Association International‟s 

ENG [electronic news gathering] Aviation Safety Manual into an advisory circular 

detailing best practices for ENG operations. (A-09-08)

Require the installation of a crash-resistant flight recorder system on all newly 

manufactured turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft 

that are not equipped with a flight data recorder and are operating under 14 Code 

of Federal Regulations Parts 91, 121, or 135. The crash-resistant flight recorder 

system should record cockpit audio (if a cockpit voice recorder is not installed), a 

view of the cockpit environment to include as much of the outside view as 

possible, and parametric data per aircraft and system installation, all to be 

specified in European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment document 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 43

ED-155, “Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Lightweight 

Flight Recorder Systems,” when the document is finalized and issued. (A-09-09) 

(Supersedes Safety Recommendation A-03-62)

Require all existing turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category 

aircraft that are not equipped with a cockpit voice recorder and are operating 

under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 91, 121, or 135 to be retrofitted with 

a crash-resistant flight recorder system. The crash-resistant flight recorder system 

should record cockpit audio, a view of the cockpit environment to include as 

much of the outside view as possible, and parametric data per aircraft and system 

installation, all to be specified in European Organization for Civil Aviation 

Equipment document ED-155, “Minimum Operational Performance Specification 

for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,” when the document is finalized and 

issued. (A-09-10) (Supersedes Safety Recommendation A-03-64)

Require all existing turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category 

aircraft that are not equipped with a flight data recorder and are operating under 

14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 91, 121, or 135 to be retrofitted with a 

crash-resistant flight recorder system. The crash-resistant flight recorder system 

should record cockpit audio (if a cockpit voice recorder is not installed), a view of 

the cockpit environment to include as much of the outside view as possible, and 

parametric data per aircraft and system installation, all to be specified in European 

Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment document ED-155, “Minimum 

Operational Performance Specification for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,” 

when the document is finalized and issued. (A-09-11) (Supersedes Safety 

Recommendation A-03-65)

4.2 Previously Issued Recommendations Classified in This Report

The following safety recommendations are classified “Closed—Unacceptable 

Action/Superseded” in section 2.7 of this report:

Require the installation of a crash-protected image recording system on all 

turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that are 

manufactured after January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a flight data 

recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 135 

and 121 or that are being operated full-time or part-time for commercial or 

corporate purposes under Part 91. (A-03-62) (Superseded by Safety 

Recommendation A-09-09)

Require all turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that 

are manufactured prior to January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a cockpit 

voice recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations 

Parts 91, 135, and 121 to be retrofitted with a crash-protected image recording 
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 44

system by January 1, 2007. (A-03-64) (Superseded by Safety 

Recommendation A-09-10)

Require all turbine-powered, nonexperimental, nonrestricted-category aircraft that 

are manufactured prior to January 1, 2007, that are not equipped with a flight data 

recorder, and that are operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 135 

and 121 or that are being used full-time or part-time for commercial or corporate 

purposes under Part 91 to be retrofitted with a crash-protected image recording 

system by January 1, 2010. (A-03-65) (Superseded by Safety 

Recommendation A-09-11)

BY THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD 

MARK V. ROSENKER ROBERT L. SUMWALT 

Acting Chairman Member 

DEBORAH A. P. HERSMAN STEVEN R. CHEALANDER

Member Member 

KATHRYN O’LEARY HIGGINS 

Member 

Adopted: January 28, 2009
Aircraft Accident Report

National Transportation Safety Board 45

5. Appendixes

Appendix A

Investigation and Hearing

Investigation

The National Transportation Safety Board was notified of this accident on July 27, 2007. 

Investigators from the Safety Board‟s Western Pacific Region arrived on scene about 2300 on the 

day of the accident. Staff from Board headquarters arrived on scene the next morning. 

Accompanying the team in Phoenix, Arizona, was Board Member Steven Chealander.

The following investigative teams were formed: Operations, Airworthiness, and Air 

Traffic Control. Also, a specialist was assigned to evaluate the helicopters‟ audio and video 

systems at the Safety Board‟s laboratory in Washington, D.C.

Parties to the investigation were the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Air 

Traffic Controllers Association, KTVK-TV, and U.S. Helicopters. In accordance with the 

provisions of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Safety Board‟s 

counterpart agency in France, the Bureau d‟Enquêtes et d‟Analyses pour la Sécurité de l‟Aviation 

Civile (BEA), participated in the investigation as the representative of the State of Design and 

Manufacture (Airframe and Powerplants). Eurocopter and Turbomeca participated in the 

investigation as technical advisors to the BEA, as provided in Annex 13.

Public Hearing

No public hearing was held for this accident.
Aircraft Accident Report 

National Transportation Safety Board 46

Appendix B 

Audio Recordings 

The following is a transcript of the audio recordings from the audio/video system 

installed on a Eurocopter AS350B2 electronic news gathering (ENG) helicopter, N215TV 

(channel 15), and a Eurocopter AS350B2 ENG helicopter, N613TV (channel 3), which were 

involved in a midair collision over Phoenix, Arizona, on July 27, 2007: 

LEGEND

CH15 voice or sound heard from the N215TV recording 

CH3 voice or sound heard from the N613TV recording 

TWR radio transmission from the Phoenix Air Traffic Control Tower. 

* Unintelligible word 

@ Non-Pertinent word 

& Third party personal name (see note 5 below) 

# Expletive

-, - - - Break in continuity or interruption in comment

( ) Questionable insertion 

[ ] Editorial insertion

... Pause 

Note 1: Times expressed in this report and transcript are Mountain Standard Time, based on the clock 

used for the ATC transcript of voice communications. 

Note 2: Generally, only radio transmissions to and from the accident aircraft were transcribed. (in this 

transcript only one incoming radio transmission was observed). 

Note 3: Words shown with excess vowels, letters, or drawn out syllables are a phonetic representation of 

the words as spoken. 

Note 4: A non-pertinent word, where noted, refers to a word not directly related to the operation, control 

or condition of the aircraft. 

Note 5: Personal names of 3rd parties not involved in the conversation are generally not transcribed. 

Note 6: All references to ‘left’ ‘right’ ‘forward’ or ‘aft’ are referenced as if seated in the pilot’s operating 

seat. 
Audio from N215TV (TV Channel 15) Recording Audio from N613TV (TV Channel 3

TIME and TIME and

SOURCE CONTENT SOURCE CONTENT

12:26:50 12:36:03 CH15 [start of recording] CH3 [start of recording] 12:32:11 CH15 ok my mic is on too...[first comment recorded from 

pilot’s microphone] 

12:36:33 CH15 Rick if you could call out where we're at please, don't 

hesitate to talk. 

 12:36:41  CH3 Phoenix tower, Helicopter TV3.  12:36:50  CH3 TV3 is west of Piestewa Peak

North Bravo, Going where the over there. 

 12:37:00  TWR three helicopters on site, and Ne

mile ahead of you. 

 12:37:03  CH3 got Newshawk Five in sight, go

sight as well, thanks TV three. 
Audio from N215TV (TV Channel 15) Recording Audio from N613TV (TV Channel 3

TIME and TIME and

SOURCE CONTENT SOURCE CONTENT

 12:37:53  CH3 copy, we'll be on scene in less th12:38:02 CH15 okay, twenty two hundred.  12:38:03  CH3 TV3's comin in, we got five, w

high, we're comin in at two thous

 12:38:19  CH3 OK, I've got firebird over the 

o’clock. 

 12:38:33  CH3 see firebird there? ... ok, got him12:40:19 CH15 Lenny I'm off your nose. 12:41:02 CH15 yeah, I'll just kinda park it right here.  12:41:18  CH3 OK, I'm gonna move. 
Audio from N215TV (TV Channel 15) Recording Audio from N613TV (TV Channel 3

TIME and TIME and

SOURCE CONTENT SOURCE CONTENT

12:41:22 CH15 where's three? 12:41:24 CH15 like how far? 12:41:26 CH15 oh. jeez. 12:41:30 CH15 three. I'm right over you. fifteen's over top of you.  12:41:30  CH3 Who you over the top of? 12:41:33 CH15 you-you're- I'm over the top of you.  12:41:34  CH3 OK, thanks. I'm at two thousand 12:42:25  CH3 OK, Craig, I got you in sight. 12:42:28 CH15 got you as well. 
Audio from N215TV (TV Channel 15) Recording Audio from N613TV (TV Channel 3

TIME and TIME and

SOURCE CONTENT SOURCE CONTENT

12:42:42 CH15 ok now he's southbound about ni- 8 or 9th street, 

seventh, eighth, 'bout ninth street. ninth street and uh Wellington. [all speech is transcribed from this time forward] 

 12:42:46  CH3 this is Scott go ahead, I gotcha.  [all speech is transcribed from this time forw 12:42:51  CH3 OK, let her know its Scott Bower12:42:52 CH15 * * looks like he may clip another car...nope, didn't 

clip it. Almost. 

 12:42:56  CH3 I can't hear the scanner, our scann12:43:02 CH15 I am.... yeah that’s correct.  12:43:02  CH3 nope, I sure don't.  12:43:05  CH3 feel free to talk in my ear when y
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 12:43:20  CH3 if you keep your mic hot with the 

would help me. 

12:43:22 CH15 oh man this is a wild chase actually this uh some kinda 

uh construction type uh truck with some uh tanks on the back of it we're in the area of Indian School and seventh street this guy keeps goin in a circle here in 

the area here uh right now he's uh up on the curb right around Minnezona he's been on the sidewalk he's uh hit several cars here, basically what happened here when this first started, uh apparently the police pulled this vehicle over the uh truck then backed into the police car and uh and then took off and then uh we been on this pursuit ever since. police have used stop sticks uh both tires in the back we believe have been blown out * weaving all over the side streets you can 

see right now as that’s happening here live on ABC fifteen, uh now he's up on the sidewalk again he's headin down towards the downtown area what a wild chase. 

 12:43:31  CH3 we're gonna miss this if you don'
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 12:43:44  CH3 OK seventh- he's coming back t

* oh, come on. 

 12:43:50  CH3 OK, I'm gonna back up.  12:44:01  CH3 can you zoom in on him?... look

hit a wall? uh. 

 12:44:06  CH3 [photojournalist voice heard i

talking to a 3rd party] I can'

blowing off this # # show. tell * this # # (recipe) show... no, just d

 12:44:21  CH3 all right. 
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12:44:22 CH15 uh well basically the firebird helicopter is over on top 

of this thing right now and there are several police cars behind him I'd say at least ten or fifteen. they're staying back a good distance maybe a couple ah blocks or so but they are definitely keeping an eye on this guy now he's back northbound along uh seventh street here and he's going to be approaching Indian School and and this guy obviously has no regard for anybody or anything that is in his way. he does not 

care as I said before he sideswiped several vehicles uh very uncontrollable because of the uh tires being blown out, Rebecca. 

 12:44:29  CH3 he's gonna hit a car here so go uh 

 12:44:34  CH3 ok. he missed it.... almost got tha 12:44:42  CH3 ok. sounds good.  12:44:50  CH3 animation and up to me. gotcha

it, Jim. standby, he's gonna construction up here. 
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 12:45:04  CH3 all right, if you don't come now, 

end here, so. 

12:45:12 CH15 ohhh, I'm gonna say at least a block behind him now 

we're entering the uh central uh area of the downtown north downtown Phoenix area as we approach uh where they're building the uh new uh train track rails there and uh its just kind of a slow chase right now uh he can't maneuver this uh vehicle very well uh he just actually went through some barricades as you're seeing 

this and again this is all happening live right now this is all uh northbound along Central just south Indian 

School now he's * eastbound and he just hit some more barricades. absolutely unbelievable this guy doesn't care what he hits. 

 12:45:23  CH3 if you could keep that mic hot on 

scanner traffic that would help m
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 12:45:43 12:45:47 CH3 Hi Scott Bowerbank up in N

we're following a police chase th

about the last thirty minutes herflatbed truck you see here with ttwo dozen police cars from department along with the Phhelicopter following this guy, its 

what he's wanted for. it all starte

ago at seventh street and Mcdowpolice car, and uh we understaover right now he's about to get he's starting to run, he's got sev

police on his tail right here anhim) looks like he's gonna vehicle here, we'll see if they'llooks like they've got him block

get * - 

CH15 no. have no idea all I know is uh what firebird reported 

to me that apparently, the police pulled this vehicle over and uh the vehicle then backed into the cruiser there were no injuries to the police and just simply took off and that’s how this uh all ensued. 

12:46:03 CH15 now he's going into a parking lot, now he's stopped. 

we'll see what happens here. he has stopped, this may be the end of this thing. ..ok he's out, ok now it’s a foot chase. Now he's in another vehicle. ok ok doors open police ok. oh jee12:46:18 

CH15 [sound similar to transmission gear noise decreases in 

frequency] 

12:46:18 12:46:18 CH15 [collision] CH3 [collision. End of CH3 recording
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12:46:19 CH15 [sound similar to aural warning horn begins and 

continues to end of recording] 

12:46:24 CH15 [sound of screaming] 12:46:29 CH15 [interference, possibly from another helicopter's video 

transmission. noisy video of the (new) truck driving. The start of this interference may be end of CH15 recording] 

12:46:35 CH15 [end of 'interference' video, end of recording]