IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 14-51098

KYANA FENNELL, as Next Friend of Kyrianna Adams Fennell and Kavin 

Johnson; LAWANDA FENNELL-KINNEY, as Next Friend of Kyrianna 

Adams Fennell and Kavin Johnson, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.

MARION INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT; GLENN DAVIS, 

Individually and in his Official Capacity as Former Athletic Director of 

Marion High School; CYNTHIA MANLEY, Individually and in her Official 

Capacity as a Former Coach at Marion High School, 

 Defendants - Appellees

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Texas

Before KING, DENNIS, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.

KING, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs–Appellants Lawanda Fennell-Kinney and Kyana Fennell, on 

behalf of Kyrianna Adams Fennell and Kavin Johnson, brought claims under

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Marion

Independent School District and two of its employees, Glenn Davis and 

Cynthia Manley. The district court granted Defendants–Appellees’ motion for 

summary judgment as to all claims, and Plaintiffs appeal. 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

October 13, 2015

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Lawanda Fennell-Kinney is the mother of sisters Kyana Fennell, 

Kyrianna Adams Fennell (Kyra), and Kavin Johnson, who were ages 18, 15, 

and 13, respectively, when this action was filed in 2012. Plaintiffs, who are 

African-American, claimed that Marion Independent School District (Marion 

ISD) and two Marion ISD employees, Glenn Davis and Cynthia Manley, 

discriminated against them on the basis of race and created a racially hostile 

educational environment. Plaintiffs’ claims stem from a series of incidents that 

took place while Kyana, Kyra, and Kavin were enrolled in Marion ISD, a 

predominately Caucasian school district.1 We recount the relevant incidents 

below, organized by the nature of the harassment involved. 

A. Incidents Involving Nooses

In February 2012, Fennell-Kinney drove to the Marion High School 

parking lot to retrieve a car seat from Kyana’s car. Next to the car, FennellKinney found a noose and a printed note, which stated:

Die Fuckin “nigger sisters” . . . Bitches!!!!

You can never bring our families down . . .

Whites will always rule this town and school!!!!

Damn Spooks!!!!

So go ahead and file your stupid damn complaints and grievances 

. . .

NIGGERS . . . and that “Nigger Lover” you have a baby with . . .

Fennell-Kinney immediately reported this incident to the Marion High School 

assistant principal, and Kyana told the assistant principal her suspicions that 

one of her classmates may have been involved. The assistant principal told 

Fennell-Kinney that he would review the parking lot surveillance tapes. He 

 

1 These facts are recounted in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the non-moving 

party. United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Hixson Bros., 453 F.3d 283, 285 (5th Cir. 2006).

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subsequently reported the incident to Officer Haverstock, a police officer for 

the City of Marion who patrolled the school. 

Officer Haverstock began investigating after Kyana signed an Affidavit 

of Prosecution. Haverstock interviewed several school employees as well as 

every student Kyana suspected was involved in the incident. Haverstock also 

reviewed the surveillance footage, which did not show the area of the parking 

lot where the noose and note were found. One week after the incident, Kyana 

signed an Affidavit of Non-Prosecution, indicating that she no longer wished 

to pursue charges because the investigation and its backlash were causing her 

stress and she did not trust the Marion Police Department. The police 

department suspended its investigation, and the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation took over investigating the incident.2

This was not the first incident involving a noose at the high school. The 

previous year, Doug Giles, another African-American student, found a noose 

made out of a shoelace in his locker. Giles reported the incident to Defendant

Davis, who then addressed the boys athletic class, telling them that such 

actions were unacceptable and would not be tolerated. When no one admitted 

his involvement in the incident, Davis ordered the students to run laps as 

punishment. Davis also informed the interim superintendent of Marion ISD

about the incident.3

B. Incidents Involving Racial Epithets and Slurs

During their time in Marion ISD, Plaintiffs were the target of racial 

epithets and slurs. The earliest events began in kindergarten when Kyana 

was called a “nigger” by a boy on the school bus. Kyana responded by punching 

the boy, for which she was disciplined. Kyana reported the boy’s statement to 

 

2 The case presently remains open and unsolved.

3 Doug Giles was a ward of Fennell-Kinney at the time, but no one at the school 

informed Fennell-Kinney about the incident.

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the bus driver, but it is unclear whether the boy was also disciplined.4 After 

Kyana’s class read Huckleberry Finn in middle school, some of the students 

started using the word “nigger” outside the context of the book. Kyana 

reported this to her teacher, and the teacher then spoke to the class about the 

incident, making clear that the word should not be used outside of discussions 

of the book. Kyra received a text message from a classmate referring to her as 

a “stupid nigger” after the 2008 presidential election. Kyra reported the 

incident to her middle school principal, who suspended Kyra’s classmate after 

explaining the inappropriate nature of the comment.

Other students continued to target Plaintiffs with offensive remarks in 

the years immediately preceding this litigation. During the 2009–2010 school 

year, a Caucasian student called Kyana a “stupid nigger.” Kyana reported the 

incident to the principal, who then contacted the student’s mother and 

explained that the student had been told not to use such language. It is unclear 

whether the student received any additional punishment.

In February 2011, a group of students surrounded Kavin. One of the 

Caucasian students hit Kavin and called her a “nigger.” Kavin then punched 

the aggressor. After meeting with the two separately, the middle school 

principal suspended both Kavin and the aggressor for three days.5 The other 

student called Kavin a “nigger” a week later, which Kavin reported to the 

principal. It is unclear whether the principal took any disciplinary action 

 

4 Plaintiffs contend that no action was taken against the boy, but the evidence cited 

by Plaintiffs shows only that Kyana did not know whether any action was taken. It is also 

unclear whether the bus driver reported this incident to anyone at Marion ISD. 

5 Plaintiffs assert that the school district took no action against Kavin’s attacker and 

the other aggressors. However, the evidence cited by Plaintiffs indicates only that no charges 

were pressed against the girls due to the time period that had passed. The record clearly 

indicates that both Kavin and the aggressor were suspended for the fight, which Plaintiffs

later conceded. 

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against the student in response to this second incident.6 In another instance, 

a Caucasian classmate told a joke in class using the word “nigger.” In response, 

the teacher told Kavin that the student “didn’t mean it like that.” Kavin 

reported the incident to the principal, who called the student’s mother.7 After 

the noose was found near Kyana’s car in February 2012, high school students 

began yelling at Kavin and called her names, including “nigger,” as she walked 

from the middle school to the high school for band practice. After Kavin 

complained, the assistant principal assigned a teacher’s aide to accompany 

Kavin during the walk each day. Kavin was also called “Blackie,” “Black girl,” 

and “stupid little Black girl” by her peers on other occasions.8 

In April 2012, the softball team took a team photo without Kyra present. 

In the photo, one of the girls was in a shadow, and several of Kyra’s softball 

teammates joked that the “black girl” was Kyra, cropped into the photo. Kyra 

later learned of these comments, but she did not report them to Marion ISD.

Individuals other than the sisters also experienced name-calling in

Marion ISD. In February 2012, Giles heard a Caucasian classmate use the 

word “nigger” in a conversation with someone else. After a verbal 

confrontation over the classmate’s use of the word, Giles initiated a physical 

altercation by throwing a basketball at the student. The assistant principal

told the student not to use racial slurs, spoke to the student’s parents about 

the incident, and suspended the student for two days for using the racial slur. 

 

6 Kavin declared she did not know what action the middle school principal took in 

response, but in another portion of the deposition, Kavin indicated that she may not have 

reported the incident at all. 

7 Plaintiffs contend that no further disciplinary action was taken against the student 

or the teacher, but the evidence cited in support indicates only that Kavin did not know 

whether further action was taken. 

8 Plaintiffs assert that no action was taken in response to these incidents, but the 

evidence cited by Plaintiffs does not indicate whether these incidents were reported to Marion 

ISD, nor does the evidence indicate what actions, if any, were taken in response. 

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The assistant principal also suspended Giles for two days for escalating the 

incident into a physical fight. Similarly, Daryl Kinney testified that his son, 

who attended school at Marion ISD for a year, was called “black boy” and 

“nigger,” and ultimately withdrew from the district because of the racial slurs. 

C. Incidents Involving Defendants Davis and Manley

In early 2011, Kyana had a hairstyle with streaks of burgundy in her 

hair.9 Defendant Davis, the Athletic Director, admonished Kyana for the 

hairstyle. Davis told Kyana, “I know how much you people spend on your 

ethnic hair styles” and asked Kyana “why [she] wanted to bring attention to 

[her]self.” Davis noted that the Marion ISD student dress code and the 

athletics policy manual prohibited students from having their hair in nonnaturally occurring colors, including burgundy. Kyana was aware of and had 

signed this policy. Davis informed Kyana that she would have to change her 

hair color before she could continue playing sports. Kyana eventually recolored her hair. Davis, another coach, and the assistant principal had all 

admonished other students, including Caucasian and Hispanic students, that 

the students’ hair coloring violated school policies. Davis and the other coach 

had also told the students that they would need to cut or re-dye their nonnaturally occurring hair before they could participate in school athletic 

activities.10

On April 17, 2012, the Marion girls’ varsity softball team, coached by 

Defendant Manley, had an away game in Luling, Texas. Kyra was the starting 

 

9 No one else in the school during this time had a similar hair style. The assistant 

principal had previously reprimanded Kyana for her hair color during the 2008–2009 school 

year. After meeting with Fennell-Kinney, the assistant principal allowed Kyana to keep her 

hair until her next hair appointment, although Kyana had to hide the coloring. 

10 Plaintiffs assert that other Caucasian students who wore their hair in non-naturally 

occurring shades were not similarly admonished, but the evidence cited in support of this 

proposition establishes only that Fennell-Kinney was aware that some other students at the 

school had such hairstyles, not that those students were not reprimanded for their hair.

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shortstop on the team. Earlier that day, Kyra left school, with permission, 

after a heated argument with several other students. Kyra went to lunch with 

Kyana and family friends. Kyana returned to school, but Kyra remained with 

the family friends for the rest of the afternoon. Since Kyra was off campus 

with family friends, she was absent when Manley took roll in Kyra’s last period 

athletics course. After taking roll, the members of the softball team in the class 

boarded the team bus, and the bus left for the away game. Kyra returned to 

campus prior to the scheduled departure time for the bus, but the bus was 

already leaving. The driver of the car Kyra was riding in waved and honked 

at the bus to get Manley’s attention, but Manley did not see Kyra in the vehicle 

and continued driving. Kyra followed the bus to the Luling game. When she

arrived, Manley told Kyra she could not start but could play later in the game. 

Thereafter, Fennell-Kinney arrived at the game to take Kyra home. Manley 

informed Fennell-Kinney and Kyra that Kyra would be benched for the next 

game if she left the game early. After a verbal confrontation between FennellKinney and Manley, Fennell-Kinney and Kyra left.

Two days later, after hearing that two other students had stated that 

Kyana, who had a child, was a bad parent, Kyana confronted the students at 

the softball field. During the verbal altercation,11 one of the students asked 

Kyana “[w]hat are you going to do, kick my ass?” to which Kyana responded, 

“[y]es, if you want me to.” Several students reported the incident to Manley, 

who intervened after the verbal altercation had ended. She told the students 

to leave each other alone and to go home. Kyana then drove away. After Kyana 

left, the other students involved in the altercation expressed to Manley that 

they were afraid of Kyana. Manley instructed the students that they could file 

 

11 The other students claim that Kyana physically pushed them, but this fact is 

disputed by Kyana. 

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a police report regarding the incident. Manley had never previously advised 

any of her players to report an incident to the police. The students ultimately 

filed charges against Kyana, which were later dismissed. Davis wrote an 

incident report to the interim superintendent and to the Marion ISD School 

Board regarding the altercation. Davis concluded, based on Manley’s account, 

that Kyana bullied the other two students.

D. Other Incidents of Harassment

Plaintiffs were also harassed in other ways. In 2008,12 Kyra received a 

text message from a Caucasian classmate that showed an animation of KKK 

members chasing President Obama. Kyra and the classmate had a physical 

altercation, and both students received three-day suspensions following the 

incident.13 In 2010, one of Kyra’s teachers told Kyra’s class that “all black 

people [are] on welfare.” Kyra confronted the teacher about the statement, 

after which the teacher threatened to send her to the office if she “didn’t pipe 

down.” Kyra did not report the incident to anyone else at the school.

During the 2011–2012 school year, the girls’ final school year in Marion 

ISD, the harassment continued. Kyana attended a basketball game with a 

friend, who joked that two other girls were “bad influences” for cheating. 

Ashley Smith, a Caucasian teacher who coached Kyana on the basketball team, 

overheard the conversation and told Kyana: “You’re the bad influence. You’re 

the one who had a kid at 17.”14 Smith was suspended from coaching for one 

 

12 That year, Fennell-Kinney also filed a grievance against one of Kyana’s teachers for 

stating that Kyana was not intelligent enough to complete the work in his class. That 

grievance was ultimately resolved.

13 Although Plaintiffs assert that no action was taken against the classmate regarding 

the incident, the evidence cited to support this proposition does not mention whether any 

action was taken against the white classmate. In other portions of the record, Kyra stated 

that the classmate received the same punishment as she did.

14 Plaintiffs contend that Smith “has never been heard to make such comments to her 

white students, regardless of what problems or trouble they may have experienced.” The 

evidence cited to support this assertion, however, shows only that the deponent could not 

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game and given an official reprimand from the school’s athletic director. A

letter regarding the incident was also placed in Smith’s file. The incident 

prompted Fennell-Kinney to file a grievance with the school administrators. 

Following the incident, Kyana was also harassed by her peers at school for 

getting Smith into trouble.

Kavin tried out for the cheerleading squad, which prompted her peers to 

say that “Black girls [aren’t] pretty enough to be cheerleaders.” In addition, 

several girls recorded her tryouts on their cell phones, spreading the video 

around the school with the title: “Little boy tries out for cheerleading.” 

Although Fennell-Kinney reported to the cheer sponsor (a teacher) that some 

of the girls had recorded Kavin’s tryout, it does not appear that any of the other 

comments were reported to anyone at Marion ISD. Kavin was also involved in 

an altercation in which a Caucasian male student spat in her face and told her 

to “go back where you came from.” Kavin reported the incident to the principal, 

who talked to the student about the incident.15

Kyra complained to the assistant principal regarding Facebook posts 

from several of her classmates calling her a “bitch” and a “self-centered bitch.” 

The classmates also complained to the assistant principal about Kyra’s posts. 

The assistant principal told Kyra that he could not punish any of the girls for 

this conduct because it occurred outside of school.

 

recall if Smith had previously coached students that had become pregnant while on one of 

her teams.

15 The record contains no evidence whether any additional action was taken against 

the student, contrary to Plaintiffs’ suggestion. 

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E. Marion ISD Policies and Response to Complaints

During the time period relevant to the lawsuit, Marion ISD had in place 

policies prohibiting harassment, bullying, and racial discrimination. These 

policies are contained in the District Employee Handbook and in the Student 

Handbook. Marion ISD also required its employees to attend in-service 

training at the beginning of each school year; that training addressed issues of 

bullying, discrimination, and harassment prevention and reporting. 

Marion ISD provided Kyana with alternative accommodations after the 

parking lot noose incident and other incidents. Because of these incidents, 

Kyana began suffering from anxiety and believed that some teachers were not 

treating her fairly. The school allowed Kyana to complete her schoolwork in 

the counselor’s office because of her anxiety. The accommodations also allowed 

Kyana to park in the teachers’ parking lot and to eat lunch with teachers with 

whom she felt comfortable.

As a result of the above incidents, Fennell-Kinney filed a Level Three 

grievance before the Marion ISD Board of Trustees (Board), which was 

presented to the Board on May 30, 2012.16 The district granted some of the 

remedies requested by Plaintiffs and denied others.17 Marion ISD also 

required its employees to attend additional training on its discrimination, 

harassment, and bullying policies after the noose was found in the parking lot. 

The training was facilitated by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and provided 

by an outside organization, which was not affiliated with the district. Students 

were also required to attend a special assembly led by the same organization 

 

16 Fennell-Kinney had previously filed Level One and Level Two grievances before 

school administrators and the Marion ISD superintendent, respectively. One of the board 

members recused himself from the Level Three proceedings due to any potential bias the 

member might have had against Plaintiffs. 17 Although the district’s response to the Level One and Level Two hearings are in the 

record, the response to the Level Three hearing does not appear in the record.

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on the same topics. The district, however, refused to sign a resolution provided 

by the DOJ regarding the school’s policies.18 Fennell-Kinney ultimately 

withdrew Kavin and Kyra from Marion ISD in the spring of 2012 and enrolled 

the sisters in another school district.19

Plaintiffs filed their original complaint on October 4, 2012. The district 

court ordered several claims dismissed with prejudice, and on March 14, 2013, 

Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint. The Second Amended 

Complaint alleged equal protection claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against 

Manley and Davis, in their individual capacities, and Marion ISD, and a Title 

VI claim against Marion ISD.20 After discovery, Defendants moved for 

summary judgment. On August 28, 2014, the district court granted summary 

judgment as to all the claims. Plaintiffs timely appeal. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same 

standard as the district court. Cuadra v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist., 626 F.3d 808, 

812 (5th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that 

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The court views the 

evidence “in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Cuadra, 626 

F.3d at 812. “We may affirm a summary judgment on any ground supported 

by the record, even if it is different from that relied on by the district court.” 

Pierce v. Dep’t of U.S. Air Force, 512 F.3d 184, 186 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting 

Lozano v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB, 489 F.3d 636, 641 (5th Cir. 2007)).

 

18 The exact nature of the resolution is unclear.

19 The 2011–2012 school year was Kyana’s senior year, and she graduated from 

Marion High School after the 2012 spring semester. 20 The Second Amended Complaint also alleged an equal protection claim under 42 

U.S.C. § 1983 against Coach Smith, but the district court dismissed that claim with prejudice 

for failing to state a claim.

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III. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION UNDER TITLE VI

On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that summary judgment was improper 

because a genuine dispute of material fact existed as to their Title VI claim 

against Marion ISD. Section 601, Title VI, of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 

provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, 

color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the 

benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity 

receiving Federal financial assistance.”21 42 U.S.C. § 2000d; Civil Rights Act 

of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, § 601, 78 Stat. 241, 252. Private individuals can 

bring suit “to enforce § 601 of Title VI.” Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 

279 (2001). However, Section 601 “prohibits only intentional discrimination.” 

Id. at 280, 285, 293 (emphasis added). Accordingly, “[t]o receive compensatory 

damages, a Title VI plaintiff must prove discriminatory intent.” Canutillo 

Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Leija, 101 F.3d 393, 397 (5th Cir. 1996).

This court has yet to address a Title VI claim premised on a racially 

hostile environment arising from student-on-student harassment. One circuit 

has adopted a three-element framework, based on a Department of Education 

investigative guidance notice. Monteiro v. Tempe Union High Sch. Dist., 158 

F.3d 1022, 1032–33 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing Racial Incidents and Harassment 

Against Students at Educational Institutions; Investigative Guidance, 59 Fed. 

Reg. 11,448, 11,449 (Mar. 10, 1994)). One year after Monteiro, however, the 

Supreme Court held that a recipient of federal funding can be liable for 

student-on-student sex-based harassment under Title IX if the recipient was 

deliberately indifferent. Davis ex rel. Lashonda D. v. Monroe Cty. Bd. of Educ., 

526 U.S. 629, 650 (1999). Since Davis, courts of appeals presented with Title 

VI student-on-student harassment claims have applied the deliberate 

 

21 It is undisputed that Marion ISD received federal financial assistance.

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indifference standard from Davis, rather than the Monteiro framework. See, 

e.g., Blunt v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 272–73 (3d Cir. 2014); 

Zeno v. Pine Plains Cent. Sch. Dist., 702 F.3d 655, 664–65 (2d Cir. 2012); 

Bryant v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. I-38 of Garvin Cty., 334 F.3d 928, 934 (10th Cir. 

2003). 

We agree that the correct analytical framework for a Title VI studenton-student harassment claim is the deliberate indifference standard. While 

Davis dealt with sex-based peer harassment under Title IX, Davis, 526 U.S. at 

636–38, “Congress modeled Title IX after Title VI . . . and passed Title IX with 

the explicit understanding that it would be interpreted as Title VI was.” 

Fitzgerald v. Barnstable Sch. Comm., 555 U.S. 246, 258 (2009). As the Tenth 

Circuit recognized, “the [Supreme] Court’s analysis of what constitutes 

intentional sexual discrimination under Title IX directly informs our analysis 

of what constitutes intentional racial discrimination under Title VI (and vice 

versa).” Bryant, 334 F.3d at 934; see also Doe v. Galster, 768 F.3d 611, 617 (7th 

Cir. 2014). Furthermore, this court has previously noted the similarities 

between Title VI, Title IX, and 42 U.S.C. § 504 when it extended the deliberate 

indifference standard from Davis to § 504 claims. Estate of Lance v. Lewisville 

Indep. Sch. Dist., 743 F.3d 982, 995–96 (5th Cir. 2014). 

Therefore, under Title VI, we apply the deliberate indifference standard 

to claims of liability arising from student-on-student harassment.22 A school 

district receiving federal funds may be liable for student-on-student 

harassment if (1) the harassment was “so severe, pervasive, and objectively 

offensive that it can be said to deprive the victims of access to educational 

opportunities or benefits provided by the school” (a racially hostile 

 

22 While the district court facially adopted the Monteiro three-element framework in 

its summary judgment analysis of the Title VI claim, the district court also incorporated 

Davis’s deliberate indifference standard within that same analysis.

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environment), and the district (2) had actual knowledge, (3) had “control over 

the harasser and the environment in which the harassment occurs,” and (4) 

was deliberately indifferent. Davis, 526 U.S. at 644, 650; accord Sanches v. 

Carrollton-Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 647 F.3d 156, 165 (5th Cir. 

2011).23 Here, the parties dispute only whether a racially hostile environment 

existed and whether the school district was deliberately indifferent to that 

environment.24 We address each issue in turn.

A. Racially Hostile Environment

Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute that a racially hostile 

environment existed. For the harassment to be “severe, pervasive, and 

objectively offensive,” Davis, 526 U.S. at 650, “the harassment must be more 

than the sort of teasing and bullying that generally takes place in schools,” see 

Sanches, 647 F.3d at 167 (analyzing harassment in the Title IX context). There 

is no question, though, that repeatedly “being referred to by one’s peers by the 

most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon, [and] being 

shamed and humiliated on the basis of one’s race” is harassment far beyond 

normal schoolyard teasing and bullying. Monteiro, 158 F.3d at 1034. 

Moreover, the use of a noose accompanied by a vitriolic and epithet-laden note

only underscores the severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive nature of the

harassment. See Porter v. Erie Foods Intern., Inc., 576 F.3d 629, 635–36 (7th 

Cir. 2009) (discussing the historical meaning and power of noose imagery). The 

harassment faced by Giles and Daryl Kinney’s son also points toward a racially 

hostile environment. See Monteiro, 158 F.3d at 1033 (“[R]acist attacks need 

 

23 This court has expressly included an additional element for Title IX student-onstudent harassment claims: the harassment was based on the victim’s sex. Sanches, 647 F.3d 

at 165. The corollary requirement under Title VI would be that the harassment was based 

on the victim’s “race, color, or national origin.” See 42 U.S.C. §2000d. 

24 Since we hold that Plaintiffs have failed to raise a genuine dispute that Marion ISD 

was deliberately indifferent, we need not address the undisputed elements.

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not be directed at the complainant in order to create a hostile educational 

environment.”). 

Marion ISD contends that the harassment by fellow students was too 

periodic and sporadic to constitute a racially hostile environment. It argues 

that the harassment must be “more than episodic; [it] must be sufficiently 

continuous and concerted” to constitute “pervasive” harassment. Hayut v. 

State Univ. of N.Y., 352 F.3d 733, 745 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Carrero v. N.Y.C. 

Hous. Auth., 890 F.2d 569, 577 (2d Cir. 1989)). While Hayut held that biweekly 

comments over the course of one semester “were sufficiently pervasive to create 

a hostile environment,” id. at 746, the Second Circuit has also held that much 

less regular name-calling raised a triable issue of fact. See DiStiso v. Cook, 691 

F.3d 226, 243 (2d Cir. 2012) (noting that use of the word “nigger” 

approximately eight to fifteen times over a single school year raised a question 

of whether the name-calling was severe or pervasive). Furthermore, this court

has held that racially offensive remarks made every few months over three 

years was sufficient to raise a genuine dispute of whether a hostile 

environment exists under Title VII. See Walker v. Thompson, 214 F.3d 615, 

626 (5th Cir. 2000), abrogated on other grounds, Burlington Northern & Sante 

Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006). Viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to Plaintiffs, the racially offensive remarks and actions, especially in 

the two to three years immediately before this litigation, were sufficiently 

regular and continuous to constitute “severe, pervasive, and objectively 

offensive” harassment. Davis, 526 U.S. at 650.

Moreover, this harassment “deprive[d Plaintiffs] of access to the 

educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school.” Id. The 

harassment must have a “concrete, negative effect” on the victims’ education,

id. at 654, such as creating “disparately hostile educational environment 

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relative to [the victim’s] peer,”25 forcing the student to change his or her study 

habits26 or to move to another district,27 or lowering the student’s grades.28 

Here, Kyana suffered from anxiety and required alternative study 

arrangements, while Kyra and Kavin were ultimately withdrawn from Marion 

ISD and moved to another district. These facts are sufficient to raise a genuine 

dispute that Plaintiffs were deprived of educational opportunities by the 

“severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive” harassment at Marion ISD.

B. Deliberate Indifference

However, Plaintiffs have failed to raise a genuine dispute over whether 

the school district was deliberately indifferent to the harassment. Noting the 

“flexibility [school administrators] require,” the Supreme Court in Davis

explained that a school district should be “deemed ‘deliberately indifferent’ to 

acts of student-on-student harassment only where the recipient’s response to 

the harassment or lack thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known 

circumstances.” Id. at 648. Mere negligence will not suffice. Id. at 642; see 

also Sanches, 647 F.3d at 167 (“[Deliberate Indifference] is a high bar, and 

neither negligence nor mere unreasonableness is enough.”). Accordingly, 

“[o]fficials may avoid liability under a deliberate indifference standard by 

responding reasonably to a risk of harm, ‘even if the harm ultimately was not 

averted.’” Doe ex rel. Doe v. Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist., 220 F.3d 380, 384 (5th Cir. 

2000) (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 844 (1994)).

The evidence here, even viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, 

fails to raise a genuine dispute that Marion ISD’s responses to these incidents 

were clearly unreasonable. Here, Marion ISD took some action in response to 

 

25 Hayut, 352 F.3d at 750.

26 Vance v. Spencer Cty. Pub. Sch. Dist., 231 F.3d 253, 259 (6th Cir. 2000).

27 Galster, 768 F.3d at 619. 28 Davis, 526 U.S. at 652.

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almost all of the incidents noted by Plaintiffs. In particular, Marion ISD took 

relatively strong action to address the most egregious incidents. After the 

parking lot noose incident, Marion ISD provided Plaintiffs with various 

accommodations, including allowing Kyana to park in the teacher’s parking lot 

and complete school work in the counselor’s office, and providing Kavin with 

an aide to walk her to the high school. Cf. Watkins v. La Marque Indep. Sch.

Dist., 308 F. App’x 781, 784 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (unpublished) 

(concluding that a school did not act with deliberate indifference to student’s 

sexual harassment where it separated the student from the harasser and 

provided the student “with an escort at all times”). Moreover, Marion ISD 

cooperated with the police and FBI investigations of the incident. On other 

occasions, students were suspended for their misconduct, such as the student 

who called Kyra a “stupid nigger,” and the student who hit Kavin and called 

her a “nigger” in 2011. 

Plaintiffs contend that Marion ISD failed to take appropriate action to 

stop the harassment. See Monteiro, 158 F.3d at 1034 (stating that “a failure to 

act” in addressing the use of racial epithets “can only be the result of deliberate 

indifference.”). On several occasions, Marion ISD responded to incidents of 

students using the word “nigger” with relatively mild punishments, such as 

only addressing the class about the use of the word or contacting the offending 

students’ parents. The weakest response came with respect to the shoelace 

noose found in Giles’s locker, where Defendant Davis only reprimanded the 

students in the class and ordered them to run laps. Taken together, these 

relatively weak responses to harassment are concerning but are not 

tantamount to Marion ISD intentionally “subject[ing] its students to 

harassment.” Davis, 526 U.S. at 644. The Supreme Court has stated that 

“courts should refrain from second-guessing the disciplinary decisions made by 

school administrators.” Davis, 526 U.S. at 648; see also Galster, 768 F.3d at 

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617 (“School officials are given broad latitude to resolve peer harassment.”). 

“Ineffective responses . . . are not necessarily clearly unreasonable.” Sanches, 

647 F.3d at 168. Because some action was taken in an attempt to address each 

of these issues, these incidents do not create a genuine issue of material fact 

as to deliberate indifference. Cf. Rivera v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist., 349 F.3d 

244, 250 (5th Cir. 2003) (“[E]ven if the Parents could show that the Board was 

not assiduous at fighting gang activity, this does not demonstrate that it was 

‘deliberately indifferent’ to the danger that gang activity might have posed to 

[the victim].”).

For the remaining incidents, the record either lacks evidence that the 

incidents were reported to Marion ISD, or the record is unclear whether any 

disciplinary action was taken. As to the former incidents, a school district can 

only be liable when it has “actual knowledge of the harassment.” Sanches, 647 

F.3d at 165. As to the latter incidents, there is insufficient evidence to show a 

genuine dispute that Marion ISD was deliberately indifferent because

Plaintiffs failed to adduce evidence as to the extent of the district’s responses. 

The record does contain, however, evidence of the additional action taken by 

Marion ISD as an overall response to Plaintiffs’ grievances. It required its 

employees to attend additional training on the district’s discrimination, 

harassment, and bullying policies, and it required students to attend a special 

assembly on the same topics. While Plaintiffs did not receive all of the 

remedies they requested through the grievance process and Marion ISD’s 

actions did not alleviate all issues of racial harassment in its schools, “[s]chools 

are not required to remedy the harassment or accede to a parent’s remedial 

demands.” Sanches, 647 F.3d at 167–68; cf. id. at 170 (“Title IX does not require 

flawless investigations or perfect solutions.”). Accordingly, the district court 

did not err in granting summary judgment on the Title VI claim.

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IV. EQUAL PROTECTION CLAIMS UNDER § 1983

Plaintiffs also argue that summary judgment was improper for their 

equal protection claims, brought under § 1983, against Marion ISD and against 

Defendants Manley and Davis in their individual capacities. “Section 1983 

provides a cause of action against any person who deprives an individual of 

federally guaranteed rights ‘under color’ of state law.”29 Filarksy v. Delia, 132 

S. Ct. 1657, 1661 (2012). “Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive 

rights; it merely provides a method for vindicating already conferred federal 

rights.” Bauer v. Texas, 341 F.3d 352, 357 (5th Cir. 2003). One such federal 

right is conferred by the Equal Protection Clause, which prohibits a state from 

“deny[ing] to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the 

laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. Accordingly, “[t]o state a claim of racial 

discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause and section 1983, the 

plaintiff ‘must allege and prove that [(1) he or she] received treatment different 

from that received by similarly situated individuals and that [(2)] the unequal 

treatment stemmed from a discriminatory intent.’” Priester v. Lowndes Cty., 

354 F.3d 414, 424 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Taylor v. Johnson, 257 F.3d 470, 473 

(5th Cir. 2001)). To establish discriminatory intent, a plaintiff must show 

“that the decision maker singled out a particular group for disparate treatment 

and selected his course of action at least in part for the purpose of causing its 

 

29 Section 1983 provides, in relevant part:

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, 

or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or 

causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within 

the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 

immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party 

injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for 

redress . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 1983. Defendants do not contest that they were acting under color of state law.

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adverse effect on an identifiable group.” Id. (quoting Taylor, 257 F.3d at 473).

“Allegations [of discriminatory intent] that are merely conclusory, without 

reference to specific facts, will not suffice.” Id. at 420.

As an initial matter, Defendants do not assert qualified immunity on 

appeal, and thus have waived this defense. See United States v. Scroggins, 599 

F.3d 433, 446–47 (5th Cir. 2010). We therefore address whether Plaintiffs have 

raised a genuine dispute as to each claim.

A. Marion ISD

Plaintiffs advance two primary theories in support of their equal 

protection claim against Marion ISD: (1) a theory premised on alleged 

discriminatory customs or policies and (2) a theory premised on an alleged 

failure to train.30 With respect to both theories, “a municipality cannot be held 

liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc.

Servs. of N.Y.C., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). Accordingly, “isolated 

unconstitutional actions by municipal employees will almost never trigger 

liability,” but rather “the unconstitutional conduct must be directly 

attributable to the municipality through some sort of official action or 

imprimatur.” Piotrowski v. City of Houston, 237 F.3d 567, 578 (5th Cir. 2001). 

“[M]unicipal liability under Section 1983 requires proof of three elements: a 

policymaker; an official policy; and a violation of constitutional rights whose 

‘moving force’ is the policy or custom.” Id. (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 694).

The policy maker is liable if an official policy itself is unconstitutional or the 

policy was adopted “with ‘deliberate indifference’ to its known or obvious 

 

30 On appeal, Plaintiffs briefly suggest that they are alleging a racially hostile 

environment in support of their equal protection claim against Marion ISD. However, the 

substance of their racially hostile environment allegations falls within their discussion of the 

Title VI claim. In any event, an § 1983 equal protection claim premised on such a theory 

requires that the district was deliberately indifferent, see DiStiso, 691 F.3d at 240, and 

therefore would suffer the same fate as the Title VI claim. 

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consequences.” Johnson v. Deep E. Tex. Reg’l Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, 

379 F.3d 293, 309 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cty. v. 

Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 407 (1997)). An official policy may take “various forms,” 

including “a widespread practice that is ‘so common and well-settled as to 

constitute a custom that fairly represents municipal policy.’” James v. Harris 

Cty., 577 F.3d 612, 617 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 579). 

Regardless of its form, the policymaker must have actual or constructive 

knowledge of the official policy or custom. Johnson v. Moore, 958 F.2d 92, 94 

(5th Cir. 1992); see also Connick v. Thompson, 131 S. Ct. 1350, 1360 (2011) 

(describing the knowledge requirement for failure to train claims). 

Importantly, “[t]he policymaker must have final policymaking 

authority.” Rivera, 349 F.3d at 247. As Plaintiffs admit, the final policymaker 

here is the Marion ISD Board of Trustees, which has “exclusive policymaking 

authority under Texas law.” Id.; see also Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 11.151(b) 

(“The trustees as a body corporate have the exclusive power and duty to govern 

and oversee the management of the public schools of the district.”). Here, the 

record shows that the grievances at issue were not presented to the Board until 

May 2012, after all the incidents described above occurred. Although the 

record indicates that some of the incidents were reported to Marion ISD 

administrators and the interim superintendent, those individuals have not 

been delegated policymaking authority under Texas law. See Rivera, 349 F.3d 

at 247 (noting that the plaintiffs could point to no law “empowering the Board 

with the authority to delegate its exclusive policymaking authority”); Jett v. 

Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist., 7 F.3d 1241, 1251 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Under Texas law 

such policymaking authority rests exclusively with the [Board], and there is no 

evidence they had delegated it to [the superintendent].”). Thus, even assuming 

the alleged customs, policies, and failures to train existed among Marion ISD

employees, “[t]here is no evidence that the Board knew of this behavior or 

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condoned it.” Rivera, 349 F.3d at 250. In particular, while the Board may have 

known about three of the incidents prior to the May 2012 Board meeting,31

those alone are not sufficient to show the board had knowledge of any 

discriminatory custom. See Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 578 (“[I]solated 

unconstitutional actions by municipal employees will almost never trigger 

liability.”). Moreover, the Board had previously implemented official policies 

prohibiting racial discrimination, bullying, and harassment. Cf. Rivera, 349 

F.3d at 250 (noting that the official policies of the Board “suggest a policy that 

was, at minimum, antagonistic to gang-related activity”). And after the 

parking lot noose incident, Marion ISD instituted additional antidiscrimination and anti-harassment training facilitated by the DOJ and 

provided by an unaffiliated organization. See Connick, 131 S. Ct. at 1360

(noting that a policymaker’s “policy of inaction” upon notice of a failure to train 

employees constitutes deliberate indifference). The district court therefore did 

not err in granting summary judgment as to the claim against Marion ISD

under § 1983.

B. Cynthia Manley

Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in granting summary 

judgment on their equal protection claim against Defendant Manley. On 

appeal, Plaintiffs rely on two incidents to support this claim: (1) the April 2012 

Luling bus incident and (2) the April 2012 softball field altercation.

As to the Luling bus incident, Plaintiffs have failed to show that Kyra 

was treated differently than similarly situated peers. Kyra signed out of school 

on the day of the away game and missed her remaining classes that school day. 

While Kyra arrived on campus prior to the scheduled departure time, there is 

 

31 There was extensive local media coverage of the parking lot noose incident; a board 

member had previously been informed about Coach Smith’s “bad influence” comment; and 

Davis wrote a report to the Superintendent and the Board on the softball field altercation.

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no dispute that Kyra was not present during the team’s roll call. Moreover, 

there is no evidence in the record suggesting that Manley had ever encountered 

a situation in which a student signed out for lunch on a game day and failed to 

return in time for the team’s roll call. Nor is there any evidence that she had

failed to punish a student in such a situation.32 See Club Retro, L.L.C. v. 

Hilton, 568 F.3d 181, 213 (5th Cir. 2009) (deeming allegations “insufficient to 

show disparate treatment where plaintiffs have failed to allege any facts 

showing that [others were] similarly situated”). Plaintiffs have thus failed to 

show the treatment of any similarly situated peers, let alone that Kyra was 

treated differently.33

Plaintiffs also point to the softball field altercation several days later 

between Kyana and two other students. Although there is a genuine dispute 

as to whether the altercation was merely verbal or involved physical contact, 

there is no dispute that Manley did not personally observe the incident. There 

is also no dispute that Manley did not impose any punishment on any of the 

three girls, but rather told all of the participants to leave each other alone and 

go home. While the evidence does suggest disparate treatment because Manley 

suggested that only the two students, and not Kyana, file a police report, these 

students were not similarly situated. The undisputed evidence shows that only 

 

32 Plaintiffs contend that Manley had previously failed to discipline students who had 

signed out for lunch on game day, but provide no evidentiary support for that assertion. See 

Ragas v. Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co., 136 F.3d 455, 458 (5th Cir. 1998) (“[U]nsubstantiated 

assertions are not competent summary judgment evidence.”).

33 The only relevant undisputed evidence in the record concerns students that, as 

Plaintiffs correctly note, were not similarly situated to Kyra. Even if we interpreted 

“similarly situated” to include these students, Plaintiffs would have failed to show that Kyra 

was treated differently because that evidence showed that Manley would depart from school 

prior to the scheduled departure time (so long as students present for roll call were on the 

bus), would not wait for students who were not present for roll call, and would not start

students who were late and missed the bus. See Muhammad v. Lynaugh, 966 F.2d 901, 903 

(5th Cir. 1992) (rejecting an equal protection claim where an inmate was “no exception” to 

the treatment of his similarly situated peers).

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those two students expressed to Manley that they were afraid of Kyana, stating 

that they feared that Kyana or her family would “come after them”; Kyana 

expressed no such concerns. Although Manley admitted to never having 

previously advised students to file a police report, she also testified that she 

had not previously had any students fight or threaten each other.34 Nor is 

there any evidence suggesting that Manley would not have given the same 

instructions to Kyana had she reported that she feared the other two students. 

Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record suggesting that Manley 

acted on the basis of race in either incident, see Priester, 354 F.3d at 420

(“Allegations that are merely conclusory, without reference to specific facts, 

will not suffice.”); in fact, Kyra herself stated that Manley’s actions relating to 

the Luling bus incident had nothing to do with race. Thus, there is no evidence 

that Manley “singled out” Plaintiffs “for disparate treatment . . . in part for the 

purpose of causing [an] adverse effect on an identifiable group.” Id. at 424 

(quoting Taylor, 257 F.3d at 473). The district court therefore properly granted 

summary judgment on the claim against Manley.

C. Glenn Davis

Plaintiffs next argue that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment on their equal protection claim against Defendant Davis. On appeal, 

Plaintiffs rely on two incidents to support their claim against Davis: (1) the 

January 2011 hairstyle incident involving Kyana and (2) the April 2012 

softball field altercation. 

Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, Davis made a racially 

offensive comment to Kyana by stating that he “know[s] how much you people

spend on your ethnic hair styles.” Such a comment is clearly indicative of racial 

 

34 Plaintiffs only provide conclusory allegations that “[they] would think” Manley had 

seen other altercations and that they “[didn’t] think she instructed them to go file charges on 

those students.”

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animus. See Williams v. Bramer, 180 F.3d 699, 706 (5th Cir. 1999), decision 

clarified on reh’g, 186 F.3d 663 (5th Cir. 1999) (“The use of an epithet is 

therefore strong evidence that a comment or action is racially motivated.”). 

However, the racially offensive comment alone is insufficient to support an

equal protection claim under § 1983; the comment must also be coupled with 

“harassment or some other conduct that deprives the victim of established 

rights” to constitute an equal protection violation. Id. Here, the evidence of 

Davis’s racial motivation was not coupled with any disparate treatment. The 

incident culminated in Davis informing Kyana that she would have to change 

her hair color before she could continue to participate in school athletic 

activities. There is no dispute that Kyana’s hair color was in violation of the 

athletic policy, and there is undisputed evidence that Marion ISD officials 

consistently reprimanded students of all races who violated the hair color 

policies, requiring those students to change their hair color.35 Accordingly, 

despite Davis’s racially offensive comment, there is no evidence suggesting 

that Kyana “received treatment different from that received by similarly 

situated individuals.” Priester, 354 F.3d at 424.

Furthermore, Plaintiffs have waived any claim against Davis premised 

on the April 2012 softball field altercation involving Kyana. The Second 

Amended Complaint clearly alleges that the relevant incident underlying this 

claim was Davis’s failure to override Manley’s punishment arising from the 

softball bus incident involving Kyra, not the softball field altercation involving 

Kyana. Although the Second Amended Complaint alleges facts relating to 

Manley’s handling of the softball field altercation, it includes no allegations 

against Davis relating to his investigation and report on the altercation. This 

 

35 Plaintiffs assert that they were aware of students with non-naturally colored hair

but did not testify to any personal knowledge that those students were not reprimanded.

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court has made clear that “[a] claim which is not raised in the complaint but, 

rather, is raised only in response to a motion for summary judgment is not 

properly before the court.” Cutrera v. Bd. of Supervisors of La. State Univ., 429

F.3d 108, 113 (5th Cir. 2005). Because Plaintiffs have failed to show a genuine

dispute that Davis treated Plaintiffs differently from similarly situated 

individuals on the only incident properly raised in the complaint, we conclude 

that the district court correctly granted summary judgment on the claim 

against Davis.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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