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# OAR Box 1787
Prepped by Ollie Stewart



### Document

Number: 

# 83 ) ll-C-4 1

Docket Number: 

# A-90-3 7

Printed 11/4/200810:22:20AM

Sheet 83 of 147P. 2

f.%-3*t

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# i UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIO N AGENC Y " j j • " C ~ / ' \ REGIO N I ? 84 1 Chestnu t Buildin g tf Philadelphia
. Pennsylvani a 19107


## OE C 1 9 19S0 Mr . Wallac e N . Davi s Executiv e Directo r xy_y Virgini a Departmen t o f Ai r Pollutio nContro l --"'Jx ''\l* ' P.O . Bo x1008 9 < Richmond , Virgini a 2324 0 ifm p & Re t Ol d Dominio nElectri c Cooperativ e (ODEC ) ' __.__-_( . Clever , V

A Plant' s Propose d Permi t ,, J

### , i Dea r Mr . Davis : Than k yo u fo r th e opportunit y t o revie w

th e applicatio nand preliminar y

determinatio nfo r th e propose d ODE C electri c generatio nplan t a t Clover . Enclose d ar e in-dept hcomment s concernin g th e bes t availabl e contro l technolog y (BACT ) determination , prepare d by th e Ai r Enforcemen t Branch , and comment s o n th e modeling , prepare d by th e Ai r Program s Branch .

: 

### A s a preliminar y

matter , becaus e o f th e widesprea d interes t i nth e propose d Clove r permit , i t i s importan t t o clarify , fo r th e record , th e role s o f bot hth e Departmen t o f Ai r Pollutio n Contro l (DAPC ) and EP A i nth e permittin g process . Th e DAP C i s th e primar y

permittin g authorit y and ha s th e responsibilit y fo r establishin g emissio nlimitation s that :
nar e allowe d b y

th e Virgini a SIP ; B ar e demonstrate d t o maintai nattainmen t o f th e nationa l ambien t ai r qualit y

standard s (NAAQS) ;
nar e demonstrate d t o protec t othe r ai r qualit y relate d values , includin g th e PS D increments ; and
nconside r maximu

m degre e o f reductio ntakin g int o accoun t th e site-specifi c environmental , economi c an d energ y factor s (the BAC T determination) . Th e rol e o f EP A

i s t o revie w

th e recor d t o ensur e tha t th e prope r procedure s ar e followe d b y th e DAP C an d t o poin t t o thos e factor s which , i n ou r judgement , hav e no t bee nfull y considere d i nsettin g specifi c permi t term s and conditions . Furthermore , EP A wil l commen t o n those , site-specific , factor s wit hshort ter m and long-term

environmental , economi c and energ y Implication s whic hw e recommend tha t th e DAP C evaluat e i n makin g th e fina l permi t decision .Whil e we wil l loo k a t th e tota l record tha t support s the DAPC' s fina l decisio n wit hrespec t t o BACT , w e have compiled additiona l documentatio n t o suppor t a positio ntha t tighte r emissio n standard s ar e bot hdesirabl e an d achievable . A

summar y o f potentia l alternativ e add-o n emissioncontro l technologie s i s contained i n the enclosed BAC T review . I n addition , a s par t o f you r deliberation , we encourag e yo u t o conside r th e tota l impac t o f th e proposed ODE C facility o n the environmen t an d it s potentiall y

restrictiv

e effect s o nth e opportunitie s fo r additiona l economi c development . Althoug hthe proposed emissio n limit s d o no t contribut e t o violation s o f an

y NAAQ S or , contingen t upo n reevaluationo f th e modelin g demonstration , PS D increments , th e consumptiono f a substantia l fractio n o f the incremen t b y thi s sourc e make s i t increasingl y

difficul t t o accommodat e additiona l source s i n th e future . Ther e is , apparently , a need fo r thes e source s an d a desir e t o hav

e the m locat e i n Virginia . Whil e w e recogniz e tha t incremen t consumptio ni s no t necessaril y linear , i t i s pruden t t o allo w additiona l incremen t t o b e availabl e i nth e interes t o f state-wide economi c development . I naddition , th e enactmen t o f th e Clean Ai r Ac t Amendments , onNovembe r 15 , 1990 , imposes , amon g othe r things , a requiremen t fo r ne w utilit y

plants , suc ha s ODEC , t o obtai n allowance s for thei r sulfu r dioxid e (S0 2 ) emission s beginnin

g i n the yea r 2000 . Thi s shoul d b e viewe d a s a n inducemen t t o ODE C t o minimiz e thei r S0 2 emissions . Whil e we conside r tha t th e propose d permi t limits , o f 1.7 % sulfu r an d 94 % reduction , represen t a good leve l o f control , w e encourag e the DAP C t o explor e a mor e advanced leve l o f control . Th e us e o f th

e regenerabl e MgO/weft , i ^ e syste m i s a reliable , economica l an

d efficien t technolog y fo r reducing S0 2 emissions . Th e additio

n o f a force

d oxidatio

nstag e generate s an environmentall y

acceptabl e gypsu

m wast e product . S0 2 emissio n reduction s utilizin g th e regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e technolog

y designed for 96 % SO , remova l wil l eliminat e an additiona l 149 0 TPYfro m the emissio

n limi t cited i n th e propose d permit . Althoug hther e i s n

o simila r allowanc e inducemen t wit h respec t t o nitrogen oxide s (NO z ) emissions , i t ma y b e eve n mor e Important t o conside r additiona l NOxcontrols . Ther e i s caus e fo r concern abou t the lon g ter m effect s o f N0 Xo n th e loca l an d regiona l ecology . Nitrogen dioxid e (N0 2 ) , on e o f th e nitroge n oxides , i s a criteri a ai r pollutan t whic hha s documente d healt h effect s related t o the NAAQ S an d PS D increments , whic hma y no t b e exceeded . Fo r the reason s cited abov e wit hrespec t t o S0 2 , w e believ e i t i s pruden t t o allo w a margi nfo r additiona l sources . 

### - 7P. 4

NO , i s als o acknowledge d t o be a precurso r t o the nitrou s an d nitri c acid s whic har e a significan t componen t o f aci d deposition . Apar t fro m the concern s abou t aci d rain , addressed i n th e Clea n Ai r Ac t Amendments , ther e i s a vita l interes t i nth e ecolog y o f the Chesapeake Bay . One o f the recognized deleteriou s phenomen

a impactin

g the Ba

y i s nitrogendeposition . Althoug hth e studie s t o dat e ar e incomplete , the informatio nindicate s tha t the tw o larges t source s o f NO , depositio no n the Ba

y ar e automobile s an

d powe r plants . Approximatel y one-third o f the nitrogen t o Chesapeake Ba y i s provided b

y th e atmosphere. 1 The proble m i s sufficientl y

wel l documented tha t the Governor s o f severa l RegionII I states , includin g Virginia , have agreed t o reduc e th

e N0 Xloadin

g t o th e Ba y b y 4 0 % b y the yea r 2000 . Clearly , al l additiona l emission s o f N0 Xwhic har e no w permitted t o occur wil l need t o be , a t leas t partially , offse t b y emission s fro m existin

g source s i norde r t o mee t thi s commitment . I n addition , NO , plays a nimportant rol e i nthe photochemica l formatio no f ozone . Virgini a i s par t o f the northeas t corrido r transpor t regio n fo r ozone . Furthermore , i t i s possibl e tha t additiona l reduction s o f NO, , i naddition t o volatil e organi c compound s (VOC's) , wil l b e required t o attai n the NAAQ S for ozone i n Virginia .

: Given th

e ecologica l concern s outlined above , the potentia l for significan t furthe r reduction , beyon d th e proposed permi t leve l o f contro l shoul d b e considered . Advance s i nthe state-of the-ar t o f Selectiv e Catalyti c Reductio n(SCR ) o f NO , emission s fro m coal-fired plant s mak e thi s contro l technolog y reliabl e an

d economical . A

permi t requirin

g SC R technolog

y wa s recentl y proposed , an

d wil l be issued , fo r the Chamber s Wor k Cogeneration Facility

i n the Stat e o f Ne w Jersey . NO , reduction s o f 80 % ar e achievabl e wit hthe us e o f SC Rthereb

y reducin

g NO , emission s b

y 859 0 TP Yfro

m the emission limi t cited i n th e proposed permit . W e strongl y

encourag e the DAP C t o conside r the advantage s o f requirin

g SC R a t th e proposed Clove r plant . Wit hregar

d t o the modelin

g analysi s performed b y the applicant , our principa l comment concern s th e alterationo f the meteorologica l databas e t o exclude lo w wind , stabl e condition s i n orde r t o demonstrat e protectio n o f the Clas s I incremen t a t Jame s Rive r Face . Althoug hwe agre e wit hth e applicant' s contention tha t persistenc e o f stabl e condition s for greate r thantwelv e hour s i s unrealistic ; we d o no t agre e tha t artificiall y adjustin

g th e meteorologica l databas e t o counte r tha t fac t i s appropriat e fro m eithe r a technica l o r policy perspective . W

e expec t the DAP C t o secur e additiona l technica l justificatio nfro m the \jaworski , Dr . Norber t A. , e t al. , A Plan for Researchan d Monitorin

g o f Atmospheri c Nitrogen an d Toxi c Pollutant s i n Coasta l Waters . EPA/600/9-89/06 1 (Jun e 1 , 1989 )P. 5 1

, 4 )

applican t t o demonstrat e tha t th e approachtake n i s conservativ e o r t o perfor

m additiona l analyse s t o demonstrat e protectiono f the Clas s I increment . A s a fina l comment , w e reques t tha t the DAP C revie w an d reconside r th e wast e managemen t practice s propose d fo r th e Clove r plant . W e believe they coul d b e Improve

d b y following th e exampl e o f th e Netherland s wher e fl y ash , botto

m as han d flue ga s desulfurizationgypsu m ar e utilized i n building materials . Tou r agency

requested assistanc e fro m EPA i nevaluating the finding s o f advers e impac t mad e b y th e Federa l Lan

d Manager s for the ShenandoahNationa l Par k (th e Nationa l Par k Service ) an d the Jame s Rive r Fac e (th e Fores t Service ) Clas s I areas . W e have sent you r staf f th e result s o f th e analysi s performe d b y EPA , an

d a lette r wil l b e sen t t o yo u shortl y regarding ou r position , a t thi s time , o n th e issue s o f visibilit y an d aci d deposition . You shoul d als o b e awar e tha t th e Nationa l Par k Sezrvic e ha s requested the Rura l ElectrificationAdministration(REA ) t o have a supplementa l Environmenta l Impac t Statemen t (EIS ) performe d o n the ODE C project . I f sucha reques t i s granted , no federa l permi t (suc

ha s a PS D permit ) ma y b e issued whil e th e EI S i s pending . Enclosed ar e the comments , prepared b y the Ai r Enforcemen t Branc ho

n the BAC T determination , an d b y th e Ai r Programs Branch , on th e submitted ai r qualit y impac t assessment . Pleas e ente r al l o f EPA' s comment s int o th e publi c record . I f yo u have an y question s o r wis ht o discus s ou r comment s i ngenera l pleas e contac t me a t (215 ) 597-9390 . I f yo u have specifi c question s abou t the BAC T revie w pleas e contac t Willia m Brown e a t (215 ) 597 - 6551 . I f you have specifi c comment s abou t th e impac t assessmen t pleas e contac t To

m Case y a t (215 ) 597-4553 . Sincerely ,

Thoma s J . Mailany . Directo r Air , Radiation & Toxics/Division

Enclosure s
cc : w/enclosure s K.N . Kappato s ODE C Vic e Presiden t Engineerin

g an d Operation s 420 1 Dominion Boulevard Glen Allen , V

A 2306 0P. 6
MODELIN G COMMENT S T O TH E COMMONWEALT H O F VIRGINI A FO R TH E PUBLI C RECORD CONCERNIN

G TH E PROPOSED OL D DOMINIO N ELECTRI C COOPERATIV E ELECTRICA

L GENERATIN

G FACILIT Y HEA R CLOVER , VIRGINI A

COMMEN T # 1 — Repor t Forma t The modelin

g demonstratio

n wa s accompanied b y man y undocumented addend a an d correspondence . The ai r quality analysi s shoul d hav e beensubmitted a s on e cohesiv e documen t (w/diskettes ) a s backgroun d for the summarizin g narrativ

e o f the Stat e reviewer . COMMEN T # 2 — Alterin

g o f Meteorologica l Databas e I n it s analysi s o f impact s onthe Jame s Rive r Fac e Clas s I area , th

e applican t deleted fro m th e meteorologica l databas e th

e stabl e (Pasquill-Giffor d E an d F stability) , low-windspeed condition s tha t woul d requir e a transpor t tim e o f greate r than 1 2 hour s t o reachthe Clas s I area . The applicant' s rational e i s tha t E an d F stabilitie s canoccur onl y a t night , an

d therefore , a transpor t tim e o f greate r than 1 2 hour s i s unrealistic . Hour s o f dat a meeting thes e criteri a wer e remove d fro m the databas e an

d replaced wit h "calms. " Regulator y model s generall y

assig nt o calm

hour s the averag e concentratio npredicted during the averagin g period' s non-calm

hours . Whil e EP

A agree s tha t a persistenc e o f stabl e condition s fo r greate r thantwelv e hour s i s unrealisti c (and , further , tha t th e persistenc e o f man y othe r condition s fo r greate r than 1 2 hour s i s unrealistic) , the applicant' s approachi s flawe

d an d mus t b e abandoned i nfavor o f a gaussian or "puff " mode l fro m the Guideline on Ai r Qualit y Modelin g (EP A 450/2-78-027R) . The transformationo f low windspeed event s i s non-conservativ e becaus e thes e events , a s the applican t notes , produc e hig hconcentration s (higher than th e averag e o f th

e non-calm

hours) . "Th

e inherent , assumed conservativ e natur e o f Gaussianmodels " described b y th e applican t (S3.5.2 ) doe s no t exist . Gaussian model s ar e onl y conservativ

e i f applie

d i na consistentl y conservativ

e manner . B

y artificiall y

adjustin

g the meteorologica l database , thi s conservatis m i s mad e uncertain . COMMEN T # 3 — Six-mont hMeteorologica l Databas e Sectio n 3.5. 2 refer s t o a six-mont hmeteorologica l database . I t i s unclea r t o wha t databas e thi s refers . One yea r o f on-sit e meteorologica l dat a mus t b e employed i nth e ai r quality

analysis . Althoug hi t appear s tha t on e yea r o f meteorologica l dat a wa s employed i n th e modeling analyses , the referenc e t o a six-mont hdata-se t i s puzzling .2P21^

COMMEN T # 4 —Simultaneou s Start-up Th e permi t mus t includ e a conditio n prohibitin g bat h unit s fro mstarting-u p simultaneously , or , alternatively , th e applican t mus t demonstrat e tha t suc h a n even t woul d no t jeopardiz e NAAQ S o r PS D increment

. COMMEN T # 5 — Start-u

p Contributio n t o Annua l Averag e Impac t Th e applican t claim s tha t start-up , a s a n even t o f shor t duration , doe s no t contribut e t o annua l impacts

. Thi s assertio n i s incorrect

. Whil e th e contributio n o f start

up s t o annua l Impact s ma yb e minor , thei r contributio n t o annua l impact s shoul d b e accounte d for
. COMMEN T # 6 —Infrequen t Loa d Analysi s I n a n attemp t t o identif ycontrollin g loadin g condition s (e.g
. 10 0 percen t load , start-up , 5 0 percen t load ) fo r short-term impacts , th e applican t relie d o n comparison s o f high , second-hig h concentrations

. Becaus e a violatio n ca n b e cause d bymulti-sourc e interactions , on e shoul d examin e al l (o r a representativ e group ) o f case s whe n th e propose d source s impact s significantl yt o establis h a controllin g loa d condition

. COMMEN T # 7 —

Tota l Suspende d Particulat e vs . PM ^
EP Ai s currentl ydevelopin g regulation s establishin g PM 1 0 increment

. Dependin g o n th e baselin e dat e finall y promulgate d fo r thi s increment , th e propose d majo r source' s emission s ma yconsum e PM 1 0 increment

. Protectio n o f thi s PM 1 0 incremen t i s no t a criterio n fo r permi t issuanc e o r denia l a t thi s time

. However , th e commen t i s offere d t o mak e partie s awar e tha t th e source' s Impac t o n th e PM 1 0 increment , onc e promulgate d ma yhav e t o b e assessed
.P. 8

•RACTV qpMMKHT S T O TH E COMMnwWRAT.TB Q F VIRGINI A FO R TH E PUBLI C RECOR D • - - CONCERNING TH E PROPOSE D OL D DOMINIO N ELgrTRT P COOPERATIV E KT.BfrTRTrA

L GENERATING FACILIT Y HB& B r7TnvRP r VIRGINI A
EMISSION

SUMMARY 1 . Nitrogen Oxide s (NO^ : A combinatio

no f PollutionMinimu m NO , burners , advanced overfir e ai r plu s Selectiv e Catalyti c Reductio

n control s designed for 80 % NO , remova l efficiency resultin

g i n a maximu

m emissio

nrat e o f 0.06 4 lb s NO,/MMBtu i s achievabl e a s BAC T for NO , control . 2 . Sulfur Dioxide (SO.^ : A combinatio

n o f fue l sulfur limitatio

n ( < 1. 7 w t * S coal ) an d the regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e FG D syste m designed for 96 % S0 2 remova l efficiency resulting i n a maximu m emissio

n rat e 0.10 7 lbs S0 2 /MMBtu o na thirty-da y rollin g average i s achievabl e a s BAC T for S0 2 control . Complianc e wit hth

e abov e emissio

n limitation s using th e specifie

d contro l technologie s wil l eliminat e 10,00 0 ton s pe r yea r o f ai r pollution . DETAILED DISCUSSIONS : 1. : Nitrogen Oxide s (NO T ) : Pollutio n Minimu

m burner s i n conjunctio

nwit han advance

d overfir e ai r syste m resulting i na

n emissio n limi t o f 0.3 2 lbs/MMBtu o na thirty-da

y rollin g averag e ha s bee nproposed a s BACT . SC Rwa s considered the mos t stringen t contro l technique . "SC R ha s bee ninstalle d o nsevera l unit s i nEurop e an d Japan wher e reported remova l efficiencie s rang e betwee n8 0 t o 9 0 percent . Assumin

g inle t NO , concentratio no f 0.5 5 lb/M

M Bt u an d 9 0 percen t removal , estimate d incrementa l cost s ove r ne w sourc e performanc e standard s fro m $2,47 0 t o $4,94 0 pe r to no f pollutan t remove d rende r SC

R infeasibl e for Ol d Dominion . Becaus e o f the difficultie s o f adoptin g thi s foreig

n technolog

y fro m th e "learnin

g curve " needed for thi s ne w technology , the cos t woul d probabl y

ten d toward th

e hig hen d o f th e range . Thi s technolog y i s no t commerciall y availabl e i nthe U.S. " Rapi d advance s i n th e state-of-th

e ar t fo r selectiv e catalyti c reductio

n (SCR ) o f N

O emission s hav

e altered th e abov e analysi s drastically . The Wes t Germa n experienc e i n applying SC R t o coal-fired boiler s burnin g German har

d coa l ha s bee n presented a t th

e 198 9 join

t EPA/EPR I Symposiu m onStationary Combustio

n NO , Control . Tabl e 1 show s the propertie s o f German har d coal. 2 The sulfur conten t varie s fro m 0.8-1. 5 wt% ; th e as h conten t varie s fro

m 5-1 2 wt % wit ha maximu m o f 30% . Th e ODEC/draf t permi t restrict s th e annua l averag e coa l sulfur content t o 1.3 % an

d th e maximu

m sulfu r conten t pe r coa l shipmen t t o 1.7% . Th

e propertie s o f Ol d Dominio n Electri c CooperativeP. 9

(ODEC ) coa l fro

m Eastern Kentuck

y ar e als o shown 3 i nTabl e 2 . ODE C ha s presented the mos t detailed analysi s o f coa l propertie s tha t we hav

e see n i n a BAC T determination . The Radianreport * o n W . German experienc e wit hSCRon coal-fired servic e cite s th e Federa l Republi c o f German y (FRG ) coa l a s containin g ~ 1.0 % sulfur . Mor i an d Shimuzu 5 had reporte d o n th e installationo f SCRa t Matsuur a coa l fire d N o 1 Uni t (1,00 0 MW ) whic hwa s commissioned i n Jul y 1990 . Table s 3 t o 7 sho w the provision s fo r ai r heate r clogging , the SC

Rspecificatio

n o f Matsuur a #1 , the premise s fo r economi c evaluation , SC Rcost s an

d R& D consideration s o nth e SC R catalyst . The SC

R o nMatsuur a # 1 i s designed fo r 80 % NO , reduction o n a coa l whic hcontai n1.2%S , 15 % as han d a hea t o f combustio

n o f 11,16 0 Btu/pound . A levelized busba r cos t o f 3. 5 mills/KWh

r wa s evaluated (in 198 9 dollars) . A catalys t lif e o f 4 year s i s projected . Contrar y t o the assertio

ntha t SC

R ha s bee ninstalled o n severa l unit s i n Europe an d Japan , Schonbucher 2 cite s tha t "a t presen t 2 8 har

d coal-fired powe r plant s wit han electri c capacit y o f mor e tha n640 0 M W ar e retrofitted wit ha DENO , plan t using the SC R process" . Mitsubishi 6 ha s supplied 1 8 SC Runit s oncoal fire d servic e i n Japan . Hence , ther e ar e man y coal-fired unit s fitte d wit hSC

R technolog

y i n existence . I t i s cheape r t o hav e a new sourc e fitted wit hSCRNO , contro l than t o retrofi t the SCR contro l later . Babcoc k an d Wilcox 7 cit e tha t " a catalys t fo r a typica l 50 0 M W boile r can be installed i nles s than one week. " Hence , catalys t choic e canb e delayed til l th

e en d o f th e constructionperiod an d thereb

y benefi t fro

m additiona l SC

R experienc e o ncoal-fire d service . W . R . Grac e an

d Compan

y have addressed SCRissue s i n a recen t paper 8 entitled "Catalys t Contro l o f Powe r Plan t NO , Emissions : Technology , Economics , Prospects. " "Levelize d busba r cost " i s a ter

m used i n th

e powe r industr

y t o describe th e cos t o f generatin

g electricity ; it s unit s ar e cent s o r mill s pe r KW H ( 1 mil l »0. 1 cents) . The levelize d busba r cos t include s bot h operatin

g cost s an

d capita l charges . A s show ni nFigur e 1 , th e levelized busba r cos t o f SC R decrease d i n Japan ove r a six-yea r period , 1979-1985 , b y ove r a facto r o f thre e becaus e o f increase s i n catalys t lif e an d reduction s i ncatalys t volum e requirement s a s a resul t o f improved catalyti c geometr y an d composition . I n Germany , the learnin g continued , agai n largel y du e t o technica l developments ; reduced catalys t installationcosts , mechanize d an d automated catalys t manufacture , furthe r improvement s i n catalys t performance , an

d ne w catalys t replacemen t strategie s whic h allowe d the extension o f averag e catalys t lifetim e guarantee s t o fou r years .P.1 0

Grace' s calculation s sho w tha t levelized busba r cos t wil l dro p t o 2- 3 mills/KW

husin g th e SYNO Xcatalyst . The cos t effectivenes s for a 50 0 M W plan t wit ha NO , uncontrolled leve l o f 0.6 0 lbs NO 2 /10 6 Bt u operatin g a t 80 % NO , remova l usin g SYNO Xwil l dro p t o $87 0 pe r ton o f N0 2 removed . The cos t effectivenes s (CE ) i s computed a s follows : CE = cost s Ton s N0 2 removed The ODE C proposed permi t ha s a NO , emissionlimi t o f 0.3 2 lb s NO 2 /10 6 Btu . Reducin g the ODE C NO , emission s b y 80 % using SYNO Xwoul d conservativel y yiel d CE = $87 0 x0.6 0 lbs/10 6 Bt u x80 %

0.3 2 lbs/10 ° Bt u x80 %

= $1631 . EP A guideline s sugges t uncertaintie s i n cos t effectivenes s calculation s o f ~ 2 0 t o 30% . $163 1 x1.3 0 - $2120 . Cos t effectivenes s i nthe range $1600-220 0 migh t b e mor e likely . W e fee l tha t thes e value s ar e acceptabl e a s anadditiona l cos t o f conductin

g business . Achievin g maximu

m emission reduction b y th e use : o f add-o

n control s wil l defra y the potentia l long-ter m environmenta l cos t o f globa l loadin g an d ecologica l impacts . The recor d doe s no t suppor t an y reason s for citin

g specia l economi c har m t o the project . The issue o f unreacted ammoni a (ammoni a slip ) bein g emitted fro m the powe r plan t wit hSC Rcontrol s ha s bee n reported b y Schonbucher. 9 Unreacted ammoni a a t the Heilbron n70 0 M W powe r statio n uni t 7 varied fro m 0. 4 t o 0. 6 vpp

m ove r the 850 0 hour operationa l period a s show n i n Tabl e 8 . I n addition , experience 1 0 gained a t Neckarwerke fro m operation o f SC

R deNO , unit s on German har d coa l ha s resulted i n a designNH 3 sli p o f 2 vppm . Ammoni a sli p i s kep t unde r contro l vi a the us e o f a goo d catalyst , goo

d proces s contro l instrumentation , an d prope r ammoni a distributo r gri d design . I t i s usuall y limited t o les s tha n 5 pp m i ncommercia l practice , a leve l wher e i t i s no t an issue . The issue o f the interactio n o f sulfu

r i nthe flue ga s wit h ammoni a t o for

m corrosiv

e ammoniu

m bisulfate , NH 4 HSO t , deposit s on ai r pre-heate r surface s ha s bee n reported b y Necker. 1 1 "After approximatel y

16,80 0 operatin

g hours , th

e ai r pre-heate r i nUni t 5 ha d t o b e washe d for th e firs t time . The deposit s coul d b e easil y removed wit hwater . The firs t washing wate r batche s ha d a hig hNH 3 content . "p.1 1

« - • • Th e environmenta l impac t o f dispensin g o f spen t catalys t ha s bee n me t b y th e willingnes s o f catalys t manufacturer s t o accep t spent catalys t fo r recyclin g an d recovery. 1 2 Advance s i n the state-of-the-ar t o f Selective Catalyti c Reductio

n (SCR ) o f NO , emission s fro m coal-fire d plant s mak e thi s contro l technolog

y reliabl e an

d economicall y

acceptable . Th e clos e similarit y

i n sulfur an

d as hconten t betwee nODE C coal , Germa n hard coa l an

d Japanes e coa l a t Matsuur a make s the technolog

y transfe r o f German/Japanes e SCR experienc e o ncoal fire d servic e straightforward . NO , emission s fro

m the ODE C mai nboiler s o f 10,73 5 TP Yca n b e reduced b

y 80 % using SC

Rt o 214 7 TPY , base d o n100 % capacit y factor an

d an annua l averag e NO , emission rat e o f 0.3 0 lbs/M M Btu . The emissiono f 859 0 TP Yo f N0 2 can b e avoide d b y using SC

R o n coal-fired servic e wit ha NO , reduction efficienc y o f 80% . I I SO . EMISSION S

Sulfur dioxid e emission s fro m eac hmai n coa l boile r ar e t o b e reduced b

y a we t limeston

e flu e ga s desulfurization syste m a t 94 % S0 2 reduction permitted a t 0.1 6 lb s S0 2 /MMBt u on a thirty-da

y rollin g averag e wher e the annua l averag e coa l sulfur conten t i s 1. 3 wt % . A we t limestone flue ga s desulfurizationsyste m permitte d a t 94 % S0 2 reduction i s clos e t o th e maximu

m achievabl e performanc e fo r thi s particula r chemica l system . Meij " ha s reporte d i n a we t limestone FGD syste m o na powe r plan t burning eastern bituminou s coa l (approx . 1 % S , 12,00 0 BTU/# , 12 % ash ) a t Gelderland . Betwee n 3 t o 5 % o f the S0 2 wa s retaine d i nth e ash , about 1 % wa s washe d ou t i n the prescrubber , an d abou t 93 % wa s washed ou t i n th e mai n scrubbe r (excludin g a 2 % leakag e o f th e ga s reheater) . Th e tota l S0 2 remova l wa s 95—97 % fo r th e plant . A recen t Germa n paper 1 4 report s a desulfurizationo f flue ga s fro m brow ncoa l combustio

nat the Bauchhau s an d Offlebe n powe r plant s a t Helmstedt . Pur e sulfur i s produce d a s th e end produc t using highl y concentrated sodiu m sulfit e t o remove S0 2 fro m the flu

e gas . Th e sulfu

r productioni n198 9 wa s approximatel y

70,00 0 ton s an

d th e sodiu m sulfat e production wa s 17,00 0 tons . Abou t 97 % o f the S0 2 i nth e flue gase s fro m bot h plant s wa s remove d using the Wellman-Lord FGD technology . HighS0 2 reduction canals o be achieved wit hregenerabl e magnesiu

m oxid e systems . Philadelphi a Electri c (PECO ) utilize s regenerabl e Mg O technolog y whic hproduce d sulfuri c aci d a s a by produc t a t Eddyston e an d Cromb y plants .P.1 2

ODEC ha d considered the us e o f Magnesiu m promoted lim

e FG D systems . "Th

e additio

no f solubl e magnesiu m t o a calcium-based syste m increase s th

e alkalinity

o f th e slurry , thu s enhancin g sulfu r dioxide removal . Thi s enhancement , however , i s mor e pronounce

d wit hhighe r sulfur coa l an d availabl e alkalinity an d generall y

i s no t the limitin g factor t o absorbe r performanc e wit h limeston

e system

s i nlowe r (les s than 2 percent ) sulfur coa l applications . Hig

hcalciu

m conten t limestone i s required a s th e primar y reagent . Currently , al l o f the unit s i nthe U.S . usin g a magnesiu

m promoted lim

e syste m purchas e thiosorbi c lim e ( a patente d lim e product ) fro

m Drav o i n Maysville , Kentucky . The thiosorbi c lim

e i s transported b

y barg e t o al l o f thes e facilities . Drav

o i s the onl y

produce r o f a lim e wit ha suitabl e magnesiu

m oxide conten t fo r us e i nthes e systems . The fac t tha t ther e ar e n

o capabilitie s for barg e deliver y t o the Clove r statio n an d tha t ther e i s onl y on e supplie r o f suitabl e lim e greatl y Impact s the availability an d cos t o f th e reagent . Othe r factor s considered i nevaluatin g thi s syste

m are : (1 ) the increas e i nenerg

y consumed i n lim

e production , an

d (2 ) the increas e i nwast e wate r discharge s o f solubl e magnesiu m compounds . Becaus e o f the technical , energ y an d environmenta l considerations , magnesiu m promoted lim

e FG D system

s wer e rejecte

d a s BACT. " Th e Bechte l proces s for th e magnesiu

m oxide-promoted we t lim e reductio

n o f S0 2 , a t the Colstri p Statio ni neasternMontan a unit s 3 an

d 4 ar e permitted a t 0.1 0 lb s SO 2 /10 6 Bt u a t ful l loa d (77 6 M W each) . Whe n firin g wit hthe average-sulfur coal , the FG D syste m mus t collec t 94 % i nth e S0 2 i nthe gas . Sinc e sulfu r i n th e coa l ca

nvary fro m anaverag e o f 0.88 % u p t o 1.00 % th

e syste m mus t be abl e t o remov e approximatel y

96 % o f the S0 2 for prolonged period s i n orde r t o mee t the permi t requirements . The desig n basi s for unit s 3 an d 4 o f 96 % S0 2 remova l wa s exceeded b y typica l uni t 3 operation a t 98 % o f S0 2 efficiency. " The Montana Powe r Compan

y state s tha t no exceedance s o f the S0 2 standard s hav e occurre

d sinc e start-u

p o f Uni t 3 i n 198 3 an d Uni t 4 i n 1985. " Regeneratio n o f Mg(OH) 2 wa s practiced a t Colstri p fo r about tw

o year s an

d the complet e syste m worke d satisfactoril y accordin

g t o Jac k Abrams , Bechte l National . Th e regenerationo f Mg(OH) 2 wa s late r terminated . Accordin g t o Colstrip' s plan t operation s personne l the regeneratio n o f Mg(OH) 2 phas e o f the proces s wa s a "headache. " Wha t constitute s a headache situatio n i n Montan

a wher e environmenta l practice s allo w dumpin g o f a magnesium-contaminated sludg e i n a n isolated are a may b e onl y inconvenient i nVirgini a wher e dumpin g contaminated sludg e i s unacceptable . Man

y improvement s hav

e bee n achieved sinc e th e Colstri p plan t wa s constructed whic hcoul d markedl y improv e th e cos t effectivenes s i na ne w site . The designo f Colstri p unit s 3 an d 4 i s about ten year s old .P.1 3

Th e Bechte l S0 2 remova l process 1 7 i s reveale d i nU.S . Paten t 4 , 246,24 5 issued 1/20/81 . Recently , European Paten t EP0339683A 2 ha s bee n issued 1 8 t o Drav o Lim e Compan

y o f Pittsburgh , PA fo r a proces s fo r desulfurization o f a sulphur dioxide-containing strea m (89/11/02) . Th e exampl e cited involve s a 35 0 M W boile r i n whic h99 % o f th e S0 2 i s removed fro m the flue gase s fro m combustion o f ~ 3.9% S coal . Regeneration o f Mg(OH) 2 i s practice d an d a gypsu

m produc t i s formed whic hcontain s 2 % MgS0 4 . Th e proces s ca n utiliz e magnesium-containin g lim e (abou t 3 wt % MgO ) so-called thiosorbi c lime . Bechte l ha s provide d a design 1 9 fo r th e dolomiti c lim

e FGD proces s for a 35 0 M W plan t using 2.5% S eastern bituminou s coal . Thi s pape r incorporate s circuit s fo r handlin g th e buildu

p o f trac e materials , e.g. , chloride s an d fluoride s wit hth e design o f a 97.4 % S0 2 reductio n system . Forced oxidationo f the calciu m sulfat e produc t provide s a commercia l qualit y wallboar d whic hcontain s onl y 20 0 pp m o f magnesiu

m salt . Henry

Bove 2 0 ha s commented onpermitte d level s for the regenerabl e MgO/wast e aci d proces s a t Philadelphi a Electri c Compan

y (PECO ) plants . Fo r fuel s containing 1-4% S the sourc e can b e permitte d a t 96 % S0 2 reductionan d wil l operat e a t 97-99 % S0 2 reduction . A margi no r buffe r rang e o f severa l percen t allows th e plan t operation s personne l t o avoi d shutdow n whe n irregularitie s appea r i n the cours e o f plan t operation .

; I n the MgO/we t lim e proces s S0 2 i s absorbed b y the followin

g reaction whic hoccur s i n solution : S0 3 " + H 2 0 « 2HS0 3 . W e have searched Chemica l Abstract s using th e DIALOG progra m for information o nmagnesiu m bisulfite , Mg(HS0 3 ) 2 . W e have concluded fro

m thi s revie

w o f th e chemica l databas e o f ~ 1 0 million item

s tha t Mg(HS0 3 ) 2 doe s no t exis t i n th e soli d phase . The absorbe r contain s 6 % o f calciu m sulfat e particle s an d th e magnesiu

m specie s ar e very

solubl e i nsulfurou s aci d solution . Ther e i s n

o propensit y

fo r clogging , chokin g o r solid s precipitation . Hence , ther e i s no need fo r a spar e absorbe r modul e i nthe regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e process . Thi s analysi s support s the Bechte l conclusion : "Scal e formation potentia l withi n the scrubbe r i s reduce d t o zero . Al l the precipitating reaction s ar e carrie d ou t i ntankag e separat e fro

m th e scrubbe r vesse l an d unde r readil y

controllabl e conditions. "P.1 4

I n orde r t o operat e th e regenerabl e MgO / we t lim e FG D syste m a sourc e o f magnesiu m hydroxid

e (mil k o f magnesia ) i s needed for startup , a sourc e o f calciti c lim e i s needed fo r alkalinit y an d a makeu p magnesiu

m oxide sourc e i s needed t o replac e MgSO ( occluded i n the gypsu

m product . Seawater 2 1 i s used a s a sourc e o f ra w materia l fo r processin g magnesiu

m salt s an

d magnesiu

m metal . Th

e concentratio

n o f magnesiu

m io ni nseawater 2 2 i s show ni nTabl e 9 . I n vie w o f approx . 12,000,000,00 0 lbs . M g pe r cubi c mil e o f ocean , the se a provide s a ninexhaustibl e suppl y o f magnesiu

m salts . Th e additio no f hydrated lim

e t o seawate r precipitate s magnesiu

m hydroxide , MgCl 2 + Ca(0H) 2 > Mg(0H) 2 + CaCl 2 (1 ) MgS0 4 + Ca(0H) 2 > Mg(0H) 2 + CaS0 4 (2 ) Reaction 2 i nth

e regeneratio

nste p i n bot hthe Bechte l an d Drav o Lim e processes . MgO/Mg(OH) 2 i ndr y o r slurr

y for m i s commerciall y

availabl e fro

m Do w Chemica l an

d Premie r Refractories , an

d Chemicals , Inc. 2 3 A representativ

e chemica l analysis 2 4 o f Virgini a high-calciu m limestone shows a Mg O conten t o f 0.4 6 wt% . Thi s concentratio n i s sufficien t t o provid e makeu p MgO alon

g wit hthe require

d alkalinity

fro m the Ca O fo r the Bechte l proces s usin g hydrate

d lim e derived fro

m Virgini a limestone . The regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e proces s avoid s generatin g a magnesium-contaminated sludge , utilize s cheap calciti c lim e (not thiosorbi c lime ) for replacemen t alkalinity an d avoid s plugging i n th e absorbe r b

y eliminatin

g the formatio

n o f soli d calciu

m compounds . S0 2 emission s fro

m th e ODEC mai n boiler s o f 447 3 TP Ycanbe reduced t o 298 2 TP Yb y usin g th e regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e FGD syste m permitted a t 96 % S0 2 . Thes e emission s ar e based on100 % capacit y

facto r an

d 1.3 % sulphu

r i ncoa l on anannua l average . The us e o f a regenerabl e FG D scrubber , sucha s the MgO/we t lim e process , woul d allo w a significan t reductioni nth e volum e o f wast e t o b e disposed ; 120,00 0 c u yd s v s 500,00 0 c u yd s pe r yea r i f the gypsu

m produc t can b e sol d o r givenaway .P.1 5

8

< * - • * The economi c evaluation for the Clove r StationBAC T cite s cos t effectivenes s for limestone scrubbin g a t 90 % an

d 92 % S0 2 reduction o f $92 3 an d $97 2 respectively . B y extrapolation94 % S0 2 reduction woul d b e approximatel y $102 0 pe r to no f S0 2 removed . The cos t effectivenes s for the regenerabl e MgO/aci d (PECO ) proces s a t 95 % S0 2 reductio n o f $1,281 ; th e Mg O promote d we t lim

e syste m (throw-awa

y process ) a t 95 % S0 2 reductionha s a cos t effectivenes s o f $1,023 . EP A guideline s sugges t uncertaintie s i ncos t effectivenes s calculation s o f ~ 2 0 t o 30% . The cos t effectivenes s fo r the regenerabl e MgO/we t lim e proces s a t 96 % S0 2 reduction woul d appea r t o b e reasonabl e i nligh t o f thes e calculation s o n relate d variation s o f th e basi c process .
Il l WAST E MANAGEMEN T PRACTICE S Wit hregard t o as han d flu e ga s desulfurizationsludg e disposa l i t i s noteworth y tha t i n the Netherlands 2 5 almos t al l o f the fl y as h(800,00 0 tons ) ashe s (90,00 0 tons ) an d flu e ga s desulfurization-gypsu m (180,00 0 tons) , annuall y produce d b

y coal fired powe r plant s ar e used for the manufactur e o f building materials . The fl y as hi s primaril y

used i n th e manufactur e o f cement , a s light-weigh t aggregate , an d a s fille r i n asphalt . The gypsu m i s used i nthe manufactur e o f gypsu m board s an

d th e ashe s ar e used i nth

e construction o f road s an d i nth e manufactur e o f concret e blocks . Carbon-ric hfl y ashe s ar e presentl y being used for the manufactur e o f lime-sandstone an d the gypsu

m i s no w als o used for the manufactur e o f wast e paper-containing gypsu m fiberboard .P.1 6

Reference s 1
. Proceedings : 198 9 Join t Symposiu mo n Stationar yCombustio n NO , Control
. Sa n Francisco , CA
. Marc h 6-9 , 198 9 EPA-600/9-89-062 b 2 Volumes
. 2
. Schonbucher , Dr
. B
. "Reductio n o f nitroge n Oxide s fromcoal

fire d Powe r Plant s b yusin g th e SC R Process
. Experienc e i n th e Federa l Republi c o f German ywit h Pilo t and Commercia l Scal e DeNO , Plants" , Proceedings : 198 9 Join t Symposiu mo n Stationar y Combustio n NO , Contro l EPA-6—/9-89-062 b Volum e 2 p . 6A-1-17
. 3
. Ol d Dominio n Electri c Cooperativ e (ODEC ) BAC T Determination , submitte d t o VDAPC , Marc h 1990
. 4
. Emmel , T.E. , Mailbodi , M
. and Martinez , J.A
. "Compariso n o f Wes t Germa n an

d U.S
. Flu e Ga s Desulfurizatio n and Selectiv e Catalyti c Reductio n Costs
. Radia n Corporatio n RTP , N C 27709
. EPA-600/7

- 90-00 9 Apri l 1990
. 5
. Mori , T
. an

d Shimuzu , N
. "Operating Experienc e o f SC R System s a t EPOC' s Coa l Fire d Powe r Station" , Proceedings : 198 9 Join t Symposiu

mo n Stationar yCombustio n NO , Contro l EPA-600/9-89-062 b Volum e 2 p . 6A-85
. 6
. Cormetech , Inc
. Corning , N.Y
. "Suppl yLis t o f Mitsubish i SC R System
. 7
. Campobenedetto , E.J
. and Murataka , T
. "Applicatio n o f Selectiv e Catalyti c Reductio n System s fo r NO , Control " America n Powe r Conference , Apri l 1990
. 8
. Boer , F.P. , Hegedus , L.L. , Gouker , T.R
. and Zak , K.P
. "Catalyti c Contro l o f Powe r Plan t NO , Emissions : Technology , Economics , Prospects " Septembe r 1989 , submitte d t o CHEMTEC H fo r publicatio n (Ma y 1990)
. 9
. Schonbucher , op . cit

. p . 6A-17
. 10
. Necker , P
. "Experienc e Gaine d byNeckarwerk e fromOperatio n o f SC R DENO , Units" , Join t Symposiu mo n Stationar yCombustio n NO , Contro l 198 9 EPA-600/9-89-062 b p . 1A-19
. 11
. Necker , op . cit

. p . 6A-29
. 12
. Corbett , R.A
. "Refiner , Petroche mPlant s Focu s o n Ne w Wast e Challenges" , Oi l and Ga s Journa l Marc h 5 , 199 0 p p 33-38
.P.1 7

1 0 13 . Meij , R . "Trackin g trac e element s a t a coal-fire d powe r plan t equipped wit ha we t flue-ga s desulfurizationfacility" , Kem a Scientifi c an

d Technica l Report s 7(5) : 267-35 5 (1989) . N.V . KEMA , R an

d D Division , Departmen t o f Environmenta l Researc hP.O . Box903 5 680 0 E T ARNHEM , The Netherland s 14 . Wahl , D.J . "Desulfurizatio no f flue ga s fro

m brow n coal Buschhau s an

d Offlebe n C" , Umwelt , 20(3) , L4-L1 0 (German ) 15 . Berube , D.T. , Monahan , W.J. , Abrams , J.Z . an d King , A.M . "Applicatio

n o f Dolomiti c Lim e Proces s fo r Flu e Ga s Cleaning a t Colstri p 3 an

d 4" , American Powe r Conference , Chicago , Illinoi s Apri l 1984 . 16 . Grim , CD. , Montana Powe r Compan y lette r t o J.Z . Abram s o n Colstri p Unit s 3 an d 4 scrubbers , Marc h3 , 1990 . 17 . Abrams , J.Z . an d Sherwin , R.M . U.S . Paten t 4,246 , 24 5 (t o Bechte l Internationa l Corporation ) "S0 2 Removal " Januar y 20 , 1981 . 18 . Stowe , Jr . D.H . European Paten t 0339683A 2 (to Dravo Lim e Company ) "Proces s for desulfurizationo f a sulphur dioxide-containing ga s stream. " 19 . Abram

s J.Z . an

d Zaczek , S.J. , "Dolomiti c Lim e Proces s fo r Retrofi t FGD Application" , Journa l o f the Ai r Pollutio nContro l Association35 , 1224-1230 , 1985 . 20 . Bove , Henry

J. , Manage r o f Projects , Unite d Engineer s & Constructor s Memorandu m o nMcr O Flu e Ga s DesulfurizationSvste m Decembe r 8 , 198 9 t o Stev e Joyce , Duke-Fluo r Daniel-Charlotte , 2 NC . Thi s tw

o pag e lette r i s labelled Attachmen t 2 i n th e Mecklenbur g Cogeneration Limited Partnershi p PSD/BAC T Application , May

1990 . 21 . Kirk-Othme r Encyclopedi a o f Chemica l Technology , Secon d Edition Volum e 1 2 pp . 667- 8 1967 . 22 . Do w Chemica l USA . 202 0 Wi l lar d H . Do w Center , Midland , M I 48674 . 23 . Premie r Refractorie s an d Chemicals , Inc . 788 7 Hu bParkway , Clevelan

d O H 44125 . 24 . Kirk-Othme r op . cit . p.423 . 25 . Chemica l Abstrac t 113 : 157611 2 Coa l Residues , use s an d developments . Bol t N. ; Stibbe , F . (KEMA , Netherlands ) Energi e - spectru m 1990 , 14(6) , 156-16 2 (Netherlands )P.1 8

TABL E 1
Fro mDr
. B
. Schonbucher , Proceedings : 198 9 Join t Symposiu

mo n Stationar yCombustio n NO , Contro l EPA-600/9-89-062 b
Propertie s o f Germa n Har d Coa l Heating Valu e (net ) MJ/k g 1 8 - 3 0 [7,760-12,90 0 Btu/lb ] Humidit y As h Volatil e Sulphu r Nitroge n Chlorin e

Har d Coal-Fire d Boiler s

• Temperatur e
Wate r C ^
CC- 2 S0 2 

### so 3 N0 X %
%
%
%
%
% Tab l Flu e Ga s

C
%
*
% mg/m 3 mg/m 3 mg/m 3 e l a 5-1 2

5-1 2 (30 ) 1 7 - 3 0 (40 ) 0. 8 - 1. 5 1. 2 - 2. 0 0. 1 - 0. 3

Compositio n (Behin d Economizer )

30 0 - 40 0 (420 ) 7 - 9 2 - 4 1 5 - 1 7

• 150 0 - 350 0 10-3 0 65 0 - 800* ) o r 120 0 - 2000** )
Dus t g/m 3 5-1 2 (40 )

* Dr yBotto mFirin g Syste m

* * We t Botto mFirin g Syste mP.1 9

Tabl e 2 Easter n Bituminou s Coa l fro mOl d Dominio n Electri c Cooperativ e (ODEC ) BAC T Determinatio n Marc h 199 0

Coa l Qualit yAnalysi s
Ultimat e Analysi s - Weigh t $

Carbo n Hydroge n Sulfu r Moistur e Nitroge n Chlorin e Oxyge n (Difference )
As h Highe r Keatin g Valu e Averaq e
74.7 6 percen t 5.0 2 percen t 1.1 5 percen t 5. 1 percen t 1. 5 percen t 0.0 7 percen t 3. 9 percen t 8. 5 percen t 13,00 0 Btu/l b ftance

72. 0 - 80. 0 4. 8 - 6. 0 0. 5 - 2. 0 2. 5 - 8. 0 1. 0 - 2. 0 0.0 1 - 0.1 4

5. 5 - 13. C 12,00 0 - 14,00 0

Trac e Element s - pp m Beryllium Fluorid e Lea d
Mercur y 1. 9 pp m 10 1 pp m 7. 4 pp m 0.1 4 pp m 0.3 9 - 5. 4 1 0 - 56 0 1. 3 - 2 2 0.0 1 - 0. 5P.2 0

Fro m Mor i an

d Snimuzu , Proceedings : 198 9 join t Symposiu m o n Stationar

y Combustio

n NO xControl s Volum

e 2

Tabl e 3 Basi c Consideratio n fo rA H Cloggin g •

•A H Element N F typ e laye r i n ptastai e deposit area s
> Soo t Blower Reinforce d fctawer suc n a

s retracaole
. twi n c r mun i nozzl e types

> Blowin g Schedul e Increase d Mowin g frequency, ex . 6 times-da y

Tabl e 4 SC R Specificatio n o f Matsuur a # 1
Desig n SU M Mu
. Oi l Vol
. / Mai , trtti

NC *
GuVeluf M 11,00 0 frr * MT i 3.100/3.02 9 Ga s Tantpaanir* « c 37 0
Z.1: ii3 S O 75/E 0 20 3 •1.00 0 3 j max. 0. 5 max . 100 W. 5 Catalys t Typ e —P*a: t (1 0 mm cas M Catalys t VoKim * m ° 1.34 1 Spac e Velocit y i m 2.01 0 An a Veioat

y m m 1 0 Linea r Velocit

y mr s 5. 3 Reade r Oirrvtreor i m 12.1 W 1 1S.50 1 M.S H Cataiys t Staoe —3 Tra m —2

Tabl e 5 Premise s fc rEconomi c Evaluatio n
P!a m Generatin g Cacacr / 25 0 MV

/ x: . -e wvm Plant Efficienc

y 23. 3 % irev. Plant Us e Face r 3. 5 % Annua l Caoacr

y racr r 70 % Beerieit y Transmitte

d i.SS * GV/f-yea r Coa t Calorifi c Valu e 6.2C 0 <&: '*<; .'I S a c Sulfu r Content MV. Nitroge n Content 1 J % As h Cemen

t 1 5 % SCf l Tys e <-?•- Ous : Svs:e-- i NOx in/Ou t 2515 0 zz-r. .SC"
. CeNC x Efficiency

) Catalys t Lif e - /ear s Trai n 2 Ammoni a Cos : Icz".: Currenc y E-tcrar- s ?a: a '•.'• '2..1 Ciscsun t Rat e '. "- Escalatio n 3a: e 2 ~'» zz Plan t Lif e 2 0 /ear s t-Oiin NOxO u OeNC x Efficienc

y SOx m so , m SO3 Ccmramc n Ous m SS&NH j pp

m ( 6 -. O J / ppm(6%0j ) % pp m pp m r . rnymV* pp mP.2 1

Tabl e 6 SCRCo «

CONSTHUCTJO N CCS T Reaec r an d Ductin g Cautys t Ammoni a Facilities Other s (Electrica l Eauipment
. C& L Civi l Works) O/i'Sit e Engineerin g 1 Suspof l Facilitie s Interes t dunn g Ccnstrucao n Hom e Citie s Fe e TOTA L CAPITA L RECUiREMEN T H 3S0 M wx 1 , ne

wunit , l l 52 9 value
. I S - 130 Ye n

J23/V. V
2 3 5 3

6

- 2
S7 1 1 W V 

# • ]

LEVERIZE D 8US-3A R COS T Capita l Ooeratio n an d Maintenance Catalyst Excrtar'se Ammoni a Othe r Utilities Ta x

TOTA L SUS-8A R CCS T '.. 5 mrils.V// h
0. 4 3. 3 0. 5 0. 1 3. 1

3. S mills/kW h

Tabl e 7 R & D o n SC R Catalys t Sampl e Catalys t ActivityTes t Catalys t Lif e Forecas t Stud yo n Factors i n Catalys t Deactivatio n

•Speci e surfac

e are a N , adsorptio n <BE" P

•Por e siz e distriutic n Mercur y methcd

•Adherent materia l analysi s . Atomi c absorptio n analysi s

•Surfac e stat e SE M

•Crysta l structur

e X r a y Analysi sP.2 2 Tabl e 8 FromDr
. B
. Schonbucher , Proceedings : 198 9 Join t Symposiu

mo n Stationar yCombustio n N0 X Control s Volum e 2

Heilbron n Powe r Statio n Uni t 7
. DENO X Plan t Chang e O f Catalys t Characteristic s (700MW )

Hour s o f Operatio n h 0 250 0 460 0 630 0 850 0 

### Nf t 5li P

vpp m 0. 4 0. 6 0. 5 0. 5 0. 6 SO2/SO2

Conversio n
% 1. 3 1. 5 0. 5 1. 4 1. 4 Pressur e Los s

(Reactor )

5. 7 6. 9 5. 6 6. 3 6. 5P.2 3



### 1 1

Tabl e 9 * MarrngBi" TM i nSeawate r 127 2 pp m Mg i n oceanwate r Approximatel y

10. 9 lb s Mg/1,00 0 gal . Approximatel y

12,000,000,00 0 lb s Mg/cubi c mil e •Kirk-Othme r Encyclopedi a o f Chemica l Technology , Secon d Edition volum e 12 , 668 , 196 7P.2 4



### 1 1

Tabl e 9 * Magnesiu

m in Seawate r 127 2 pp m M g i n oceanwate r Approximatel y

10. 9 lb s Mg/1,00 0 gal . Approximatel y

12,000,000,00 0 lb s Mg/cubi c mil e *Kirk-Othme r Encyclopedi a o f Chemica l Technology , Secon d Edition volum e 12 , 668 , 196 7

### 3

levelize d Husbti rCos t 

## mills/KW h f t • *

O S B 

## 5
H W O S B t u • O 4 > - 1 v o > * v o n O « » r n a r > o o » i a r » 2 * B t- 4 r*«-« t n r t wH - •o •t » n <- t o o a wr t

- a M o o n •- • r t t o o



## 197 8 198 2 198 6 199 0 Yea r o Oil C O •r » B TJ H •t J • fu T J a t a M

- » a i r » t/ > • r » t S • o t - o r » •X r t tB •M c r a

• 1 A U l 0 0 U t v o a . o o o c a t O l/l M

»- n H 0 - H 1 -9 9 f » •n • i a * c o a t r o o act- 4 K - * - o u n m w<- t s : o a Figur e 1

SC H proces s operatin g costs : Japan , 11)79-1985 ; Wes t Germany , 198 5 and bcyort d Co n 1-fire d service , U.S.-equivalen t costing , 198 8 Hollars .