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Accomplishment Report

(2002-2006)

National Program 207, Integrated Agricultural Systems

Agricultural Research Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

July 6, 2006
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Table of Contents

Introduction..........................................................................................................................5

RESEARCH GOAL I. ENHANCED CAPACITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS USING

SYSTEM RESEARCH APPROACHES...............................................................................7

A. Problem Area. Systems Research Attributes Assessment ..................................................... 7

1. Customer Involvement........................................................................................................................ 7

2. Research Approach............................................................................................................................. 7

3. Measured Assessments ....................................................................................................................... 8

B. Problem Area. Research Impact Assessment ...................................................................... 12

1. Technology Transfer......................................................................................................................... 12

2. Impact of research on farm income ................................................................................................... 13

3. Quality of Research Outcome ........................................................................................................... 13

4. Impact on Policies or Competitiveness in the Market......................................................................... 14

RESEARCH GOAL II. ENHANCED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS AND RURAL COMMUNITIES. .................................14

Problem Area A. Strategies to Reduce Production Costs and Increase Profit........................ 14

1. Conservation Tillage......................................................................................................................... 14

Expansion of conservation systems research project leads to technology transfer initiatives............... 14

Effect of landscape position on crop yield when transitioning from conventional to conservation tillage

systems............................................................................................................................................ 15

No-tillage allows more intensive and flexible dryland cropping systems and improves soil quality .... 15

Conservation practices improve soil, air, & water quality and increase profits in perennial grass seed

production systems .......................................................................................................................... 15

Reduced tillage in potato production systems.................................................................................... 16

Developing a strip tillage system for small seeded crops ................................................................... 16

Conservation tillage and cover crop benefits for cotton and soybeans................................................ 17

Systems approach improves adoption of conservation tillage systems in the Southeastern U.S.A....... 17

Increasing Adoption of Conservation Tillage Technology in the Tennessee Valley Region................ 18

Conservation tillage systems for hot and dry climates ....................................................................... 18

2. Rotation Crop Sequences .................................................................................................................. 19

Diversifying crop rotations and reducing tillage can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt farmers......... 19

Dynamic systems approach to rotation crop selection ....................................................................... 19

3. Cover Crops, Crop Residues, and Manure Use .................................................................................. 20

Cover crop-based production system may be a potential alternative to methyl bromide...................... 20

Utilizing fall-planted cover crops for weed suppression in potato production systems........................ 21

Cover crops enhance date production ............................................................................................... 21

Evaluation of novel cover crops ....................................................................................................... 21

Cover crop roller technology may be a key component of conservation systems................................ 22

Discovering the molecular mechanisms that cover crops influence in production systems.................. 22

Residue management attachment developed for no-till drills............................................................. 22

4. Integrated Practices to Minimize Pest Impacts................................................................................... 23

Regional efforts to reduce weed pressures in the Pacific Northwest................................................... 23

Small grain cover crops reduce the need for herbicide applications ................................................... 23

Cropping practices and rotations reduce the negative impact of weeds in potato production systems.. 23

Management strategies in rotation crops reduce populations of volunteer potato................................ 24

Integrated management strategies reduce jointed goatgrass in the Pacific Northwest.......................... 24

No-till spring cropping system decreases downey brome populations................................................ 25

Development of a biointegrated production system for strawberries eliminates the need for fumigation

........................................................................................................................................................ 25

Many approaches used together can increase New England agriculture profitability .......................... 25
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Development of a PCR protocol for rapid detection of Cercospora beticola...................................... 26

Safflower is a secondary host of Cercospora beticola ....................................................................... 26

Alley cropping of alfalfa reduces need for insecticides, thus increasing profitability potential............ 27

Conservation tillage with a rye cover crop reduces thrips populations in Southeast USA cotton......... 27

5. Overcoming Limited Water Availability ........................................................................................... 27

Optimization of crop performance through the proper water resource management ........................... 27

Feedback sensor systems for real time water management and self-propelled irrigation system decision

support ............................................................................................................................................ 28

Decision support systems for irrigation scheduling in peanuts, corn, and cotton to improve profits and

adoption........................................................................................................................................... 28

Reduced supplemental irrigation in three Southeastern conservation tillage systems.......................... 29

Nitrogen and irrigation best management practices for potatoes on coarse textured soils.................... 29

6. Precision Management Approaches................................................................................................... 29

Development of tools to rapidly assess crop status............................................................................ 30

Sub-field management zones for improved crop nutrient utilization .................................................. 30

Mapping soil compaction to identify field areas for precision tillage ................................................. 31

Soil maps guide soil sampling for microbial properties ..................................................................... 31

Mapping soil electrical conductivity to understand sub-field grain production variability................... 31

Sensing technology to improve nitrogen application accuracy........................................................... 32

Sensing technology for improved soil compaction measurements...................................................... 32

Sensing to improve nitrogen application accuracy............................................................................. 32

Understanding within-field grain yield variability............................................................................. 33

Experimental designs for large commercial field precision applications ............................................ 33

Development of Site-Specific N Indices for Precision N Management .............................................. 33

7. Integrating crops and livestock for best benefits ................................................................................ 34

Integrated crop–livestock production systems for the southeastern U.S ............................................. 34

Tillage requirements for winter-annual grazing rotations................................................................... 34

Modified hay production system improves ruminant feed intake ....................................................... 35

Improved pasture utilization increases dairy cow feed efficiency....................................................... 35

Tannins may increase dairy profits and enhance environmental quality ............................................. 36

Integrating annual forages into a Great Plains beef production system............................................... 36

Dairy herd management enhances nutrient cycling............................................................................ 36

On-farm research improves nutrient management on dairy farms ...................................................... 37

Refined dairy diets enhance profits and the environment................................................................... 37

Problem Area B. Systems, Strategies, and Tools to Reduce Agricultural Risks ..................... 37

1. Alternative Risk-Aversion Production Systems ................................................................................. 38

Reducing tillage and diversifying crop rotations can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt farmers......... 38

Designing low-risk dryland cropping systems for the Northern Great Plains...................................... 38

Holistic approach to farm planning and conservation programs improves profitability and enhances

natural resources conservation.......................................................................................................... 39

2. Models to Predict At-Risk Conditions and Best Responses to Management ....................................... 39

Crop damage assessment tool for field-scale decisions...................................................................... 39

Research results used to identify profitable combinations of potato cropping practices for the

Northeastern U.S.............................................................................................................................. 39

Crop simulation for decision making in Pacific Northwest potato-based cropping systems ................ 40

On-farm research results in simple spreadsheet planning tools .......................................................... 40

The economics of crop rotation sequences and technology transfer to producers ............................... 40

Producers can evaluate the 100 different crop sequences for the Northern Great Plains...................... 41

Decision aids provide guidance to improve production efficiency, reducing input costs, and increase

profitability...................................................................................................................................... 41

Interactive decision aid developed to estimate stem rust disease development ................................... 41

How and why weeds differ between fields and among years ............................................................. 42

GLYCIM model increases irrigation efficiency for Mississippi Delta soybean growers ..................... 42

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and GLYCIM .............. 42

Agricultural system-level models used to help direct field research ................................................... 43
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Generic interface for crop simulation models simplifies model use for growers and scientists............ 43

Web-based planning tools for conservation managers ....................................................................... 43

Problem Area C. Strategies to Expand Market Opportunities. .............................................. 44

1. Producing Organic Products.............................................................................................................. 44

Manure use can be managed to benefit soil biodiversity and reduce potential health risks.................. 44

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all producers ......... 44

Organic management practices and soil biological responses ............................................................ 45

Organic alternatives for deworming sheep and goats......................................................................... 45

Increasing crop rotation length and complexity reduces weed pressure and increases crop yields in

organic systems................................................................................................................................ 45

First Low-Soil Disturbance Organic Cropping System Designed and Tested in Pacific Northwest ..... 46

Cover cropping practices improve organic weed management........................................................... 46

Factors of organic production affect cover crops and vegetables........................................................ 47

Stale seed bed techniques for organic vegetable production............................................................... 47

Modified crops for use in organic production systems....................................................................... 47

Organic log-grown shiitake mushrooms contain health-promoting polysaccharides........................... 48

2. Integrating agricultural-based energy production ............................................................................... 48

Sustainable production of bio-fuel crops........................................................................................... 48

Technology development for farm–scale conversion of straw to energy ............................................ 48

3. New Products from Agricultural Lands ............................................................................................. 49

Important criteria defined for the design and management of temperate silvopasture practices........... 49

Eastern red cedar and chestnuts are attractive alternative crops for small farmers .............................. 50

Cuphea as a new oilseed crop for Northern Corn Belt ....................................................................... 50

Small-Scale Farmers Can Receive Income from Pine Straw Without Increasing Soil Erosion............ 50

High tunnel research capacity established to serve mid-Atlantic small farmers.................................. 51

RESEARCH GOAL III. PROTECTED AND ENHANCED NATURAL RESOURCES ON

FARMS ..............................................................................................................................51

Use of remote sensing and ground-truth surveys to monitor soil disturbance and land use patterns

across landscapes............................................................................................................................. 51

Identifying management practices that optimize economic and environmental benefits at the watershed

scale level ........................................................................................................................................ 52

Wildlife habitat impacts agricultural drainage water to constructed wetlands..................................... 52

Importance of considering environmental impacts of drainage ditch management ............................. 52

Grass seed farming landscapes provide excellent fish and wildlife habitat......................................... 53

Management schemes for alley cropping practices improve dove habitat........................................... 53

Peer Review Publications ...................................................................................................55

Non-Peer Reviewed Publications........................................................................................90

Book Chapters:.................................................................................................................117

LOCATIONS....................................................................................................................121
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 Introduction

National Program 207, Integrated Agricultural Systems

Participants at many USDA-ARS Customer Workshops have expressed the need for

multidisciplinary systems research solutions to their problems. The meeting of this need was

formally put into place with holding the USDA-ARS NP-207 Customer Workshop December

7-9, 1999 in Denver, Colorado. A range of customers and partners participated, including

conventional and organic farmers, members of commodity organizations, USDA-NRCS,

tribal representatives, farm equipment manufacturers, fertilizer dealers, and various advocacy

groups, including the Sustainable Agriculture Coalition and Center for Rural Affairs.

The primary customer outcome from the Denver workshop was a list of specific attributes

that ARS research should include when conducting integrated agricultural systems research.

In brief, a philosophy for conducting research was outlined. Among the distinguishing

features integrated agricultural systems research should emphasize were:

• Stakeholders should participate in the research process from project design to

completion,

• On-farm research approaches should be preferred over experiment station plots,

• A spectrum of agricultural approaches, management strategies, and philosophies

should be included in the research,

• Multiple factors should be considered at the same time,

• Agricultural production should be viewed within a larger holistic system that also

includes environmental, economic, and sociological components,

• Information transfer should be facilitated through regular interactions of the

researchers with customers and stakeholders,

• Experiments should be conducted at scales greater than traditional projects,

• Information should be incorporated from other National Programs that were

perceived to not use systems approaches, and

• Research results should be transferred by the researchers to clients, partners, and

stakeholders to ensure relevant progress.

The resulting NP-207 Action Plan from the workshop input did not provide a specific

research project outline, as found with the other ARS National Programs, but gave a few

examples of systems research projects. In retrospect, this was a significant short-coming of

the program planning process. However, structure was provided by way of recognized
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research components that have been regularly presented in the NP-207 Annual Reports.

These have included: Cropping Systems, Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems, Site Specific

Management and Precision Agriculture, and Decision Support Systems. The final

organization of this Accomplishment Report is arranged around general classes to which the

accomplishments are categorized based loosely on specific USDA Strategic Goals.

Supporting the accomplishment statement was a listing of refereed publications accepted

since 2002, and listings of proceedings papers, technical notes, and extension bulletins,

reports in the popular press, or other notable records of the research.
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RESEARCH GOAL I. ENHANCED CAPACITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS USING

SYSTEM RESEARCH APPROACHES.

Accomplishments were provided by 23 research projects classified as NP-207. The total

annual budget for these projects is approximately $28.7-million. There are approximately

60.5 Scientist Years assigned to NP-207 projects. More than 115 accomplishments were

compiled and analyzed for this accomplishment report. The research activities were

reported for the five-year period 2002-2006 (less than 60 months because of the

accelerated review cycle to coincide the next five-year review with NP-205, Rangeland,

Pasture, and Forages), and represent a broad range of activities over a wide geographical

area (Table 1).

Table 1. List of 24 contributing locations to the NP-207 Accomplishment Report.

Ames, IA Mandan, ND*

Auburn, AL* Madison, WI

Beaver, WV Mississippi State, MS

Beltsville, MD Morris, MN

Booneville, AR Orono, ME

Brookings, SD Prosser, WA

Columbia, MO Pullman, WA

Corvallis, OR Salinas, CA

Dawson, GA Stoneville, MS

Florence, SC* Sidney, MT

Fort Collins, CO Watkinsville, GA

Lane, OK* Weslaco, TX * not NP-207

A. Problem Area. Systems Research Attributes Assessment. This

portion of the report is based on the Systems Research Attributes template that was used

to evaluate each accomplishment provided by the field. The attributes were based on the

research criteria that were given by the customers at the NP-207 Workshop. The results

for all accomplishments are given in Appendix 1.

1. Customer Involvement. Stakeholders have provided great amounts of guidance

for the research conducted to achieve the accomplishments reported by NP-207. More

than 81% of all accomplishments indicated that customers were involved with the initial

problem assessment, and approximately 80% of all accomplishments reported an ongoing

involvement with customers and stakeholders. These large percentages demonstrate the

commitment of NP-207 scientists towards this value that was identified by customers at

the first National Program Workshop. Customer involvement helps to ensure that NP-207

research is appropriately targeted toward problems that will benefit customers and

stakeholders.

2. Research Approach. Even though NP-207 was formally first recognized as a

National Program in 2002, a systems approach to research projects was already underway
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at many of the locations involved in this National Program. A majority of

accomplishments (54%) reported their projects were based on maturing research studies

between 5-10 years old (Figure 2). Shorter-term experiments or new systems projects that

were begun less than five years ago contributed to 29% of the accomplishments reported.

Seventeen-percent of the projects had been underway for more than 10 years.

< 5 Years (29%)

5-10 Years (54%)

> 10 Years (17%)

Figure 1. Percentage of NP-207 accomplishments that were found from research on

short-term (0-4 years), maturing (5-10 years), and long-term (>10 years) studies.

Small plot research contributed to the largest percentage of research accomplishments

(60%), with full-scale commercial equipment being used for 57% of the research

activities. Large landscape or field-scale research was also a significant contributor to the

accomplishments, being responsible for 25% of the findings. Also, most

accomplishments reported contributions from on-farm experiments (60%). Multiplelocation experiments were conducted for more than 71% of all accomplishments (Fig. 3).

Most accomplishments utilized less than 20 research sites, but a few used large numbers

of sites, with as many as 80 and 150 different sites.

The research teams that conducted the research and reported the accomplishments were

achieved mostly with multidisciplinary teams of scientists and cooperators (88%) that

often included non-ARS members (82%). More than 46% of the accomplishments had

team members from multiple ARS locations. A large majority (84%) of the

accomplishments had multiple experimental factors in their project descriptions.

3. Measured Assessments. These metrics address multiple dimensions of the

agricultural issues, farm and natural resources impacted, and the context of the research.

Most research accomplished under NP-207 reported that their emphasis was on

improving production practices (83%), as opposed to improving product quality (39%).

Additionally, the majority of accomplishments were categorized as having economic

(77%) or environmental (50%) implications, as opposed to having social impact (15%).

The three most prominent natural resources concerns addressed by NP-207 research were
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soil (77%), water (68%), and plant (55%), with air quality (17%) and wildlife (9%)

addressed to a lesser extent (Fig. 4).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

NUMBER OF RESEARCH SITES

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OF O

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Figure 2. Histogram of the number of research sites used for each accomplishment

reported.
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200

400

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Journal Publications

Extension Publications

Popular Press Articles

Field

Tours

Meeting

Presentations

CRADA's

Patents

Web

Sites

Agreements and

Varieties

Show

Exhibits

Figure 3. Percentage of accomplishments that was associated with a specific natural

resource. Broad natural resources categories are based on the USDA-NRCS Conservation

Planning and Physical Effects framework (SWAPA+H).

0

20

40

60

80

PERCENT REPORTED

Food Quality, Availability, & Safety

Nutrition

Competition

Natural Resource Enhanced

Economic Opportunities

Figure 4. Percentage of accomplishments that was associated with USDA-ARS areas of

mission relevance.
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When asked to assess the USDA-ARS mission area relevance (Fig. 5), most scientists

chose natural resources enhanced (78%). Economic opportunities (42%) and food quality,

availability and safety (32%) were the next two selections. Enhanced competition (16%)

and nutrition (8%) were the least associated areas of mission relevance for the NP-207

accomplishments.

0

10

20

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40

50

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REP

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101107108201202203204205206301302303304305307308

Figure 5. Number of accomplishments that identified other associated National Programs

as being relevent to the NP-207 research. A listing of National Program numbers can be

found on the Web at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/main.htm

Only 19% of the accomplishments reported that NP-207 was the only National Program

to which researchers belonged. The other 81% chose at least one additional National

Program as being germane. ARS National Programs 201 and 202 (also in Natural

Resources and Sustainable Agricultural Systems) were the two most common programs

that were mentioned as being relevant to the NP-207 accomplishments (Fig. 6), with

numerous others being mentioned less frequently.
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0

200

400

600

800

1000

N

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E

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Journal Publications

Extension Publications

Popular Press Articles

Field

Tours

Meeting

Presentations

CRADA's

Patents

Web

Sites

Agreements and

Varieties

Show

Exhibits

Figure 6. Total number of publications and technology transfer activities reported by the

NP-207 accomplishments.

B. Problem Area. Research Impact Assessment. This portion of the

report is based on the Systems Research Impact template that was used to evaluate each

accomplishment provided by the field. The metrics used to assess impact represent a wide

range of features that include technology transfer, acreage and finances affected, and

influence on policies. The results of all accomplishments are given in Appendix 2.

1. Technology Transfer. The scientists within NP-207 published a total of 493

refereed journal publications and 203 extension publications (Fig. 6). This is an average

of 2.2 journal publications and 0.9 extension publications per accomplishment. A total of

381 popular press articles were written about the NP-207 accomplishments, or almost 1.7

articles per accomplishment. Four patents resulted from technology developed by this

national program. A significant amount of effort was dedicated to communicating

research results directly to stakeholders through 555 field tours, 853 meeting

presentations, and 81 trade show exhibits. A great amount of cooperation with private

industry was also found with 32 cooperative research and development agreements, 81

technology and materials transfer agreements, and varieties released. The Internet was

also used as a vehicle to communicate results to stakeholders, with 54 web sites being

updated on a regular basis with new research information.
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0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000

ACREAGES IMPACTED

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25

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S

Figure 7. Histogram of the acreages impacted by NP-207 accomplishments.

2. Impact of research on farm income. Almost four-million acres of farmland

were reported to be impacted by research from this National Program with results being

readily adopted. These enterprises range from small farms involving organic production

to large acreages where significant portions of regions have modified their production

system (Fig. 8). Benefits to stakeholders vary from reduced impediments and expenses to

increased amounts of revenue. Examples of impediments mitigated were reduced soil loss

to erosion, reduced soil borne disease, reduced weed seed production, reduced need for

pesticides, reduced nitrogen and phosphorous loss, reduced fuel use for tillage and grain

drying, reduced labor costs, and increased carbon storage in the soil.

Most accomplishments resulted in decreased producer expenses that ranged from as small

as $4 per acre for improved cotton field scouting methods, to as much as $675 per acre

for use of alternative management practices that replaced methyl bromide use. Improved

revenues ranged from $3 per acre for alternative methods of terminating cover crops, to

$10,000 per acre for adoption of high-value specialty crop production. Using researcher

estimates for accomplishments that have been currently adopted suggest that NP-207

research has increased income to American producers $56-162 million per year. These

rough estimates do not include future production costs savings or increased revenues

from the impact of accomplishments that are just beginning to be adopted.

3. Quality of Research Outcome. Stakeholder satisfaction was positive, with

63% of all accomplishments reporting that producers’ initial concerns about a problem

had been met. To a lesser degree (36%), the general public was also deemed satisfied by

the accomplishment outcome. Only 13% of all accomplishment results were used to
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demonstrate some form of regulatory compliance. Worker satisfaction was largely not

addressed by this national program, with less than 2% reporting this as an issue.

4. Impact on Policies or Competitiveness in the Market. A notable

weakness is the lack of accomplishment results being passed on to USDA-NRCS in

support of USDA Farm Bill Conservation Title, with only 13% reporting their research

results help customers increase access to these programs. However, this program has

great potential for impacting future Farm Bill Programs through expanded relationships

with USDA-NRCS and USDA-FSA.

Some accomplishments (18%) reported that their results had been used to change current

local, state or national policies. The competitiveness of local customers participating in

U.S. agriculture was reported to be improved by NP-207 accomplishments, with more

than half (52%) reporting that unique products, processes, systems, or services had been

produced. The amount of agricultural product made available was increased by 29% of

the accomplishments, and the local community economy was positively impacted by 24%

of the accomplishments.

RESEARCH GOAL II. ENHANCED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS AND RURAL COMMUNITIES.

Problem Area A. Strategies to Reduce Production Costs and

Increase Profit.

1. Conservation Tillage. Conservation tillage has several attributes that can reduce

the risk associated with agricultural production. For example, conservation tillage can

increase crop productivity through reduced soil loss, and increased organic matter and

soil moisture. Conservation tillage can also reduce production costs, thus increasing

profitability. The combination of increased productivity and reduced costs can further

increase profitability and reduce economic risk. In a few cases, these accomplishments

could have been listed under other problem areas, but in these cases conservation tillage

was a key to success. Researchers have also been successful in extending this technology

to their stakeholders.

Expansion of conservation systems research project leads to technology transfer

initiatives. As a result of a customer focus group meeting in 1999, rapid expansion of the

Conservation Systems Research Project has led to increased research and technology

transfer activities throughout the Southeastern U.S. Five new multi-disciplinary scientists

(agricultural engineer, agricultural economist, agronomist, soil scientist, and weed

scientist) and supporting technicians were hired to conduct research that seeks to increase

adoption of conservation tillage systems throughout the region. Additionally, specific

cooperative agreements with other institutions have resulted in new research and

technology transfer thrusts that focus on increased use of soil testing, site-specific

agriculture programming, small farmer conservation tillage assistance, and the long-term

use of reduced tillage and poultry waste as a nitrogen source in conservation tillage

systems. Results of this project have currently been seen with the percent adoption of
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conservation tillage systems increasing rapidly in Alabama, with 48% of the cropland

being managed with conservation tillage systems. This number has increased

dramatically since 1990 when the adoption rate was 15%, and has now surpassed the

41% national and 28% regional averages. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Auburn,

Watkinsville, Alabama Farmers Federation, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service,

NRCS. Auburn University, Alabama A&M University, Tuskegee University. Selected

Refereed Publications: none

Effect of landscape position on crop yield when transitioning from conventional to

conservation tillage systems. Many producers who are using conventional tillage

systems mistakenly think that they must suffer several years of reduced crop yields prior

to their soils responding positively to a reduced tillage system. The first phase of a large

20-acre long-term field experiment was completed to determine the impacts of

transitioning from a conventional tillage to a conservation tillage system. This experiment

was the first in the region to examine interactions among crop management systems,

productivity, and landscape position using soil survey, topography, and electrical

conductivity maps to define management zones. Results indicated that in every field

management zone (including knolls, severely eroded side-slopes, and valleys) the use of

conservation systems resulted in immediate increased crop productivity (14% on average

for cotton), as compared to the conventional tillage systems. The results of this

experiment indicate that producers who farm Coastal Plain soils can immediately begin to

take advantage of increased yields when converting their row-crop production system

from conventional tillage to conservation tillage. ARS Locations and Cooperators:

Auburn, Watkinsville, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS, Auburn

University. Selected Refereed Publications: Balkcom et al 2005. Terra et al., 2004.

Terra et al., 2005a. Terra et al., 2005b.

No-tillage allows more intensive and flexible dryland cropping systems and

improves soil quality. Dryland cropping systems on the Central Great Plains are subject

to frequent and cyclic drought spells. Even during periods of normal precipitation,

available soil moisture is marginally adequate for most crop production that has wheatfallow as the established crop rotation. A long-term cooperative research project has

focused on investigating no-tillage as a way to conserve soil moisture and grow more

intensive crop rotations, such as wheat-corn-fallow, wheat-corn-millet-fallow, or wheatcorn-sunflower-fallow. This research has established that no-tillage conserves more soil

moisture and allows more intensive and flexible cropping choices. It also improves soil

organic matter in the surface layer that helps enhance rainfall infiltration. These and

similar research results from the ARS Central Great Plains Experiment Station, have

convinced the farmers to convert more than half a million acres of wheat-fallow to more

intensive cropping systems, and this conversion is still increasing. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Fort Collins and Colorado State University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Campbell et al., 2005. Sherrod et al., 2005. Shaver et al., 2003. Sherrod et

al., 2003. Shaver et al., 2002.

Conservation practices improve soil, air, & water quality and increase profits in

perennial grass seed production systems. Due to a growing concern for environmental
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protection of air, soil, and water and a need to improve farm profits, ARS scientists

recognized the need to research ways to improve grass seed production systems for the

660,000 acres produced in the Pacific Northwest. Several on-farm multi-year studies,

some 10 years in duration, and at several locations, were established using large plots,

and in some cases adjacent riparian buffers. Facilitation of research and technology

transfer goals was enhanced by active participation of local stakeholders (farmers and

environmental groups) and State and Federal scientists and extension representing

multiple disciplines. These multi-factorial experiments demonstrated that perennial grass

seed crops could be economically produced without burning post-harvest straw and by

using no-till seeding in combination with straw chop after harvest. Compared to

conventional tillage establishment with straw removed by baling, the ARS conservation

system reduced soil erosion 40-77%, nitrate leaching 50%, establishment costs $27-162

per acre, can increase seed yields, allow earlier spring planting times, and increase

recreation time for farmers. Growers are experimenting with how to best use these new

practices on 15,000 acres in Oregon and Washington, and the USDA-NRCS has adopted

no-till seeding and full straw management as practices to help grass seed farmers qualify

for USDA Farm Bill conservation program payments for the first time. ARS Locations

and Cooperators: Corvallis, Oregon State University, USDA-NRCS, and US-EPA.

Selected Refereed Publications: Field et al., 2003. Wigington, Jr. et al., 2003. Butler et

al., 2004. Gislum and Griffith et al., 2004. Steiner et al., 2006.

Reduced tillage in potato production systems. Reducing production costs through the

use of conservation tillage and reduced inputs is a means of increasing the environmental

and economic sustainability of Pacific Northwest potato production systems. Adopting

conservation tillage to reduce erosion, increase N use efficiency, and build organic matter

would improve soil and environmental quality under irrigated production systems. The

major focus of this research is to evaluate the processes controlling soil biological

activity and community structure of the soil micro-flora, understand the mechanisms

controlling weed dynamics and evaluate carbon and nitrogen cycling, as well as, trace gas

fluxes under reduced tillage in irrigated potato production systems. This study is in its

third year under center pivot irrigation. A reduced tillage strategy was developed that

uses equipment currently available to growers and has shown potato tuber yields under

reduced tillage equaled that of conventional tuber yields. This strategy reduces the total

number of passes across the field from nine to six, and soil disturbance operations from

seven to four (including harvest), compared to those using conventional tillage. For sweet

corn in rotation, field operations were reduced 50%. Preliminary findings suggest that

growers adopting reduced tillage in potato production systems can reduce production

costs through savings in fuel, labor, and equipment wear. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Prosser, Washington State University, Oregon State University, and

AgriNorthwest Corporation. Selected Refereed Publications: none

Developing a strip tillage system for small seeded crops. The high prices of fuel and

fertilizers have growers looking for new ways to maintain or improve sugarbeet

productivity, while reducing operating costs. Strip tillage used to save fuel and reduce

soil erosion, has not previously worked well for small-seeded crops like sugarbeets

because of poor soil-to-seed contact. A special strip till implement was designed and built
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as part of a conservation tillage system that also includes modified weed and pest control,

fertilization, irrigation management, and harvesting techniques. A four-year study was

initiated in autumn 2003 to compare conventional grower practices with flat-planted,

sprinkler-irrigated sugarbeets grown after spring grains. Substantial savings in fuel were

obtained as tillage and fertilization are done in one equipment pass with the strip tiller,

compared to up to seven passes under conventional tillage. In 2004, there were no

significant differences in yields or sugar production between the two sets of treatments;

however, in 2005 the strip tilled plots produced about 17% greater yields, primarily due

to spring wind erosion protection provided by the standing straw stubble. In contrast, the

conventionally tilled plots were severely damaged. Percentage beet sucrose was also

higher in the strip tilled plots. After only two research seasons, one grower has purchased

the specialized equipment and strip tilled more than 1,000 acres for the 2006 growing

season. The local sugar company is recommending the system to its growers, and as

much as 9,600 out of about 50,000 acres in production, based on this research. ARS

Locations and Cooperators: Sidney, Montana State University, Sidney Sugars, and

Schlagel Manufacturing. Selected Refereed Publications: none

Conservation tillage and cover crop benefits for cotton and soybeans. Significant

interest was expressed by customers and stakeholders to find ways to reduce production

inputs without major reductions to yield, and simultaneously minimize the environmental

impact to the surrounding area. Systems studies were conducted to investigate the effects

of reducing inputs using conservation management practices, and develop more efficient

methods of applying agrochemicals in cotton production. The studies compared

traditional tillage-intensive methods of cotton production to conservation methods using

varying degrees of reduced tillage and incorporation of a cover crop. Significant yield

increases were observed in cotton grown in the alternate-year rotation with corn,

compared to the continuous cotton. Results indicate significant reduction in the tillage

input can be achieved with minimal change in cotton yield. Moreover, no-till cotton

production can be more profitable than conventional production methods. The change

from conventional production to conservation tillage production practices requires

varying degrees of equipment change. Therefore, the environmental and economic factors

will need to be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis before making these changes.

This study, conducted as part of the Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation

Area project evaluating sensor-controlled hooded sprayers, also resulted in 75%

reduction in herbicide usage compared to typical chemical weed control methods in

conservation tillage systems. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Stoneville, U.S.

Geological Survey, Delta Research and Extension Center, MSU, Mississippi Department

of Environmental Quality, Mississippi Soil and Water Conservation Commission,

Mississippi Farm Bureau Federation. Selected Refereed Publications: Bryson et al.,

2004. Hanks et al., 2004. Hanks et al., 2001. Bryson et al., 2001. Wesley et al., 2001.

Systems approach improves adoption of conservation tillage systems in the

Southeastern U.S.A. Identifying multiple benefits of conservation tillage systems at the

farm scale can help increase adoption. Researchers from ARS locations conducted

multidiscipline on-farm research to improve conservation tillage systems for cotton. An

approach was developed to ensure interaction among scientists and producers in
18

identifying critical issues important to producers. Adding cover crops to the production

systems increased yields and lowered insecticide use, resulting in overall more profitable

cotton production, compared to conventional cotton without a cover crop. There was little

difference in the effect of cover crop systems on soil microarthropod communities. Striptillage with in-row sub soiling increased cotton yield over strict no-till in these sandy

coastal plain soils, and winter rye consistently produced great amounts of biomass and

soil cover. However, N availability following rye was decreased, compared to some other

cover crops, indicating that N applications need to be increased. Research results were

provided to over 2,000 Southeast producers by establishing field demonstration plots and

participating in field days. This is a maturing systems accomplishment with a few

publications and additional outreach activities still in the works. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Watkinsville, Tifton, Dawson, Auburn University, NRCS, University of

Georgia, US-EPA. Selected Refereed Publications: Schomberg et al., 2006. Schomberg

et al., 2003. Tillman et al., 2004.

Increasing Adoption of Conservation Tillage Technology in the Tennessee Valley

Region: Soil erosion and compaction, and weed pressure are management concerns to

growers in the Tennessee Valley. Soil erosion from continuous cotton cropping and

governmental regulations caused cotton producers in the Tennessee River Valley of

northern Alabama to try no-tillage in the early 1990s, but yield reductions prevented

widespread adoption of this system. Research developed a conservation cropping system

for the Tennessee Valley region that included non-inversion fall tillage, and has been

expanded to include improved nitrogen management and irrigation efficiency, and

development of tillage systems to maximize water infiltration and reduce erosion. The

research results were rapidly transferred via popular press articles to growers,

consultants, extension agents, and NRCS staff, resulting in adoption rates of conservation

tillage exceeding 70 to 80% in the largest cotton producing counties in the region (over

120,000 acres of conservation tillage cotton). When this research was started in the mid1990s, only 30-40% of producers in this region were using conservation tillage

technology. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Auburn, Auburn University, and USDANRCS. Selected Refereed Publications:

Conservation tillage systems for hot and dry climates. Excessive cultivation and high

winds in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas have resulted in appalling rates of soil erosion

and losses of soil organic matter, which declined from 4% at the time of settlement, to as

low as 0.3% today. To counter these losses and improve soil productivity, a tillage

system was developed that conserves soil and soil organic matter through reduced tillage

and conservation residue management on cotton, corn, and sorghum fields. Sweet corn

and broccoli also benefited from adoption of the conservation tillage practices. When

adopted, these systems doubled organic matter in nine-years and wind erosion was

prevented. Soils with 60% crop residue cover accumulated soil blown from nearby fields.

Cotton and corn residue management was aided by the finding that plant polyphenols

contribute to organic C retention when residues are managed correctly. Weed control

through a modified ridge tillage system was critical. Soil nutrient distribution became

stratified, enriching the surface 10 cm of soil with P, N and C. Coupling new soil

management tools to new cropping strategies, such as including legumes in rotation,
19

presented challenges regarding nodulation of the legume that continue to be investigated.

Conventional, organic, and transitional growers are using these results, since they are

scale-free and support sound soil management in many cropping systems. Farmers have

readily adopted these practices because production costs are lower. The NRCS Energy

Consumption Awareness Tool calculates, based on growing cotton, corn, and grain

sorghum, fuel savings of $17.25 per acre compared to conventional practices. These

integrated systems have been adopted on more than 350,000 acres in just the four-county

lower Rio Grande Valley area of south Texas. ARS Locations and Cooperators:

Weslaco, Texas A&M University extension. Selected Refereed Publications: Chaoui et

al., 2003. Materon et al., 2001. Materon et al., 2003. Zibilske et al., 2003. Zibilske et al.,

2005.

2. Rotation Crop Sequences. Rotation crops can provide a wide range of benefits.

The interest in rotation crops is fueled by several factors: increasing input cost,

environmental concerns, increased responsiveness to changing market conditions, pest

control, and risk management. The research accomplishments demonstrate how the use of

rotation crops can reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture such as lower use of

toxic chemicals and runoff. They also show that the use of rotation crops leads to

integrated systems that are more robust under a wide variety of physical and economic

conditions. Furthermore, several studies show that the use of rotation crops can improve

farm profitability and reduce economic risk.

Diversifying crop rotations and reducing tillage can reduce risk to Northern Corn

Belt farmers. Despite national trends toward adoption of conservation tillage, farmers in

the Northern Corn Belt continue to use intensive tillage. In addition, there has been a

reduction in crop diversity in this area. Farmers need assurances that using new

production practices will not put them at further risk of financial loss. The research

showed that ridge tillage increased profitability, reduced fuel and labor use, and reduced

economic risk, relative to conventional tillage for a corn and soybean rotation. The

research also showed instead of continuous corn production, corn rotations including

soybean, spring wheat, and alfalfa were valuable risk management tools when

government payments and crop insurance are not available. However, when growers

choose to use both government programs and crop insurance, the relative benefits of crop

diversification in reducing risks are decreased. This new research is also beginning to

show that no-till and many strip tillage systems increased profitability and reduced fuel

use for a corn and soybean rotation, compared to moldboard plow and chisel plow tillage

systems. The research is helping assure Northern Corn Belt farmers who want to adopt

more sustainable production practices that reduced tillage and diverse crop rotations can

reduce economic risks and complement other risk management tools including

government programs and crop insurance. The research can also help policy makers find

creative ways to design programs that provide economic incentives for producers to adopt

conservation practices. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Morris, Brookings. Selected

Refereed Publications: Archer, et al 2002.

Dynamic systems approach to rotation crop selection. Agricultural producers in the

northern Great Plains face challenges when determining the best cropping sequence to
20

maximize their production, have the greatest benefits for the environmental, and meet

personal farming goals. A crop sequencing project was done that involved a crop-by-crop

residue design, where 10 crops were planted on the residues from the same crops. This

combination of 100 crop sequences allowed evaluation of the positive and negative

effects of crop sequences in similar soil and water conditions. The project allowed

evaluation of contrast effects for crop rotation (including annual forage and cover crops),

residue removal, and tillage (minimum and no-till) on production, precipitation-use

efficiency, plant diseases, and soil quality. The project was established in 1993 and just

completed its twelfth year. The research was used to develop the Dynamic Cropping

Systems concept. Dynamic Cropping Systems is a management philosophy emphasizing

using adaptability and knowledge transfer to achieve a producer’s production, economic,

and resource conservation goals. Dynamic Cropping Systems has been transferred to endusers through peer-reviewed journal articles and a symposium involving Great Plains

cropping systems researchers from Texas to Canada. An easy to use CD version of The

Crop Sequence Calculator was developed that allows producers to evaluate the

advantages and disadvantages of the different crop sequences based on information about

production economics, soil water use, surface soil properties, plant diseases, weeds and

insects. Over 12,000 copies of the CD have been distributed to producers, extension

agents, consultants, and university educators, and been featured in popular press articles

and as an exhibit in the congressional briefing. ARS Locations and Cooperators:

Mandan. Refereed Publications: Krupinsky et al., 2006. Liebig et al., 2006. Merrill et

al., 2004.

3. Cover Crops, Crop Residues, and Manure Use. Innovative cropping

systems that make use of non-purchased inputs (e.g., manure) and integrate biological

components (e.g., cover crops, residue management) may allow producers to reduce the

cost of purchased inputs. Research activities are underway to investigate important

components of such systems, and to develop and test integrated cropping systems that

include these components.

Cover crop-based production system may be a potential alternative to methyl

bromide. Agriculture in the southeastern U.S. has been negatively impacted by the North

America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which opened the borders and eliminated

tariffs on free trade with Mexico. Also, the Montreal Protocol banned the manufacture,

sale, and use of methyl bromide in the U.S., but extended its use in Mexico and other

developing countries. These two policies have flooded U.S. markets with imported

vegetables, leaving the U.S. growers less competitive. Research was conducted to

evaluate the feasibility of using a biologically-based system for winter production of

fresh-market tomatoes. The system consisted of a crop rotation in which nematoderesistant cover crops (cowpea, velvetbean, or sun hemp) were followed by a nematode

and Fusarium-Verticillium resistant tomato cultivar. In selected years, tomatoes grown in

the cover crop-based systems produced equivalent or higher yields, and had net returns

equivalent to the conventional methyl bromide fumigation system. Additional research is

needed to define the viability of this system across a wider range of nematode, disease,

and soil conditions. These results show methyl bromide is not necessary under all

conditions, and that use of a cover crop may be an economically viable alternative for
21

growers of high-value crops in the southeastern U.S. In addition, the alternative system

reduced soil erosion, improved soil fertility, and has great potential for protecting the

environmentally fragile agro-ecosystem of the Everglades. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Beltsville, University of Florida. Selected Refereed Publications: AbdulBaki et al., 2004a. Abdul-Baki et al., 2002. Wang et al., 2002. Abdul-Baki et al., 2004b.

Roberts et al., 2005.

Utilizing fall-planted cover crops for weed suppression in potato production

systems. Weeds in potato can reduce tuber yield up to 50%, reduce tuber size and

specific gravity, reduce harvest efficiency, and harbor nematodes and pathogens. Greater

than 90% of the potato acreage in the U.S. is treated with at least one herbicide to control

weeds. It was demonstrated that autumn-planted cover crops of oat/vetch, mustard, and

winter wheat can reduce the weed incidence in potato as well as reduce soil erosion,

reclaim leachable nitrogen, increase water infiltration rates, and suppress nematode and

potato pathogens - thereby lowering fumigant rates. Growers have rapidly adopted use of

autumn-planted mustard cover crops on over 20,000 acres annually in Washington State.

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Prosser. Selected Refereed Publications: Collins et

al., 2005.

Cover crops enhance date production. Date production is localized in the Coachella

Valley in southeastern California and generates about $38-million annually. Due to a

number of stresses including high soil compaction, low fertility, and lack of organic

matter in sandy soils, date yield and fruit quality have been declining. A two-step solution

was developed consisting of deep slip plowing between the tree rows to break the hard

pan and allow the movement of water and nutrients deeper into the soil profile, and a

management system using a native Lana vetch to cover the soil surface from October to

May. The cover crop suppressed weeds, improved soil fertility, recycled macro- and

micro-nutrients, improved water percolation, shaded the soil surface, reduced

evaporation, and lowered soil temperature in this excessively hot region. Within three

years after implementing, tree growth tripled, yields increased by an average of 12-20%,

and fruit quality was improved. At the same time, production costs were reduced by $100

per acre due to savings on cultivation, fertilizer, and irrigation. Approximately 45% of the

date orchards in Coachella Valley are presently applying the cover cropping system. In

addition, this technology has been extended to other crops resulting in an increase of

cover cropping acreage from 500 to 25,000 acres in the Coachella Valley, including use

on approximately 40% of the grape acreage. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville

and USDA-NRCS. Selected Refereed Publications: Abdul-Baki et al., 2002.

Evaluation of novel cover crops. Many farmers rely on a few cover crop species,

varieties, and mixtures; thus are particularly vulnerable to cover crop failure in case of

disease or pest outbreak. Several rye breeding lines from the University of Florida were

evaluated for use as winter cover crops, and novel cover crop mixtures of legumes,

cereals, and mustards were used. This research identified several promising novel cover

crop mixtures, and a rye breeding line that was well adapted to the Salinas Valley,

California, vegetable production area. Collaboration with a local seed company resulted

in the release of a new rye variety for commercial use. This research played an important
22

role in the increased adoption of cover cropping by farms in the region. Farmers have

used new rust resistant rye variety and novel cover crop mixtures on more than 2000

acres of land, a significant land area in this high-value fresh market vegetable production

region. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Salinas, University of Florida, L.A. Hearne

Company. Selected Refereed Publications: none.

Cover crop roller technology may be a key component of conservation systems.

Cover crops have been shown to provide beneficial results for crop production and

environmental protection. However, cover crops can interfere with cash crop

establishment and growth. Roller crimper technology may provide a valuable alternative

to chemicals for killing cover crops, with the added incentive of providing a flat,

unidirectional mat of residue cover for planting into. A custom-designed roller effectively

and economically killed cover crops in conservation tillage systems. In addition, alternate

designs that reduce the vibration associated with rolling cover crops allow tractor drivers

to traverse the field at typical speeds. One of the designs has resulted in a U.S. Patent.

This information is being used by producers and manufacturers to create better

implements that enhance the use of conservation systems for row-crop production. The

technology is now being considered by other ARS researchers who use cover crops in

their studies. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Auburn, Watkinsville, Alabama

Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS State and National, Auburn University. Selected

Refereed Publications: Ashford et al., 2003. Raper et al., 2005. Raper et al., 2004.

Discovering the molecular mechanisms that cover crops influence in production

systems. Legume cover crops mulches were shown to influence many aspects of

cropping systems including enhancing crop production and inhibiting weed and pest

populations. A network of scientists from diverse disciplines was assembled to study

process level interactions of cover crops within agro-ecosystems. Molecular approaches

demonstrated that expression of select genes and proteins is enhanced during delayed

crop senescence and increased disease tolerance in hairy vetch grown tomato plants. The

team has the capacity to extend our understanding of mechanisms by which cover crops

influence agro-ecosystems that could lead to more precise management practices for

enhancing cover crop use. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Fargo, Ithaca,

Cornell University, Boyce Thompson Institute, Purdue University, University of

Maryland, Salisbury and College Park. Selected Refereed Publications: Kumar et al.,

2004a. Kumar et al., 2004b. Kumar et al., 2005. Mills et al., 2002. Teasdale et al., 2004.

Rice et al., 2005.

Residue management attachment developed for no-till drills. Conservation farming

systems are problematic when excessive and poorly distributed surface residue causes

poor no-till drill performance, uneven seedling emergence, slow plant growth, and

depressed crop yields. To overcome this problem, a drill attachment was developed to

manage crop residue next to the furrow openers of hoe-type no-till drills, improving

seedling establishment by over 17% and crop yield by up to 12% in conservation farming

systems. The patented residue management wheel is commercially viable because of its

adaptability to a number of popular drill-opener geometries. Equipment manufacturers

and researchers in Oregon, Washington, Canada, and Australia are experimenting with
23

how to best use the residue management wheel on several thousand acres. In addition to

improving system profitability, the ability to seed into high residue levels will eliminate

the need for field burning, thus improving air- and soil-quality and reducing greenhouse

gas emissions. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Pendleton and researchers in Canada

and Australia. Selected Refereed Publications: Siemens et al., 2002. Siemens et al.,

2004. Siemens and Wilkins, 2006. Wilkins et al., 2002.

4. Integrated Practices to Minimize Pest Impacts. Populations of agricultural

pests are a part of the natural agricultural ecosystem. Pest control has often been viewed

as an isolated production practice. However, more is being done to incorporate other

production activities as factors that may moderate pest populations to reduce the amounts

of pesticides to sustain agricultural productivity. In some cases, pesticide use may be

eliminated.

Regional efforts to reduce weed pressures in the Pacific Northwest. A coordinated

weed and integrated systems research has just been created to address weed management

issues in Pacific Northwest cropping systems; to develop improved precision nitrogen

placement methods that use information from crop yield monitors and grain protein

sensors; and investigate the soil, landscape, and climate factors that influence crop

nitrogen demand, nitrogen use, and nitrogen loss across dryland landscapes. Solving

production problems involving highly competitive weeds in wheat production systems, as

well as the impacts of agriculture on water quality in the Pacific Northwest region are

critical issues that must be solved to maintain a viable economic agriculture base. This

multidisciplinary integration and linkage addresses a broad range of agro-climatic

conditions, extends resources by avoiding research duplication, accelerates the delivery

of new developments, and broadens the geographical base of stakeholder support for

conservation research in Pacific Northwest. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Pendleton

and Pullman. Selected Refereed Publications: none

Small grain cover crops reduce the need for herbicide applications. Cover crops may

be useful for weed control but more research is needed to discover their successful

management and benefits. Research in the mid-west demonstrated that autumn-planted

small grain cover crops reduced soil erosion, nitrate leaching, and suppressed weeds in

whole-system experiments. A single herbicide application to winter rye at anthesis,

compared to application at the 2nd node growth stage, lowered subsequent weed density

in soybean by 81%. No-tillage soybean following a rye cover crop using mechanical

control alone may be a viable management system for organic producers. These maturing

research findings are helping USDA-NRCS and non-government organizations refine

standards and educational programs to encourage the use of cover crops to reduce

production costs, decrease nutrient and sediment contamination of surface waters, and

still maintain productivity. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Ames, Iowa State

University, USDA-NRCS. Selected Refereed Publications: Westgate et al., 2005.

Singer and Kohler. 2005.

Cropping practices and rotations reduce the negative impact of weeds in potato

production systems. Weeds of the Solanaceae family harbor nematodes and pathogens
24

of potato resulting in increased nematode and disease incidence in potatoes. Soil

fumigation is used to control corky ringspot disease (CRS) and root knot nematodes,

costing $22-million annually in Washington State. Cropping practices have been

developed that utilize weed-free alfalfa or spearmint rotations to eliminate CRS and

reduce the need for fumigation. Likewise, scientists coupled root knot nematode resistant

potato breeding lines with improved nightshade control practices that allows growers to

grow a marketable potato crop in soils containing root knot nematodes. Research

revealed a key in both these cropping systems was elimination of hairy nightshade and

certain other weeds. Growers can utilize these findings to cleanse CRS from problem

fields and reduce the need for soil fumigation to control nematodes. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Prosser. Selected Refereed Publications: Boydston et al., 2004.

Hutchinson et al., 2005a. Hutchinson et al., 2005b.

Management strategies in rotation crops reduce populations of volunteer potato.

Volunteer potatoes, prevalent in potato growing regions with mild winter temperatures,

are considered a weed and are difficult to manage in crop rotations. Volunteer potatoes

harbor pathogens, insects, and nematodes of potato, resulting in increased pesticide use

totaling $6-million annually and management costs for rotation crops exceeding $5-

million annually in Washington State. ARS Scientists have developed management

practices for volunteer potato based on biology of the weed, cultivation and herbicide

interactions, rotation crop competitiveness, biological control, and tillage level.

Management options developed in sweet corn eliminate 99% of new tubers produced by

volunteer potato. Management options including carrot, onion, and sweet corn prevent all

yield and quality losses caused by volunteer potato. Growers can utilize these practices to

improve yields, reduce losses from volunteer potato, and reduce disease, insect, and

nematode problems and pesticide use in the potato crop. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Prosser. Selected Refereed Publications: Boydston, 2004. Williams, II et

al., 2004. Boydston and Williams, II et al., 2005. Williams, II and Boydston, 2005.

Williams, II and Boydston, 2006.

Integrated management strategies reduce jointed goatgrass in the Pacific Northwest.

Jointed goatgrass is a winter annual grass weed introduced from Eurasia and is

genetically similar to winter wheat. Infestations in winter wheat fields in the western

United States costs growers more than $145-million annually. Normal production

practices from area were compared to a range of integrated practices that included a onetime residue burn, crop rotation, use of competitive cultivars, varying seeding rates and

dates, and large seed size. Even though jointed goatgrass is not entirely dependent on

cold weather for reproduction and can produce viable seed from spring germinating

plants, competition can be reduced in integrated management systems. At one study

location, crop yield was increased 20% and crop quality increased 50% in the integrated

system, compared to the growers’ conventional system. Many of these integrated

strategies have been adopted by winter wheat producers in the western United States. The

alternative strategies reduced jointed goatgrass dockage in wheat that met the clean-grain

standards desired by Gulf Coast and Pacific Rim countries. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Pullman and Washington State University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Walenta et al., 2002. Young et al., 2003.
25

No-till spring cropping system decreases downey brome populations. The most

prevalent wheat production system in the Pacific Northwest is the winter wheat-fallow

system which encompasses almost 4.5 million acres. This system is characterized by

winter annual grass weeds, soil borne diseases, poor soil quality, and is erosion-prone.

For 12 years, a multi-disciplinary team of scientists and a group of interested producers

conducted a long-term, field-scale integrated crop management research approach to

develop conservation tillage spring cropping systems. No-till spring cereal rotations and

reduced-tillage winter wheat fallow decreased downy brome populations more than 99%,

compared to conventional wheat-fallow. In addition, conservation tillage wheat-fallow

was profitable and reduced tillage operations more than 60%, compared to conventional

wheat-fallow. A survey was conducted that documented for US-EPA that more than 60%

of the spring cropping systems field day attendees conducted independent trials with one

or more research technologies and that 50% of these trials resulted in permanent

adoptions. This research has greatly redirected the focus of agronomic research in the

Pacific Northwest and other national semi-arid wheat production regions. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Pullman, Washington State University, University of Idaho,

Oregon State University, Washington Wheat Commission, USDA-NRCS, US-EPA.

Selected Refereed Publications: Young and Thorne, 2004. Thorne et al., 2003. Forte ́-

Gardner et al., 2004.

Development of a biointegrated production system for strawberries eliminates the

need for fumigation. Fumigation with methyl bromide for weed control is being phased

out due to compliance with the Montreal Protocol. An ARS led multi-disciplinary team

developed and tested variations of a biologically integrated production system for

conventional strawberries to control weed in the absence of soil fumigation. The team

integrated production system provided weed control and showed that mycorrhizal

inoculants were not required. A CRADA was established and the research has since been

adopted in one year on 400 acres of strawberries, representing approximately $8,800,000

in production costs. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Salinas, University of California,

California Strawberry Commission. Selected Refereed Publications: Bull and Vice,

1998.

Many approaches used together can increase New England agriculture profitability.

There are approximately 23,000 diverse small farms in New England that require optimal

combinations of rotation crops and conservation practices to achieve maximal individual

profitability. The right combination of practices not only brings growers additional

income, it can also be an effective way to suppress potato diseases, enhance soil nutrient

content, and boost crop productivity—all while reducing the use of chemicals. Integrated

soil, plant disease, crop productivity, and economic research have been used to develop

potato crop rotations that increase profits. Incorporating canola into the rotation reduced

Rhizoctonia, common scab, and powdery scab diseases by 20-50%, thereby increasing

both potato yield and quality. Controlling the common weed hairy nightshade reduces a

source of the fungus that causes Late Blight. Using ryegrass cover crops not only reduces

soil erosion during the winter, but also helps to reduce Rhizoctonia. The introduction of

raised planting beds seeded with green-sprouted potatoes consistently increases net
26

income $40 per acre. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Orono, Maine Potato Board,

National Potato Council, University of Maine. Selected Refereed Publications: Brewer

and Larkin, 2005. Griffin and Porter, 2004. Halloran, 2006. Larkin, 2002. Larkin, 2003.

Larkin and Honeycutt, 2006.

Development of a PCR protocol for rapid detection of Cercospora beticola.

Cercospera Leaf Spot (CLS) is a major disease of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) around the

world, and management options to minimize pesticide use require early and rapid

detection. All current protocols to detect disease, while accurate, may take several days or

weeks to complete, allowing for further spread of the disease if present in the interim. To

address this problem, scientists have developed a PCR protocol for rapid detection of

Cercospera beticola, the causal agent of CLS; which, unlike other molecular based

protocols, can be done in less than one day and does not require isolation, subculture or

purification of the genomic DNA of the target pathogen from symptomatic host plant

tissues. PCR trials in the lab indicated that the method discriminated the target segment

of the pathogen in the host tissue in one day, compared to several days using other

methods. This newly developed PCR protocol is a powerful new tool for management of

this pathogen in sugarbeets, and also enables a new avenue for extensive, timely

screening and identification of secondary hosts such as weeds and other crops important

in the control of the disease. This protocol also played a crucial role in recent

identification of safflower, a major field crop in eastern MT and western ND, as a

secondary host of C. beticola. The potential of the protocol was recognized by SigmaAldrich which is now marketing a kit based on published information on the Sidney

protocol. The nucleotide sequence of C. beticola actin gene has been deposited with

GenBank (Accession # AF443281). ARS Locations & Cooperators: Sidney, Fargo,

Montana State University, and New Mexico State University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Lartey, 2006.

Safflower is a secondary host of Cercospora beticola. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius

L.) is most often grown in dryland conditions, although it may also be produced in

irrigated sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) rotations and is often found in adjacent fields.

Safflower had been previously reported to be susceptible to Cercospora carthami, which

has never been reported to occur in the USA. Using the novel PCR-based rapid detection

strategy and ELISA techniques, the researchers detected C. beticola in infected safflower

plants and proved that safflower could be a secondary host. The infection of safflower

(Family: Asteraceae) is the first known proof of family cross infection by a Cercospora,

and also raises the possibility of cross infection of other crops by Cercospora species.

This finding is highly significant, as it raises several questions with regard to rotation of

sugar beet, safflower in particular, and viable crop rotations in general. There is also the

possibility that Cercospora species that have been identified as pathogens of specific

plant families may be isolates of a species that infect other families. Future research will

verify this hypothesis. Growers, who are planning to rotate or are in the process of

rotating safflower with sugar beet or plant the two crops adjacent to one another, are

being made aware of the potential source of infection of C. beticola from either crop.

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Sidney, Fargo, Montana State University, and New

Mexico State University. Selected Refereed Publications: Lartey, et al., 2005.
27

Alley cropping of alfalfa reduces need for insecticides, thus increasing profitability

potential. Alfalfa forage commands high prices and is in high demand. However, insect

damage and the expense of frequent insecticide applications discourage production in

many regions of the United States. The occurrence of insect-eating predatory bugs in

alley cropping systems versus conventional alfalfa production systems were studied.

Alfalfa alley cropped in 80-foot alleyways support insect populations that were twice as

diverse and contained twice as many beneficial predatory insects than pest insects,

compared to conventional monocropped alfalfa. These results imply that less insecticide

may be needed to control alfalfa weevils in alley cropped alfalfa compared to

conventional alfalfa, thus increasing production and reducing costly inputs. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Columbia and University of Missouri. Selected Refereed

Publications: Stamps et al., 2002.

Conservation tillage with a rye cover crop reduces thrips populations in Southeast

USA cotton. This research addressed issues associated with soil management, crop

management, insect pests, and crop quality. ARS scientists in South Carolina found that

early season populations of thrips, an early season insect pest of cotton, were lower in

cotton grown with conservation tillage than in cotton grown with conventional tillage,

especially when a rye cover crop was used. This may lead to improved integrated pest

management recommendations for this cropping system. This research has contributed to

the significant increase in acres where conservation tillage is being used for crop

production in the southeast. Growers, consultants, extension agents, and NRCS personnel

are the primary beneficiaries of this research. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Florence

and Clemson University. Selected Refereed Publications: Bauer et al., 2004. Locke et

al., 2005. Manley et al., 2003.

5. Overcoming Limited Water Availability. Supplemental irrigation is critical

for some production systems, and can make the difference for being profitable. Profits

can be increased through timely applications of the right amounts. Technologies are

being developed to optimize water use efficiency and reduce the adverse impacts of

irrigation on the environment. This research is also helping to reduce conflicts between

rural and urban water users.

Optimization of crop performance through the proper water resource management.

Increased pressure to maximize and stabilize crop yield has led to greater use of irrigation

in the Mississippi Delta and notable depletion of the ground water. Research was

conducted on crop water use and irrigation practices to increase the efficiency of

irrigation water use in cotton cropping systems. This nascent research is aimed at

improving management of water resources by providing suitable methods of irrigation

scheduling, crop water detection, and tillage for use by local farmers. Information from

weighing lysimeters installed in a cotton production field indicates that the traditional

crop coefficients based on days-after-planting does not work well for humid regions.

Development of more accurate crop coefficients for the region, together with suitable

weather-based and soil-water balance models will improve irrigation scheduling

effectiveness. Remote sensing systems, in-field sensors, and visual indicators that
28

integrate the effects of soil type, weather, and evapotranspiration have been shown to be

useful indicators of crop water stress and the need for irrigation. One simple scheduling

tool (UGA EASY Pan - Evaporation-based Accumulator for Sprinkler-enhanced Yield)

allows remote observation of evaporation that can be correlated with crop water use. The

UGA EASY Pan was evaluated for use in Mississippi, with a potential 25% water

savings. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Stoneville, Louisiana State University,

Mississippi State University, Clemson University. Selected Refereed Publications:

Pringle and Martin, 2003. Thomson and Brazil, 2002.

Feedback sensor systems for real time water management and self-propelled

irrigation system decision support. Self-propelled center pivots and linear move

irrigation systems are particularly amenable to site-specific, variable-rate applications.

These systems also provide a platform on which to mount sensors for real-time

monitoring of plant and soil conditions that can be supplemented with radio-linked,

distributed, small micrometeorological and soil water sensing stations scattered across a

field. A local, radio-linked ag-weather network is being developed so on-farm research

results can be extended from one location to another. The local area weather network has

now integrated with radio-linked, distributed field sensing stations to monitor real-time

conditions of soil and plant conditions in MT and ND. A nascent decision support

program with local and field sensing systems to control the variable rate irrigation is

being developed. This research consolidates technology development and integration of

self-propelled irrigation systems, variable-rate application controllers, distributed sensor

networks, wireless radio telemetry, and decision support systems. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Sidney and Washington State University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Leib et al., 2003. Jabro and Evans, 2006.

Decision support systems for irrigation scheduling in peanuts, corn, and cotton to

improve profits and adoption. Persistent drought, urban expansion, and interstate

litigation are collectively threatening irrigation water supplies in U.S. peanut producing

regions. The National Peanut Research Laboratory has developed Irrigator Pro irrigation

decision software and is involved in active technology transfer for commercial

scheduling of irrigation in peanuts, corn, and cotton to assist producers in making

improved decisions that will increase economic returns and conserve natural resources.

Irrigator Pro for Peanuts has documented increases of 300 pounds per acre yield and 2%

in Sound Mature Kernels which equates to an increased revenue of $60.25 per acre for

growers using this systems. Based on these results, the Georgia Soil and Water

Conservation Commission initiated an incentive program to encourage producers to adopt

and follow the recommendations of Irrigator Pro for peanuts, corn, and cotton by

providing payments to qualifying producers. In Georgia during crop year 2006, there

were 2,700, 10,100, and 8,400 acres of corn, cotton, and peanuts included in the incentive

program. In addition to the incentive program, adoption by producers and crop

consultants is occurring due to the demonstrated benefits of Irrigator Pro for peanuts,

corn, and cotton. The state supported incentives program based on Irrigator Pro results

will be used in support of USDA Farm Bill Conservation Title Payments to interested

producers. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Dawson. Selected Refereed Publications:
29

Davidson et al., 2002. Zhu et al., 2004. Sorenson et al., 2004. Lamb et al., 2005. Price et

al., 2005.

Reduced supplemental irrigation in three Southeastern conservation tillage systems.

Several factors have increased attention on agricultural water use including an increase in

water withdrawals due to consecutive drought years, an increase in irrigated crop acreage,

and interstate litigation regarding water rights and availability. Limits on the availability

of water for crop irrigation in the Southeast have been imposed and the future expansion

of irrigated acreage may be limited unless alternative methods of irrigation are adopted or

current practices are made more efficient. Conservation tillage has the potential to reduce

irrigation amounts and frequency of irrigations. ARS researchers have demonstrated that

conservation tillage practices, such as strip-tillage into a rye or wheat cover crop,

produced equivalent peanut and corn yields with 33% less supplemental irrigation in 3 of

4 years. Net return was highly year-dependent, but only conservation systems, either strip

tillage or no-tillage, had positive net returns in each of four years in a corn-peanut-cotton

rotation. Results from this on-going field study are being used to modify irrigation

decision support systems. As a direct result of these studies, the Georgia Soil and Water

Conservation Commission has recognized conservation tillage as an important aspect of

water conservation plans that must now be in place for the permitting of new agricultural

withdrawals. This research is helping to resolve some of the questions about conflict

between rural and urban water users. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Dawson and

Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Selected Refereed Publications:

none

Nitrogen and irrigation best management practices for potatoes on coarse textured

soils. Potato production in the Columbia Basin region of the Pacific Northwest is

dependent on irrigation. Soils in this region are sandy and readily leach water and

nutrients below the root-zone. Long-term research found that capacitance probes are

effective tools for real-time, continuous monitoring of soil water content at various

depths in the soil profile for potato production in sandy soils. Irrigation schedules that

maintained optimal soil water within the root-zone were developed that also minimized

leaching below the root-zone. A balance between pre-plant and in-season nitrogen

management was identified for optimal production of high quality processing potatoes.

Tuber yields as well as quality were not influenced by variable rates of pre-plant N or

total N over the growing season, but since nitrate leaching is a concern in coarse textured

soils, application of low rates of pre-plant N under irrigation was determined to minimize

leaching losses without any negative impact on the tuber yield or quality. These results

can be extrapolated to other potato production regions on coarse textured soils to

maintain optimal production and further develop nitrogen and irrigation best management

practices. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Prosser. Selected Refereed Publications:

Alva et al., 2002. Alva et al., 2002. Alva et al., 2003. Redulla et al., 2002. Alva, 2004a.

Alva, 2004b.

6. Precision Management Approaches. Farming operations are a complex

mixture of activities with numerous interdependent decisions and tasks. Once, it was

enough to make a decision and then hope for the best results. Today it is necessary to
30

know which combinations of decisions are the most cost effective. This requires the

application of one or more methods of analysis to make an evaluation, including at times

simulation models as a part of the analysis process. Research accomplishments include

new sources of spatial data for geographic information system mapping, new and

improved methods of GIS map interpretation, and new uses for mapped spatial data for

decision making.

Development of tools to rapidly assess crop status. Rapid measurement of crop status

is critical for real-time management practices. However, traditional methods of acquiring

information from the field are time and labor-intensive, and limited in coverage area. A

range of tools are being developed for timely, accurate, and straightforward

determination of crop and soil status for use by producers in crop management. Aerial

videography and ground-based remote sensing systems have been developed that allow

rapid, area-wide measurement of crop status. These are being used to develop indicators

of tarnished plant bug infestation using several vegetation indices, and to indicate crop

water status. Analytical tools developed by the team for rapid assessment of reflectance

imagery allow researchers to utilize the entire spectral information from scanned crops,

delineate physiological, morphological and edaphic indicators of crop status, and explore

potential interactions contributing to the canopy reflectance. This research is a component

accomplishment supporting systems research in cotton production. As these sampling

methodologies mature and are adopted into production systems, it is anticipated that

substantial benefits will be realized by producers through reductions in labor-intensive

data collection procedures required for precision applications, and the generation of

timely, accurate maps of crop and soil status for development of management plans based

on potential crop performance and profitability. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Stoneville, Mississippi State University, and Texas A&M University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Sassenrath et al., 2005a. Sassenrath et al., 2005b. Sassenrath et al., 2003.

Tarpley et al., 2003. Thomson et al., 2002.

Sub-field management zones for improved crop nutrient utilization. Because many

crop production fields are spatially variable for both soil nutrients and crop nutrient

needs, conventional uniform fertilizer rates often exceed requirements for some field

areas. In response to requests from farmers and consultants, we developed a decision aid

to quickly process map information into management zones for variable-rate nutrient

applications. The Management Zone Analyst (MZA) software uses quantitative, georeferenced field information to mathematically divide a field into natural clusters or zones

that are used to determine the optimal number of management zones for each field. Our

approaches and software are widely used by researchers, commodity organization

representatives, and agricultural consultants from at least 39 states and 35 foreign

countries. Our prior work in the area of management zones was a key factor in the

awarding of the project, Implementation and Validation of Sensor-Based Site-Specific

Crop Management by the USDA Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems.

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbia, University of Missouri, ARS-CSWQRU,

University of Illinois, Foundation for Agronomic Research. Selected Refereed

Publications: Fraisse et al., 2001. Clay et al., 2002. Renschler et al., 2002. Fridgen et al.,

2004. Kitchen et al., 2005.
31

Mapping soil compaction to identify field areas for precision tillage. Soil compaction

plagues many producers in the Southeast U.S. Conservation tillage systems offer fewer

opportunities for correcting soil compaction due to the reduced traffic allowed in fields.

The time-consuming process of obtaining soil compaction measurements across a field

with a soil cone penetrometer prompted the creation of a machine to measure soil

compaction on a continuous basis. Coupling the On-the-go Soil Strength Sensor (OSSS)

with site-specific GIS technology allows maps of soil compaction to be created. Because

the cost of subsoiling can be expensive, soil compaction maps allow site-specific tillage

to be applied at precise depths where needed, significantly reducing tillage power

requirements and fuel costs. Improvements in technology necessary to map fields for soil

compaction as well as the development of implements that adjust their tillage depth ‘onthe-go’ should contribute to a more energy efficient food production system. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Auburn, Oxford, Watkinsville, John Deere and Company,

USDA-NRCS, and Auburn University. Selected Refereed Publications: Hall and Raper,

2005. Raper, 2005. Raper et al., 2005a. Raper et al., 2005b.

Soil maps guide soil sampling for microbial properties. Soil microorganisms are

involved in carbon and nutrient cycles, soil aggregate formation and stabilization, and in

the spread and prevention of crop diseases. Soil microbial properties are known to exhibit

high spatial and temporal variability that greatly complicate their use in directing

agricultural management. If soil microbial properties variability could be considered as a

part of soil sampling schemes, it may possible to better understand the effect of

management on soil microbial properties and how these influence crop production. It was

shown that soil types delineated on soil maps can serve as initial demarcations for areas

within a field that may have varying soil microbial properties, and it is important to

consider sub-map unit variability when measuring soil microbial properties. This research

is providing information to understand the impact of cropping systems on soil microbial

properties. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Warren Wilson College, and

University of Maryland. Selected Refereed Publications: Cavigelli et al., 2005.

Mapping soil electrical conductivity to understand sub-field grain production

variability. Farmers and consultants want tools to help them understand yield variation

across fields as a way to apply only needed fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals.

Soil electrical conductivity (EC) has been shown related to grain production, but

producers using commercially available EC sensors have raised questions about data

collection and interpretation procedures. The value of different data collection procedures

on accuracy have been compared using results from two types of commercial EC sensors.

The research documented the relationships between EC and soil properties, both within

specific soil associations and over multiple states. The correspondence between EC and

grain yields has been related to both environmental and profitability issues, as well as

used to facilitate the use of EC measurements to understand soil variations that impacts

subsurface hydrology and optimum application rates of fertilizers and chemicals.

Guidelines and information have been disseminated to farmers, consultants, and

researchers across the U.S. and internationally. The two largest manufacturers of EC

sensors for agriculture cite numerous research reports as reference material for their
32

customers. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbia, Ft. Collins, University

cooperators in Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan State, Iowa State, and South

Dakota State, Veris Technologies, MFA, Inc., and numerous producers. Selected

Refereed Publications: Kitchen et al., 2003. Sudduth et al., 2003. Officer et al., 2004.

Jung et al., 2005. Kitchen et al., 2005. Sudduth et al., 2005.

Sensing technology to improve nitrogen application accuracy. Over-application of

nitrogen fertilizer is a major problem in the Midwestern United States resulting in

unnecessary production costs and contributing to water quality problems. Two sitespecific management approaches based on crop canopy reflectance with ground-based or

remote sensing and ultra-high resolution aerial images to predict nitrogen fertilizer needs

across variable fields have been pursued. Optimal Applications rates would increase

profit $15 per acre. Additional research using ground-based reflectance sensing systems

is in process. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbia, Lincoln, Oklahoma State

University, University of Missouri, NTech Industries, Holland Scientific, MFA, Inc.,

John Deere, and Missouri producers. Selected Refereed Publications: Scharf et al.,

2002. Scharf et al., 2005.

Sensing technology for improved soil compaction measurements. Soil compaction is

generally estimated by soil strength or mechanical resistance measurements and is

difficult to efficiently assess within fields using current methods. One obstacle is

simultaneously obtaining soil water content data to standardize strength measurements. A

prototype soil cone penetrometer was developed that incorporated a near-infrared (NIR)

reflectance sensor to measure soil water content. However, because penetrometers collect

discrete point data, the spatial variability of compaction over short distances makes it

difficult to accurately assess variability with a reasonable number of samples. To

overcome this obstacle, a soil strength sensor was evaluated that that could

simultaneously integrate data from five depths while moving across a field. The new

sensor allows more thorough examinations of the relationship between crop yield and

compaction and further site-specific compaction management. When commercialized,

this ‘on-the-go’ sensor will also benefit practitioners on farms. A cooperative research

and development agreement for additional development of the NIR sensing technology

has been established. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbia, Ames, University of

Illinois, University of Missouri, University of California, University of Nebraska, John

Deere, Veris Technologies, and Missouri producers. Selected Refereed Publications:

Chung et al., 2004. Hummel et al., 2004. Sudduth et al., 2004. Chung et al., 2005. Chung

et al., 2006.

Sensing to improve nitrogen application accuracy. Research has shown that IonSelective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) technology can rapidly analyze nitrate content

in soil extracts and has demonstrated a method of rapidly extracting nitrate from a soil

sample. Additionally, a usable combination of ion-selective membranes and extracting

solution has been identified. Integrating these components into an automated soil sample

collection and analysis system would provide a low cost ‘on-the-go’ rapid measurement

technique that would automate the pre-side dress nitrate test. Approaches to assess

varying nitrogen fertilizer needs, coupled with variable-rate fertilizer application, can
33

potentially impact both the economics of corn production and the environment of the

Midwest. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbia, University of Illinois, and Iowa

State University. Selected Refereed Publications: Price et al., 2003. Kim et al., 2006. In

press

Understanding within-field grain yield variability. Fundamental to precision

agriculture management is accurate measurement of spatial yield variability and effective

methods to relate that yield variability to variations in other site properties. Several

approaches were developed to combine yield monitor data with inherent errors with

techniques to screen and filter these data. Filtered yield monitor data have been related to

site properties using path analysis, nonparametric statistics, and artificial neural networks

that resulted in yield estimation models of variable accuracy from year to year.

Application of CERES-Maize and CROPGRO-soybean models to estimate within-field

yield variation on claypan soils identified needed improvements. Analysis of yield data

collected on 12,000 acres over three years showed corn, soybean, and wheat yield

variability was generally severe, widespread, and persistent. The greatest impact to date

is the widespread use of the publicly available software that implements yield data

filtering techniques. The software has been downloaded 500 times and numerous

responses from users have commented about the usefulness of this product. Locations &

Cooperators: Columbia, Florence, Mapshots, Inc., University Cooperators in Missouri,

Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan State, Iowa State, and South Dakota State, and several

Missouri producers. Selected Refereed Publications: Chung et al., 2002. Drummond et

al., 2003. Wang et al., 2003. Hong et al., 2004. Chung et al., 2005. Sadler et al., 2005.

Experimental designs for large commercial field precision applications. During a

production season, many recommendations are necessary for producing the crop and

impacts of these decisions need to be assessed to determine the best configurations of

precision applications. A topologically based general linear mixed model approach was

developed for the analysis of site-specific and traditional management practice effects on

commercial farms. The geometries of farm equipment that are smaller than the largest

machine create smaller experimental units nested within the larger ones. Geographic

Information System (GIS) processing and a general linear, mixed-model approach,

provides test statistics based on topological relationships among agricultural topography

features. The analysis results provide feedback information to producers and consultants

for future production seasons. The utility of the process has been demonstrated by

completing the analysis of several commercial-field, site-specific experiments, which

previously were not able to be analyzed by traditional statistical methods. A recent

workshop was held to communicate selected results from these analyses to other

investigators within the Mid-South Cotton Belt. As the analysis method is adopted by

other investigators, better research of commercial field experiments will result, ultimately

benefiting producers and researchers across several states. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Mississippi State, Stoneville, Mississippi State University, and Milliken

and Associates. Selected Refereed Publications: Willers et al., 2004.

Development of Site-Specific N Indices for Precision N Management. Uniform N

management is practiced throughout the Pacific Northwest Dryland Cropping region and
34

much of the world resulting in large inefficiencies of N fertilizer use. Lack of decision

support tools for site-specific N management has led to little adoption of available

precision agricultural technologies. N Indices were used to diagnose the N use and

agronomic performance of wheat across heterogeneous field conditions. These indices

are based on field-scale information that can be collected by farmers with currently

available technologies: wheat yield, protein and applied N fertilizer. These variables

were used to quantify N use efficiency and classify wheat performance into 5 distinct

classes. The classes range from N that was managed efficiently (Class 1) to N

management that resulted in substantial losses to the environment (Class 5). The

classification system was used to spatially map the performance of N management

practices across agricultural fields. The N indices and classification system will be useful

to farmers for evaluation and diagnoses of practice performance and for formulating more

efficient N management practices. Currently, the N indices are being field tested to

evaluate their effectiveness as a precision N management decision support tool. If

successful, the estimated reduction in fertilizer N input for the region is 20 to 50%. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Pullman, Washington State, University, McGregors Farm

Supply, Wilber-Ellis, Monsanto, John Deere, Case New Holland. Selected Refereed

Publications: Huggins and Pan. 2003.

7. Integrating crops and livestock for best benefits. Many livestock

producers operate on relatively narrow profit margins, making production efficiency

particularly important. Although the potential for using diversification to reduce risk,

reduce production costs, and increase profits is well understood by producers, most focus

their efforts and specialize on either crop or animal production because integrated

farming requires a wider knowledge base. A number of projects are working to provide

the research-based information that producers need to efficiently manage integrated croplivestock operations for reduced production costs and increased profits.

Integrated crop–livestock production systems for the southeastern U.S. Multiple

ARS locations and university colleagues have worked together to develop a conservation

tillage system for incorporating cotton-peanut production with winter-annual grazing. In

research in the Southern Piedmont, grazing cover crops did not alter grain production but

did increase system productivity due to animal gains. Preserving organic matter at the soil

surface was important to mitigate potential compaction from animal traffic. In the Coastal

Plain, profit was 2-3 times greater when cotton or peanut was grown following 80 days of

stocker grazing on oat or annual ryegrass cover crops, than in conventional cotton or

peanut systems. Profits were maximized on these soils by using some type of noninversion deep tillage to alleviate compaction. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Auburn

and Watkinsville, Auburn University, USDA-NRCS, and Alabama Cooperative

Extension Service. Selected Refereed Publications: Siri-Prieto et al., 2006. In press.

Tillage requirements for winter-annual grazing rotations. Integrating livestock with

cotton-peanut rotations may offer profitable alternatives for producers, but could result in

excessive soil compaction that severely limit yields. A three-year field study developed a

conservation tillage system for integrating cotton-peanut production with winter-annual
35

grazing to maintain or improve soil quality and increase profitability. Net returns from

winter-annual grazing were $64 to $83 per acre per year. Grazing increased soil

compaction to the 4-in depth, but using conventional surface tillage or deep tillage

reduced compaction and increased soil water removal by cotton and peanut, compared to

strict no-tillage. Strict no-tillage resulted in the lowest yields (23% and 39% less than the

mean for cotton and peanut, respectively) and non-inversion deep tillage was required to

maximize yields with no-surface-tillage. The results of this work indicate that producers

in the region can maximize profits by integrating winter-annual grazing with cotton and

peanut using non-inversion deep tillage in conservation tillage systems. This system

allows producers to raise revenue during winter months without sacrificing cotton and

peanut yields. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Auburn, Watkinsville, Auburn

University, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, NRCS. Selected Refereed

Publications: none.

Modified hay production system improves ruminant feed intake. A simple

modification to alfalfa hay harvest timing improved efficiency and increased economic

viability through optimizing herbage soluble carbohydrates. Due to the diurnal

fluctuation in photosynthesis, hay cut in the afternoon had the greatest sugar

accumulation for alfalfa. Cattle, sheep, and goats preferred hay cut in the afternoon over

the corresponding morning hay when offered a choice, and measures of forage quality

were also greater for hay cut in the afternoon. Along with the preference, there was an

increased daily intake of the afternoon harvested forage by goats and cattle; goats

digested the afternoon forage to a greater extent than cattle. Similar results were not

found for switchgrass in the southeast, probably due the different kind of crop and

climate. Due to the simplicity of the technology, measurable increases in forage quality,

and labor advantages from later-in-the-day haying operations, adoption has been

extensive with over 80% of alfalfa growers surveyed responding that they were adopting

the technology. Adoption is proceeding especially rapidly in western USA haymaking

regions due to information disseminated by extension, grower organizations, and popular

press articles. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Watkinsville, Raleigh, and Kimberly,

University of Idaho, and Montana State University. Selected Refereed Publications:

Burns et al., 2005. Fisher et al., 2002. Fisher et al., 2005.

Improved pasture utilization increases dairy cow feed efficiency. It has been

estimated that managed intensive rotational grazing is practiced on 10 to 25% of dairy

farms in the Midwest and Northeast. Inadequate intake of dry matter is a primary factor

limiting milk production of such grazing-based dairy systems. Since grazing cows are

dependent upon pasture for the majority of their feed requirements, optimum utilization

of grasses at the appropriate stage of maturity is essential to maximizing intake.

Preliminary research indicates that pasture grasses differ significantly in the distribution

and quality of herbage from the top to the bottom of the canopy. For example, the upper

third of a meadow fescue canopy is 300% more dense during the summer than orchard

grass, and is 5% more digestible. Improved intake of higher quality herbage can improve

the profitability and sustainability of grazing-based dairy systems by reducing the need

for expensive grain supplements. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Madison and

University Park. Selected Refereed Publications: none.
36

Tannins may increase dairy profits and enhance environmental quality. Production

and feeding of tannin-containing forages on dairy farms could increase productivity and

profitability while reducing environmental impacts. When birdsfoot trefoil with

condensed tannin was fed in place of tannin-free alfalfa, dairy cattle produced 15% more

milk and excreted 20% less urinary nitrogen – a form of nitrogen readily lost to the

atmosphere. Models predict an increase in net returns of 7 to 12% and nitrogen loss

reductions of 6 to 25%. In this initial analysis, tannins reduced the need for protein

supplements by up to 60%, and increased the value of alfalfa silage by $23 and alfalfa

hay by $11 per ton of dry matter. The potential worth to the dairy industry is $300 million

per year. Ongoing feeding, field, and laboratory trials, along with computer simulations

will identify optimal forage tannin levels and management practices for enhancing

protein utilization and nitrogen cycling on dairy farms. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Madison, University Park, Beaver, and university partners in Michigan and Utah.

Selected Refereed Publications: Hymes-Fecht et al., 2004. Misselbrook et al., 2005.

Integrating annual forages into a Great Plains beef production system. Fed forage to

livestock over winter is the single largest cost for producers in the northern Great Plains.

Research has evaluated the potential of integrating swathed annual forages into a beef

production system to reduce winter feeding costs. Costs were lowered by $0.24 per

animal per day compared to a dry-lot, without adverse effects on middle-aged beef cow

production. About half of the nitrogen used for protein production was derived from

sources other than commercial fertilizer. The trends in the fourth year of the project

suggested that livestock may enhance forage and grain production in the crops fields.

This information may lead to lower-cost integrated crop-livestock systems. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Mandan. Liebig et al., 2006. Selected Refereed

Publications: Tanaka, et al., 2005. Liebig et al., 2006.

Dairy herd management enhances nutrient cycling. Optimal nutrient use on dairy

farms depends on what is fed to cows, herd management, and the balance between

livestock numbers and land area available for feed production and manure application.

Research has discovered critical, previously unknown relationships between dairy herd

size, cropland area, and a farm’s ability to grow feed and recycle manure nutrients

through crops, and between farm size, livestock housing, herd management, and the

amounts of manure collected and spread on cropland. A six-year field trial discovered

that corralling livestock in fields between cropping periods captures and recycles more

manure nutrients, which increases yields substantially, often for 2-3 years, and requires

less labor than conventional confinement systems whereby manure is hauled, and most

urine N is lost from barns. Corralling dairy cows on cropland is becoming increasingly

attractive to farmers during the current era of escalating energy and fertilizer N costs.

Based on these findings, regulatory agencies are considering use of animal:cropland

ratios as indicators of whole-farm environmental performance, and as an additional factor

to include in Comprehensive Nutrient Management Planning. The discovery that herd

management on small farms leads to less manure collected than on large farms is

refocusing policy towards special assistance to small farms in managing manure in

barnyards and other outside areas where cattle congregate and manure goes uncollected.
37

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Madison, University of Wisconsin, Utah State

University, and the Food Alliance. Selected Refereed Publications: Powell et al 2005.

Saam et al 2005.

On-farm research improves nutrient management on dairy farms. Understanding the

challenges livestock producers face in nutrient management is critical to focus research,

extension, and policy on information and technologies to create opportunities that

enhance farm profits and the environment. On-farm research aimed at improving the

understanding of how farmers manage nutrients in realistic settings showed that most

Wisconsin producers feed excessive amounts of P to lactating dairy cows, which

increased dramatically the cropland needed for recycling manure and also affected

greatly the duration before all cropland attained excessive levels of soil test P. The onfarm research questionnaires and other instruments developed in this study have been

adapted for use in Iowa, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Australia, and

many of the on-farm research findings have been incorporated into nationally-distributed

outreach materials. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Madison and University of

Wisconsin. Selected Refereed Publications: Powell et al 2002. Powell et al 2005.

Refined dairy diets enhance profits and the environment. The sustainability of U.S.

animal agriculture increasingly depends both on profitability and compliance with

manure management regulations. Research has shown important relationships between

dairy feeding practices, manure nutrient excretions, and the impact of these factors on

profitability and environmental outcomes. The prevailing industry practice of feeding

mineral supplements to lactating dairy cows increases total-phosphorus, water-soluble-P,

and heavy metal concentrations in manure beyond what can be effectively recycled on

cropland after manure application. These results have been incorporated into national

outreach materials to change producer practices, and recent surveys of nutritionists and

feed companies across Wisconsin show significant reductions in dietary P levels. The

saving to U.S. dairy farmers is $30-35 million annually, and has the potential of an

additional savings of $65-70 million. Mitigating environmental risks associated with

reduced N and P loss from dairy farms due to reduced dietary N and P levels are “winwin” situations that will continue to enhance the profitability and environmental impacts

of dairy farming in the US. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Madison and University

Park. Selected Refereed Publications: Ebeling et al., 2002. Li et al., 2005. Misselbrook

et al., 2005. Powell et al., 2006.

Problem Area B. Systems, Strategies, and Tools to Reduce

Agricultural Risks. The technology developed to address this goal include entire

system analyses and the development of decision aids based on research results to guide a

producer to an integrated decision. Simulation models of plant growth processes are also

included to help predict likely responses if management changes are made by producers.

Large scale techniques such as remote sensing and GIS provide field level information on

crop status, give access to historical information that can be used to evaluate land use

practices, and determine the best approaches to meet the specific needs of producers.
38

1. Alternative Risk-Aversion Production Systems. Research is being done to

demonstrate certain production systems are better than others in reducing the chances of

financial risk to producers.

Reducing tillage and diversifying crop rotations can reduce risk to Northern Corn

Belt farmers. Despite national trends toward adoption of conservation tillage, farmers in

the Northern Corn Belt continue to use intensive tillage. In addition, there has been a

reduction in crop diversity in this area. Farmers need assurances that using new

production practices will not put them at risk of financial loss. ARS has addressed the

problem of reducing barriers to the adoption of more sustainable cropping systems using

long-term studies to evaluate the effects of cropping systems on economic risk. The

research showed that ridge tillage increased profitability, reduced fuel and labor use, and

reduced economic risk relative to conventional tillage for a corn and soybean rotation.

The research also showed corn rotations including soybean, spring wheat, and alfalfa

instead of continuous corn production were valuable risk management tools when

government payments and crop insurance are not available. However, when growers

choose to use both government programs and crop insurance, the relative benefits of crop

diversification in reducing risks are decreased. Recent research results showed that no-till

and many strip tillage systems increased profitability and reduced fuel use compared to

moldboard plow and chisel plow tillage systems for a corn and soybean rotation. The

research is helping assure Northern Corn Belt farmers who want to adopt more

sustainable production practices that reduce tillage and diverse crop rotations can reduce

economic risks and complement other risk management tools including government

programs and crop insurance. The research can also help policy makers find creative

ways to design programs that provide economic incentives for producers to adopt

conservation practices. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Morris, Brookings. Selected

Refereed Publications: Archer et al., 2002.

Designing low-risk dryland cropping systems for the Northern Great Plains. Most

dryland small grain enterprises in the Northern Great Plains are not economical without

Federal transfer payments. A major agronomic concern is the limited diversity of crops in

this semi-arid region that is subject to frequent drought. To replace spring grain-fallow

systems, a team is developing intensive, no-till systems that increase crop diversity using

new rotational sequences, reduce operation costs, and minimize agrochemical usage.

Research is also determining short-term means for controlling weeds at the onset of

intensive low-till or no-till farming efforts. The agroecological approach is showing that

manipulation of planting times, straw height, herbicide programs and crop selection from

year to year can substantially reduce pesticide use and conserve moisture, while also

increasing carbon sequestration and reducing fuel consumption by growers. Two largescale, long-term, multidisciplinary studies were begun in 2004. This research is directed

toward understanding the complexity of these systems to quantify the economic and

environmental benefits of these strategies that reduce risk. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Sidney, Roosevelt and Sheridan County Conservation Districts, USDA,

CSREES, Montana State University, Roosevelt County Conservation District, Sheridan

County Conservation District, and Mosaic Company. Selected Refereed Publications:

Caesar-TonThat et al., 2001. Sainju et al., 2005. Goosey et al., 2005. Sainju et al., 2006a.
39

Sainju et al., 2006b.

Holistic approach to farm planning and conservation programs improves

profitability and enhances natural resources conservation. There is need to find ways

to increase farm environmental benefits while enhancing economic viability. This is

particularly true in the Drift Prairie Region of the U.S. where extreme weather events

caused persistent wet conditions and flooding and have exacerbated already tense

relationships between environmental and agricultural interests. A five-year demonstration

project was initiated to demonstrate the benefits of agricultural-environmental planning

and cooperation. Each of four demonstration farms worked under a whole-farm plan

developed by the producer and a six-member Resource Analysis Team comprised of

agriculture and conservation professionals. As a part of this project, ARS conducted

research on the economic performance of the demonstration farms in comparison to other

farms in the region. Research results showed that farm debt declined significantly for

three of the four farms, and all four farms had less indebtedness than regional averages.

Conservation was a dramatically larger share of total government and conservation

payments than regional averages, and these payments went directly toward purchasing

residue conserving equipment resulting in potentially long-lasting shifts in production

practices. Other parts of the project showed wildlife, water quality, and wetland carbon

storage benefits and reductions in erosion. The research generated support among the

producer-participants and involved many government and non-governmental groups at

the Federal, State, and local levels, which will help promote conservation activities in the

region. This project also provides a template for policy makers to use in designing future

conservation programs for the region. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Morris and

North Dakota Natural Resources Trust. Selected Refereed Publications: Clancy et al.,

2006.

2. Models to Predict At-Risk Conditions and Best Responses to

Management. Specific decision support tools are being developed to help producers

identify the best ways to produce their products with the least amount of economic risk.

Crop damage assessment tool for field-scale decisions. Crop damage assessment tools

are needed to show producers which portions of their fields consistently produce nonprofitable yields and to provide the Risk Management Agency (RMA) with ways to

assess field-scale crop damage amounts. ARS Scientists in Iowa developed a tool based

on the integration of field-scale geographical information system layers of soil types,

topography, harvested yield, and remote sensing images. The researchers found that the

remotely sensed data provided a measure of crop biomass needed to estimate potential

crop yield. This tool is being incorporated into a process for producers to use as part of

the field-scale crop damage assessment for RMA. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Ames. Selected Refereed Publications: Pinter et al., 2003. Hatfield et al., 2005

Research results used to identify profitable combinations of potato cropping

practices for the Northeastern U.S. ARS researchers have integrated soil, plant disease,

crop productivity, and economic research to develop the Potato Systems Planner

decision-support software. The software weaves together eight years of research covering
40

14 cropping systems findings on yield, quality, profitability, grower risk, nutrient cycling,

soil-born diseases, and soil microorganisms. Also, an Economics Calculator based on the

same input as required for loan applications by the USDA Farm Service Agency, helps

growers estimate profitability of each cropping system. Over 750 copies of the Potato

Systems Planner have been distributed to growers and scientists from 21 states, seven

Canadian provinces, and eight countries since 2005. ARS Locations and Cooperators:

Orono, Maine Potato Board National Potato Council, University of Maine. Selected

Refereed Publications: Franzluebbers et al., 2001. Larkin et al., 2003. Griffin et al.,

2004. Halloran et al., 2005. Olanya et al., 2005.

Crop simulation for decision making in Pacific Northwest potato-based cropping

systems. Tools to improve nitrogen management for potatoes in the Pacific Northwest

are desirable in view of the concern on non-point source pollution of nitrate into

groundwater in the Columbia Basin production region which is characterized by sandy

soils and possible N inputs in excess of crop N requirement. The CSPotato model was

integrated into the multi-year, multi-crop CropSyst simulation model to improve

assessments of nitrogen fate under different fertilizer and irrigation regimes in potato

systems. When the crop in rotation is potato, the potato model simulates potato growth

and development and plant carbon and N balances. Validated model predictions have

shown that 240 to 400 lbs. per acre of N was unaccounted and therefore could be

considered as subject to leaching. The model will be made available for general use on

Website.ARS Locations & Cooperators: Prosser, Beltsville, Washington State

University. Selected Refereed Publications: Alva et al., 2003. Delgado et al., 2005.

Alva et al., 2005.

On-farm research results in simple spreadsheet planning tools. Central Great Plains

farmers and ranchers must manage for regular and cyclic drought, lower commodity

prices, increased input costs. These factors coupled with government programs and crop

insurance options make optimal decision making difficult. A program of on-farm

research for testing GPFARM and related technologies was initiated with over 100 visits

made by cooperators to collect whole farm information. This effort used in the

development of the new iFARM decision support tool to help producers find the optimal

balance between crops, insurance type and level of coverage, inputs, and lease options.

The spreadsheets have been well received and the Colorado Association of Wheat

Growers has made the spreadsheets available on their Website. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Fort Collins, Decision Commerce Group, Farm Credit of Southern

Colorado, Colorado State University, and USDA-NRCS. Selected Refereed

Publications: Ascough II, et al., 2002. McMaster et al., 2002.

The economics of crop rotation sequences and technology transfer to producers.

Adequate rotation time between peanut crops is essential for maximizing peanut yield.

Maximizing yield output is not the same as maximizing economic returns, and decisions

on the best crop rotation system must consider the profitability of the system as a whole.

The WholeFarm farm planning system was developed to assist growers in developing

formal whole farm plans and has been distributed to producers in over 30 states. The

Cross-Commodity Breakeven Price Matrix (CCBPM) is a recent addition to WholeFarm
41

and will calculate the required price changes in crop grown in rotation with peanuts that

would justify shortening or lengthening the rotation time. The CCBPM provides

producers valuable information necessary to make farm planning decisions that

incorporate scientific data with farm specific data. This optimization system has been

used as an agricultural prediction component for a project supported by NASA

determining the effects of long-term global change. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Dawson and Watkinsville. Selected Refereed Publications: Lamb et al., 2005.

Sternitzke et al., 2000. Butts et al., 2004.

Producers can evaluate the 100 different crop sequences for the Northern Great

Plains. Northern Great Plains producers need a simple way to evaluate the strengths and

weaknesses of various cropping sequences. Scientists at the Northern Great Plains

Research Laboratory in Mandan, North Dakota, developed the easy-to-use Crop

Sequence Calculator. The Crop Sequence Calculator contains information on production

economics, soil water use, surface soil properties, plant diseases, weeds and insects.

Information for the calculator was gathered from crop sequencing experiments conducted

at the Mandan location. Over 12,000 copies of the CD have been distributed to producers,

extension agents, consultants and university educators. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Mandan. Selected Refereed Publications: none

Decision aids provide guidance to improve production efficiency, reducing input

costs, and increase profitability. Producers face many management decisions that

impact profitability and potential environmental impacts within a season. The Nitrogen

Decision Aid provides producers information quickly and in a user-friendly format that

enables them to make nitrogen use decisions efficiently. The Nitrogen Decision Aid

utilizes weather, soil, and management data to estimate nitrogen side-dress needs and has

been downloaded over 1400 times since its release in 2000. WeedCast utilizes weather,

soil, and management information to estimate crop emergence time and weed growth

estimates for 18 species, thus improving weed control by optimizing the timing of weed

control measures. WheatScout builds upon the WeedCast model and combines

information on wheat growth and herbicide application windows to assist producers in

selecting herbicides and estimating optimal application timing and rate. SeedChaser

allows farmers to evaluate the impact of tillage on resulting weed seed bank distribution

and surface applied chemical incorporation following tillage. In addition, the

WEEDTURF turf grass weed management model has been developed. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Morris, Fort Collins, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, University of

Western Australia, and Growth Stage Consulting, Inc. Selected Refereed Publications:

Ekeleme et al., 2005. Ekeleme et al., 2004. Masin et al., 2005.

Interactive decision aid developed to estimate stem rust disease development. Stem

rust is the most important and damaging disease of grasses grown for seed in the Pacific

Northwest. Over 400,000 pounds of fungicide are applied annually at an estimated cost of

$10-million. The disease can be managed with fungicides that are typically applied on a

14-day schedule which result in more applications than required in most years. In

addition, the effectiveness of fungicide sprays for rust control depends on knowing when

to start spraying. An interactive decision aid to estimate stem rust disease development
42

has been developed that collects real-time weather data from numerous grass seed fields

and estimates the potential for stem rust development. Users can choose a location, enter

their observed initial disease levels, and get an estimate of disease development in the

presence and absence of fungicides for any date. The Web-based model allows managers

to assess the timing and benefits of fungicide application and potentially to reduce costs.

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Corvallis, Western Farm Service, and Oregon State

University Plant Protection Center. Selected Refereed Publications: Pfender et al.,

2003. Pfender et al., 2004a. Pfender et al., 2004b. Pfender et al., 2006.

How and why weeds differ between fields and among years. Geographic information

system technology can be used to monitor changes in weed distribution patterns over

space and time so the seriousness of weed problems can be determined and to identify

linkages between specific agronomic practices and weed infestations. ARS Scientists

developed procedures to georeference ten years of crop production and weed incidence data

from a proprietary non-spatial database, and then created a georeferenced database to study

changes in weed distribution and severity. Application of this technology led to

identification of the five most aggressive weed species in established perennial grass seed

stands, quantification of their aggressivity, and recognition that increased time out of grass

seed production decreased the severity of four weed species and increased the severity of ten

others. Quantifying changes over time in severity of major weeds has provided the grass

seed industry with information critical for focusing future weed control research efforts, and

for informing regulatory agencies in their decision making regarding herbicide registration

requests. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Corvallis and Oregon Seed Services, Oregon

State University. Selected Refereed Publications: none.

GLYCIM model increases irrigation efficiency for Mississippi Delta soybean

growers. Soybean is an important crop in the Southeastern United States where irrigation

is becoming more widespread. While there are guidelines for irrigation, a simulation

model can allow growers to rapidly evaluate numerous options for estimating the effects

of irrigation timing and amount on projected yield and harvest date where experiments

have not been conducted. The GLYCIM soybean simulation model was tested with 12

growers over an eight-year period (1991 to 1999) in the Mississippi Delta region and two

years in the Florida PanHandle (2004-2005) for making pre-season decisions on variety

and row spacing selection, planting date, and in-season decisions for irrigation and

harvest timing. Growers using the model attributed increases in yield up to 29% and

irrigation use efficiency up to 400%. Based on the GLYCIM results, growers also

decided to purchase additional irrigation equipment after seeing the yield increases due to

irrigation predicted by GLYCIM actually occurred. This research has benefited both

soybean farmers and scientists interested in quantifying environmental effects on soybean

growth and development. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Mississippi State

University, University of Maryland, Florida A&M University. Selected Refereed

Publications: Ali et al., 2004. Koti et al., 2004. Reddy et al., 2002. Taylor et al., 2004.

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and

GLYCIM. Many crop simulation models use empirical relationships that are not

appropriate for estimating plant response to global climate change, are inaccurate for
43

simulating plant response to environmental stresses, or require re-parameterization for

different locations. Using technology to measure plant physiological processes, plant

responses to environmental conditions at great detail have been quantified to develop a

new generation model for melon growers in Texas to schedule optimal harvest times. In

addition, a soil process simulator for plant models was developed for the Web and has

been used in a number of studies in Israel, Germany, Russia, England, and Taiwan. Soil

process simulation models and model based data analysis have also been used to estimate

ground-water recharge for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to provide guidance to

NRC contractors for accepted monitoring methods of ground-water. Simple water budget

models have been useful to analyze yield map data and remotely sensed information on

leaf area index. This research benefits agricultural managers, scientists, and policy

makers interested in quantifying environmental factors on crop growth and yield. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Prosser, Ft. Collins, Riverside, Mississippi State

University, and the University of Maryland. Selected Refereed Publications: Kim et al.,

2003. Kim et al., 2004. Kim et al., 2006. Timlin et al., 2002.

Agricultural system-level models used to help direct field research. The agricultural

system model Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) provides a systems approach

for field scientists to simulate various producer management practices. Over the last five

years, several improvements have been made linking RZWQM with DSSAT (CERES

and CROPGRO) plant growth models to provide users more options in plant growth

simulation. Also, RZWQM and SHAW have been integrated to simulate no-tillage

effects on soil moisture and temperature, and with the GIS application Maria to extend

applications to spatially distribute field results. RZWQM has been used to simulate the

effects of weather variability, controlled drainage, and cover crop components on soil and

water quality. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Fort Collins and Colorado State

University. Selected Refereed Publications: Hu et al., 2006. Ma et al., 2005. Ma et al.,

2006. Malone et al., 2004. Nielsen et al., 2002. Yu et al., 2006.

Generic interface for crop simulation models simplifies model use for growers and

scientists. Graphical user interfaces simplify the use of simulation models and data

management by users. The graphical user interface GUICS was developed for on-farm

use by growers in the Mississippi Delta and the Florida Panhandle to test the soybean

model GLYCIM. In addition to GLYCIM, several other models were added to GUICS,

including MAESTRA, a model of tree crop growth useful for Nursery Managers,

GOSSYM, a mechanistic cotton model, SIMPOTATO, a model of potato growth, and

MELONMAN, a management model for melon crops. We have had over 100 requests for

the software and have distributed it widely in the United States and internationally via the

Web. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Mississippi State University, Clemson

University, and University of Maryland. Selected Refereed Publications: Anbumozhi, et

al., 2003. Bauerle et al., 2005. Taylor et al., 2004.

Web-based planning tools for conservation managers. An integrated Web-based

conservation planning tool platform linked to a relational database and served by a Webbased geographic information system map browser was developed. Automated

conservation planning worksheets were made available to the NRCS State Office in
44

Portland. Oregon NRCS estimated their conservation planners save 200 hours of planning

time annually through use of automated worksheets. The Online Agriculture

Conservation (OAC) Planning Tool Box was delivered to the Yolo County (CA)

Resource Conservation District to evaluate conservation education activities. WebGRMS

(Germplasm Management System) software emulating the USDA Genetic Resources

Information Network (GRIN) database demonstrated germplasm managers can easily

make geospatial analyses of germplasm collections without GIS software training using

low-cost, open-source Linux operating system software. WebGRMS software emulating

the USDA GRIN database was also delivered to the USDA-ARS Plant Germplasm

Introduction and Testing Unit at Pullman. NRCS headquarters and the State Office in

Portland are collaborating in the development of a landowner self-assessment Web tool

to support Conservation Security Program delivery by all state offices. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Corvallis and Oregon State University Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer Science. Selected Refereed Publications: Steiner et al.,

2005. Steiner et al., 2006.

Problem Area C. Strategies to Expand Market Opportunities.

1. Producing Organic Products. Organic production is one of the fastest growing

segments of U.S. agriculture with sales greater than $12.8-billion that are increasing more

than 20% annually. Increased research efforts by ARS are needed to see to it that

production keeps pace with increasing American and world consumer demand for

organic products, and to ensure the food product safety. ARS has an established nationwide network of research facilities that can address all aspects of organic food, feed, and

fiber production for all U.S. production regions and consumer markets.

Manure use can be managed to benefit soil biodiversity and reduce potential health

risks. Organic systems rely heavily on recycling nutrients to crops from animal manure

and soil organic matter. These same nutrients can be sources of ground and surface water

contamination. Use of manure in organic vegetable systems is a concern due to the

potential for contamination by human pathogens in the manure. ARS researchers found

that Listeria monocytogenes (a major gastrointestinal pathogen) present in liquid dairy

manure did not survive in soil beyond 70 days after field application, and was not present

on potatoes harvested from the same soil. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Orono,

Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association, Northeast Organic Dairy Producers

Alliance, Maine Organic Milk Producers, University of Maine, University of New

Hampshire, University of Vermont, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of

South Carolina, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory,

Stanford University, University of Delaware, Alabama A&M University. Selected

Refereed Publications: Larkin et al., 2006. Liao et al., 2003.

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all

producers. Plant diseases are significant problems in many organic production systems.

It was demonstrated that oregano completely inhibited growth of the Late Blight

pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) in the laboratory and partially inhibited the pathogen

in growth chamber studies. Also, commercially-available biological control organisms
45

such as Trichoderma virens and Bacillus subtilis can reduce Rhizoctonia stem canker by

37-75% and black scurf by 11-20%, while increasing potato yield by 15-20%. Similarly,

crop rotations of Brassica species reduced several diseases on potato. This research

identified several options for controlling diseases that are now employed by both organic

and conventional growers. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Orono, Auburn, Beltsville,

Bowling Green, Clay Center, Lincoln, Madison, Pendleton, Tifton, Wyndmoor,

University of Maine, University of New Hampshire, University of Vermont, Agriculture

and Agri-Food Canada, University of South Carolina, Brookhaven National Laboratory,

Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Stanford University, University of Delaware,

Alabama A&M University. Selected Refereed Publications: Larkin, 2002. Larkin, 2006.

Organic management practices and soil biological responses. Organic strawberry

production did not benefit from mycorrhizal inoculants, although mycorrhiza induced

earlier maturity in tomato and may benefit onion, watermelon, and pepper. Because of the

multiple ecosystem services provided by soil macro-organisms, understanding the impact

of cropping systems on the abundance and species diversity of soil macro-organisms

could help in designing cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides to regulate

pest species numbers and activities. Ground beetle relative abundance, species number,

and species diversity were greater in an organic cropping system than in a conventional

chisel-tilled system. Ground beetle assemblages were very similar in no-till and chisel-till

systems, and were most unique in organic cropping systems. This research is of particular

interest to organic farmers who consider soil biological activity an important component

of their production system, but do not have scientific information directing their

management decision concerning soil biological communities and their effects on

productivity. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Salinas, Community Alliance

for Family Farmers, California Strawberry Commission, University of California.

Selected Refereed Publications: Bull et al 2004.

Organic alternatives for deworming sheep and goats. Internal parasites of sheep and

goats are becoming resistant to chemical dewormers and organic producers cannot use

chemical treatment. Genetic resistance against parasites was found a viable approach for

parasite control, with St. Croix and Katahdin hair breeds being more resistant to parasites

than Dorper and other wool breeds. Preliminary results suggest small ruminants ingesting

sericea lespedeza, a condensed tannin-rich forage, had lower populations of the

Haemonchus contortus internal parasites. Supplementation with low doses of copper

oxide wire particles appeared to be an effective means to control Haemonchus

infestations in small ruminants. Management protocols that permit only low levels of

internal parasites are essential for organic sheep and goat meat production systems.

Further component and system level research is required to solve problems related to

organic production of small ruminants. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Booneville,

Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, and University of Arkansas.

Selected Refereed Publications: Burke et al., 2002. Burke et al., 2004. Burke et al., 2006.

Shaik et al 2006.

Increasing crop rotation length and complexity reduces weed pressure and increases

crop yields in organic systems. Organic farmers have identified weed management as
46

one of their biggest challenge. In a ten-year study on weed dynamics in organic and

conventional systems, the impacts of weeds on crop yields and weed seed bank size in

corn and soybean decreased as crop rotation length and complexity increased from one to

five years. Weed seed bank size in the spring was often correlated with weed cover

percentage at maturity the same year, demonstrating that maintaining a low seed bank by

using diverse rotations can lead to improved weed control in organic crops. During

favorable years, corn yield losses due to weeds were less than 5% in the longest organic

rotation, a level similar to that achieved using herbicides in conventional no-till and

chisel-till systems. This result indicates that with good management, longer organic crop

rotations can function comparably to conventional systems. These results will be of great

benefit to organic farmers and those considering transitioning to organic cropping when

they plan their weed control strategies. This research has resulted in the establishment of

a Congressionally-mandated cross-location research project with Pennsylvania State

University and the Rodale Institute to conduct a comprehensive analysis of weed

population dynamics in conventional and organic systems. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Beltsville, Rodale Institute, Pennsylvania State University. Selected

Refereed Publications: Teasdale et al., 2003. Teasdale et al., 2004.

First Low-Soil Disturbance Organic Cropping System Designed and Tested in

Pacific Northwest

Organic farming systems have historically relied on intensive tillage to establish crops

and manage pests. In the Pacific Northwest, the severe hazard of soil erosion precludes

the use of intensive tillage in the design of sustainable cropping systems. A low soil

disturbance organic system was designed and field-initiated in 2001 at the Palouse

Conservation Field Station. The new organic system, implemented at field-scales,

combines recent no-tillage technology with key cropping system elements to meet

national USDA Organic standards as well as regional biophysical constraints and

economic objectives. After four years, we show that the integration of no-tillage with

organic technologies is viable and represents a nascent accomplishment as the system is

continually modified and improved each year. Notable system constraints are primarily

fertility related and the system has been improved to include more legumes. Several

farmers have now initiated conservation tillage-based organic systems and represent the

first farmers to attempt this in the dryland cropping region of the Pacific Northwest. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Pullman and Washington State University, Pullman, WA.

Selected Refereed Publications: None.

Cover cropping practices improve organic weed management. Weed management is

challenging and expensive in organic crop production. Because it is essential to minimize

weed seed production during all phases of a crop rotation, the relationship of biomass

from common winter cover crops including cereals, mustard, and legume/oat mixtures on

season-long weed suppression was determined. Within a site, there were few differences

in above ground biomass production by the cover crops, but large differences in their

weed suppressive abilities. Weed suppression was influenced by seeding rate and cover

crop variety. At typical seeding rates, weed suppression was excellent by mustard and
47

rye, intermediate for oats, and extremely poor in legume/cereal mixes. Increasing the

seeding rate of the legume/cereal mixes improved weed suppression to acceptable levels.

An additional trial found that the rotary hoe could reduce weed seed production in winter

cover crops by up to 80%. This research benefits organic producers by providing

information that has helped maximize the benefits of cover cropping and minimize weed

seed production in high-value vegetable crops throughout the year. ARS Locations &

Cooperators: Salinas, California Cooperative Extension. Selected Refereed

Publications: Brennan and Smith, 2005.

Factors of organic production affect cover crops and vegetables. Vegetable

production systems that conform to organic requirements for Oklahoma are being

developed from transplant production time to harvest. The transition period to organic

production was examined for three vegetables. Over time yields increased during the

transition period to organic production, but inputs requirement remained the same or

increased, thus reducing profit. Trials examining use of corn gluten meal for weed control

in non-pungent jalapeno determined that although there were initial reductions in weed

densities, there were no observable reductions in weed densities or differences at harvest,

compared to the weedy-check treatments. The certified organic watermelon production

system using plastic mulch rather than acetic acid for weed control had greater weed

control and watermelon yields. The scientists are working closely with local organic

producers, and portions of the systems are being adopted. The Lane location has the first

certified organic acreage in the state of Oklanhoma. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Lane. Selected Refereed Publications: Russo, 2005.

Stale seed bed techniques for organic vegetable production. High-value organic

vegetable crop weed management has hand labor costs up to $1500 per acre. This high

cost and increasing legislative pressure limiting use of weeding labor necessitates the

development of techniques that minimize hand labor for weed control. ARS scientists in

California collaborated with a local organic farmer to evaluate the effectiveness and cost

of six organic compliant weed management tools to prepare stale seed beds in highdensity vegetable production. These techniques included organic herbicides, propane

flamers, and various cultivation tools. Most techniques controlled more than 70% of the

weeds and cost less than $230 per acre. However, the organic herbicide was ineffective

and cost $1557 per acre. These findings identified effective methods to help organic

producers minimize the need for hand weeding of high value vegetable crops. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Salinas, Tanimura and Antle Corporation, and University of

California. Selected Refereed Publications: Boyd et al., 2005.

Modified crops for use in organic production systems. Crops sometimes need to be

specifically tailored for use in high-value organic systems. Conventional grain-type

soybeans fail to provide adequate crop residue to control soil erosion. Therefore, a sixfoot-tall, lodging-resistant soybean cultivar named Tara was bred and released to farmers.

Tara provided 72% more crop residue after grain harvest than conventional cultivars, and

is now being used by farmers on several thousand acres. Moon Cake, a new dual use

vegetable soybean cultivar, was bred and released to farmers for fresh green seeds to

provide a vegetable protein for human consumption, and for stover after seed harvested
48

that can be fed to livestock. The six-foot-tall Moon Cake enables it to compete against

weeds. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville. Selected Refereed Publications:

Devine et al., 2004.

Organic log-grown shiitake mushrooms contain health-promoting polysaccharides.

There are two major production systems for shiitake mushrooms. Log-grown shiitake

meets the standards for organic agriculture, but production costs are greater than

substrate-grown mushrooms. Customers may be more willing to pay more for log-grown

shiitakes if these mushrooms can be marketed as a food that has health-promoting effects

beyond its nutritional value. Shiitakes are known to contain a polysaccharide that has

been shown to promote human health. Cooperative research by ARS scientists showed

that the content of this polysaccharide was at least twice as high in log-grown shiitake,

and both spawn source and tree species influenced polysaccharide content. These results

are of interest to shiitake mushrooms growers interested in promoting their product to

consumers of healthy food products. This is a maturing accomplishment. Further research

is needed to fully characterize effects of management on health promoting constituents.

ARS Locations & Cooperators: Booneville, Shirley Community Development

Corporation. Selected Refereed Publications: Brauer et al.., 2002

2. Integrating agricultural-based energy production. Crops specifically

grown for energy production and left over straw and manure from agricultural operations

are a part of the estimated 1.3-billion tons of biomass available in the U.S. that could be

used to produce energy. Research is needed to incorporate small-scale thermal-chemical

conversion technologies that can be used to produce energy from biomass and manure

waste and directly generate additional revenue stream on the farm.

Sustainable production of bio-fuel crops. Experiments in eastern Washington

demonstrated a variety of oilseed crops could be grown as feedstocks for a biodiesel

industry, and ligno-cellulose reserves from wheat straw, corn stover, and switchgrass

could be utilized for ethanol production. Results indicate that to support a 5-million

gallon biodiesel facility, the land area required ranges from 35-100,000 acres, depending

on the oilseed crop grown. Canola or rapeseed were determined to be the best crop

selections because of their high oil content, ability to fit into both dryland and irrigated

crop rotations, and that farmers currently maintained the necessary agricultural

equipment. Mustards, soybeans, and safflower oilseeds could be used in rotations for

crop diversification, as well as oilseed markets. For ethanol production 30-60,000 acres

of switchgrass, wheat straw, or corn stover would be necessary to support a 20 million

gallon ethanol facility. Twelve biodiesel and ethanol facilities with annual production

capacities of 30-M gallons biodiesel and 290–M gallons of ethanol have been proposed

for the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon. This research is integral to estimate

economic thresholds for feedstock resources in the development of a sustainable biofuels

industry in the Columbia Basin. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Prosser and

Washington State University. Selected Refereed Publications: none

Technology development for farm–scale conversion of straw to energy. Historically,

much of the straw produced from Pacific Northwest grass seed and cereal grain cropping
49

systems was treated as waste because of limited markets for this excess residue. The high

cost of transporting straw to centralized conversion facilities has plagued previous valueadded strategies. To overcome this barrier, researchers evaluated the potential for the onfarm conversion of straw to energy. A new gasifier designed appropriately for on-farm

use, was developed and tested utilizing Kentucky bluegrass straw. The unit converted

straw into synthesis gas without slagging, a problem that has limited previous

thermochemical technologies. This successful proof of concept will be used to develop a

second-phase gasifier where the economic feasibility of converting straw to energy can

be evaluated on farm. Conversion of the excess 7-million tons of straw beyond

conservation requirement into liquid fuels could yield more than 420-million gallons of

mixed alcohol valued at $840-million. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Corvallis,

Eastern Regional Research Center, and Western Research Institute. Selected Refereed

Publications: Boateng et al., 2006. In press

3. New Products from Agricultural Lands. There are four accomplishments in

this problem area. Two are related to increased use and better management of

silvopastures for improving productivity and opening new market alternatives. Another

accomplishment examined the use of technology to lengthen the growing season for highvalued crops and thus increase the marketing season for producers in the region. The

fourth accomplishment increased the research capacity to identify constraints to increased

productivity and profitability in both conventional and organic systems.

Important criteria defined for the design and management of temperate

silvopasture practices. More than 20% of beef cattle in the U.S. (22.5 million head) are

raised in the lower Midwest United States. The region has more than 62.9 million acres

of private pasture that engages over 312,000 farm families. Equal numbers of beef cattle

are born or spend at least a portion of their lives on pastures in the southeastern United

States. Many family farms also have significant acreages of wood lots, so adoption of

silvopasture has been advocated as a means to increase the productivity of these

resources. Understanding has been gained of how to design and manage silvopastures to

increase productivity and profitability. The microclimate effect of pine trees in a

silvopasture stimulates early spring forage growth that allows livestock producers to

place cattle on pastures two-to-three weeks earlier than on open pasture. Similarly,

grazing in silvopastures can be extended two-to-three weeks later in the fall. These results

indicate that well-managed silvopastures can reduce winter feed costs in the lower

Midwest by approximately 20%. Orchardgrass, or a binary mixture of orchardgrass and

tall fescue, had better growth, persistence, and feed quality than tall fescue in the shade of

loblolly pine alleys, while a tall fescue monoculture was more productive in the unshaded

environment. The spacing of loblolly trees on a marginal site affected forage yield,

nutritive value, and botanical composition of a bermudagrass and tall fescue mixture

within 7-8 years after planting. Results from several different experiments indicate that a

two row configuration is optimum for timber production in southern pine silvopasture,

however, partitioning of biomass to the tree bole for timber production may be less in

agroforestry systems compared to traditional forestry production systems. Economic

analyses indicate that the profitability of pecan silvopasture practices of the Midwest

United States is derived primarily from pecan nut sales. There are substantial
50

opportunities to increase the profitability of this practice by marketing the timber from

tree thinning. While nut yields of eastern black walnut trees in a stand vary considerably,

future yields can be predicted. These results have added considerably to the knowledge of

the design and management of silvopastures. This knowledge needs to be combined with

forthcoming results for the development and dissemination of site-specific best

management practices for silvopastures. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Booneville,

Kansas State University, University of Missouri-Columbia, Mississippi State University.

Selected Refereed Publications: Burner et al., 2003a. Burner et al., 2003b. Burner et al.,

2004. Ares et al., 2005. Ares et al., 2006.

Eastern red cedar and chestnuts are attractive alternative crops for small farmers.

Crops that are in high demand and command high prices are good alternative crops for

small farms. Chinese chestnut can begin bearing commercial quantities of nuts 6-10 years

after planting with 1,000-1,500 pounds of nuts per acre easily attained. Current wholesale

prices range from $1.60-6.00 per pound. In addition over 80% of current American

supply is from foreign markets, so this presents a ready domestic market. A national

market survey of eastern red cedar has shown that this species, formerly viewed as a

“trash” tree, has an expanding national market valued in excess of $60-million. These

results indicate the potential of increasing the profitability of small farms by the

production of high value alternative crops. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Booneville,

University of Missouri. Selected Refereed Publications for this Accomplishment:

Selected Refereed Publications: Gold et al., 2004. Gold et al., 2005a. Gold et al., 2005b.

Cuphea as a new oilseed crop for Northern Corn Belt. Additional economically viable

crops are needed that can be grown in rotation with corn and soybeans to help break weed

and pest cycles and diversify farming operations. The U.S.A. currently imports over a

billion pounds of coconut and palm kernel oils each year for use in making soaps,

detergents, personal care products, nutritional and dietetic products, and lubricants.

Domesticated cuphea could serve as a substitute for these and serve as a replacement for

certain high-value petroleum-based lubricants. Cuphea fits well in a corn-soybean-wheat

rotation following either soybean or wheat. Additionally, corn yield may benefit when

following cuphea. In 2004, in collaboration with industrial partners, ARS scientists

successfully took cuphea to on-farm commercialization on 50 acres. In 2005, 100 acres

were grown, and over 400 acres have been contracted for 2006. Industrial demand for

cuphea oil is high enough that hundreds of thousands of acres could be produced in the

near future. ARS Locations and Cooperators: Morris, Technology Crops International,

Proctor and Gamble Company, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, and Western

Illinois University. Selected Refereed Publications: Gesch et al., 2005. Forcella et al.,

2005. Forcella et al., 2005. Olness et al., 2005. Sharratt et al., 2004.

Small-Scale Farmers Can Receive Income from Pine Straw Without Increasing Soil

Erosion. Pine straw harvesting can provide an additional income source to small farms.

However, there are concerns that removal of pine straw will increase soil erosion.

Experiments conducted by the ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center,

Booneville, Arkansas, showed how pine straw could be harvested without increasing soil

erosion. It was demonstrated that when pine straw is harvested once every three years,
51

precipitation run off, soil erosion amount, and nutrient losses were not affected. This

finding benefits landowners looking for additional income sources as well as

conservation planners interested in helping these farmers. ARS Locations and

Cooperators: Booneville. Selected Refereed Publications: none.

High tunnel research capacity established to serve mid-Atlantic small farmers.

Small farmers near urban areas successfully compete by targeted direct market strategies

that supply unique or superior quality products or optimize production timing for high

prices. Although high tunnels have been used in northern areas for several years, midAtlantic growers have discovered tunnels can provide advantages of extending the

growing season and enhancing product quality, despite the relatively mild climate in this

region. Houses with and without use of selective plastic that block the transmission of

solar ultraviolet radiation below 380 nm have been established to determine how these

optical properties impact crop and pest management. Collaborative studies have

demonstrated the enormous potential of using high tunnels for production of high value

crops that can extend the growing season by 4-6 weeks in both the spring and the fall.

Results and recommendations are shared with other farmers through field days and our

winter regional conference with the expectation that high tunnel use will rapidly expand

throughout the area. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Beltsville, Maryland Extension

and SARE. Selected refereed publications: Gonzalez-Aguilar et al., 2001. Krizek et al.,

2001. Krizek, et al., 2004. Krizek et al., 2005. Middleton et al., 2005.

RESEARCH GOAL III. PROTECTED AND ENHANCED NATURAL

RESOURCES ON FARMS

Many landowners are recognizing the importance of describing the quality of water and

wildlife habitat associated with their farms. There are several ARS units involved in

natural resource research where agricultural practices impact water ways and wildlife

habitats. These investigations provide a starting point to increase awareness of the

importance of wildlife resources in agriculture.

Use of remote sensing and ground-truth surveys to monitor soil disturbance and

land use patterns across landscapes. ARS scientists in Corvallis developed a

combination ground-truth survey and remote-sensing approach to create a public geographic

information system database of grass seed cropping practices and stand establishment

patterns in Linn County, Oregon. A multi-step classification procedure using Landsat

images to spatially and temporally extend the database based on major land use categories

verified by a ground-truth census that showed the remote sensing method to be 74%

accurate. The GIS was used to characterize differences in soil disturbance patterns among

sub-basins of the Calapooia River watershed, revealing the presence of a 3-fold range in

proportion of agricultural land tilled each year. Information on stand establishment and

tillage practices across the landscape is vital because our previous research had

demonstrated that tillage practices, rather than riparian buffers, had greater impact on

transport of sediments and nutrients in western Oregon streams. Spatially-explicit

quantification of soil disturbance patterns will be a critical input to the Soil and Water

Assessment Tool model under development for landscape-level optimization of
52

conservation practices, crop production, water quality, and biological indicators of

ecosystem services. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Corvallis. Selected Refereed

Publications: none.

Identifying management practices that optimize economic and environmental

benefits at the watershed scale level. An integrated modeling system to provide

farmers, conservation planners, and policy makers a set of solutions that optimize

economic conservation practice selection was developed. This accomplishment is

important because the modeling system provides documentation on the effectiveness of

water quality conservation practices supported by the Conservation Title in the USDA

Farm Bill. A working prototype, based on the results of replicated field trials, used a

genetic algorithm to integrate use of the ARS Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)

with an economic model. The system was applied to a test watershed in western Oregon

and will be used for the 13 watersheds in the national USDA Conservation Effects

Assessment Project. This research provides a new method to optimize multiple

conservation and economic objectives and is an important component of assessment of

USDA conservation programs at the national level. ARS Locations & Cooperators:

Corvallis, Temple, Oregon State University. Selected Refereed Publications: Whittaker

et al., 2003.

Wildlife habitat impacts agricultural drainage water to constructed wetlands. Do

wetlands that are constructed in rural landscapes to receive and treat agricultural runoff

and drainage water provide effective wildlife habitat? To answer this question, this work

studied the development of vascular vegetation and periodically inventoried the terrestrial

and aquatic ecology of three constructed wetlands in Northwest Ohio receiving runoff

and drainage water from corn/soybean production systems. Hydrophytic vegetation

within the surrounding landscape provided an adequate source of seed stock to achieve

approximately 50 % wetland species in each basin 5 years after construction without

planting or seeding. Numbers and types of both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife species

increased with time after construction at each wetland. Wetland site designers and

managers, NRCS, and Extension professionals, rural residents, and the general public all

benefited from these findings through evaluation of current practice effectiveness,

improved design and management guidelines, and creation of additional wildlife habitat

in the agricultural landscape. ARS Locations & Cooperators: Columbus, Ohio State

University, and University of Findlay. Selected Refereed Publications: Luckeydoo et

al., 2002. Luckeydoo, 2004.

Importance of considering environmental impacts of drainage ditch management.

Drainage ditches are a common component of many agroecosystems in the eastern

United States. Historically, ditches have been managed for the single purpose of draining

excess water from agricultural fields without regard for the ecological impacts these

management actions. Research began in 2005 to determine the influence of grassed

buffers and farming practices on the physical habitat and aquatic communities within

agricultural drainage ditches. Initial findings have documented that drainage ditches serve

as important habitats for fishes within agricultural watersheds, and suggest that

incorporation of environmental considerations into the management of ditches will
53

benefit the fishes within these systems. Also, those conservation practices that alter ditch

hydrological characteristics will have the greatest impact on fishes and other aquatic

animals. This research will be valuable for state agencies, federal agencies, and

environmental groups responsible for funding and assisting producers with installing

grassed buffers, implementing nutrient management practices, and implementing

pesticide management practices through USDA Farm Bill programs. The results will also

provide producers information to consider to manage ditches as multi-purpose systems

designed to provide habitat for aquatic animals and drainage of agricultural fields. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Columbus, Ohio State University, Purdue University, Upper

Big Walnut Creek Water Quality CEAP-SWPI, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,

and Rural Drainage Ditch Advisory Committee. Selected Refereed Publications: none.

Grass seed farming landscapes provide excellent fish and wildlife habitat. Farm

aquatic and terrestrial habitats protect many fish and wildlife species, and thus serve as a

valuable resource worthy of enhancement and protection. It was found that native fish

and amphibians utilized seasonal streams, originating from western Oregon grass seed

fields, as refugia during the winter high flow periods. Water quality nutrient constituents

were found to be at ranges not harmful to aquatic biota. Winter bird abundance and

diversity was correlated with the percent of tree cover along drainages in the south

Willamette River basin, OR. Surveys demonstrated that seventeen-times more birds were

found along forested than non-forested drainages, but only 15% of the total land cover

needed to be in trees to maximize songbird richness. Using bird behavior findings and

knowing that 70% of the watershed land area is less than optimal, farmers can now know

where to target USDA conservation projects to optimize economic and environmental

benefits. These studies provide the first-of-its-kind comprehensive information showing

how managed upland agricultural landscapes in watersheds are places where species

listed under the Endangered Species Act can flourish during seed production cycles. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Corvallis, Oregon State University, University of

Massachusetts, USDA-NRCS, and local farmers. Selected Refereed Publications:

McComb et al., 2005. Banowetz et al., 2006.

Management schemes for alley cropping practices improve dove habitat. There are

substantial opportunities at the rural-urban interface for farmers to increase their

profitability by managing their landscape for game species and charging fees for hunting

access. Mast-bearing trees alley cropped with sunflowers is an attractive management

option to farmers interested in dove lease-hunting. Missouri has 40,000 dove hunters who

spend $5-million annually, and demand is increasing. Components important to

development of management protocols for enhancing dove habitat are being investigated.

Swamp white oak seedlings produced from acorns in large containers will bear acorns

within 18-30 months, in contrast to 15-30 years for natural oak stands. Effective and

substantial weed control was found to be critical to establishment of hardwood

plantations, especially in the floodplains of major rivers. Establishing oak seedlings in

former bottomland crop fields with a cover crop of redtop grass will prevent rabbit

damage and produce 98% survival four years after outplanting. The spring growth and

short stature of the redtop grass prevents the growth of other competitive understory

vegetation and is a poor habitat for rabbits. These results provide a framework for
54

successful alley cropping practices to establish oak seedlings to increase dove habitat and

increase farm profitability via hunting lease fees. These results need to be transferred to

landowners to increase adoption of such practices in the Midwest region of the United

States. This accomplishment has focused primarily on system components to date.

Additional component research is needed, including system level analyses. Future

technology transfer activities will be required for the research to have full impact. ARS

Locations & Cooperators: Booneville, Missouri landowners, U.S. Forest Service,

NRCS, and University of Missouri. Selected Refereed Publications: Grossman et al.,

2003. Ares and Brauer, 2004. Kabrick et al., 2005.
55

Peer Review Publications

1. Abdul-Baki, A., Bryan, H.H. Klassen, W. and Codallo, M. Propagation and

establishment of perennial peanuts for ground covers along roadsides and

highway ramps. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 115:267-272. 2002.

2. Abdul-Baki, A., Bryan, H.H. Klassen, W. Carrera, L. Li, Y.C. and Wang, Q.

Low production cost alternative systems are the avenue for future

sustainability of vegetable growers in the U.S. Acta Horticulturae 638: 419-

423. 2004.

3. Abdul-Baki, A., Bryan, H.H., Klassen, W., and Codallo, M. Propagation and

establishment of perennial peanuts for ground covers along roadsides and

highway ramps. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 115: 267-272. 2002.

4. Abdul-Baki, A., Bryan, H.H., Klassen, W., Carrera, L., Li, Y.C., and Wang, Q.

Low production cost alternative systems are the avenue for future

sustainability of vegetable growers in the U.S. Acta Horticulturae 638: 419-

423. 2004.

5. Abdul-Baki, A., H.H. Bryan, W. Klassen, and M. Codallo. Propagation and

establishment of perennial peanuts for ground covers along roadsides and

highway ramps. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 115:267-272. 2002.

6. Abdul-Baki, A., H.H. Bryan, W. Klassen, L. Carrera, Y.C. Li, and Q. Wang.

Low production cost alternative systems are the avenue for future

sustainability of vegetable growers in the U.S. Acta Horticulturae 638: 419-

423. 2004.

7. Abdul-Baki, A., Wilson, A. Carrera, L. M. Aslan, S. Cobb, S. Burke, T. and

Brown Jr., E. Browning and dieback of distal parts of fruit-bearing strands in

date palms. HortScience 37:882-884. 2002.

8. Abdul-Baki, A., Wilson, A. Carrera, L.M. Aslan, S. Cobb, S. Burke, T. and

Brown Jr., E. Browning and dieback of distal parts of fruit-bearing strands in

date palms. HortScience 37:882-884. 2002.

9. Abrahamson D.A., Radcliffe D.E., Steiner J.L., Cabrera M.L., Hanson J.D.,

Rojas K.W., Schomberg H.H., Fisher D.S., Schwartz L., Hoogenboom G.

Calibration of the root zone water quality model for simulating tile drainage

and leached nitrate in the Georgia Piedmont. Agronomy Journal 97: 1584-

1602. 2005.

10. Aiken, R., Nielsen, D.C., and Ahuja, L.R. Scaling effects of standing crop

residues on the wind profile. Agronomy J. 95:1041-1046. 2003.

11. Ali, I., F.D. Whisler, J. Iqbal, J.N. Jenkins. Soil physical properties web

database for GOSSYM and GLYCIM crop simulation models. Agronomy J.

96:1706-1710. 2004.

12. Alva, A.K. Effects of pre-plant and in-season nitrogen management practices

on tuber yield and quality of two potato cultivars. Journal of Vegetable Crop

Production. 2004. 10:43-60.

13. Alva, A.K. Potato nitrogen management. Journal of Vegetable Crop

Production. 10:97-132. 2004.
56

14. Alva, A.K. Sustainable nutrient management in sandy soils-Fate and transport

of nutrients from animal manure vs. inorganic sources. J. Sustainable Agric.

(In press) 2006.

15. Alva, A.K., Collins, H.P., Fraisse, C., Boydston, R.A. Evaluation of

Enviroscan capacitance probes for monitoring soil moisture in center pivot

irrigated potatoes. Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, 38:93-110. 2003.

16. Alva, A.K., H.P. Collins, and R.A. Boydston. Corn, wheat, and potato crop

residue decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in sandy soils under an

irrigated potato rotation. Comm. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 33:2643-2651. 2002.

17. Alva, A.K., H.P. Collins, W.L. Boge, and R.A. Boydston. In-situ measurement

of nitrogen mineralization from different crop residues in the Pacific

Northwest irrigated potato cropping systems. J. Veg. Crop Improvement. (In

press). 2006.

18. Alva, A.K., Paramasivam, S., Fares, A., Delgado, J.A., Mattos, D., Sajwan, K.

Nitrogen and irrigation management practices to improve nitrogen uptake

efficiency and minimize leaching losses. Journal of Crop Improvement 15:369-

420. 2005.

19. Alva, A.K., S. Paramasivam, and K.S. Sajwan. Nitrogen transformation from

three organic amendments in a sandy soil. Archives Agron. Soil Sci 52:1-11.

2006.

20. Alva, A.K., T. Hodges, R.A. Boydston, and H.P. Collins. Dry matter and

nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in two potato cultivars. J. of Plant Nutr.

25:1621-1630. 2002.

21. Alva, A.K., T. Hodges, R.A. Boydston, and H.P. Collins. Effects of irrigation

and tillage practices on yield of potato under high production conditions in the

Pacific Northwest. Comm. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 33:1451-1460. 2002.

22. Anbumozhi, V., V. R. Reddy, Yao-Chi Lu, and E. Yamaji. The role of crop

simulation models in agricultural research and development. Agricultural

Engineering Journal 12:1 - 18. 2003

23. Andales, A.A., Ahuja, L.R., and Peterson, G.A. Evaluation of GPFARM for

dryland cropping systems in Eastern Colorado. Agronomy J. 95: 1510-1524.

2003.

24. Andales, A.A., Derner, J.D., Bartling, P.N.S., Ahuja, L.R., Dunn, G.H., Hart,

R.H., and Hanson, J.D. Evaluation of GPFARM for simulation production and

cow-calf weights. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 58:247-255. 2005.

25. Archer, D. W., Pikul, J. L., Jr. and Riedell, W. E. Economic risk, returns and

input use under ridge and conventional tillage in the northern Corn Belt, USA.

Soil and Tillage Research 67(1):1-8. 2002.

26. Archer, D.W., Pikul, J. L., Jr., and Riedell, W. E. Analyzing risk and risk

management in cropping systems. In: Hanson, J.D. and J.M. Krupinsky (eds.),

Proceedings of the Dynamic Cropping Systems: Principles, Processes, and

Challenges. Bismarck, ND. p.155-164. 2003.

27. Ares, A. and Brauer, D. Growth and nut production in black walnut in relation

to site, tree type and stand conditions in the south central United States.

Agroforestry Systems 63:83-90. 2004.
57

28. Ares, A. and D. Brauer. Aboveground Biomass Partitioning in Loblolly Pine

Silvopastoral Stands: Spatial Configuration and Pruning Effects. Forest

Ecology and Management. 219:176-184. 2005.

29. Ares, A., D. and D. Brauer. 2003. Trends in tree growth and understory yield

in

30. Ares, W.C. Reid and D. Brauer. Production and economics of native pecan

silvopastures in central United States. Agroforestry Systems: 66: 205-215.

2006.

31. Ascough II, J.C., Hoag, D.L., McMaster, G.S., and Frasier, W.M. Computer

use and satisfaction by Great Plains producers: Ordered logit model analysis.

Agron. J. 94:1263-1269. 2002.

32. Ashford, D.L., and D.W. Reeves. 2003. Use of a mechanical roller-crimper as

an alternative kill method for cover crops. American Journal of Alternative

Agriculture 18(1):37-45.

33. Avery, A. 2005. Organic and conventional agriculture reconsidered. Letter to

the editor, BioScience 55:820.

34. Bakhsh, A., Hatfield, J.L., Kanwar, R.S., Ma, L., and Ahuja, L.R. Simulating

nitrate losses from Walnut Creek Watershed. J. Environ. Quality. 33:114-123.

2004.

35. Bakhsh, A., Kanwar, R.S., Jaynes, D.B., Colvin, T.S., and Ahuja, L.R.

Simulating effects of variable nitrogen application rates on yield and NO3-N

losses in subsurface drain water. Trans. ASAE 44(2): 269-276. 2001.

36. Bakhsh, A., Ma, L., Ahuja, L. R., Hatfield, J.L., and Kanwar, R.S. Using

RZWQM to predict herbicide leaching losses in subsurface drainage water.

Trans. ASAE. 47:1415-1426. 2004.

37. Balkcom, K.S., J.A. Terra, J.N. Shaw, D.W. Reeves, and R.L. Raper. 2005.

Soil management system and landscape position interactions on nutrient

distribution in a Coastal Plain field. J. Soil Water Conser. 60(6): 431-437.

38. Banowetz, G.M., Azevedo, M.D., Kennedy, A.C., Griffith, S. M. and Steiner,

J. J. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME) to identify sources of soil in

surface water J. Environ. Qual. 35: 133-140. 2006.

39. Bauer, P. J., J. R. Frederick, and W. J. Busscher. 2002. Tillage effect on

nutrient stratification in narrow- and wide-row cropping systems. Soil &

Tillage Res. 66:175-182.

40. Bauer, P.J. and M.E. Roof. 2004. Nitrogen, Aldicarb, and Cover Crop Effects

on Cotton Yield and Fiber Properties. Agron. J. 96:369-376.

41. Bauer, P.J., C.R. Camp and W.J. Busscher. 2002. Conservation tillage methods

for cotton grown with subsurface drip irrigation on compacted soil. Trans.

ASAE 45(1):119-125.

42. Bauer, P.J., D.W. Reeves, R.M. Johnson and J.M. Bradow. 2003. Cover crop,

tillage, and N rate effect on cotton grown in ultra-narrow rows. Crop

Management dol:10.1094/CM-2003-1006-01-RS.

43. Bauer, P.J.and J.R. Frederick. 2005. Tillage Effects on Canopy Position

Specific Cotton Fiber Properties on Two Soils. Crop Sci. 45:698–703.
58

44. Bauerle, W.L., D. J. Timlin, Ya. Pachepsky, and S. Anantharamu. Adaptation

of the Biological Simulation Model MAESTRA for Use in a Generic User

Interface Agron. J. 98: 220-228. 2005

45. Birrell, S.J. and Hummel, J.W. Real-time multi ISFET/FIA soil analysis

system with automatic sample extraction. Comp. Elect. Agric. 32(1):45-67.

2001.

46. Boateng, A. A., G.M. Banowetz, G. M., Steiner, J. J., Barton, T. F., Taylor, D.

G., Hicks, K. B., El-Nashaar, H. and Sethi. V. K. Gasification of Kentucky

bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) straw in a farm-scale reactor. Biomass and

Bioenergy (in press).

47. Brauer, D., A. Ares, W. Reid, A. Thomas and J.P. Slusher. 2006. Nut-yield

variations and yield-DBH relationships in open-canopy black walnuts in

southern USA. Agroforestry Systems 67:63-72.

48. Brauer, D., Kimmons, T., and Phillips, M. 2002. Effects of management on the

yield and high molecular weight polysaccharide content of shiitake (Lentinula

edodoes) mushrooms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:5333-

5337.

49. Brennan, E.B. and R.F. Smith. 2005. Winter cover crop growth and weed

suppression on the central coast of California. Weed Technology 19:1017-

1024. Kaspar, T.C., J.K. Radke, and J.M. Laflen. 2001. Small grain cover

crops and wheel traffic effects on infiltration, runoff, and erosion. J. Soil Water

Conserv. 56(2):160-164.

50. Brevik, E.C., T.E. Fenton, and D.B. Jaynes. Evaluation of the accuracy of a

central Iowa soil survey and implications for precision soil management.

Precision Agriculture. 4:331-342.

51. Brewer, M. T., and Larkin, R. P. Efficacy of several potential biocontrol

organisms against Rhizoctonia solani on potato. Crop Protection 24:939-950.

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200. Kabrick, J.M., Dey, D.C., Van Sambeek, J.W., Wallendorf, M., and Gold, M.

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208. Kitchen, N.R., Sudduth, K.A., Myers, D.B., Massey, R.E., Sadler, E.J., Lerch,

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221. Larkin, R. P. Characterization of soil microbial communities under different

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222. Larkin, R. P. Effect of green sprouting and biocontrol products on soilborne

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223. Larkin, R. P. Effects of crop rotations and a fall cover crop on Rhizoctonia

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224. Larkin, R. P. Effects of different 3-yr cropping systems on Rhizoctonia canker

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225. Larkin, R. P., and Fravel, D. R. Effects of varying environmental conditions on

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226. Larkin, R. P., and Groves, C. L. Identification and characterization of isolates

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227. Larkin, R. P., and Honeycutt, C. W. Crop Rotation effects on Rhizoctonia

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228. Larkin, R. P., and Honeycutt, C.W. Effects of different 3-year cropping

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229. Larkin, R.P. Characterization of soil microbial communities under different

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230. Larkin, R.P. Control of Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf of potato by

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231. Larkin, R.P. Control of Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf of potato by

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232. Larkin, R.P. Effect of green sprouting and biocontrol products on soilborne

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233. Larkin, R.P. Effects of crop rotations and a fall cover crop on Rhizoctonia

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234. Larkin, R.P. Effects of different 3-yr cropping systems on Rhizoctonia canker

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235. Larkin, R.P., and Groves, C.L. Identification and characterization of isolates of

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236. Larkin, R.P., and Honeycutt, C.W. Effects of different 3-year cropping systems

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237. Larkin, R.P., Honeycutt, C.W., and Griffin, T.S. Effect of swine and dairy

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238. Lartey, R. T., Weiland, J. J., Caesar-TonThat, T. C., and Bucklin-Comiskey, S

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239. Lartey, R.T. and T. C. Caesar-TonThat (2005) DEGRADATION OF

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241. Leib, B.G., J.D. Jabro and G.R. Matthews. Field Evaluation and Performance

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242. Lerch, R.N., Kitchen, N.R., Kremer, R.J., Donald, W.W., Alberts, E.E., Sadler,

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243. Li, Y., McCrory, D. F., Powell, J. M., Saam, H. and Jackson-Smith, D.B.

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244. Liao, C.H., Honeycutt, C.W., Griffin, T.S., and Jemison, J.M. Occurrence of

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245. Liebig, M.A., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Johnson, J.M., Wright, S.E., Barbour,

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246. Liebig, M.A., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Johnson, J.M., Wright, S.E., Barbour,

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247. Liebig, M.A., Gross, J.R., Kronberg, S.L., Hanson, J.D., Frank, A.B., Phillips,

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248. Lin, C.H., McGraw, R.L., George, M.F. and Garrett, H.E. 2001. Nutritive

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249. Locke, M.A., R.M. Zablotowicz, P.J. Bauer, R.W. Steinriede, and L.A. Gaston.

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250. Logsdon, S.D., T.C. Kaspar, D.W. Meek, and J.H. Prueger. 2002. Nitrate

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251. Lu, Y.-C., Camp, C. R., and Sadler, E. J. Efficient allocations of irrigation

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254. Luckeydoo, L., Fausey, N., Brown, L., Davis, C. Early development of

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255. Luckeydoo, L.M. A periphyton sampler which minimizes site disturbance.

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256. Ma, L. and Selim, H.M. Predicting pesticide transport in mulch-amended soils:

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257. Ma, L., Hoogenboom, G., Ahuja, L. R., Ascough II, J. C., and Saseendran, S.

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258. Ma, L., Hoogenboom, G., Ahuja, L.R., Nielsen, D. C., and Ascough II, J.C.

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259. Ma, L., Nielsen, D. C., Ahuja, L. R., Malone, R. M., Saseendran, S. A., Rojas,

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260. Ma, Q. L., Wauchope, R.D., Ma, L., Rojas, K.W., Malone, R.W., and Ahuja,

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261. Ma, Q., Rahman, A., James, T. K., Holland, P. T., McNaughton, D. E., Rojas,

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262. Ma, Q.L., Wauchope, R.D., Rojas, K.W., Ahuja, L.R., Ma, L., and Malone,

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263. Makus, D. J. Effect of kaolin (Surround) on pepper fruit and seed mineral

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264. Makus, D. J. Mycorrhizal inoculation of tomato and onion transplants

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265. Malik, N. S. A., and Bradford, J. M. A simple protein extraction method for

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266. Malik, N. S. A., and Bradford, J. M. Design and construction of an inexpensive

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269. Malik, N. S. A., and Bradford, J. M. Reciprocal grafting between early

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270. Malik, N.S.A., and Bradford, J. M. Regulation of flowering in ‘Arbequina’

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271. Malik, N.S.A., and Bradford, J.M. Flowering in ’Arbequina’ olives in

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272. Malik, N.S.A., and Bradford, J.M. Plant growth regulatory effects of chicken

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273. Malone, R. W., Ahuja, L. R., Ma, L., Wauchope, R. D., Ma, Q.L., and Rojas,

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274. Malone, R. W., Ma, L., Wauchope, R. D., Ahuja, L. R., Rojas, K. W., Ma, Q.

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275. Malone, R., Weatherington-Rice, J., Shipitalo, M., Fausey, N., Ma, L., Ahuja,

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276. Malone, R.W., Logsdon, S., Shipitalo, M.J., Weatherington-Rice, J., Ahuja,

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SERA-17. Organization to Minimize Phosphorus Losses from Agriculture.

http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_dietary_phosphorus.pdf. 2005.

203. Powell, J.M. Nitrogen cycling on Wisconsin dairy farms. In: Proceeding of

“Optimizing nitrogen management on dairy farms”. March 30, 2005, Madison,

Wisconsin. 40 min. section of DVD. (Workshop Proceedings). 2005.

204. Powell, J.M. Ability of Wisconsin dairy farmers to conform to 590 Nutrient

Management Standards. In: Proc. of the 2006 Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime &

Pest Management Conference. January 17-19, 2006, Madison WI. p. 139-145.

2006.

205. Powell, J.M. Ammonia Emissions: Why the Concern? 11.5 min section of

DVD. Proceedings of Air Quality and Ammonia Emissions Workshop, May

20, 2004. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 2004.

206. Powell, J.M. and Jackson-Smith, D.B. Where and how much manure is landspread on Wisconsin dairy farms. Invited paper. In: Silage for Dairy Farms:

Growing, Harvesting, Storing, and Feeding. Conference sponsored by Natural

Resources, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES), Ithaca, NY.

January 23-25, Harrisburg PA, p. 386-395. 2006.

207. Powell, J.M. Dairy herd management impacts on manure nitrogen cycling, p.

271-273. In: Proc. of the 2005 Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime & Pest

Management Conference, January 18-20, 2005, Madison, WI. 2005.

208. Powell, J.M. Enhanced Integrated Nutrient Management on Dairy Farms. An

educational CD and website http://dfrc.wisc.edu/powell/. 2002.

209. Powell, J.M. Enhanced use of feed and manure nutrients in animal agriculture.

Invited paper. In: Visions for Animal Agriculture and the Environment. The

John M. Airy Beef Cattle Symposium. Iowa Beef Center and Iowa State

University. January 5-6, 2006. Kansas City MO.

http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/content/Airy/POWELL%20Abstract.pdf. 2006.

210. Powell, J.M. How dairy diet affects manure nitrogen excretion and cycling in

soils. p. 308-314. In Proc. of the 2003 Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime & Pest

Management Conference. 21-23 January 2003, Madison, WI. 2003. Ebeling,

A.M., Bundy, L.G., Powell, J.M. and Satter, L.D. Dietary phosphorus

considerations in dairy management. Four-page fact sheet. Nutrient and Pest

Management Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/pubs/nutrient/DietaryP2002.htm.

211. Powell, J.M. How dairy diet affects manure nitrogen excretion and cycling in

soils. p. 308-314. In: Proc. of the 2003 Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime & Pest

Management Conference. 21-23 January 2003, Madison, WI. 2003.

212. Powell, J.M., Jackson-Smith, D., Satter, L.D. and Bundy, L.G. Whole-farm

phosphorus management. Invited Paper. Dairy Update, Nutrient Management
108

No. 91. The Babcock Institute. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 2002. (also

available in Spanish).

213. Powell, J.M., Jackson-Smith, D., Satter, L.D. and Bundy, L.G. Whole-farm

phosphorus management. Invited Paper. Dairy Update, Nutrient Management

No. 91. The Babcock Institute. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 2002. (also

available in Spanish)

214. Powell, J.M., Ketterings, Q, Adams, L-N. and Rasmussen, C. A comparative

study of nutrient management tools for dairy farms in New York, Wisconsin

and elsewhere. Workshop Proceeding.

http://www.dfrc.wisc.edu/powell/seminarSeries.html. 2003.

215. Powell, J.M., Ketterings, Q., Rasmussen, C., Adams, L.N., Albrecht, G.,

Czymmek, K., Rotz, A., Muck, R., Norman, J., Stangel, B., Erb, K., Wattiaux,

M., Fox, D., Tylutki, T., Ochs, M., Geohring, L., Bundy, L., Ward-Good, L.,

Pearson, B., Marshall, D. Whole-farm nutrient management on dairy farms to

improve profitability and reduce environmental impacts. Cornell University

Crop and Soil Sciences Research Series R04-1 and University of Wisconsin

Extension Publication A3794. 2004.

216. Powell, J.M., Taylor-Powell, E., Klemme, R., Johnson, T., Bruss, L., and

Misselbrook, T. Partnership for abating ammonia emissions from dairy farms:

Using a logic model to build consensus and joint work. Paper 39. Proceedings

for the State of the Science - Animal Manure and Waste Management

Symposium, San Antonio, Texas on January 5-7, 2005.

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2005.

217. Price, A. J., P. A. Simionescu, T. S. Kornecki, R. L. Raper, D. W. Reeves.

2003. Improved roller technology for cover crop management. Proceedings of

the 2nd World Congress on Conservation Research.

218. Proceedings of the 2004 Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX, Jan.

6-9. 4 pp.

219. Raper, R.L. Selecting Subsoilers to Reduce Soil Compaction and Minimize

Residue Burial. Proceedings of Session IV of 2004-CIGR International

Conference, Beijing, China, pp. 135-143, October 11-14. 2004.

220. Raper, R.L. Tractive element impacts on soil. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2003

Meeting. 2003.

221. Raper, R.L., and D.W. Reeves. Reducing Soil Compaction with In Row

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222. Raper, R.L., D.W. Reeves, J.N. Shaw, E. vanSanten, and P.L. Mask. Sitespecific subsoiling benefits for cotton production, 12 pp. ASAE Paper No.

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223. Raper, R.L., D.W. Reeves, J.N. Shaw, E. vanSanten, and P.L. Mask. Sitespecific subsoiling: benefits for Coastal Plains soils. Proceedings of the 26th

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224. Raper, R.L., D.W. Reeves, J.N. Shaw, E. vanSanten, P.L. Mask, and T. Grift.

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225. Raper, R.L., E.B. Schwab, and S.M. Dabney. Measurement and variation of

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226. Raper, R.L., E.B. Schwab, C.H. Burmester, D.W. Reeves, and K.S. Balkcom.

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227. Raper, R.L., P.A. Simionescu, T.S. Kornecki, A.J. Price, D.W. Reeves. 2003.

Cover crop rollers: a new component of conservation tillage systems.

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299. Tillman G., Schomberg H., Phatak S., Timper P., and Olson D. Enhancing

sustainability in cotton with reduced chemical inputs, cover crops, and

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300. Timlin, D.J., J. Starr, R. Cady, and T. Nicholson. Comparing Ground Water

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301. Timlin, D.J., J.L. Starr. R. Cady, T.J. Nicholson. Field Studies for Estimating

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302. Timlin, D.J., Walthall, C. L, Pachepsky, Ya., Dulaney, W.P., and Daughtry,

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303. Truman, C., E. Schwab, R. Raper, and K. Balkcom. 2005. Paratilling

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alternative kill method for cover crops. Technical Note #13. Sept.

305. USDA-NRCS Soil Quality Institute. Soil compaction: detection, prevention,

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306. Waddell, J.T. and A.W. Lenssen. Impact of P Fertility on Dryland Legume N

Production. 2006. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference Proceedings, Vol. 11.

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307. Walsh, M., Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Eklund, J.J. Weedem: Turning

Information into Action. Jacob, H.S., Dodd, J., Moore, J.H., Editors. Weeds:

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308. Walthall, C.L., Dulaney, W.P., Anderson, M., Norman, J., Fang, H., Liang, S.,

Timlin, D., Pachepsky, L. Alternative Approaches for Estimating Leaf Area

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Technology, August 2-6, 2004, Denver, Colorado. 5544: P. 241-255. 2004.

309. Webber, C.L., III, Davis, A.R., Shrefler, J.W., Perkins-Veazie, P., Russo,

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310. Webber, C.L., III, Davis, A.R., Shrefler, J.W., Perkins-Veazie, P., Russo,

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311. Webber, C.L., III, Russo, V.M., and Shrefler, J.W. Corn gluten meal as a

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plants, pp 218-222. In: Lal, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Marcel

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4. Ahuja, L.R., Green, T.R., Erskine, R.H., Ma, L., Ascough II, J.C., Dunn, G.H.,

Shaffer, M.J., and Martinez, A. Topographic analysis, scaling, and models to

evaluate spatial/temporal variability of landscape processes and management,

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5. Ahuja, L.R., Ma, L., and Howell, T.A. (eds.) Agricultural System Models in

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6. Ahuja, L.R., Ma, L., and Howell, T.A. Whole system integration and

modeling: Essential to agricultural science and technology in the 21st century,

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7. Ahuja, L.R., Ma, L., Andales, A.A., and Saseendran, S.A. Agricultural system

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9. Ascough II, J.C., Shaffer, M.J., Hoag, D.L., McMaster, G.S., Ahuja, L.R., and

Weltz, M.A. GPFARM: An integrated decision support system for sustainable

Great Plains agriculture. In: Stott, D.E., Mohtar, R.H., and Steinhardt, G.C.

(Eds.), Sustaining the Global Farm – Local Action for Land Leadership:

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USDA and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. p.951-960.

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10. Bittman, S., Hunt, D.E., and Shaffer, M.J. NLOS (NLEAP On STELLA®) A

Nitrogen cycling model with a graphical interface: implications for model

developers and users, Chapter 11, pp. 383-402. In Shaffer, M. J., Ma, L., and
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grading data using back-propagation neural networks. In Dagli, C.H., Buxazk,

A.L., Enke, D.L., Embrechts, M.J., and Ersoy, O., (eds.) Smart Engineering

System Design: Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Evolutionary Programming,

Complex Systems and Artificial Life. Intelligent Engineering Systems Through

Artificial Neural Networks, Volume 14. New York, NY: ASME Press. p. 621-

626. 2004.

12. Flanagan, D.C., Ascough II, J.C., Nearing, M.A., and Laflen, J.M. The Water

Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model, Chapter 7, pp. 145-199. In:

Harmon, R.S. and Doe III, W.W. (Eds.), Landscape Erosion and Evolution

Modeling. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 713 pp.

2001.

13. Hatfield, J.L., J.H. Prueger, and W.P. Kustas. 2004. Remote sensing of dryland

crops. In S.L. Ustin (ed.) Remote Sensing for Natural Resource Management

and Environmental Monitoring, Manual of Remote Sensing 3rd Edition, John

Wiley , Hoboken, NJ Volume 4, Chapter 10, pp.531-568.

14. Jackson-Smith, D., Powell, J.M., McCrory, D.F,. and Saam, H.. Understanding

manure management behavior on Wisconsin dairy farms: lessons from recent

on-farm research. Paper 57. Proceedings for the State of the Science - Animal

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5-7, 2005.

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/natlcenter/sanantonio/proceedings.htm.

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15. Ma, L. and Shaffer, M.J. Review of carbon and nitrogen processes in nine U.S.

soil nitrogen dynamics models, Chapter 4, pp. 55-102. In: Shaffer, M. J., Ma,

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16. Ma, L., Nielsen, D.C., Ahuja, L.R., Kiniry, J.R., Hanson, J.D., and

Hoogenboom, G. An evaluation of RZWQM, CROPGRO, and CERES-maize

for responses to water stress in the Central Great Plains of the U.S. In: Ahuja,

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18. Pikul, Jr., J.L., J.M.F. Johnson, S.E. Wright, T.C. Caesar TonThat, and M.M.

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Biologically-based technologies for suppression of soilborne pathogens of

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Microbiology and Biochemistry. 2005.

24. Sainju, U.M. Cover crops for sustaining vegetable production, improving soil

and water quality, and controlling weeds and pests. In: R. Dris (ed.)

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press. 2006.

25. Sainju, U.M. and R. Dris. Sustainable production of tomato. In: R. Dris (ed.),

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28. Satter, L.D., Klopfenstein, T.J., Erickson, G.E., and Powell, J.M. Phosphorus

and dairy-beef nutrition. P. 587-606. In A.N. Sharply, and J. T. Sims (ed.).

Phosphorus Agriculture and the Environment. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Monograph

N. 46. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin. 2005.

29. Selim, H.M. and Ma, L. Modeling nonlinear kinetic behavior of Copper

adsorption-desorption in soil. In: Selim, H. M. and Sparks, D. L. (eds.).

Physical and Chemical Processes of Water and Solute Transport/Retention in

30. -+ Soil. SSSA Special Publication No. 56. pp. 189-212. Madison, WI. 2001.

31. Shaffer, M. J. and Ma, L. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in upland soils,

Chapter 2, pp. 11-26. In: Shaffer, M. J., Ma, L., and Hansen, S. (eds.)

Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics for Soil Management, CRC Press,

Boca Raton, FL. 651pp. 2001.

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Dynamics for Soil Management. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 651pp. 2001.
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management. Chapter 15, pp 391-411. In: Follett, R.F. and Hatfield, J.L. (eds.)

Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management, Elsevier

Science B.V. 2001.

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estimating NO3-N leaching and N2-O emissions. Chapter 12, pp 403-426. In

Shaffer, M. J., Ma, L., and Hansen, S. (eds.) Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen

Dynamics for Soil Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 651pp. 2001.

35. Tarpley, L. and Sassenrath, G.F. 2003. Environmental and physiological

components of the cotton leaf reflectance spectrum, pp.95-109. In T. Van Toai,

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Agriculture. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication No. 66. pp.

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121

LOCATIONS:

Ames, IA:

Small grain cover crops reduce the need for herbicide applications.........................23

Sensing technology for improved soil compaction measurements............................32

Crop damage assessment tool for field-scale decisions........................................39

Auburn, AL*

Expansion of conservation systems research project leads to technology transfer

initiatives.............................................................................................14

Effect of landscape position on crop yield when transitioning from conventional to

conservation tillage systems.......................................................................14

Increasing Adoption of Conservation Tillage Technology in the Tennessee Valley

Region................................................................................................18

Cover crop roller technology may be a key component of conservation systems..........21

Mapping soil compaction to identify field areas for precision tillage........................31

Integrated crop–livestock production systems for the southeastern U.S.....................34

Tillage requirements for winter-annual grazing rotations.....................................34

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all

producers..................................................................................................45

Beltsville, MD

Cover crop-based production system may be a potential alternative to methyl

bromide...............................................................................................20

Cover crops enhance date production............................................................21

Discovering the molecular mechanisms that cover crops influence in production

systems................................................................................................22

Soil maps guide soil sampling for microbial properties.......................................31

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and

GLYCIM..............................................................................................43

Generic interface for crop simulation models simplifies model use for growers and

scientists..............................................................................................43

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all

producers..................................................................................................45

Organic management practices and soil biological responses....................................45

Increasing crop rotation length and complexity reduces weed pressure and increases crop

yields in organic systems...........................................................................45

Modified crops for use in organic production systems.........................................47

High tunnel research capacity established to serve mid-Atlantic small

farmers...................................................................................................50

Crop simulation for decision making in Pacific Northwest potato-based cropping

systems................................................................................................50

GLYCIM model increases irrigation efficiency for Mississippi Delta soybean

growers................................................................................................42
122

Booneville, AR

Organic alternatives for deworming sheep and goats..........................................45

Organic log-grown shiitake mushrooms contain health-promoting

polysaccharides......................................................................................48

Important criteria defined for the design and management of temperate silvopasture

practices..............................................................................................49

Eastern red cedar and chestnuts are attractive alternative crops for small

farmers................................................................................................50

Small-Scale Farmers Can Receive Income from Pine Straw Without Increasing Soil

Erosion................................................................................................50

Management schemes for alley cropping practices improve dove habitat..................53

Brookings, SD

Diversifying crop rotations and reducing tillage can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt

farmers................................................................................................19

Reducing tillage and diversifying crop rotations can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt

farmers................................................................................................38

Columbia, MO

Alley cropping of alfalfa reduces need for insecticides, thus increasing profitability

potential...............................................................................................27

Sub-field management zones for improved crop nutrient utilization........................30

Mapping soil electrical conductivity to understand sub-field grain production

variability.............................................................................................31

Sensing technology to improve nitrogen application accuracy...............................32

Sensing technology for improved soil compaction measurements...........................32

Sensing to improve nitrogen application accuracy.............................................32

Understanding within-field grain yield variability.............................................33

Corvallis, OR

Conservation practices improve soil, air, & water quality and increase profits in perennial

grass seed production systems.....................................................................15

Interactive decision aid developed to estimate stem rust disease development.............41

How and why weeds differ between fields and among years.................................42

Web-based planning tools for conservation managers.........................................44

Technology development for farm–scale conversion of straw to energy....................49

Use of remote sensing and ground-truth surveys to monitor soil disturbance and land use

patterns across landscapes................................................................................51

Identifying management practices that optimize economic and environmental benefits at

the watershed scale level...........................................................................51

Grass seed farming landscapes provide excellent fish and wildlife habitat.....................53

Dawson, GA

Decision support systems for irrigation scheduling in peanuts, corn, and cotton to

improve profits and adoption......................................................................28

The economics of crop rotation sequences and technology transfer to

producers.................................................................................................40
123

Reduced supplemental irrigation in three Southeastern conservation tillage

systems................................................................................................29

Florence, SC*

Conservation tillage with a rye cover crop reduces thrips populations in Southeast USA

cotton...................................................................................................27

Understanding within-field grain yield variability.............................................33

Fort Collins, CO

No-tillage allows more intensive and flexible dryland cropping systems and improves soil

quality................................................................................................15

On-farm research results in simple spreadsheet planning tools...............................40

Decision aids provide guidance to improve production efficiency, reducing input costs,

and increase

profitability...........................................................................................41

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and

GLYCIM.............................................................................................42

Agricultural system-level models used to help direct field research.........................43

Mapping soil electrical conductivity to understand sub-field grain production

variability.............................................................................................31

Lane, OK*

Factors of organic production affect cover crops and vegetables.............................47

Mandan, ND*

Dynamic systems approach to rotation crop selection..........................................19

Producers can evaluate the 100 different crop sequences for the Northern Great

Plains..................................................................................................41

Integrating annual forages into a Great Plains beef production

system................................................................................................36

Madison, WI

Tannins may increase dairy profits and enhance environmental quality.....................36

Integrating annual forages into a Great Plains beef production system..........................36

Dairy herd management enhances nutrient cycling.............................................36

On-farm research improves nutrient management on dairy farms............................37

Refined dairy diets enhance profits and the environment......................................37

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all

producers..............................................................................................44

Improved pasture utilization increases dairy cow feed efficiency............................35

Mississippi State, MS

GLYCIM model increases irrigation efficiency for Mississippi Delta soybean

growers................................................................................................42

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and

GLYCIM.............................................................................................43
124

Generic interface for crop simulation models simplifies model use for growers and

scientists..............................................................................................43

Experimental designs for large commercial field precision applications....................33

Morris, MN

Diversifying crop rotations and reducing tillage can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt

farmers................................................................................................19

Reducing tillage and diversifying crop rotations can reduce risk to Northern Corn Belt

farmers................................................................................................38

Holistic approach to farm planning and conservation programs improves profitability and

enhances natural resources conservation.........................................................39

Decision aids provide guidance to improve production efficiency, reducing input costs,

and increase profitability...........................................................................41

Cuphea as a new oilseed crop for Northern Corn Belt.........................................50

Orono, ME

Research results used to identify profitable combinations of potato cropping practices for

the Northeastern U.S................................................................................39

Manure use can be managed to benefit soil biodiversity and reduce potential health

risks...................................................................................................44

Improved understanding of disease management in organic potato systems helps all

producers..............................................................................................45

Many approaches used together can increase New England agriculture profitability......25

Prosser, WA

Reduced tillage in potato production systems...................................................16

Utilizing fall-planted cover crops for weed suppression in potato production

systems................................................................................................20

Cropping practices and rotations reduce the negative impact of weeds in potato

production systems..................................................................................23

Management strategies in rotation crops reduce populations of volunteer potato..........24

Nitrogen and irrigation best management practices for potatoes on coarse textured

soils...................................................................................................29

Crop simulation for decision making in Pacific Northwest potato-based cropping

systems................................................................................................40

The latest scientific knowledge and technology incorporated into GOSSYM and

GLYCIM.............................................................................................43

Sustainable production of bio-fuel crops.........................................................48

Pullman, WA

Regional efforts to reduce weed pressures in the Pacific Northwest.........................23

Integrated management strategies reduce jointed goatgrass in the Pacific

Northwest..........................................................................................................................24

No-till spring cropping system decreases downey brome populations.......................25

Development of Site-Specific N Indices for Precision N Management.....................34

First Low-Soil Disturbance Organic Cropping System Designed and Tested in Pacific

Northwest.............................................................................................46
125

Salinas, CA

Evaluation of novel cover crops..................................................................21

Development of a biointegrated production system for strawberries eliminates the need

for fumigation.......................................................................................25

Organic management practices and soil biological responses....................................45

Cover cropping practices improve organic weed management...............................46

Stale seed bed techniques for organic vegetable production..................................47

Stoneville, MS

Conservation tillage and cover crop benefits for cotton and soybeans.......................17

Optimization of crop performance through the proper water resource management......27

Development of tools to rapidly assess crop status.............................................30

Experimental designs for large commercial field precision applications....................33

Sidney, MT

Development of a PCR protocol for rapid detection of Cercospora beticola....................26

Developing a strip tillage system for small seeded crops.......................................16

Safflower is a secondary host of Cercospora beticola..........................................26

Feedback sensor systems for real time water management and self-propelled irrigation

system decision support............................................................................28

Designing low-risk dryland cropping systems for the Northern Great

Plains..................................................................................................38

Watkinsville, GA

Systems approach improves adoption of conservation tillage systems in the Southeastern

U.S. ...................................................................................................17

Integrated crop–livestock production systems for the southeastern U.S.....................34

Tillage requirements for winter-annual grazing rotations.....................................34

Modified hay production system improves ruminant feed intake............................35

The economics of crop rotation sequences and technology transfer to

producers.............................................................................................40

Expansion of conservation systems research project leads to technology transfer

initiatives.............................................................................................14

Effect of landscape position on crop yield when transitioning from conventional to

conservation tillage systems.......................................................................14

Cover crop roller technology may be a key component of conservation

systems................................................................................................21

Mapping soil compaction to identify field areas for precision tillage........................31

Weslaco, TX

Conservation tillage systems for hot and dry climates.........................................18