APPENDIX C 

2002 Emissions Inventory 

Methodology & Documentation 

Paducah Ozone Maintenance Area 

PROPOSED UPDATED MAINTENANCE EMISSIONS BUDGET 

PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

MARSHALL AND A PORTION OF LIVINGSTON COUNTIES 
2002 OZONE PRECURSOR EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UPDATED 

OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA PLANS FOR KENTUCKY OZONE 

MAINTENANCE AREAS 

AS REQUIRED BY THE CLEAN AIR ACT 

FOR THE FORMER PADUCAH ONE HOUR OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

LOCATED WITHIN 

(MARSHALL COUNTY AND A PORTION OF LIVINGSTON COUNTY) 

Prepared by 

THE KENTUCKY DIVISION FOR AIR QUALITY 

John S. Lyons 

Director 

Submitted by 

THE KENTUCKY ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC PROTECTION CABINET 

Teresa J. Hill 

Secretary 

July 2007 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.0 BACKGROUND & EMISSIONS SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" 1.1 

1 .1 Background . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . . .. .. . ... .. .... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1 

1 .2 Emissions Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .1 .2 

1.3 References, Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ........... . . . ... . .1 .5 

2.0 POINT SOURCES.. .... .. .... .. .... .. ...... .... .. ...... ........................ ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 

2.1 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ..2 .1 

2.2 Methodology and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 

2.2 .1 Review of Existing Database . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .2 

2 .2 .2 Source Survey .. . . . ... . . . ... . ..... . . . ... . . . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .2 

2.2 .3 Data Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ..2 .2 

2.2 .4 Data Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .3 

2.2 .5 Emission Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .3 

2 .3 Summary of Point Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" - """""" . . """" . . """" .. ""

2 .4 

2.3 .1 Paducah Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 

2.4 References, Section 2 ... ...... ...... ...... ....................... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .6 

3.0 AREA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.1 Introduction & Scope . . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .3.1 

3.2 Methodology & Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.2 .1 Source Category Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """""""""""""" . """" . """""""" . """ . . 3.1 

3.2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . " . . . . "" . . """. ."" . .. ". ...""

. .."3.1 

3.3 Summary of Area Source Emissions . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... "" ... """ .."" . . """ . . "" . . """" . . "" . . . "" . . . 3.2 

ii 
3.4 Discussion of the Area Source Categories . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . ,3,2 

3.4 .1 Gasoline Distribution . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 

3.4 .1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..., . . . ., . ,3 .3 

3.4 .1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .4 

3.4 .1 .3 Vehicle Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .5 

3.4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading . . . . . . ... . ..... . ...... ...... .... .. ...... .... .. .... .. ..... . ..... . . . ... . .3 .5 

3.4 .1 .5 Aircraft Refueling ............ ...... .... .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... .. .... .. .3.6 

3.4 .1 .6 Petroleum Vessel Loading & Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3.9 

3.4 .2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 

3.4 .2 .1 Dry Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .9 

3.4 .2 .2 Surface Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .10 

3 .4 .2 .3 Surface Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . ..... .... .. .... .. . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .12 

3.4 .2 .3 .1 Architectural Surface Coating .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . ..... . . . 3.13 

3.4 .2 .3 .2 Automobile Refinishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ., . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14 

3.4 .2 .3 .3 Traffic Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .15 

3.4 .2 .3 .4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16 

3 .4 .2 .4 Graphic Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .16 

3.4.2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . ... .. .... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .17 

3.4 .2 .6 Emulsified Asphalt.... . ..... .... .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . ... .. .3.18 

3.4 .2 .7 Pesticide Application . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .18 

3.4 .2 .8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20 

3.4 .3 Waste Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,3 .21 

3.4.3.1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works .... . ...... ..... . ...... ...... ..... . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. 3.21 

3.4 .3 .2 Industrial Wastewater . ...... ...... . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... .. ....3 .23 

3.4 .3 .3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23 

3.4 .3 .4 Municipal Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .24 

3.4 .3 .5 Solid Waste Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ,3 .25 

3.4.3 .5 .1 On-Site Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . ... .. .... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .25 

3.4 .3 .5.2 Open Burning. . ..... . ... .. . ... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .3 .27 

3.4 .4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.29 

3.4 .5 Bioprocess Emission Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ., . . . . 3.29 

3.4.5.2 Breweries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.5.3 Wineries .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 

3.4.5.4 Distilleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.5:5 Silage Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.6 Other Area Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .... .. .... .... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .3.31 3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . ,3.31 3.4.6.1.1 Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.31 3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .3.32 3 .4 .6.1 .3 Slash & Prescribed Burning . . ., . . ., . . .  , . . . . . . . . . . ., .3.34 3.4.6.1.4 Agricultural Burning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.34 3.4.6.1.5 Orchard Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.34 

3 .4 .5 .1 Bakeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . .. . ... .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 

ill 
3.4 .6 .2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ........... . . . . . .3 .34 

3.5 References, Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ...... ....... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .38 

4.0 NON-HIGHWAY MOBILE EMISSIONS.... . ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .1 

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . .4 .1 

4.2 Methodology & Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 

4.3 Summary of Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... .. ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 

4.4 Discussion of Nonroad Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .""""""" .. """"""

4.1 

4.4 .1 Other Nonroad (i.e ., Non-Highway) Sources . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 

4.4 .2 Aircraft Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .2 

4.4 .2 .1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft . .. ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .3 

4.4 .2 .2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis and Military Aircraft . .4.3 

4.4.3 Locomotives . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. ..... . ..4.6 

4.4 .3 .1 Line Haul Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... ..... . ..... . . .4 .7 

4.4 .3 .2 Yard Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .8 

4.5 References, Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .12 

5.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .5 .1 

5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .1 

5.2 Emissions Estimation Process .. . . . . .. .. .... .. .... .. ...... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .5.1 

5.2 .1 Overview of Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates . . . . . . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 

5.2 .2 Inputs to MOBILE6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .2 

5.2 .2 .1 Run Section Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .2 

5.2 .2 .2 Scenario Section Data . . . .. .. . ... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ..5.2 

5.3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. ..".. . . " ... . " . . . . " . . . 5.4 

5.4 References, Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .... .. ...... ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .5 

iv 
6.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS... ...... ........................ .... .. .... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. ...... ...... ..... . .6.1 

6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 

6.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 

6.3 Summary of Biogenic Emissions . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . ..... . . . . .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 

6.3 .1 Ozone Maintenance Areas . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... .. . ... .6.1 

6.4 References, Section 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3 

Appendix A Point Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix B Area Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix C Non-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix D Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix E Biogenic Emissions Inventory Information 
1 .0 BACKGROUND AND EMISSIONS SUMMARY 

1.1 BACKGROUND 

In accordance with the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, a November 6, 1991, 

Federal Register notice designated Paducah marginal nonattainment for the 1-hour ozone standard 

effective on January 6, 1992. In a November 3, 1994, Federal Register notice, the U.S . EPA 

approved the redesignation of Paducah from marginal nonattainment to attainment for the 1-hour 

ozone standard effective on January 3,1995. On April 30, 2004 (69 FR 23858), the Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) designated and classified areas for the 8-hour ground-level ozone National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). These areas are required to submit a 10-year maintenance 

plan under section 110(a)(1) of the CAA if they also were a nonattainment area, or an 

attainment/unclassifiable area with a section 175A maintenance plan, under the 1-hour ozone 

standard . This document presents Kentucky's 2002 ozone precursor emissions inventory for the 

Paducah ozone maintenance area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston 

County. This inventory was developed based on EPA guidance, direct consultation with EPA 

personnel, and previous emission inventory development experience . The inventory includes 

reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NO,), and carbon monoxide (CO) 

emissions for area, point, non-highway mobile, highway mobile and biogenic sources. 

The point source inventory was developed using the Division's existing emissions inventory 

database (i .e ., TEMPO). The existing TEMPO database was updated using questionnaires and 

annual surveys completed by the sources. 

Maintenance area population information is provided in Table 1-1 . The data provided in 

Table 1-1 is vital to many emission calculation procedures used to develop the emissions inventory, 

particularly for area and nonroad mobile sources. These data are frequently referenced throughout 

this document. 
TABLE 1-1 

2002 POPULATION 

Paducah Maintenance Area 

COUNTY APPORTIONMENT 

FACTOR 

Livingston* 0.200 

° TOTAL POPULATION 

PULATION APPORTIONMENT 

FACTOR 

9,846 0.136 

Marshall 1 .000 30,261 1 .000 30,261 

Total 40,107 31,600 

* Denotes only a portion of the county 

1 .2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY 

In preparing this inventory, several other agencies contributed information to the Division 

necessary for completing emission calculations . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' provided 

information essential for completing the mobile emissions portion of this document. The Kentucky 

Economic Development Cabinet2 and the State Data Center 3 provided valuable population 

information used primarily in the preparation of the area source inventory. 

Within the maintenance areas, VOC, NO, and CO emissions were calculated for point, area, 

nonroad mobile, onroad mobile and biogenic sources. 

The Division's existing point source emissions inventory database (TEMPO) was used to 

produce point source information. This database is updated annually for Title V major and minor 

sources and on a varying schedule for other sources. A copy of the point source inventory survey is 

included as Appendix A. 

Area source emissions were generally calculated based on current population, employment, 

and commodity data. Population related information was provided by the State Data Center 3 and the 

Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet.2 

Highway vehicle emissions were estimated by using Mobile6.2 generated emission factors 

and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) estimates. DVMTs and speed information were obtained 

from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' . 

The VOC emissions calculated in this document are for those VOC emissions determined by 

EPA to be photochemically reactive. All identified nonreactive VOC emissions were addressed. 

Specifically, perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning and surface cleaning have been removed 

APPORTIONED 

COUNTY 

POPULATION 

1,339 

-1 .2- 
from the area source emissions found in this document. 

A summary of the VOC, CO, and NO,, emissions in tons per summer day for the maintenance 

area is provided in Table 1-2 . This document includes emissions data with pre-existing controls in 

place. These emission control measures include autobody refinishing, consumer solvent use, 

architectural surface coating, traffic markings, and open burning; fuel and engine control measures 

related to on-road and non-road mobile sources including Phase 11 of the RFG program, along with 

requirements on vehicle refueling and reduced evaporative emissions; and engine control measures 

include the National Low Emission Vehicle program, along with requirements on nonroad diesel 

engines, small nonroad engines (lawnmowers and garden equipment), and outboard marine engines. 

Point source emissions are described in Section 2 with supporting information in Appendix A. 

Section 3 documents the area source inventory process with supporting information in Appendix B. 

Non-highway mobile emissions are discussed in Section 4 with supporting information in Appendix 

C. Mobile source emissions are discussed in Section 5 with supporting information in Appendix D. 

Biogenic emissions are documented in Section 6 and Appendix E. 
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1 .3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1 

1 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled, 2002 . Frankfort, Kentucky. 

2. Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet, 2002 Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics, 

Frankfort, Kentucky. 

3 . University of Louisville, State Data Center, 2002 Population Statistics, Louisville, Kentucky. 
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2.0 POINT SOURCES 

2.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 

This section documents the development of the 2002 point source emissions inventory for the 

Paducah Area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. For the purpose of 

this inventory, point sources are defined as stationary commercial or industrial operations that emit 10 

tons or more per year of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or 100 tons or more of nitrogen oxides 

(NO,J or carbon monoxide (CO). Due to the lower cut-off size for VOC sources, the majority of point 

sources in each maintenance area have VOC emissions; therefore, most of this section is dedicated to 

these sources. This point source inventory consists of actual emissions for the 2002, and includes 

sources in the ozone maintenance counties . 

Emissions from point sources are presented using two emission rate formats: annual (TYR) and 

daily (TSD) rates. Although not specifically required, annual emission rates are provided in order to 

assist the review agency and the public in performing comparison checks against the existing TEMP05 

database. In addition, the annual emission rate identifies point sources impacting on each area. 

The remainder of this chapter is divided three parts. Section 2.2 describes the approach used in 

developing and compiling the point source listing for the ozone maintenance areas. Section 2.3 presents 

an overall summary of the point source VOC, NO, and CO emissions. Section 2.4 lists the references 

used in preparing this section. 

2 .2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

This section describes the methodology and approach used in developing information for the 

2002 point source inventory. The purpose for including this section is to provide sufficient detail to the 

review agency and the public to assist them in determining the adequacy of this inventory based on the 

most recent guidance. In addition, specific elements of the methodology and approach are being 

described in order to minimize the need for later clarifications . 

The development activities for the 2002 point source emission inventory were initiated in the 

spring of 2004. The approach used in compiling the point source listing and emissions data was based 

on guidance issued by the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency.', 2 

As mentioned previously, the Kentucky Division for Air Quality (DAQ was the agency 

-2.1- 
responsible for development of the 2002 emissions inventory for the maintenance areas in Kentucky. 

Data collection activities began in the spring of 2004. Since Kentucky already had an existing emissions 

database of air pollution sources in the state, a thorough review of this database formed the starting point 

for overall inventory development. A brief description of the methodology and approach used to 

accomplish these tasks is presented in the following subsections. 

2.2 .1 Review of Existing Database 

The review of the Division's TEMPOS database allowed personnel to identify which sources in a 

given geographical area would need to be updated for this inventory effort . Also, a review of each 

source in the existing system provided information on whether specific sources had been updated during 

the normal yearly update or if they would need to be updated separately. 

2 .2 .2 Source Survey 

Point source emission surveys were mailed to appropriate point sources (Please see related 

survey information in Appendix A). The surveys were designed to have the facilities update specific 

information as outlined in EPA guidance. In some instances follow-up telephone calls were made to 

clarify responses given by sources. 

2 .2 .3 Data Evaluation 

The next step in developing the point source inventory was to evaluate the collected data. All 

information received from the sources was checked by emission inventory personnel to ensure that the 

responses were within reasonable levels . 

Another aspect of data evaluation was the application of rule effectiveness for sources subject to 

regulatory emission limitations and a seasonal adjustment factor for facilities not operating on a uniform 

schedule. A factor of 80 percent was applied to the control device efficiency to adjust the resulting 

emission estimates to account for rule effectiveness. The rule effectiveness factor, pursuant to EPA 

Region 4 guidance, 3 was applied to VOC, CO, and NO,, annual emissions totals and is therefore also 

reflected in daily emissions. Seasonal adjustment was applied only to daily emission totals . 
2.2 .4 Data Compilation 

One of the final steps in developing the point source inventory involves submitting the data in an 

acceptable format . Division personnel routinely submit point source data to EPA's National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) database. 

2.2 .5 Emission Calculations 

Point source emissions were calculated using the following equations and variables. Appendix A 

contains point source emissions information utilized to calculate the point source emissions (Please see 

emissions information in Appendix A). Information requested by a source to be confidential in 

accordance with applicable laws is omitted from the Appendix A. 

1 . Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness 

CTEFFN 

CTEFFN 

CTEFF 

RE 

(1 - ((CTEFF)(RE)) 

Actual Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness 

Actual Control Efficiency 

Rule Effectiveness = .80 

2. Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day 

CPROD 

NPROD = ((FUELP) (ATHJ) / 100) / ((DWK) (WKYR) (.25)) 

VPROD 

CPROD, NPROD, and VPROD = Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day 

for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively 

FUELP 

ATHJ 

DWK 

WKYR 

(Actual) Annual Process Rate = Total Throughput 

Summer Seasonal Activity 

Number of Days Per Week Source is in Operation 

Number of Weeks Per Year Source is in Operation 

3 . Actual Emissions for Typical Summer Day 

CATND 

NATND = ((_PROD) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 

VATND 

CATND, NATND, and VATND = Typical Summer Day Emissions for CO, NOx, 

and VOC, respectively 

-2.3- 
PROD = CPROD, NPROD, or VPROD as Appropriate 

EF = Emission Factor 

4. Annual Actual Emissions 

CATNY 

NATNY = ((FUELP) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 

VATNY 

CATNY, NATNY, and VATNY = Annual Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, 

respectively 

FUELP = (Actual) Annual Process Rate = Annual 

Throughput 

EF = Emission Factor 

2.3 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

2.3 .1 PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

This inventory includes VOC, CO, and NO, point source emissions for the Paducah ozone 

maintenance area. County level point source emission totals are provided in Table 2-1 . Additionally, 

information in Appendix A catalogues point source emissions by facility, by county, and provides a 

county total. These tables lists the facilities ; the facility identification numbers ; SIC codes4, and the 

2002 annual emissions, adjusted for rule effectiveness, in tons per year; and the 2002 daily emissions 

with seasonal adjustments, in tons per summer day. 
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2.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references Emission 

Inventory Requirements for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans. EPA-450/4-88-

019. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

December 1988 . 

2 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references 

Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and 

Precursors of Ozone, Volume I: General Guidance for Stationary Sources. EPA-450/4-91-

016. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

May 1991 . 

3 . Telecon. U.S . Envirornnental Protection Agency, Region 4, Ms. Yasmin Yorker, February 4, 

1992, concerning rule effectiveness. 

4. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. Standard Industrial 

Classification Manual. Order no. PB 87-100012. National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 . 1987. 

5 . Kentucky Division for Air Quality's TEMPO Point Source Database for the Year 2002. 
3.0 AREA SOURCES 

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 

This section documents the development of the 2002 area source maintenance plan emissions 

for the Paducah ozone maintenance area (i .e ., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County). 

Area sources include non-traditional sources whose emissions are too small to be treated as 

stationary point sources. The emissions documented in this section are presented on an annual basis 

and for a typical summer day during the ozone season . 

Including this introduction and scope, Section 3 is organized into four other subsections . 

Section 3 .2 describes the approach taken to estimate emissions from each source category. Section 

3 .3 provides a summary of the area source emissions in the maintenance areas. Information 

explaining the calculations used to derive the area source emissions is discussed in Section 3 .4 . The 

references used in developing the area source portion of the inventory are located in Section 3 .5 . 

3.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

3.2 .1 Source Category Identification 

The majority of area source categories considered in this inventory were identified from 

Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of 

Ozone, Volume I.1 In addition, the U.S. EPA's Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) 

guidance 22 was consulted and utilized where feasible. Emissions estimates for some area source 

categories are not included in the inventory. Agricultural and slash burning, snowmobiles, and 

orchard heaters are not commonplace in Kentucky and therefore do not warrant inclusion. Rationale 

for not including these categories is discussed later in this narrative. 

3 .2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach . 

Generally, area source emissions are calculated using factors based on one of four criteria for 

the inventoried areas: (a) population (per-capita), (b) commodity consumption, (c) level-of-activity, 

or (d) employment. These calculations are further explained in Section 3 .4 . 

-3 .1 - 
3.3 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS 

Table 1-3 contains the contribution of each maintenance area for each area source category 

and provides an emissions total for that area. 

3.4 DISCUSSION OF THE AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES 

Subsections 3 .4 .1 through 3 .4 .6 contain the descriptions for individual area source types and 

the methods used to calculate emissions for each. Calculations used to determine emissions are 

included within the narrative. 

3 .4 .1 . Gasoline Distribution. 

Four categories are included under gasoline distribution : (a) Storage tank breathing losses ; (b) 

Tank trucks in transit; (c) Tank truck unloading; and (d) Vehicle refueling. Vehicle refueling 

emissions are included in the Highway Mobile Source Inventory (Section 5) in the Mobile6.2 

modeling runs. 

Retail gasoline service station sales in 2002, for both the state and individual counties, were 

obtained from the 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade publication for Kentucky. b The 2002 taxable 

gasoline sales were only available for the state and were obtained from the Kentucky Revenue 

Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section.7 The 2002 statewide gasoline sales were segregated to the 

county level using 1997 retail trade sales information. 2072 .35 million gallons of gasoline were sold 

in Kentucky in 2002. Emission factors were obtained from Tables 5 .2-5 and 5 .2-7 of AP-42, 

Volume 1

.2' 22 

To calculate the emissions of VOC from any of the sources noted above, it was necessary to 

determine the total sales, in gallons, of gasoline in each maintenance area. Only the Census Retail 

Trade publication 6lists county and state gasoline sales. Therefore, the percentage of county gasoline 

sales relative to the statewide gasoline in 2002 was calculated. State sales were obtained from Table 

1 of the Census Retail Trade publication, 6 and county sales obtained from Table 3 of that document. 

This percentage was applied to the total state taxable gasoline sales in 2002 to determine county 

gasoline sales in 2002 . After the county gasoline sales in 2002 were determined, specific methods 

were used to calculate the emissions of VOC from each of the categories listed . The calculations and 

procedures described in EPA guidance,' were utilized. County-specific gasoline marketing data are 

-3 .2- 
shown in Table 3-1 . 

Table 3-1 

Gasoline Marketing Data 

2002 

Gasoline Sales 

County 1000 Gallons 

Livin ston* 530 

Marshall 14,382 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses 

County gasoline sales were multiplied by the emission factor found in Table 5 .2-7 of AP-42, 

Volume 1.2 Tons of VOC emissions per year were converted to tons per typical summer day in 

accordance with Section 5.9 of reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor (SAF) was determined 

by adding the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August of 2002--then dividing that total by the 

total state gasoline sales for 2002 . This dividend was then divided by 0.25 to determine the 

percentage of activity, which occurred during those months since it was noted that the activity level 

for that quarter was higher than the other quarters. The denominator represents the uniform seasonal 

rate since one quarter or season equals 0.25. So if the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August 

is one quarter of the total annual sales, then the SAF equals 0 .25 / 0.25, or 1 .00. The seasonal 

adjustment factor applied for the gasoline marketing was 1 .049 . The activity days per week were 

considered to be 7. 

The formula for this calculation is follows. 

(June + July + August Monthly Gasoline Gallon Totals)/ (Year-End Gasoline Gallon Total) 

0 .25 

The calculations used to determine emissions from storage tank breathing losses are as 

follows. 

TPY = County Sales x 1.0 lbs. l x 1 ton C (gallons) 1000 (gal) J (2000 lbs) 

-3 .3 - 
TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (7 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by storage tank breathing losses are shown in Table 3-3. 

3.4 .1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit 

Since some gasoline is delivered to bulk plants rather than delivered directly to service 

stations from bulk terminals, the amount of gasoline transferred in any area may exceed the total 

gasoline consumption, due to the additional trips involved. Reference 1 makes the following 

statements relating to this matter : 

Table 3-2 

Summary of Emissions From 

Gasoline Breathing Losses 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/da ) 

Livin ston* 0.27 0 

~Marshall 7 .19 0.02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

"A nationwide average of roughly 25 percent of all gasoline consumed goes through 

bulk plants. Hence, gasoline distribution in an area could be multiplied by 1.25 to 

estimate gasoline transported. "and "Emissions from tank trucks in transit, however, 

will generally be minimal, in most areas. 

warranted in making this adjustment. " 

Hence, a great deal of effort is not 

Based on these statements, and in the absence of specific bulk plant throughput information, 2002 

county gasoline sales were multiplied by 1 .25 to obtain the total gasoline transported in 2002. Per 

EPA EIIP guidance 22, the midpoints of the typical AP-42 Table 5.2-5 emission factors for tank trucks 

or bulk tanks loaded with product and return with vapor were determined, combined, and applied to 

gasoline transported in each county to determine the emissions of VOC per year. The yearly 

emissions were then converted to tons per typical summer day. The seasonal adjustment factor used 

for tank breathing losses was 1 .049. The activity days per week were considered 6 . The calculation 

-3 .4- 
used to figure emissions from tank trucks in transit are as follows. 

TPY (County Gas x 1 .25) x .060 lbs. x 1 ton 

Sales 1000gals.) ) ( 2000 lbs) 

(gallons) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by tank trucks in transit are provided in Table 3-3. 

Table 3-3 

Summary of Emissions From 

Tank Trucks In Transit 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da 

Livin ston* 0.02 0 

Marshall 0.54 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3 .4.1 :3 . Vehicle Refueling 

The emissions for vehicle refueling have been calculated by Mobile6.2 and are included in 

the Mobile Source Emissions Inventory in Section 5, but are not listed separately. 

3.4 .1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading 

To calculate the emissions of VOC produced by tank truck unloading, the division performed 

a review of gasoline stations located in the ozone maintenance areas. The following assumptions 

were made. 

For the ozone maintenance areas (i .e ., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County, 

Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County, Edmonson County, Fayette and Scott 

Counties, Boyd County and a portion of Greenup County) 90% of the gasoline throughput 

was subject to submerged filling and the remaining 10% of the gasoline throughput was 

subject to splash filling techniques . 

Based on these assumptions, the fraction of gallons of gasoline throughput using each fill 

-3.5- 
method was multiplied by the appropriate emission factors from Table 5.2-7 of AP-42, Volume IZ to 

derive emissions. Rule penetration was implicitly applied by allocating the gasoline throughput for 

each fill method. The yearly emissions were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance 

with Section 5 .9 of Reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .049 for gasoline marketing was 

applied. The activity days per week for tank truck unloading was 6.1 The calculations used to 

determine emissions from this category are as follows. 

Submerged Fill 

TPY = ( Apportioned x .90 

(County Sales 

(gallons) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

Splash Fill 

TPY = ( Apportioned x .10 

(County Sales 

(gallons) 

) 

) 

x (7.3 lbs. ) x 1 ton 

1000 gals (2000 lbs) 

x (I1 .5 lbs.) x 1 ton 

1000 gals (2000 lbs) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

Total Tank Truck Unloading Annual Emissions = Submerged Fill Annual + Splash Fill Annual 

Total Tank Truck Unloading Summer Daily Emissions = Submerged Fill Daily + Splash Fill Daily 

The emissions, by county, produced by tank truck unloading are shown in Table 3-4. 

Table 3-4 

Summary of Emissions From 

Tank Truck Unloading 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

Coun tons/ ear tons/day) 

Livin ston* 2.04 0.01 

Marshall 1 55.52 019 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3 .4.1 .5 Aircraft Refueling 

Emissions from this category occur when vapor-laden air in a partially empty fuel tank is 

-3 .6- 
displaced to the atmosphere when the tank is refilled . The quantity of vapor displaced depends on 

the fuel temperature, fuel true vapor pressure, fuel molecular weight, aircraft fuel tank temperature 

and fuel dispensing rate . The most commonly used types of aircraft fuels in the United States fall 

into three categories: 

- Jet kerosene, primarily used by commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft, 

- Jet Naphtha, used primarily by military aircraft, and 

- Aviation Gasoline, primarily used by aviation reciprocating engines. 

Based on federal guidance found in Volume 1,1 emissions from aircraft refueling were 

estimated by multiplying apportioned fuel sales data', for each type of aircraft by the corresponding 

calculated fuel emission factors. Local fuel sales were obtained by apportioning state-level fuel sales 

to airports based on flight activities (LTOs) reported in Kentucky Airport Master Records33 Compiled 

by the Kentucky Division of Aeronautics for general aviation aircraft and Airport Activity Statistics" 

for commercial aircraft . Emissions were calculated for General Aviation Refueling and for Refueling 

with Jet Kerosene. Emissions for Jet Naptha, used in military aircraft, were not calculated because 

the Petroleum Marketing Annual 200026 did not list this type of fuel . However, the absence of 

emissions for jet naphtha refueling is not considered a significant problem since its true vapor 

measure is such that any calculated emissions would be negligible . 

The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were multiplied by a seasonal adjustment 

factor and then divided by the number of activity days per week, in this case 365. The seasonal 

adjustment factor for jet kerosene is .93 and for aviation gasoline is 1 .19. The seasonal adjustment 

factors were calculated based on fuel sales data provided in the Petroleum Marketing Annual 200026 

for the summer quarter. Emission factors were developed using the following method, pursuant to 

Volume I guidance! 

(12.46)(SPM 

EF = T 

where: EF = emission factor in pounds VOC per 1, 000 gallons fuel throughput 

S = saturation factor of 1 .45 (from Table 4.4-1 of AP-42) 

P = fuel true vapor pressure in psia (from Table 4.3-2 of AP-42) 

at 90°F = . 021 psia for jet kerosene 

at 90°F = 8.8 psia for aviation gasoline R VP 10 

M - fuel molecular weight in lb/lbmol (from Table 4.3-2 of AP-42) 

-3 .7- 
at 60 °F for Jet Kerosene = 130 

at 60°FforAviation Gasoline R VP 10 = 66 

T = study temperature in °R (°F + 460 degrees) 

The calculations used to estimate emissions from aircraft refueling are as follows. 

TPY = EF x Apportioned County Fuel Sales 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / 365 

The VOC emissions, by county, from aircraft refueling are found in Tables 3-5 and 3-6. Airport 

information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-7. 

Table 3-5 

Summary of Emissions From 

General Aviation Refueling 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0 0 

~Marshall 0.15 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-6 

Summary of Emissions From 

Commercial Aircraft Refueling 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0 0 

Marshall 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

Table 3-7 

Aircraft Fuel 

Commercial General Aviation 

Jet Fuel Gasoline 

Coun 1000 Gallons 1000 Gallons 

Livin ston* 0 0 

Marshall 01 16 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

-3 .8 - 
3.4 .1 .6 Petroleum Vessel Loading & Unloading 

This category is included in the Point Source Inventory, Section 2 . 

3.4 .2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation 

The following eight subcategories are included in this area source category . All of these emit 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) because of their solvent usage. They are: 

(1) Dry Cleaning; 

(2) Surface Cleaning; 

(3) Surface Coating; 

(4) Graphic Arts ; 

(5) Cutback Asphalt Paving; 

(6) Pesticide Applications ; and, 

(7) Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. 

Each of the previous-mentioned subcategories is discussed individually in the following 

subsections . 

3.4 .2 .1 Dry Cleaning 

Dry cleaning operations vary in size, type of service, and type of solvent used. Industrial, 

commercial, and self-service facilities clean not only personal clothing, but also uniforms, linens, 

drapes, and other fabric materials. Per previous EPA guidance23, since emissions for coin operated 

and commercial/industrial dry cleaning are considered to be nonreactive (i .e ., perchloroethylene 

emissions) only other solvent emissions are reflected in the VOC emissions provided for dry 

cleaning. 

Annual tons of VOC were calculated by multiplying the per capita emission factor by the 

county population . Rule penetration is implicitly applied by using the distinct per capita emission 

factors for each type of dry cleaning facility. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factors by 

an area's population to estimate the dry cleaning emissions: 

Mineral Spirits & other solvent facilities : 1 .1 lb/capita/yr 

-3 .9- 
The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were then divided by the product of the 

number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For dry cleaning, no seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days 

per week was 5 . 1 

The calculations for this category are as follows : 

TPY = Other Solvents x 1 ton TSD = TPY/ (S x 52) 

(EFxpopulation) 2000lbs) 

Population statistics for the counties examined were obtained from information provided by 

the Kentucky State Data Center3'4 and are found in Table 3-8. 

Table 3-8 

Area Population Information 

Population 

Apportionment 2002 

County Factor Population 

Livin ston* 0.136 1339 

Marshall 1 30261 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Emissions from dry cleaning activities are provided for individual counties in Table 3-9. 

Table 3-9 

Summary of Emissions From 

Dry cleaning 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0.74 0 

~Marshall 16.64 0.06 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .2 .2 Surface Cleaning 

Surface cleaning or degreasing is a physical method of removing grease, wax, or dirt from 

metal, glass, and fabric surfaces by exposing the material to an organic solvent. Degreasing activity 

is one of the many production steps associated with industrial categories involving metal furniture, 

primary metals, fabricated products, machinery, electric equipment, and instrumentation. In 

addition, there are many miscellaneous degreasing operations associated with auto repair shops, 

gasoline stations, and maintenance shops. There are three types of degreasers : small cold cleaners, 

-3.10- 
open top vapor degreasers, and conveyorized vapor degreasers . 

Surface operations, which include cold cleaning, manufacturing, and vapor in-line cleaning 

and others use organic solvents as room temperature liquids. Uses include wiping, spraying, or 

dipping parts in the solvent. In open top vapor degreasing, cleaning takes place by exposing the part 

to solvent vapor. Conveyorized vapor degreasing entails the same activity as open top degreasing 

except that the parts to be cleaned continuously move in and out of the degreaser. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC 

emissions for this area source category. It involves multiplying the following per capita VOC 

emission factors by an area's population to estimate total surface cleaning emissions. Per EPA 

guidance24, to avoid double counting, point source degreasing emissions were subtracted from the 

area source surface cleaning VOC emissions as appropriate. 

Surface Cleaning Total: 4.31b/capita/yr 

Cold Cleaning 

Auto Repair : 2 .51b/capita/yr 

Manufacturing: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr 

Vapor & In-Line Cleaning 

Electronics & Electrical : 0.21 lb/capita/yr 

Other: 0.49 lb/capita/yr 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using section 

5.9 of the federal guidance document. l The calculated annual tons of VOC divided by the product of 

the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For surface cleaning, as 

found in Table 5 .8-1,1 no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered 

uniform year round and the activity days per week was 6. 

Emissions were calculated using the following method. 

Cold Cleaning 

Auto Repair 1 ton 25 

TPY =((EF x population) x 2000lbs)) *. 77 --- TSD = TPY / (6 x 52) 

+ 

Cold Cleaning 

Manufacturing 1 ton 25 

TPY =((EF x population) x 2000lbs)) * . 77 --- TSD = TPY / (6 x 52) 

+ 

-3 .11- 
Vapor & In-Line 1 ton 

((EF x population) x 2000lbs) *. 77 ZS --- TSD = TPY /,(6 x 52) 

Area Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions (TSD) = TSD - Pt. Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions 24 

Per EPA guidance25, perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface 

cleaning emissions by reducing the emissions by 23 percent. Surface cleaning emissions are 

provided for individual counties in Table 3-10. Population information is provided in Table 3-8 and 

perchloroethylene removal and double counting information for surface cleaning is provided in 

Appendix B. 

Table 3-10 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Surface Cleaning Operations 

Annual VOC Daily VOC, 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/yea r (tons/day 

Livin ston* 2,22 0 

Marshall 50.11 0.16 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface 

cleaning emissions by reducing the VOC emissions by 23 percent per 

EPA's Mayl993 Helms guidance memorandum25. 

3.4 .2 .3 Surface Coating 

Surface coatings include paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers and other product finishes . All 

of these products include either a water-based or solvent-based liquid carrier, which generally 

evaporates in the drying or curing process . 

VOC emissions result from the evaporation of the paint solvent and any additional solvent 

used to thin the paint. Substantial emissions also result from the use of solvents in cleaning the 

surface prior to painting and in cleaning painting equipment after use. 

Surface Coating operations are separated into two groups, industrial and nonindustrial . 

Industrial surface coating operations for such products as appliances, automobiles, paper, fabric and 

cans are included in the point source inventory. Non-industrial surface coating includes refinishing 

of automobiles, architectural coating, and traffic paints and are inventoried as area sources. 

-3 .12- 
3.4 .2 .3 .1 Architectural Surface Coating 

Architectural surface coatings, often called "trade paints," are used primarily by homeowners 

and painting contractors to coat the interior/exterior of houses and buildings and on the surfaces of 

other structures such as pavements, curbs, or signs. Coating materials are applied to surfaces by 

spray, brush, roller, and dry at ambient conditions . Architectural coatings differ from industrial 

coatings, which are applied to manufactured products and are usually oven cured. Painting 

contractors and homeowners are the major users of architectural coatings . 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per 

capita VOC emission factor by an area's population to estimate the architectural surface coating 

emissions: 

Architectural Surface Coating : 4.6 lb/capita/yr (Represents reactive VOC). Population 

statistics for all areas examined were obtained from the University of Louisville, Urban Data 

Center. 

3,4 Solvent use, which accounts for 25 to 40 percent of all solvent loss associated with 

architectural surface coating, is included in this per capita factor . Solvents used in architectural 

surface coatings or thinning and cleanup contain almost 100 percent reactive compounds. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source were calculated using Section 5 .9 of 

Reference 1 . The calculated annual tons of VOC were multiplied by an appropriate seasonal 

adjustment factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the 

number of weeks in a year. For architectural surface coating the seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3 

and the activity days per week was 7.1 

The following calculation was used to estimate emissions from architectural surface coating. 

TPY = (EFx Population) x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (7 x 52) 

Architectural surface coating emissions are provided in Table 3-11 . 
Table 3-11 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Architectural Surface Coating 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 3 .08 0.01 

Marshall 69 .60 0.25 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

"Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3.4 .2 .3 .2 Automobile Refinishing 

Automobile refinishing is the repainting of worn or damaged automobiles, light duty trucks, 

and other vehicles . Surface coating during manufacturing is not considered refinishing. In 

automobile refinishing, lacquers and enamels are usually sprayed in paint booths . Since vehicles 

contain heat sensitive plastics and rubber, the solvent borne coatings are used in low temperature 

ovens. Paint booths may be equipped with paint arresters or water curtains to handle overspray. 

Solvents used in auto body refinishing will consist almost entirely of reactive VOC. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following VOC 

per capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate auto body emissions: 

Auto Body Refinishing: 2.3 lb/capita/yr 

According to federal guidance, because auto body refinishing may be generally expected to 

relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission 

estimates for this area source category . Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained 

from state references . 

3A 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance' . The calculated annual tons of VOC divided by the product of the number of activity days 

per week and by the number of weeks in a year. For auto body refinishing no seasonal adjustment 

factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round. The activity days per week 

was 5 . 

The calculations used to figure yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as 

-3 .14- 
follows. 

TPY = (EF x population) x ]ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (5 x 52) 

Auto body refinishing emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-12 . 

Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8. 

Table 3-12 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Automobile Refinishing 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) tons/da 

Livin ston* 1 .54 0.01 

Marshall 34.80 0.13 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per a federal rule for this area category, the VOC emissions reflect 

a 37% emission reduction. 

3.4 .2 .3 .3 Traffic Markings 

Traffic paints are used to mark pavement. These markings include dividing lines for traffic 

lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks, arrows, and other markings. These markings are usually 

applied by state or local highway maintenance crews or by contractors during road construction . 

VOC emissions result from the evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after the 

application of the marking paint. Traffic paint emissions are included in the area source inventory 

the emissions are not from any specific plant, but instead emanate from the roadways and surfaces 

where markings are applied. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following VOC 

per capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate traffic marking emissions. 

Traffic marking: 0 .5 lb/capita/yr 

According to federal guidance, because traffic marking emissions maybe generally expected 

to relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission 

estimates for this area source category . The activity level was considered 5 days per week. No 

-3 .15 - 
seasonal adjustment factor was applied for this category since none was provided in Volume I 

guidance. 

The calculations used to derive yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as 

follows. 

TPY = (EF x population) x ]ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Traffic marking emissions are provided in Table 3-13. Population statistics for individual 

areas are provided in Table 3-8. 

Table 3-13 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Traffic Markings 

Annual VOC Daily VOC~ 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0.33 0 

Marshall 7.53 0.03 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

"Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3.4 .2 .3 .4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating 

Industrial surface coating includes the coating, during manufacture, of magnet wire, 

automobiles, cans, metal coils, paper, fabric, metal and wood furniture, and miscellaneous products . 

According to federal guidance,' to the maximum extent possible, small industrial surface coating 

operations should be treated as point sources . Therefore, the division will include small industrial 

surface coating emissions in the point source emissions inventory. 

3.4 .2 .4 Graphic Arts 

The graphic arts or printing industry consists of approximately 60,000 facilities (SIC 27) 

nationwide. About half of these establishments are in-house printing services in nonprinting 

industries . Printing newspapers, books, magazines, fabrics, wall coverings, and other materials, is 

considered a graphic arts application. Five types of printing are used in the industry: letterpress, 

flexography, lithography, (roto)gravure, and screen process printing. 

-3 .16- 
Solvent use is an integral part of the process and is the primary source of VOC emissions . 

Associated cleanup operations also require the use of solvents, thereby contributing to VOC 

emissions for the industry. All solvents used in the graphic arts industry are considered reactive. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per 

capita VOC emission factor by an area's population to estimate VOC emissions from graphic art 

facilities, which emit less than 100 tons: 

Graphic Arts: 1 .3 lb/capita/yr 

In accordance with federal guidance,' any emissions associated with point source graphic arts 

facilities, which emit under 100 tons per year, should be subtracted from the area source inventory. 

Graphic arts emissions from point sources greater than or equal to 100 tons per year should not be 

subtracted, since they have already been excluded from the area source graphic arts emission factor 

of 1 .3 lb/person/yr . 

Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references. 

3,4 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOC were then divided by the product of the number of 

activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For graphic arts no seasonal adjustment 

factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per 

week was 5.' Calculations for this category are as follows: 

TPY = (EF x Population) -Point Source x ]ton 

( Emissions ) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Graphic arts emissions are provided in Table 3-14. Population information is provided in 

Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-14 

Summary of Emissions From 

Graphic Arts 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da 

Livin ston* 0.87 _ 0 

Marshall 19.67 0.08I 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving 

Cutback asphalt is a type of liquefied road surface that is prepared by blending or "cutting 

-3 .17- 
back" asphalt cement with various kinds of petroleum distillates . Cutback asphalt is used as a 

pavement sealant, tack coat, and as a bonding agent between layers of paving material . VOCs are 

emitted as the cutback asphalt cures and the petroleum distillates evaporate. 

According to federal guidance,' because paving operations maybe generally expected to 

relate to human activity, a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for 

this area source category. The emission factor used for this category is as follows. 

Cutback Asphalt Paving: 0.371b/capita/yr 

The activity level was considered to be 5 days per week. The calculations for estimating 

emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = (EF x population) x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Cutback asphalt emissions are provided in Table 3-15 . Population for individual counties is 

found in Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-15 

Summary of Emissions From 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/yea r (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0.25 0 

~Marshall 5 .60 0.02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4.2 .6 Emulsified Asphalt 

Emissions from emulsified asphalts were not calculated. Any emissions from this category 

would have been negligible since emulsified asphalt is water based. 

3 .4.2 .7 Pesticide Application 

Pesticides broadly include any substances used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, 

fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. Pesticides fall into three basic categories: synthetics, 

nonsynthetics (petroleum products), and inorganics. Formulations are commonly made by 

combining synthetic materials with various petroleum products. The synthetic pest killing 

-3.18- 
compounds in such formulation are labeled as "active" ingredients, and the petroleum product 

solvents acting as carriers or diluents for the active ingredients are labeled "inert ." Neither of these 

toxicological designations, active or inert, should be interpreted as indicators of photochemical 

reactivity ; these designations refer only to their toxicological action . 

The federal procedures document' described an emissions estimation process which requires 

the quantity and types of pesticides used in a study area. Contacts with both the Kentucky 

Department of Agriculture 8 and the University of Kentucky' revealed that such data is not available. 

The Kentucky Division for Air Quality requested the use of an alternative method on 

September 30, 1989 .'° Since the largest single source of pesticide use is through agricultural 

application, the alternative method links pesticide application to harvested acreage. Utilizing the 

alternative method, VOC emissions were determined by multiplying an emission rate of two pounds 

of VOC per harvested acre by an area's 2002 harvested acreage .21 The product was then multiplied 

by a factor of 0.9 to approximate the amount that evaporated and can be considered photochemically 

reactive VOC. This alternative method was approved by the U.S . EPA, Region 4 on November 7, 

1989.11 The yearly emissions were then converted to tons emitted per typical summer day in 

accordance with Section 5 .9 of reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3, and the activity 

days per week was 6. The calculations for estimating emissions for this category are as follows. 

TPY = ((Harvested x Emission) x 0.9) x 1 ton 

Acres Factor(lbs) (2000lbs) 

TPD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by pesticide application are shown in Table 3-16. 2002 

harvested acre information" used to calculate emissions for this category are found in Table 3-17 . 

Table 3-16 

Summary of Emissions From 

Pesticide Application 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear tons/da 

Livin ston* 3 .76 0.02 

Marshall 3 8.70 1 0.16' 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

-3 .19- 
Table 3-17 

Harvested Acres 

2002 

Harvested 

County Acres 

Livin ston* 4180 

Marshall 43000 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .2 .8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 

Many commercial/consumer products in common use contain VOCs. Some examples are 

household and automobile cleaners and polishes . These products have varying VOC content and the 

quantities used are difficult to estimate; therefore, the resulting VOC emissions are considered to be 

an area source . 

EPA guidance 22,1 provided the methodology the Division used for calculating the VOC 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per 

capita VOC emission factor by an area's population to estimate commercial/consumer solvent use 

emissions . 

Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use: 7.841b/capita/yr 

The above EPA EIIP22 per capita emission factor includes emissions from household products 

(cleaners, laundry detergents); personal care products (e.g., toiletries, aerosol products); automotive 

aftermarket products (e.g ., rubbing compounds, windshield washing fluids, polishes and waxes) ; 

non-industrial adhesives and sealants; pesticide products (home or business) ; and miscellaneous 

products. 

Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references. 3'4 Emissions 

per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance 

document .' The calculated annual tons of VOC was divided by the product of the number of activity 

days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For commercial/consumer solvent use, no 

seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the 

activity days per week were 7. The calculations for estimating emissions from this category are as 

follows. 

-3.20- 
TPY = (EF x Population) x 1 ton 

(lbs) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Commercial/Consumer solvent use emissions are provided for individual counties in 

Table 3-18. Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-18 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Consumer Solvent Usage 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da 

Livin ston* 5 .25 0.01 

Marshall 118.62 0.331 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3 .4 .3 Waste Management Practices 

The handling and management of solid and liquid waste depends on such factors as the type 

of waste generated and the form and composition of the waste. The following methods of waste 

disposal were examined in this inventory: 

(1) Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW); 

(2) Industrial Waste Water Treatment; 

(3) Hazardous Waste (TSDFs); 

(4) Municipal Landfills; and 

(5) Solid Waste Incineration -- On-site Incineration and Open Burning 

3.4 .3 .1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works 

Federal guidance indicates that research has shown that approximately 85% of all volatile 

pollutants discharged to unacclimated wastewater treatment systems are stripped to the ambient air. 

Additionally, the concentration of volatile organic compounds found in POTW influent has been 

-3 .21 - 
shown to be directly proportional to the industrial contribution to a POTW. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating the VOC 

emissions for this area source category . The methodology involves multiplying the following 

emission factor by the number of gallons of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW: 

1 .1 x 10-4(.000110 lbs. of VOC emitted per gallon of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW. 

The amount of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW was obtained from the Kentucky 

Division of Water. 

12 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOC was multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment 

factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of 

weeks in a year. For POTW a seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .4 . was applied and the number of 

activity days per week were 7. 

TPY = (Industrial Wastewater x EF) x 1 ton 

Flow (gallons) (lbs) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = (TPY x SAF) / (7 x 52) 

POTW VOC emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-19. Additionally, 

total industrial wastewater discharge information to POTW for individual areas is provided in 

Table 3-20. 

Table 3-19 

Summary of Emissions From 

POTW 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) (tons/da 

Livin ston* 0 0 

~Marshall- ~ 0.29 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 3-20 

Industrial Discharge Into POTW 

POTW 

(Million 

Gallon Per 

County Year 

Livin ston* _ 0 

Marshall 5.29I 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .3 .2 Industrial Wastewater 

The first step in estimating emissions from this category was to determine what facilities should be 

treated as point sources. Radian provided guidance 17 

on how to determine what sources should be 

treated as point sources and what sources could be inventoried as area sources. The County Business 

Patternss was used to determine the number of facilities within a given SIC code and the number of 

employees by facility within that code. In order to determine the number of employees for a 

particular SIC code a conversion from the NAICS code to the SIC code was completed, since the 

county business patterns now uses the NAICS code. However, a review of the data indicates that 

there are no facilities in the Paducah area with the appropriate NAICS codes. Therefore no 

emissions are included for this category . 

3.4 .3 .3 . Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) 

This is a relatively new inventory category. In view of the confusion, and resultant 

frustration, regarding emission estimates from TSDFs, the Division for Air Quality considered the 

allowance of one ton of VOC per year per facility in order to report any figures for the inventory. 

However, such a blind apportionment of emissions undermined the intent of the inventory. 

Assistance had been requested from Radian, in performing emission calculations for this 

category. However, in a letter received from Steve McCary, U.S. EPA, Region 4 on November 12, 

-3 .23- 
1992, sufficient guidance is not available to inventory emissions from TSDFs at this time. It is 

expected that most emissions from these sources will be reported in the point source inventory. 

3.4 .3 .4 . Municipal Landfills 

VOC emissions are produced from municipal solid waste landfills by three mechanisms: 

volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decomposition of liquid and solid compounds into 

other chemical species . Based on EPA guidance,' since Kentucky has an average precipitation level 

over 23 inches, an emission factor of 13 .6 tons of VOC per million tons of refuse in place plus an 

additional factor of 2 .6 tons per year. No seasonal adjustment was applied since this activity is 

considered uniform according to Volume I guidance. 

The amount of refuse in-place at facilities located in the maintenance areas in Kentucky was 

obtained in a municipal solid waste survey developed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. lb 

The calculations used to estimate emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = tons of municipal x 3.6 tons VOC) x (2.6) 

(solid waste 1, 000, 000 tons) 

of waste 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

A summary of emissions for this category maybe found in Table 3-21 . The tons of solid 

waste impounded are found in Table 3-22 . 

Table 3-21 

Summary of Emissions From 

Municipal Landfills 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da 

Livin ston* 18 .96 0.05 

~Marshall ~ 54.37 015 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 3-22 

Tons of Solid Waste 

In Municipal Landfills 

Landfill 

Waste 

County (tons/yea r 

Livin ston* 536159 

Marshall 1537488 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .3 .5 Solid Waste Incineration 

Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from industrial, commercial, or 

residential sources. The materials may be combustible or non-combustible and are often burned to 

reduce bulk, unless direct burial is either available or practical . 

The solid waste disposal category includes on-site refuse disposal by residential, industrial, 

and commercial/institutional sources. On-site incineration is confined burning of waste leaves, 

landscape refuse, or other refuse or rubbish. Open burning is the unconfined burning of solid waste 

material . 

3.4 .3 .5 .1 On-Site Incineration 

A federal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid 

waste burned in on-site incineration . The amount of waste incinerated by residential, 

commercial/institutional and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,, and 

CO emission factors obtained from a federal reference document.2 

The waste generation factors for on-site incineration appropriate for Region 4 are: 4 tons per 

1000 population per year for residential sources; 23 tons per 1000 population per year for 

commercial/institutional sources; and 395 tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for 

industrial sources. The emission factors applied for on-site incineration are: 1 .7 for VOC, 60 for 

CO, and 11 for NO,. The emission factors are in pounds of pollutant per ton of solid waste 

incinerated . 

Population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for 

on-site incineration were obtained from state references.4'S Emissions per typical summer day for 

-3 .25- 
this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document.' The calculated annual 

tons of VOC were divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of 

weeks in a year. For on-site incineration, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity 

was considered uniform year round and activity days per week were 7. Calculations for estimating 

emissions from this category are as follows. 

Residential 

TPY = (4 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton 

( o waste x pop. (lbs) ) (2000lbs) 

1000 pop. 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Commercial/Institutional 

TPY = (23 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton 

( o waste x pop . (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

1000 pop. 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Industrial 

TPY = (395 tons x # employees) x EF) x 1 ton 

(1000 mfg in mfg SICs (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

employees 20-39 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

On-site incineration emissions are provided for the former ozone maintenance areas in Table 

3-23. Manufacturing employee information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-24. 

Table 3-23 

Summary of Emissions From 

On-Site Incineration 

Annuall 

u 

Daily Annual Daili 

I 

Annual Dail 

= 

V C 

VOC VOC CO 

C 

co NOx 

Nox 

NOx 

E 

:ss s 

missions 

10 

Emissions Emissions Emissions ssion 

u 

Is 

s 

Emissions 

m 10 

s 

Emissions 

ounty 

t( 

sl r 

tons/ eear tons/day) (tons/year) 

s/ 

to:ns/da ] 

t 

s/ r 

tons/ ear tons/day) 

Livingston* 0.03 0 1 .20 

0 

0.2222 0 

Marshall 1 .4 0 52.32 0.1 

9 

. 

9.59 59 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

-3.26- 
Table 3-24 

Manufacturing Employee Population 

Manufacturing 

Employment 

County (Employees) 

Livin ston* 9 

Marshall 2346 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .3 .5 .2 Open Burning 

A federal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid 

waste burned in open burning. The amount of waste burned by residential, commercial/institutional, 

and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,,, and CO emission factors 

obtained from a federal reference document.2 The waste generation factors for open burning 

appropriate for Region 4 are: 450 tons per 1000 rural population per year for residential sources; 24 

tons per 1000 rural population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 160 tons per 1000 

manufacturing employees per year for industrial sources. The emission factors applied for open 

burning are: 30 for VOC, 85 for CO, and 6 for NO,. The emission factors are in units of pounds of 

pollutant per ton of solid non-agricultural waste burned. For an example of how the above 

information is utilized for this area source category, please see 3.4.3 .5 .1 regarding on-site 

incineration . 

Rural population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined 

for open burning were obtained from state references. 

3,4 

In January 1998, Kentucky adopted revisions to the open burning regulation to prohibit most 

types of open burning in moderate ozone nonattainment areas within Kentucky during the period of 

May - September when ozone is most likely . The emission reduction credit taken for this control 

measure is calculated as 80%. A copy of the regulation outlining this prohibition is included in 

Appendix F. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a 

federal guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of VOC was then divided by the product of 

the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For open burning, no 

seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and activity 

-3 .27- 
days per week was 7 . Emissions for this category were calculated as follows. 

Residential 

TPY = 450 Tons county 

o waste x pop 

1000 rural 

population 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

) 

Commercial/Institutional 

TPY = ( 

x EF) x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

24 Tons county x EF x 1 ton 

o waste x pop. , ~ (2000lbs) 

1000 rural 

population 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Industrial 

TPY = / 160 tons x # employees 

(\ 1000 mfg in mfg SICs 

employees 20-39 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

) xEF x l ton 

(lbs) (2000lbs) 

Open burning emissions are provided for the former ozone maintenance areas in Table 3-25. 

Manufacturing employee and rural population information is provided in Table 3-26. 

Table 3-25 

Summary of Emissions From 

Open Burning of Solid Waste 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da tons/ ear (tons/day tons/ ear) tons/da 

Livin ston* 9.54 0.03 27.03 0.07 1 .91 0.01 

Marshall 190.82 0.52 540.64 1 .49 38 .16 0.10 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 3-26 

Rural Population 

2002 

Rural 

County Population 

Livin ston* 1339 

Marshall 

_ 

~ 26046 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use 

The category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, and other heating units too small to be 

considered point sources. A federal guidance document' indicates that it may not be worthwhile for 

an agency to perform the detailed procedures to calculate emissions for this entire fuel combustion 

category if: (1) its primary concern is updating the VOC inventory and (2) if an existing inventory 

already includes combustion. Since the division meets the aforementioned conditions it did not 

calculate emissions for this area source category. 

3.4 .5 Bioprocess Emissions Sources 

Bioprocess emissions sources include those sources whose emissions result from biological 

processes (e.g . fermentation). Source categories include bakeries, breweries, distilleries, wineries, 

and silage storage. 

3.4 .5 .1 Bakeries 

The methodology used to estimate emissions from bakeries was prepared by Radian 

Corporation. lg A review of County Business Patterns 1990,5 provided the number of bakeries listed 

under retail bakeries (SIC 546) and larger manufacturing bakeries (SIC 2051) . For the purposes of 

this inventory, except for one large bakery located in Daviess County, all bakeries in the maintenance 

areas were considered area sources and their emissions were calculated using Radian's guidance. A 

factor of .155 tons VOC/yr/1000 population was applied to county populations . This activity was 

considered uniform year round and activity days per week were 6.1 

-3 .29- 
The calculations used to determine source emissions from this category are as follows. 

Area Source Emissions Point Source Emissions 

TPY = .155 tons x population + lbs produced x EF x 1 ton 

(1000 pop.) ) ((1000 lbs ) ) (2000 lbs) 

TSD = TPY / (6 x 52) 

Bakery emissions are shown in Table 3-27 . Population information necessary for calculating 

these emissions is found in Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-27 

Summary of Emissions From 

Bakeries 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0.21 0 

~Marshall 4.69 0.02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .5 .2 Breweries 

A review of County Business Patterns s showed no breweries in former ozone maintenance 

areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 

3.4 .5 .3 Wineries 

Based on EPA guidance, l a review of County Business Patterns s showed no wineries located 

in former maintenance areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 

3.4.5.4 Distilleries 

Emissions for this category are included in the point source portion of this inventory. 

3.4 .5 .5 Silage Storage 

EPA guidance' stated that this was not a required source category. Since emissions from 

silage would be typically during the winter months, this category was not inventoried. 
3 .4 .6 Other Area Sources 

Sources included in this category are miscellaneous combustion sources and leaking 

underground storage tanks. 

3 .4 .6 .1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources 

Several types of fires and burning activities potentially contribute to this subcategory. They 

are as follows: 

(1) Forest Fires; 

(2) Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning; 

(3) Agricultural Burning; 

(4) Structure Fires; and, 

(5) Orchard Heaters. 

The division calculated emissions for forest fires and structure fires. The remaining 

miscellaneous combustion activities were found not to be widespread in Kentucky and therefore 

were not addressed. 

3 .4.6.1 .1 Forest Fires 

A federal guidance documentl provided the methodology the division used for calculating 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of 

material consumed by multiplying the number of acres burned in each area examined by a fuel 

loading factor (i .e ., material consumed per acre of land burned). A fuel loading factor of 6.6 tons of 

material consumed per acre burned and the number of acres burned in each area examined was 

obtained from the Kentucky Division of Forestry. 

13 Appropriate emission factors from a federal 

reference document2 are: 24 for Total Hydrocarbons (THC),140 for CO, and 4 for NO,,. However, 

according to another federal reference document, 14 only 79.71 percent of the THC emissions derived 

from the above THC emission factor are reactive. Therefore, the VOC emission factor utilized for 

this area source category was 19.13. This VOC emission factor information is based on information 

derived from a federal reference document. 

15 The emission factors are in units of pounds per ton of 

material burned. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a 

federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions was divided by the 

-3 .31 - 
product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For forest fires 

no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the 

activity days per week was 7 . The calculations used to determine emissions from this category are as 

follows. 

TPY = (# of Acres Consumed x Tons of Growth) x E_F x 1 ton 

(per County per Acre (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

consumed 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Forest fire emissions are provided in Table 3-28 . Additionally, acreage burned for individual 

areas is provided in Table 3-29. 

Table 3-28 

Summary of Emissions From 

Forest Fires 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily' 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOxj 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0.38 0 2.77 0.01 0.08 0 

Marshall 0.06 0 0.46 0.00 0.01 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-29 

Acreage Burned By Forest Fires 

2002 

Forest Fires 

County Acres Burned 

Livin ston* 6 

Marshall 1 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4.6.1.2 Structure Fires 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating emissions for 

this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material consumed 

by multiplying the number of structure fires occurring in each area examined by a fuel loading factor 

(i .e., material consumed per structure fire). A fuel loading factor of 6.8 tons of material consumed 

per fire was provided in a federal guidance document I and information on the number of structure 

-3 .32 - 
fires which occurred in Kentucky in 2002 was derived by assuming an average of 6 fires per 1000 

population in an area in accordance with Volume I guidance. Based on federal guidance,' the 

emission factors applied are: 11 for VOC, 60 for CO, and 1 .4 for NO,,. The emission factors are in 

units of pounds per ton of material burned. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were divided by the product of the number 

of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For structure fires no seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days 

per week were 7 . The calculations used to estimate emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = (6 ires x population) x 6.8 tons of x EF x 1 ton 

( 1000 pop. (material burned) (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

per fire 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Structure fire emissions are provided in Table 3-30. The data used to calculate these 

emissions is located in Table 3-31 . 

Table 3-30 

Summary of Emissions From 

Structure Fires 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NO 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day (tons/year) tons/da tons/ ear tons/da ) 

Livin ston* 0.3 0 1 .63 0 0.04 0 

Marshall 6 .81 0.02 37.13 0.1 0.87 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-31 

Number of Structure Fires 

Number o 

Structure 

County Fires 

Livin ston* 8 

Marshall* 1821 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

-3 .33 - 
3.4 .6 .1 .3 Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning 

Information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestry19 revealed that these activities 

are not widespread in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 

3 .4 .6 .1 .4 Agricultural Burning 

Information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestry'9 showed that this is not a 

widespread practice in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 

3.4 .6 .1 .5 Orchard Heaters 

The use of orchard heaters are not commonly used in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was 

not inventoried. 

3.4 .6 .2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 

Leaking underground storage tanks typically do not become quantifiable sources of VOC air 

emissions until excavation and remediation efforts are initiated. Remediation efforts vary widely 

depending upon the type of contaminant, magnitude of the leak and the extent of groundwater 

contamination, if any. 

Methodology developed by Radian Corporation 31 was used to derive emissions from this 

category. An emission factor of 28 lbs per remediation was used in estimating these emissions. 

Remediation information was obtained from the Division of Waste Management's Leaking 

Underground Storage Tank Branch .20 Calculations to estimate emissions for a typical summer day 

from this category are as follows. 

TSD = # of Remediations x EF lbs x 1 ton 

Per Remediation 2000 lbs. 

Emissions for this area source are located in Table 3-32. Remediation information used to 

calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-33 . 
Table 3-32 

Summary of Emissions From 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) tons/da 

Livingston* 0 

Marshall I OI 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-33 

Number of Remediations 

Number o 

County Remediations 

Livin ston* 0 

Marshall 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 3-34 

Summary of Area Source Emissions 

ource Category 

Annua 

VOC 

Emission 

(tons/yea r 

l Dail 

VOC 

s Emission 

Ions/day 

y Annua 

CO 

s Emission 

) tons/ ear 

l Dail 

CO 

s Emission 

) (tons/da 

y Annua 

NO 

s Emission 

(tons/year 

l Daily 

x NOx 

s Emissions 

) (tons/da y) 

Portion of Livin ston County* 

Gasoline Breathing 0.27 0 

Gasoline Transit 0.02 0 

Total Gas Unloading 2.04 0.01 

Total Air Refueling 0 0 

Solvent D Cleaning 0.74 0 

Surface Cleaning Degreasing 2.22 0 

Architectural Surface Coating 3.08 0.01 

Auto Refinishing 1 .54 0.01 

Traffic Markings 0.33 0 

Graphic Arts 0.87 0 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 0.25 0 

Pesticide A lication 3 .76 0.02 

Commercial/Consumer Use 5 .25 0.01 

POTW 0 0 

Ind. Wastewater 0 0 

Municipal Landfills 18.96 0.05 

Total Onsite 0.03 0 1 .20 0 0.22 0 

Total Open Burning 9 .54 0.03 27 .03 0.07 1 .91 0.01 

Bakeries 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 

Forest Fires 0.38 0 2.77 0.01 0.08 0 

Structure Fires 0.3 0 1 .63 0 0.04 0 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Livin ston Portion Emissions 49.79 0.14 32 .63 0.08 2.25 0.01 

Marshall County 

Gasoline Breathing 7.19 0.02 

Gasoline Transit 0.54 0 

Total Gas Unloading 55 .52 0.19 

Total Air Refueling 0.15 0 

Solvent D Cleaning 16.64 0.06 

Surface Cleaning De easin 50.11 0.16 

Architectural Surface Coating 69.60 0.25 

Auto Refinishing 34.80 0.13 

Traffic Markings 7.53 0.03 

Graphic Arts 19.67 0.08 

-3.36- 
ource Category 

Annual 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

Annual 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily 

CO 

Emissions 

tons/da 

Annual 

NOx 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily 

NOx 

Emissions 

tons/da ) 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 5 .60 0 .02 

Pesticide Application 38.70 0 .16 

Commercial/Consumer Use 118.62 0 .33 

POTW 0.29 0 

Ind. Wastewater 0 0 

Municipal Landfills 54.37 0.15 

Total Onsite 1 .48 0 52 .32 0.14 9.59 0.03 

Total Open Burning 190.82 0.52 540.64 1 .49 38 .16 0.10 

Bakeries 4 .69 0.02 0 0 0 0 

Forest Fires 0 .06 0 0.46 0.00 0.01 0 

Structure Fires 6 .81 0.02 37.13 0.1 0.87 0 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Marshall Emissions 683 .19 2.14 ' 630.55 1 .73 48.63 0.13 

Grand Total Emissions 732.98 2.28 663.18 1 .81 50.88 0.14 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per federal rules for certain area source categories, the VOC emissions reflect applicable 

emissions reductions . 
3.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina. August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of 

Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume I. 

EPA-450/4-91-016. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. May 1991 . 

2 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 

Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42. Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 1995 . 

3 . Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet. 2000 Kentucky Deskbook of 

Economic Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky. Population for Counties by Urban and Rural 

Areas: 2000. 

4. Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet and the University of Louisville, State 

Data Center. 2002 Population Statistics . 

5. U.S . Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 County Business Patterns, 

Kentucky. CBP/00-19. Washington, D.C. November 2004. 

6. U.S . Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census . 2002 Economic Census Retail 

Trade, Geographic Area Series-Kentucky. EC97R44A-KY. Washington, D.C. May 2005 . 

7 . The Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section. Taxable gasoline gallons for 

Kentucky for calendar year 2002. Frankfort, Kentucky. 

8. Telecon. Ernest Collins, Manager, Technical Support Branch, Division of Environmental 

Services - Pesticides, Kentucky Department of Agriculture to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky 

Division for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the types and amounts 

of pesticides used. December 19, 2005. 

9 . Telecon. Dr. Lee Townsend, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky to Joe 

Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the 

types and amounts of pesticides used. January 4, 2006. 

10. Correspondence from the Kentucky Division for Air Quality to the U.S . EPA, Region 4 . 

Request for the use of an alternative method for estimating the VOC emissions from 

pesticides . September 30, 1989. 

11 . Correspondence from Bruce P. Miller, U.S . EPA, Region 4, to the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Approval of method for estimating the emissions of VOCs from pesticide use. 

-3 .38 - 
November 7, 1989. 

12. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for 

Environmental Protection, Division of Water. 2002 POTW industrial discharge information 

was obtained. 

13. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Natural 

Resources, Division of Forestry . 2002 Forest acreage burned in Kentucky was obtained. 

April 2003 . 

14. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4. 1980 Area Source Emissions 

Inventory - Louisville, Kentucky AQCR (VOC/NOX). EPA-904/9-18-074 . Atlanta, 

Georgia. September 1981 . 

15. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Species Manual, Volume I, Volatile 

Organic Compound Species Profiles. EPA-450/2-88-003a. Research Triangle Park, North 

Carolina. April 1988. 

16 . Survey of Municipal Solid Waste landfills conducted by the Kentucky Division for Air 

Quality pursuant to EPA regulations regarding such landfills. Obtained the 2000 tons of 

solid waste contained in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Kentucky. Submittal to EPA 

December 1998. 

17. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Categorization of Industrial Wastewater 

Treatment Emissions, April 24, 1992. 

18 . Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, VOC Emissions from Bakeries, April 24, 

1992 . 

19. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department of Natural 

Resources, Division of Forestry. Correspondence confirming the lack of activity for slash 

Burning, Prescribed Burning, and Agricultural Burning, August 3, 1992. 

20. Ramendra Dutta, Supervisor, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection 

Cabinet, Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Waste Management. 

Underground storage tank corrective action plans for 2002 ozone season . 

21 . National Agricultural Statistics Service Website (www.nass.usda.gov/ky/). 2002 Kentucky 

harvested acreage obtained. 

22 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) 

Guidance - Technical Documents for Area Source Emissions Inventory Preparation. 

23 . Previous EPA Region 4 guidance provided, during the preparation of 15% VOC plans, to 

exclude perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning VOC emissions. 

-3.39- 
24. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency emission inventory guidance provided to address 

double counting of surface cleaning emissions - EPA's "Example Emission Inventory 

Documentation for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans (SIPs)", October 1989. 

25 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1993, Helms guidance memorandum 

regarding the removal of perchloroethylene emissions from degreasing VOC emissions. 

26. U.S. Department of Energy, 2002 Petroleum Marketing Annual, August 2003, DOE/EIA0487 (2002), Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil & Gas, Washington, DC 

20585 . 

27. U.S . Department of Commerce, U.S . Census Bureau, Paint and Allied Products : 2002, page 

2, MA325F(02)-1, July 2003. 

28 . U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 1 : Annual Estimates of the Population for 

the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico : April l, 2000 to July 1, 2005, December 

22, 2005 . 

29. Eastern Research Group, Traffic Markings, Volume III: Chapter 14, Emission Inventory 

Improvement Program, page 14.4-4, May 1997. 

30. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Background Document for the Surface 

Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS), Version 2.0, EPA-450/4-90-019b, September 1990. 

31 . Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Emissions from Leaking Underground Storage 

Tanks, May 5, 1992 . 

32. U.S . Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity 

Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, 

Washington, DC 20591 . 

33. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records were 

obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft . 
4.0 NON-HIGHWAY EMISSIONS 

4.1 INTRODUCTION 

This section documents the development of the 2002 nonroad emissions inventory for the 

Paducah ozone maintenance area (i .e ., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County) . 

Nonroad sources include motorized vehicles and equipment, which are normally not operated on 

public roadways to provide transportation . The study and regulation of nonroad emission sources 

were mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

4.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

Nonroad emissions were calculated in accordance with EPA's Mobile Volume IV' and 

EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) development guidance s. For this inventory, nonroad 

emissions have been divided into three categories. Separate emission categories include aircraft, 

locomotives, and other nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) sources. Methodologies for each of these 

categories are discussed separately. 

4.3 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS 

Table 4-1 summarizes the inventory results for the other nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) source 

emissions. Tables 4-2 and 4-3 summarize emissions from aircrafts. Tables .4-5 and 4-6 summarize 

emissions from locomotives. Table 4-8 summarizes emissions from all non-highway mobile 

emission categories. 

4.4 DISCUSSION OF NONROAD CATEGORIES 

4.4 .1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources 

Emissions for the other nonroad source categories (e.g., construction and agricultural 

equipment) were estimated using EPA's Nonroad Model (Core Model Version 2005a, February 

2006) in accordance with EPA Region 4 direction b and EPA's NEI guidance s . As for inputs for the 

nonroad model RVP and temperature information was provided in accordance with EPA Volume IV 

guidance' and EPA Region 4 direction 6 (See Appendix G for nonroad model output and Appendix F 

-4.1- 
for more information on temperature determinations) . 

The model provided county level ton per day (tpd) emission estimates for base year 2002 and 

for the projection years of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. Where necessary county level 

emissions were allocated to a portion of a county as follows: 

Portion of County Emissions = (Nonroad Model County Level Emissions * Fraction of Population 

in Portion of County) 

The emissions for this category are provided in Table 4-1 . 

Table 4-1 

Summary of Emissions 

Other Non-Highway Mobile Sources 

**Annual Daily "Annual Daily **Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0 0.25 0 0.72 0 0.07 

Marshall 0 4.87 0 16.31 0 0 95 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . **Annual other non-highway emissions not 

provided. 

4.4.2 Aircraft Emissions 

Emissions from aircraft have been determined in accordance with EPA's Volume IV' and 

NEIS guidance for nonroad mobile sources. The basic methodology determines aircraft fleet make-up 

and level of activity and then calculates air pollutant emissions on an annual basis. 

Preparing an emissions inventory for aircraft focuses on the emission characteristics of this 

source relative to the vertical column of air that ultimately affects ground level pollutant 

concentrations . This portion of the atmosphere, which begins at the earth's surface and is simulated 

in air quality models, is often referred to as the mixing zone. The aircraft operations of interest 

within this layer are defined as the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle. The cycle begins when the 

aircraft approaches the airport on its descent from cruising altitude, lands, and taxis to the gate. It 

continues as the aircraft taxis back out to the runway for subsequent takeoff and climbout as it heads 

back up to cruising altitude. Thus, the five specific operating modes in a LTO are : 

-4.2- 
0 

0 

Approach 

Taxi/idle-in 

Taxi/idle-out 

Takeoff 

Climbout 

Most aircraft go through a similar sequence during a complete operating cycle. Helicopters 

may combine certain modes such as takeoff and climbout. 

The LTO cycle provides a basis for calculating aircraft emissions. During each mode of 

operation, the aircraft engines operate at a fairly standard power setting for a given aircraft category. 

Emissions for one complete cycle for a given aircraft can be calculated by knowing emission factors 

for specific aircraft engines at those power settings . Then, if the activity of all aircraft in the 

modeling zone can be determined for the inventory period, the total emissions can be calculated. 

4 .4 .2 .1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft 

There were no commercial aircraft operating in this former maintenance area therefore 

there were no emissions calculated for this criteria. 

4.4.2.2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis, and Military Aircraft Landing at 

Non-Military Airports 

For the purpose of creating an emissions inventory, business aircraft are combined with 

general aviation aircraft because of their similar size, use frequency, and operating profiles . In this 

inventory methodology they are referred to simply as general aviation. Similarly, air taxis are treated 

much like the general aviation category because they are typically the same types of aircraft. Military 

aircraft landing at non-military airports are also inventoried and were addressed much like air taxi 

and general aviation aircraft . As for military aircraft landing at military air bases, no military air 

bases were identified to be located in any of Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties . 

-4.3- 
Alternative, Fleet-Average Procedure 

Pursuant to U.S. EPA Volume IV guidance', an alternative, fleet-average procedure was 

utilized to estimate emissions for general aviation, air taxi and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports . This procedure involves multiplying the number LTOs for each type of aircraft by 

the following emission factors. Based on September and October 1992 telephone conversations with 

Joe Mangino, of the Radian Corporation, and Steve McCary, U.S . EPA Region 4, in the absence of 

fleet average emission factors for military aircraft landing at non-military airports air taxi factors 

were utilized . This is the same approach that EPA followed in preparing its 1999 National 

Emissions Inventory (NEI)5 for these types of aircraft. The calculation for deriving emissions for 

general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports is shown below . 

Annual Aircraft Emissions = (Number of LTOs X Fleet Average Emission Factors) / 2000 

General Aviation Fleet-Average Emission Factors: 

HC 0.394 pounds per LTO 

CO 12.014 pounds per LTO 

NOX 0.065 pounds per LTO 

SOZ 0.010 pounds per LTO 

Since air taxis have fewer of the smallest engines in their fleet and more turboprop and 

turbojet engines, their emission factors are somewhat different. 

Air Taxi Fleet-Average Emission Factors : 

(utilized for the military aircraft 

landing at non-military airports) 

HC 1 .234 pounds per LTO 

CO 28.130 pounds per LTO 

NO,, 0.158 pounds per LTO 

S02 0.015 pounds per LTO 

-4.4- 
Airport activity for general aviation aircraft, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports was obtained from the 2000 Kentucky Airport Master Records4 provided by the 

Kentucky Division of Aeronautics, and direct contact with local airports . 

Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions 

Local airports in Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were contacted by telephone to 

determine the airport activity levels during the 2000 summer quarter. Based on these contacts, the 

following seasonal adjustment factors were multiplied by the annual emissions (TYR) divided by 

365 days of operation to determine typical summer day emissions (TSD). The seasonal adjustment 

factors for aircraft that were applied to the annual emissions are as follows: 

Typical Summer Seasonal 

Day Emissions (TSD) = (Annual Emissions (TYR) X Adjustment Factor) / 365 

The following seasonal adjustment factors (SAJ) were applied to annual emissions for 

commercial, general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports : 

Kentucky Dam State Park Airport in Marshall County, KYGeneral Aviation and Air Taxi THC to VOC Conversions 

SAJ Factor of 1 .20 for all 

types of aircraft; 

Since the alternative, fleet-average procedure was used for general aviation, air taxis, and 

military aircraft landing at non-military airports, a single conversion factor was used for each aircraft 

category as follows. In concert with EPA's 1999 NE15 and EPA guidance 7 the THC to VOC 

conversion factor for military aircraft was utilized to better reflect military aircraft VOC emissions7 . 

VOCGA FLEET = THCGA FLEET X 0.9708 (5-18) 

VOCAT FLEET = THCAT FLEET X 0.9914 (5-21) 

VOCAT FLEET used for Military Aircraft = THCAT FLEET X 1 .100003 (5-21) 

Total emissions for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military 

-4.5- 
airports are provided in Table 4-2. Airport activity data used to calculate these emissions can be 

found in Table 4-3 . 

Table 4-2 

Summary of Emissions From 

From General Aviation, Air Taxi, & Military Aircraft (Non-Military Airports) 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

L 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear tons/da tons/ ear (tons/day (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Marshall 1 .36 0 38.48 0.10 0.21 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 4-3 

Airport Activity Levels 

Commercial Genera 

Aircraft Air Tax' Aviation Military 

County LTOs LTOs LTOs LTOs 

Livingston* 0 0 0 0 

Marshall 0 100 5000 500 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

4.4 .3 Locomotives 

Emissions for railroad locomotives within Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were 

calculated based upon December 1997 line haul and yard emission factorss . EPA utilized these same 

more recent emission factors in developing locomotive emissions for the 1999 National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI)5 . EPA provided guidance to the Division in utilizing the newer locomotive emission 

factorsg . 

Railroad locomotives used in the United States are primarily of two types : electric and 

diesel-electric . Electric locomotives are powered by electricity generated at stationary power plants 

and distributed by either a third rail or overhead catenary system . Emissions are produced only at the 

electrical generation plant, which is considered a point source and therefore not of interest here. 

Diesel-electric locomotives, on the other hand, use a diesel engine and an alternator or generator to 

produce the electricity required to power its traction motors. Emissions produced by these diesel 

-4.6- 
engines are of interest in the non-highway emission inventory development. Emissions for 

hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (S02), and 

particulate matter (PM) from this source are covered in this chapter. 

Railroads can be separated into three classes based on size : Class I, Class II, and Class 111. 

Class I railroads represent the largest railroad systems in the country. Because of their size, Class I 

railroads operate over a large geographic area. Also, they carry most of the interstate freight and 

carry most of the passenger service. They are required to keep detailed records of their operations 

and to report yearly to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). 

Class II and III railroads represent the remainder of the rail transportation system and 

generally operate within smaller, localized areas. These smaller railroads are not subject to the same 

reporting requirements, and their record-keeping may be less extensive. Also, their fleet of 

locomotives tends to be older, with the Class I railroads buying almost all of the new locomotives. 

Locomotives within each of the Classes can perform two different types of operations: line 

haul and yard (or switch) . Line haul locomotives generally travel between distant locations, such as 

from one city to another. Yard locomotives are primarily responsible for moving rail cars within a 

particular railway yard. 

Overview of Recommended Inventory Methodology 

4.4 .3 .1 Line Haul Locomotives 

For Class I, II, and III line haul locomotives, emissions were calculated by multiplying the 

amount of fuel consumed in the inventory area by the appropriate emission factors. 

Line Haul Locomotive 

Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Fuel Consumption 

Line haul locomotive fuel consumption information for Kentucky's ozone maintenance 

counties was supplied directly to the Division for Air Quality pursuant to a Division railroad 

questionnaire that was mailed in April 5, 2000 to all railroads operating in the ozone maintenance 

areas (Please see a copy of the 2000 railroad questionnaire which is included in Appendix G). The 

questionnaire also requested information regarding the number of yard locomotives operating in the 

-4.7- 
ozone maintenance counties . 

Emission Factors - Line Haul 

With the line haul fuel consumption information obtained from the questionnaire, emissions 

were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant 

(converted to pounds per gallon of fuel burned (lbs/gal)). The EPA recommended default emission 

factors8 that were utilized for all line haul locomotives are as follows. 

Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors 

Emission Factor 

Pollutant (g/gal) 

HC 10 

CO 26.6 

NOx 270 

PM 6.7 

* g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by .0022046. 

4.4.3 .2 Yard Locomotives 

The recommended method for yard locomotives was same method used for line haul 

locomotives. With the line yard locomotive fuel consumption information obtained from the 

questionnaire, inventory area emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet 

average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds per gallon of fuel burned (lbs/gal)) . 

Emissions for yard locomotives are calculated using the following formula: 

Yard Locomotive 

Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors 

Yard Locomotive Emission Factors 

The EPA recommended default emission factorsg that were utilized for all yard locomotives 

are as follows. 

-4.8- 
Emission Factor 

Pollutant fiz/g~al 

HC 21 

CO 38 .1 

NO 362 

PM 9.2 

* g/gal emission factors converted to Ibs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by 

.0022046. . 

Seasonal Considerations Line and Yard Locomotives 

Based on telephone conversations with James Houz, Region 4 EPA, during March 

2006 and Volume IV guidance', activity for railroad locomotives is considered to be uniform 

throughout the year. Additionally, the number of days of operation was assumed to be 365 . 

Therefore, typical summer day emissions for line haul and yard locomotives were derived by 

using the following equation. 

Typical Summer Day Emissions (TSD) = Annual Locomotive Emissions (TYR) / 365 days 

Converting from Total Hydrocarbons (THC) to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) 

For Line and Yard Locomotives 

In accordance with Volume IV guidance, the following THC to VOC conversion 

factor was used to determine the VOC emissions for line and yard locomotives. 

VOC Locomotive = THCFID Locomotive x 1 .005 

Emissions for line haul locomotives are provided in Table 4-4 and emissions for yard 

locomotives are provided in Table 4-5. Activity data (i .e., fuel consumed) used to calculate 

locomotive emissions can be found in Table 4-6. Total Non-Highway emissions are provided in 

Table 4-7. 

-4.9- 
Table 4-4 

Summary of Emissions From 

From Line Haul Locomotives 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) (tons/yea r) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Marshall ~ 01 0 0 0 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 4-5 

Summary of Emissions From 

From Yard Locomotives 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/day) tons/ ear tons/da tons/year) (tons/da y) 

Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Marshall 0 0 0 0 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 4-6 

Locomotive Fuel Information 

Line Haul Yard 

Locomotive Locomotive 

Fuel Fuel 

County Gallons Gallons 

Livin ston* 0 0 

Marshall 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 4-7 

Summary of Emissions From 

Non-Highway Mobile Sources 

ounty ategory 

**Annual 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

"Annual 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daffy 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

**Annual 

NO 

Emissions 

(tons/yea r 

Daily 

NOx 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

Livingston* Other Non-Hi wa 0 0.25 0 0.72 0 0.07 

Livin ston* Locomotive 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Livin ston* Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Livingston Portion 

Emissions 0 0.25 0 0.72 0 0.07 

Marshall Other Non-Hi wa 0 4.87 0 16.31 0 0.95 

Marshall Locomotive 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 

Marshall Aircraft 1 .36 0 38 .48 0.10 0.21 0 

Marshall Emissions 1.36 4.87 38.48 16.41 0.21 0.95 

Grand Total Emissions ~ ~ 1.36 ~ 5.12 1 38.48 1 17.13 1 0.21 ~ 1 .021 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

**Annual other non-highway emissions not reflected in Table 4-7 . 
4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Procedures for the Emission Inventory 

Preparation, Volume IV : Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), U.S . EPA, 

Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI and Office of Air Quality Planning & 

Standards, RTP, NC, 1992 . 

2. E-mail communication, James Hou, US EPA, Region 4, to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky 

Division for Air Quality concerning procedures for inventorying other nonroad engine 

categories, March 6, 2006. 

3 . U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity 

Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, 

Washington, DC 20591 . 

4. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records 

were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft. 

5 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 1999. 

6. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, regarding nonroad emission inventory 

development, Summer and Fall 2002 . 

7 . Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Ken Petche, EPA OMS, regarding 

aircraft emission inventory development, Fall 2002. 

8. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Chuck Moulis, EPA OMS, 

regarding locomotive emission inventory development, Fall 2002 . 
5.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES 

5.1 INTRODUCTION 

This section documents the development of the 2002 highway mobile source emissions 

inventory for the Paducah Area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston 

County. The inventory addresses highway vehicles using gasoline and diesel . The inventory 

estimates are for a typical weekday during the summer ozone season (March - October), but more 

specifically for the summer quarter (i .e., June, July, and August). 

In conjunction with Sierra Research, Inc.', the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency 

provided guidance for the preparation of this portion of the inventory. Z 

The transportation models used to generate daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) were run by 

the Division of Mass Transportation, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Emission factors for 

highway vehicle classes were obtained from EPA's MOBILE6.2 highway mobile source emission 

factor estimation model. MOBILE6.2 runs for the maintenance areas were performed by the 

Kentucky Division for Air Quality. 

The highway vehicles inventory discussion is divided into three primary sections. Section 5.2 

addresses the emissions estimation process using the MOBILE6.2 model.3 Section 5.3 addresses the 

mobile emissions for each inventoried ozone maintenance area. Mobile source references are found 

in Section 5 .4 . 

5.2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATION PROCESS 

5.2 .1 Overview of Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates 

Highway vehicle emission estimates for the maintenance areas were calculated using the 

DVMT estimates and EPA's mobile source emission factor estimation model - MOBILE6.2 . The 

emission factors produced by the MOBILE6.2 model in grams/mile (g/mile) were multiplied by the 

DVMT estimates to generate total emissions. Emission estimates were calculated for VOC, NO,,, 

and CO. Estimates of VOC emissions were made for vehicle exhaust, evaporative, refueling, resting, 

and running losses . The only sources of NOX and CO emissions were vehicle exhaust losses . 

Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated for base year 2002 and the projection years of 

2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The agencies principally involved in producing the 

highway vehicle emission estimates were the Division of Planning, Department of Highways, 

-5.1 - 
Kentucky Transportation Cabinet; and the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. The Division of 

Planning provided the following mobile source information for ozone maintenance areas : (1) Road 

classifications, 2) Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled per road classification per county; and (3) Estimated 

average speeds for each road classification . The Division for Air Quality conducted all of the 

MOBILE6.2 model runs. 

The inputs used to run the MOBILE6.2 model are described and presented in Section 5 .2 .2 . 

Mobile source highway 2002 emissions are summarized in Table 5-1 . 

5.2 .2 Inputs to MOBILE6.2 

The new MOBILE6.2 model is a more-concise model, compared to the MOBILE5 model. 

The chief inputs to the MOBILE6.2 model can be grouped into two main categories : the run section 

and the scenario section. Unless otherwise specified, national default values are used in the 

MOBILE6.2 model. These values are used as they are representative of conditions found in 

Kentucky. The values used for each grouping in the area analysis are presented below and justified 

(Please see Appendix D for mobile model input and output information) . 

5.2 .2 .1 Run Section Data 

This section is similar to the one-time data section from the MOBILE5 model. In general, 

the two main values specified in the run section are the Reid Vapor Pressure for conventional 

gasoline (identified as "Fuel RVP") and the minimum and maximum summer temperatures. Unlike 

the MOBILE5 model, ambient temperature values no longer need to be specified. Minimum and 

maximum summer temperature data will vary depending on the area in Kentucky (Please see 

Appendix D for temperature information). 

5.2 .2 .2 Scenario Section Data 

This part of Mobile6.2 allows the specification of data for several parameters that can be 

varied to evaluate many different mobile source emission scenarios. These parameters are described 

below: 

Scenario Record - This parameter is used to indicate a title. For Kentucky's MOBILE6.2 

model runs, the road classification is specified. The 12 road classifications (6 rural, 6 urban) 

-5 .2- 
that were used for the MOBILE5 model are also used for the MOBILE6.2 model runs . A 

thirteenth road classification, Ramp, is a new component in the MOBILE6.2 model and is 

included in these runs. 

Calendar Year - The calendar years for the analysis was 2002,2005,2008,2011, 2014, 2017 

and 2020 . 

Evaluation Month - A value of 7 was used to denote a summer MOBILE6.2 model run. 

Average Speed - For each of the highway road classifications, a single speed was applied. 

Speed data was supplied by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

In the MOBILE6.2 model, there are four main speed categories : freeway, arterial, local, and 

ramp. For the 12 road classifications used in Kentucky's MOBILE6.2 model runs, each need 

to be assigned one of the four speed categories. The 12 road classifications are broken down 

into 3 freeway road classifications, 8 arterial road classifications, and 1 local road 

classification . It should be noted that Rural Local has a speed category of Arterial, as advised 

by EPA. 

Specific default speed data are used for specific speed categories . For the local speeds, 12 .9 

mile per hour is used. For the ramp speed, 34 .6 mile per hour is used. 

For the average speed component, it should be noted that additional data are indicated for the 

3 freeway road classifications .4 Vehicle miles Traveled (VMT) distribution data are 

represented with 4 percentages: freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For freeways, studies 

estimate that freeway and ramp represent 92% and 8% of all freeway VMT, respectively. 

Unless local data are available for the freeway category, the user needs to indicate "92 .0 0.0 

0 .0 8 .0". 

Local data for VMT distribution can be used, if available. For example, the VMT 

distribution may be "92.4 0 .0 0.0 7.6". Local data may even indicate that VMT distribution 

data are not needed for any of the freeway road classifications . The VMT distribution data 

will not be indicated in the Mobile6.2 input file for a freeway road classification unless 

DVMT data are associated with it . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has supplied local 

data for VMT distribution for this emissions inventory that is different from the default 

-5 .3 - 
values of "92.0 0.0 0.0 8.0". Please see Appendix D for more-detailed highway mobile input 

file and DVMT information. 

5.3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions 

Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated by multiplying the Mobile6.2 generated 

emission factors by the DVMT. Typical Summer Day (TSD) emission totals are listed by county and 

summarized in Table 5-1 . 

TABLE 5-1 

SUMMARY OF HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

Paducah Area 

2002 HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

2002 VMT * 2002 EF 

COUNTY TOTAL VOC TSD** TOTAL CO TSD** TOTAL NO, TSD** 

LIVINGSTON'~ 0.09 1.17 0.17 

MARSHALL 2.07 27.59 4.04 

TOTAL 2~16 28.76 4.21 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Multiply tons per summer (TSD) emissions by 365 to estimate annual emissions. 
5.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5 

1 . Sierra Research, Inc., MOBILE6 On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions Model: 5-Day Training 

Course, Atlanta, Georgia. February 4-8, 2002. 

2 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. User's Guide to MOBILE6 - Mobile Source 

Emission Factor Model. EPA420-R-02-001 . Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. January 2002. 

3 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Instructions provided with the mobile model -

MOBILE6. 

4. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Dale Aspy, Region 4 . Electronic mail 

correspondence with Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Correction in 

MOBILE6 model to accurately reflect "Freeway" component. September 9, 2002 . 
6.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 

6.1 BACKGROUND 

This section documents the development of the biogenic emissions for the Kentucky portion 

of the Paducah Area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. Biogenic 

emissions are those emissions that are the result of natural processes occurring in vegetation and 

soils, and marine ecosystems, as a result of geological activity in the form of geysers or volcanoes, as 

a result of meteorological activity such as lightning, and from fauna, such as ruminants and termites. 

In accordance with EPA guidance', the 2002 biogenic emissions presented were obtained and 

derived from county-specific biogenic emission estimates that EPA developed to assist states with 

the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR). 

6.2 METHODOLOGY 

EPA estimated the biogenic emissions for Kentucky counties using the Biogenic Emissions 

Inventory System - Version 2 (BEIS2 .2) . Maintenance area biogenic emissions were obtained from 

the following EPA web site: : ftp ://ftg .epa.gov/EmisInventory/prelim2002nei/biogenicl. Daily 

biogenic emissions were determined as follows : 

Summer Seasonal 

Adjustment Factor = (Summer County Emissions (June-August) / Annual County Emissions) / .25 

Summer Day Emissions= (Annual County Emissions * Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor) /365 

For portions of counties the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 was utilized to 

apportion emissions. 

6.3 SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 

6.3 .1 Ozone Maintenance Areas 

Biogenic emissions for the ozone maintenance areas can be found in Table 6-1 and also in 

Appendix E. References for biogenic emissions are provided in Section 6.4 . 

-6 .1- 
TABLE 6-1 

SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS** 

PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

COUNTY VOC VOC NOx NOx 

EMISSIONS EMiSSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS 

(tons/yr) (tons/day) (tons/yr) (tons/day) 

*Livingston 1019.34 6.36 23 .65 0.10 

Marshall 5858 .33 36.86 90.7 0.36 

Total Emissions 6877.67 43.22 114.35 0.46 

*Denotes only a portion of a county. 

* *NEI biogenic emissions have been apportioned to the portion of a county based on the area 

apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 . 
6.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 

1 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's estimate of 2002 Biogenic Emissions to 

assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR). Biogenic annual 

emission estimates are available at : ft pa/ft a.izov/Emislnventorv/nrelim2002neilbio2enicl . For 

more information please contact Marc Houyoux, with EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group, 

(919)541-3649.