Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-22-00630-CR

EX PARTE Juan Esteban VAZQUEZ-BAUTISTA,

From the County Court at Law No. 1, Webb County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2022CRB000723L1

Honorable Leticia Martinez, Judge Presiding1

Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 9, 2023

REVERSED AND REMANDED

As part of Operation Lone Star, Juan Esteban Vazquez-Bautista, a noncitizen, was arrested 

for trespassing on private property in Webb County. He filed an application for writ of habeas 

corpus seeking dismissal of the criminal charge based on a violation of his state and federal rights 

to equal protection. After holding an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied his requested relief. 

Vazquez appeals. We reverse the trial court’s order and remand for further proceedings consistent 

with this opinion.

1 The Honorable Hugo D. Martinez is the judge of the Webb County Court at Law Number One. Associate Judge 

Leticia Martinez signed the order denying the habeas corpus relief at issue in this appeal.
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BACKGROUND

Since March 2021, Texas Governor Greg Abbott has directed the Texas Department of 

Public Safety and the Texas National Guard “to secure the border and stop cartels and criminals 

from smuggling deadly drugs, weapons, and people into Texas” under Operation Lone Star. The 

State has charged thousands of OLS cases into various courts in counties: Webb, Jim Hogg, 

Maverick, Zapata, Kinney, and Val Verde. Those OLS cases also involve arrests for misdemeanor 

criminal trespass by noncitizens who have crossed the United States border without proper legal 

status. 

Appellant Vazquez was arrested for criminal trespass. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 30.05(a).

He then filed a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus, arguing the State was selectively 

prosecuting him in violation of his equal protection rights.

At Vazquez’s habeas corpus hearing on August 19, 2022, State Trooper Juan Antonio 

Juarez III testified that on July 26, 2022, he arrested Vazquez with four men and one woman for 

criminal trespass. The men were transported to the Jim Hogg County Temporary Booking Facility, 

and the woman was released to the U.S. Border Patrol. According to the record, Vazquez was at 

first detained and then released on $500 bond. 

Also at the hearing, Claudia Molina of the Lubbock Private Defender’s Office testified as 

to the process through which an individual who is arrested for criminal trespass under OLS obtains 

appointment of counsel. According to Molina’s testimony, the Lubbock Private Defender’s Office 

(“LPDO”), in conjunction with OLS, was awarded a grant by the Texas Indigent Defense 

Commission to appoint counsel to represent individuals who have been brought before a magistrate 

or are being held at detention facilities. That is, when an individual is arrested and brought before 

a magistrate, his paperwork is sent to the LPDO, which then reviews the paperwork and determines 

whether counsel will be appointed in the case. Molina testified that this review and appointment 
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process includes the OLS cases from six counties: Webb, Jim Hogg, Maverick, Zapata, Kinney, 

and Val Verde. According to Molina, the “primary charges of appointment” for the LPDO as to 

OLS “are criminal trespass and then smuggling of persons.” As part of OLS, LPDO first began 

appointing counsel in the last week of July 2021. 

Molina testified that part of her job is to be a client advocate: she handles client and family 

communication, watches court dockets, and observes court several times per month. She stated 

that she has handled at least five hundred client calls and the same amount of family calls, over 

one hundred client Zoom meetings, and over three hundred court appearances in different counties. 

She testified that she is unaware of any women who have been prosecuted for misdemeanor 

trespass as part of OLS.

Molina stated that she also generated a report of OLS cases that were appointed counsel 

through the LPDO as of two days before Vazquez’s hearing. A little over five thousand five 

hundred of six thousand cases were misdemeanor trespass cases. None of the misdemeanor 

trespass cases charged women.

As for Webb County specifically, the LPDO had begun defending cases there as of July 

25, 2022. In the time before the hearing, the LPDO had been assigned thirty-five cases. Again, 

no misdemeanor trespass cases charged women.

Molina testified that the only OLS cases charging women were felony human smuggling 

cases.

The trial court then denied Vazquez’s requested relief. Vazquez appealed. 

DISCUSSION

In Ex parte Aparicio, we considered the argument that male defendants charged with 

misdemeanor trespass as part of OLS were being selectively prosecuted along gender lines in 

violation of their federal and state constitutional rights to equal protection. See Ex parte Aparicio, 
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__S.W.3d__, No. 04-22-00623-CR, 2023 WL 4095939, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 21, 

2023, no pet. h.). We concluded that the appellant had raised a cognizable issue by pretrial writ 

of habeas corpus and met his burden of showing a prima facie claim for selective prosecution on 

the basis of gender discrimination. Id. at *13. We reversed and remanded for the State to justify 

the gender discrimination. Id. The claims Vazquez asserts in this case mirror the issues we 

addressed in Ex parte Aparicio, and we apply its precedent. For the reasons described in that 

opinion, we reverse and remand for the trial court to “require the State to respond to both federal 

and state selective-prosecution claims on the basis of equal protection, and ... make specific 

findings of fact and conclusions of law setting out its rulings on whether the State meets its burden 

of proof to justify its discriminatory treatment of [Vazquez].” Id. 

CONCLUSION

Applying Ex parte Aparicio, we conclude that Vazquez’s claims are cognizable by pretrial 

writ of habeas corpus and that he has satisfied his burden of establishing a prima facie case of 

gender discrimination in the State’s execution of OLS. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

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