Filed 2/5/16 Hughes v. Cal. State Personnel Bd. CA2/5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

CHARLES HUGHES,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

CALIFORNIA STATE PERSONNEL 

BOARD et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 B255921

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BS137236)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles, 

James C. Chalfant, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Stephen J. Horvath, Stephen J. Horvath, Marcus J. Berger; 

Benedon & Serlin, Douglas G. Benedon, and Gerald M. Serlin for Plaintiff and 

Appellant.

Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Office of Legal Affairs, Clayton A. 

Mack, Supervising Attorney, for Real Party in Interest.
2

INTRODUCTION

Petitioner and appellant Charles Hughes (petitioner) petitioned the trial court for 

an administrative writ of mandate to set aside the decision of respondent State Personnel 

Board (Board) upholding a 10-day suspension for misconduct imposed by petitioner’s 

employer, real party in interest Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 

(Department). On appeal from the trial court’s judgment denying his petition, petitioner 

contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that the Board did not have 

jurisdiction to determine certain of his affirmative defenses to two of the allegations of 

misconduct asserted by the Department. Petitioner further contends that the trial court 

erred when it found that substantial evidence supported the Board’s findings that 

petitioner had adequate notice that his alleged misconduct would subject him to 

discipline, had threatened to have a captain fired, and had disrupted the workplace. 

Petitioner also argues that his 10-day suspension was excessive and should have been 

reduced by the trial court. 

We hold that the Board did not have jurisdiction to determine petitioner’s defenses 

to the two allegations of misconduct in issue to the extent those defenses were based on 

alleged violations of rights conferred on union members under the Dills Act.1 We further 

hold that substantial evidence supported the Board’s findings that petitioner had adequate 

notice that his alleged misconduct could subject him to discipline, had threatened to have 

a captain fired, and had disrupted the workplace. We also hold that the Board did not 

abuse its discretion by finding that petitioner’s 10-day suspension was an appropriate 

 

1

“[I]n 1977, the Legislature enacted the State Employer-Employee Relations Act 

(Gov. Code, §§ 3512-3524) to govern relations between the state government and certain 

of its employees. [Citation.] It was later renamed, and its official name is now the Ralph 

C. Dills Act (hereafter the Dills Act). [Citation.]” (Coachella Valley Mosquito & Vector 

Control Dist. v. California Public Employment Relations Bd. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1072, 

1085.)
3

punishment. We therefore affirm the judgment denying the petition for a peremptory writ 

of mandate. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. Board’s Findings of Fact

Petitioner concedes that, with three limited exceptions, his “appeal arises almost 

entirely from undisputed facts.” According to petitioner, the only factual findings of the 

Board as to which he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence are the issues of: (i) 

whether he had actual or constructive notice that his language and behavior could subject 

him to discipline; (ii) whether certain statements constituted an implied threat to have a

captain fired; and (iii) whether his conduct in the records department caused disruption in 

the workplace. Therefore, the factual background is based upon the Board’s findings of 

fact and its determinations regarding petitioner’s credibility. The evidence relevant to the 

three factual disputes is discussed below.

1. Threat to Captain Wofford

Sometime in 2003, petitioner, a correctional lieutenant, had a dispute with a 

captain over a union-related matter. The captain threatened to kick petitioner’s “ass,” and

petitioner responded, “Fuck you, mother fuck—fuck you, you punk ass mother fucker.” 

Both petitioner and the captain received letters of reprimand. Petitioner defended the 

case by arguing that his conduct, including his speech, was considered union activity and 

thus protected under the Dills Act. Following the Department’s review of petitioner’s 

defense, the adverse action against petitioner was revoked based on the Department’s 

conclusion that petitioner had engaged in protected activity at the time of the incident. 

Petitioner was informed of the decision and the underlying reason for the decision. 

Petitioner was familiar with Title 15 of California Code of Regulations, section

3391, subsection (a), which petitioner understood to require professional behavior while 

on duty. Petitioner also understood that section 3391 prohibited the use of profanity 
4

while on duty and required employees to avoid irresponsible or unethical conduct or 

conduct reflecting discredit on oneself or the Department, either on or off duty. 

During the relevant time periods at issue, the use of profanity at California State 

Prison-Los Angeles County (the prison) whether by management, correctional officers 

who were on duty, or correctional officers acting in their capacity as union 

representatives, was normal. Such phrases as “fuck you” “kiss my ass,” “you’re an 

asshole,” and “you want to fuck or do you want to dance or do you want to fight” were 

not uncommon. Petitioner, whether on duty or off duty, routinely used profanity, 

especially in meetings and discussions with management concerning union-related 

matters. Petitioner commonly said “later fucker” to other people, including Warden 

Harrison. Petitioner admitted at the hearing that he used profanity as “power words.”

On June 16, 2004, petitioner was absent from work at the prison because it was his 

regular day off. On June 17, 2004, petitioner performed official business for the union. 

On June 16 or 17, 2004, Captain Wofford passed petitioner in the hallway of the prison’s 

administrative building and walked into the records department. Petitioner followed 

Captain Wofford inside the department. There, petitioner confronted Captain Wofford 

and, in a loud, boisterous tone, stated that he had caused wardens and associate wardens 

to be fired, and Captain Wofford was just a captain and who “ain’t shit.” Petitioner

followed behind as Captain Wofford walked. Petitioner was yelling, cursing, and getting 

louder. Captain Wofford did not respond, but kept walking. Petitioner, however, kept 

“going on and on.” Approximately 45 employees worked in the records department, and 

at least two staff members observed petitioner’s conduct and overheard his statements to 

Captain Wofford.

2. Voicemail to Warden Harrison

Prior to December 14, 2004, Warden Harrison did not formally or informally 

counsel or warn petitioner concerning his use of profanity. On December 14, 2004, at 

approximately 9:00 p.m., when petitioner was off duty, petitioner telephoned Warden 

Harrison and left the following voicemail message: “Okay, boss, I guess you don't want 
5

to give me a call back, that’s fine. I’ll just let you know. I guess our relationship is in the 

fucking toilet, and if that is what we gotta do, that is what we fucking gotta do. Oh by the 

way, Bob wants to know where the fuck his tape is. Let you know I cancelled OB for all 

my guys. You guys got fuckin responsibility of running the post and bid.2If that shit is 

not ran in the morning, no problem. I'll probably fucking call Sacramento anyway, and I 

am sure you can explain it to your boss why we were running it in the fucking first place. 

Anyway, so, uh, hey, good luck, later fucker.”

On December 15, 2004, Warden Harrison issued a memorandum stating that 

effective immediately, prison employees were required to follow guidelines that 

restricted bringing cellular telephones and pagers into certain areas of the institution, 

including within the secure perimeter. Warden Harrison had the discretionary authority 

to issue the directive. Warden Harrison’s restriction on cell phones and pagers made 

petitioner very upset because he used his cell phone for union activities. Petitioner also 

thought that Warden Harrison’s decision was “childish.” In response to Warden 

Harrison’s directive, petitioner prepared and distributed a memorandum to correctional 

officers at the prison entitled “Dad gets mad at profanity.” Petitioner denied that any part 

of his voicemail message to Warden Harrison was discourteous. 

B. Board’s Determinations Re Petitioner’s Credibility

The Board made the following credibility determinations concerning petitioner’s 

testimony. “[Petitioner] testified in a clear and factual manner regarding his employment 

history, experience as a [California Correctional Peace Officers Association]

representative, and his frequent use of profanity. However, the record also established 

that petitioner harbored animosity and bias against [Captain] Wofford . . . and [Warden] 

Harrison which reflected negatively upon his recollection and perception of past events. 

 

2

“Post and bid” refers to a negotiated process in which correctional officers choose 

positions that they would like to work based upon their seniority. The state negotiates 

with the California Correctional Peace Officers Association to determine which positions 

are “biddable” and which will be managed by the state.
6

In addition, the character of [petitioner’s] testimony was self-serving and tended to 

minimize the serious nature of his actions and speech. Additionally, [petitioner’s]

demeanor while testifying at hearing was at times, particularly during cross-examination, 

sarcastic and evasive. On the whole, [petitioner’s] testimony lacked sufficient indicia of 

trustworthiness to be considered reliable.” 

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On June 19, 2005, petitioner received a notice of adverse action issued by the 

Department advising him that he had been suspended for 24 days due to six charges of 

misconduct. The Department alleged, inter alia, the following two incidents of 

misconduct upon which the Board based its decision upholding petitioner’s 10-day 

suspension: On or about June 16 or 17, 2004, petitioner approached Captain Wofford 

and in a verbally abusive and loud manner stated that, “this is my world, I run this prison, 

you ain’t nobody, you ain’t shit, I’ve gotten Wardens fired and you are just a captain.” 

Petitioner’s threatening conduct was viewed and heard by Department employees Angela 

Taylor and Laquita Shotzman-Baker, and caused an upset in the workplace. Petitioner’s 

statement implied a threat that he would conspire to have Captain Wofford discharged 

from his position with the Department.

On or about December 14, 2004, petitioner telephoned prison Warden Harrison 

and stated, “OK boss, I guess you don’t want to give me a call back, that’s fine. I just let 

you know, I guess our relationship is in the fucking toilet, and if that is what we gotta do, 

that is what we fucking gotta do. Oh by the way, Bob wants to know where the fuck his 

tape is. Let you know I cancelled OB for all my guys. You guys got fuckin 

responsibility of running the post and bid. If that shit is not ran in the morning, no 

problem. I’ll probably fucking call Sacramento anyway, and I am sure you can explain it 

to your boss why we were running it in the fucking first place. Anyway, so, uh, hey, 

good luck, later fucker.” Petitioner’s message to Warden Harrison captured the complete 

and utter disregard of authority and lack of respect he showed supervisors and staff at the 
7

prison on a consistent basis. Petitioner’s statements and conduct disrupted the workplace 

and created an environment of fear of reprisal.

Following a Skelly hearing,3the Department reduced petitioner’s suspension to 10 

days. The Department issued a modified notice of adverse action on October 20, 2005. 

Petitioner appealed his suspension to the Board. Following six days of evidentiary 

hearings, the Board issued on November 15, 2011, its decision sustaining two of the six 

misconduct charges—the two described above—in the Board’s findings, and upholding 

the 10-day suspension. 

As to the June 16 or 17, 2004, incident with Captain Wofford in the records 

department, the Board’s decision sustaining the charge of misconduct found that, “Here, 

unlike in [Errol L. Dunnigan v. State Personnel Board [SPB No. 93-92] (1993) case 

number 28973, [petitioner] was not charged with violating a specific policy or duty of 

[the Department], but rather, [petitioner] was charged under Government Code section 

19572, subdivision (m), treating other employees discourteously, and under Government 

Code section 19572, subdivision (t), failing to engage in good behavior on and/or off 

duty. Subdivisions (m) and (t) are causes for disciplinary action that are well established 

in statutory law and clearly defined by [Board] precedent that predates any of the alleged 

incidents at issue here. Therefore, subdivisions (m) and (t) place state employees, 

including [petitioner], on actual and/or constructive notice of expected standards of 

conduct relative to treatment of other employees and the public. Accordingly, the threeprong analysis of Dunnigan is inapplicable to this case. [¶] Further, [petitioner’s] 

actions in the Records Department, as discussed above, did not simply involve the use of 

profanity: [petitioner’s] conduct rose to the level of being threatening, hostile, and 

offensive. Hence, [petitioner’s] misconduct fell within the Dunnigan exception of being 

 

3

“Skelly hearing” refers to the administrative hearing required by Skelly v. State 

Personnel Board (1975) 15 Cal.3d 194 [state statutory scheme regulating civil service 

employment recognizes that a permanent civil service employee has a property interest in 

continued employment that is protected by due process].
8

so clearly wrong that specific reference to a rule was not necessary. In any event, 

[petitioner] was familiar with title 15, California Code of Regulations, section 3391, 

subsection (a), which [petitioner] understood as requiring employees to avoid 

irresponsible or unethical conduct or conduct reflecting discredit on oneself or [the 

Department], either on or off duty. [¶] The evidence thus sufficiently established that 

[petitioner] was discourteous and engaged in other failure of good behavior on or about 

June 16, 2004. Therefore, the causes of action under Government Code section 19572, 

subdivision (m) and (t) are sustained.” 

As to the December 14, 2004, voice mail message to Warden Harrison, the 

Board’s decision sustaining the charge of misconduct based on that incident found, “It 

was undisputed that [petitioner] left the December 14, 2004 voice mail message for 

[Warden] Harrison. It was also undisputed that [petitioner] was not on duty at the time 

he left the message. [¶] Nonetheless, [petitioner’s] use of profanity and saying ‘good 

luck, fucker’ reflected negatively upon [petitioner’s] position as a peace officer and a 

Correctional Lieutenant, and upon [the Department]. [Petitioner’s] message was flippant, 

rude, and demeaning. Such conduct harms the public service by undermining and 

mocking the authority and position of the Warden, and impairs and disrupts good and 

productive working relationships. Thus, [petitioner’s] misconduct was both discourteous 

under Government Code section 19572, subdivision (m) and inappropriate under 

subdivision (t).” 

On May 3, 2012, petitioner filed a petition for peremptory writ of mandate under 

Code of Civil Procedure section 1085 and 1094.5. On February 20, 2014, the trial court 

held a hearing on the petition and, following argument, ruled that its written tentative 

ruling was adopted as the final ruling of the court. On March 10, 2014, the trial court 

entered a judgment based on its final ruling on the petition denying it. Petitioner filed a 

timely notice of appeal from the judgment.
9

DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 is the administrative mandamus provision 

that sets forth the procedure for judicial review of adjudicatory decisions rendered by 

administrative agencies. “Section 1094.5 clearly contemplates that at minimum, the 

reviewing court must determine both whether substantial evidence supports the 

administrative agency’s findings and whether the findings support the agency’s decision. 

Subdivision (b) of section 1094.5 prescribes that when petitioned for a writ of mandamus, 

a court’s inquiry should extend, among other issues, to whether ‘there was any prejudicial 

abuse of discretion.’ Subdivision (b) then defines ‘abuse of discretion’ to include 

instances in which the administrative order or decision ‘is not supported by the findings, 

or the findings are not supported by the evidence.’ (Italics added) Subdivision (c) 

declares that ‘in all . . . cases’ (italics added) other than those in which the reviewing 

court is authorized by law to judge the evidence independently, (fn. omitted) ‘abuse of 

discretion is established if the court determines that the findings are not supported by 

substantial evidence in the light of the whole record.’ [Citation.]” (Topanga Assn. for a 

Scenic Community v. County of Los Angeles (1974) 11 Cal.3d 506, 514-515.)

“Because the [Board] derives its adjudicatory authority from the state Constitution 

rather than from a legislative enactment, a superior court considering a petition for 

administrative mandate must defer to the [Board’s] factual findings if they are supported 

by substantial evidence.” (State Personnel Bd. v. Department of Personnel Admin.

(2005) 37 Cal.4th 512, 522.) “‘Since the [Board] is a constitutional agency for all its 

adjudicatory activities (Cal. Const., art. XXIV; [Citation], its decision, which is the 

subject of this [appellate] review, may be set aside only if it is found to be unsupported 

by any substantial evidence. All reasonable inferences must be drawn in support of the 

findings of the Board. [Citations.] The findings and determination of the Board come 

before the reviewing court with a strong presumption as to their correctness and 

regularity. (Faulkner v. Cal. Toll Bridge Authority (1953) 40 Cal.2d 317, 330-331 [253 
10

P.2d 659]; [Citation.]) The court may not take into account whatever evidence detracts 

from the weight of other evidence. [Citation.] [¶] “The court may not substitute a 

decision contrary to that made by the department, even though such decision is equally or 

more reasonable, if the determination by the department is one which could have been 

made by reasonable people. . . .” [Citation.]’ [¶] ‘Inferences based upon circumstantial 

evidence are sufficient to support a finding. [Citation.]’ [¶] Factual determinations are 

not subject to re-examination in a trial de novo, but are to be upheld by a reviewing court 

if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] The review is to be limited to 

considerations of whether the board exceeded its jurisdiction, committed errors or law, 

abused its discretion, or made findings unsupported by substantial evidence. Covert v.

State Board of Equalization (1946) 29 Cal.2d 125 [173 P.2d 545]; Merrill v. Department

of Motor Vehicles (1969) 71 Cal.2d 907 [80 Cal.Rptr. 89, 458 P.2d 33].” (Long v. State 

Personnel Bd. (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 1000, 1008-1009.)

“‘In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we do not determine 

the facts ourselves. Rather, “we examine the whole record in the light most favorable to 

the judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence—evidence that is 

reasonable, credible and of solid value . . . .” [Citations.] We presume in support of the 

judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.

[Citation.] [¶] . . . “[I]f the circumstances reasonably justify the [trier of fact’s] findings, 

the judgment may not be reversed simply because the circumstances might also 

reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding.” [Citation.] We do not reweigh

evidence or reevaluate a witness’s credibility. [Citation.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Scott

(2012) 52 Cal.4th 452, 487.)

B. Jurisdiction Over Dills Act Defenses

Petitioner contends that the Board erred when it concluded that his defenses under 

the Dills Act were within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Public Employment Relations 

Board. According to petitioner, the Department should not be permitted to circumvent 

the protections of the Dills Act by treating an unfair labor practice under that act as an 
11

adverse personnel action subject to the jurisdiction of the Board. Petitioner maintains 

that there is an overlap between the jurisdiction of the Board, on the one hand, and the 

Public Employment Relations Board, on the other, when allegations of employee 

misconduct subject to the Board’s jurisdiction are predicated in whole or in part on union 

activity.

The Dills Act guarantees the collective bargaining rights of employees by, inter 

alia, making it unlawful for the state to impose reprisals on or discriminate against an 

employee for exercising his or her rights under the Act. (Gov. Code, § 3519, subd. (a).)4

“Enacted in 1977, the Dills Act (formerly known as the State Employer-Employee 

Relations Act or SEERA) ‘accords collective bargaining rights to state civil service 

employees.’ (Regents of University of California v. Public Employment Relations Bd.

(1986) 41 Cal.3d 601, 605, fn. 3 [224 Cal.Rptr. 631, 715 P.2d 590]; see White v. Davis

(2003) 30 Cal.4th 528, 572 [133 Cal.Rptr.2d 648, 68 P.3d 74]; Department of Personnel 

Administration v. Superior Court (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 155, 175 [6 Cal.Rptr.2d 714].) 

‘Under the Dills Act, the parties may negotiate over “wages, hours, and other terms and 

conditions of employment,” except the “merits, necessity, or organization of any service 

or activity provided by law or executive order” . . . . (§§ 3516, 3517.6.)’ [Citation.] [¶] 

The Dills Act also ‘vests broad jurisdiction in [the Public Employment Relations Board] 

to investigate and act upon unfair labor charges and alleged violations of the act.’ 

[Citation.] To this end, subdivision (a) of section 3514.5 provides that ‘[a]ny employee, 

employee organization, or employer shall have the right to file an unfair practice charge’

with the [Public Employment Relations] Board, and subdivision (c) of that statute 

provides that the Board ‘shall have the power to issue a decision and order directing an 

 

4 Government Code section 3519, subdivision (a) provides: “It shall be unlawful 

for the state to do any of the following: (a) Impose or threaten to impose reprisals on 

employees, to discriminate or threaten to discriminate against employees, or otherwise to 

interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees because of their exercise of rights guaranteed 

by this chapter. For purposes of this subdivision, ‘employee’ includes an applicant for 

employment or reemployment.”
12

offending party to cease and desist from the unfair practice and to take such affirmative 

action, including but not limited to the reinstatement of employees with or without back 

pay, as will effectuate the policies of this chapter.’ More importantly, section 3514.5 

provides that ‘[t]he initial determination as to whether the charges of unfair practices are 

justified, and, if so, what remedy is necessary to effectuate the purposes of this chapter, 

shall be a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of the [Public Employment Relations 

Board].

’ Any party ‘aggrieved by a final decision or order of the [Public Employment 

Relations Board] in an unfair practice case, except a decision of the [Public Employment 

Relations Board] not to issue a complaint in such a case’ can obtain judicial review of the 

[Public Employment Relations] Board’s decision by filing a petition for writ relief. (§ 

3520, subd. (b).) [¶] ‘The assignment of exclusive initial jurisdiction in section 3514.5 

to the [Public Employment Relations] Board means that the only forum to pursue a cause 

of action for violation of the statutory rights conferred in the Dills Act is before the 

Board.’ [Citation.]” (California Assn. of Professional Scientists v. Schwarzenegger

(2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 371, 380-381, italics added.)

Although couched as affirmative defenses to the two misconduct allegations in 

issue, petitioner’s claims based on the Dills Act asserted that the Department, by 

punishing petitioner for conduct he engaged in during what he contends was protected 

union activity, committed an unfair labor practice prohibited by the Dills Act under 

Government Code section 3519, subdivision (a). The determination of whether an 

employer’s action constitutes an unfair labor practice under the Dills Act, however, is 

within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Public Employment Relations Board, not the 

Board. (Gov. Code, § 3514.5, subd. (a).) As the court in Pacific Legal Foundation v. 

Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 168 observed: “ [The Public Employment Relations Board] has 

been given a somewhat more specialized and more focused task: to protect both 

employees and the state employer from violations of the organizational and collective 

bargaining rights guaranteed by [the Dills Act]. Although disciplinary actions taken in 

violation of [the Dills Act] would transgress the merit principle as well, the Legislature 

evidently thought it important to assign the task of investigating potential violations of 
13

[the Dills Act] to an agency which possesses and can further develop specialized 

expertise in the labor relations field. (Cf., e.g., Tex-Cal Land Management, Inc. v.

Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 335, 346 [156 Cal.Rptr. 1, 595 P.2d 

579]; San Diego Teachers Assn. v. Superior Court (1979) 24 Cal.3d 1, 11, 13-14 [154 

Cal.Rptr. 893, 593 P.2d 838]; Garner v. Teamsters Union (1953) 346 U.S. 485, 490 [98 

L.Ed. 228, 239, 74 S.Ct. 161].)” (Id. at p. 198.)

The foregoing authorities make clear that claims by an employee based on alleged 

violations of the Dills Act must be adjudicated by the Public Employment Relations 

Board. Therefore, the Board correctly concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate 

petitioner’s claims that the Department’s adverse employment action against him violated 

rights protected under the Dills Act.

C. Substantial Evidence Supported Disputed Findings

In determining whether there is substantial evidence to support the Board’s 

findings, we look only to the evidence to support those findings. We do not determine 

whether the Board’s decision is the one we would reach.

1. Notice That Language and Behavior Could be Disciplined

Petitioner contends that he was entitled to prior notice that the language and 

behavior that formed the basis of the two misconduct charges against him could subject 

him to disciplinary action by the Department. According to petitioner, the use of 

profanity during union activity was commonplace within the Department and that 

practice gave rise to his reasonable belief that the rules prohibiting the use of such 

profanity would not be enforced, unless the Department gave him prior notice to the 

contrary.5Petitioner relies on the Board’s decisions in Errol L. Dunnigan (1993) SPB 

 

5

Petitioner relies, in part, on Department Operations Manual, Article 22, section 

33030.3 which provides: “The rules, standards, and instructions shall be enforced 

uniformly without discrimination. If enforcement has been lax, management shall not 

suddenly change direction and crack down without first warning employees of its intent.”
14

case number 28973, No. 93-32 [because California Highway Patrol did not have express 

policy against officers scheduling court appearances to obtain overtime compensation, 

officer did not have notice that such practice was prohibited] and Ruth M. Houseman

(1993) SPB case number 30547, No. 93-33 [employee did not have notice that private 

sales of Avon products at work, during nonwork hours, were prohibited]. Petitioner also 

relies on a prior disciplinary action against him based on his use of similar profanity 

during union negotiations with management that was dismissed because he was acting in 

his union capacity.

The Department charged petitioner in the notice of adverse action under 

Government Code section 19572, subdivisions (m)—discourtesy—and (t)—failure of 

good behavior.

6

 The notice also alleged that defendant violated 15 CCR section 3391(a)

which provides: “Employees shall be alert, courteous, and professional in their dealings 

with inmates, parolees, fellow employees, visitors and members of the public. Inmates 

and parolees shall be addressed by their proper names, and never by derogatory or slang 

reference. Prison numbers shall be used only with names to summon inmates via public 

address systems. Employees shall not use indecent, abusive, profane, or otherwise 

improper language while on duty. Irresponsible or unethical conduct or conduct 

reflecting discredit on themselves or the department, either on or off duty, shall be 

avoided by all employees.”

Given the statutes and regulations under which petitioner was charged, his focus 

on the common use of profanity at the prison misses the point of the Board’s findings and 

its ruling based thereon. Although the Board found that use of profanity by management 

and officers at the prison was “normal,” it emphasized that petitioner was not charged 

with merely using profane language; he was charged with treating other employees 

 

6

Subdivisions (m) and (t) of Government Code section 19572 provide: “Each of 

the following constitutes cause for discipline of an employee, or of a person whose name 

appears on any employment list: [¶ . . . [¶] (m) Discourteous treatment of the public or 

other employees. [¶] . . . [¶] (t) Other failure of good behavior either during or outside 

of duty hours, which is of such a nature that it causes discredit to the appointing authority 

or the person’s employment.” 
15

discourteously under Government Code section 19572, subdivision (m) and with failing 

to engage in good behavior under subdivision (t). The Board concluded that those causes 

for disciplinary action are well established in statutory law. It also found that petitioner 

was familiar with 15 CCR section 3391, subsection (a). Therefore, the Board concluded 

that petitioner had sufficient actual or constructive notice that what it found to be his

discourtesy and threat to Captain Wofford7and what it found to be his discourteous and 

demeaning message to Warden Harrison were grounds for disciplinary action.

Based on our review of the record, we conclude that substantial evidence 

supported the Board’s conclusion that petitioner either knew or should have known that 

his language and conduct during the two incidents in question could subject him to 

discipline. There is evidence the profanity-laced language he used to address 

management personnel in the workplace was so threatening and demeaning that a 

reasonable correctional officer in petitioner’s position would have known that it violated 

the well established statutory and regulatory prohibitions against such misconduct. 

Moreover, the Board found that petitioner’s testimony was unreliable, including his 

testimony that, because of the Department’s reversal of his reprimand for the 2003 

incident and the Department’s lax enforcement of its profanity prohibition, he believed 

his language and conduct would not be disciplined. Thus, there was substantial evidence 

for us to conclude the trial court did not err by upholding the Board’s decision on the 

notice issue.

2. Threat to Captain Wofford 

Petitioner’s contention that there was insufficient evidence that his statements to 

Captain Wofford constituted a threat is contrary to the evidentiary record. There was 

substantial evidence that petitioner expressly advised the captain that petitioner, a 

 

7

Petitioner contends that the incident in the records department with Captain 

Wofford for which he was disciplined was an outgrowth of a heated, union-related 

exchange between petitioner and Captain Wofford approximately a week earlier. On the 

day of the incident, however, there was no evidence of any union-related discussions 

between the two men prior to petitioner’s unprovoked outburst in the records department.
16

lieutenant, had caused wardens and associate wardens to be fired. Petitioner then 

reminded the captain that he was “just a captain.” Taken together those statements 

supported a reasonable inference that petitioner was threatening to have the captain fired. 

Thus, the Board’s finding on this issue was sufficiently supported by the evidence. 

Petitioner spends several pages of his opening brief arguing that the Board and the 

trial court construed petitioner’s comments out of context and that more weight should 

have been accorded other evidence, such as the details of the June 10, 2004, meeting 

between petitioner, another correctional officer, and Captain Wofford. But, under the 

controlling standard of review, we cannot reweigh the evidence or substitute our view of 

the evidence for that of the Board’s. Instead, we must draw every reasonable inference in 

favor of the Board’s decision, even if there is conflicting evidence. Under that standard, 

petitioner’s comments to Captain Wofford in the records department could be fairly 

construed by a reasonable trier of fact as a threat to have the captain fired, and not mere 

bluster or hyperbole as contended by petitioner.

3. Disruption

As to petitioner’s assertion that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding 

that his conduct in the records department was disruptive, there was sufficient evidence in 

the record to support such a finding. Petitioner’s comments to Captain Wofford in the 

records department were “loud and boisterous.” There were approximately 45 employees 

working in that department and one of those employees, Angela Taylor—whose 

testimony the Board found credible—testified that petitioner, using “curse words,” told 

Captain Wofford, who was not saying anything, that petitioner had “taken many wardens 

down.” According to Taylor, as petitioner became louder, she realized he was serious 

and upset, not merely joking around. Taylor thought petitioner’s behavior was 

“inappropriate” and she discussed it with a fellow employee in the department at the time 

the incident occurred.

As noted, the Board found Taylor credible and unbiased. Her testimony 

corroborating Captain Wofford’s version of the incident therefore was sufficient to 
17

support a reasonable inference that petitioner’s language and conduct in the records

department were disruptive.

D. Penalty

Petitioner contends that the 10-day suspension upheld by the Board was excessive. 

According to petitioner, the majority of the charges against him were not sustained, there 

was no evidence that his conduct inflicted harm to the public service or that his conduct 

was likely to recur, and he had no prior or subsequent disciplinary sanctions against him.

“In reviewing the severity of the discipline imposed, we look to the correctness of 

the agency’s decision rather than that of the trial court. We review the actions of the 

[agency] to determine whether the discipline imposed constituted a manifest abuse of 

discretion. [Citations.] ‘The penalty imposed by an administrative body will not be 

disturbed in mandamus proceedings unless an abuse of discretion is demonstrated.

(Skelly v. State Personnel Bd.[, supra,] 15 Cal.3d [at p. 194,] 217; Magit v. Board of 

Medical Examiners (1961) 57 Cal.2d 74, 87 [17 Cal.Rptr. 488, 366 P.2d 816].) Neither 

an appellate court nor a trial court is free to substitute its discretion for that of the 

administrative agency concerning the degree of punishment imposed. (Nightingale v. 

State Personnel Board (1972) 7 Cal.3d 507, 515 [102 Cal.Rptr. 758, 498 P.2d 1006].)’ 

(Barber v. State Personnel Bd. (1976) 18 Cal.3d 395, 404 [134 Cal.Rptr. 206, 556 P.2d 

306].) [¶] ‘In reviewing the exercise of this discretion we bear in mind the principle 

“courts should let administrative boards and officers work out their problems with as 

little judicial interference as possible. . . . Such boards are vested with a high discretion 

and its abuse must appear very clearly before the courts will interfere.” (Maxwell v. Civil 

Service Commisson (1915) 169 Cal. 336 [146 P. 869]; accord Skelly v. State Personnel 

Bd.[, supra,] 15 Cal.3d 194, 217 . . . .)’ [Citation.]” (Landau v. Superior Court (1998) 

81 Cal.App.4th 191, 218.)

Under the applicable standard of review, we cannot substitute our judgment for 

that of the Board’s when reviewing the degree of punishment imposed on petitioner. The 

Board determined that petitioner “tended to minimize the serious nature of his actions 
18

and speech.” The Board also concluded that petitioner did not believe his voicemail 

message to the warden was discourteous. Those findings supported a reasonable 

inference that petitioner’s misconduct could recur. In addition, evidence of petitioner’s

display of hostility in the records department in front of other employees supported a 

reasonable inference of harm to the public service. Accordingly, the Board did not abuse 

its discretion in upholding the 10-day suspension.
19

DISPOSITION

The trial court’s judgment denying petitioner’s petition for writ of mandate is 

affirmed. Defendants are awarded costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

MOSK, J.

We concur:

TURNER, P. J.

BAKER, J.