# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ ROVALMA, S.A., Appellant

v. BOHLER

- EDELSTAHL GMBH & CO. KG, Appellee

______________________ 2016

- 2233

______________________ Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2015

- 00150.

______________________ Decided: May 1 1 , 2017

______________________ M ARC W ADE V ANDER T UIG , Senniger Powers LLP, St. Lou is, MO, argued for appellant . Also represented by R OBERT M. E VANS , J R

. , J OHN R. S CHROEDER

. M AXWELL J AMES P ETERSEN , Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, LLP, Chicago, IL, argued for appellee . Also represented by T HOMAS A. D OUGHERTY , Denver, CO.

______________________ Before W ALLACH , T ARANTO , and S TOLL , Circuit Judges. T ARANTO , Circuit Judge

.ROVALMA , S

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- EDELSTAHL GMBH & CO

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Rovalma, S.A. owns U.S. Patent No. 8,557,056 , which describes and claims methods for making steel s with certain desired thermal conductivit ies . In October 2014, Böhler- Ede l stahl GmbH & Co

. KG (Böhler ) petitioned the Patent Trial and Appeal Board for an inter partes review of claims 1– 4 of the ’ 056 patent

. The Board instituted a review based on Böhler ’s construction of the claims at issue. In its final written decision , however, the Board rejected Böhler ’s c onstruction and adopted Rovalma’s construction instead

. Böhler had not submitted arg uments or evidence for un patentability based on Rovalma’s construction. Nevertheless, the Board determined that Rovalma’s own submissions demonstrated that the claims, construed as Rovalma urged, would have been obvious to a relevant skilled artisan over the same prior art that Böhler invoked. Rovalma appeals . It argues both that substanti al ev idence does not support the Board’s determination and that the Board committed prejudicial procedural error s in relying on Rovalma’s own submissions when determining that the claims would have been obvious under Rovalma’s construction . We conclude that the Board did not set forth its reasoning in sufficient detail for us to determine what inferences it drew from Rovalma’s submissions . We therefore cannot determine whether the Board’s decision
was substantively supported and procedura lly proper. W e vacate th e Board’s decision and remand for further pr oceedings. I The ’ 056 patent addresses hot

- work steels

. It is u ndisputed that hot

- work steels are used at high temper atures and that the ability to conduct and thereby remove heat

— therma l conductivity

— is important for such steels. According to the patent, hot

- work steels disclosed in the prior art had thermal conductivities of approximately 16

– 37 W/mK (Watts per meter

- Kelvin) , which were inad e-ROVALMA , S

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quate for certain applications. ’056 patent, col. 1, lines 50

– 52 ; col. 4, lines 11

– 14

. T he patent claims processes for

“ setting ” the thermal conductivity of a hot

- work steel at room temperature to more than 42 W/mK ( higher in t he dependent claims)

. Id. , col. 21, line 59 through col. 22, line 64. The ’056 patent discloses an allegedly inventive process that , to achieve such higher thermal conductiv ities, focus es on carbides (metal

- carbon compounds) in the steel’s matrix , or lattice, structure

. Id. , col. 4, lines 35

– 63. T he summary of the invention states that “an internal structure of the steel is metallurgically creat ed in a d efined manner such that the carbidic constituents thereof have a defined electron and phonon density and/or the crystal structure thereof has a mean f ree length of the path for the phonon and electron flow that is determined by specifically created lattice defects .” Id. , col. 4, lines 37

– 43 . Alternatively, the internal structure may have “in its carbidic constituents an increased electron and phonon d ensity and/or which has as a result of a low defect co ntent in the crystal structure of the carbides and of the metallic matrix surrounding them an increased mean free length of the path for the phonon and electron flow.” I d. , col. 4, lines 54

– 58

. The patent includes four claims. Claim 1 recites: 1. A process for setting a thermal conductivity of a hot

- work steel, which comprises the steps of: providing a hot

- work steel, including carbidic constituents and, by weight, 2

– 10% Mo+W+V [molybdenum + tungs t en + vanadium] ; metallurgically creating an internal structure of the steel in a defined manner such that ca rbidic constituents thereof have at least one of a defined electron and phonon density and a crystal structure thereof having a mean free length of a pa th for a phonon and electron flowROVALMA , S

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being determined by specifically created la ttice defects; selecting: a) a surface fraction and thermal condu ctivity of the carbidic constituents and a particular surface fraction and thermal conductivity of a matrix materi al contai ning the carbidic constituents; or b) a volume fraction and thermal condu ctivity of the carbidic constituents and thermal conductivity of the matrix mat erial containing the carbidic constituents; and setting the thermal conductivity of the steel a t room temperature to more than 42 W/mK. Id. , col. 21, line 59 through col. 22, line 14. C laims 2 and 3, which depend on claim 1 , require se tting the thermal conductivities of the steel to more than 48 and 55 W/mK respectively. ’056 patent, col. 22, lines 15

– 20. Claim 4 , an independent claim, is similar to claim 1, but contains some differ ent language in the “creating” step , including a reference to a “metallic matrix” su rrounding the carbides

. Id. , col. 22, lines 21

– 64

. In October 2014, Bö hler peti tioned for inter partes r eview of all four claims of the ’056 patent under 35 U.S.C. §§ 311

– 312

. In its P etition, B ö hler argued that the claims should be construed to cover the specific chemical comp ositions described in the specification , whether or not created according to the process steps

— “providing,” “creating,” “selecting,” and “setting”

— recited in the claims. See Petition for Inter Partes Review 4– 20, Bö hler

Edelstahl GmbH & Co. KG v. Rovalma , S.A. , No. IPR2015

- 0015 0 (P.T.A.B. Oct. 2 4 , 2014), Paper No. 1 (Petition). Bö hler argued that the claims, so construed,ROVALMA , S

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would have been obvious over various prior

- art references that disclosed those compositions , including European Patent No. EP 0,787,813 (EP ’813)

. Petition 20

– 59. Bö hler did not address whe ther the asserted prior

- art references disclosed the “providing,” “creating,” “selec ting,” and “setting” steps of the ’056 patent ’s claims

. See id. Nor did B ö hler address whether those steps would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art

. S ee id. In April 2015 , t he Board, acting as the delegate of the Patent and Trademark Office’s Director, 37 C.F.R. § 42.4(a), instituted a review of the challenged claims under 35 U.S.C. § 314

. See Institution Decision, Böhler

Edelstahl GmbH & Co. KG v. Rovalma, S.A. , No. IPR2015

- 00150, 2015 WL 1871000 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 22, 2015)

. I n its decision to institute , the Board adopted Bö hler’s proposed claim construction

. Id. at *3–8. Appl ying th at construction, the Board concluded that Bö hler had established a reasonable likelihood of prevailing on its assertion that the challenged claims would have been obvious over the asserted prior

- art references

. Id. at *8– 9. After the review was instituted, Rovalma, i n its P atent Owner’s Response, argue d against the claim co nstruction that the Board had relied on in instituting the review. Patent Own er Response 19

– 51 , B ö hler

- Edelstahl , No. IPR2015

- 001 5 0 (P.T.A.B. Aug. 14, 2015 ), Paper No. 25

. Rovalma argued that the claims should be construed to requir e performance of the processes recited in the claims , not simply to cover the compositions described in the specification

. As background for its proposed claim construction

— according to Rovalma’s statement at oral argument in this court , to counteract an enablementbased objection to its proposed construction —R ovalma submitted additional evidence and argument regarding thermoprocessing

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Rovalma argued that a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention , given the specification, would ha ve been able to predict the formation of certain carbides based on particular heat treatments. Id. at 4. Rovalma also argued that a person of ordinary skill would have been able to use software tools, such as Thermo

Calc, to carry out the needed calculat ions. Id. at 4– 5. In addition, Rovalma argued, based on H. Bayati & R. E lliot t , Influence of Matrix Structure on Physical Properties of an Alloyed Ductile Cast Iron , 15 Materials Sci. & Tech. 265 (1999) , that the thermal conductivity of a steel d epends on lattice defects and impurities. Patent Owner Response 7. The passage of Bayati and Elliot t cited by Rovalma states that matrix structure and thermal pr ocessing also affect thermal conductivity. See, e.g. , Bayati & Elliot , supra , at 265 (“Matrix structure is shown to play a significant role in determining the thermal conductivity of the ductile iron.”); id. (“Heat transport also depends on lattice defects, microstructure, impurities, and the pr ocessing of the metal or alloy.”). In its Petitioner’ s Reply, B ö hler repeated its conte ntion that the claims should be construed to cover chemical compositions, not processes. Petitioner’s Reply 5– 21 , B ö hler

- Edelstahl , No. IPR2015

- 00150 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 11, 2015 ), Paper No. 30

. It did not argue , in the alternative, that the claims would have been obvious under Rovalma’s proposed claim con struction . Nor did it address Rova lma’s thermoprocessing submissions, except to argue that Rovalma’s extrinsic evidence was irrelevant to the proper constructi on of the claims. See id. at 7–8. At the oral argument , the Board extensively que stioned Rovalma ’s counsel about the effect of its therm oprocessing submissions on the patentability of the claims under the claim construction urged by Rovalma

. See Record of Oral Hearing 53

– 87, 94

– 95 , B ö hler

- Edelstahl , No. IPR2015

– 00150 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 30, 2016), Paper No. 41. In particular, the Board asked Rovalma to discuss theROVALMA , S

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notion that it would have been obvious to create steel with the claimed thermal conductivities in light of the prior

- art references advanced by Böhler because : (a) those refe rences disclosed the chemical compositions described in the ’056 patent specification ; and (b) Rovalma’s submissions showed that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have known how to optimize those compositions to achieve the desired properties, including thermal condu ctivity

. See , e.g. , id. at 67 (“But see, in [Bayati and Elliott] I believe the abstract is telling us the matrix structure is shown to play a significant r ole in determining thermal conductivity of ductile iron. Why wouldn’t one of ordinary skill in the art, given the Böhler reference and [Bayati and Elliott], understand that the matrix structure [] is important for thermal conductivity and you would want to optimize it for a given composition?”)

. In April 2016, the Board found the challenged claims unpatentable. The Board rejected Böhler’s claim co nstruction, and adopted Rovalma’s

. Final Written Decision 8– 17, B ö hler

- Edelstahl , No. IPR2015

- 00150 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 20, 2016). Applying Rovalma’s construction, the Board then determined that the claims would have been obvious over “ the asserted prior art as read in light of the knowledge of the ordinarily skilled artisan.” Final Wri tten Decision 22 ; see id. at 20

– 22. The Board relied on Rovalma’s own submissions for key findings about what a relevant skilled artisan would have taken from the Bö hler- asserted prior art. Specifically, t he Board rejected Rovalma’s argument that the asserted prior

- art references did not disclose setting the thermal conductivity of a steel by selecting a surface or volume fraction of carbides or by manipulating the steel’s microstructure in a defined manner

. See id. Instead, the Board found that a pers on of ordinary skill “would have recognized that thermal processing cond itions affect internal structure and, thus , thermal prope rties of steel.” Id. at 2 1

. The Board also found that aROVALMA , S

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person of ordinary skill would have been motivated to increase the thermal conductivity of steel a nd would have had a reasonable expectation of success in doing so. Id. at 22. The Board further found that a person of ordinary skill would have “inherently completed the ‘selecting’ steps set forth in the challenged claims.” Id. To support each of tho se findings , the Board relied on Rovalma’s thermal

- processing submissions and Rovalma’s stat ements at the oral argument

. See id. at 20

– 22. Rovalma appeals the Board’s decision . We have juri sdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A). II We review the Board’s decisions under the Admini strative Procedure Act (APA) . Taking “due account

. . . of the rule of prejudicial error,” we must “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings , and conclusions found to be .

. . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” “without o bservance of procedure required by law,” or “unsupported by substan tial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706. In applying those standards, “ we will uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency’s p ath may reasonably be di scerned ,” b ut “ we may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’ s action that the agency itself has not given .” Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.

- Best Freight Sys., Inc. , 419 U.S. 281, 28 5–8 6 (1974); SEC v. Chenery Corp. , 332 U.S. 194, 196

– 97 (1947). Thus, t he Board must , as to issues made material by the governing law, set forth a sufficien tly detailed explanation of its determinations both to enable meaningful judicial review and to prevent judicial intrusion on agency authority

. See SEC v. Chenery Corp. 318 U.S. 80, 88, 94 (1943) ; Personal Web Technologies, LLC v. Apple, Inc. , 848 F.3d 987, 991

– 93 (Fed. Cir. 2017); In re NuVasive, Inc. , 842 F.3d 1376, 1382

– 83 (Fed. Cir. 2016)

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In challenging the Board’s decision in thi s case, Rovalma argues both evidentiary insufficiency and proc edural inadequacy. We address those arguments in turn

. We conclud e that a remand is advisable in both respects , for related reasons. A Rovalma challenges the Board’s implicit factual fin dings that a person of ordinary skill (1) would have appr eciated that the claimed thermal conductivities could be achieved by practicing the claimed process steps, (2) would have been motivated to increase the thermal co nductivities of th e steels disclosed in th e prior art to achieve the claimed thermal conductivities, and (3) would have had a reasonable expectation of success in achieving the claimed thermal conductivities. We conclude that the Board did not sufficiently explain the basis for its obv iousness de terminations to permit us to resolve the su bstantial

- evidence issues raised by Rovalma

. The Supreme Court has recognized the importance of clarity with respect to obviousness determinations. For example, in KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. , 550 U.S. 398 (2007), the Court explained that determining whether a person of ordinary skill would have been mot ivated to combine known elements to arrive at the paten ted invention often requires a factfinder to compare the “interrelated teachings of multiple pate nts; the effects of demands known to the design community or present in the marketplace; and the background knowledge po ssessed by a person having ordinary skill in the art.” Id. at 418. “To facilitate review,” the Court added, “this anal ysis should be m ade explicit.” Id. We have repeatedly insisted on such explanations in reviewing the adequacy of the Board’s analysis

— both as a matter of obviousness law and as a matter of administrative law

. We have noted that the amount of explanation needed varies f rom case to case, depending on the complexity of the matterROVALMA , S

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and the issues raised in the record. See Personal Web Technologies , 848 F.3d at 991

– 94; Ariosa Diagnostics v. Verinata Health, Inc. , 805 F.3d 1359, 1364

– 67 (Fed. Cir. 2015); In re Lee , 277 F.3d 1338, 1342

– 46 (Fed. Cir. 2002). In this case, the Board did not adequately explain the basis for the findings that Rovalma challenges. T he Board found that EP ’813 and the other asserted prior

- art references expressly disclosed steel compositions “inclu din g carbidic constituents and, by weight, 2

– 10% Mo+W+V,” as required by the “providing” steps in claims 1 and 4 of Rovalma’s patent . Final Written Decision 22. But the Board did not sufficiently lay out the basis for its implicit findings regarding the rem aining process limit ations. With respect to those limitations, t he Board found that a person of ordinary skill “would have at least inhe rently completed the ‘selecting’ steps” and apparently determined that the other steps would have been obvious in view of Rovalma’s submissions. Id. But i t did not explain the evidentiary basis for those determinations , and Böhler did not provide any explanation regarding the process claim elements that the Board could adopt as its
own. Nor did the Board adequately explain why a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to increase the thermal conductivities of the steels disclosed in the prior art. S tating that EP ’813 and other asserted prior

- art references disclosed “the desirabili ty of steels having high thermal conductivity,” the Board found that a person of ordinary skill “would have had reason to i ncrease the thermal conductivity of these compositions. ” Id. But the Board did not cite any evidence, either in the asserted prior

- art references or elsewhere in the record, with sufficient specificity for us to determine whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been so motivated. As Rovalma points out, it does not necessarily follow from prior

- art disclosures of the general desirabi lity of high thermal conductivities that a person of ord i-ROVALMA , S

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nary skill would have been motivated to increase thermal conductivity beyond levels previously achieved

. Adequate explanation is also lacking for why a person of ordinary skill in the art would have reasonably e xpected success in achieving the claimed thermal condu ctivities . The Board found that Rovalma’s submissions disclosed that a person of ordinary skill would have understood “heat transfer through metallic matrices and entrained metal carbides” and “the ability to model the effects of thermal processing on steel alloy microstru cture,” and from that finding the Board inferred that a person of ordinary skill “would have had a reasonable expectation of success in arriving at the claimed inve ntion.” Id. Again, however, the Board did not cite any evidence to support the inference that a person of ord inary skill would have reasonably expected to achieve the specific thermal conductivities recited in the claims. Without more explanation than we have , we are not prepared to reach a bottom- line judgment on Rovalma’s substantial -evidence challenge

. The Board has not pr ovided a sufficiently focused identification of the relevant evidence or explanation of its inferences for us to confidentl y review its decision and avoid usurping its fact

finding authority. See Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938) (“ Substantial evidence

. . . means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a concl usion .”). Accordingly, as we have concluded in similar circu mstances, these deficiencies call for a vacatur and remand for further explanation from the Board. See , e.g. , Icon Health & Fitness, Inc. v. Strava, Inc. , 849 F.3d 1034, 1044 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ; I n re Van Os , 844 F.3d 1359, 1 3 60

– 62 ( Fed. Cir. 2017); Personal Web Technologies , 848 F.3d at 991

– 94; Ariosa Diagnostics , 805 F.3d at 1364

– 67. We next address Rovalma’s procedural challenge.ROVALMA , S

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B Rovalma makes essentially two arguments in favor of its contention that the Board committed prejudicial procedural error

. One argument is that the inter partes review statute prohibited the Board , after adopting Rovalma’s own claim construction, from relying on Rovalma’s own submissions in determining that the claims , so construed, would have been obvious over the Böhler- asserted prior art. The other argument is that Rovalma was denied adequate notice of and an adequate opportunity to address the possibility that the Board would rely on Rovalma’s submissions , as it ultimately did

. 1 We reject Rovalma’s argument that the Board “e xceeded its statutory authority.” Appellant’s Br. 24 (cap italization in heading omitted). To support that argument , Rovalma relies entirely on In re Magnum Oil Tools Int e rnational , Ltd

. , 829 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2016)

. That decision , however, does not preclude the Board from relying on a patent owner’s own submissions in determi ning unpatentability in the way the Board did here, as long
as the patent owner had adequate notice and an ad equate opportunity to be heard

— procedural requirements that we address in the next subsection of this opinion. The court in Magnum Oil focused principally on the question of whether the Board had violated 35 U.S.C. § 316(e) by improperly relying on a burden

- shifting framework that required the patent owner, not the pet itioner , to prove the unpatentability of claims on which review was instituted

. We held that the Board had e ngaged repeatedly in such impermissible burden shifting. Magnum Oil , 829 F.3d at 1375

– 79. We then explained that the evidence in the record did not permit the findings of fact needed to establish unpatentability , noting that on the crucial points the petitione r’s evidence consisted of noROVALMA , S

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more than legally insufficient “ conclusory statements .” Id. at 13 80. In the final paragraph of the opinion , we addressed the Director’s broad contention that the Board was free to make an argument for the petitioner simply because the argument “‘could have been included in a properly

- drafted petit ion. ’ ” Id. at 1377, 1380 (quoting Intervenor’s Br. 34 , Magnum Oil , 829 F.3d 1364 , ECF No. 41 )

. We rejected

“ the PTO’s position that the Board is free to adopt arg uments on behalf of petitioners that could have been, but were not, raised by the petitioner during an IPR ” and explained that “ the Board must base its decision on arguments that were advanced by a party, and to which the opposing party was given a chance to respond.” Id. at 1381 (citing SAS Inst., Inc. v. ComplementSoft, LLC , 825 F.3d 1341, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). Magnum Oil , we conclude, is best understood as su pport ing Rovalma’s contention only with respect to the requirement of notice and opportunity to be heard , and no further

. Here, the Board resolved an active dispute ov er claim construction in favor of the patent owner and, using th e patent owner’s construction, relied on the patent owner’s own submissions to determine how a skilled artisan would have read the very prior

- art references on which the petitioner’s obviousness challenge was based. 1 That was not the situation i n Magnum Oil

. And o ur

1 Rovalma does not dispute that a skilled artisan’s background knowledge is relevant to the reading of the prior art on which the obviousness challenge is based and that it is permissible, and sometimes even necessary, to establish such background knowledge by poin ting to other prior art. See, e.g. , Van Os , 844 F.3d at 1361; K/S Himpp v. Hear

- Wear Techs., LLC , 751 F.3d 1362, 1365

– 66 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Randall Mfg. v. Rea , 733 F.3d 1355, 1362

– 63 (Fed. Cir. 2013).ROVALMA , S

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statement that the Board must rely on “arguments that were advanced by a party,” 829 F.3d at 1381, does not, by its terms , preclude the Board from relying on arguments
ma de by a party and doing its job , as adjudicator , of dr awing its own inferences and conclusions from those arguments, even when the result is use of the party’s submissions against it

— subject, of course, to the provision of adequate notice and opportunity t o be heard

. We do not see any reason that Magnum Oil should be read more broadly to establish a statutory rule prohibi ting the Board from ever relying on a patent owner’s own submissions in determining unpatentability , even as evidence of the knowledge a relevant skilled artisan would bring to reading the prior art asserted by the petitioner. Magnum Oil was addressing only the Director ’s broad assertion that the Board could raise any argument that could have been included in a petition. R ejecting that broad assertion does not imply precluding reliance on a patent owner’s own submissions ( part of the record created by the parties) essentially as admissions, if adequate notice and opportunity to be heard are provided. And Rovalma has identi fied nothing in the statute that forbid s the Board to follow the principle, which is well established in other adjudicatory settings, that a tribunal may use a party’s own submissions against it, even if the opposing party bears the burden of persuasion

. See , e.g. , Advanced Magnetic Closures, Inc. v. Rome Fastener Corp. , 607 F.3d 817, 832 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“To the extent that the district court relied on Mr. Riceman’s testimony to explain Mr. Bauer’s motives for listing himself as the ’773 patent inventor , . . . we find this error harmless because [the patent owner’s] own evidence

. . . provided a sufficient basis on which to infer that Mr. Bauer intended to deceive the PTO.”); Nobelpharma AB v. Implant Innovations, Inc. , 141 F.3d 1059, 1065 (Fed. Cir. 199 8) (“[T] he district court did not place the burden of proving validity on [the patent owner] ; [the patent owner’s] own evidence was clear andROVALMA , S

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convincing that the patent is invalid. ”); Mroz v. Dravo Corp. , 429 F. 2 d 1156, 1163 (3d Cir. 1970) (“It is true tha t the burden of proof is on the defendant to prove contrib utory negli gence. But .

. . contributory negligence may

. . . be established by the plaintiff ’ s evidence alone.”)

. SAS Institute , on which we relied in Magnum Oil for the statement invoked by Roval ma , also supports a na rrower reading of Magnum Oil than Rovalma urges. In SAS Institute , we affirmed the Board’s construction of certain claim language , but remand ed for application of that construction. 825 F.3d at 1348

– 53. As we explained , remand was necessary because the Board had newly adopted that construction in its final written decision

— even though the parties did not dispute th e meaning of the construed claim language

— without giving the pet itioner an opportunity to argue that the claims would ha ve been unpatentable under th at ( correct ) construction

. Id. at 1350

– 53. Th e provision of a remand in SAS Institute
c uts against Rovalma’s position regarding Magnum Oil and the statute . If the statute prohibited the Board from ever determining that a claim was unpatentable under a construction that the petitioner had not addressed in its submissions , remand would have been inappropriate in SAS Institute

. For those reasons, we conclude that Rovalma has not shown a statutory bar, independent of whether it had adequate notice and opportunity to be heard, to the Board’s reliance on Rovalma ’s submissions in determining what a skilled artisan would have found obvious based on Böhler ’s prior

- art references

. We must there fore turn to Rovalma’s argument that it lacked adequate notice and opportunity to be heard . Before we do so, however, we emphasiz e two ways in which o ur conclusion in this subsection is limited. First , we have addressed Rovalma’s statutory arg ument only i n the context of the circumstances of this case

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We have not explore d other questions about what author ity the statute might permit the Board to exercise to raise issues or arguments or to produce evidence sua sponte in
an inter partes review , if it gave adequate notice and an adequate opportunity to be heard , as district courts may sometimes do in their cases. See , e.g. , Day v. McDonough , 547 U.S. 198, 205

– 11 (2006) (discussing a district court’s authority to raise certain affirmative defenses not raised by party); Monolithic Power Sys., Inc. v. O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. , 558 F.3d 1341, 1346

– 48 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (discussing a district court’s authority to call and to question witnes ses and to appoint its own expert under Fed. R. Evid. 614 and 706 and to rely on the resulting evidence ). Second , we have address ed and reject ed only Rova lma’s contention about statutory authority . W e have not decide d what regulatory or other non

- statutory co nstraints , either on the Board or on the parties, such as those which govern waiver or forfeiture , might apply to the Board’s determination of unpatentability under Rovalma’s claim construction. We note that, i n this case, unlike in SAS Institute , the petitioner had clear notice that the Board might adopt the claim construction ul t imately adopt ed— that construction was argued in the P atent O wner’s R esponse —yet it did not present a case for unpatentability under that construction when it had the opportunity , in its Reply

. Whether Böhler committed a forfeiture, and whether Rovalma ha s preserved a forfe iture contention, are among the non - statutory matters open for the Board to consider i n the remand we order

. 2 Under t he APA, the Board must comply with certain procedural requirements in conducting an inter partes review. Notably, t he Board must timely inform a patent owner of “the matters of fact and law asserted,” give the patent owner an “opportunity” for the “submission and consideration of facts” and “arguments,” and permit theROVALMA , S

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patent owner “ to submit rebuttal evidence, and to con duct such cross

- examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 554(b)(3), (c), 556(d) ; see , e.g. , SAS Inst. , 825 F.3d at 1351; Dell Inc. v. Acceleron, LLC , 818 F.3d 1293, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Belden Inc. v. Berk

- Tek LLC , 805 F.3d 1064, 1080 (Fed. Cir. 2015). In applying those provisions, we have e xplained that the Board “‘may not change theories in midstream without giving respondents reasonable notice of the change’ and ‘the opportunity to present argument unde r the new theory.’” Belden , 805 F.3d at 1080 (quoting Rodale Press, Inc. v. FTC , 407 F.2d 1252, 1256

– 57 (D.C. Cir. 1968))

. The Board’s procedural obligations are not satisfied merely because a particular fact might be found somewhere amidst the evidence submitted by the parties , without attention being called to it so as to provide ad equate notice and an adequate opportunity to be heard

. NuVasive , 841 F.3d at 971. In this case, b ecause we cannot sufficiently determine how the Board reached the conclusion that the challenged claims would have been obvious, we also cannot concl usively determine whether the Board’s actions complied with the APA’s procedural requirements. As discussed above, the Board’s decision indicates that the Board found that a person of ordinary skill would have appreciated that the claimed thermal conductivities could be achieved by practicing the claimed process steps, but does not adequately explain the basis for that finding . Because th e asserted prior

- art references concededly did not disclose those steps in as many words , the Board relied on Rova lma’s submissions to determine that skilled artisans would have found the process steps obvious. To the extent that the Board did rely on Rova lma’s submissions , and drew reasonably disputable inferences from those submissions, Rovalma was entitled to ad equate notice of and opportunity to address those infe rences. But Böhler never described what inferences wereROVALMA , S

. A

. v. BOHLER

- EDELSTAHL GMBH & CO

. KG 18

to be made , as it essentially disr egarded the process steps throughout the Board proceeding . And although the Board discussed the process steps extensively at the oral argument , that was too late in the absence of an additio nal adequate opportunity to be heard

. See Dell , 818 F.3d at 1301

. B ecause we cannot sufficiently determine which i nferences the Board drew from Rovalma’s submissions, we will not decide whether the Board violated Rovalma’s procedural rights. To make that decision, we would need to be able to determine what evidence th e Board relied on to support its implicit factual findings , how the Board interpreted that evidence , and what inferences the Board drew from it

. The Board’s opinion does not sufficiently permit such determinations. As with the substantial

evidence challenge, a remand is warranted on Rovalma’s procedural challenge. See Personal Web Tech nologie s , 848 F.3d at 991

– 94; NuVasive , 842 F.3d at 1381

– 85; Ariosa Diagnostics , 805 F.3d at 1364

– 67. C ONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the Board’s dec ision a nd remand for further proceedings. No costs. VACATED AND REMANDED