[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 19

- 13808 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 2:18

- cv - 00331

- JES

- NPM

MAMBERTO REAL, Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus MICHAEL PERRY, individual capacity, CITY OF FORT MY ERS, official capacity, Defendants

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

___________________ _____ ( April 21, 2020 ) Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and DUBINA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 1 of 102 Appellant, Mamberto Real (“Real”), appeals the district court’s order granting Appellees, Officer Michael Perry (“Officer Perry”) and the City of Fort Myers (“City), a judgment of di smissal on Real’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 s econd a mended

c omplaint. In his s econd a mended c omplaint, Real allege s a claim of excessive force against Officer Perry in violation of his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, and a claim against the City alleging t hat it has a custom, policy, and practice of ignoring and failing to discipline the misconduct of its officers. After reviewing the record and reading the parties’ briefs, we reverse and remand in part and affirm in part the district court’s judgment of d ismissal.
I. We review de novo the district court’s judgment of dismissal , accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Glover v. Lig g ett Corp., Inc. , 459 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006). Generally, the scope of the review is limited to the four corners of the complaint. St. George v. Pinellas Cty. , 285 F.3d 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), a c omplaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction , ” and “ a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1), (2). This obligation “requires more than labels and

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 2 of 103 conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 555 , 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007) (citation omitted). To survive dismissal, the factual allegations “must be enough
to raise a right to reli ef above the speculative level.” Id. This requires “more than an unadorned, the

- defendant

- unlawfully

- harmed

- me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 678 , 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (citations omitted). A pleading drafted by a party proceeding unrepresented ( pro se ) is held to a less stringent standard than one drafted by an attorney, and the Court will construe liberally the documents filed as a complaint and amended complaint. Jones v. Fla. Parole Comm'n , 787 F.3d 1105, 1107 (11th Cir. 2015). Real’s s econd amended complaint alleges the following facts: On or about December 25, 2016, Real lost his job and then his apartment. Real became homeless and started living in his vehicle until he entered a shelter for the homeless. The shelter discharged Real on February 10, 2017, but because he was still homeless, he resumed living in his vehicle , which he parked in the shelter’s
pa rking lot

. We take the following facts verbatim from the district court’s order : O n February 15, 2017, around 12:40 a

. m . , Officer Michael Perry approached [Real’s] car with a flashlight illuminating the interior of the car without an introduction. Office r Perry stated , “Hey you they do not want you here, I already

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 3 of 104 know you have [a] driver [‘s] license, you have five (5) seconds to leave or I am going to shoot you NIGGER.” (Doc. #5 5 , p. 3 .) Officer Perry started counting to 5, and when he reached 5, Offic er Perry removed his firearm from its holster and pointed it at [Real’s] face. At that moment, another officer, Officer Adam J. Miller, intervened by placing his body between the gun and [Real]

. [Real] alleges that Officer Miller saved his life. [Real] showed that his hands were empty, he had no weapons in the car, and [Real] states that he presented no physical threat to the Officers. [Real] states that Officer Miller has since died in the line of du ty , but Officer Brittany Morris was also on the scene with knowledge of the events. [Real] left the parking lot without physical injury or arrest. The same day, around 8:00 am, [Real] filed a complaint against Officer Perry at the Fort Myers Police Depar tment. The investigation [started] , however Officer Perry’s body camera was broken and there was no recording and Officer Perry was exonerated of any wrongdoing. (Doc. #5 5 , p. 3

– 4

. ) Real filed his initial complaint pro se and alleged constitutional vio lations against Officer Perry and the City. Real also filed an amended complaint soon thereafter, and Officer Perry and the City responded, seeking dismissal of Real’s complaint. The district court granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismis s and granted Real leave to amend his complaint again. After the district

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 4 of 105 court allowed Real leave to amend to file a second amended complaint, Officer Perry and the City responded and sought dismissal of Real’s complaint. This time, the district court g ranted both motions, and it is from this order that Real appeals.
II. On appeal, Real argues that the district court erred in granting Officer Perry’s motion to dismiss because Real set forth sufficient facts to support his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims of excessive force against Officer Perry. Real contends that Officer Perry violated his constitutional rights when Officer Perry used excessive force while seizing Real as he pointed his firearm at Real, threatened Real, and called him a derogator y name. Real claims that Officer Perry used his show of authority to restrain Real because as he sat in his vehicle with Officer Perry’s gun pointed in his face, Real did not feel free to leave. Real further contends that there was no need for Officer Pe rry to point his weapon at him because Real did not confront Officer Perry, and any crime Real may have committed would have been a misdemeanor. Thus, Officer Perry ’s display of his weapon was unnecessary and this force was disproportional to the offense Real may have committed. Officer Perry responds that the district court properly granted his motion to dismiss because Real did not support his claims with plausible factual allegations

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 5 of 106 that would have raised his right to relief beyond a speculative level

. Further, Officer Perry notes that the district court correctly found that Real had no claim under the Fourth Amendment because there was no seizure , and the district court properly analyzed the claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. See Wilson v. Northc utt , 987 F.2d 719, 721

– 22 (11th Cir. 2003). Hence, Officer Perry seeks affirmance of the district court’s judgment of dismissal

. We begin our § 1983 analysis by identifying the specific constitutional right allegedly infringed. Graham v. Connor , 490 U.S. 386, 394, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1870 (1989). We are guided by t wo decisions in this regard. First, the Supreme Court in Graham held that the Fourth Amendment governs “a free citizen's claim that law enforcement officials used excessive force in the course of making an arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of his person.” Id . at 388, 109 S. Ct. at 186 7

– 6 8

. Second, “the Fourteenth Amendment guards against the use of excessive force against arrestees and pretrial detainees.” J W ex rel. Tam my Williams v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ. , 904 F.3d 1248, 1259 (11th Cir. 2018). Consequently, it is a threshold question whether Real was “seized” at any point during his encounter with Officer Perry

. If Real was seized when Officer Perry pointed the gun a t him, then the proper analysis of this case is under Fourth Amendment standards. See

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 6 of 107 Corbitt v. Vickers , 929 F.3d 1304, 1312

– 13 (11th Cir. 2019) , petition for cert. filed (Nov. 22, 2019) (No. 19

- 679). A seizure occurs if , ‘ in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable p erson would have believed that he was not free to leave."' Brendlin v. California , 551 U.S. 249, 255, 127 S. Ct. 2400 , 2405 (2007) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 54 4, 554, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1877 ( 1980) (citing as an example of a seizure as when an officer displays a weapon) )

. Taking Real’s allegations in his complaint as true, as we must at a motion to dismiss stage, we conclude that Real was “seized” when Officer Perry drew his weapon and pointed it at Real. We see no justification for the conduct exhibited by Officer Perry here. In fact, the Constitution forbids such egregious official misconduct. Moreover, v iewing all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. See Mendenhall , 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S . Ct. at 1877. See also Florida v. Bostick , 501 U.S. 429, 435

– 36, 111 S. Ct. 2382, 2386

– 87 (1991) (measuring “coercive effect of the encounter” by asking whether “a reasonable person would feel free to decline the officer[ ’ s] requests or otherwise termina te the encounter”). Although Real’s complaint does not allege that Officer Perry applied any physical force against him, there was

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 7 of 108 without question an initial “show of authority” when Officer Perry pointed his gun at Real. Cf. California v. Hodari D. , 499 U.S. 621, 626

– 29, 111 S. Ct. 1547, 1550

– 52 (1991) (seizure can occur when a person submits to the assertion of authority)

. In making this decision , we are mindful “that the Fourth Amendment governs ‘seizures’ of the person which do not eventuate in

a trip to the station house and prosecution for crime

— ‘arrests’ in traditional terminology,” and that “[i]t must be recognized that whenever a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person.” Corbitt , 929 F.3d at 1313 (quoting Michigan v. Summers , 452 U.S. 692, 696 n.5, 101 S. Ct. 2587, 2591 n.5 (1981) )

. Thus, we conclude from the record that the district court erred by using a Fourteenth Amendment analysis rather than a Fourth Amendment analysis i n granting a judgment of dismissal on Real’s § 1983 complaint. Accordingly, we

reverse the district court’s judgment as to Officer Perry and remand this case to the district court for consideration pursuant to a Fourth Amendment analysis. 1
III.

1 We note that the district court did not consider Officer Perry’s claim of qualified immunity, thus we do not consider it in thi s appeal.

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 8 of 109 Real also argues on appeal that the district court erred in granting the City’s motion to dismiss on his Monell claim. Real alleges that the City of F ort Myers has a custom, policy, and practice of ignoring and failing to discipline misconduct of officers when they use unreasonable excessive force

. The district court dismissed this claim, finding that Real did not allege facts to support such a claim. After reviewing the record, we agree with the district court. "[I]t is well established that a municipal ity may not be held liable under section 1983 on a theory of respondeat superior." Davis v

. DeKalb Cty. Sch. Dist., 233 F. 3d 1367, 1375 (11th Cir. 2000). A municipality may only be held liable for the actions of law enforcement officers when official policy or custom causes the constitutional violations. Monell v. Dep ' t of Soc. Servs. o f City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 , 98 S. Ct. 2018, 2037

– 38 (1978). Thus, to establish municipal liability a plaintiff must (1) demonstrate that his constitutional rights were violated, and (2) identify a municipal custom or policy that (3) caused the violation. McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1289

- 90 (11th Cir. 2004). The district court properly dismissed Real’s legally insufficient Monell claim

. See Gray v. City of Roswell , 486 F. App’x 798, 800

– 01 (11th Cir. 2012) (finding that because the plaintiff did not “recite any facts or policies which would support a claim against the City” and only made

Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 9 of 1010 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” the district court properly dismissed the claim against the City (internal citation omitted) ). Real did not allege any facts to support this claim in the district court, and he does not even discuss this claim in his brief on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm the district co urt’s judgment of dismissal on Real’s Monell claim against the City

. Based on the foregoing, we revers e the district court’s judgment of dismissal as to Officer Perry , affirm its judgment of dismissal as to the City , and remand this case for further procee dings consistent with this opinion

. AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED . Case: 19-13808 Date Filed: 04/21/2020 Page: 10 of 10