# APPENDIX C

2002 Emissions Inventory Methodology &Documentation Paducah Ozone Maintenance Area

PROPOSED UPDATEDMAINTENANCE EMISSIONS BUDGET

PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA MARSHALL ANDA PORTION OF LIVINGSTON COUNTIES

## 2002 OZONE PRECURSOR EMISSIONS INVENTORY

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UPDATED OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA PLANS FOR KENTUCKY OZONE MAINTENANCE AREAS

AS REQUIRED BY THE CLEAN AIRACT

FORTHE FORMER PADUCAH ONE HOUR OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA LOCATEDWITHIN (MARSHALL COUNTY AND A PORTION OF LIVINGSTON COUNTY)

Prepared by THE KENTUCKY DIVISION FORAIRQUALITY

John S. Lyons Director

Submitted by THE KENTUCKY ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC PROTECTION CABINET Teresa J. Hill Secretary July 2007TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 .0 BACKGROUND &EMISSIONS SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" 1 .1 1 .1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1 1 .2 Emissions Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .2 1 .3 References, Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .1 .5 2 .0 POINT SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 2 .1 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 2.2 Methodology and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 2.2 .1 Review

of Existing Database . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 2.2.2 Source Survey . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 2 .2.3 Data Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 2.2.4 Data Compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 2.2.5 Emission Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 2.3 Summary of Point Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" - """""" . . """" . . """" . . "" 2.4 2.3.1 Paducah Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4 2.4 References, Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6

3.0 AREA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .1 Introduction &Scope . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3.2 Methodology &Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .2 .1 Source Category Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """""""""""""" . """" . """""""" . """ . .3.1 3.2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . " . . . . "" . . """. . "" . . . ". .. . "". .. "3 .1 3.3 Summary of Area Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "" .. . """ .. "" . . """ . . "" . . """" . . "" . . . "" . . .3.2 ii3.4 Discussion of the Area Source Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . ,3,2 3.4.1 Gasoline Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 3 .4.1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ., . . . ., . ,3.3 3 .4.1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4 3 .4.1 .3 Vehicle Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 3.4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading. . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .3.5 3.4.1 .5 Aircraft Refueling .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .3.6 3.4.1 .6 Petroleum

Vessel Loading &Unloading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 3 .4.2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 3.4.2.1 Dry Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 3 .4.2.2 Surface Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.10 3.4 .2.3 Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.12 3.4 .2.3 .1 Architectural Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .3 .13 3.4.2.3.2 Automobile Refinishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ., . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . .3.14 3.4.2.3.3 Traffic Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.15 3 .4.2.3.4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.16 3.4.2 .4 Graphic Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.16 3.4.2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.17 3.4.2.6 Emulsified Asphalt. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .3.18 3 .4.2.7 Pesticide Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.18 3 .4.2.8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.20 3 .4.3 Waste Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,3.21 3 .4.3.1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ..3 .21 3.4.3.2 Industrial Wastewater . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .3 .23 3.4.3.3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23 3 .4.3.4 Municipal Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.24 3 .4.3.5 Solid Waste Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ,3.25 3.4.3.5.1 On-Site Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.25 3.4.3.5 .2 Open Burning. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.27 3 .4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.29 3 .4.5 Bioprocess Emission Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ., . . . . 3.29 3.4.5 .2 Breweries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.5.3 Wineries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.5.4 Distilleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.5:5 Silage Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.6 Other Area Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.31 3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . ,3.31 3.4.6.1 .1 Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.31 3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.32 3 .4.6.1 .3 Slash & Prescribed Burning . . ., . . ., . . . , . . . . . . . . . . ., .3.34 3.4.6.1 .4 Agricultural Burning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.34 3.4.6.1 .5 Orchard Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.34 3.4.5.1 Bakeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.29

ill3 .4.6.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .3.34 3.5 References, Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.38

4 .0 NON-HIGHWAY MOBILE EMISSIONS. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .4.1 4 .2 Methodology &Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4.3 Summary of Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4.4 Discussion of Nonroad Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"""" . . """""" 4 .1 4 .4.1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4 .4.2 Aircraft Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 4.4.2.1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 4.4.2.2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis and Military Aircraft . .4.3 4 .4.3 Locomotives . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .4.6 4 .4.3.1 Line Haul Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .4.7 4.4.3.2 Yard Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8 4.5 References, Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12 5 .0 HIGHWAYVEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5.2 Emissions Estimation Process . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5 .2.1 Overviewof Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5.2.2 Inputs to MOBILE6 .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 5.2.2.1 Run Section Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 5.2.2.2 Scenario Section Data . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 5.3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ". . . . " .. . . " . . . . " . . .5.4 5.4 References, Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5

iv6

.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .6 .1 6 .1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 6 .2 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 6 .3 Summary of Biogenic Emissions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 6 .3.1 Ozone Maintenance Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .6.1 6 .4 References, Section 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3 Appendix A Point Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix B Area Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix C Non-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix D Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix E Biogenic Emissions Inventory Information1 .0 BACKGROUND AND EMISSIONS SUMMARY

1 .1 BACKGROUND In accordance with the CleanAir Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, a November 6, 1991, Federal Register notice designated Paducah marginal nonattainment for the 1-hour ozone standard effective on January 6, 1992. In a November 3, 1994, Federal Register notice, the U.S. EPA approved the redesignation of Paducah frommarginal nonattainment to attainment for the 1-hour ozone standard effective on January 3,1995. On April 30, 2004 (69 FR23858), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated and classified areas for the 8-hour ground-level ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) . Theseareas are required to submit a 10-year maintenance plan under section 110(a)(1) of the CAA if they also were a nonattainment area, or an attainment/unclassifiable area with a section 175A maintenance plan, under the 1-hour ozone standard. This document presents Kentucky's 2002 ozone precursor emissions inventory for the Paducah ozone maintenance area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. This inventory was developed based on EPA guidance, direct consultation with EPA personnel, and previous emission inventory development experience. The inventory includes reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides ofnitrogen (NO,), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for area, point, non-highway mobile, highway mobile and biogenic sources. The point source inventory was developed using the Division's existing emissions inventory database (i .e., TEMPO) . The existing TEMPOdatabase was updated using questionnaires and annual surveys completed by the sources. Maintenance area population information is provided in Table 1-1 . The data provided in Table 1-1 is vital to many emission calculation procedures used to develop the emissions inventory, particularly for area and nonroad mobile sources. These data are frequently referenced throughout this document .TABLE 1-1

2002 POPULATION Paducah Maintenance Area

COUNTY APPORTIONMENT 

### FACTOR Livingston* 0.200 ° TOTAL POPULATION PULATION APPORTIONMENT FACTOR 9,846 0.136 Marshall 1 .000 3 0,261 1 .000 30,261 Total 40,107 31,600 * Denotes only a portion of the county 1 .2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY In preparing this inventory, several other agencies contributed information to the Division necessary for completing emission calculations. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' provided information essential for completing the mobile emissions portion ofthis document . The Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet2 and the State Data Center3 provided valuable population information used primarily in the preparation of the area source inventory. Within the maintenance areas, VOC, NO, and COemissions were calculated for point, area, nonroad mobile, onroad mobile and biogenic sources. The Division's existing point source emissions inventory database (TEMPO) was used to produce point source information. This database is updated annually for Title V major and minor sources and on a varying schedule for other sources. Acopy ofthe point source inventory survey is included as Appendix A . Area source emissions were generally calculated based on current population, employment, and commoditydata. Population related informationwas provided by the State Data Center3 and the Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet .2 Highway vehicle emissions were estimated by using Mobile6 .2 generated emission factors and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) estimates. DVMTs and speed information were obtained fromthe Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' . TheVOCemissions calculated in this document arefor those VOCemissions determined by EPA to be photochemically reactive. All identified nonreactive VOC emissions were addressed. Specifically, perchloroethylene emissions fromdry cleaning and surface cleaning have been removed APPORTIONED 

### COUNTY POPULA TION 1,339

-1 .2-

### fromthe area source emissions found in this document .

Asummary oftheVOC, CO, and NO,, emissions in tons per summer dayfor the maintenance area is provided in Table 1-2. This document includes emissions data with pre-existing controls in place. These emission control measures include autobody refinishing, consumer solvent use, architectural surface coating, traffic markings, and open burning; fuel and engine control measures related to on-road and non-road mobile sources including Phase 11 of the RFGprogram, along with requirements on vehicle refueling and reducedevaporative emissions; and engine control measures include the National Low Emission Vehicle program, along with requirements on nonroad diesel engines, small nonroad engines (lawnmowers and garden equipment), and outboard marine engines. Point source emissions are described in Section 2with supporting information in Appendix A . Section 3 documents the area source inventory process with supporting information in Appendix B . Non-highway mobile emissions are discussed in Section 4with supporting information in Appendix C . Mobile source emissions are discussed in Section 5with supporting information in Appendix D . Biogenic emissions are documented in Section 6and Appendix E.

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### 1 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled, 2002. Frankfort, Kentucky. 2 . Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet, 2002 Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky. 3. University of Louisville, State Data Center, 2002 Population Statistics, Louisville, Kentucky.0 M

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2.1 INTRODUCTIONANDSCOPE This section documents the development of the 2002 point source emissions inventory for the PaducahArea, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. For the purpose of this inventory, point sources are defined as stationary commercial or industrial operations that emit 10 tons or more per year of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or 100 tons or more of nitrogen oxides (NO,J or carbon monoxide (CO) . Due to the lower cut-off size for VOCsources, the majority ofpoint sources in each maintenance area have VOCemissions; therefore, most of this section is dedicated to these sources. This point source inventory consists of actual emissions for the 2002, and includes sources in the ozone maintenance counties. Emissions frompoint sources are presented using two emission rate formats: annual (TYR) and daily (TSD) rates. Although not specifically required, annual emission rates are provided in order to assist the review

agency and the public in performing comparison checks against the existing TEMP05 database. In addition, the annual emission rate identifies point sources impacting on each area. The remainder ofthis chapter is divided three parts. Section 2.2 describes the approach used in developing and compiling the point source listing for the ozone maintenance areas. Section 2.3 presents an overall summary of the point source VOC, NO, and COemissions. Section 2.4 lists the references used in preparing this section . 2.2 METHODOLOGY ANDAPPROACH This section describes the methodology and approach used in developing information for the 2002 point source inventory. The purpose for including this section is to provide sufficient detail to the reviewagency and the public to assist themin determining the adequacy ofthis inventory based on the most recent guidance. In addition, specific elements of the methodology and approach are being described in order to minimize the need for later clarifications. The development activities for the 2002 point source emission inventory were initiated in the spring of 2004. The approach used in compiling the point source listing and emissions data was based on guidance issued by the U .S . Environmental Protection Agency.',2 As mentioned previously, the Kentucky Division for Air Quality (DAQ was the agency -2 .1-responsible for development of the 2002 emissions inventory for the maintenance areas in Kentucky.

Data collection activities began in the spring of 2004. Since Kentucky already had an existing emissions database of air pollution sources in the state, a thorough review ofthis database formed thestarting point for overall inventory development . A brief description of the methodology and approach used to accomplish these tasks is presented in the following subsections. 2.2.1 Review

of Existing Database The review

ofthe Division's TEMPOS database allowed personnel to identifywhich sources in a given geographical area would need to be updated for this inventory effort . Also, a reviewof each source in the existing system provided informationon whether specific sources had been updated during the normal yearly update or ifthey would need to be updated separately. 2.2.2 Source Survey Point source emission surveys were mailed to appropriate point sources (Please see related survey information in Appendix A) . The surveys were designed to have the facilities update specific information as outlined in EPAguidance. In some instances follow-up telephone calls were made to clarify responses given by sources. 2.2.3 Data Evaluation The next step in developing the point source inventory was to evaluate the collected data. All information received fromthe sources was checked by emission inventory personnel to ensure that the responses were within reasonable levels. Another aspect ofdata evaluation was the application ofrule effectiveness for sources subject to regulatory emission limitations and a seasonal adjustment factor for facilities not operating on a uniform schedule. A factor of 80 percent was applied to the control device efficiency to adjust the resulting emission estimates to account for rule effectiveness. The rule effectiveness factor, pursuant to EPA Region 4 guidance,3 was applied to VOC, CO, and NO,, annual emissions totals and is therefore also reflected in daily emissions. Seasonal adjustment was applied only to daily emission totals.2

.2.4 Data Compilation One ofthe final steps in developing the point source inventory involves submitting the data in an acceptable format . Division personnel routinely submit point source data to EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) database. 2 .2 .5 Emission Calculations Point source emissions were calculated using thefollowing equations andvariables. Appendix A contains point source emissions information utilized to calculate the point source emissions (Pleasesee emissions information in Appendix A) . Information requested by a source to be confidential in accordance with applicable laws is omitted fromthe Appendix A . 1 . Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness CTEFFN CTEFFN CTEFF RE (1 - ((CTEFF)(RE))

Actual Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness Actual Control Efficiency Rule Effectiveness = .80 2 . Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day

CPROD NPROD = ((FUELP) (ATHJ) / 100) / ((DWK) (WKYR) ( .25)) VPROD CPROD, NPROD, and VPROD = Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively FUELP ATHJ DWK WKYR (Actual) Annual Process Rate = Total Throughput

Summer Seasonal Activity Number of Days Per Week Source is in Operation Number of Weeks Per Year Source is in Operation 3. Actual Emissions for Typical Summer Day

CATND NATND = ((_PROD) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 VATND CATND, NATND, and VATND = Typical Summer Day Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively -2.3-PROD = CPROD, NPROD, or VPRODas Appropriate

EF = Emission Factor 4 . Annual Actual Emissions

CATNY NATNY = ((FUELP) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 VATNY CATNY, NATNY, and VATNY = Annual Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively FUELP = (Actual) Annual Process Rate =Annual Throughput EF = Emission Factor 2.3 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 2 .3.1 PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA This inventory includes VOC, CO, and NO, point source emissions for the Paducah ozone maintenance area. County level point source emission totals are provided in Table 2-1 . Additionally, information in Appendix A catalogues point source emissions by facility, by county, and provides a county total . These tables lists the facilities; the facility identification numbers ; SIC codes4, and the 2002 annual emissions, adjusted for rule effectiveness, in tons per year; and the 2002 daily emissions with seasonal adjustments, in tons per summer day .00 N I~ n I V) ~ ~ o ~n 00 l o -~ M N O O O O I ~l ~ O O o o ~ M o O O l o ~ N O 00 O

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~ i ~ id d d id id id iC ~ 'm c~C i A cz M d i d i rn ~n cn ~n m v~ ~n ~n ~n v~ v~ v~ m v~ v ~ ~n U2.4 REFERENCES FORSECTION 2

1 . U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidancefor Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005,which references Emission Inventory Requirementsfor Post-1987Ozone State Implementation Plans. EPA-450/4-88- 019 . Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. December 1988. 2. U

.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidancefor Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations . EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors ofOzone, Volume I : General Guidancefor Stationary Sources. EPA-450/4-91- 016 . Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. May 1991 . 3. Telecon. U.S. Envirornnental Protection Agency, Region 4, Ms. Yasmin Yorker, February 4, 1992, concerning rule effectiveness. 4 . Executive Office ofthe President, Office of Management and Budget . Standard Industrial Classification Manual . Order no. PB 87-100012 . National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 . 1987. 5. Kentucky Division for Air Quality's TEMPOPoint Source Database for the Year 2002.3.0 AREA SOURCES

3.1 INTRODUCTIONANDSCOPE This section documents the development ofthe 2002area source maintenance plan emissions for the Paducah ozone maintenance area (i .e., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County) . Area sources include non-traditional sources whose emissions are too small to be treated as stationary point sources. The emissions documented in this section are presented on an annual basis and for a typical summer day during the ozone season. Including this introduction and scope, Section 3 is organized into four other subsections . Section 3.2 describes the approach taken to estimate emissions fromeach source category. Section 3.3 provides a summary of the area source emissions in the maintenance areas. Information explaining the calculations used to derive the area source emissions is discussed in Section 3.4. The references used in developing the area source portion of the inventory are located in Section 3.5. 3 .2 METHODOLOGYANDAPPROACH 3.2.1 Source Category Identification The majority of area source categories considered in this inventory were identified from Proceduresfor the Preparation of Emission Inventoriesfor Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume I .1 In addition, the U .S. EPA's Emission Inventory Improvement Program(EIIP) guidance22 was consulted and utilized where feasible. Emissions estimates for some area source categories are not included in the inventory. Agricultural and slash burning, snowmobiles, and orchard heaters are not commonplace in Kentucky and therefore do not warrant inclusion. Rationale for not including these categories is discussed later in this narrative. 3.2.2 Emission Estimation Approach . Generally, area source emissions are calculated usingfactors based on one offour criteria for the inventoried areas: (a) population (per-capita), (b) commodity consumption, (c) level-of-activity, or (d) employment . These calculations are further explained in Section 3.4.

-3.1 -3.3 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS Table 1-3 contains the contribution of each maintenance area for each area source category and provides an emissions total for that area. 3.4 DISCUSSION OF THE AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES Subsections 3.4.1 through 3.4.6 contain the descriptions for individual area source types and the methods used to calculate emissions for each. Calculations used to determine emissions are included within the narrative. 3.4.1 . Gasoline Distribution. Four categories are included under gasoline distribution: (a) Storage tank breathing losses; (b) Tank trucks in transit ; (c) Tank truck unloading; and (d) Vehicle refueling. Vehicle refueling emissions are included in the Highway Mobile Source Inventory (Section 5) in the Mobile6 .2 modeling runs. Retail gasoline service station sales in 2002, for both the state and individual counties, were obtained fromthe 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade publication for Kentucky. b The 2002 taxable gasoline sales were only available for the state and were obtained from the Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section .7 The 2002 statewide gasoline sales were segregated to the county level using 1997 retail trade sales information. 2072.35 million gallons ofgasoline were sold in Kentucky in 2002. Emission factors were obtained from Tables 5.2-5 and 5.2-7 of AP-42, Volume 1 .2' 22 To calculate the emissions of VOCfromany ofthe sources noted above, it was necessary to determine the total sales, in gallons, of gasoline in each maintenance area. Only the Census Retail Trade publication6lists county and state gasoline sales. Therefore, the percentage ofcounty gasoline sales relative to the statewide gasoline in 2002 was calculated. State sales were obtained from Table 1 ofthe Census Retail Trade publication, 6 and county sales obtained from Table 3 ofthat document . This percentage was applied to the total state taxable gasoline sales in 2002 to determine county gasoline sales in 2002. After the county gasoline sales in 2002 were determined, specific methods were used to calculate the emissions ofVOCfromeach ofthe categories listed. Thecalculations and procedures described in EPAguidance,' were utilized. County-specific gasoline marketing data are -3 .2-shown in Table 3-1 . Table 3-1 Gasoline Marketing Data 2002 Gasoline Sales County 1000 Gallons Livin ston* 530 Marshall 14,382 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses County gasoline sales were multiplied by the emission factor found in Table 5.2-7 ofAP-42, Volume 1 .2 Tons of VOCemissions per year were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 ofreference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor (SAF) was determined by adding the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August of2002--then dividing that total by the total state gasoline sales for 2002. This dividend was then divided by 0 .25 to determine the percentage of activity, which occurred during those months since it was noted that the activity level for that quarter was higher than the other quarters. The denominator represents the uniform seasonal rate since one quarter or season equals 0 .25. So ifthe total gasoline sales for June, July, and August is one quarter of the total annual sales, then the SAF equals 0.25 / 0 .25, or 1 .00

. The seasonal adjustment factor applied for the gasoline marketing was 1 .049. The activity days per week were considered to be 7. The formula for this calculation is follows. (June +July + August Monthly Gasoline Gallon Totals)/ (Year-End Gasoline Gallon Total) 0.25 The calculations used to determine emissions from storage tank breathing losses are as follows. TPY = County Sales x 1 .0 lbs. l x 1 ton 

# C (gallons) 1000 (gal) 

# J (2000 lbs)

-3 .3 -TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (7 x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by storage tank breathing losses are shown in Table 3-3. 3 .4.1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit Since some gasoline is delivered to bulk plants rather than delivered directly to service stations frombulk terminals, the amount of gasoline transferred in any area may exceed the total gasoline consumption, due to the additional trips involved. Reference 1 makes the following statements relating to this matter : Table 3-2 Summary of Emissions From Gasoline Breathing Losses Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/da ) Livin ston* 0 .27 0 ~Marshall 7 .19 0 .02 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. "A nationwide average ofroughly 25percent ofall gasoline consumed goes through bulkplants. Hence, gasoline distribution in an area could be multiplied by 1 .25 to estimate gasoline transported . "and "Emissionsfrom tank trucks in transit, however, will generally be minimal, in most areas. warranted in making this adjustment. " Hence, a great deal of effort is not Based on these statements, and in the absence of specific bulk plant throughput information, 2002 county gasoline sales were multiplied by 1 .25 to obtain the total gasoline transported in 2002. Per EPA EIIP guidance22, the midpoints ofthe typical AP-42Table 5.2-5 emission factors for tank trucks or bulk tanks loaded with product and return with vapor were determined, combined, andapplied to gasoline transported in each county to determine the emissions of VOC per year . The yearly emissions were then converted to tons per typical summer day . Theseasonal adjustment factor used for tank breathing losses was 1 .049. Theactivity days perweek were considered 6. The calculation -3 .4-used to figure emissions fromtank trucks in transit are as follows.

TPY (County Gas x 1 .25) x .060 lbs. x 1 ton

Sales 1000gals .) ) ( 2000 lbs) (gallons) TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (6 x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by tank trucks in transit are provided in Table 3-3. Table 3-3 Summary of Emissions From Tank Trucks In Transit Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear) tons/da Livin ston* 0 .02 0 Marshall 0 .54 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4 .1 :3. Vehicle Refueling The emissions for vehicle refueling have been calculated by Mobile6.2 and are included in the Mobile Source Emissions Inventory in Section 5, but are not listed separately. 3 .4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading To calculate the emissions ofVOCproduced by tanktruck unloading, the division performed a review of gasoline stations located in the ozone maintenance areas. The following assumptions were made. For the ozone maintenance areas (i .e., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County, Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County, Edmonson County, Fayette and Scott Counties, Boyd County and a portion of Greenup County) 90% ofthe gasoline throughput was subject to submerged filling and the remaining 10%of the gasoline throughput was subject to splash filling techniques . Based on these assumptions, the fraction of gallons of gasoline throughput using each fill -3.5-method was multiplied by the appropriate emission factors from Table 5.2-7 ofAP-42, Volume IZ to derive emissions. Rule penetration was implicitly applied by allocating the gasoline throughput for each fill method. The yearly emissions were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 of Reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .049for gasoline marketing was applied. The activity days per week for tank truck unloading was 6 .1 The calculations used to determine emissions fromthis category are as follows. Submerged Fill TPY = ( Apportioned x .90

(County Sales (gallons) TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6x 52)



### Splash Fill TPY = ( Apportioned x .10

(County Sales (gallons) 

# ) ) x (7

.3 lbs. ) x 1 ton 1000 gals (2000lbs)

x (I1 .5 lbs.) x 1 ton 1000 gals (2000lbs) TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6x 52) Total Tank Truck UnloadingAnnual Emissions = Submerged Fill Annual + Splash Fill Annual Total Tank Truck Unloading Summer Daily Emissions = Submerged Fill Daily + Splash Fill Daily 

### The emissions, by county, produced by tank truck unloading are shown in Table 3-4. Table 3-4 Summary of Emissions From Tank Truck Unloading Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions Coun tons/ ear tons/da y) Livin ston* 2.04 0.01 Marshall 1 55.52 019 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4 .1 .5 Aircraft Refueling Emissions fromthis category occur when vapor-laden air in a partially empty fuel tank is -3 .6-displaced to the atmosphere when the tank is refilled. The quantity ofvapor displaced depends on

the fuel temperature, fuel true vapor pressure, fuel molecularweight, aircraft fuel tank temperature and fuel dispensing rate. The most commonly used types of aircraft fuels in the United States fall into three categories:

- Jet kerosene, primarily used by commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft,

- Jet Naphtha, used primarily by military aircraft, and

- Aviation Gasoline, primarily used by aviation reciprocating engines. Based on federal guidance found in Volume 1,1 emissions from aircraft refueling were estimated by multiplying apportioned fuel sales data', for each type ofaircraft by the corresponding calculated fuel emission factors. Local fuel sales were obtained by apportioning state-level fuel sales to airports based on flight activities (LTOs) reported in KentuckyAirport Master Records33 Compiled by the Kentucky Division ofAeronautics for general aviation aircraft andAirportActivity Statistics" for commercial aircraft . Emissions were calculated for GeneralAviation Refueling andfor Refueling with Jet Kerosene. Emissions forJet Naptha, used in military aircraft, were not calculated because the Petroleum Marketing Annual 200026 did not list this type of fuel . However, the absence of emissions for jet naphtha refueling is not considered a significant problemsince its true vapor measure is such that any calculated emissions would be negligible. The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were multiplied by a seasonal adjustment factor and then divided by the number of activity days per week, in this case 365 . The seasonal adjustment factor forjet kerosene is .93 and for aviation gasoline is 1 .19 . The seasonal adjustment factors were calculated based on fuel sales data provided in the PetroleumMarketingAnnual 200026 for the summer quarter . Emission factors were developed using the following method, pursuant to Volume I guidance! (12.46)(SPM EF = T where: EF = emissionfactor in pounds VOCper 1, 000gallons fuel throughput

S = saturationfactor of1 .45 (fromTable 4.4-1 ofAP-42) P =fuel true vapor pressure in psia (fromTable 4 .3-2 ofAP-42) at 90°F = . 021 psia forjet kerosene at 90°F = 8

.8 psiafor aviation gasoline RVP 10 M -fuel molecular weight in lb/lbmol (from Table 4 .3-2 ofAP-42) -3 .7-at 60°FforJet Kerosene = 130 at 60°FforAviation Gasoline RVP 10 = 66 T = study temperature in °R (°F + 460degrees) The calculations used to estimate emissions fromaircraft refueling are as follows. TPY = EF xApportioned County Fuel Sales TSD = (TPY x SAF) / 365 The VOCemissions, by county, fromaircraft refueling are found in Tables 3-5 and 3-6 . Airport information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-7. Table 3-5 Summary of Emissions From General Aviation Refueling Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear) (tons/day

) Livin ston* 0 0 ~Marshall 0 .15 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-6 Summary of Emissions From Commercial Aircraft Refueling Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/year) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0 0 Marshall 0 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county.

Table 3-7 Aircraft Fuel Commercial General Aviation Jet Fuel Gasoline Coun 1000 Gallons 1000 Gallons Livin ston* 0 0 Marshall 0 1 16 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. -3 .8 -3.4.1 .6 Petroleum Vessel Loading &Unloading This category is included in the Point Source Inventory, Section 2. 3.4.2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation The following eight subcategories are included in this area source category. All ofthese emit Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) because of their solvent usage . They are: (1) Dry Cleaning; (2) Surface Cleaning; (3) Surface Coating ; (4) Graphic Arts ; (5) Cutback Asphalt Paving; (6) Pesticide Applications; and, (7) Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. Each of the previous-mentioned subcategories is discussed individually in the following subsections . 3.4.2.1 Dry Cleaning Dry cleaning operations vary in size, type of service, and type of solvent used. Industrial, commercial, and self-service facilities clean not only personal clothing, but also uniforms, linens, drapes, and other fabric materials. Per previous EPAguidance23, since emissions for coin operated and commercial/industrial dry cleaning are considered to be nonreactive (i .e., perchloroethylene emissions) only other solvent emissions are reflected in the VOC emissions provided for dry cleaning. Annual tons of VOCwere calculated by multiplying the per capita emission factor by the county population. Rule penetration is implicitly applied by using the distinct per capita emission factors for each type of dry cleaning facility. Emissions per typical summer dayfor this area source category were calculated usingfederal guidance.' The methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOCemission factors by an area's population to estimate the dry cleaning emissions:

Mineral Spirits &other solvent facilities: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr -3 .9-The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were then divided by the product of the

number ofactivity days perweek and the number ofweeks in ayear . For dry cleaning, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and theactivity days per week was 5. 1 The calculations for this category are as follows : TPY = Other Solvents x 1 ton TSD = TPY/ (S x 52) (EFxpopulation) 2000lbs) Population statistics for the counties examined were obtained frominformation provided by the Kentucky State Data Center3'4 and are found in Table 3-8 . Table 3-8 Area Population Information

Population Apportionment 2002 County Factor Population Livin ston* 0 .136 1339 Marshall 1 30261 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Emissions fromdry cleaning activities are provided for individual counties in Table 3-9 . Table 3-9 Summary of Emissions From Dry cleaning Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0 .74 0 ~Marshall 16.64 0 .06 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4.2.2 Surface Cleaning Surface cleaning or degreasing is a physical method of removing grease, wax, or dirt from metal, glass, and fabric surfaces by exposing the material to an organic solvent . Degreasing activity is one of the many production steps associated with industrial categories involving metal furniture, primary metals, fabricated products, machinery, electric equipment, and instrumentation. In addition, there are many miscellaneous degreasing operations associated with auto repair shops, gasoline stations, and maintenance shops. There are three types of degreasers : small cold cleaners, -3.10-open top vapor degreasers, and conveyorized vapor degreasers.

Surface operations, which include cold cleaning, manufacturing, and vapor in-line cleaning and others use organic solvents as roomtemperature liquids. Uses include wiping, spraying, or dipping parts in the solvent . In open top vapor degreasing, cleaning takes placeby exposing the part to solvent vapor. Conveyorized vapor degreasing entails the same activity as open top degreasing except that the parts to be cleaned continuously move in and out of the degreaser . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions for this area source category. It involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factors by an area's population to estimate total surface cleaning emissions. Per EPA guidance24, to avoid double counting, point source degreasing emissions were subtracted fromthe area source surface cleaning VOCemissions as appropriate. Surface Cleaning Total : 4.31b/capita/yr Cold Cleaning Auto Repair : 2.51b/capita/yr Manufacturing: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr Vapor &In-Line Cleaning Electronics &Electrical : 0 .21 lb/capita/yr Other: 0 .49 lb/capita/yr Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using section 5.9 ofthefederal guidance document . l The calculated annual tons ofVOC divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For surface cleaning, as found in Table 5.8-1,1 no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per week was 6 . Emissions were calculated using the following method. Cold Cleaning Auto Repair 1 ton 25 TPY =((EF x population) x 2000lbs)) *. 77 --- TSD = TPY/ (6 x 52) + Cold Cleaning Manufacturing 1 ton 25 TPY =((EF x population) x 2000lbs)) * . 77 --- TSD = TPY/ (6x 52) + -3 .11-Vapor &In-Line 1 ton

((EF xpopulation) x 2000lbs) *. 77 ZS --- TSD = TPY/,(6x 52) Area Source Surface Cleaning VOCEmissions (TSD) = TSD- Pt. Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions 24 Per EPA guidance25, perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface cleaning emissions by reducing the emissions by 23 percent . Surface cleaning emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-10. Population information is provided in Table 3-8 and perchloroethylene removal and double counting information for surface cleaning is provided in Appendix B. Table 3-10 Summary of Emissions** From Surface Cleaning Operations Annual VOC Daily VOC, Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear (tons/da

y Livin ston* 2,22 0 Marshall 50.11 0 .16 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Perchloroethylene emissions have been removed fromthe surface cleaning emissions byreducing theVOCemissions by 23 percent per EPA's Mayl993 Helms guidance memorandum25. 3.4.2.3 Surface Coating Surface coatings include paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers and otherproduct finishes. All of these products include either a water-based or solvent-based liquid carrier, which generally evaporates in the drying or curing process . VOCemissions result fromthe evaporation of the paint solvent and any additional solvent used to thin the paint . Substantial emissions also result fromthe use of solvents in cleaning the surface prior to painting and in cleaning painting equipment after use. Surface Coating operations are separated into two groups, industrial and nonindustrial . Industrial surface coatingoperations for such products as appliances, automobiles, paper, fabric and cans are included in the point source inventory. Non-industrial surface coating includes refinishing of automobiles, architectural coating, and traffic paints and are inventoried as area sources. -3 .12-3.4.2.3.1 Architectural Surface Coating

Architectural surface coatings, often called "trade paints," are used primarily by homeowners and painting contractors to coat the interior/exterior ofhouses and buildings and on the surfaces of other structures such as pavements, curbs, or signs. Coating materials are applied to surfaces by spray, brush, roller, and dry at ambient conditions. Architectural coatings differ fromindustrial coatings, which are applied to manufactured products and are usually oven cured . Painting contractors and homeowners are the major users of architectural coatings. Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factor by an area's population to estimate the architectural surface coating emissions: Architectural Surface Coating: 4.6 lb/capita/yr (Represents reactive VOC) . Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from the University of Louisville, Urban Data Center.3,4 Solvent use, which accounts for 25 to 40 percent of all solvent loss associated with architectural surface coating, is included in this per capita factor . Solvents used in architectural surface coatings or thinning and cleanup contain almost 100percent reactive compounds. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source were calculated using Section 5.9 of Reference 1 . The calculated annual tons of VOC were multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number ofweeks in ayear . For architectural surface coating the seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3 and the activity days perweek was 7.1 Thefollowing calculationwas used to estimate emissions from architectural surface coating. TPY = (EFx Population) x 1 ton (2000lbs) TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (7 x 52) Architectural surface coating emissions are provided in Table 3-11 .Table 3-11 Summary of Emissions** From Architectural Surface Coating

Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/day ) Livin ston* 3.08 0 .01 Marshall 69.60 0 .25 *Denotes only a portion of the county. "Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOCemissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3 .4.2.3.2 Automobile Refinishing Automobile refinishing is the repainting ofworn or damaged automobiles, light duty trucks, and other vehicles. Surface coating during manufacturing is not considered refinishing. In automobile refinishing, lacquers and enamels are usually sprayed in paint booths. Since vehicles contain heat sensitive plastics and rubber, the solvent borne coatings are used in low temperature ovens. Paint booths may be equipped with paint arresters or water curtains to handle overspray. Solvents used in auto body refinishing will consist almost entirely of reactive VOC . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying thefollowing VOC per capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate auto body emissions: Auto Body Refinishing: 2.3 lb/capita/yr Accordingto federal guidance, because auto body refinishing may be generally expected to relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained fromstate references .3A Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated usingfederal guidance' . The calculated annual tons ofVOCdivided by the product ofthe number ofactivity days per week and by the number ofweeks in a year. For auto body refinishing no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round

. Theactivity days per week was 5. The calculations used to figure yearly and daily VOCemissions for this category are as -3 .14-follows.

TPY = (EF xpopulation) x ]ton (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (5 x 52) Auto body refinishing emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-12. Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8 . Table 3-12 Summary of Emissions** From Automobile Refinishing Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) tons/da Livin ston* 1 .54 0 .01 Marshall 34.80 0 .13 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Per a federal rule for this area category, theVOCemissions reflect a 37% emission reduction. 3.4.2.3.3 Traffic Markings Traffic paints are used to mark pavement . These markings include dividing lines for traffic lanes, parkingspace markings, crosswalks, arrows, and other markings. These markings are usually applied by state or local highway maintenance crews or by contractors during road construction. VOC emissions result from the evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after the application of the marking paint . Traffic paint emissions are included in the area source inventory the emissions are not fromany specific plant, but instead emanate fromthe roadways and surfaces where markings are applied. Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying thefollowing VOC per capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate traffic marking emissions. Traffic marking: 0.5 lb/capita/yr Accordingto federal guidance, becausetraffic marking emissions maybe generally expected to relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. The activity level was considered 5 days per week. No -3 .15 -seasonal adjustment factor was applied for this category since none was provided in Volume I

guidance. The calculations used to derive yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as follows. TPY = (EF xpopulation) x ]ton (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Traffic marking emissions are provided in Table 3-13. Population statistics for individual areas are provided in Table 3-8 . Table 3-13 Summary of Emissions** From Traffic Markings Annual VOC Daily VOC~ Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear ) (tons/day

) Livin ston* 0 .33 0 Marshall 7.53 0 .03 *Denotes only a portion of the county. "Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOCemissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3 .4.2.3.4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating Industrial surface coating includes the coating, during manufacture, of magnet wire, automobiles, cans, metal coils, paper, fabric, metal andwood furniture, and miscellaneous products . According to federal guidance,' to the maximum extent possible, small industrial surface coating operations should be treated as point sources . Therefore, the division will include small industrial surface coating emissions in the point source emissions inventory. 3.4.2.4 Graphic Arts The graphic arts or printing industry consists of approximately 60,000 facilities (SIC 27) nationwide. About half of these establishments are in-house printing services in nonprinting industries . Printing newspapers, books, magazines, fabrics, wall coverings, and other materials, is considered a graphic arts application. Five types of printing are used in the industry: letterpress, flexography, lithography, (roto)gravure, and screen process printing. -3 .16-Solvent use is an integral part of the process and is the primary source of VOC emissions .

Associated cleanup operations also require the use of solvents, thereby contributing to VOC emissions for the industry. All solvents used in the graphic arts industry are considered reactive. Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOCemission factor by an area's population to estimate VOC emissions fromgraphic art facilities, which emit less than 100tons: Graphic Arts: 1 .3 lb/capita/yr In accordance with federal guidance,' anyemissions associated with point source graphic arts facilities, which emit under 100tons per year, should be subtracted from the area source inventory. Graphic arts emissions from point sources greater than or equal to 100tons per year should not be subtracted, since they have already been excluded from the area source graphic arts emission factor of 1 .3 lb/person/yr . Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references.3,4 Emissions per typical summer dayfor this area source category were calculated usingfederal guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOCwere then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number ofweeks in ayear. For graphic arts no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per week was 5

.' Calculations for this category are as follows: TPY = (EF x Population) -Point Source x ]ton ( Emissions ) (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Graphic arts emissions are provided in Table 3-14. Population information is provided in Table 3-8. Table 3-14 Summary of Emissions From Graphic Arts Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear) tons/da Livin ston* 0 .87 _ 0 Marshall 19.67 0 .08I *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.2.5 Cutback Asphalt Paving Cutback asphalt is a type of liquefied road surface that is prepared by blending or "cutting -3 .17-back" asphalt cement with various kinds of petroleum distillates . Cutback asphalt is used as a

pavement sealant, tack coat, and as a bonding agent between layers of paving material . VOCs are emitted as the cutback asphalt cures and the petroleumdistillates evaporate. According to federal guidance,' because paving operations maybe generally expected to relate to human activity, a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. The emission factor used for this category is as follows. Cutback Asphalt Paving: 0 .371b/capita/yr The activity level was considered to be 5 days per week. The calculations for estimating emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = (EF x population) x 1 ton (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Cutback asphalt emissions are provided in Table 3-15. Population for individual counties is found in Table 3-8. Table 3-15 Summary of Emissions From Cutback Asphalt Paving Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear ( tons/da

y) Livin ston* 0 .25 0 ~Marshall 5.60 0 .02 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4 .2.6 Emulsified Asphalt Emissions fromemulsified asphalts were not calculated. Anyemissions fromthis category would have been negligible since emulsified asphalt is water based. 3 .4 .2 .7 Pesticide Application Pesticides broadly include any substances used to kill or retard the growth ofinsects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. Pesticides fall into three basic categories: synthetics, nonsynthetics (petroleum products), and inorganics. Formulations are commonly made by combining synthetic materials with various petroleum products. The synthetic pest killing -3.18-compounds in such formulation are labeled as "active" ingredients, and the petroleumproduct

solvents acting as carriers or diluents for the active ingredients are labeled "inert ." Neither of these toxicological designations, active or inert, should be interpreted as indicators of photochemical reactivity; these designations refer only to their toxicological action. The federal procedures document' described an emissions estimation process which requires the quantity and types of pesticides used in a study area. Contacts with both the Kentucky Department ofAgriculture8 and the University ofKentucky' revealed that such data is not available. The Kentucky Division for Air Quality requested the use of an alternative method on September 30, 1989.'° Since the largest single source of pesticide use is through agricultural application, the alternative method links pesticide application to harvested acreage. Utilizing the alternative method, VOCemissions were determined by multiplying an emission rate oftwopounds ofVOCper harvested acre by an area's 2002 harvested acreage.21 The product was then multiplied by a factor of0

.9 to approximatethe amount that evaporated and can be considered photochemically reactive VOC

. This alternative method was approved by the U.S. EPA, Region 4 on November 7, 1989.11 The yearly emissions were then converted to tons emitted per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 ofreference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3, and the activity days per week was 6

. The calculations for estimating emissions for this category are as follows. TPY = ((Harvested x Emission) x 0 .9) x 1 ton Acres Factor(lbs) (2000lbs) TPD = (TPYx SAF) / (6x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by pesticide application are shown in Table 3-16 . 2002 harvested acre information" used to calculate emissions for this category are found in Table 3-17 . Table 3-16 Summary of Emissions From Pesticide Application Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear tons/da Livin ston* 3.76 0 .02 Marshall 38 .70 1 0

.16' *Denotes only a portion ofthe county.

-3 .19-Table 3-17 Harvested Acres 2002

Harvested County Acres Livin ston* 4180 Marshall 43000 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.2.8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use Many commercial/consumer products in common use contain VOCs. Some examples are household and automobile cleaners and polishes. These products have varyingVOCcontent and the quantities used are difficult to estimate; therefore, the resulting VOCemissions are considered to be an area source. EPA guidance22,1 provided the methodology the Division used for calculating the VOC emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOCemission factor by an area's population to estimate commercial/consumer solvent use emissions . Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use: 7.841b/capita/yr The above EPA EIIP22 per capita emission factor includes emissions from household products (cleaners, laundry detergents) ; personal care products (e.g., toiletries, aerosol products) ; automotive aftermarket products (e.g., rubbing compounds, windshield washing fluids, polishes and waxes) ; non-industrial adhesives and sealants; pesticide products (home or business) ; and miscellaneous products. Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references.3'4 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons ofVOCwas divided by the product ofthe number ofactivity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For commercial/consumer solvent use, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniformyear round and the activity days per week were 7. The calculations for estimating emissions fromthis category are as follows. -3.20-TPY = (EF x Population) x 1 ton

(lbs) (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Commercial/Consumer solvent use emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-18. Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8. Table 3-18 Summary of Emissions** From Consumer Solvent Usage Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/year) tons/da Livin ston* 5.25 0 .01 Marshall 118 .62 0

.331 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOCemissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3.4.3 Waste Management Practices The handling and management of solid and liquid wastedepends on such factors as the type of waste generated and the formand composition of the waste. The following methods of waste disposal were examined in this inventory: (1) Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) ; (2) Industrial Waste Water Treatment ; (3) Hazardous Waste (TSDFs) ; (4) Municipal Landfills; and (5) Solid Waste Incineration -- On-site Incineration and Open Burning 3.4.3.1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works Federal guidance indicates that research has shown that approximately 85% of all volatile pollutants discharged to unacclimated wastewater treatment systems arestripped to the ambient air. Additionally, the concentration of volatile organic compounds found in POTW influent has been -3 .21 -shown to be directly proportional to the industrial contribution to a POTW . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating the VOC emissions for this area source category. The methodology involves multiplying the following emission factor by the number of gallons of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW : 1 .1 x 10-4( .000110lbs. ofVOCemitted per gallon ofindustrial wastewater discharged to a POTW . Theamount ofindustrial wastewater discharged to a POTW was obtained from

the Kentucky Division ofWater. 12 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated usingfederal guidance.' Thecalculated annual tons ofVOCwas multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days perweek and the number of weeks in a year. For POTW a seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .4. was applied and the number of activity days per week were 7. TPY = (Industrial Wastewater x EF) x 1 ton

Flow(gallons) (lbs) (2000 lbs) TPD = (TPYx SAF) / (7 x 52) POTW VOCemissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-19 . Additionally, total industrial wastewater discharge information to POTW for individual areas is provided in Table 3-20

. Table 3-19

Summary of Emissions From

POTW Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) (tons/da Livin ston* 0 0 ~Marshall- ~ 0 .29 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 3-20 Industrial Discharge Into POTW POTW (Million Gallon Per County Year Livin ston* _ 0 Marshall 5.29I *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3 .4.3.2 Industrial Wastewater The first step in estimating emissions from this category was to determine what facilities should be treated as point sources. Radian provided guidance17 on how to determine what sources should be treated as point sources andwhat sources could be inventoried as area sources. The County Business Patternss was used to determine the number of facilities within a given SICcode and the number of employees by facility within that code. In order to determine the number of employees for a particular SIC code a conversion fromthe NAICS code to the SIC code was completed, since the county business patterns now uses the NAICS code. However, a review ofthe data indicates that there are no facilities in the Paducah area with the appropriate NAICS codes. Therefore no emissions are included for this category. 3 .4.3.3 . Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) This is a relatively newinventory category. In view of the confusion, and resultant frustration, regarding emission estimates from TSDFs, the Division for Air Quality considered the allowance of one ton of VOC per year per facility in order to report any figures for the inventory. However, such a blind apportionment of emissions undermined the intent ofthe inventory. Assistance had been requested fromRadian, in performing emission calculations for this category. However, in a letter received fromSteve McCary, U .S. EPA, Region 4on November 12, -3 .23-1992, sufficient guidance is not available to inventory emissions from TSDFs at this time. It is

expected that most emissions fromthese sources will be reported in the point source inventory. 3.4.3.4. Municipal Landfills VOCemissions are produced frommunicipal solid waste landfills by three mechanisms: volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decompositionof liquid and solid compounds into other chemical species . Based on EPAguidance,' since Kentucky has an average precipitation level over 23 inches, an emission factor of 13 .6 tons of VOCper million tons of refuse in place plus an additional factor of 2.6 tons per year . No seasonal adjustment was applied since this activity is considered uniformaccording to Volume I guidance. The amount ofrefuse in-place at facilities located in the maintenance areas in Kentucky was obtained in a municipal solid waste survey developed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. lb The calculations used to estimate emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = tons ofmunicipal x 3 .6tons VOC) x (2.6) (solid waste 1, 000, 000tons) ofwaste TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) A summary of emissions for this category maybe found in Table 3-21 . The tons of solid waste impounded are found in Table 3-22. Table 3-21 Summary of Emissions From Municipal Landfills Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/y ear) tons/da Livin ston* 18.96 0 .05 ~Marshall ~ 54.37 015 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 3-22 Tons of Solid Waste In Municipal Landfills

Landfill Waste County r

(tons/y ea Livin ston* 536159 Marshall 1537488 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4.3.5 Solid Waste Incineration Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials fromindustrial, commercial, or residential sources. The materials maybe combustible or non-combustible and are often burned to reduce bulk, unless direct burial is either available or practical . The solid waste disposal category includes on-site refuse disposal by residential, industrial, and commercial/institutional sources. On-site incineration is confined burning of waste leaves, landscape refuse, or other refuse or rubbish . Open burning is the unconfined burningof solid waste material . 3.4.3.5.1 On-Site Incineration Afederal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons ofsolid waste burned in on-site incineration. The amount of waste incinerated by residential, commercial/institutional and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,, and COemission factors obtained froma federal reference document .2 The wastegeneration factors for on-site incineration appropriatefor Region 4are: 4 tons per 1000 population per year for residential sources; 23 tons per 1000 population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 395 tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for industrial sources. The emission factors applied for on-site incineration are : 1 .7 for VOC, 60 for CO, and 11 for NO, . The emission factors are in pounds of pollutant per ton of solid waste incinerated . Population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for on-site incineration were obtained fromstate references.4'S Emissions per typical summer day for -3 .25-this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document .' Thecalculated annual

tons ofVOCwere divided by the product of the number ofactivity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For on-site incineration, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and activity days perweek were 7. Calculations for estimating emissions fromthis category are as follows. Residential TPY = (4 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton ( o waste x pop

. (lbs) ) (2000lbs) 1000pop. TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Commercial/Institutional TPY = (23 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton ( o waste x pop . (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 1000pop

. TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Industrial TPY = (395 tons x # employees) x EF) x 1 ton (1000 mfg in mfgSICs (lbs)) (2000lbs) employees 20-39 TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) On-site incineration emissions are provided for the former ozone maintenanceareas in Table 3-23. Manufacturing employee information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-24. Table 3-23 Summary of Emissions From On-Site Incineration Annuall

u Daily Annual Dail iI Annual Dail

=

V C VOC VOC CO C co NOx

Nox NOx E :ss s missions 10 Emissions Emissions ssion Emissions u Iss Emissions m 10 s Emissions ounty t( sl r

tons/ eear tons/day) (tons/year) s/ ] to :ns/da t s/ r

tons/ ear tons/day) Livingston* 0

.03 0 1 .20 0 0 .2222 0 Marshall 1 .4 0 52.32 0 .1 9

.59 9 .59 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

-3.26-Table 3-24 Manufacturing Employee Population

Manufacturing Employment County ( Em plo y ees ) Livin ston* 9 Marshall 2346 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.3.5.2 Open Burning Afederal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons ofsolid waste burned in open burning. The amount ofwaste burned by residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,,, and CO emission factors obtained from a federal reference document .2 The waste generation factors for open burning appropriate for Region 4 are: 450tons per 1000 rural population peryear for residential sources; 24 tons per 1000 rural population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 160tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for industrial sources. The emission factors applied for open burning are: 30for VOC, 85 for CO, and 6 for NO, . The emission factors are in units of pounds of pollutant per ton of solid non-agricultural waste burned. For an example of how the above information is utilized for this area source category, please see 3.4.3 .5 .1 regarding on-site incineration. Rural population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for open burning were obtained from state references.3,4 In January 1998, Kentucky adopted revisions to the open burning regulation to prohibit most types ofopen burning in moderate ozone nonattainment areas within Kentucky during the period of May - September when ozone is most likely. The emission reduction credit taken for this control measure is calculated as 80% . A copy of the regulation outlining this prohibition is included in Appendix F. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons ofVOCwas then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For open burning, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round andactivity -3 .27-days per week was 7. Emissions for this category were calculated as follows.

Residential TPY = 450 Tons county

o waste x pop 1000 rural population TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) 

# )

Commercial/Institutional TPY = 

# ( x EF) x 1 ton (2000 lbs)

24 Tons county x EF x 1 ton o waste x pop

. , ~ (2000lbs) 1000 rural population TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Industrial TPY = / 160 tons x # employees

(\ 1000 mfg in mfg SICs employees 20-39 TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) 

# ) xEF x l ton (lbs) (2000lbs) Open burningemissions are provided for the former ozone maintenance areas in Table 3-25. Manufacturing employee and rural population information is provided in Table 3-26. Table 3-25 Summary of Emissions From Open Burning of Solid Waste Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/y

ear) tons/da tons/ ear (tons/day tons/ ear) tons/da Livin ston* 9.54 0 .03 27.03 0 .07 1 .91 0 .01 Marshall 190 .82 0

.52 540

.64 1 .49 38.16 0 .10 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 3-26 Rural Population

2002 Rural County Pop

ulation Livin ston* 1339 Marshall _

~ 26046 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3 .4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use Thecategory includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, andother heating units too small to be considered point sources. Afederal guidance document' indicates that it may not be worthwhile for an agency to perform

the detailed procedures to calculate emissions for this entire fuel combustion category if: (1) its primary concern is updating the VOCinventory and (2) if an existing inventory already includes combustion. Since the division meets the aforementioned conditions it did not calculate emissions for this area source category. 3 .4.5 Bioprocess Emissions Sources Bioprocess emissions sources include those sourceswhose emissions result from biological processes (e.g. fermentation) . Source categories include bakeries, breweries, distilleries, wineries, and silage storage. 3.4.5.1 Bakeries The methodology used to estimate emissions from bakeries was prepared by Radian Corporation. lg Areview of County Business Patterns 1990,5 provided the number ofbakeries listed under retail bakeries (SIC 546) and larger manufacturing bakeries (SIC 2051) . For the purposes of this inventory, except for one large bakery located in Daviess County, all bakeries in the maintenance areas were considered area sources and their emissions were calculated using Radian's guidance. A factor of .155 tons VOC/yr/1000 population was applied to county populations . This activity was considered uniform

year round and activity days per week were 6 .1 -3 .29-The calculations used to determine source emissions fromthis category are as follows. Area Source Emissions Point Source Emissions TPY = .155 tons xpopulation + lbs produced x EF x 1 ton (1000pop

.) ) ((1000 lbs ) ) (2000 lbs) TSD = TPY/ (6x 52) Bakery emissions are shown in Table 3-27 . Population information necessary for calculating these emissions is found in Table 3-8. Table 3-27 Summary of Emissions From

Bakeries Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0 .21 0 ~Marshall 4 .69 0

.02 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3 .4.5.2 Breweries Areviewof County Business Patternss showed no breweries in former ozone maintenance areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3.4.5.3 Wineries Based on EPAguidance, l a review of County Business Patternss showed no wineries located in former maintenance areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3.4 .5.4 Distilleries Emissions for this category are included in the point source portion of this inventory . 3 .4.5.5 Silage Storage EPA guidance' stated that this was not a required source category. Since emissions from silage would be typically during the winter months, this category was not inventoried.3.4.6 Other Area Sources

Sources included in this category are miscellaneous combustion sources and leaking underground storage tanks. 3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources Several types offires and burning activities potentially contribute to this subcategory. They are as follows: (1) Forest Fires; (2) Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning; (3) Agricultural Burning ; (4) Structure Fires; and, (5) Orchard Heaters. The division calculated emissions for forest fires and structure fires. The remaining miscellaneous combustion activities were found not to be widespread in Kentucky and therefore were not addressed. 3.4.6.1 .1 Forest Fires A federal guidance documentl provided the methodology the division used for calculating emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material consumed by multiplying the number of acres burned in each area examined by a fuel loading factor (i .e., material consumed per acre of land burned) . Afuel loading factor of 6 .6 tons of material consumed per acre burned and the number of acres burned in each area examined was obtained fromthe Kentucky Division of Forestry.13 Appropriate emission factors froma federal reference document2 are: 24 for Total Hydrocarbons (THC),140for CO, and 4for NO,, . However, according to another federal reference document, 14 only 79.71 percent ofthe THCemissions derived fromthe above THCemission factor are reactive. Therefore, the VOCemission factor utilized for this area source category was 19.13. This VOCemission factor information is based on information derived froma federal reference document .15 The emission factors are in units of pounds per ton of material burned. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document

.' The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions was divided by the -3 .31 -product of the number ofactivity days per week and the number ofweeks in ayear . For forest fires

no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days perweek was 7. The calculations used to determine emissions from this category are as follows. TPY = (# ofAcres Consumed x Tons ofGrowth) x E_F x 1 ton (per County perAcre (lbs)) (2000 lbs) consumed TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Forest fire emissions are provided in Table 3-28. Additionally, acreage burned for individual areas is provided in Table 3-29 . Table 3-28 Summary of Emissions From

Forest Fires Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily' VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOxj Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/y

ear) (tons/da

y) ( tons/y

ear) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0

.38 0 2.77 0 .01 0

.08 0 Marshall 0

.06 0 0 .46 0

.00 0

.01 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 3-29 Acreage Burned By Forest Fires 2002 Forest Fires County Acres Burned Livin ston* 6 Marshall 1 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material consumed by multiplying the number ofstructure fires occurring in each area examined by afuel loading factor (i .e., material consumed per structure fire) . Afuel loading factor of 6 .8 tons of material consumed per fire was provided in a federal guidance document I and information on the number of structure -3 .32 -fires which occurred in Kentucky in 2002 was derived by assuming an average of 6 fires per 1000

population in an area in accordance with Volume I guidance. Based on federal guidance,' the emission factors applied are: 11 for VOC, 60for CO, and 1 .4 for NO,, . The emission factors are in units of pounds per ton of material burned. Emissions per typical summer dayfor this area source categorywere calculated using federal guidance.' The calculated annual tons ofVOCemissions were divided by the product ofthe number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For structure fires no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and theactivity days per week were 7. The calculations used to estimate emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = (6 ires x population) x 6 .8 tons of x EF x 1 ton ( 1000pop

. (material burned) (lbs)) (2000 lbs)

perfire TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Structure fire emissions are provided in Table 3-30. The data used to calculate these emissions is located in Table 3-31 . Table 3-30 Summary of Emissions From Structure Fires Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NO Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County ( tons/year) (tons/da y (tons/y

ear) tons/da tons/ ear tons/da ) Livin ston* 0 .3 0 1 .63 0 0 .04 0 Marshall 6.81 0 .02 37.13 0 .1 0

.87 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 3-31 Number of Structure Fires

Number o Structure County Fires Livin ston* 8 Marshall* 1821 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. -3 .33 -3

.4.6.1 .3 Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning Information received fromthe Kentucky Division ofForestry19 revealed that these activities are not widespread in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 3.4.6.1 .4 Agricultural Burning Information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestry'9 showed that this is not a widespread practice in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 3 .4.6.1 .5 Orchard Heaters The use oforchard heaters are not commonly used in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3 .4.6.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Leaking underground storage tanks typically do not become quantifiable sources ofVOCair emissions until excavation and remediation efforts are initiated. Remediation efforts vary widely depending upon the type of contaminant, magnitude of the leak and the extent of groundwater contamination, if any

. Methodology developed by Radian Corporation 31 was used to derive emissions fromthis category. An emission factor of 28 lbs per remediation was used in estimating these emissions. Remediation information was obtained from the Division of Waste Management's Leaking Underground Storage Tank Branch.20 Calculations to estimate emissions for a typical summer day fromthis category are as follows. TSD = # ofRemediations x EF lbs x 1 ton Per Remediation 2000 lbs. Emissions for this area source are located in Table 3-32. Remediation information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-33.Table 3-32 Summary of Emissions From Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County ( tons/year) tons/da Livingston* 0 Marshall I OI

*Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 3-33 Number of Remediations

Number o County Remediations Livin ston* 0 Marshall 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 3-34 Summary of Area Source Emissions

ource Categ

o ry Annua VOC Emission (tons/yea rl Dail

VOC s Emission Ions/day y Annua

CO s Emission ) tons/ earl Dail

CO s Emission ) (tons/da y Annua

NO s Emission (tons/y ear l Daily x NOx s Emissions ) (tons/day

) Portion of Livin ston County * Gasoline Breathing 0 .27 0 Gasoline Transit 0 .02 0 Total Gas Unloading 2.04 0 .01 Total Air Refueling 0 0 Solvent D Cleaning 0 .74 0 Surface Cleanin

g Degreasing 2 .22 0 Architectural Surface Coating 3.08 0 .01 Auto Refinishing 1 .54 0 .01 Traffic Markings 0 .33 0 Grap hic Arts 0 .87 0 Cutback Asp

halt Pavin

g 0 .25 0 Pesticide A lication 3.76 0 .02 Commercial/Consumer Use 5.25 0 .01 POTW 0 0 Ind. Wastewater 0 0 

### Munici pal Landfills 18.96 0.05 Total Onsite 0 .03 0 1 .20 0 0 .22 0 Total O pen Burning 9.54 0 .03 27 .03 0

.07 1 .91 0

.01 Bakeries 0 .21 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Fires 0 .38 0 2.77 0 .01 0

.08 0 Structure Fires 0 .3 0 1 .63 0 0 .04 0 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 Total Livin ston Portion Emissions 49.79 0 .14 32.63 0

.08 2

.25 0

.01 Marshall County Gasoline Breathing 7.19 0 .02 Gasoline Transit 0 .54 0 Total Gas Unloading 55.52 0 .19 Total Air Refueling 0.15 0 Solvent D Cleanin

g 16.64 0 .06 Surface Cleanin

g De easin 50.11 0 .16 Architectural Surface Coating 69.60 0 .25 Auto Refinishing 34.80 0 .13 Traffic Marking

s 7.53 0 .03 Graphic Arts 19.67 0 .08 -3.36-ource Categ ory Annual VOC Emissions (tons/year) Daily

VOC Emissions (tons/day) Annual

CO Emissions (tons/y ear) Daily

CO Emissions tons/da Annual

NOx Emissions (tons/year) Daily

NOx Emissions tons/da ) Cutback As phalt Pavin g 5.60 0.02 Pesticide A

pplication 38.70 0.16 Commercial/Consumer Use 118 .62 0.33 POTW 0 .29 0 Ind. Wastewater 0 0 Munici pal Landfills 54.37 0 .15 Total Onsite 1 .48 0 52.32 0 .14 9.59 0

.03 Total O p en Burning 190 .82 0

.52 540

.64 1 .49 38.16 0 .10 Bakeries 4.69 0 .02 0 0 0 0 Forest Fires 0.06 0 0 .46 0

.00 0

.01 0 Structure Fires 6.81 0 .02 37.13 0 .1 0

.87 0 Leaking Undergr ound Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Marshall Emissions 683.19 2 .14 ' 630

.55 1 .73 48.63 0 .13 Grand Total Emissions 732.98 2 .28 663.18 1 .81 50.88 0 .14 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Per federal rules for certain area source categories, the VOCemissions reflect applicable emissions reductions.3.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3

1 . U

.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume I . EPA-450/4-91-016. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. May 1991 . 2. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42 . Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 1995. 3. Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet . 2000 Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky. Population for Counties by Urban and Rural Areas: 2000

. 4 . Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet and the University ofLouisville, State Data Center . 2002 Population Statistics . 5 . U .S . Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 County Business Patterns, Kentucky. CBP/00-19

. Washington, D

.C. November 2004. 6 . U .S . Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census . 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade, Geographic Area Series-Kentucky. EC97R44A-KY . Washington, D

.C. May 2005. 7. The Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section . Taxable gasoline gallons for Kentucky for calendar year 2002. Frankfort, Kentucky. 8 . Telecon

. Ernest Collins, Manager, Technical Support Branch, Division of Environmental Services - Pesticides, Kentucky Department of Agriculture to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality . Availability ofstate or county statistics on the types and amounts ofpesticides used. December 19, 2005. 9. Telecon. Dr . Lee Townsend, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Availability ofstate or county statistics on the types and amounts of pesticides used. January 4, 2006 . 10 . Correspondence fromthe Kentucky Division for Air Quality to the U.S. EPA, Region 4. Request for the use of an alternative method for estimating the VOC emissions from pesticides. September 30, 1989. 11 . Correspondence fromBruce P. Miller, U .S. EPA, Region 4, to the Kentucky Division for Air Quality

. Approval of method for estimating the emissions of VOCs frompesticide use. -3 .38 -November 7, 1989.

12. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Environmental Protection, Division ofWater . 2002 POTW industrial discharge information was obtained. 13. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. 2002 Forest acreage burned in Kentucky was obtained. April 2003. 14. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 . 1980 Area Source Emissions Inventory - Louisville, Kentucky AQCR (VOC/NOX) . EPA-904/9-18-074. Atlanta, Georgia. September 1981 . 15. U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Species Manual, Volume I, Volatile Organic Compound Species Profiles. EPA-450/2-88-003a. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. April 1988. 16. Survey of Municipal Solid Waste landfills conducted by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality pursuant to EPA regulations regarding such landfills. Obtained the 2000 tons of solid waste contained in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Kentucky. Submittal to EPA December 1998. 17. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Categorization of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Emissions, April 24, 1992. 18. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, VOC Emissions fromBakeries, April 24, 1992. 19. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. Correspondence confirming the lack of activity for slash Burning, Prescribed Burning, and Agricultural Burning, August 3, 1992. 20 . Ramendra Dutta, Supervisor, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Waste Management . Underground storage tank corrective action plans for 2002 ozone season. 21 . National Agricultural Statistics ServiceWebsite (www .nass.usda.gov/ky/) . 2002 Kentucky harvested acreage obtained. 22. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Inventory Improvement Program(EIIP) Guidance - Technical Documents for Area Source Emissions Inventory Preparation. 23. Previous EPA Region 4 guidance provided, during the preparation of 15% VOCplans, to exclude perchloroethylene emissions fromdry cleaning VOCemissions. -3.39-24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emission inventory guidance provided to address double counting of surface cleaning emissions - EPA's "Example Emission Inventory Documentation for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans (SIPs)", October 1989. 25. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1993, Helms guidance memorandum regarding the removal ofperchloroethylene emissions fromdegreasing VOCemissions. 26. U

.S. Department of Energy, 2002 PetroleumMarketing Annual, August 2003, DOE/EIA0487 (2002), Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil & Gas, Washington, DC 20585. 27. U

.S . Department ofCommerce, U .S . Census Bureau, Paint andAllied Products : 2002, page 2, MA325F(02)-1, July 2003. 28. U

.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 1 : Annual Estimates ofthe Population for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico: April l, 2000 to July 1, 2005, December 22, 2005. 29. Eastern Research Group, Traffic Markings, Volume III : Chapter 14, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, page 14.4-4, May 1997. 30 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Background Document for the Surface Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS),Version 2

.0, EPA-450/4-90-019b, September 1990 . 31 . Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Emissions from Leaking Underground Storage Tanks, May 5, 1992. 32. U

.S . Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC 20591 . 33. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft .4

.0 NON-HIGHWAY EMISSIONS 4 .1 INTRODUCTION This section documents the development of the 2002 nonroad emissions inventory for the Paducah ozone maintenance area (i .e., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County) . Nonroad sources include motorized vehicles and equipment, which are normally not operated on public roadways to provide transportation. The study and regulation of nonroad emission sources were mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . 4 .2 METHODOLOGYANDAPPROACH Nonroad emissions were calculated in accordance with EPA's Mobile Volume IV' and EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) development guidances. For this inventory, nonroad emissions have been divided into three categories. Separate emission categories include aircraft, locomotives, and other nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) sources. Methodologies for each of these categories are discussed separately. 4 .3 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS Table 4-1 summarizes the inventory results for the othernonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) source emissions. Tables 4-2 and 4-3 summarize emissions from aircrafts. Tables .4-5 and 4-6 summarize emissions from locomotives. Table 4-8 summarizes emissions from all non-highway mobile emission categories. 4 .4 DISCUSSION OF NONROAD CATEGORIES 4 .4.1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources Emissions for the other nonroad source categories (e.g., construction and agricultural equipment) were estimated using EPA's Nonroad Model (Core Model Version 2005a, February 2006) in accordance with EPA Region 4 directionb and EPA's NEI guidances. As for inputs for the nonroad model RVP and temperature information was provided in accordance with EPA Volume IV guidance' and EPA Region 4 direction6 (See Appendix G for nonroad model output and Appendix F -4.1-for more information on temperature determinations) . The model provided county level ton per day (tpd) emission estimates for base year 2002 and for the projection years of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 . Where necessary county level emissions were allocated to a portion of a county as follows: Portion of County Emissions = (Nonroad Model County Level Emissions * Fraction of Population in Portion of County) The emissions for this category are provided in Table 4-1 . Table 4-1 Summary of Emissions Other Non-Highway Mobile Sources **Annual Daily "Annual Daily **Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) (tons/year) ( tons/day ) Livin ston* 0 0 .25 0 0 .72 0 0 .07 Marshall 0 4 .87 0 16.31 0 0 95 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Annual other non-highway emissions not provided. 4 .4 .2 Aircraft Emissions Emissions fromaircraft have been determined in accordance with EPA's Volume IV' and NEIS guidance for nonroad mobile sources. The basic methodology determines aircraft fleet make-up and level of activity and then calculates air pollutant emissions on an annual basis. Preparing an emissions inventory for aircraft focuses on the emission characteristics of this source relative to the vertical column of air that ultimately affects ground level pollutant concentrations . This portion of the atmosphere, which begins at the earth's surface and is simulated in air quality models, is often referred to as the mixing zone. The aircraft operations of interest within this layer are defined as the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle. The cycle begins when the aircraft approaches the airport on its descent fromcruising altitude, lands, and taxis to the gate. It continues as the aircraft taxis back out to the runway for subsequent takeoffand climbout as it heads back up to cruising altitude. Thus, the five specific operating modes in a LTO are: -4.2-0 0 Approach Taxi/idle-in Taxi/idle-out Takeoff Climbout Most aircraft go through a similar sequence during a complete operating cycle. Helicopters may combine certain modes such as takeoff and climbout . The LTO cycle provides a basis for calculating aircraft emissions. During each mode of operation, the aircraft engines operate at afairly standard power setting for a given aircraft category. Emissions for onecomplete cycle for a givenaircraft can be calculated by knowing emission factors for specific aircraft engines at those power settings. Then, if the activity of all aircraft in the modeling zone can be determined for the inventory period, the total emissions can be calculated. 4.4.2.1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft

There were no commercial aircraft operating in this former maintenance area therefore there were no emissions calculated for this criteria. 4.4.2.2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis, and Military Aircraft Landing at Non-Military Airports For the purpose of creating an emissions inventory, business aircraft are combined with general aviation aircraft because oftheir similar size, use frequency, and operating profiles. In this inventory methodology they are referred to simply as general aviation. Similarly, air taxis are treated much like the general aviation category because they are typicallythe same types ofaircraft. Military aircraft landing at non-military airports are also inventoried and were addressed much like air taxi and general aviation aircraft . As for military aircraft landing at military air bases, no military air bases were identified to be located in any of Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties.

-4.3-Alternative, Fleet-Average Procedure Pursuant to U

.S. EPA Volume IV guidance', an alternative, fleet-average procedure was utilized to estimate emissions for general aviation, air taxi and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports. This procedure involves multiplying the number LTOs for each type ofaircraft by thefollowing emission factors. Based on September and October 1992 telephone conversations with Joe Mangino, ofthe Radian Corporation, and Steve McCary, U .S . EPA Region 4, in the absence of fleet average emission factors for military aircraft landing at non-military airports air taxi factors were utilized. This is the same approach that EPA followed in preparing its 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)5 for these types of aircraft . The calculation for deriving emissions for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports is shown below . Annual Aircraft Emissions = (Number of LTOs X Fleet Average Emission Factors) / 2000 General Aviation Fleet-Average Emission Factors:

HC 0 .394 pounds per LTO CO 12.014 pounds per LTO NOX 0 .065 pounds per LTO SOZ 0 .010 pounds per LTO Since air taxis have fewer of the smallest engines in their fleet and more turboprop and turbojet engines, their emission factors are somewhat different . Air Taxi Fleet-Average Emission Factors : (utilizedfor the military aircraft landing at non-military airports)

HC 1 .234 pounds per LTO CO 28.130 pounds per LTO NO,, 0 .158 pounds per LTO S02 0 .015 pounds per LTO

-4.4-Airport activity for general aviation aircraft, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports was obtained fromthe 2000 Kentucky Airport Master Records4 provided by the Kentucky Division ofAeronautics, and direct contact with local airports . Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions Local airports in Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were contacted by telephone to determine the airport activity levels during the 2000 summer quarter . Based on these contacts, the following seasonal adjustment factors were multiplied by the annual emissions (TYR) divided by 365 days of operation to determine typical summer dayemissions (TSD) . The seasonal adjustment factors for aircraft that were applied to the annual emissions are as follows: Typical Summer Seasonal Day Emissions (TSD) = (Annual Emissions (TYR) X Adjustment Factor) / 365 The following seasonal adjustment factors (SAJ) were applied to annual emissions for commercial, general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports : Kentucky Dam

State Park Airport in Marshall County, KYGeneral Aviation and Air Taxi THCto VOCConversions SAJ Factor of 1 .20 for all types of aircraft;

Since the alternative, fleet-average procedure was used for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports, a single conversion factor was used for each aircraft category as follows. In concert with EPA's 1999 NE15 and EPA guidance7 the THC to VOC conversion factor formilitary aircraft was utilized to better reflect military aircraft VOCemissions7.

VOCGA FLEET = THCGAFLEET X0 .9708 (5-18) VOCAT FLEET = THCAT FLEET X0 .9914 (5-21) VOCAT FLEET used for Military Aircraft = THCAT FLEET X 1 .100003 (5-21) Total emissions for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military -4.5-airports are provided in Table 4-2. Airport activity data used to calculate these emissions can be

found in Table 4-3. Table 4-2 Summary of Emissions From From General Aviation, Air Taxi, &Military Aircraft (Non-Military Airports)

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC L VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear tons/da tons/ ear ( tons/day (tons/year) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall 1 .36 0 38.48 0 .10 0

.21 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 4-3 Airport Activity Levels Commercial Genera Aircraft Air Tax' Aviation Military County LTOs LTOs LTOs LTOs Livingston* 0 0 0 0 Marshall 0 100 5000 500 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 4.4.3 Locomotives Emissions for railroad locomotives within Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were calculated based upon December 1997 line haul and yard emission factorss. EPAutilized these same more recent emission factors in developing locomotive emissions for the 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)5. EPA provided guidance to the Division in utilizing the newer locomotive emission factorsg. Railroad locomotives used in the United States are primarily of two types : electric and diesel-electric. Electric locomotives are powered by electricity generated at stationary power plants and distributed by either a third rail or overhead catenary system . Emissions are produced only at the electrical generation plant, which is considered a point source and therefore not of interest here. Diesel-electric locomotives, on the other hand, use a diesel engine and an alternator or generator to produce the electricity required to power its traction motors. Emissions produced by these diesel -4.6-engines are of interest in the non-highway emission inventory development . Emissions for

hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (S02), and particulate matter (PM) fromthis source are covered in this chapter. Railroads can be separated into three classes based on size: Class I, Class II, and Class 111 . Class I railroads represent the largest railroad systems in the country. Because oftheir size, Class I railroads operate over a large geographic area. Also, they carry most of the interstate freight and carry most ofthe passenger service. They are required to keep detailed records of their operations and to report yearly to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) . Class II and III railroads represent the remainder of the rail transportation system and generally operate within smaller, localized areas. These smaller railroads are not subject to the same reporting requirements, and their record-keeping may be less extensive. Also, their fleet of locomotives tends to be older, with the Class I railroads buying almost all ofthe new locomotives. Locomotives within each ofthe Classes can perform two different types of operations: line haul and yard (or switch) . Line haul locomotives generally travel between distant locations, such as fromone city to another . Yard locomotives are primarily responsible for moving rail cars within a particular railway yard. Overview

of Recommended Inventory Methodology 4.4.3.1 Line Haul Locomotives For Class I, II, and III line haul locomotives, emissions were calculated by multiplying the amount of fuel consumed in the inventory area by the appropriate emission factors. Line Haul Locomotive Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Fuel Consumption Line haul locomotive fuel consumption information for Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties was supplied directly to the Division for Air Quality pursuant to a Division railroad questionnaire that was mailed in April 5, 2000 to all railroads operating in the ozone maintenance areas (Please see a copy ofthe 2000railroad questionnaire which is included in Appendix G) . The questionnaire also requested information regarding the number ofyard locomotives operating in the -4.7-ozone maintenance counties.

Emission Factors - Line Haul With the line haul fuel consumption informationobtained from the questionnaire, emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds per gallon of fuel burned (lbs/gal)) . The EPA recommended default emission factors8 that were utilized for all line haul locomotives are as follows.

Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors Emission Factor Pollutant (g/gal) HC 10 CO 26.6 NOx 270 PM 6 .7 * g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by .0022046. 4.4 .3.2 Yard Locomotives The recommended method for yard locomotives was same method used for line haul locomotives. With the line yard locomotive fuel consumption information obtained from the questionnaire, inventory area emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds per gallon offuel burned (lbs/gal)) . Emissions for yard locomotives are calculated using the following formula: Yard Locomotive Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Yard Locomotive Emission Factors The EPA recommended default emission factorsg that were utilized for all yard locomotives are as follows. -4.8-Emission Factor Pollutant fiz/g~al HC 21 CO 38.1 NO 362 PM 9 .2 * g/gal emission factors converted to Ibs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by .0022046

. . Seasonal Considerations Line and Yard Locomotives

Based on telephone conversations with James Houz, Region 4 EPA, during March 2006 and Volume IV guidance', activity for railroad locomotives is considered to be uniform throughout the year . Additionally, the number ofdays of operation was assumed to be 365. Therefore, typical summer day emissions for line haul and yard locomotives were derived by using the following equation. Typical Summer Day Emissions (TSD) =Annual Locomotive Emissions (TYR) / 365 days Converting from

Total Hydrocarbons (THC) to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) For Line and Yard Locomotives

In accordance with Volume IV guidance, the following THC to VOCconversion factor was used to determine the VOCemissions for line and yard locomotives.

VOC Locomotive = THCFID Locomotive x 1 .005 Emissions for line haul locomotives are provided in Table 4-4 and emissions for yard locomotives are provided in Table 4-5 . Activity data (i .e., fuel consumed) used to calculate locomotive emissions can be found in Table 4-6 . Total Non-Highway emissions are provided in Table 4-7. -4.9-Table 4-4 Summary of Emissions From From Line Haul Locomotives Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) ( tons/da y) (tons/y

ear) ( tons/day

) (tons/y ear) ( tons/day

) Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall ~ 01 0 0 0 0 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 4-5 Summary of Emissions From From Yard Locomotives Annual Dail y Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/da y) tons/ ear tons/da tons/year) (tons/day) Livin ston* 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 4-6 Locomotive Fuel Information

Line Haul Yard Locomotive Locomotive Fuel Fuel County Gallons Gallons Livin ston* 0 0 Marshall 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 4-7 Summary of Emissions From Non-Highway Mobile Sources

ounty ategory **Annual VOC Emissions ( tons/y ear) Daily

VOC Emissions (tons/day) "Annual

CO Emissions (tons/year) Daffy

CO Emissions (tons/da y) **Annual NO Emissions (tons/y ear Daily

NOx Emissions (tons/da y ) Livingston* Other Non-Hi wa 0 0 .25 0 0 .72 0 0 .07 Livin ston* Locomotive 0 0 0 0 0 0 Livin ston* A ircraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 Livingston Portion Emissions 0 0 .25 0 0 .72 0 0 .07 Marshall Other Non-Hi wa 0 4 .87 0 16.31 0 0 .95 Marshall Locomotive 0 0 0 0 .00 0 0 Marshall Aircraft 1 .36 0 38.48 0 .10 0

.21 0 Marshall Emissions 1 .36 4 .87 38

.48 16.41 0 .21 0

.95 Grand Total Emissions ~ ~ 1 .36 ~ 5.12

1 38.48

1 17.131 0

.21~ 1 .021 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Annual other non-highway emissions not reflected in Table 4-7.4

.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION4 1 . U

.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Procedures for the Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), U .S . EPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI and Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, RTP, NC, 1992. 2 . E-mail communication, James Hou, US EPA, Region 4, to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky

Division forAir Quality concerning procedures for inventorying other nonroad engine categories, March 6, 2006 . 3. U

.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity Statistics ofCertificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC 20591 . 4 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records

were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft. 5. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 1999. 6 . Communications with Dale Aspy, EPARegion 4, regarding nonroad emission inventory

development, Summer and Fall 2002. 7. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPARegion 4, and Ken Petche, EPAOMS, regarding

aircraft emission inventory development, Fall 2002. 8 . Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Chuck Moulis, EPA OMS,

regarding locomotive emission inventory development, Fall 2002.5.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES

5 .1 INTRODUCTION This section documents the development of the 2002 highway mobile source emissions inventory for the Paducah Area, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. The inventory addresses highway vehicles using gasoline and diesel . The inventory estimates are for a typical weekday during the summer ozone season (March - October), but more specifically for the summer quarter (i .e., June, July, and August) . In conjunction with Sierra Research, Inc.', the U .S . Environmental Protection Agency provided guidance for the preparation ofthis portion of the inventory. Z Thetransportation models used to generate dailyvehicle miles traveled (DVMT) were run by the Division of Mass Transportation, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . Emission factors for highway vehicle classes were obtained fromEPA's MOBILE6 .2 highway mobile source emission factor estimation model . MOBILE6.2 runs for the maintenance areas were performed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality . The highwayvehicles inventory discussion is divided into three primarysections. Section 5.2 addresses the emissions estimation process using the MOBILE6 .2 model .3 Section 5.3 addresses the mobile emissions for each inventoried ozone maintenance area. Mobile source references are found in Section 5.4. 5 .2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATION PROCESS 5.2.1 Overviewof Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates Highway vehicle emission estimates for the maintenance areas were calculated using the DVMT estimates and EPA's mobile source emission factor estimation model - MOBILE6.2. The emission factors produced by the MOBILE6 .2 model in grams/mile (g/mile) were multiplied by the DVMT estimates to generate total emissions. Emission estimates were calculated for VOC, NO,,, and CO . Estimates ofVOCemissions were made forvehicle exhaust, evaporative, refueling, resting, and running losses. The only sources of NOX and CO emissions were vehicle exhaust losses. Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated for base year 2002 and the projection years of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 . The agencies principally involved in producing the highway vehicle emission estimates were the Division of Planning, Department of Highways, -5.1 -Kentucky Transportation Cabinet ; and the Kentucky Division for Air Quality . The Division of Planning provided the following mobile source information for ozone maintenance areas : (1) Road classifications, 2) Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled per road classification per county; and (3) Estimated average speeds for each road classification. The Division for Air Quality conducted all of the MOBILE6

.2 model runs. The inputs used to run the MOBILE6 .2 model are described and presented in Section 5.2 .2. Mobile source highway 2002 emissions are summarized in Table 5-1 . 5.2.2 Inputs to MOBILE6 .2 The new

MOBILE6.2 model is a more-concise model, compared to the MOBILE5 model . The chiefinputs to the MOBILE6 .2 model can be grouped into two main categories : the run section and the scenario section . Unless otherwise specified, national default values are used in the MOBILE6

.2 model . These values are used as they are representative of conditions found in Kentucky. The values used for each grouping in the area analysis are presented below andjustified (Please seeAppendix D for mobile model input and output information)

. 5 .2 .2.1 Run Section Data This section is similar to the one-time data section fromthe MOBILE5 model . In general, the two main values specified in the run section are the Reid Vapor Pressure for conventional gasoline (identified as "Fuel RVP") and the minimum and maximum

summer temperatures. Unlike the MOBILE5 model, ambient temperature values no longer need to be specified. Minimumand maximum summer temperature data will vary depending on the area in Kentucky (Please see Appendix D for temperature information) . 5.2.2.2 Scenario Section Data This part of Mobile6

.2 allows the specification of data for several parameters that can be varied to evaluate many different mobile source emission scenarios. These parameters are described below : Scenario Record - This parameter is used to indicate a title. For Kentucky's MOBILE6 .2 model runs, the road classification is specified. The 12 road classifications (6 rural, 6urban) -5 .2-that were used for the MOBILE5 model are also used for the MOBILE6 .2 model runs . A thirteenth road classification, Ramp, is a new component in the MOBILE6 .2 model and is included in these runs. Calendar Year - The calendar years for the analysis was 2002,2005,2008,2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. Evaluation Month - Avalue of 7 was used to denote a summer MOBILE6.2 model run. Average Speed - For each of the highway road classifications, a single speed was applied . Speed data was supplied by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . In the MOBILE6

.2 model, there arefour main speed categories : freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For the 12 road classifications used in Kentucky's MOBILE6 .2 model runs, each need to be assigned one ofthe four speed categories. The 12 road classifications are broken down into 3 freeway road classifications, 8 arterial road classifications, and 1 local road classification. It should be noted that Rural Local has a speed category ofArterial, as advised by EPA . Specific default speeddata are used for specific speed categories . For the local speeds, 12 .9 mile per hour is used. For the ramp speed, 34.6 mile per hour is used. For the average speed component, it should be noted that additional data are indicated for the 3 freeway road classifications .4 Vehicle miles Traveled (VMT) distribution data are represented with 4 percentages: freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For freeways, studies estimate that freeway and ramp represent 92% and 8%of all freeway VMT, respectively. Unless local data are available for the freewaycategory, the user needs to indicate "92.0 0 .0 0.0 8.0" . Local data for VMT distribution can be used, if available. For example, the VMT distribution may be "92.4 0.0 0 .0 7.6" . Local data mayeven indicate that VMT distribution data are not needed for any ofthe freeway road classifications. The VMT distribution data will not be indicated in the Mobile6 .2 input file for a freeway road classification unless DVMT data are associated with it . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has supplied local data for VMT distribution for this emissions inventory that is different fromthe default -5.3 -values of "92.0 0 .0 0 .0 8.0" . Please seeAppendix Dfor more-detailed highway mobile input file and DVMT information. 5 .3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions Highwayvehicle emission estimates were calculated by multiplying the Mobile6.2 generated emission factors by the DVMT. Typical Summer Day (TSD) emission totals are listed by county and summarized in Table 5-1 . TABLE 5-1 SUMMARY OF HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS Paducah Area

2002 HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 2002 VMT * 2002 EF COUNTY TOTAL VOCTSD** TOTAL COTSD** TOTAL NO, TSD** LIVINGSTON'~ 0 .09 1 .17 0 .17 MARSHALL 2.07 27.59 4 .04 TOTAL 2~16 28.76 4 .21 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Multiply tons per summer (TSD) emissions by 365 to estimate annual emissions.5.4 REFERENCES FORSECTION5

1 . Sierra Research, Inc., MOBILE6On-RoadMotor Vehicle Emissions Model : 5-Day Training Course, Atlanta, Georgia . February 4-8, 2002. 2. U

.S . Environmental Protection Agency. User's Guide to MOBILE6 - Mobile Source Emission Factor Model . EPA420-R-02-001 . Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, Michigan. January 2002. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Instructions provided with the mobile model - MOBILE6

. 4 . U .S . Environmental Protection Agency, Dale Aspy, Region 4. Electronic mail correspondence with Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality . Correction in MOBILE6model to accurately reflect "Freeway" component. September 9, 2002.6

.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 6 .1 BACKGROUND This section documents the development ofthe biogenic emissions for the Kentucky portion ofthe PaducahArea, which includes Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County. Biogenic emissions are those emissions that are the result of natural processes occurring in vegetation and soils, and marine ecosystems, as a result ofgeological activity in the form ofgeysers or volcanoes, as a result ofmeteorological activity such as lightning, and from fauna, such as ruminants and termites. In accordance with EPA guidance', the 2002 biogenic emissions presented were obtained and derived fromcounty-specific biogenic emission estimates that EPAdeveloped to assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) . 6 .2 METHODOLOGY EPA estimated the biogenic emissions for Kentucky counties using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System- Version 2 (BEIS2 .2) . Maintenance area biogenic emissions were obtained from the following EPA web site: : ftp://ftg.epa .gov/EmisInventory/prelim2002nei/biogenicl . Daily biogenic emissions were determined as follows : Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor = (Summer County Emissions (June-August) / Annual County Emissions) / .25 Summer Day Emissions= (Annual County Emissions * Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor) /365 For portions of counties the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 was utilized to apportion emissions. 6 .3 SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 6 .3.1 Ozone Maintenance Areas Biogenic emissions for the ozone maintenance areas can be found in Table 6-1 and also in Appendix E. References for biogenic emissions are provided in Section 6 .4.

-6 .1-TABLE 6-1

SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS** PADUCAH OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

### COUNTY VOC VOC NOx NOx EMISSIONS EMiSSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS (tons/yr) (tons/day) (tons/yr) (tons/day) *Livingston 1019.34 6 .36 23.65 0 .10 Marshall 5858.33 36.86 90 .7 0

.36 Total Emissions 6877.67 43 .22 114.35 0 .46 *Denotes only a portion of a county. **NEI biogenic emissions have been apportioned to the portion of a county based on the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 .

### 6.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6

1 . U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's estimate of 2002 Biogenic Emissions to assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) . Biogenic annual emission estimates are available at : ftpa/ft a .izov/Emislnventorv/nrelim2002neilbio2enicl . For more information please contact Marc Houyoux, with EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group, (919)541-3649.