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USAID/Tanzania 

Operational Plan 

FY 2006 

June 2, 2006 
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Please Note: 

The attached RESULTS INFORMATION is from the FY 2006 Operational Plan and was assembled 

and analyzed by the country or USAID operating unit identified on the cover page. 

The Operational Plan is a "pre-decisional" USAID document and does not reflect results stemming 

from formal USAID review(s) of this document. 

Related document information can be obtained from: 

USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse 

8403 Colesville Road, Suite 210 

Silver Spring, MD 20910 

Telephone: (301) 562-0641 

Fax: (301) 588-7787 

Email: docorder@dec.cdie.org 

Internet: http://www.dec.org 

Portions released on or after July 1, 2006 
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Program Performance Summary FY 2005: Goals and Challenges in the Tanzania Context: Following 

decades of one-party rule and economic stagnation, in the early 1990s Tanzania embarked on a 

fundamental political and economic transformation. The nation’s first multi-party elections were 

conducted in 1995. Over the last decade (1995 - 2005) under the leadership of President William Mkapa, 

Tanzania has made major strides transitioning to a market economy; inflation has gone down from 27% in 

1995 to 4% in 2004; while revenue collections are triple what they were for 1995-96. Governmentinstituted reforms are controlling inflation and curbing deficit spending, streamlining the civil service, and 

completing divestiture of 80% of the country’s parastatal enterprises. Foreign direct investment, though 

modest, increased from $50 million in 1994 to $248 million in 2003. Annual real economic growth, 

averaging 5% over the past decade, reached 6.7% in 2004, among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. 

However, Tanzania’s progress has not had a dramatic impact on the quality of life of the average citizen. 

Tanzania remains one of the least developed countries in the world, ranking 164 out of 177 according to 

the United Nations 2005 Human Development Report. Tanzania’s political and economic development is 

jeopardized by harsh realities: high rates of preventable and treatable disease such as HIV/AIDS, malaria 

and TB; high maternal mortality; rapid degradation of the natural resource base; structural obstacles to 

higher economic growth; institutional and human capacity limitations; corruption; and a fragile democracy. 

The World Bank estimates 2004 per capita income at $280, a mere 1.7% increase in real terms over the 

past five years. Life expectancy, 65 years in 1990, is now 44 due in large part to the 7% national 

HIV/AIDS infection rate. Nearly half of the country’s two million orphans were orphaned by HIV/AIDS. 

According to the World Bank, 30% of Tanzanian children under age five suffer from malnutrition. 

Although the literacy rate of 69% ranks above the sub-Saharan Africa average, Tanzania’s education 

system suffers from poor quality, inadequate access and low retention rates (particularly for females), and 

minimal community involvement. Almost 60% percent of the population is under age twenty-one. 

Food security has improved and the percentage of the population classified as poor has declined in 

recent years. Still, 38% of Tanzanians - some 17 million people - subsist in poverty. The Government of 

Tanzania’s (GOT) framework for development, its National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, 

focuses on agriculture. Agriculture is Tanzania’s leading economic sector, contributing 45% of gross 

domestic product in 2004, employing about 80% of the total labor force, and accounting for 60% of export 

earnings. About 80% of women are employed full or part-time in agriculture and 30% of rural enterprises 

are owned by women. Thus, growth and commercialization of agriculture are vital to success of the 

poverty reduction strategy. Obstacles to commercialization include poor roads; poor access to services 

including credit, high energy cost; inconsistent product quality, and weak market infrastructure. 

Tanzania’s inadequately staffed, trained and equipped public service impedes the government’s 

decentralization policy, as regional and local offices strain to respond to new demands. Partly in 

response, urbanization grew from 19% to 36% of the population between 1988 and the present. 

Notwithstanding some turbulent episodes, the institutions and processes of Tanzanian governance are 

progressing on a course of democratic transformation. Observers judged multi-party elections in 1995 

and 2000 generally free and fair on the mainland, but deeply flawed in Zanzibar where irregularities 

resulted in bloodshed. Parliamentary and presidential elections conducted for Zanzibar in October 2005 

showed marked administrative improvement over 2000, but there were serious problems with voter 

registration. The election was criticized by the opposition and by the U.S. Government. However, 

violence was much reduced relative to the past. The national parliament is gradually gaining competence 

as a representative law-making body with a lead role in oversight of government and public expenditure. 

Systemic corruption is a critical challenge. Unfortunately, a governmental Prevention of Corruption 

Bureau, with a mandate for investigation and prosecution, has had little effect. 

U.S. Interests and Goals: US interests in Tanzania are several. First, Tanzania is an ally in combating 

terrorism, and offers avenues for outreach to a large Muslim population. It is a stable country in a volatile 

region, progressing on a path of democratic governance and market-based economic reform and growth. 

Second, the country’s crisis with HIV/AIDS, malaria and associated diseases demands attention. Third, 

Tanzania plays a constructive role in East and Central Africa, leading efforts to resolve regional conflicts 

peacefully and hosting more than 400,000 documented refugees. US goals are to foster consolidation of 
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democracy, accelerate broad-based quality-of-life improvements, and reinforce Tanzania’s regional 

stabilizing influence. 

The USAID Program: USAID’s program is tightly aligned with Tanzania’s Poverty Reduction Strategy 

Paper goals for urgently needed health services, sustainable income generation and resource 

management, expanded opportunity through education, and an influential role for civil society in civic 

affairs. Achieving these goals hinges on overcoming challenges which include combating HIV/AIDS and 

malaria; increasing availability and use of reproductive and child health services; conserving while 

developing its natural resources; accelerating private sector growth; reigning in corruption and ensuring 

effective, transparent, democratic governance. In November 2005, the Millennium Challenge Corporation 

(MCC) selected Tanzania as eligible to submit a proposal for a compact with the MCC supporting the 

country’s economic growth and poverty reduction strategy. On a parallel track, USAID and the GOT are 

developing a Millennium Challenge Account “threshold country” plan to attack corruption. In FY 2006, the 

Mission will create a new MCA Strategic Objective (SO) for the threshold plan. 

The goal of USAID’s Health and HIV/AIDS SOs is to reduce high Tanzanian mortality rates, particularly 

among women and children. USAID targets HIV/AIDS and malaria, expanding testing and diagnosis, and 

improving treatment and care as well as reproductive health services nationwide. The Economic Growth 

(EG) SO helps generate rural income for tens of thousands of poor Tanzanian families engaged in 

farming and related micro and small enterprise. The EG SO assists these producers and their 

organizations increase productivity and competitiveness in specific cash crops, expand processing, and 

augment domestic and export trade. The Natural Resources Management (NRM) SO contributes to 

preservation of the nation’s unique biodiversity, using an approach which makes communities prime 

actors in conservation of the resources they depend on for their livelihoods. The NRM SO is assisting 

thousands of rural poor in officially-designated resource management areas to launch micro and small 

enterprises compatible with conservation objectives. The Democracy and Governance (DG) SO 

promotes empowerment and involvement of civil society - and government responsiveness, integrity and 

accountability - in the above national challenges. The DG SO brings access to education to 

disadvantaged, largely Muslim, youth and pre-schoolers through teacher training, instructional materials 

development, and community participation in opening and managing schools. USAID will establish a new 

Education SO in FY 2006 to expand this high achieving pilot activity. 

Integrated Programming: Developing synergies among program components, and ensuring that crosscutting themes are addressed, are Mission management imperatives. The HIV/AIDS program targets 

women for HIV care, recognizing that they have higher infection rates than men. The program achieves 

gender balance by pursuing greater awareness and responsibility for prevention by men while 

empowering youth and adults to make safe choices. The health program focuses essential health 

services on the most vulnerable: pregnant women and children. Tanzania is a focus country for the 

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Each of USAID/Tanzania’s SOs helps confront 

HIV/AIDS in important ways. These include promoting production and marketing of specific crops that 

create income and essential nutritional needs in AIDS-stricken communities. USAID malaria- and TBfocused assistance directly reinforces work on the HIV/AIDS front. The DG program arms and motivates 

Parliament’s members and staffs with current information for responsive roles in confronting HIV/AIDS. 

Both the economic growth and natural resources management programs create employment for rural 

women in cash crop production, and for both urban and rural women in crop processing jobs, filled 

predominantly by women. The education activity targets girls’ acquisition of life skills. 

USAID strengthens responsiveness, accountability, and competence in governance across all sectors 

and levels. Thus, to ensure the integrity in supplying anti-retroviral drugs to patients, the HIV/AIDS 

program is developing systems to track and improve government accountability and efficiency in delivery. 

The DG program has developed - and is expanding nationwide - a computerized system accessible to the 

media and public to track government expenditures. The EG SO provides business and management 

training to farmer organizations, for good corporate governance and effective advocacy. 

USAID/Tanzania’s investment in basic education equips youth with the basic skills essential in a 

democratic civil society. 
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Presidential and AID Initiatives: USG initiatives focus on four of Tanzania’s most pressing development 

challenges - HIV/AIDS, malaria, education, and corruption. PEPFAR focus country funds fuel the 

HIV/AIDS program. In FY 2006, USAID anticipates funds from the Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI) to 

support malaria prevention, including targeted residual spraying, and make the latest drugs and treated 

bed nets available to Tanzanian families. With FY 2006 funds from the Africa Education Initiative, USAID 

will expand learning opportunities for Tanzanian children, especially girls. Funds from the Africa Bureau’s 

Anti-Corruption Initiative (ACI) support curbing corruption by increasing public access to government 

expenditure information. USAID is also initiating a Millennium Challenge Account SO in FY 2006 in 

support of a threshold country plan to curb corruption. The Mission hopes to receive FY 2006 funds from 

the Initiative to End Hunger in Africa (IEHA), to complement EG and NRM income activities, and help 

prevent Tanzania from backsliding to “fragile status”, especially in subsistence rural areas. 

Key Achievements: Excellent progress was evident in FY 2005 on all Mission SOs. Most performance 

targets have been met or exceeded. There have been a few concerns at the activity level noted in 

appropriate sections below. 

 

Health: The health of virtually every family in Tanzania is improving thanks to USAID supported 

interventions. Overall the Health SO has met all its child survival targets and greatly surpassed some. 

Infant and child mortality have been reduced an impressive 31% and 24% respectively in Tanzania in just 

five years according to the 2005 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Many child survival 

indicators addressed by USAID (e.g. vitamin A supplementation coverage, use of insecticide treated bed 

nets, intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy, and exclusive breastfeeding) had 

increasing impact during the last five years, contributing to the remarkable decline in childhood mortality. 

The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) increased from 16.9% in 1999 to 20% in 2004 of currently 

married women, meeting the CPR target. However, the estimated maternal mortality ratio of 578 maternal 

deaths per 100,000 live births and the total fertility rate (TFR) of 5.7 shows no significant improvement in 

the last 10 years. The Mission targeted a decline in TFR to 5.4, so there is a need to revitalize the 

maternal mortality and family planning programs for better results. Both the Health and HIV/AIDS SOs 

specifically target girls and women, who have higher rates of infectious and communicable diseases than 

men. With PEPFAR focus country funding, USAID’s program to combat HIV/AIDS is achieving 

breakthroughs in a number of key activities. See the State Department Office of the Global AIDS 

Coordinator report for a discussion of USAID/Tanzania’s HIV/AIDS program results. 

Economic Growth: The Economic Growth (EG) SO assists smallholders to increase their incomes by 

growing and selling higher value cash crops. The SO met or exceeded all targets this year. During FY 

2005, the EG SO made tangible improvements in the lives of Tanzanian small farmers in target regions. 

USAID assistance for policy improvements and GOT commitment to policy change led to growth in the 

agriculture sector. The SO worked with over 47,000 small producers, of which approximately 30% are 

women. Sales of assisted crops, including coffee, spices, rice, vegetables, and tree crops, increased to 

over $17 million from a baseline of $10 million the previous year. USAID training and technical 

assistance for farm producer organizations was instrumental in achieving these crop sales and income 

increases. The USAID program opened new, more lucrative U.S. markets for “single origin” Tanzanian 

coffee, for oilseeds in Zambia, and for oranges in Kenya, where Tanzanian growers receive a sales price 

400% higher than locally. The SO’s policy initiative to revive the domestic cashew processing industry 

succeeded in creation of 1,700 jobs, with more plants set to open in 2006. Over its three year life, this 

USAID-funded activity expects to document at least 6,000 new jobs and an additional $15 million in 

foreign exchange earnings. A complementary new Global Development Alliance (GDA) activity, 

approved during the reporting period, is developing tax incentives for domestic cashew processing. 

Democracy, Governance and Education: USAID promotes economic growth and improves social wellbeing of all Tanzanians by advancing good governance and accountability. The DG SO exceeded targets 

for the reporting period. USAID’s program targeted 32 civil society organizations for improved 

performance, and eight issue-specific partnerships between government and civil society. Instead, 36 

organizations improved performance and created 23 partnerships with government. Citizen groups are 

now better able to represent their interests to the GOT on such concerns as HIV/AIDS, education, and 
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trafficking in persons. In maternal health, a USAID-assisted nurses’ network successfully lobbied the 

Health Ministry to license private midwives, thereby increasing access of pregnant women to trained 

midwives. During the 2005 election campaign, two USAID-supported groups briefed all presidential 

candidates on HIV/AIDS to ensure its incorporation into political platforms. In FY 2005, with Africa 

Bureau Anti-Corruption Initiative funds, USAID/Tanzania pioneered the first web-based accountability site 

in Africa. This information technology makes official government budget and audit data publicly available 

in an easy-to-understand format, clarifying how public money is being spent on social services. The 

Mission’s new MCA threshold country SO will also help reduce corruption by strengthening the roles of 

investigative journalism and the judiciary, improving Central Bank fiscal oversight, and reforming public 

procurement. A pilot education activity focused on Zanzibar, engendering a positive relationship with the 

predominantly Muslim Zanzibari population. Thirty-four new “madrasas,” or community-based preprimary schools, were established, 351 community members now participate in School Management 

Committees, and 2040 mostly disadvantaged children between the ages of 4-7 were able to attend preschool. 

Natural Resources Management: The NRM SO helps achieve sustainable balance between increasing 

poor community incomes on one hand and conserving Tanzania’s splendid environment and rich 

biodiversity on the other. The SO was a key player in the formation and approval of the 2005 

Environment Management Act, one of the most important pieces of conservation legislation in the 

country’s history. During the reporting period, there was a marked increase in tourism numbers and 

revenues, both substantially exceeding targets under the associated intermediate result, “improved 

management of targeted protected areas.” There was a 40% increase in the number of tourists from 

152,000 to 213,000, while park revenues increased by 50% from $3.2 million to $4.8 million. Nearly 

300,000 hectares were added to national area officially under conservation management. The cumulative 

area has increased from program inception in 1997 to 2.8 million hectares, well above the original target 

of 1.6 million hectares. The program also provided technical assistance and training in three coastal 

districts to implement an Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) strategy, and enhance livelihoods of 

several thousand coastal inhabitants, the majority women. 

Partnerships and Donor Coordination: USAID/Tanzania collaborates with other USG agencies, e.g. the 

Departments of State and Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Peace Corps in PEPFAR. 

Investing $1.5 million, the Mission leveraged $3.3 million in Global Development Alliance (GDA) funds 

with outside partners, and recently launched a GDA activity involving two other donors to increase 

productivity and encourage value-added processing and marketing of targeted cash crops. In FY 2005, 

USAID received $1 million from Britain’s Department for International Development (DFID) to strengthen 

Parliament in monitoring public expenditures. Seven other donors contribute to a Rapid Funding 

Envelope the Mission devised and supports through PEPFAR to quickly mobilize assistance, about $7.5 

million to date, to NGOs active in HIV/AIDS. USAID takes a leadership role in Tanzania’s principal donor 

coordinating body, the Development Partners Group. The Mission Director was recently selected as one 

of six who serve on the Development Partners’ core Joint Assistance Strategy committee. 
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FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-008 Improved Conservation of Coastal Resources and Wildlife in Targeted Areas 

Improve Sustainable Management Of Natural Resources & Biodiversity 

FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-010 Enhanced Multisectoral Response to HIV/AIDS 

Prevent & Control Infectious Diseases Of Major Importance 

Prevent and Control Infectious Diseases of Major Importance ($417,000 CSH). Activities in this area 

focus on linking TB programs with HIV/AIDS activities. USAID uses opportunities to access patients in 

both TB and HIV/AIDS clinics and wards. Principal contractors and grantees: The Program for 

Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) (prime). 

Reduce Transmission & Impact Of HIV/AIDS 

Reduce Transmission & Impact Of HIV/AIDS (62,981 GHAI): See the State Department Congressional 

Budget Justification, Global HIV/AIDS Initiative section, for a discussion of this program. 

FY 2007 Program 

SO: 621-010 Enhanced Multisectoral Response to HIV/AIDS 

Prevent & Control Infectious Diseases Of Major Importance 

Prevent and Control Infectious Diseases of Major Importance ($400,000 CSH). Efforts in TB programs 

will build on those funded in previous years. Activities will continue to promote the linkage between 

HIV/AIDS and TB diagnoses and treatments. Principal contractors and grantees: PATH (prime). 

Reduce Transmission & Impact Of HIV/AIDS 

Reduce Transmission & Impact Of HIV/AIDS (62.981 GHAI): See the State Department Congressional 

Budget Justification, Global HIV/AIDS Initiative section, for a discussion of this program. 

FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-011 Health Status of Tanzanian Families Improved 

Improve Child Survival, Health & Nutrition 

Improve Child Survival, Health and Nutrition ($2,862,000 CSH). USAID technical assistance supports 

nationwide vitamin A and zinc supplementation and salt iodization to reach 85% of the target population. 

Training at health facilities takes a holistic approach in dealing with a sick child to address a range of 

basic health needs, including full immunization coverage, nutrition counseling, diarrhea and respiratory 

infections and appropriate malaria prevention and treatment. Behavior change interventions are 

increasing demand for health products, such as vitamin A, zinc and bed nets, particularly in underserved 

areas, so that universal coverage is achieved. Principal contractors and grantees: Academy for 

Educational Development (AED) (prime), and Helen Keller International (sub). 

Improve Maternal Health & Nutrition 

Improve Maternal Health and Nutrition ($450,000 CSH). USAID is increasing use in health facilities of 

focused antenatal care practices (e.g., management of malaria and syphilis in pregnancy, distribution of 

bed nets and, in coordination with HIV/AIDS activities, prevention of mother to child transmission of 
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HIV/AIDS and voluntary counseling and testing). This includes training of service providers throughout the 

country and integration of focused antenatal care in the curricula of all institutions training nurse 

midwives. Principal contractors and grantees: Johns Hopkins (JHPIEGO) (prime). 

Prevent & Control Infectious Diseases Of Major Importance 

Prevent and Control Infectious Diseases of Major Importance ($12,291,000 CSH). The President's 

Malaria Initiative (PMI) supports the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, increased access to new antimalaria drugs and indoor residual spraying to control malaria. Disease surveillance systems of the 

Ministry of Health are going to be strengthened to support the management of avian influenza and other 

potential viral outbreaks. Activities include upgrading existing laboratory facilities to detect and type 

viruses and improving notification systems. Principal contractors and grantees: Research Triangle 

Institute, United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), 

the University of Minnesota, and Management Sciences for Health (primes). 

Support Family Planning 

Support Family Planning ($5,734,000 CSH). In addition to assistance to central Ministry of Health 

services which support nationwide family planning efforts, USAID works with half of the six Tanzania 

zonal training centers to ensure decentralized district providers have the requisite skills in key 

reproductive and child health areas. USAID support ensures the reliable availability nationwide of shortterm contraceptive methods, greater access to permanent methods, and expanded choice through social 

marketing, faith-based health facilities, the private sector, and the Ministry of Health. Principal contractors 

and grantees: AED, Pact, EngenderHealth, Opinion Research Corporation (ORC-Macro), the Jane 

Goodall Institute, and Family Health International (primes). 

FY 2007 Program 

SO: 621-011 Health Status of Tanzanian Families Improved 

Improve Child Survival, Health & Nutrition 

Improve Child Survival, Health and Nutrition ($2,375,000 CSH). USAID will continue support for vitamin A 

supplementation, iodine fortification and zinc supplementation with special focus on hard to reach 

populations, particularly those in isolated areas. Training in facility-based integrated management of child 

illnesses will be continued nationwide as well as introduction of community based approaches. New child 

survival, nutrition and maternal health commodities such as zinc and long-lasting insecticide treated bed 

nets will be introduced and promoted through social marketing, leading to universal coverage. Principal 

contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006. 

Improve Maternal Health & Nutrition 

Improve Maternal Health and Nutrition ($750,000 CSH): USAID will help the Ministry of Health provide 

full, nationwide coverage of preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women through pre-service and 

in-service training and support for effective, focused antenatal care in health facilities. Principal 

contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006. 

Prevent & Control Infectious Diseases Of Major Importance 

Prevent and Control Infectious Diseases of Major Importance ($12,200,000 CSH): USAID will continue to 

support malaria control activities and ensure sustainability through direct support for the Ministry of 

Health. Surveillance activities for avian influenza and other diseases will be enhanced. Principal 

contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006 and the Ministries of Health of Zanzibar and mainland 
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Tanzania. 

Support Family Planning 

Support Family Planning ($4,937,000 CSH). USAID will continue to support regions, districts and 

communities to achieve greater access to family planning by people at the facility and community levels. 

USAID will increase access to services by working in over 800 facilities by 2008. The zonal training 

centers will be used to provide a range of public sector training, for family planning as well as other health 

program components. USAID will assist the Government of Tanzania with long-term contraceptive 

planning and will support strengthening and revitalizing the family planning program throughout the 

country. Access to contraceptive methods will expand as a consequence of training, logistics and 

management inputs. Community mobilization, social marketing and behavior change communications 

activities will also promote family planning. Principal contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006. 

All family planning assistance agreements will incorporate clauses that implement the President's 

directive restoring the Mexico City Policy. 

FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-012 Incomes of Small Famers Increased in Selected Agricultural Commodity Sub-Sectors 

Improve Economic Policy and the Business Environment 

Improve Economic Policy and Business Environment ($429,000 DA). USAID is continuing its commodityby-commodity approach to addressing policy constraints in the agricultural sector. This approach has 

succeeded in addressing constraints to the coffee and cashew sectors. USAID monitors and facilitates 

the implementation of policy reforms in these two commodity sectors. Principal contractors and grantees: 

TechnoServe and Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) (primes). 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity ($860,000 DA). USAID works with small farmers to increase 

yields of higher value cash crops. An emphasis is also placed on the reduction of post-harvest loss or 

value-added through processing. Production of high-quality coffee, tree crops, and legumes for export 

and domestic consumption is emphasized. USAID is implementing a new Global Development Alliance 

activity in the cashew sector. Attention is going to be given to reviving the processing industry in 

Tanzania, resulting in greatly expanded value-added processing and in new off-farm employment 

opportunities for women. Principal contractors and grantees: DAI, TechnoServe, EnterpriseWorks, 

KickStart, Agricultural Cooperative Development International/Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative 

Assistance (ACDI/VOCA), and Catholic Relief Services (CRS) (primes). 

Increase Trade and Investment 

Increase Trade and Investment ($860,000 DA). USAID improves market linkages for targeted agricultural 

commodities. Concentration continues on cash crops, including coffee, cashews, and spices such as 

paprika, tea, vegetables, and legumes. USAID assists in facilitating their export, reducing transport costs, 

and improving quality and processing procedures to meet market demands and specifications. USAID 

continues to take advantage of business opportunities provided by the African Growth and Opportunity 

Act (AGOA); particular preference will be given to AGOA-ready sub-sectors (i.e., textiles and handicrafts), 

but the program could be expanded to include high value horticultural products. Principal contractor and 

grantees: DAI, TechnoServe, and CRS (primes). 

FY 2007 Program 

SO: 621-012 Incomes of Small Famers Increased in Selected Agricultural Commodity Sub-Sectors 
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Improve Economic Policy and the Business Environment 

Improve Economic Policy and the Business Environment ($436,000 DA). USAID will continue efforts to 

improve Tanzania’s policy and business environment. Where appropriate and on a crop-by-crop basis, 

USAID will advocate for national standards and fair taxes on agricultural products. USAID will consider 

supporting efforts to strengthen the country’s sanitary and phyto-sanitary policies and procedures. Given 

a favorable policy climate towards the introduction of genetically modified crops, USAID may support the 

development of enabling legislation and help Tanzania undertake first steps, such as field trials. Principal 

contractor and grantees: TechnoServe (prime), and others to be determined. 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity ($875,000 DA). USAID expects to continue focusing on the 

constraints facing farmers in the production of cash crops and to provide technical assistance to develop 

the capacity of producer organizations. A particular focus will be high-value cash crops with the greatest 

potential for export, value-added and employment-generating processing, and/or increased foreign 

exchange earnings. Principal contractors and grantees: CRS and TechnoServe (primes) and others to be 

determined. 

Increase Trade and Investment 

Increase Trade and Investment ($875,000 DA). Activities will increasingly be tied to on-going trade and 

market integration efforts in the East Africa Community, for example, harmonizing trade tariffs in the East 

Africa region. Particular focus will be given to improve access to U.S. and European markets for 

Tanzanian agricultural products. USAID plans to continue technical assistance to cashew and coffee 

producers. Principal contractor and grantees: CRS and TechnoServe (primes) and others to be 

determined. 

FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-013 Biodiversity Conserved in Targeted Landscapes Through a Livelihood Drive 

Approach 

Improve Private Sector Competitiveness 

Improve Private Sector Competitiveness ($950,000 DA). Ten producer associations, with a targeted 

outreach of more than 30,000 individuals, are going to be established to improve livelihoods in targeted 

ecosystems. The private sector are going to be encouraged to partner with communities organized into 

these associations in mutually beneficial conservation efforts. The partnerships will demonstrate that 

improved livelihoods are compatible with sustainable resource use. Income generating activities include 

large-scale mariculture, crab farming, tourism, honey, cooking oil and other crop production, processing 

and marketing. Principal contractors and grantees: Agriculture Cooperative Development 

International/Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance (ACDI/VOCA), African Wildlife Foundation 

(AWF), the University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center (URI), Africare, and World Wildlife 

Federation Fund (WWF) (primes). 

Improve Sustainable Management Of Natural Resources & Biodiversity 

Improve Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation ($1,275,000 DA). 

The program promotes local empowerment by expanding conservation activities in community 

management areas in 13 coastal and seven inland districts. Technical assistance provided by USAID to 

implement wildlife management area regulations assists local institutions to resolve threats to sustainable 

resource use over an area of more than 400,000 hectares. Interventions include: training several 
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hundred village game scouts and increasing joint patrols and surveillance to reduce encroachment and 

poaching; facilitating partnerships between 60,000 local community inhabitants and private sector 

resource users to foster better land management practices and increase local incomes; and introducing 

modern technologies, including fuel efficient stoves and fast growing trees, to reduce deforestation in the 

more than 400,000 hectares of surrounding savannahs and woodlands. Principal contractors and 

grantees: AWF, Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute, URI and WWF (primes). 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity ($708,000 DA). The program addresses soil fertility depletion 

and the need to expand the cultivation of higher value products involving 5,000 small-scale farmers in 

target areas. The program plans to initiate or expand activities, including agroforestry, mariculture, 

beekeeping, fish farming, contour plowing and enhanced planting of specialized grass on steep slopes to 

control soil erosion. These activities will have direct positive impact on mixed cropping and agroforestry 

outputs as well as on community health and livelihoods. Outreach programs, agro-forestry demonstration 

plots and multiplication plots are used to reach a minimum of 30,000 local community beneficiaries. 

Principal contractors and grantees: Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute, and URI (primes). 

Protect and Increase the Assets and Livelihoods of the Poor 

Protect and Increase the Assets and Livelihoods of the Poor ($1,000,000 DA): The program is expanding 

livelihood opportunities affecting 10,000 women by up to $1,000 per person a year by: supporting a micro 

credit program to facilitate the establishment of mariculture enterprises, fish ponds and oil palm producer 

associations; strengthening market chain linkages for honey, fish, cooking oils and marine products; 

developing appropriate, easy-to-understand business and craft skills, including vocational skills in 

carpentry and the manufacture of fuel efficient stoves; and providing technical assistance to train 5,000 

villagers in business planning and management. Principal contractors and grantees: URI, ACDI/VOCA, 

AWF, Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute and WWF (primes). 

FY 2007 Program 

SO: 621-013 Biodiversity Conserved in Targeted Landscapes Through a Livelihood Drive 

Approach 

Improve Private Sector Competitiveness 

IImprove Private Sector Competitiveness ($1,450,000 DA): Activities will focus on overcoming obstacles 

to competitiveness, the most prominent of which are penetrating regional marketing chains and 

increasing access to foreign markets. Technical assistance will continue to broaden the exposure of local 

community entrepreneurs and producer associations to market chain analyses to strengthen their 

presence in emerging markets. Rising incomes will reinforce local perceptions of the positive relationship 

between sustainable resource use and improved livelihoods. Principal contractors and grantees: 

ACDI/VOCA, AWF, URI, Africare and WWF (primes). 

Improve Sustainable Management Of Natural Resources & Biodiversity 

Improve Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation ($300,000 DA): 

Implementation of activities in the wildlife management areas and target community management areas 

will be intensified. The program will strengthen efforts in participatory planning. The transfer of business 

skills will result in business plans that will attract responsible investments in two target areas. Principal 

contractors and grantees: AWF, Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute, URI and WWF (primes). 

Increase Agricultural Sector Productivity 
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IIncrease in Agricultural Sector Productivity ($750,000 DA): Target areas under conservation will be 

provided environmental services to increase agricultural productivity. Mixed cropping and agro-forestry 

will be adopted in 75% of target communities and will result in increases in crop yields of 25%. Principal 

contractors and grantees: Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute and URI (primes). 

Protect and Increase the Assets and Livelihoods of the Poor 

Protect and Increase the Assets and Livelihoods of the Poor ($1,500,000 DA): With technical assistance 

to oversee the application of community management policies and laws, land tenure in wildlife 

management areas will be secured and communities will be able to use land as collateral for loans. 

Income per capita will have increased on average by $500 for members of the women’s groups, and the 

membership of producer associations will have increased to 50,000 within the year. Principal contractors 

and grantees: URI, ACDI/VOCA, AWF, Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute and WWF (primes). 

FY 2006 Program 

SO: 621-014 Public Accountability Strengthened in Selected Policy Areas 

Achieve Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education 

Achieve Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education ($2,021,000 DA). USAID is providing over 2,000 

Zanzibari children, mostly girls, with their first opportunity to attend school. The quality of education is 

being addressed through in-service training of over 100 secondary and 200 pre-primary school teachers. 

By expanding literacy and other basic skills, these children are becoming better-informed citizens over 

time. In FY 2006, over 350 community members will be involved in school management committees, and 

35 pre-primary schools and 11 teacher centers will be equipped. Continued partnering with existing public 

and private institutions on the predominantly Muslim islands is fostering an increase in resources, 

support, and accountability so that youth benefit from better education. Principal contractors and 

grantees: Aga Khan Foundation/Tanzania (prime). 

Strengthen Civil Society 

Strengthen Civil Society ($514,000 DA). Six Tanzanian civil society networks are going to be supported 

in advocating policy change(s) to hold government more accountable and transparent in its expenditures 

for public service delivery. The networks bring together over 30 individual non-governmental 

organizations with more than 4,000 members. They are mentored to advocate collectively for increased 

social benefits for traditionally marginalized groups like pastoralists, girls and expectant mothers, people 

living with HIV/AIDS, and small farmers and fishermen. These networks monitor local government’s 

public financial management and public service delivery as the first line of attack against corruption. The 

media is partnering with the non-governmental organizations to convey their findings to the public through 

radio or print. Principal contractors and grantees: Pact (prime). 

Strengthen the Legislative Function/Legal Framework 

Strengthen the Legislative Function/Legal Framework ($550,000 DA). USAID is focusing assistance on 

building the newly elected Parliament’s abilities in financial oversight and law-making. The program 

focuses on building the capacity of over 300 members of Parliament and over 40 civil servants within 

Parliament who work most closely on budget issues and policy areas related to USAID’s priority areas 

(health and HIV/AIDS, education, economic growth and the environment). Emphasis is going to be 

placed on women parliamentarians so they become part of the decision-making process in the 

traditionally male-dominated legislature. USAID is preparing Members of Parliament for more effective 

roles in the budgetary process and management oversight of public finance. Principal contractors and 

grantees: State University of New York (SUNY) (prime). 
13

FY 2007 Program 

SO: 621-014 Public Accountability Strengthened in Selected Policy Areas 

Achieve Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education 

Achieve Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education ($2,000,000 DA): Funding will maintain enrollment 

of disadvantaged children in basic education, teacher preparation, and community participation. 

Geographic scope will continue on Zanzibar. Principal contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006. 

Promote And Support Anti-Corruption Reforms 

Promote And Support Anti-Corruption Reforms ($500,000 DA): USAID will support civil society to partner 

with local authorities and Parliament in providing oversight of distribution and use of public resources at 

the district-level. Principal contractors and grantees: Planning and Development Collaborative (PADCO) 

(prime). 

Strengthen Civil Society 

Strengthen Civil Society ($264,000 DA). Four to six civil society networks will be mentored to 

successfully advocate for key social issues will continue. Targeted training for key non-governmental 

organizations and the media to engage in public expenditure oversight at selected districts will continue. 

Principal contractors and grantees: Same as FY 2006. 

Strengthen the Legislative Function/Legal Framework 

Strengthen the Legislative Function/Legal Framework ($310,000 DA). Parliamentarians will be mentored 

on how to run a public hearing to gather expectations from their constituents. Committee hearings will be 

designed to allow advocates to address the Parliamentarians on issues of gender equity, maternal health, 

people living with HIV/AIDS, and the rights of marginalized communities. Principal contractors and 

grantees: Same as FY 2006. 
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Results Framework 

621-001 Increased use of family planning/maternal and child health and HIV/AIDS preventive 

measures 

Program Title: Family Health and HIV Prevention 

 IR1.1: Policy and legal environment improved 

 IR1.2: Availability of quality services increased 

 IR1.3: Demand for specific quality services increased 

621-003 Civil society and government are more effective partners in governance 

Program Title: Democracy and Governance 

 IR3.1: Targeted CSOs' capacity to represent public interests to government on selected issues 

strengthened 

 IR3.2: Targeted government institutions are more responsive to public concerns on selected issues 

 IR3.3: The enabling environment supports CSO-government partnership in governance 

621-006 Suffering of Tanzania bomb victims reduced and local disaster responsiveness capacity 

enhanced 

Program Title: Disaster Responsiveness 

 IR6.1: Psycho-social, economic and health impact of bomb blast reduced 

 IR6.2: Preparedness for future disasters increased 

621-008 Improved Conservation of Coastal Resources and Wildlife in Targeted Areas 

Program Title: Natural Resource Management 

 IR8.1: Key natural resources policies applied 

 IR8.2: Increased effectiveness of institutions that support natural resources conservation 

 IR8.3: Improved management of targeted protected areas 

 IR8.4: Community-based conservation regimes functioning in target areas 

621-009 Increased micro and small enterprise participation in the economy ll 

Program Title: Economic Growth 

 IR9.1: Improved micro and small enterprise policy environment 

 IR9.2: Broadened micro and small enterprise access to markets 

 IR9.3: Strengthened capacity of micro and small businesses 

621-010 Enhanced Multisectoral Response to HIV/AIDS 

Program Title: Enhanced Multisectoral Response to HIV/AIDS 

 IR 1: Improved HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors and social norms 

 IR 2: Increased use of HIV/AIDS prevention to care services and products 

 IR 3: Improved enabling environment for HIV/AIDS responses from community to national levels 

 IR 4: Enhanced multisectoral response to HIV/AIDS 

621-011 Health Status of Tanzanian Families Improved 

Program Title: Health Status 

 IR 1: Communities empowered to practice key behaviors and use services for target health problems 

 IR 2: Family level access to target services increased 

 IR 3: Sustainability reinforced for target health program 

621-012 Incomes of Small Famers Increased in Selected Agricultural Commodity Sub-Sectors 
15

Program Title: Incomes Increased 

 IR 1: Increased productivity of selected agricultural commodities 

 IR 2: Increased trade of selected agricultural commodities 

621-013 Biodiversity Conserved in Targeted Landscapes Through a Livelihood Drive Approach 

Program Title: Environment and Natural Resources 

 IR 1: Policies and laws that integrate conservation and development applied 

 IR 2: Participatory landscape scale conservation practiced 

 IR 3: Conservation enterprises generate increased and equitable benefits from sustainable use of 

natural resources 

621-014 Public Accountability Strengthened in Selected Policy Areas 

Program Title: Public Accountability 

 IR 1: Intra-governmental oversight strengthened 

 IR 2: Civil society advocacy improved 

 IR 3: Provision of public budget and expenditure data at district level expanded 

Discussion: Indicator 1(a): More effective participation of parliament in budget formulation 

Indicator 1(b): Parliamentary committee oversight strengthened 

Indicator 2(a): Number of CSOs that advance on the CSO index 

Indicator 2(b): Percentage of CSOs showing improvement in gender mainstreaming 

Indicator 3(a): Public expenditure tracking systems operational in target districts 

Indicator 3(b): Use of Information of public expenditure expanded 

621-016 Millennium Challenge Account Threshold 

Program Title: Millennium Challenge Account Threshold