Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones

Product Chemistry, Human Health, Nontarget

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Data Requirement

Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones

Registration Review Case #:

PC Codes:

CAS Numbers:

Chemical Class:

FROM: Jacob S Moore, Chemist

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P)

THRU: Russell S. Jones, Ph.D., Senior Biologist /s/ 3/8/12

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P)

TO: Leonard Cole, Regulatory Action Leader

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P) 

ACTION REQUESTED

A preliminary assessment of available information on product chemistry

assessment, and nontarget organisms and environmental fate

biopesticide class straight chain lepidopteran pheromones

registration review work plan.

Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 

Chemistry, Human Health, Nontarget—Registration Review

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

3/8/2012

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

Data Requirement Scoping Document for the Registration Review o

Lepidopteran Pheromones. 

Registration Review Case #: 8802

Multiple, See Table 1

Multiple, See Table 1

Biochemical

, Chemist /s/ 3/8/12

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P)

Russell S. Jones, Ph.D., Senior Biologist /s/ 3/8/12

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P)

, Regulatory Action Leader

Biochemical Pesticides Branch

Biopesticides & Pollution Prevention Division (7511P) 

A preliminary assessment of available information on product chemistry, human health 

assessment, and nontarget organisms and environmental fate data associated with the 

straight chain lepidopteran pheromones in support of the development of a 

Case Number: 8802

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

Scoping Document for the Registration Review of the Straight 

Multiple, See Table 1

Multiple, See Table 1

, human health 

data associated with the 

in support of the development of a 
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

Introduction

A pheromone, defined by the Agency in 40 CFR §158.2000, is a compound produced by a living 

organism or is a synthetically derived structure that is structurally similar and functionally 

identical to a naturally-occurring pheromone, which, alone or in combination with other such 

compounds, modifies the behavior of other individuals of the same species. In the same section, 

the Agency defines a lepidopteran pheromone as an arthropod pheromone produced by a 

member of the insect order Lepidoptera. A subset of lepidopteran pheromones are straight chain 

lepidopteran pheromones, which:

“Consist[s] of an unbranched aliphatic chain (between 9 and 18 carbons) ending 

in an alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate functional group and contain[s] up to three 

double bonds in the aliphatic backbone”.

SCLPs are formulated into end-use products at low concentrations that are intended for 

use as mating disruptants. The tolerance exemption for SCLPs in 40 CFR §180.1153 

limits the application rate to 150 grams active ingredient/acre/year on growing crops and 

post-harvest treatments, or approximately 410 mg of pheromone per acre per day. For 

comparison, in orchards infested with codling moth the females may emit up to 184 mg 

of mating pheromone per acre per day. In any growing season, this value is multiplied by

multiple arthropod species emitting multiple pheromones in the same area (Jones 2012).

Exposure to humans and nontarget organisms from SCLP pesticide products is therefore 

expected to be much lower than from natural levels. Additionally, arthropod pheromones 

are volatile, subject to rapid environmental degradation, and are metabolized by enzyme 

species present in most living organisms (OECD 2002, Welter 2005). End-use product 

formulations are typically flakes, granules, traps, or retrievable polymeric matrix 

dispensers.

In most cases the toxicology and environmental data requirements for SCLPs are waived. 

The Agency references the OECD publication – Guidance for Registration Requirement 

for Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals Used for Pest Control in making this decision

(OECD 2002). In addition, the EPA Biopesticide Registration Action Document for 

SCLPs comments that:

“No risks to human health are expected from the use of lepidopteran pheromones 

based on the low toxicity in animal testing and the expected low exposure to 

humans. Furthermore, adverse effects on nontarget organisms are not expected 

because these pheromones are released in very small quantities in the 

environment and act on a select group of insects. Appropriate precautionary 

labeling of end use products will further minimize potential exposure and mitigate 

risk to nontarget organisms”. (SCLP BRAD 2009).
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

Product Chemistry, Human Health, Nontarget—Registration Review

3

However, in some cases registrants have been required to submit additional information to 

satisfy human health assessment or nontarget organisms and environmental fate data 

requirements. A summary of data that has been reviewed by the Agency is summarized in 

relevant sections below.

The Agency has an understanding developed over time that straight chain lepidopteran 

pheromones are subject to a reduced data set and that no unreasonable adverse effects will result 

from the use of SCLP products according to good agricultural practices. In light of this SCLPs 

are exempted from 40 CFR §158.2050, Biochemical Pesticides Human Health Assessment, and 

40 CFR §158.2060, Biochemical Pesticides Nontarget Organisms and Environmental Fate Data 

Requirements when applied at a maximum of 150 grams active ingredient/acre/year. The only 

exception applies to products readily available to avian species. This exception for products 

available to avian species applies to the SCLPs after they are formulated into end-use products

(40 CFR §158.2060(e)(1)).

Regulatory History

Regulation of straight chain lepidopteran pheromones predates the founding of the Agency. The 

first SCLP, (z,z)-11,13-hexadecadienal, was registered in July 1969. As of this scoping 

document, the Agency has thirty five SCLPs with active registrations. On August 30, 1994, the 

Agency issued a final rule establishing an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for 

residues from the use of straight chain lepidopteran pheromones in 40 CFR §180.1153. An SCLP 

Biopesticide Registration Action Document was issued in August 2001 and as new active 

ingredients have been registered the document has been amended with updated information.

The straight chain lepidopteran pheromones with active registrations are summarized in 

Table 1 below. In some instances SCLPs have been registered concurrently and are 

always used together. These active ingredients are typically individual components of a 

specific insect pheromone and are naturally grouped together.

SCLP Name PCC CAS Number Number 

TGAI/MPs

Number 

EPs

(z,z)-11,13-hexadecadienal 000711 71317-73-2 2 5

lauryl alcohol 001509 112-53-8 1 13

myristyl alcohol 001510 112-72-1 1 7

(e,z,z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl

acetate

011472 163041-94-9 1 7

(z,z,e)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal 029000 888042-38-4 1 1

(e)-5-decen-1-ol & (e)-5-decenyl 

acetate

078038, 

117703

56578-18-8, 38421-90-8 3 13
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

4

(z,e)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl 

acetate & (z,z)-7,11-

hexadecadien-1-yl acetate

114101, 

114102

53042-79-8, 52207-99-5 1 6

cis-7,8-epoxy-2-

methyloctadecane

114301 29804-22-6 2 4

(z,e)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate 117203 31654-77-0 2 5

(e,z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl 

acetate & (e,z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol

117242, 

117244

86252-65-5, 123551-47-

3

1 1

(z)-11-hexadecenal 120001 53939-28-9 3 31

(z)-11-tetradecenal 120011 35237-64-0 0 1

(z)-4-tridecen-1-yl acetate & (e)-4-

tridecen-1-yl acetate

121901, 

121902

65954-19-0, 72269-48-8 2 4

(e,e)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-ol 128000 54664-98-1 1 8

n-tetradecyl acetate 128002 638-59-5 1 1

(z)-8-dodecen-1-yl acetate 128906 28079-04-1 4 24

(e)8-dodecen-1-yl acetate 128907 38363-29-0 4 24

(z)-8-dodecen-1-ol 128908 40642-40-8 4 24

(z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate & (e)-

11-tetradecenyl acetate

128980, 

129019

20711-10-8, 33189-72-9 2 13

(z)-9-dodecenyl acetate 129004 16974-11-1 1 2

(z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol 129021 34010-15-5 0 1

(e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol 129028 33956-49-9 5 29

(z)-6-heneicosen-11-one 129060 54844-65-4 0 1

(z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate 129071 34010-21-4 1 2

(z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate 129109 16725-53-4 0 2

(e,z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol 129117 66410-28-4 1 1

(z,z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol 117241 66410-24-0 0 1

(z,e)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol 011471 55774-32-8 0 1

Table 1. Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones with Active Registrations.
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

5

Product Chemistry Summary

The Agency has conducted a review of the available product chemistry data and information.

These data are summarized below for three SCLPs that are representative of the classes of 

pheromones the Agency consider SCLPs. All SCLPs have an unbranched long chain consisting 

of 9 to 18 carbons. They differ in the end functional group, which can be an alcohol, aldehyde, or 

acetate, and the number of double bonds. The Agency allows up to three double bonds in the 

classification. For these reasons the SCLPs are structurally similar to one another and the product 

chemistry data follow similar patterns. While the Agency is satisfied with the product chemistry

data on hand this does not exempt future registrations from being required to satisfy all 

biochemical product chemistry data requirements. This is especially pertinent for the submission 

of UV/Visible light absorption data. Below are three tables summarizing product chemistry data 

submitted for a specific SCLP, one from each functional group class. 

Table 2. Biochemical Pesticides Product Chemistry Data Requirements for SCLP nTetradecyl Acetate.

Guideline No. Physical and Chemical 

Properties

Statu

s

1

Value MRID/

Source

830.1100 Product Identity and 

Composition

A --

830.1200 Description of starting 

materials, production and 

formulation process

A CBI --

830.1400 Discussion of formation of 

impurities

A CBI --

830.1700 Preliminary analysis A CBI --

830.6302 Color A Pale Yellow 47423705

830.6303 Physical state A Liquid 47423705

830.6304 Odor A Fatty 47423705

830.6313 Stability to normal and 

elevated temperatures, 

metals and metal ions

A Stable 47423705

830.7000 pH A 5.5-7.0 @20°C 47423705

830.7050 UV/Visible light absorption

290 nm

A Molar Absorptivity (ε)

0.72 Lmol-1cm-1

47423705

830.7200 Melting point/melting range A 2-4°C 47423705

830.7220 Boiling point/boiling range A 142-146°C @3 mmHg 47423705

830.7300 Density (specific gravity) A 0.866 @20°C 47423705

830.7520 Particle size, fiber length, 

and diameter distribution

N/A -- 47423705

830.7550

830.7560

830.7570

Partition coefficient (nOctanol/Water)A Log Pow = 6.76 @25°C BRAD

830.7840 Water solubility A Insoluble 47423705

830.7950 Vapor pressure A 3.6-4.5x10-4 mmHg @20°C 47423705

1. A=Acceptable. N/A=Not Applicable. N/D=Not Determined. CBI=Confidential Business Information.
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

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Table 3. Biochemical Pesticides Product Chemistry Data Requirements for SCLP (Z,Z,E)-

7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal.

Guideline No. Physical and Chemical 

Properties

Statu

s

1

Value MRID/

Source

830.1100 Product Identity and 

Composition

A --

830.1200 Description of starting 

materials, production and 

formulation process

A CBI ----

830.1400 Discussion of formation of 

impurities

A CBI --

830.1700 Preliminary analysis A CBI

830.6302 Color A Pale Yellow 47922801

830.6303 Physical state A Liquid 47922801

830.6304 Odor A Mild/waxy 47922801

830.6313 Stability to normal and 

elevated temperatures, 

metals and metal ions

A Stable 47922801

830.7000 pH N/A insoluble 47922801

830.7050 UV/Visible light absorption

290 nm

A λmax = 232 nm 47922801

830.7200 Melting point/melting range N/A -- 47922801

830.7220 Boiling point/boiling range A 341 ± 21°C 47922801

830.7300 Density (specific gravity) A 0.865 @25°C 47922801

830.7520 Particle size, fiber length, 

and diameter distribution

N/A -- 47922801

830.7550

830.7560

830.7570

Partition coefficient (nOctanol/Water)N/A Log Pow > 5.35 @25°C 48231701

48231702

48231703

830.7840 Water solubility A Insoluble 47922801

830.7950 Vapor pressure A 8.23x10-4

torr @25°C 47922801

1. A=Acceptable. N/A=Not Applicable. N/D=Not Determined. CBI=Confidential Business Information.

Table 4. Biochemical Pesticides Product Chemistry Data Requirements for SCLP (Z)-11-

Tetradecen-1-ol.

Guideline No. Physical and Chemical 

Properties

Statu

s

1

Value MRID/

Source

830.1100 Product Identity and 

Composition

A --

830.1200 Description of starting 

materials, production and 

formulation process

A CBI --

830.1400 Discussion of formation of 

impurities

A CBI --

830.1700 Preliminary analysis A CBI --
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

7

830.6302 Color A Pale Yellow 46832301

830.6303 Physical state A Liquid 46832301

830.6304 Odor A Fatty 46832301

830.6313 Stability to normal and 

elevated temperatures, 

metals and metal ions

A Stable 46832301

830.7000 pH A 5.4 46832301

830.7050 UV/Visible light absorption A See MRID 46832301

830.7200 Melting point/melting range N/A 46832301

830.7220 Boiling point/boiling range A 138-140 @520 Pa 46832301

830.7300 Density (specific gravity) A 0.875 @20°C 46832301

830.7520 Particle size, fiber length, 

and diameter distribution

N/A -- 46832301

830.7550

830.7560

830.7570

Partition coefficient (nOctanol/Water)A Log Pow = 4.6 @25°C 46832301

830.7840 Water solubility A <0.0004 g/l 46832301

830.7950 Vapor pressure A 0.16-0.20 Pa @20°C 46832301

1. A=Acceptable. N/A=Not Applicable. N/D=Not Determined. CBI=Confidential Business Information.

Human Health Assessment Summary

1. Toxicology Assessment

40 CFR §158.2050 states that the “data in this section [Biochemical Pesticides Human Health 

Assessment Data Requirements] are not required for straight chain lepidopteran pheromones 

when applied up to a maximum use rate of 150 grams active ingredient/acre/year.” The Agency

has no registered SCLPs that exceed this use rate according to label instructions.

Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance under 

40 CFR §180.1153, which states:

“Lepidopteran pheromones that are naturally occurring compounds, or identical or 

substantially similar synthetic compounds, designated by an unbranched aliphatic 

chain (between 9 and 18 carbons) ending in an alcohol, aldehyde or acetate 

functional group and containing up to 3 double bonds in the aliphatic backbone, 

are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance in or on all raw agricultural 

commodities. This exemption only pertains to those situations when the 

pheromone is: Applied to growing crops at a rate not to exceed 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year in accordance with good agricultural practices; and applied as 

a post-harvest treatment to stored food commodities at a rate not to exceed 3.5 

grams active ingredient/1000 ft2/year (equivalent to 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year) in accordance with good agricultural practices. [71 FR 

45399, Aug. 9, 2006]”.
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

8

2. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Consideration

a. Dietary Exposure and Risk Characterization

In accordance with 40 CFR §180.1153, SCLPs are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance. 

As discussed previously, the active ingredients pose negligible toxicological hazard, including 

dietary hazard. Given use patterns registered with the Agency, there is limited dietary exposure

from SCLPs. This is consistent with the conclusions reached by the OECD, which has 

determined that consumption of food containing residues of SCLPs presents no risk. (OECD, 

2002).

b. Drinking Water Exposure and Risk Characterization

No significant drinking water exposure or residues are expected from the SCLPs when they are 

used according to precautionary label language. SCLPs are typically contained inside dispensers 

or traps, or are applied to terrestrial areas only. Studies of the fate of SCLPs on moistened soil 

and water show rapid dissipation. This is due to the volatilization of the parent compounds with 

half life in water varying from 30 hours to 7 days (Shaver, 1983; Henson, 1977).

c. Occupational, Residential, School, and Day Care Exposure and Risk 

Characterization

SCLPs are specifically targeted toward modifying the behavior of lepidopteran species. The 

expected exposure to humans and food/feed crops is low due to low application rates (≥150 g 

ai/acre/year) which, as mentioned above, are comparable or less than pheromone levels found 

naturally. Appropriate signal word and precautionary statements are also utilized to minimize 

exposure and misuse of SCLP products.

No outdoor or indoor residential, school, or day care uses are currently approved for products 

containing straight chain lepidopteran pheromones.

3. Cumulative Effects

Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires the Agency to 

consider the cumulative exposure of SCLPs as they are registered. These considerations include 

the possible cumulative effects of such residues on infants and children. SCLPs have a non-toxic 

mode of action and there is no indication or evidence to suggest that these biochemical pesticides 

share a common mechanism of toxicity with any other substances. Therefore, cumulative 

exposure concerns are not anticipated for the SCLPs.

4. Incidents

Incident data were reported for the SCLPs associated with the light brown apple moth, (z)-11-

tetradecenyl acetate and (e)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. On October 12, 2007, the EPA issued a 

response to concerns arising from a temporary restraining order issues by the California Supreme 

Court suspending the use of these SCLPs in ground and aerial applications. After a careful 

review, the Agency concluded that the use of these products presented negligible risks to human 

health and the environment due to a non-toxic mode of action, classification as SCLP with 

known low mammalian/human toxicity, no evidence of mutagenicity, history of exposure to 
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

9

humans and the environment as a pesticide with no known effects, and low exposure (EPA).

5. Risk Characterization

SCLPs, as mentioned above, are arthropod pheromones that act via a non-toxic mode of action 

on specific insect pests. Given the low toxicity of lepidopteran pheromones in animal testing and 

the expected low exposure to humans, no risk to human health is expected form use of SCLP 

products (OECD 2002). It has been determined that there are no acute mammalian toxicity at the 

limit dose levels of the following studies: acute oral toxicity (LD50>5000 mg/kg – category IV, 

nontoxic); acute dermal toxicity (LD50>2000 mg/kg – category III, nontoxic); acute inhalation 

toxicity (LD50 generally > 5 mg/L – category III-IV, practically nontoxic), no evidence of 

mutagenicity (Ames Salmonella assay), and limited eye and skin irritation (category IV). 

Pheromones are also not likely to be dermal sensitizers (Beuhler hypersensitivity test) (Jones 

2003). The Agency has considered the various routes of exposure and potential risks of the active 

ingredients and determined that the proposed use of the active ingredient does not pose 

significant risk to all populations, including infants and children.

Environmental Assessment

1. Environmental Chemistry and Fate Assessment

The straight chain lepidopteran pheromones are applied to a variety of crops in various ways. 

The most common distribution methods are in dispensers, flakes, microencapsulated beads, or 

granular formulations.

The SCLPs are, as a group, insoluble in water and are of intermediate volatility. This medium 

volatility is key to the efficacy of SCLPs (Barth 241) and allows small amounts to be placed in 

the environment, resulting in low exposure to the active ingredient. Studies of the fate of SCLPs 

on moistened soil and water show rapid dissipation. This is due to the volatilization of the parent 

compounds with half life in water varying from 30 hours to 7 days (Shaver, 1983; Henson, 

1977). According to the OECD, SCLPs readily undergo photo-oxidation. SCLPs are transformed 

by oxidation of the double bonds in the carbon chain and other types of oxidative degradation. 

The enzymes operative during the degradation of SCLP residues are ubiquitous in nature (OECD 

2002). 

Environmental fate data are not required for SCLPs being applied at a maximum rate of 150 

grams active ingredient/acre/year per 40 CFR §158.2060, except those SCLPs expected to be 

available to avian species. This exception for products available to avian species applies to the 

SCLPs after they are formulated into end-use products. Environmental fate testing is typically 

required when results from Tier I testing indicate potential adverse effects. This has not been the 

case with the currently registered SCLPs. Straight chain lepidopteran pheromone products are 

not intended to be applied directly to aquatic environments and label language provides specific 

instructions to avoid direct applications to water. 
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

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2. Ecological Effects and Hazard Assessment

According to 40 CFR §158.2060 (a)(2), SCLPs applied up to a maximum use rate of 150 grams

active ingredient/acre/year in formulations not expected to be available to avian species are not 

required to address nontarget toxicity data requirements. In instances where the products are 

expected to be available to avian species, as in granular formulations, the Agency has typically 

required the registrant to submit Tier 1 Avian Testing as outlined in 40 CFR §158.2060 and/or 

other relevant data. For example, in a review to A. Leslie from N. Rappaport PhD, dated 03/96, 

the Agency concluded that a SCLP product formulated into a bead product posed no risk to birds 

due to low toxicity, low exposure, and selectivity of seed-eating birds. Other studies have 

determined that SCLP pheromones are practically nontoxic to birds (Maciorowski 1994). In a 

review of a blend of lauryl and myristyl alcohol, the Agency determined an LD50 >2150 mg/kg 

to the bobwhite quail (Mossler 1994, 1). In laboratory settings SCLPs have shown moderate 

toxicity to D. magna, but are not considered toxic when formulated into dispenser or limited to 

150 grams active ingredient/acre/year (Esmeralda 2006, Weatherson 1995). A 96-hour LC50 of 

>72 mg/l classified a product containing (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, 1-dodecanol, and 1-

tetradecanol as slightly toxic to rainbow trout. The NOEC was 43 mg/L (Mossler 1994, 2).

3. Measure of Ecological Exposure

Measures of exposure are based on aquatic and terrestrial models that predict estimated 

environmental concentrations of a pesticide using maximum labeled application rates and 

methods of application. The use patterns for SCLPs vary from end-use products inside dispenser 

and other enclosed traps, flakes, encapsulated beads, or granules. Combined with a low solubility

in water and label language prohibiting application directly to water, runoff and spray drift are 

not likely transport mechanisms of SCLPs to nontarget aquatic and terrestrial sites. For aquatic 

exposure, the Agency estimated environmental concentrations of (z,e)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl

acetate and (z,z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate by applying a Tier I aquatic model, GENEEEC 

Version 2.0 (Appendix A). The GENEEC model predicts very low environmental 

concentrations, with a peak generic estimated environmental concentration of 308 ppt (parts per 

trillion).

4. Risk Characterization

Based on the application methods of end-use products containing straight chain lepidopteran 

pheromones as their active ingredient, there is no little exposure of SCLPs to nontarget terrestrial 

and aquatic organisms. As discussed above, SCLPs are exposed to the environment at 

concentrations lower than that found naturally and are presented in the environment in ways that 

are not readily accessible to nontarget organisms. Based on the expected very low exposure to 

aquatic organisms, low toxicity to birds, and on its use patterns and use instructions, the Agency

has determined that it will have “No Effect” on any currently listed, threatened, or endangered 

species or any designated critical habitat.
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

11

References

Barth, F.G., Schmid, A. Ecology of Sensing. Springer, 2001.

Esmeralda, R., Barata C., Damásio, J., Bosch, M.P., Guerrero, A. Aquatic ecotoxicity of a 

pheromonal antagonist in Daphnia magna and Desmodesmus subspicatus. Aquatic Toxic 79 

(2006) 296-303.

EPA BRAD. Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones. 02/27/2009.

EPA. Quarantine Exemptions for Light Brown Apple Moth Pheromones. 

http://www.epa.gov/region9/pesticides/light-brown-moth.html. Accessed 02/29/12.

Jones, R. “Biochemical Pesticides: Green Chemistry Designs by Nature”. Green Processes 

Volume 9: Designing Safer Chemicals. Boethling, R., Voutchkova, A. Wiley-VCH, 2011. Pg. 

341.

Jones, R. EPA Memo to A. Bryceland dated 11/18/2003.

Maciorowski, A. EPA Memo to P. Hutton dated 10/3/1994.

Mossler, M (1). EPA Review of Avian Oral LD50 Test on Bobwhite Quail Study.

Mossler, M (2). EPA Review of Freshwater Fish Static Acute Toxicity Test.

OECD Series on Pesticides, Number 12. Guidance for Registration Requirements for 

Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals Used for Arthropod Pest Control.

Weatherson, I., Minks, A.K. Regulation of semiochemical—global aspects. Int. Pest Manage. 

Rev. 1 (1995) 1-13.

Welter, S.C., Pickel, C., Millar, J., Cave, F., Van Steenwyk, R.A. and Dunley, J. Pheromone 

mating disruption offers management options for key pests. Calif. Agric., 59 (1), 16-22 (2005).
Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones Case Number: 8802

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Appendix A: GENEEC Run for (z,e)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate and (z,z)-7,11-

hexadecadien-1-yl acetate

RUN No. 3 FOR 114101 ON cotton * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .022( .022) 10 25 .0 120.0 GRANUL( .0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC 

COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 1.00 2 N/A .00- .00 2.00 2.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 308.88 237.37 83.20 29.66 19.77