22-6448-ag

V-A-K- v. Garland

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO 

A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS 

GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S 

LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH 

THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT 

REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

13th 3 day of December, two thousand twenty-three.

4

5 PRESENT: JON O. NEWMAN,

6 EUNICE C. LEE,

7 BETH ROBINSON,

8 Circuit Judges.

9 _____________________________________

10

V-A-K-,

1 11

12

13 Petitioner,

14

15 v. 22-6448-ag

16

17 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY 

18 GENERAL,

19

20 Respondent.

21 _____________________________________

22

23 For Petitioner: MATTHEW L. GUADAGNO, New York, NY.

24

25 For Respondent: CRAIG A. NEWELL, JR., Senior Litigation Counsel,

26 Office of Immigration Litigation (Lindsay B. Glauner, 

27 Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), for Brian M. 

28 Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney 

1 The Court previously granted Petitioner’s motion to abbreviate his name.
2

1 General, United States Department of Justice, 

2 Washington, DC.

3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of Immigration 

4 Appeals (“BIA” or “Board”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED

5 that the petition is DENIED.

6 Petitioner, a native and citizen of Ukraine, seeks review of an August 17, 2022 decision of 

7 the BIA ordering his removal to Ukraine after reversing a February 11, 2020 decision of an 

8 Immigration Judge (“IJ”) granting his application for cancellation of removal. Matter of V-A-K-, 

9 28 I. & N. Dec. 630 (B.I.A. 2022), rev’g No. A076 065 227 (Immigr. Ct. Batavia Feb. 11, 2020). 

10 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history.

11 “Where, as here, the BIA issues a decision independent of the IJ, we review the BIA’s 

12 decision alone.” Mei Fun Wong v. Holder, 633 F.3d 64, 68 (2d Cir. 2011). The BIA held that 

13 Petitioner’s conviction under New York Penal Law (“NYPL”) §§ 110.00, 140.25(2) for attempted 

14 second-degree burglary was an aggravated felony burglary offense under 8 U.S.C. 

15 § 1101(a)(43)(G), (U), barring him from cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). 

16 Matter of V-A-K-, 28 I. & N. Dec. at 631–36. Petitioner recognized that established Second 

17 Circuit precedent supports the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioner’s attempted burglary conviction 

18 qualifies as an aggravated felony offense. See Petitioner’s Brief at 2 n.2 (citing United States v. 

19 Evans, 924 F.3d 21 (2d Cir. 2019). For that reason, Petitioner argues only that the Board’s 

20 decision created a new rule that was impermissibly applied retroactively to him because it 

21 constituted a precedential departure regarding the definition of burglary to include vehicles.

22 Although our jurisdiction here is limited to “constitutional claims or questions of law,” 8 U.S.C. 

23 § 1252(a)(2)(B)–(D), whether a new rule is impermissibly applied retroactively is a question of 
3

1 law that we review de novo, see Evangelista v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 145, 154 (2d Cir. 2004).

2 “When [the Supreme Court] applies a rule of federal law . . . , that rule is the controlling 

3 interpretation of federal law and must be given full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct 

4 review and as to all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate [its]

5 announcement of the rule.” Harper v. Va. Dep’t of Tax’n, 509 U.S. 86, 97 (1993). A law has a 

6 disfavored retroactive effect if it “takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, 

7 or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability, in respect to 

8 transactions or considerations already past.” Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 269 

9 (1994) (citation omitted). In determining whether the agency may retroactively apply a rule 

10 created through adjudication, we weigh the following factors:

11 (1) whether the case is one of first impression, (2) whether the new rule presents an 

12 abrupt departure from well-established practice or merely attempts to fill a void in 

13 an unsettled area of law, (3) the extent to which the party against whom the new rule 

14 is applied relied on the former rule, (4) the degree of the burden which a retroactive 

15 order places on a party, and (5) the statutory interest in applying a new rule despite 

16 the reliance of a party on the old standard.

17

18 Obeya v. Sessions, 884 F.3d 442, 445 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Lugo v. Holder, 783 F.3d 119, 121 

19 (2d Cir. 2015)). 

20 In this case, the BIA did not create and apply a new rule retroactively because it used the 

21 controlling, generic federal definition of burglary. In 1990, the Supreme Court held that 

22 “[a]lthough the exact formulations vary, the generic, contemporary meaning of burglary contains 

23 at least the following elements: an unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building 

24 or other structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598

25 (1990). In 2018, the Supreme Court further explained that the generic definition of burglary, as 

26 established in Taylor, includes burglary of a “vehicle that has been adapted or is customarily used 
4

1 for overnight accommodation.” United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399, 403–04 (2018). In Stitt, 

2 the Court reasoned that, as stated in Taylor, “Congress intended the definition of ‘burglary’ to 

3 reflect ‘the generic sense in which the term [was] used in the criminal codes of most States’” in 

4 1986, and by that time, “a majority of state burglary statutes covered vehicles adapted or 

5 customarily used for lodging—either explicitly or by defining ‘building’ or ‘structure’ to include 

those vehicles.” Id. at 406 (alteration in original) (quoting Taylor, 495 U.S. at 598).

2 6 

7 Petitioner argues that the BIA’s holding—that second-degree burglary of a dwelling under 

8 NYPL § 140.25(2), including structures and vehicles used as overnight lodging, is categorically 

9 generic burglary—is an abrupt departure from the Supreme Court’s definition of burglary in Taylor

10 and the BIA’s decision in In re Perez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 1325 (B.I.A. 2000). In Stitt, however, the 

11 Supreme Court rejected the argument that the generic definition of burglary in Taylor did not 

12 extend to burglary of vehicles used for overnight lodging, noting that Taylor decided only that 

13 typical vehicles (i.e., those that had not been modified for lodging) did not meet the generic 

14 definition of burglary and had defined generic burglary to reflect the meaning of the term as used 

15 in most states’ criminal codes at a time when “a majority of state burglary statutes covered vehicles 

16 adapted or customarily used for lodging.” Stitt, 139 S. Ct. at 406. In other words, in Stitt, the 

17 Court explained its understanding that the generic “burglary” definition had included such adapted 

18 vehicles since the Armed Career Criminal Act was passed in 1986. Id. at 405–06; see also Rivers 

19 v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 313 n.12 (1994) (“[W]hen [the Supreme Court] construes 

2 Congress added burglary as an aggravated felony to the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(“INA”) in 1994. See Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994, Pub. L. 

103-416, 108 Stat. 4305 (Oct. 25, 1994). This Court, and others, have recognized that the Taylor

analysis of the generic definition of “burglary” in the context of the Armed Career Criminal Act

is analogous to that in the INA. See Abimbola v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 173, 176 (2d Cir. 2004).
5

1 a statute, it is explaining its understanding of what the statute has meant continuously since the 

2 date when it became law.”); Torres v. Holder, 764 F.3d 152, 158–59 (2d Cir. 2014) (concluding 

3 that interpretation of aggravated felony provision to include state arson crime was not 

4 impermissible retroactive application because the BIA merely “applied [its] determination of what 

5 the law had always meant” and “that decision became the controlling interpretation of the law and 

6 was entitled to full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review, regardless of whether 

7 the events predated the decision” (alteration in original) (emphasis, ellipsis, and quotation marks 

8 omitted)).

9 Similarly, the BIA’s decision here is not a departure from Perez, in which the BIA decided 

10 that the Texas statute criminalizing burglary of a vehicle—which occurs “if, without the effective 

11 consent of the owner, [a person] breaks into or enters a vehicle or any part of a vehicle with intent 

12 to commit any felony or theft”—did not categorically match the generic definition of “burglary” 

13 as defined by Taylor. 22 I. & N. Dec. at 1326–27 (quoting Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.04(a) 

14 (West 1993)). The Texas statute involved vehicles only and did not define vehicles to include 

15 those modified for overnight accommodation, and thus Perez is not applicable here. Id.; see also 

16 Stitt, 139 S. Ct. at 407 (rejecting argument that statutes criminalizing entry into vehicles used for 

17 overnight lodging “are analogous to” those statutes criminalizing entry into “any” vehicles). 

18 In sum, here, the BIA applied the Supreme Court’s controlling interpretation of generic 

19 burglary in a matter of first impression before the BIA and that decision did not constitute a 

20 departure from an established rule. Thus, Petitioner’s purported “reliance on [such] rule [is] 

21 irrelevant,” and his retroactivity argument fails. Obeya, 884 F.3d at 445. Because Petitioner’s 

22 attempted second-degree burglary conviction in violation of NYPL §§ 110.00, 140.25(2) is an 

23 aggravated felony burglary offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G), (U), he is not eligible for 
6

1 cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3) (“The Attorney General may cancel removal 

2 . . . if the alien . . . has not been convicted of any aggravated felony.”).

3 For the foregoing reasons, the petition is DENIED. 

4 FOR THE COURT: 

5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

6 Clerk of Court

7