IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

KITSAP COUNTY, a political subdivision of No. 48781-1-II

the State of Washington,

Respondent,

v.

KITSAP RIFLE AND REVOLVER CLUB, a

not-for-profit corporation registered in the 

State of Washington; and JOHN DOES AND

JANE ROES I-XX, inclusive,

Appellants.

IN THE MATTER OF NUISANCE AND

UNPERMITTED CONDITIONS LOCATED

AT One 72-acre parcel identified by Kitsap

County Tax Parcel ID No. 362501-4-002-1006 UNPUBLISHED OPINION

with street address 4900 Seabeck Highway

NW, Bremerton, Washington,

WORSWICK, J. — Kitsap Rifle and Revolver Club (Club) appeals the trial court’s order on 

remand enjoining the Club from activities that constituted an impermissible expansion of its 

nonconforming use without first obtaining a conditional use permit and issuing a permanent 

injunction requiring the Club to obtain permits for site development activities. The Club argues 

that the trial court (1) abused its discretion by (a) denying its motion to reopen the trial record

and (b) granting Kitsap County’s (County) motion to quash discovery; (2) erred in ordering 

injunctive relief because the terms of the injunction are (a) overbroad and (b) vague; and (3) 

erred in entering declaratory judgment. 

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

November 21, 2017
No. 48781-1-II

2

We vacate in part the trial court’s injunction prohibiting “commercial, for-profit uses”; 

the “use of explosive devices including exploding targets”; the “use of high caliber weaponry 

greater than .30 caliber”; and “practical shooting uses, including organized competitions and 

practice.” We remand the trial court’s injunction in part with specific instructions to: 

fashion a remedy that reflects that the Club’s allowance of commercial, for-profit businesses that 

provide firearms courses to primarily military personnel is an impermissible expansion of the 

Club’s nonconforming use of its shooting range; fashion a remedy that implements its original 

permanent injunction prohibiting the use of “exploding targets and cannons;” clarify which 

weapons are prohibited because they create noise levels that constitute an impermissible 

expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use; and clarify whether “practical use” includes only 

practical shooting practices and competitions or whether practical use includes other conduct. 

We also reverse in part and remand the trial court’s declaratory judgment, but we otherwise 

affirm the trial court’s Order Supplementing Judgment on Remand.

1

FACTS

I. BACKGROUND

The Club has operated a shooting range in Bremerton since its founding in 1926. In 

1993, the Kitsap County Board of Commissioners notified the Club that the County considered 

the Club’s use of the shooting range to be a lawfully established nonconforming use. During and 

before 1993, the Club operated a rifle and pistol range. Club members and members of the 

general public used small caliber weapons, and shooting occurred only occasionally and for short 

 

1 Nothing in this opinion restricts the County from proceeding under its new ordinance, Kitsap 

County Code 10.25. 
No. 48781-1-II

3

periods of time. The use of automatic weapons and rapid-fire shooting occurred infrequently. 

The US Navy had conducted firearms training at the Club on at least one occasion, but for-profit 

businesses did not conduct training at the range. 

Later, the Club’s use of the shooting range changed. The shooting range was frequently 

used for regularly scheduled practical shooting2practices and competitions, resulting in loud,

rapid-fire shooting for several hours. For-profit businesses began conducting regular selfdefense courses and active training exercises for active duty US Navy personnel at the shooting 

range. The Club also allowed the use of exploding targets and cannons. 

The commercial and military use of the Club, use of explosive devices and higher caliber 

weaponry, and practical shooting practices and competitions increased the noise level of the 

Club’s shooting activities. Shooting sounds became “clearly audible in the down range 

neighborhoods, and frequently loud, disruptive, pervasive, and long in duration.” Clerk’s Papers 

(CP) at 191.

The Club also developed portions of its shooting range without obtaining any type of 

County permit as required by the County’s code. The Club extensively cleared, graded, and 

excavated wooded areas to create “shooting bays,” removed trees and vegetation to create a rifle 

range, replaced a water course that ran across the rifle range with culverts, extended earthen 

berms along the rifle range that required excavation and refilling, and cut steep slopes in several 

locations on the range. CP at 178. 

 

2

In its original order, the trial court defined “practical shooting” as follows: “The Property is 

frequently used for regularly scheduled practical shooting practices and competitions, which use 

the shooting bays for rapid-fire shooting in multiple directions.” CP at 188.
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II. KITSAP RIFLE

In 2011, the County filed a complaint for an injunction, declaratory judgment, and 

nuisance abatement against the Club. The County sought declaratory judgment, declaring that 

the Club’s changes in use of the shooting range were unlawful expansions of the Club’s

nonconforming use and requested an injunction enjoining the Club from operating its range. 

The trial court conducted a lengthy bench trial and entered extensive findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. The trial court compared the Club’s use of the shooting range from when the 

Club’s nonconforming use was established in 1993 to the Club’s present use of the range. The 

trial court concluded:

The actions by [the Club] of

(1) expanded hours;

(2) commercial, for-profit use (including military training);

(3) increasing the noise levels by allowing explosive devises [sic], higher 

caliber weaponry greater than [.]30 caliber and practical shooting 

significantly changed, altered, extended and enlarged the existing use.

CP at 193-94. As a result, the trial court concluded that these actions were expansions of use. 

The trial court also concluded that the Club violated various County code provisions by failing to 

obtain site development and conditional use permits for its extensive property development 

work. The trial court determined that the Club’s developments of the shooting range were illegal 

uses of the property. 

The trial court then issued a permanent injunction prohibiting the Club from operating its 

shooting range until it applied for, and the County issued, conditional use permits for the range. 

The trial court also issued a permanent injunction prohibiting the use of fully automatic firearms, 
No. 48781-1-II

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weaponry greater than .30 caliber, and exploding targets and cannons, and it restricted the Club’s 

operating hours.

3

 

The Club appealed the trial court’s declaratory judgment and permanent injunctions to 

this court. Kitsap County v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club (Kitsap Rifle), 184 Wn. App. 252, 

266, 337 P.3d 328 (2014). While Kitsap Rifle was pending in this court, a commissioner of this 

court granted a stay of the trial court’s injunction enjoining all shooting range activities on the 

Club’s property. However, this court imposed conditions that prohibited the use of automatic

weapons, cannons, and exploding targets at the shooting range.4 

 

3 The trial court issued an additional permanent injunction designed to abate the public nuisance 

conditions on the Club’s shooting range. The public nuisance injunction enjoined the Club from 

the use of: fully automatic firearms, including but not limited to machine guns; rifles greater than 

.30 caliber; and exploding targets and cannons. The public nuisance injunction also prohibited 

the Club from operating its shooting range before 9:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m. In Kitsap County 

v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club (Kitsap Rifle), 184 Wn. App. 252, 302, 337 P.3d 328 (2014), the 

court determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing the public nuisance 

injunction. The public nuisance injunction is not at issue in this appeal, and nothing in this 

opinion should be read to mean that the Club is not still enjoined by that injunction.

4 The commissioner’s ruling imposed the following conditions:

(1) Range safety officers must be present at all time[s] that shooting is

occurring. Video recordings must be made while shooting is occurring.

(2) [The Club] must allow officials from Kitsap County access to the 

property to monitor compliance with these conditions. It must allow those officials 

access to the video recordings.

(3) Shooting must be restricted to between 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M.

(4) No fully automatic weapons may be fired.

(5) No cannons may be fired, except on the Fourth of July, and no exploding 

targets may be used.

CP at 312. 
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A. Expansions of Use

In Kitsap Rifle, the Club did not assign error to any of the trial court’s findings of fact 

regarding the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 267. As a result, 

the trial court’s unchallenged findings were considered verities on appeal. 184 Wn. App. at 267. 

The Kitsap Rifle court determined that the trial court’s unchallenged findings supported its legal 

conclusions that the Club’s commercial and military use of the shooting range and the frequent 

and drastically increased noise levels were expansions of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. 

at 273-74. 

Additionally, the Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s rulings that the commercial 

use of the Club and its increased noise levels by allowing explosive devices, higher caliber 

weaponry, and practical shooting constituted an impermissible expansion of the Club’s 

nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 268. In concluding that the for-profit commercial and 

military use of the Club was an impermissible expansion, the court reasoned that “using the 

property to operate a commercial business primarily serving military personnel represented a 

fundamental change in use and was completely different in kind than using the property as a 

shooting range for Club members and the general public.” 184 Wn. App. at 273. 

The Kitsap Rifle court also determined that while the types of weapons and shooting 

patterns currently used at the range did not necessarily involve a different character of use than 

when the Club’s nonconforming use was established in 1993, “the frequent and drastically 

increased noise levels found to exist at the Club constituted a fundamental change in the use of 

the property.” 184 Wn. App. at 274. Therefore, the court held that the increased noise levels 

were an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 274. 
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Further, the court reversed the trial court’s ruling that the Club’s expansion of its 

operating hours constituted an impermissible expansion of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. 

at 303. The Kitsap Rifle court reasoned that the Club’s expansion of its operating hours 

constituted a permissible intensification of its nonconforming use because “increased hours of 

shooting range activities here do not effect a ‘fundamental change’ in the use and do not involve 

a use ‘different in kind’ than the nonconforming use.” 184 Wn. App. at 273 (quoting Keller v. 

City of Bellingham, 92 Wn.2d 726, 731, 600 P.2d 1276 (1979)).

B. Permit Violations

The Kitsap Rifle court noted that the Club did not deny that it had violated several 

provisions of the County’s code by grading, excavating, and filling the land. 184 Wn. App. at 

275. These violations of the County’s code were unlawful uses of the Club’s property. See 184 

Wn. App. at 275. As a result, there was “no dispute that the Club’s unpermitted development 

work on the property constituted unlawful uses.” 184 Wn. App. at 275. 

C. Remedies

The Kitsap Rifle court vacated the trial court’s injunction prohibiting the Club from 

operating as a shooting range, holding that termination of the Club’s nonconforming use status 

was improper. 184 Wn. App. at 303. The Kitsap Rifle court reasoned that the Club’s use of the

shooting range remained lawful. 184 Wn. App. at 300-01. As a result, the Club’s unlawful 

expansion of its nonconforming use did not “trigger termination of the otherwise lawful 

nonconforming use.” 184 Wn. App. at 298. 

Instead, the Kitsap Rifle court instructed that “the appropriate remedy involves 

specifically addressing the impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use and 
No. 48781-1-II

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unpermitted development activities while allowing the Club to operate as a shooting range.” 184 

Wn. App. at 262. Accordingly, the trial court’s remedy on remand must reflect that “some 

change in use—‘intensification’—is allowed and only ‘expansion’ is unlawful.” 184 Wn. App. 

at 301. The court also noted that the County’s code provided the appropriate remedy for the 

Club’s permitting violations. 184 Wn. App. at 301.

III. REMAND

After this court remanded Kitsap Rifle, the Club served the County with interrogatories, 

and the County filed a motion to quash discovery. At a hearing on the County’s motion to quash 

discovery, the trial court determined that discovery was not appropriate. The trial court reasoned 

that there was no need for discovery unless the record was reopened and that additional evidence 

was not needed to give effect to this court’s instructions in Kitsap Rifle. Accordingly, the trial 

court granted the County’s motion to quash discovery. 

The Club also filed a motion to reopen the record. The Club sought to introduce 

evidence of the Club’s operations during this court’s stay order in Kitsap Rifle, including a study

of the shooting range’s noise levels during the stay. The Club argued that this evidence was 

necessary for the trial court to fashion a proper remedy on remand and for the trial court to 

resolve this court’s factual questions in Kitsap Rifle. The trial court denied the Club’s motion to 

reopen the record, stating that it “[did] not believe the Court of Appeals anticipated reopening the 

record” and that additional evidence was not necessary to determine the proper remedy for the 

Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. 2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 45.

Later, the Club and the County presented argument regarding the proper remedy for the 

Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. The County proposed that the trial court enter an 
No. 48781-1-II

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amended judgment that incorporated its prior orders. The Club objected to an amended 

judgment and argued instead that the trial court should enter a supplemental judgment without 

incorporating or attaching documents from Kitsap Rifle. 

The trial court entered an order supplementing judgment on remand. In its supplemental 

judgment, the trial court issued a declaratory judgment, declaring that

activities and uses of the Property consisting of military training uses; commercial, 

for-profit uses; and uses increasing noise levels by allowing explosive devices, 

higher caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber and practical shooting, each 

constitute unlawful expansions of and changes to the nonconforming use of the 

Property as a shooting range.

CP at 1341. 

In addition, the trial court issued a permanent injunction prohibiting the Club from 

commercial, for-profit uses; military training uses; the use of explosive devices, including 

exploding targets; the use of high caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber; and practical 

shooting and uses, including organized competitions and practice sessions. The trial court 

determined that each of these uses constituted an impermissible expansion of the Club’s use of 

the shooting range and should be enjoined until the County issues the Club a conditional use 

permit that specifically authorizes the expanded use. The trial court issued an additional 

permanent injunction, requiring the Club to “apply for and obtain site development activity 

permitting to cure violations of KCC [(Kitsap County Code)] Titles 12 and 19 found to exist on 

the Property in the original Judgment.” CP at 1342. The Club appeals.
No. 48781-1-II

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ANALYSIS5

I. REOPENING THE RECORD & DISCOVERY

The Club argues that the trial court abused its discretion by (a) denying its motion to 

reopen the trial record on remand and (b) granting the County’s motion to quash discovery. We

disagree.

A. Motion To Reopen the Record

The Club argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying its motion to reopen 

the trial record on remand because the Club sought to admit additional, relevant evidence that 

was not reasonably available at the time of trial. We disagree.

We review the trial court’s refusal to reopen the record for a manifest abuse of discretion. 

Sweeny v. Sweeny, 52 Wn.2d 337, 339, 324 P.2d 1096 (1958). A trial court abuses its discretion 

when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or untenable 

reasons. Hundtofte v. Encarnación, 181 Wn.2d 1, 6, 330 P.3d 168 (2014). In determining 

whether to grant a party’s motion to reopen the record, the trial court should consider whether 

the evidence is relevant to a material issue, is newly discovered, or could not have been offered 

at a reasonable time. 14A KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: CIVIL PROCEDURE § 

30.23, at 244 (2d ed. 2009). Evidence is relevant if it tends to make the existence of a fact that is 

 

5 As an initial matter, the County argues that we should not consider the Club’s references to the 

“‘Declaration of M. Carter in Support of Mot. to Stay’” because the declaration is outside the 

trial court’s record. Br. of Resp’t at 4. We do not review matters outside the record on appeal. 

See City of Sumner v. Walsh, 148 Wn.2d 490, 495, 61 P.3d 1111 (2003). “[A] record on appeal 

may not be supplemented by material which has not been included in the trial court record.” 

Snedigar v. Hodderssen, 114 Wn.2d 153, 164, 786 P.2d 781 (1990). Because the declaration at 

issue is not part of the trial court record, we do not consider it.
No. 48781-1-II

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of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without 

the evidence. ER 401.

While Kitsap Rifle was pending in this court, this court stayed the trial court’s order 

enjoining the Club from operating its shooting range but imposed certain conditions prohibiting

the use of automatic weapons, cannons, and exploding targets. This court then decided Kitsap 

Rifle, holding that the Club’s commercial and military use of the shooting range and the 

frequently and dramatically increased noise levels on the range constituted unlawful expansions

of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 273-74. The Kitsap Rifle court vacated the trial 

court’s injunction precluding the Club from operating as a shooting range and remanded the case 

to the trial court to “fashion an appropriate remedy for the Club’s unlawful expansion of its 

nonconforming use.” 184 Wn. App. at 262.

In the Club’s motion to reopen the record before the trial court, the Club sought to 

introduce evidence of its operations during this court’s stay order, including a sound study 

conducted during the stay period. The trial court denied the Club’s motion to reopen the record, 

determining that additional evidence was not necessary to fashion a proper remedy on remand. 

The Club argues that its sound study was newly available evidence that would have 

shown that the Club had abated the increased noise levels on its shooting range. The Club argues 

that because it abated the impermissible expansion of its nonconforming use, injunctive relief 

was no longer necessary on remand. The Club’s argument is unpersuasive. 

The Club’s sound study, and other proposed evidence, was obtained after trial, and it 

could not have been offered at a reasonable time during trial. But this fact alone does not 

mandate reopening the record. 
No. 48781-1-II

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The issue before the trial court on remand involved only the proper remedy for the Club’s 

impermissible expansions of use. The Kitsap Rifle court did not say or suggest that factual 

questions remained on remand or that additional evidence was necessary to fashion an 

appropriate remedy. Whether the behavior of the Club, which was mandated by this court’s 

interim order, was necessary or relevant was within the trial court’s discretion. It is a reasonable 

conclusion that any change in the Club’s use of the shooting range after trial did not make the 

fact that the Club had impermissibly expanded its nonconforming use, necessitating an

appropriate remedy, any more or less probable. 

Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to deny the Club’s motion to reopen the record on 

remand was based on tenable grounds and reasons. Therefore, the trial court did not manifestly 

abuse its discretion.

The Club also argues that the trial court violated the law of the case doctrine under RAP 

2.5(c) because the Kitsap Rifle court’s holdings required that the trial court reopen the record on 

remand and allow discovery. We disagree. 

The law of the case doctrine is codified in RAP 2.5(c). Lodis v. Corbis Holdings, Inc., 

192 Wn. App. 30, 56, 366 P.3d 1246 (2015), review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1038 (2016). This 

doctrine stands for the proposition that “once there is an appellate holding enunciating a principle 

of law, that holding will be followed in subsequent stages of the same litigation.” Roberson v. 

Perez, 156 Wn.2d 33, 41, 123 P.3d 844 (2005). 

The Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s holdings that the Club’s commercial use 

of its shooting range and dramatically increased noise levels were impermissible expansions of 

its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 261-62. The court ordered remand only “for the trial 
No. 48781-1-II

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court to fashion an appropriate remedy for the Club’s unlawful expansion of its nonconforming 

use.” 184 Wn. App. at 262. The Kitsap Rifle court did not address whether the record must be 

reopened on remand or whether the trial court must allow discovery.

While the Club cites the law of the case doctrine, it does not provide authority to support 

its contention that a trial court must reopen the record on remand absent direct instructions to do 

so. The Kitsap Rifle court did not hold that the trial court must reopen the record or allow 

discovery on remand. Because the trial court did not violate the Kitsap Rifle court’s holdings on 

remand by denying the Club’s motion to reopen the record, the trial court did not violate the law 

of the case doctrine. Thus, the Club’s argument fails.

B. Motion To Quash Discovery

The Club also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by granting the County’s 

motion to quash discovery because the Club was entitled to present evidence relevant to the 

factual questions raised on remand. We disagree.

We generally review a trial court’s discovery order for an abuse of discretion. T.S. v. Boy 

Scouts of Am., 157 Wn.2d 416, 423, 138 P.3d 1053 (2006). The trial court is afforded broad 

discretion to manage the discovery process. Nakata v. Blue Bird, Inc., 146 Wn. App. 267, 277, 

191 P.3d 900 (2008). We reverse a trial court’s discovery ruling “only ‘on a clear showing’ that 

the court’s exercise of discretion was ‘manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable 

grounds, or for untenable reasons.’” T.S., 157 Wn.2d at 423 (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. 

Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).

After this court ordered remand in Kitsap Rifle, the Club served the County with 

interrogatories. The County then filed a motion to quash discovery, which the trial court granted
No. 48781-1-II

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after concluding that discovery was not appropriate because the record would not be reopened on 

remand. 

As discussed above, the Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s findings and 

conclusions that the Club’s commercial use of its shooting range and the increased noise levels 

on the shooting range constituted an impermissible expansion of its nonconforming use. 184 

Wn. App. at 273-74. The appellate court ordered remand for the trial court only to “fashion an 

appropriate remedy for the Club’s unlawful expansion of its nonconforming use.” 184 Wn. App. 

at 262. Accordingly, the Kitsap Rifle court did not remand any factual questions for the trial 

court to consider, and the trial court determined that additional evidence was not necessary to 

fashion an appropriate remedy for the Club’s impermissible expansions of use. The Club fails to 

provide a clear showing that the trial court’s decision granting the County’s motion to quash 

discovery was based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. Accordingly, the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion.

II. FORM & SCOPE OF THE INJUNCTION

The Club argues that the trial court erred in entering a permanent injunction enjoining (a) 

the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use and (b) site development activities because the 

terms of the injunctions are overbroad, vague, and prohibit the Club from engaging in the lawful 

use of its property. We agree in part, and we vacate in part and remand in part the trial court’s 

injunction prohibiting “[c]ommercial, for-profit uses”; the “[u]se of explosive devices including 

exploding targets”; the “[u]se of high caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber”; and “[p]ractical 

shooting, uses, including organized competitions and practice.” CP at 1341.
No. 48781-1-II

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A. Legal Principles

We review a trial court’s decision to grant an injunction, and the terms of that injunction, 

for an abuse of discretion. Nw. Props. Brokers Network, Inc. v. Early Dawn Estates 

Homeowner’s Ass’n, 173 Wn. App. 778, 789, 295 P.3d 314 (2013). A trial court abuses its 

discretion when its decision is based on untenable grounds or is manifestly unreasonable. 

Atwood v. Shanks, 91 Wn. App. 404, 409, 958 P.2d 332 (1998). “Trial courts have broad 

discretionary power to fashion injunctive relief to fit the particular circumstances of the case 

before it,” and we give the trial court’s exercise of discretion great weight. Hoover v. Warner, 

189 Wn. App. 509, 528, 358 P.3d 1174 (2015); see Atwood, 91 Wn. App. at 408-09.

CR 65(d) sets forth the form and scope of an injunction and provides that “[e]very order 

granting an injunction . . . shall set forth the reasons for its issuance; shall be specific in terms; 

shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the 

act or acts sought to be restrained.” Because Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d) is identical to 

CR 65(d), we may look to cases interpreting the federal rule for guidance. All Star Gas, Inc. of 

Washington v. Bechard, 100 Wn. App. 732, 736-37, 998 P.2d 367 (2000). 

Federal Rule 65(d) “‘was designed to prevent uncertainty and confusion on the part of 

those faced with injunctive orders, and to avoid the possible founding of a contempt citation on a 

decree too vague to be understood.’” Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1087 

(9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Schmidt v. Lessard, 414 U.S. 473, 476, 94 S. Ct. 713, 38 L. Ed. 2d 661 

(1974)). As a result, Rule 65(d) requires that the language of an injunction be reasonably clear 

so that an ordinary person will know precisely what action is prohibited. United States v. 

Holtzman, 762 F.2d 720, 726 (9th Cir. 1985). Injunctions do not violate the requirements of 
No. 48781-1-II

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Rule 65(d) “unless they are so vague that they have no reasonably specific meaning.” 762 F.2d 

at 726.

The scope of an injunction is decided on the facts of each case at the trial court’s 

discretion. King v. Riveland, 125 Wn.2d 500, 515, 886 P.2d 160 (1994). The injunction “must 

be tailored to remedy the specific harms shown rather than to enjoin all possible breaches of the 

law.” Kitsap County v. Kev, Inc., 106 Wn.2d 135, 143, 720 P.2d 818 (1986). As a result, the 

trial court may not issue a more comprehensive injunction than is necessary to remedy proven 

abuses. Whatcom County v. Kane, 31 Wn. App. 250, 253, 640 P.2d 1075 (1981).

B. Injunction Enjoining Expansions of Use

The Club argues that the trial court erred in entering a permanent injunction enjoining the 

expansions of its nonconforming use because the terms of the injunction are overbroad, vague, 

and prohibit the Club from engaging in the lawful use of its property. Specifically, the Club 

argues that the trial court erred in enjoining (1) commercial, for-profit uses; (2) military training 

uses; (3) use of explosive devices, including exploding targets; (4) use of high caliber weaponry 

greater than .30 caliber; and practical shooting and uses, including competitions and practice 

sessions. We agree in part and discuss each argument in turn.

1. Commercial, For-Profit Uses 

The Club argues that the trial court’s injunction enjoining “commercial, for-profit uses” 

is overbroad and is not narrowly tailored. We agree. Accordingly, we vacate this term of the 

injunction and remand with specific instructions to the trial court to fashion a remedy that 

reflects, consistent with this court’s opinion in Kitsap Rifle, that the Club’s operation of 

commercial, for-profit businesses that provide firearms courses to primarily military personnel is 
No. 48781-1-II

17

an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use, not all commercial, for-profit 

uses.

In its original order, the trial court found that three different commercial, for-profit 

companies conducted regular self-defense courses and active training exercises for active duty 

military personnel at the Club’s shooting range. When the Club’s nonconforming use was 

established in 1993, commercial, for-profit businesses did not conduct firearms training at the 

range. The trial court concluded that the Club’s use of the shooting range to operate commercial 

businesses primarily serving military personnel constituted an expansion of the Club’s 

nonconforming use. 

In Kitsap Rifle, the court determined that the operation of commercial, for-profit 

businesses that provided firearms courses at the Club’s shooting range was an impermissible 

expansion of use. 184 Wn. App. at 273-74. The Kitsap Rifle court reasoned that the operation of 

commercial, for-profit businesses that conducted firearms training serving primarily military 

personnel was a fundamental change in the Club’s use of its shooting range and was different in 

kind from the Club’s operations at the time its nonconforming use was established. 184 Wn. 

App. at 273. On remand, the trial court entered a supplemental judgment that included an 

injunction prohibiting “[c]ommercial, for-profit uses” of the Club’s shooting range. CP at 1341.

The injunction’s prohibition of “commercial, for-profit uses” is not reasonably clear and 

is not tailored to remedy the Club’s impermissible expansion of use by permitting the 

commercial and military use of its shooting range, as acknowledged in Kitsap Rifle. The trial 

court found that multiple commercial, for-profit companies conducted firearms training courses 

at the Club’s shooting range. The Kitsap Rifle court determined that the commercial, for-profit 
No. 48781-1-II

18

operation of these firearms training courses was a fundamental change in the Club’s use of its 

range and that this fundamental change constituted an impermissible expansion of the Club’s 

nonconforming use. In its supplemental order, the trial court enjoined “commercial, for-profit 

uses,” but this term appears to prohibit all commercial, for-profit operations at the Club’s 

shooting range. Further, the trial court’s injunction is not limited to only commercial, for-profit 

businesses that provide firearms training primarily for military personnel. As a result, this term 

of the trial court’s injunction is more comprehensive than necessary to remedy the Club’s 

expansions of its nonconforming use. 

Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in enjoining “commercial, for-profit 

uses.” Thus, we vacate this term and remand with specific instructions to the trial court to 

fashion a remedy that reflects that the Club’s operation of commercial, for-profit businesses that 

provide firearms courses to primarily military personnel is an impermissible expansion of the 

Club’s nonconforming use of its shooting range.

2. Military Training Uses

The Club also argues that the trial court’s injunction enjoining “military training uses” is 

overbroad and vague. We disagree.

The trial court found that the US Navy had conducted firearm exercises at the Club’s 

shooting range on at least one occasion prior to 1993. The trial court also found that after 1993, 

multiple commercial, for-profit businesses conducted firearms training for military personnel and 

that US Navy personnel had performed firearm exercises. In its original order, the trial court 

concluded that the Club’s military training uses were an impermissible expansion of its 

nonconforming use. 
No. 48781-1-II

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The Kitsap Rifle court determined that the commercial, for-profit operation of firearms 

training courses primarily serving military personnel was a fundamental change in the Club’s use 

of its range and that this fundamental change constituted an impermissible expansion of the 

Club’s nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 273-74. On remand, the trial court entered an 

injunction enjoining “[m]ilitary training uses” of the Club’s shooting range because it constituted 

an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use. CP at 1341.

The trial court’s original order made clear that military exercises and firearms training 

were impermissible expansions of the Club’s nonconforming use. The Kitsap Rifle court agreed 

that for-profit firearms training that primarily served military personnel was a fundamental 

change in the Club’s use of its shooting range and that this use was an impermissible expansion 

of use. 184 Wn. App. at 273-74. As a result, the trial court’s injunction enjoining “military 

training uses” is tailored to remedy the Club’s impermissible expansions of its nonconforming 

use. Moreover, reading the trial court’s original order and supplemental order together,6the trial 

court’s injunction is specific in terms, and it is reasonably clear that operating military training is 

prohibited. Therefore, the trial court did not err in enjoining the Club from “military training 

uses.”

3. Use of Explosive Devises

The Club also argues that the trial court’s injunction enjoining the “use of explosive 

devices including exploding targets” is overbroad and vague. We agree. Thus, we vacate this 

 

6 To the extent that the Club argues that we cannot review the trial court’s original order and its 

supplemental order together, we disagree. The supplemental order is a continuation of the trial 

court’s original order. See Arnold v. Nat’l Union of Marine Cooks & Stewards Ass’n, 42 Wn.2d 

648, 652, 257 P.2d 629 (1953) (“[S]upplemental proceedings are not a new and independent 

action but are merely a continuation of the original or main action and are auxiliary thereto.”).
No. 48781-1-II

20

term of the injunction and remand with specific instructions to the trial court to clarify which 

explosive devices were found to create an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming 

use.

In its original order, the trial court found that the Club allowed the use of exploding 

targets and cannons that increased the shooting range’s sound levels and caused nearby homes to 

shake. The trial court also found that exploding targets and cannons were not commonly used by 

the Club when its nonconforming use was established in 1993 and concluded that their use 

constituted an impermissible expansion of use. The trial court’s original permanent injunction 

prohibited the use of “exploding targets and cannons.” CP at 203.

In Kitsap Rifle, the court held that “the frequent and drastically increased noise levels 

found to exist at the Club constituted a fundamental change in the use of the property.” 184 Wn. 

App. at 274. As a result, the court concluded that the increased noise levels created, in part, by 

the Club’s use of exploding targets and cannons were an expansion of the Club’s nonconforming 

use. See 184 Wn. App. at 274. On remand, the trial court entered a supplemental judgment and 

enjoined the Club from the “[u]se of explosive devices including exploding targets.” CP at 1341.

The trial court’s injunction prohibiting the use of “explosive devices” is overbroad and 

prohibits more than necessary to remedy the increased noise levels at the shooting range. In its 

broadest terms, this would include a bullet because it is an explosive device. In its original order, 

the trial court found only that the use of exploding targets and cannons at the Club created loud 

booming noises and shook nearby homes. The Kitsap Rifle court agreed that the use of 

exploding targets and cannons contributed to the Club’s drastically increased noise levels. The 

trial court’s all or nothing prohibition of all explosive devices is too broad to remedy the noise 
No. 48781-1-II

21

expansion created by the use of exploding targets and cannons. As a result, the trial court’s 

prohibition of all explosive devices is more comprehensive than necessary to remedy the Club’s 

impermissible expansions of use.

Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion in entering an injunction enjoining the “use 

of explosive devices including exploding targets.” Accordingly, we vacate this term of the 

injunction and remand with specific instructions to the trial court to fashion a remedy that 

implements its original permanent injunction prohibiting the use of “exploding targets and 

cannons.” 

4. Use of High Caliber Weaponry

The Club also argues that the trial court erred in entering an injunction prohibiting the 

“use of high caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber” because the term is overbroad and not 

properly tailored. We agree. Accordingly, we vacate this term of the injunction and remand to 

the trial court with specific instructions to clarify which weapons are prohibited because they 

create noise levels that constitute an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use.

In its original order, the trial court found that fully automatic weapons were regularly 

used more recently at the Club and that rapid-fire shooting occurred frequently. The trial court 

also found that the “[u]se of fully automatic weapons, and constant firing of semiautomatic 

weapons led several witnesses to describe their everyday lives as being exposed to the ‘sounds of 

war.’” CP at 191. The trial court’s original permanent injunction prohibited the use of “rifles of 

greater than nominal .30 caliber.” CP at 203.

The Kitsap Rifle court held that the noise created by the use of fully and semiautomatic 

weapons created an impermissible noise expansion because it contributed to the shooting range’s 
No. 48781-1-II

22

dramatically increased noise levels. 184 Wn. App. at 274. On remand, the trial court entered an 

injunction that prohibited the “[u]se of high caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber.” CP at 

1341.

Although the weapon’s caliber may factor into the trial court’s determination that certain 

activities constitute a nonconforming use, the term of the trial court’s language enjoining the use 

of high caliber weaponry is overbroad. The trial court’s original order determined that automatic 

weapons and rapid-fire shooting led to the Club’s impermissible noise expansion. The 

permanent injunction at issue appears to restrict all weapons that are greater than .30 caliber, 

such as pistols and shotguns. However, the trial court did not make any findings regarding 

increased noise levels by high caliber weapons other than fully and semiautomatic weapons. 

Moreover, the Kitsap Rifle court held that, on remand, the trial court’s remedy must 

reflect that only expansion is unlawful. 184 Wn. App. at 301. In its original order, the trial court 

found that activities including higher caliber weaponry had caused “an increase in the noise level 

emanating from the Club in the past five to six years.” CP at 192. The trial court’s injunction 

prohibits weapons that were not found to constitute an impermissible expansion of use. As a 

result, the trial court’s injunction is overbroad and is not tailored to remedy the Club’s 

impermissible noise expansion. The trial court’s remedy must reflect that only the more recent 

increases in noise levels constitute an expansion of use.

Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion and violated CR 65(d) by enjoining the 

“use of high caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber.” Thus, we vacate this term of the 

injunction and remand to the trial court with specific instructions to clarify which weapons are 
No. 48781-1-II

23

prohibited because they create noise levels that constitute an impermissible expansion of the 

Club’s nonconforming use. 

5. Practical Shooting

The Club also argues that the trial court erred in entering an injunction prohibiting 

“[p]ractical shooting, uses, including organized competitions and practice” because the term is 

not reasonably clear. Br. of Appellant at 48 [(quoting CP at 1341)].We agree. As a result, we 

vacate this term of the injunction and remand to the trial court with specific instructions to clarify 

whether “practical use” includes only practical shooting practices and competitions or whether 

practical use includes other conduct. 

The trial court found in its original order that the Club’s shooting range was frequently 

used for regular practical shooting practices and competitions. The trial court also found that the 

practical shooting practices and competitions resulted in rapid-fire shooting for a number of 

hours. The Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s conclusion that the Club’s practical 

shooting practices and competitions increased the shooting range’s noise levels and created an 

impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 274. On remand, 

the trial court entered an injunction enjoining “[p]ractical shooting, uses, including organized 

competitions and practice.” CP at 1341.

The injunction’s prohibition of “practical shooting, uses, including organized 

competitions and practice” is not reasonably clear. The trial court’s original order finds only that 

“regularly scheduled practical shooting practices and competitions” contributed to the increase in 

noise levels on the Club’s shooting range. CP at 188. Reading the trial court’s supplemental 

order and original order together, the trial court appears to prohibit more than only regularly 
No. 48781-1-II

24

scheduled practical shooting practices and competitions. In its original order, the trial court 

found that activities including practical shooting competitions had caused “an increase in the 

noise level emanating from the Club in the past five to six years.” CP at 192. The trial court’s 

remedy must reflect that only the more recent increases in noise levels constitute an expansion of 

use.

Moreover, it is unclear what constitutes practical shooting uses, other than practical 

shooting practices and competitions, and what practical shooting uses are prohibited. Because 

the injunction’s prohibition of practical shooting is not so reasonably clear that an ordinary 

person would know precisely what action is prohibited, it is so vague that is has no reasonably 

specific meaning. As a result, that term violates the specificity requirements in CR 65(d). 

Consequently, the trial court abused its discretion in enjoining “practical shooting, uses, 

including organized competitions and practice.” Accordingly, we vacate this term and remand to 

the trial court with specific instructions to clarify whether “practical use” includes only practical 

shooting practices and competitions or whether practical use includes other conduct.7 

C. Injunction Enjoining Site Development

The Club also argues that the trial court erred in entering a permanent injunction 

enjoining site development activities at the shooting range because the terms of the injunction are 

vague. Specifically, the Club argues that the terms of the injunction are vague because the 

 

7 The trial court’s remedy may impose limitations on the frequency and duration of practical 

shooting events to reflect that the more recent increases in noise levels from the Club’s practical 

shooting competitions constituted an impermissible expansion of use.
No. 48781-1-II

25

injunction references an outside document, the court’s original order, for meaning. We find the 

Club’s argument unpersuasive.

On remand, the trial court issued an additional injunction that required the Club to “apply 

for and obtain site development activity permitting to cure violations of KCC Titles 12 and 19 

found to exist on the Property in the original Judgment.” CP at 1342. While CR 65(d) states that 

an injunction should not “reference to the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to 

be restrained,” we do not consider the trial court’s original order to be a separate document under 

CR 65(d). The trial court’s supplemental order on remand explicitly supplemented the trial 

court’s original order. As a result, the supplemental order is a continuation of the trial court’s 

original order. See Arnold v. Nat’l Union of Marine Cooks & Stewards Ass’n, 42 Wn.2d 648, 

652, 257 P.2d 629 (1953) (“[S]upplemental proceedings are not a new and independent action 

but are merely a continuation of the original or main action and are auxiliary thereto.”). Thus, 

the Club’s argument fails.

III. DECLARATORY JUDGMENT 

The Club also argues that the trial court erred in entering declaratory judgment because 

its legal conclusions regarding which actions were an expansion of the Club’s nonconforming 

use conflict with this court’s holdings in Kitsap Rifle. We disagree with the Club’s argument but 

nonetheless reverse and remand the trial court’s declaratory judgment in part.

In reviewing a declaratory judgment, we review whether the trial court’s findings of fact 

are supported by substantial evidence and, if so, whether the findings support the trial court’s 

conclusions of law. Sunnyside Valley Irrigation Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 879-80, 73 P.3d 
No. 48781-1-II

26

369 (2003). Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Buck Mountain Owners’ Ass’n 

v. Prestwich, 174 Wn. App. 702, 714, 308 P.3d 644 (2013).

As discussed above, the law of the case doctrine binds this court to the prior appeal’s 

holdings. Humphrey Indus., Ltd. v. Clay St. Assocs., 176 Wn.2d 662, 669, 295 P.3d 231 (2013). 

Questions that were decided by the prior appellate decision, or that could have been decided if 

they had been raised on appeal, “‘will not again be considered on a subsequent appeal if there is 

no substantial change in the evidence.’” Folsom v. County of Spokane, 111 Wn.2d 256, 263, 759 

P.2d 1196 (1988) (quoting Adamson v. Traylor, 66 Wn.2d 338, 339, 402 P.2d 499 (1965)).

In Kitsap Rifle, the Club did not assign error to any of the trial court’s findings of fact 

regarding the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. at 267. As a result, 

the trial court’s unchallenged findings were considered verities on appeal. 184 Wn. App. at 267. 

The Kitsap Rifle court determined that the trial court’s unchallenged findings supported its legal 

conclusions that the Club’s commercial and military use of the shooting range and the frequent 

and drastically increased noise levels were expansions of its nonconforming use. 184 Wn. App. 

at 273-74. Accordingly, the Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s rulings that the 

commercial use and increased noise levels were impermissible expansions of use. 184 Wn. App. 

at 261-62. 

On remand, the trial court granted Kitsap County a declaratory judgment, declaring that 

the Club’s “military training uses; commercial, for-profit uses; and uses increasing noise levels 

by allowing explosive devices, higher caliber weaponry greater than .30 caliber and practical 

shooting, each constitute unlawful expansions of and changes to the nonconforming use of the . . 

. shooting range.” CP at 1341.
No. 48781-1-II

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The Kitsap Rifle court affirmed the trial court’s conclusions that the Club’s commercial 

and military use of the shooting range, as well as its increased noise levels, were expansions of 

the Club’s nonconforming use because the trial court’s conclusions were supported by its 

unchallenged findings. Because this court affirmed these conclusions in Kitsap Rifle, the trial 

court’s conclusions of law regarding the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use are the law 

of the case, and we are bound by those conclusions in this subsequent appeal. Moreover, the law 

of the case doctrine provides that we may not again consider whether the trial court’s findings of 

fact support its conclusions of law. Because the law of the case prescribes that the trial court’s 

conclusions of law are supported by its findings of fact, we do not review them here.

Despite this, the trial court erred in entering declaratory judgment because its declaratory 

judgment does not conform to its conclusions of law and is contrary to this court’s opinion in 

Kitsap Rifle. As discussed above, the trial court’s declaratory judgment and injunction prohibit 

more than was necessary to remedy the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. 

Accordingly, we reverse in part and remand the trial court’s declaratory judgment with 

instructions to comply with this court’s instructions regarding the permanent injunction.

CONCLUSION

We vacate in part the trial court’s injunction prohibiting “commercial, for-profit uses”; 

the “use of explosive devices including exploding targets”; the “use of high caliber weaponry 

greater than .30 caliber”; and “practical shooting, uses, including organized competitions and 

practice.” We remand the trial court’s injunction in part with specific instructions to: (1) fashion 

a remedy that reflects that the Club’s allowance of commercial, for-profit businesses that provide 

firearms courses to primarily military personnel is an impermissible expansion of the Club’s 
No. 48781-1-II

28

nonconforming use of its shooting range; (2) clarify which explosive devices were found to 

create an impermissible expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use; (3) fashion a remedy that 

implements its original permanent injunction prohibiting the use of “exploding targets and 

cannons;” and (4) clarify whether “practical use” includes only practical shooting practices and 

competitions or whether practical shooting includes other conduct. We also reverse in part and 

remand the trial court’s declaratory judgment with instructions to comply with this court’s 

instructions regarding the permanent injunction, but we otherwise affirm the trial court’s Order 

Supplementing Judgment on Remand.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

Worswick, J.

We concur:

Bjorgen, C.J.

Maxa, J.