ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

40 CFR Parts 52 and 81 

[EPA-R04-OAR-20 10-0 134-20 1007; FRL- ] 

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans and Designation of Areas for Air Quality 

Planning Purposes; Kentucky; Redesignation of the Kentucky Portion of the CincinnatiHamilton 1997 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area to Attainment 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Proposed Rule. 

SUMMARY: On January 29,20 10, the Commonwealth of Kentucky, through the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division for Air Quality (DAQ), submitted a request to 

redesignate the Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 8-hour ozone 

nonattainment area (the "tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area") to attainment for the 1997 8-hour 

ozone national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS); and to approve the state implementation 

plan (SIP) revision containing a maintenance plan for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area. The tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainrnent 

area is composed of Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties in Kentucky (hereafter also referred 

to as "Northern Kentucky"); Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton and Warren Counties in Ohio; 

and a portion of Dearborn County in Indiana. In this action, EPA is proposing to: (I) to 

determine that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone 

NAAQS; (2) approve Kentucky's redesignation request for Boone, Campbell and Kenton 

Counties in Kentucky as part of the tri-state Cincinnati Area; (3) approve the 1997 8-hour ozone 

maintenance plan for Northern Kentucky, including the motor vehicle emission budgets 
(MVEBs) for nitrogen oxides (NO,) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) for the years 2015 

and 2020; and (4) approve the 2008 emissions inventory for Northern Kentucky as meeting the 

requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA). EPA's proposed approval of Kentucky's 

redesignation request is based on the belief that Kentucky's request meets the criteria for 

redesignation to attainment specified in the CAA, including the determination that the entire tristate Cincinnati-Hamilton ozone nonattainment area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone 

NAAQS. In a separate rulemaking action, EPA has proposed to approve redesignation requests 

and maintenance plans submitted by Ohio and Indiana for their respective portions of this 1997 

8-hour ozone area. 

In this action, EPA is also notifying the public of the status of EPA's adequacy 

determination for the new 2015 and 2020 MVEBs that are contained in the 1997-8-hour ozone 

maintenance plan for Northern Kentucky. MVEBs for the Ohio and Indiana portions of this 

Area are included in the Ohio and Indiana submittals, and are being addressed through EPA's 

separate action for those submissions. EPA is also in the process of rulemaking on a new 8-hour 

ozone NAAQS. Today's actions, however, relate only to the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

DATES: Comments must be received on or before [insert date 30 days after date of ~ublication 

in the Federal Register]. 

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-RO4-OAR-2010- 

0134, by one of the following methods: 

1. www.remlations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments. 

2. E-mail: beniamidvnorae @eua. gov. 

3. Fax: (404) 562-9019. 
4. Mail: EPA-R04-OAR-2010-0134, Regulatory Development Section, Air Planning 

Branch, Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region 4,61 Forsyth Street, SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8960. 

5. Hand Delivery or Courier: Ms. Lynorae Benjamin, Chief, Regulatory Development 

Section, Air Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street, SW, Atlanta, Georgia 

30303-8960. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Regional Office's normal 

hours of operation. The Regional Office's official hours of business are Monday through 

Friday, 8:30 to 4:30, excluding federal holidays. 

Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-R04-OAR-2010-0134. EPA's policy 

is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be 

made available online at www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided, 

unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) 

or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit through 

www.renulations.eov or e-mail, information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected. 

The www.regulations.nov web site is an "anonymous access" system, which means EPA will not 

know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If 

you send an e-mail comment directly to EPA without going through www.regulations.gov, your 

e-mail address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed 

in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, 

EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your 
comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to 

technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider 

your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of 

encryption, and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about EPA's public 

docket visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at htt~://www.epa.rzov/epahome/dockets.ht~n. 

Docket: All documents in the electronic docket are listed in the www.regulations.,oov index. 

Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, i.e., CBI or other 

information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted 

material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. 

Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in www.regulations.gov or 

in hard copy at the Regulatory Development Section, Air Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and 

Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4,61 Forsyth 

Street, SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8960. EPA requests that if at all possible, you contact the 

person listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section to schedule your 

inspection. The Regional Office's official hours of business are Monday through Friday, 8:30 to 

4:30, excluding federal holidays. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. Jane Spann or Mr. Zuri Farngalo of the 

Regulatory Development Section, in the Air Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and Toxics 

Management Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4,61 Forsyth Street, SW, 

Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8960. Jane Spann may be reached by phone at (404) 562-9029, or via 
electronic mail at spam.iane@epa.aov. The telephone number for Mr. Farngalo is (404) 562- 

9152, and the electronic mail is f;uncralo.zuri@epa.~ov. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents 

I. 

11. 

111. 

IV. 

v. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

What Proposed Actions is EPA Taking? 

What is the Background for EPA's Proposed Actions? 

What are the Criteria for Redesignation? 

Why is EPA Proposing these Actions? 

What is the Effect of EPA's Proposed Actions? 

What is EPA's Analysis of the Request? 

What is EPA's Analysis of Kentucky's Proposed NOx and VOC MVEBs for 

Northern Kentucky? 

What is the Status of EPA's Adequacy Determination for the Proposed NOx and 

VOC MVEBs for the years 2015 and 2020 for Northern Kentucky? 

What is EPA's Analysis of the Proposed 2008 Base Year Emissions Inventory for 

Northern Kentucky? 

What are EPA's Proposed Actions? 

Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 
I. What Proposed Actions is EPA Taking? 

EPA is proposing several related actions, which are summarized below and described in 

greater detail throughout this notice of rulemaking: (I) to determine that the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS; (2) to approve the Commonwealth 

of Kentucky's request to redesignate the Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 

1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment area (Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties in Kentucky) to 

attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS under section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA; (3) to 

approve under section 172(c)(3) the emissions inventory submitted with the maintenance plan; 

and (4) to approve under section 175A Kentucky's 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS maintenance 

plan into the Kentucky SIP, including the associated MVEBs. These proposed actions will be 

revisions to the Kentucky SIP pursuant to section 110 of the CAA. In addition, and related to 

today's actions, EPA is also notifying the public of the status of EPA's adequacy determination 

for the Northern Kentucky MVEBs. 

First, EPA is proposing to determine that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has 

attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, based on the most recent three years of complete, 

quality assured monitoring data. EPA further proposes to determine that the Area has met the 

requirements for redesignation under section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA if EPA's proposed 

approval of the emissions inventory for Northern Kentucky is finalized. In a separate action, 

EPA has proposed approval of the redesignation requests and maintenance plans for the Ohio 

and Indiana portions of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area (75 FR 8871, February 26,2010). 

In this action, EPA is now proposing to approve a request to redesignate the Kentucky portion of 
the Area ;ind to change the legal designation of Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties in 

Kentucky from nonattainment to attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

Second, EPA is proposing to approve under section 172(c)(3) Kentucky's 2008 emissions 

inventory included in the maintenance plan for Northern Kentucky as meeting the requirements 

of that section. In coordination with Ohio and Indiana, Kentucky selected 2008 as "the 

attainment year" for the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area for the purpose of demonstrating 

attainment of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. This emissions inventory identifies the level of 

emissions in the Area, which is sufficient to attain the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. Please see 

section IX of this rulemaking for more detail on Kentucky's 2008 emission inventory. 

Third, EPA is proposing to approve Kentucky's 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS maintenance 

plan for Northern Kentucky as meeting the requirements of section 175A of the CAA, such 

approval being one of the CAA criteria for redesignation to attainment. The maintenance plan is 

designed to help keep the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area in attainment of the 1997 8-hour 

ozone NAAQS through 2020. Consistent with the CAA, the maintenance plan that EPA is 

proposing to approve today also includes 2015 and 2020 NO, and VOC MVEBs. EPA is 

proposing to approve (into the Kentucky's SIP) the 2015 and 2020 MVEBs that are included as 

part of Kentucky's maintenance plan for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The adequacy 

comment period for these MVEBs closed on March 5,2010, and EPA did not receive any 

comments. (See section VIII of this proposed rulemaking.) Notably, these MVEBs apply only 

to Northern Kentucky. MVEBs contained in the Ohio's and Indiana's submittals for the 

remainder of the tri-state Cincinnati Area were addressed in a separate action (75 FR 8871, 

February 26,2010). 
EPA is also notifying the public of the status of EPA's adequacy process for the newlyestablished 2015 and 2020 NOx and VOC MVEBs for Northern Kentucky. The MVEBs for the 

Ohio and Indiana portions of this 1997 8-hour ozone area are being addressed in a separate 

action. The Adequacy comment period for the Northern Kentucky 2015 and 2020 MVEBs 

began on February 3,2010, with EPA's posting of the availability of this submittal on EPA's 

Adequacy Web site ~p://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/cun:sips.htm). The 

adequacy comment period for these MVEBs closed on March 5,2010. EPA did not receive any 

adverse comments or requests for Kentucky's submission. Please see section VIII of this 

proposed rulemaking for further explanation of this process, and for more details on the MVEBs 

determination. 

Today's notice of proposed rulemaking is in response to Kentucky's January 29,2010, 

SIP submittal requesting the redesignation of Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties in 

Kentucky as part of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone area, and includes SIP 

revisions addressing the specific issues summarized above and the necessary elements for 

redesignation described in sections 107(d)(3)(E) and 175A of the CAA. 

11. What is the Background for EPA's Proposed Actions? 

Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly by sources. Rather, emissions of NOx and 

VOC react in the presence of sunlight to form ground-level ozone. NOx and VOC are referred to 

as precursors of ozone. The CAA establishes a process for air quality management through the 

NAAQS. 

On July 18, 1997, EPA promulgated a revised %hour ozone standard of 0.08 parts per 

million (ppm). This standard is more stringent than the previous 1-hour ozone standard. Under 

8 
EPA regulations at 40 CFR part 50, the 1997 8-hour ozone standard is attained when the 3-year 

average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ambient air quality ozone 

concentrations is less than or equal to 0.08 ppm (0.084 ppm when rounding is considered). (See 

69 FR 23857 (April 30, 2004) for further mforrnation.) Ambient air quality monitoring data for 

the 3-year period must meet a data completeness requirement. The ambient air quality 

monitoring data completeness requirement is met when the average percent of days with valid 

ambient monitoring data is greater than 90 percent, and no single year has less than 75 percent 

data completeness as determined in Appendix I of part 50. Specifically, section 2.3 of 40 CFR 

part 50, Appendix I, "Comparisons with the Primary and Secondary Ozone Standards" states: 

"The primary and secondary ozone ambient air quality standards are met at an ambient 

air quality monitoring site when the 3-year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration is less than or equal to 0.08 ppm. The number of significant 

figures in the level of the standard dictates the rounding convention for comparing the computed 

3-year average annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration with 

the level of the standard. The third decimal place of the computed value is rounded, with values 

equal to or greater than 5 roupding up. Thus, a computed 3-year average ozone concentration of 

0.085 ppm is the smallest value that is greater than 0.08 ppm." 

The CAA required EPA to designate as nonattainment any area that was violating the 

1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS based on the three most recent years of ambient air quality data. 

The tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment area was initially designated 

nonattainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard using 2001-2003 ambient air quality data. 
EPA published a final designations rulemaking for the NAAQS on April 30,2004 (69 FR 

23857). 

Title I, Part D of the CAA contains two sets of provisions - subpart 1 and subpart 2 - that 

address planning and control requirements for ozone nonattainment areas. Subpart 1 (which 

EPA refers to as "basic" nonattainment) contains general, less prescriptive, requirements for 

nonattainment areas for any pollutant - including ozone - governed by a NAAQS. Subpart 2 

(which EPA refers to as "classified" nonattainment) provides more specific requirements for 

certain ozone nonattainment areas. Some 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment areas were subject 

only to the provisions of subpart 1. Other 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment areas were 

classified as subpart 2 areas and were subject to the provisions of subpart 2 in addition to subpart 

1. Under EPA's Phase I 8-Hour Ozone Implementation Rule (69 FR 23857) (Phase I Rule), 

signed on April 15,2004, and published April 30,2004, an area was classified under subpart 2 

based on its 8-hour ozone design value (i.e., the 3-year average of the annual fourth highest daily 

maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations), if it had a 1-hour design value at or above 

0.121 ppm (the lowest 1-hour design value in Table 1 of subpart 2). All other areas were 

covered under subpart 1, based upon their 8-hour ambient air quality design values. 

Northern Kentucky (as part of the bi-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area) was originally 

designated as a moderate nonattainment area for the 1-hour ozone NAAQS on November 6, 

1991 (56 FR 56694). On June 19,2000 (65 FR 37879), the Kentucky portion of the CincinnatiHamilton 1-hour nonattainment area was redesignated as attainment for the 1-hour ozone 

NAAQS, and was considered to be a maintenance area subject to a CAA section 175A 

maintenance plan for the 1-hour NAAQS. On April 30,2004, EPA designated the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area (which then included Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties in 

10 
Kentucky; Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton and Warren Counties in Ohio; and a portion of 

Dearborn County in Indiana) under subpart 1 as a "basic" 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS 

nonattainment area (69 FR 23857, April 30,2004). 

As part of the 2004 designations, EPA also promulgated an implementation rule - the 

Phase I Rule. Various aspects of EPA's Phase I Rule were challenged in court. On December 

22,2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit Court) 

vacated EPA's Phase I Rule (69 FR 2395 1, April 30,2004). South Coast Air Quality 

Management Dist. (SCAQMD) v. EPA, 472 F.3d 882 (D.C. Cir. 2006). On June 8,2007, in 

response to several petitions for rehearing, the D.C. Circuit Court clarified that the Phase I Rule 

was vacated only with regard to those parts of the Rule that had been successfully challenged. 

The Phase I Rule provisions related to classifications for areas currently classified under subpart 

2 of title I, part D of the CAA as 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS nonattainrnent areas, the 1997 8- 

hour ozone NAAQS attainment dates and the timing for emissions reductions needed for 

attainment of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS remain effective. The June 8h decision left intact 

the Court's rejection of EPA's reasons for implementing the 1997 8-hour standard in certain 

nonattainment areas under subpart 1 in lieu of subpart 2. By limiting the vacatur, the Court let 

stand EPA's revocation of the 1-how standard and those anti-backsliding provisions of the Phase 

I Rule that had not been successfully challenged. The June 8" decision affirmed the December 

22, 2006, decision that EPA had improperly failed to retain measures required for 1-hour 

nonattainment areas under the anti-backsliding provisions of the regulations: (1) nonattainment 

area New Source Review (NSR) requirements based on an area's 1-hour nonattainment 

classification; (2) Section 185 penalty fees for 1-hour severe or extreme nonattainment areas; and 
(3) measures to be implemented pursuant to section 172(c)(9) or 182(c)(9) of the CAA, on the 

contingency of an area not making reasonable further progress toward attainment of the 1-hour 

NAAQS, or for failure to attain that NAAQS. The June gth decision clarified that the Court's 

reference to conformity requirements for anti-backsliding purposes was limited to requiring the 

continued use of 1-hour motor vehicle emissions budgets until 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS 

budgets were available for 8-hour ozone conformity determinations, which is already required 

under EPA's conformity regulations. The Court thus clarified that 1-hour ozone conformity 

determinations are not required for anti-backsliding purposes. 

For the reasons set forth below, EPA does not believe that the Court's rulings alter any 

requirements relevant to this redesignation action so as to preclude redesignation, nor does EPA 

believe the Court's ruling prevents EPA from proposing or ultimately finalizing this 

redesignation. EPA believes that the Court's December 22, 2006, and June 8, 2007, decisions 

impose no impediment to moving forward with redesignation of Northern Kentucky to 

attainment, because even in light of the Court's decision, redesignation is appropriate under the 

relevant redesignation provisions of the CAA and longstanding policies regarding redesignation 

requests. 

With respect to the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, the Court's ruling rejected EPA's 

reasons for classifying areas under subpart 1 for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, and remanded 

that matter back to the Agency. In its January 16,2009, proposed rulemaking in response to the 

SCAQMD decision, EPA has proposed to classify the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area (of 

which Northern Kentucky is a part) under subpart 2 as a moderate area (74 FR 2936). If EPA 

finalizes this rulemaking, the requirements under subpart 2 will become applicable when they are 

due. EPA proposed a deadline for submission of these requirements of one year after the 

12 
effective date of the final rulemaking classifying this and other areas (74 FR 2940-2941). 

Although a future final decision by EPA to classlfy this Area under subpart 2 would trigger 

additional future requirements for the Area, EPA believes that this does not preclude this 

redesignation from being approved. This belief is based upon: (1) EPA's longstanding policy of 

evaluating requirements in accordance with the requirements due at the time redesignation 

request is submitted; and (2) consideration of the inequity of applying retroactively any 

requirements that might in the future be applied. 

First, at the time the redesignation request was submitted, the tri-state CineinnatiHamilton Area was not classified under subpart 2, nor were subpart 2 requirements yet due for 

this Area. Under EPA's longstanding interpretation of section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, to 

quallfy for redesignation, states requesting redesignation to attainment must meet only the 

relevant SIP requirements that came due prior to the submittal of a complete redesignation 

request. September 4,1992, Calcagni Memorandum ("Procedures for Processing Requests to 

Redesignate Areas to Attainment," Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality 

Management Division). See also Michael Shapiro Memorandum, September 17, 1993, and 60 

FR 12459, 12465-66 (March 7, 1995) (Redesignation of Detroit-Ann Arbor, Michigan); Sierra 

Club v EPA, 375 F.3d 537 (7" Cir. 2004) (upholding this interpretation); 68 FR 25418,25424, 

25427 (May 12,2003) (redesignation of St. Louis, Missouri). 

Moreover, it would be inequitable to retroactively apply any new SIP requirements that 

were not applicable at the time the request was submitted. The D.C. Circuit Court has 

recognized the inequity in such retroactive rulemaking (see Sierra Club v. Whitman 285 F. 3d 63 

(D.C. Cir. 2002)), in which the Court upheld a district court's ruling refusing to make retroactive 
an EPA determination of nonattainrnent that was past the statutory due date. Such a 

determination would have resulted in the imposition of additional requirements on the area. The 

Court stated, "[a]lthough EPA failed to make the nonattainment determination within the 

statutory frame, Sierra Club's proposed solution only makes the situation worse. Retroactive 

relief would llkely impose large costs on the states, which would face fines and suits for not 

implementing air pollution prevention plans in 1997, even though they were not on notice at the 

time." Id. at 68. Similarly here, it would be unfair to penalize the area by applying to it for 

purpose of redesignation, additional SIP requirements under subpart 2 that were not in effect or 

yet due at the time it submitted its redesignation request, or the time that the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area attained the standard. 

With respect to the requirements under the 1 -hour ozone NAAQS, Northern Kentucky 

had been redesignated attainment subject to a maintenance plan under section 175A. The D.C. 

Circuit Court's decisions do not impact redesignation requests for these types of areas, except to 

the extent that the Court, in its June 8& decision, clarified that for those areas with 1-hour 

MVEBs in their maintenance plans, anti-backsliding requires that those 1-hour budgets must be 

used for 8-hour conformity determinations until they are replaced by 1997 8-hour budgets. To 

meet this requirement, conformity determinations in such areas must comply with the applicable 

requirements of EPA's conformity regulations at 40 CFR part 93. 

With regard to the anti-backsliding provisions for the 1-hour NAAQS that the D.C. 

Circuit Court found were not properly retained, Northern Kentucky is an attainment area subject 

to a maintenance plan for the 1-hour NAAQS, and 1-hour anti-backsliding requirements no 

longer apply to an area that is redesignated to attainment of the 1-hour ozone NAAQS. As a 

result, the decisions in SCAQMD should not alter any requirements that would preclude EPA 

14 
from finalizing the redesignation of Northern Kentucky to attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone 

NAAQS. 

On January 29,2010, Kentucky requested that EPA redesignate the Kentucky portion of 

the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area to attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The 

redesignation request included three years of complete, quality-assured ambient air quality data 

for the ozone seasons (March lSthrough October 3 lSt) of 2007-2009, demonstrating that the 

1997 %hour ozone NAAQS has been achieved for the entire tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area. 

Under the CAA, nonattainment areas may be redesignated to attainment if EPA determines that 

the most recent three years of complete, quality-assured data show that the Area has attained the 

standard, and the Area meets the other redesignation requirements set forth in CAA section 

107(4(3)(E). 

111. What are the Criteria for Redesignation? 

The CAA provides the requirements for redesignating a nonattainment area to attainment. 

Specifically, section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA allows for redesignation providing that: (I) the 

Administrator determines that the area has attained the applicable NAAQS; (2) the Administrator 

has fully approved the applicable implementation plan for the area under section 110(k); (3) the 

Administrator determines that the improvement in air quality is due to permanent and 

enforceable reductions in emissions resulting from implementation of the applicable SIP and 

applicable Federal air pollutant control regulations and other permanent and enforceable 

reductions; (4) the Administrator has fully approved a maintenance plan for the area as meeting 
the requirements of section 175A; and (5) the state containing such area has met all requirements 

applicable to the area for purposes of redesignation under section 110 and part D of the CAA. 

EPA provided guidance on redesignation in the General Preamble for the Implementation 

of title I of the CAA Amendments of 1990, on April 16, 1992 (57 FR 13498), and supplemented 

this guidance on April 28, 1992 (57 FR 18070). EPA has provided further guidance on 

processing redesignation requests in the following documents: 

1. "Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Design Value Calculations," Memorandum from Bill 

Laxton, Director, Technical Support Division, June 18,1990; 

2. "Maintenance Plans for Redesignation of Ozone and Carbon Monoxide 

Nonattainment Areas," Memorandum from G. T. Helms, Chief, OzoneICarbon 

Monoxide Programs Branch, April 30, 1992; 

3. "Contingency Measures for Ozone and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Redesignations," 

Memorandum from G. T. Helms, Chief, OzonelCarbon Monoxide Programs Branch, 

June 1, 1992; 

4. "Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment," 

Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality Management Division, 

September 4, 1992 (hereafter referred to as the "Calcagni Memorandum"); 
5. "State Implementation Plan (SIP) Actions Submitted in Response to Clean Air Act 

(CAA) Deadlines," Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality 

Management Division, October 28, 1992; 

6. "Technical Support Documents (TSDs) for Redesignation of Ozone and Carbon 

Monoxide (CO) Nonattainment Areas," Memorandum from G. T. Helms, Chief, 

OzoneICarbon Monoxide Programs Branch, August 17, 1993; 

7. "State Implementation Plan (SIP) Requirements for Areas Submitting Requests for 

Redesignation to Attainment of the Ozone and Carbon Monoxide (CO) National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) On or After ~ovember 15, 1992," 

Memorandum from Michael H. Shapiro, Acting Assistant Administrator for Air and 

Radiation, September 17, 1993; 

8. "Use of Actual Emissions in Maintenance Demonstrations for Ozone and CO 

Nonattainrnent Areas," Memorandum from D. Kent Berry, Acting Director, Air 

Quality Management Division, November 30, 1993; 

9. "Part D New Source Review (Part D NSR) Requirements for Areas Requesting 

Redesignation to Attainment," Memorandum from Mary D. Nichols, Assistant 

Administrator for Air and Radiation, October 14, 1994; and 
10. "Reasonable Further Progress, Attainment Demonstration, and Related Requirements 

for Ozone Nonattainment Areas Meeting the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard," Memorandum from John S. Seitz, Director, Office of Air Quality Planning 

and Standards, May 10,1995. 

IV. Why is EPA Proposing These Actions? 

On January 29,2010, Kentucky requested redesignation of Northern Kentucky (as part of 

the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment area) to attainment for the 

1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. EPA's preliminary evaluation indicates that the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS and that Northern 

Kentucky, upon final approval of its 2008 emissions inventory, meets the requirements for 

redesignation set forth in section 107(d)(3)(E), including the maintenance plan requirements 

under section 175A of the CAA. EPA is also proposing to approve the 2008 baseline emission 

inventory because EPA believes that it satisfies the requirements of section 172(c)(3). EPA is 

finding that the 2015 and 2020 NO, and VOC MVEBs which are included in the maintenance 

plan are adequate, and EPA is proposing to approve them along with the requested redesignation. 

V. What is the Effect of EPA's Proposed Actions? 

EPA's proposed actions establish the basis upon which BPA may take final action on the 

issues being proposed for approval today. Approval of Kentucky's redesignation request would 

change the legal designation of the Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8- 

hour ozone nonattainment area (Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties) from nonattainment to 

attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 40 CFR part 81. It would also incorporate into 

18 
the Kentucky SIP a plan for Northern Kentucky to maintain the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS in 

the Area through 2020. This maintenance plan includes contingency measures to remedy future 

violations of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The maintenance plan also includes NO, and 

VOC MVEBs for Northern Kentucky, and final approval of the MVEB's would establish them 

in the approved SIP. Table 1 identifies the state NO, and VOC MVEBs for the years 2015 and 

2020 for Northern Kentucky. 

Table 1. 

Northern Kentucky 1997 8-Hour Ozone NOx and VOC MVEBs 

(Summer season tons per day) 

Approval of Kentucky's maintenance plan would also result in approval of the NO, and 

VOC MVEBs. Additionally, EPA is notifying the public of the status of its adequacy 

determination for the 2015 and 2020 NO, and VOC state MVEBs pursuant to 40 CFR 

93.1 18(f)(l). A final approval of EPA's proposed action with respect to the 2008 emissions 

inventory would also result in approval of that inventory under section 172(c)(3). 

NOx 

VOC 

VI. What is EPA's Analysis of the Request? 

EPA is proposing to make the determination that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 

8-hour ozone nonattainrnent area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone standard, and that all other 

redesignation criteria have been met for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area. The basis for EPA's determination for the Area is discussed in greater detail 

below. 

2015 

14.40 

9.76 

2020 

13.27 

10.07 
Criteria (1) - The Area has attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

EPA is proposing to determine that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has attained 

the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. An area may be considered to be attaining the 1997 8-hour 

ozone NAAQS if as determined in accordance with 40 CFR 50.10 and Appendix I of part 50, it 

meets the NAAQS based on three complete, consecutive calendar years of quality-assured air 

quality monitoring data. To attain the standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily 

maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over 

each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm. Based on the data handling and reporting convention 

described in 40 CFR part 50, Appendix I, the standard is attained if the design value is 0.084 

ppm or below. The data must be collected and quality-assured in accordance with 40 CFR part 

58, and recorded in the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). The monitors generally should have 

remained at the same location for the duration of the monitoring period required for 

demonstrating attainment. 

EPA reviewed data from the ambient ozone monitoring stations in the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area for the ozone seasons from 2007-2009. These data have been qualityassured and certified, and are recorded in AQS. The fourth-highest 8-hour ozone average for 

2007, 2008 and 2009, and the 3-year average of these values (i.e., design values), are 

summarized in the following table: 
Table 2. 

Annual 4th Max High and Design Value Concentration for 8-Hour Ozone for the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-IN Area (parts per million) 

State* 

Ohio 

County 

Butler 

Clermont 

Clinton 

Hamilton 

I Kenton 

Hamilton 

39-017-0004 

Middletown 

39-017-1004 

Batavia 

39-025-0022 

Wilmington 

39-027- 1022 

Grooms Rd., 

Cincinnati 

39-06 1-0006 

Cleves 

0.091 

39-06 1-00 10 

250 Wm. Howard 

0.091 

0.086 

0.082 

0.089 

0.086 

Taft, Cincinnati 

39-061 -0040 

Lebanon 

0.071 

0.086 

39- 165-0007 

KY 338 & Lower 

* There is no monitor in the Indiana portion of this Area. 

0.079 

0.071 

0.076 

0.086 

0.077 

0.088 

River Road 

21-037-3002 

Highland Heights 

2 1- 117-0007 

Covington 

21-1 17-0007 

As discussed above, the design value for an area is the highest 3-year average of the 

0.073 

0.080 

0.078 

annual fourth-highest 8-hour ozone value recorded at any monitor in the Area. Therefore, the 

(ppm) 

0.078 

0.076 

0.069 

0.070 

0.072 

0.065 

0.082 

0.086 

0.085 

most recent 3-year design value (2007-2009) for the'tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area is 0.082 

0.082 

0.075 

0.076 

0.082 

0.076 

0.074 

0.064 

ppm, which meets the standard as described above. Currently available data show that the Area 

0.080 

0.077 

0.075 

0.073 

0.082 

0.064 0.068 

0.068 

0.074 

0.076 

0.077 
continues to attain the NAAQS. If the Area does not continue to attain until EPA finalizes the 

redesignation, EPA will not go forward with the redesignation. As discussed in more detail 

below, Kentucky has committed to continue monitoring in this Area in accordance with 40 CFR 

part 58. EPA proposes to find that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has attained the 1997 

8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

Criteria (2) - Kentucky has a fully approved SIP under section llO(k) for Northern Kentucky 

and Criteria (5) - Kentucky has met all Applicable Requirements under Section 11 0 and part 

D of the CAA. 

Below is a summary of how these two criteria were met. 

EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has met all applicable SIP requirements for Northern 

Kentucky under section 110 of the CAA (general SIP requirements) for purposes of 

redesignation. EPA also proposes to find that, if EPA finalizes approval of the 2008 emissions 

inventory submitted with the redesignation request, the Kentucky SIP satisfies the criterion that it 

meet applicable SIP requirements for purposes of redesignation under part D of title I of the 

CAA (requirements specific to subpart 1 nonattainment areas) in accordance with section 

107(d)(3)(E)(v). In addition, EPA proposes to determine that, upon final approval of the 

emissions inventory, the SIP is fully approved with respect to all requirements applicable for 

purposes of redesignation in accordance with section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii). In making these 

determinations, EPA ascertained which requirements are applicable to the Area and that if 

applicable, they are fully approved under section 110(k). SIPs must be fully approved only with 

respect to applicable requirements. As discussed more fully below, SIPs must be fully approved 
only with respect to requirements that became due prior to the submission of the redesignation 

request. 

a. Northern Kentucky has met all Ap~licable Requirements under section 11 0 and part D of the 

CAA. 

The September 4, 1992, Calcagni Memorandum describes EPA's interpretation of section 

107(d)(3)(E). Under this interpretation, to qualify for redesignation, states requesting 

redesignation to attainment must meet only the relevant CAA requirements that come due prior 

to the submittal of a complete redesignation request. See also Michael Shapiro Memorandum, 

("SIP Requirements for Areas Submitting Requests for Redesignation to Attainment of the 

Ozone and Carbon Monoxide NAAQS On or After November 15,1992," September 17,1993); 

60 FR 12459, 12465-66 (March 7, 1995) (redesignation of Detroit-Ann Arbor, Michigan). 

Applicable requirements of the CAA that come due subsequent to the area's submittal of a 

complete redesignation request remain applicable until a redesignation is approved, but are not 

required as a prerequisite to redesignation. See section 175A(c) of the CAA; Sierra Club, 375 

F.3d 537; see also 68 FR 25424,25427 (May 12,2003) (redesignation of St. Louis, Missouri). 

If EPA's proposed determination of attainment for the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area 

is finalized, under 40 CFR 5 1.918, if that determination is finalized, the requirements to submit 

certain planning SIPS related to attainment, including attainment demonstration requirements 

(the RACM requirement of section 172(c)(l) of the CAA, the RFP and attainment demonstration 

requirements of sections 172(c)(2) and (c)(6) of the CAA, and the requirement for contingency 

measures of section 172(c)(9) of the CAA) would not be applicable to the Area so long as it 
continues to attain the NAAQS and would cease to apply upon redesignation. In addition, in the 

context of redesignations, EPA has interpreted requirements related to attainment as not 

applicable for purposes of redesignations. For example, in the General Preamble, EPA stated 

that: 

[t]he section 172(c)(9) requirements are directed at ensuring RFP and attainment by the 

applicable date. These requirements no longer apply to an area that has attained the standard 

and is eligible for redesignation. Furthermore, section 175A for maintenance plans * * * 

provides specific requirements for contingency measures that effectively supersede the 

requirements of section 172(c)(9) for these areas. "General Preamble for the Interpretation of 

Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990" ("General Preamble"), 57 FR 13498, 

13564 (April 16, 1992). 

See also Calcagni Memorandum at page 6 ('The requirements for reasonable further progress 

and other measures for attainment will not apply for redesignations because they only have 

meaning for areas not attaining the standard"). 

General SIP requirements. Section 110(a)(2) of title I of the CAA delineates the general 

requirements for a SIP, which include enforceable emissions limitations and other control 

measures, means, or techniques, provisions for the establishment and operation of appropriate 

devices necessary to collect data on ambient air quality, and programs to enforce the limitations. 

General SIP elements and requirements are delineated in section 110(a)(2) of title I, part A of the 

CAA. These requirements include, but are not limited to, the following: submittal of a SIP that 

has been adopted by the state after reasonable public notice and hearing; provisions for 

establishment and operation of appropriate procedures needed to monitor ambient air quality; 

implementation of a source permit program; provisions for the implementation of part C 

24 
requirements (Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)) and provisions for the 

implementation of part D requirements (NSR permit programs); provisions for air pollution 

modeling; and provisions for public and local agency participation in planning and emission 

control rule development. 

Section 110(a)(2)(D) requires that SIPS contain certain measures to prevent sources in a 

state from significantly contributing to air quality problems in another state. To implement this 

provision, EPA has required certain states to establish programs to address the transport of air 

pollutants (NO, SIP call1 and Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAE) (70 FR 25162, May 12,2005)). 

However, the section 110(a)(2)(D) requirements for a state are not linked with a particular 

nonattainment area's designation and classification in that state. EPA believes that the 

requirements linked with a particular nonattainment area's designation and classifications are the 

relevant measures to evaluate in reviewing a redesignation request. The transport SIP submittal 

requirements, where applicable, continue to apply to a state regardless of the designation of any 

one particular area in the state. Thus, we do not believe that the CAA's interstate transport 

requirements should be construed to be applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. 

In addition, EPA believes that the other section 110 elements not connected with 

nonattainment plan submissions and not linked with an area's attainment status are not 

applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. A state remains subject to these 

requirements after an area is redesignated to attainment. The section 110 and part D 

' On October 27, 1998 (63 FR 57356), EPA issued a NOx SIP Call requiring the District of Columbia and 22 states 

to reduce emissions of NOx in order to reduce the transport of ozone and ozone precursors. In compliance with 

EPA's NOx SIP Call, Kentucky has developed rules governing the control of NOx emissions from Electric 

Generating Units (EGUs), major non-EGU industrial boilers, major cement kilns, and internal combustion engines. 

EPA approved Kentucky's rules as fulfilling Phase I and Phase 11 of the NOx SIP Call on October 23,2009 (74 FR 

54755). 
requirements, which are linked with a particular area's designation and classification, are the 

relevant measures to evaluate in reviewing a redesignation request. This approach is consistent 

with EPA's existing policy on applicability (i.e., for redesignations) of conformity and 

oxygenated fuels requirements, as well as with section 184 ozone transport requirements. See 

Reading, Pennsylvania, proposed and final rulemakings (61 FR 53174-53 176, October 10, 19961, 

(62 FR 24826, May 7, 1997); Cleveland-Akron-Loraine, Ohio, final rulemaking (61 FR 20458, 

May 7, 1996); and Tampa, Horida, final rulemaking at (60 FR 62748, December 7, 1995). See 

also the discussion on this issue in the Cincinnati, Ohio redesignation (65 FR 37890, June 19, 

2000), and in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania redesignation (66 FR 50399, October 19, 2001). 

EPA believes that section 110 elements not linked to the Area's nonattainment status are 

not applicable for purposes of redesignation. Therefore, as was discussed above, for purposes of 

redesignation, they are not considered applicable requirements. Nonetheless, EPA notes it has 

previously approved provisions in the Kentucky SIP addressing section 110 elements under the 

1-hour ozone NAAQS (65 FR 37879, June 19,2000) The Commonwealth believes that the 

section 110 SIP approved for the 1-hour ozone NAAQS are sufficient to meet the requirements 

under the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The Commonwealth has submitted a letter dated 

December 10, 2007, setting forth its belief that the section 110 SIP approved for the 1-hour 

ozone NAAQS is also sufficient to meet the requirements under the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

EPA has not yet approved this submission, but such approval is not necessary for purposes of 

redesignation. 

Part D requirements. EPA proposes that if EPA approves the Commonwealth's base 

year emissions inventory, which is part of the maintenance plan submittal, the Kentucky SIP will 

meet applicable SIP requirements under part D of the CAA. We believe the emissions inventory 

26 
is approvable because the 2008 VOC and NO, emissions for Northern Kentucky were developed 

consistent with EPA guidance for emission inventories and the choice of the 2008 base year is 

appropriate because it represents the 2007-2009 period when the 1997 8 hour ozone NAAQS 

was not violated. 

Part D, subpart 1 applicable SIP requirements. EPA has determined that, if EPA 

finalizes the approval of the base year emissions inventories discussed in section IX. of this 

rulemaking, the Kentucky SIP will meet the applicable SIP requirements for their portions of the 

tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area applicable for purposes of redesignation under part D of the 

CAA. Subpart 1 of part D, found in sections 172- 176 of the CAA, sets for the basic 

nonattainment requirements applicable to all nonattainrnent areas. Subpart 2 of part D, which 

includes section 182 of the CAA, establishes additional specific requirements depending on the 

area's nonattainrnent classification. Since the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area (of which 

Northern Kentucky is a part) was not classified under subpart 2 at the time the redesignation 

request was submitted, the subpart 2 requirements do not apply for purposes of evaluating the 

Commonwealth's redesignation request. The applicable subpart 1 requirements are contained in 

sections 172(c)(l)-(9) and in section 176. 

For purposes of evaluating this redesignation request, the applicable part D, subpart I SIP 

requirements for all nonattainrnent areas are contained in sections 172-176. A thorough 

discussion of the requirements contained in section 172 can be found in the General Preamble for 

Implementation of title I (57 FR 13498). 

Subpart 1 Section 172 Requirements. For purposes of evaluating this redesignation 

request, the applicable section 172 SIP requirements for the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton area 
are contained in sections 172(c)(l)--(9). A thorough discussion of the requirements contained in 

section 172 can be found in the General Preamble for Implementation of Title I (57 FR 13498, 

April 16,1992). 

Section 172(c)(l) requires the plans for all nonattainment areas to provide for the 

implementation of all RACM as expeditiously as practicable and to provide for attainment of the 

national primary ambient air quality standards. EPA interprets this requirement to impose a duty 

on all nonattainment areas to consider all available control measures and to adopt and implement 

such measures as are reasonably available for implementation in each area as components of the 

area's attainment demonstration. On December 7, 2007, the Commonwealth submitted an 

attainment demonstration and identified the control measures necessary to attain the NAAQS in 

the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area. Similar attainment demonstrations were submitted by 

Ohio and Indiana as part of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment 

Area. However, because attainment has been reached, no additional measures are needed to 

provide for attainment, and section 172(c)(l) requirements are no longer considered to be 

applicable as long as the area continues to attain the standard until redesignation. 40 CFR 

5 1.9 18. If EPA fmalizes approval of the redesignation of the Kentucky portion of the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area, EPA will take no further action on the attainment demonstration 

submitted by the Commonwealth of Kentucky for this Area. 

The RFP requirement under section 172(c)(2) is defined as progress that must be made 

toward attainment. This requirement is not relevant for purposes of redesignation because the 

tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has monitored attainment of the ozone NAAQS. (General 

Preamble, 57 FR 13564). See also 40 CFR 51.918. In addition, because the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area has attained the ozone NAAQS and is no longer subject to an RFP requirement, 

28 
the requirement to submit the section 172(c)(9) contingency measures is not applicable for 

purposes of redesignation. Id. 

Section 172(c)(3) requires submission and approval of a comprehensive, accurate and 

current inventory of actual emissions. As part of Kentucky's redesignation request for the tristate Cincinnati-Hamilton Area, the Commonwealth submitted a 2008 base year emissions 

inventory. As discussed below in section IX., EPA is proposing to approve the 2008 base year 

inventory that Kentucky submitted with the redesignation request as meeting the section 

172(c)(3) emissions inventory requirement. 

Section 172(c)(4) requires the identification and quantification of allowable emissions for 

major new and modified stationary sources to be allowed in an area, and section 172(c)(5) 

requires source permits for the construction and operation of new and modified major stationary 

sources anywhere in the nonattainrnent area. EPA has determined that, since PSD requirements 

will apply after redesignation, areas being redesignated need not comply with the requirement 

that a NSR program be approved prior to redesignation, provided that the Area demonstrates 

maintenance of the NAAQS without part D NSR. A more detailed rationale for this view is 

described in a memorandum from Mary Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, 

dated October 14, 1994, entitled, "Part D New Source Review Requirements for Areas 

Requesting Redesignation to Attainment." Kentucky has demonstrated that the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area will be able to maintain the standard without part D NSR in effect; 

therefore, EPA concludes that the Commonwealth need not have fully approved part D NSR 

programs prior to approval of the redesignation request. The Commonwealth's PSD programs 

will become effective in the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area upon redesignation to attainment. 
See rulemakings for Detroit, Michigan (60 FR 12467-12468, March 7, 1995); Cleveland-AkronLorain, Ohio (61 FR 20458,20469-20470, May 7, 1996); Louisville, Kentucky (66 FR 53665, 

October 23,2001); and Grand Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 3 1834-31837, June 21, 1996). 

Section 172(c)(6) requires the SIP to contain control measures necessary to provide for 

attainment of the standard. Because attainment has been reached, no additional measures are 

needed to provide for attainment. 

Section 172(c)(7) requires the SIP to meet the applicable provisions of section 110(a)(2). 

As noted above, we believe the Kentucky SIP meets the requirements of section 110(a)(2) 

applicable for purposes of redesignation. 

Section 176 Conformity Requirements. Section 176(c) of the CAA requires states to 

establish criteria and procedures to ensure that Federally-supported or funded projects conform 

to the air quality planning goals in the applicable SIP. The requirement to determine conformity 

applies to transportation plans, programs and projects developed, funded or approved under title 

23 of the United States Code (U.S.C.) and the Federal Transit Act (transportation conformity) as 

well as to all other Federally supported or funded projects (general conformity). State 

transportation conformity SIP revisions must be consistent with Federal conformity regulations 

relating to consultation, enforcement and enforceability that EPA promulgated pursuant to its 

authority under the CAA. 

EPA believes it is reasonable to interpret the conformity SIP requirements2 as not 

applying for purposes of evaluating the redesignation request under section 107(d) because state 

conformity rules are still required after redesignation and Federal conformity rules apply where 

CAA Section 176(c)(4)(E) requires states to submit revisions to their SIPs to retlect certain federal criteria and 

procedures for determining transportation conformity. Transportation conformity SIPs are different from the motor 

vehicle emission budgets that are established in control strategy SIPS and maintenance plans. 
state rules have not been approved. See Wall, 265 F.3d 426 (upholding this interpretation); See 

also 60 FR 62748 (December 7, 1995, Tampa, Florida). Kentucky submitted its transportation 

conformity SIP for 1997 8-hour ozone and particulate matter NAAQS on December 3 1, 2008. 

EPA proposed approval on December 4,2009 (74 FR 63697) for Kentucky's transportation 

conformity SIP. EPA did not receive any comments for its proposed approval of Kentucky's 

transportation conformity SZP and is in the process of finalizing its action for this submission. 

Kentucky did not have a Federally-approved transportation conformity SIP for the 1-hour 

NAAQS, and thus approval of Kentucky's December 3 1,2008, submittal will establish 

Kentucky' s first Federally-approved transportation conformity S IP. However, conformity 

analyses are performed pursuant to EPA's Federal conformity rules. 

NSR Requirements. EPA has also determined that areas being redesignated need not 

comply with the requirement that a NSR program be approved prior to redesignation, provided 

that the area demonstrates maintenance of the standard without a part D NSR program in effect 

since PSD requirements will apply after redesignation. The rationale for this view is described in 

a memorandum from Mary Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, dated 

October 14, 1994, entitled "Part D New Source Review (Part D NSR) Requirements for Areas 

Requesting Redesignation to Attainment." Kentucky has demonstrated that Northern Kentucky 

(as part of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area) will be able to maintain the standard without a 

part D NSR program in effect, and therefore, Kentucky need not have a fully-approved part D 

NSR program prior to approval of the redesignation request. However, Kentucky currently has a 

fully-approved part D NSR program in place. Kentucky has a fully-approved part D NSR 

program. Kentucky's PSD program will become effective in Northern Kentucky upon 
redesignation to attainment. See rulemakings for Detroit, Michigan (60 FR 12467-12468, March 

7, 1995); Cleveland-Akron-Lorraine, Ohio (61 FR 20458,20469-70, May 7, 1996); Louisville, 

Kentucky (66 FR 53665, October 23,2001); and Grand Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 31834-31837, 

June 21, 1996). Thus, Northern Kentucky has satisfied all applicable requirements for purposes 

of redesignation under section 110 and part D of the CAA. 

b. Northern Kentucky has a fully approved applicable SIP under section 11 O(k) of the CAA. 

If EPA issues a final approval of the base year emissions inventories, EPA will have fully 

approved the applicable Kentucky SIP for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton 8-hour ozone nonattainment area, under section 110(k) of the CAA for all 

requirements applicable for purposes of redesignation. EPA may rely on prior SIP approvals in 

approving a redesignation request, see Calcagni Memorandum at p. 3; Southwestern 

Pennsylvania Growth Alliance v. Browner, 144 F.3d 984,989-90 (6th Cir. 1998); Wall, 265 F.3d 

426, plus any additional measures it may approve in conjunction with a redesignation action. 

See 68 FR 25426 (May 12,2003) and citations therein. Following passage of the CAA of 1970, 

Kentucky has adopted and submitted, and EPA has fully approved at various times, provisions 

addressing the various 1-hour ozone NAAQS SIP elements applicable in the CincinnatiHamilton Area (65 FR 37879, June 19,2000). 

As indicated above, EPA believes that the section 110 elements not connected with 

nonattainment plan submissions and not linked to the area's nonattainment status are not 

applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. EPA also believes that since the part D 

subpart 2 requirements did not become due prior to submission of the redesignation request, they 

also are therefore not applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. Sierra Club v. EPA, 

3 2 
375 F.3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004); 68 FR 25424,25427 (May 12,2003) (redesignation of the St. 

Louis-East St. Louis Area to attainment of the 1-hour ozone NAAQS). With the approval of the 

emissions inventory, EPA will have approved all Part D subpart 1 requirements applicable for 

purposes of redesignation. 

Criteria (3) - The air quality improvement in the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour 

Ozone NAAQS Nonattainment Area is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in 

emissions resulting fiom implementation of the SIP and applicable Federal air pollution 

control regulations and other permanent and en forceable reductions. 

Measured reductions in ozone concentrations in and around Northern Kentucky are 

largely attributable to reductions from emission sources -- in Kentucky as well as Ohio and 

Indiana -- of VOC and NO,, which are precursors in the formation of ozone. See 75 FR 8879. 

EPA believes that Kentucky has demonstrated that the observed air quality improvement in the 

tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions 

resulting from implementation of the SIP, Federal measures, and other state adopted measures. 

Additionally, new emissions control programs for fuels and motor vehicles will help ensure a 

continued decrease in emissions throughout the region. The following is a discussion of 

permanent and enforceable measures that have been implemented in the Northern Kentucky 

Area. 

i. Stationary Source NOx Rules. Kentucky has developed rules governing the control 

of NO, emissions from EGUs, major non-EGU industrial boilers, major cement kilns, and 

internal combustion engines. EPA approved Kentucky's rules as fulfilling Phase I and Phase I1 
of the NOx SIP Call on October 23,2009 (74 FR 54755). Kentucky began complying with Phase 

I of this rule in 2004. Compliance with Phase I1 of the SP Call, which requires the control NOx 

emissions from large internal combustion engines, began in Kentucky in 2007, and resulted in a 

41 percent NO, reduction from 1995 to 2008 levels. 

ii. Federal Emission Control Measures. Reductions in VOC and NOx emissions have 

occurred statewide and in upwind areas as a result of Federal emission control measures, with 

additional emission reductions expected to occur in the future. Federal emission control 

measures include the following. 

Tier 2 Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur Standards. These emission 

control requirements result in lower VOC and NO, emissions from new cars and light duty 

trucks, including sport utility vehicles. The Federal rules were phased in between 2004 and 

2009. EPA has estimated that, by the end of the phase-in period, the following vehicle NO, 

emission reductions will occur nationwide: passenger cars (light duty vehicles) (77 percent); 

light duty trucks, minivans, and sports utility vehicles (86 percent); and, larger sports utility 

vehicles, vans, and heavier trucks (69 to 95 percent). VOC emission reductions are expected to 

range from 12 to 18 percent, depending on vehicle class, over the same period. Some of these 

emission reductions occurred by the attainment years (2007-2009) and additional emission 

reductions will occur during the maintenance period. 

Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Rule. EPA issued this rule in July 2000. This rule includes 

standards limiting the sulfur content of diesel fuel, which went into effect in 2004. A second 

phase took effect in 2007 which further reduced the highway diesel fuel sulfur content to 15 

ppm, leading to additional reductions in combustion NOx and VOC emissions. This rule is 

expected to achieve a 95 percent reduction in NO, emissions from diesel trucks and busses. 

34 
Non-Road Diesel Rule. EPA issued this rule in 2004. This rule applies to diesel engines 

used in industries, such as construction, agriculture, and mining. It is estimated that compliance 

with this rule will cut NO, emissions from non-road diesel engines by up to 90 percent. This 

rule is currently achieving emission reductions, but will not be fully implemented until 2010. 

iii. Control Measures in Upwind Areas. On October 27, 1998 (63 FR 57356), EPA 

issued a NO, SIP Call requiring the District of Columbia and 22 states to reduce emissions of 

NO,. Affected states were required to comply with Phase 1 of the SIP Call beginning in 2004, 

and Phase I1 beginning in 2007. The reduction in NO, emissions has resulted in lower 

concentrations of transported ozone entering the Cincinnati-Hamilton area. Emission reductions 

resulting from regulations developed in response to the NOx SIP Call are permanent and 

enforceable. 

Additional measures implemented by the Commonwealth of Kentucky which are 

providing emission reduction benefits for the Northern Kentucky Area. 

All new major VOC sources locating in Kentucky are subject to RACT; 

All major modifications to existing major VOC sources are subject to RACT 

requirements; 

Implementation of a program to enhance inspection of stationary sources to ensure 

emission control equipment is functioning properly; 

Requirements for Stage I1 vapor recovery; 

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Standards apply in Kentucky; 

Reformulated gasoline; 
Federal controls on VOC content for Architectural and Maintenance Paints, Auto 

Body Shops, and Consumer Products; 

Open burning ban during summer ozone season for Northern Kentucky; and 

PSD requirements. 

In addition to the measures listed above, further reductions will be achieved throughout the 

implementation of new federal regulations to further control the emission of Hazardous Air 

Pollutants that are VOC and the emission control programs being imposed as a result of 

enforcement agreements with some sources in the area. The reductions cannot be quantified at 

this time, but will be reflected in future triennial assessments. 

Regarding point source emissions for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area, Duke Power's East Bend plant located in Boone County operates a wet lime 

scrubber, which controls sulfur dioxide emissions; and a modified furnace designed with low 

NO, burners and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NO, emissions. 

Criteria (4) - The area has a fully approved maintenance plan pursuant to section 175A of the 

CAA. 

In conjunction with its request to redesignate Northern Kentucky (as part of the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone nonattainment area) to attainment, Kentucky submitted 

a SIP revision to provide for the maintenance of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS for at least 10 

years after the effective date of redesignation to attainment and commits to submitting a revised 

10 year maintenance plan eight years after the redesignation is approved if they are still required 

to do so at that time. 
a. What is required in a maintenance plan? 

Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the elements of a maintenance plan for areas seeking 

redesignation from nonattainment to attainment. Under section 175A, the plan must demonstrate 

continued attainment of the applicable NAAQS for at least 10 years after the Administrator 

approves a redesignation to attainment. Eight years after the redesignation, the State of 

Kentucky must submit a revised maintenance plan, which demonstrates that attainment will 

continue to be maintained for the 10 years following the initial 10-year period. To address the 

possibility of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance plan must contain such contingency 

measures, with a schedule for implementation as EPA deems necessary to assure prompt 

correction of any future 1997 8-hour ozone violations. Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the 

requirements for maintenance plans for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to 

attainment. The Calcagni Memorandum provides additional guidance on the content of a 

maintenance plan. The Calcagni Memorandum explains that an ozone maintenance plan should 

address five elements: the attainment emissions inventory, maintenance demonstration, 

monitoring, verification of continued attainment, and a contingency plan. As is discussed more 

fully below, EPA proposes to find that Kentucky's maintenance plan includes all the necessary 

components and is approvable as part of the redesignation request. 

b. Attainment Emissions Inventory 

In coordination with Ohio and Indiana, Kentucky selected 2008 as "the attainment year" 

for the purposes of demonstrating maintenance of the 1997 %hour ozone NAAQS. The 

attainment inventory identifies the level of emissions in the area, which is sufficient to attain the 
1997 8-hour ozone standard. Kentucky began development of the attainment inventory by first 

developing a baseline emissions inventory for Northern Kentucky. The year 2008 was chosen as 

the base year for developing a comprehensive ozone precursor emissions inventory for which 

projected emissions could be developed for 201 1,2015, 2018 and 2020. The projected inventory 

estimates emissions forward to 2020, which meets the 10-year interval required in Section 175A 

of the CAA. Nonroad mobile emissions were generated using EPA's National Mobile Inventory 

Model (NMIM), with the following exceptions: recreational motorboat populations and spatial 

surrogates were updated; emissions estimates were developed for commercial marine vessels, 

aircraft, and railroads as these three nonroad categories are not included in NMIM. On-road 

mobile source emissions were calculated using EPA's MOBILE6.2 emission factors model. The 

2008 VOC and NO, emissions, as well as the emissions for other years, for Northern Kentucky 

were developed consistent with EPA guidance, and are summarized in Tables 3 and 4 in the 

following subsection. 

c. Maintenance Demonstration 

The January 29, 2010, redesignation request includes a maintenance plan for Northern 

Kentucky. The maintenance plan: 

(i) Shows maintenance of the 1997 8-hour ozone standard by providing information to 

support the demonstration that current and future emissions of VOC and NO, remain at 

or below attainment year 2008 emissions levels. The year 2008 was chosen as the 

attainment year because it is one of the years in the most recent three-year period (2007- 

2009) during which the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area attained the 1997 8-hour 

ozone standard. A maintenance demonstration need not be based on modeling. See Wall 

3 8 
v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6h Cir. 2001), Sierra Club v. EPA, 375 F.3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004). 

See also 66 FR 53094,53099-53100 (October 19,2001), 68 FR 25413,25430-25432 

(May 12,2003)). 

(ii) Uses 2008 as the attainment year and includes future emission inventory projections 

for 201 1,2015,2018, and 2020. 

(iii) Identifies an "out year," at least 10 years (and beyond) after the time necessary for 

EPA to review and approve the redesignation request. Per 40 CFR part 93, NO, and 

VOC MVEBs were established for the last year (2020) of the maintenance plan. 

Additionally, Kentucky chose, through interagency consultation, to establish MVEBs for 

2015 for NO, and VOC. See section VII below. 

(iv) Provides the following actual and projected emissions inventories, in tons per day 

(tpd) for Northern Kentucky. See Tables 3 and 4. 
Table 3. Northern Kentucky VOC Emissions 

(tpd) 

2008 

I I 

Point Total 4.79 I 4.42 I 4.65 ( 4.62 4.93 

I I I I I 

I I I I 1 

Area 

2011 

Campbell 

Point 

2015 

Boone 

0.28 

Boone 

0.29 1 0.30 1 0.31 / 0.31 

Campbell 

Kenton 

- - 

- 

2018 

2.81 

8.41 

L 

Boone 

Campbell 

Kenton 

- -*? 

- -. 

- 

2020 

2.90 1 3.04 1 3.14 1 3.20 

4.34 

7.88 

' 20.a 

Nonroad 

"Calculated using MOBILE6.2 

4.00 

2.29 

3.85 -! 

-. 

8.45 

4.28 

7.79 

2032 

Boone 

Campbell 

Kenton 

8.50 8.50 

3.63 

2.04 

3.39 

8.50 

4.20 

7.66 

2036 

- 

Mobile* 

5.07 

1.5 1 

1.95 

3.17 

1.74 

2.85 

-- 

I 

4.84 

1.41 

1.87 

4.20 

7.66 

2036 

3 .04 

1.62 

2.67 

4.20 

7.66 

2036 

4.55 

1.29 

1.76 

2.96 

1.55 

2.56 - 

-- - 

4.44 

1.25 

1.74 

4.36 

1.22 

1.73 
Table 4. Northern Kentucky NO, Emissions 

(tons per day) 

I Point I 

Boone 23.27 24.04 1 25.08 1 25.91 1 26.47 1 

Campbell I L I 1 1 0.02 

Kenton I I 

Boone 

Campbell 

Kenton 

- 

- 

0.02 

0.04 

Point Total 

Kenton 

- - 

Northern Kentucky Total 

0.03 1 0.03 1 0.03 1 0.03 

Area 

2333 

5.02 

1.32 

4.06 

10.40 

Boone 

Campbell 

Kenton 

Kentucky is using emissions inventory projections for the years 201 1,20 15,20 18 and 

2020 to demonstrate maintenance. The Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana (OKI) Regional Council of 

0.02 

24.09 2653 

Nonroad 

7.33 

-. 

25.97 

5.02 

1.3 1 

4.04 

1037 

Boone 

Campbell 

t 

8.53 

4.88 

8.37 

0.03 

2 

6.81 

- -- - - - - -> . 

t -, -- - 

-* A A 

0.03 

5.03 

1.30 

4.02 

1035 

1 1.02 

5.34 

6.64 

3.74 

6.33 

8.27 

54.72 

- - 

~obile* 

- 

6.15 - 

"Calculated using MOB lLE6.2 

5.03 

1.30 

4.02 

103 

10.47 

5.00 

5 .03 

1.30 

4.02 

10.35 

2228 

5.91 

3.45 

1.81 

3.01 

4.63 

2.54 

4.23 

5.75 

3.90 

2.09 

3.47 

9.48 

4.34 

9.77 

4.57 

20.49 

9.60 

4.43 

19.94 19.57 
Governments calculated onroad emissions for 201 1,201 5,201 8 and 2020 using the MOBILE6.2 

emissions model in addition to using this model to calculate the 2008 base year emissions. 

Emissions estimates for the remaining source categories were based on future year inventories 

developed by Kentucky and the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO). 

Specifically, for Kentucky's submission, LADCO developed the emissions and projections for 

area and nonhighway mobiles sources. Kentucky used information in the National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) database and Kentucky's Emissions Inventory Systems database to determine 

the point source emissions. A comparison was made between employment projections and 

earnings projections using the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis 

data. Kentucky's submission provides detailed documentation for how the emissions were 

developed for this submission. EPA has reviewed this information and has determined that the 

emissions were developed using methodology that is consistent with EPA policy and guidance. 

Consideration of CAIR for Maintenance Demonstration. The emission projections show 

that Ohio, Indiana (75 FR 8882-8884) , and Kentucky do not expect emissions in the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area to exceed the level of the 2008 attainment year inventory during the 

maintenance period, even without implementation of CAIR (see also discussion below). As 

shown in Table 5, VOC and NO, emissions in the entire tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area are 

projected to decrease by 30.41 tpd and 47.00 tpd, respectively, between 2008 and 2020. 
Table 5. Comparison of 2008,2015 and 2020 VOC and NOx Emissions for the 

Entire Tri-State Cincinnati-Hamilton Area (tpd) 

To further support the maintenance plan demonstrations for the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area, LADCO performed a regional modeling analysis to address the effect of the 

recent court decision vacating CAR This analysis is documented in LADCO's "Regional Air 

Quality Analyses for Ozone, PM2.5, and Regional Haze: Final Technical Support Document 

(Supplement), September 12, 2008;" see the discussion in EPA's proposed approval of the Ohio 

and Indiana maintenance plans for the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area. See 75 FR 8883- 

8884. 

LADCO produced a base year inventory for 2005 and future year inventories for 2009, 

2012, and 2018. To estimate future electric generating units (EGU) NO, emissions without 

implementation of CAIR, LADCO projected 2007 EGU NO, emissions for all states in the 

modeling domain based on Energy Information Administration growth rates by state (North 

American Electric Reliability Corporation region) and fuel type for the years 2009,2012 and 

2018. The assumed 2007-2018 growth rates were 8.8 percent for Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and 

Wisconsin; 13.5 percent for Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio; and 15.1 percent for 
Minnesota. Emissions were adjusted by applying legally enforceable controls, e.g., consent 

decree or rule. 

Ozone modeling performed by LADCO supports the conclusion that the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area will maintain the standard throughout the maintenance period. Peak 

modeled ozone levels in the area for 2009,2012 and 2018 are 0.082 ppm, 0.081 ppm, and 0.078 

ppm, respectively. These projected ozone levels were modeled applying only legally enforceable 

controls; e.g., consent decrees, rules, the NOx SIP Call, federal motor vehicle control programs 

(FMVCP), etc. Because these programs will remain in place, emission levels, and therefore 

ozone levels, would not be expected to increase significantly between 2018 and 2020. 

EPA has considered the relationship of the maintenance plans to the reductions required 

pursuant to CAR. CAIR was remanded to EPA, and the process of developing a replacement 

rule is ongoing. However, the remand of CAR does not alter the requirements of the NO, SIP 

Call, and Kentucky has demonstrated maintenance without any additional CAlR requirements 

(beyond those required by the NOx SIP Call). Therefore, EPA believes that Kentucky's 

demonstration of maintenance under sections 175A and 107(d)(3)(E) is valid. 

The NOx SIP Call requires states to make si@icant, specific emissions reductions. It 

also provided a mechanism, the NOx Budget Trading Program, which states could use to achieve 

those reductions. When EPA promulgated CAIR, it discontinued (starting in 2009) the NOx 

Budget Trading Program, 40 CFR 5l.l2l(r), but created another mechanism, the CAR ozone 

season trading program, which states could use to meet their SIP Call obligations, 70 FR 25289- 

90. EPA notes that a number of states, when submitting SIP revisions to require sources to 

participate in the CAIR ozone season trading program, removed the SIP provisions that required 

sources to participate in the NOx Budget Trading Program. In addition, because the provisions 

44 
of CAIR, including the ozone season NO, trading program, remain in place during the remand, 

EPA is not currently administering the NO, Budget Trading Program. Nonetheless, all states, 

regardless of the current status of their regulations that previously required participation in the 

NO, Budget Trading Program, will remain subject to all of the requirements in the NOx SIP Call 

even if the existing CAIR ozone season trading program is withdrawn or altered. In addition, the 

anti-backsliding provisions of 40 CFR 5 1.905(f) specifically provide that the provisions of the 

NO, SIP Call, including the statewide NOx emission budgets, continue to apply after revocation 

of the 1-hour standard. 

All NO, SIP Call states have SIPS that currently satisfy their obligations under the SIP 

Call, the SIP Call reduction requirements are being met, and EPA will continue to enforce the 

requirements of the NO, SIP Call even after any response to the CAIR remand. For these 

reasons, EPA believes that regardless of the status of the CAIR program, the NOx SIP Call 

requirements can be relied upon in demonstrating maintenance. Here, Kentucky has 

demonstrated maintenance based in part on those requirements. 

d. Monitoring Network 

There are currently eleven monitors measuring ozone in the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton 

Area (three in Northern Kentucky and one in the remainder in the Ohio portion of this Area). 

Kentucky has committed, in the maintenance plan, to continue operation of the three monitors in 

Northern Kentucky in compliance with 40 CFR part 58, and has addressed the requirement for 

monitoring. Ohio has made a similar commitment in their redesignation and maintenance plan 

submission to EPA for this Area. There is no monitor in the Indiana portion of this Area. 
e. VeriJication of Continued Attainment 

The Commonwealth of Kentucky has the legal authority to enforce and implement the 

requirements of the ozone maintenance plan. This includes the authority to adopt, implement 

and enforce any subsequent emissions control contingency measures determined to be necessary 

to correct future ozone attainment problems. 

Kentucky will track the progress of the maintenance plan by performing future reviews of 

emissions inventory for Northern Kentucky using the latest emissions factors, models and 

methodologies. For these periodic inventories, Kentucky will review the assumptions made for 

the purpose of the maintenance demonstration concerning projected growth of activity levels. If 

any of these assumptions appear to have changed substantially, Kentucky commits to re-project 

emissions. 

f. Contingency Plan 

The contingency plan provisions are designed to promptly correct a violation of the 

NAAQS that occurs after redesignation. Section 175A of the CAA requires that a maintenance 

plan include such contingency measures as EPA deems necessary to assure that the state will 

promptly correct a violation of the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation. The maintenance 

plan should identify the contingency measures to be adopted, a schedule and procedure for 

adoption and implementation, and a time limit for action by the state. A state should also 

identify specific indicators to be used to determine when the contingency measures need to be 

implemented. The maintenance plan must include a requirement that a state will implement all 

measures with respect to control of the pollutant that were contained in the SIP before 

redesignation of the area to attainment in accordance with section 175A(d). 

46 
In the January 29,2010, submittal, Kentucky affirms that all programs instituted by the 

Commonwealth and EPA will remain enforceable, and that sources are prohibited from reducing 

emissions controls following the redesignation of the area. Kentucky commits in their 

submission to provide an update for the maintenance plan 8 years after formal redesignation in 

accordance with section 175A(b) of the CAA should this requirement remain applicable for this 

Area. 

As required by section 175A of the CAA, Kentucky has adopted a contingency plan to 

address possible future 8-hour ozone air quality problems. In the event that a measured value of 

the fourth highest maximum is 0.085 ppm or greater in any portion of the maintenance area in a 

single ozone season, or if periodic emissions inventory updates reveal excessive or unanticipated 

growth greater than ten percent in ozone precursor emissions, the Commonwealth will evaluate 

existing control measures to see if any further emission reductions should be implemented at that 

time. 

In the event of a monitored violation of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS in the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area, Kentucky commits to adopt, within nine months, one or more of the 

following contingency measures to re-attain the standard. A violation of the standard occurs 

when the 3-year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is equal to or greater than 0.085 ppm. All regulatory programs will be adopted and 

implemented within 18 months after the triggering monitored violation. 
Implementation of a program to require additional emissions reductions on stationary 

sources; 

Implementation of fuel programs, including incentives for alternative fuels; 

Restriction of certain roads or lanes to, or construction of such roads or lands for use 

by passenger buses or high-occupancy vehicles; 

Trip-reduction ordinances; 

Employer-based transportation management plans, including incentives; 

Programs to limit or restrict vehicle us in downtown areas, or other areas of emissions 

concentration, particularly during periods of peak use; 

Programs for new construction and major reconstructions of paths or tracks for use by 

pedestrians or by non-motorized vehicles when economically feasible and in the 

public interest. 

Kentucky also reserves the right in its submission to implement other contingency measures if 

new control programs should be developed and advantageous for the Area. 

EPA believes that that the maintenance plan adequately addresses the five basic 

components of a maintenance plan: attainment inventory, maintenance demonstration, 

monitoring network, verification of continued attainment, and a contingency plan. Thus EPA 

proposes to find that the maintenance plan SIP revision submitted by the Commonwealth of 

Kentucky for Northern Kentucky meets the requirements of section 175A of the CAA and is 

approvable. 
VII. What is EPA's Analysis of Kentucky's Proposed State NO, and VOC MVEBs for 

Northern Kentucky? 

Under the CAA, states are required to submit, at various times, control strategy SIPS and 

maintenance plans in ozone areas. These control strategy SIPS (RFP and attainment 

demonstration) and maintenance plans establish MVEBs for criteria pollutants andlor their 

precursors to address pollution from cars and trucks. Per 40 CFR part 93, an MVEB is 

established for the last year of the maintenance plan. A state may adopt MVEBs for other years 

as well. The MVEB is the portion of the total allowable emissions in the maintenance 

demonstration that is allocated to highway and transit vehicle use and emissions. See 40 CFR 

93.101. The MVEB serves as a ceiling on emissions from an area's planned transportation 

system. The MVEB concept is further explained in the preamble to the November 24, 1993, 

transportation conformity rule (58 FR 62188). The preamble also describes how to establish the 

MVEB in the SIP and how to revise the MVEB. 

After interagency consultation with the transportation partners for the tri-state CincinnatiHamilton Area, Kentucky has elected to develop MVEBs for VOC and NO, for Northern 

Kentucky separate from the remainder of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area. MVEBs for the 

remainder of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area is addressed in the Ohio and Indiana 

submittals. Kentucky is developing these MVEBs for Northern Kentucky, as required, for the 

last year of its maintenance plan, 2020, an interim year, 2015. The MVEBs for 2015 and 2020 

reflect the total on-road emissions for those individual years, plus an allocation from the 

available NO, and VOC safety margin for each year. Under 40 CFR 93.101, the term safety 

margin is the difference between the attainment level (from all sources) and the projected level 
of emissions (from all sources) in the maintenance plan. The safety margin can be allocated to 

the transportation sector; however, the total emissions must remain below the attainment level. 

These MVEBs and allocation from the safety margin were developed in consultation with the 

transportation partners and were added to account for uncertainties in population growth, 

changes in model VMT and new emission factor models. For 2015, the safety margin added to 

the mobile VOC emissions 2 tpd, and the safety margin added to the mobile NO, emissions is 3 

tpd. For 2020, the safety margin added to the mobile VOC emissions is 3 tpd, and the safety 

margin added to the mobile NOx emissions is 5 tpd. The resulting NOx and VOC MVEBs for 

Northern Kentucky are defined in Table 6 below. 

Table 6. 

Northern Kentucky 1997 8-Hour Ozone NOx and VOC MVEBs 

(Summer season tons per day) 

I VOC 9.76 10.07 1 

As mentioned above, Kentucky has chosen to allocate a portion of the available safety 

margin to the 2015 and 2020 NO, and VOC MVEBs. The following tables identify the original 

NO, and VOC safety margins that were available in the tri-state Cincinnati Area for the 

applicable years. It should be noted that the safety margin allocation from above is not reflected 

in the following table so any further allocation of the available safety margin in the Kentucky 

portion of this area will be quantified at the time of the allocation should the Commonwealth 

elect to allocate additional safety margin to the MVEBs in the Northern Kentucky Area. Table 7 

and Table 8 below detail the available safety margin for the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area 

prior to allocations provided for MVEBs for Northern Kentucky and the remainder of the tri- 
state Area. Kentucky's has remaining safety margin to allocate. Should Kentucky decide to 

allocate further safety margin to the MVEB, the Commonwealth will do so through a subsequent 

SIP revisions which will identify the available safety margin for allocation and any additional 

allocation. 

Table 7. - Safety Margin for VOC for Tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area 

(tons per day) 

I Dearborn. IN I 7.49 1 6.86 1 6.96 1 12.18 1 12.08 

1 Boone. KY I 20.29 1 19.26 1 19.02 1 1.03 1 1.27 

VOC 

Butler, OH 

Clermont, OH 

Clinton, OH 

Hamilton, OH 

Warren, OH 

Safety 

Margin 

2015 

2.80 

2.39 

1.38 

12.41 

3.56 

Safety 

Margin 

2020 

3.01 

2.77 

1.81 

14.21 

3.94 

2008 

26.66 

15.5 1 

6.83 

69.25 

18.48 

Campbell, KY 

Kenton, KY 

Combined 

Total 

2015 

23.85 

12.94 

5.45 

56.80 

14.92 

8.42 

14.85 

187.78 

2020 

23.64 

12.54 

5.02 

55.00 

14.54 

7.53 

13.58 

161.19 

7.28 

13.37 

157.37 

0.89 

1.27 

37.91 

- 

1.14 

1.48 

41.71 
Table 8. - Safety Margin for VOC for Tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area 

(tons per day) 

1 Safety 1 Safety 1 

I Hamilton. OH 1 88.37 1 73.30 1 65.16 1 29.41 1 37.55 1 

NOx 

Butler, OH 

Clermont, OH 

Clinton. OH 

1 Dearborn. IN 1 33.09 1 32.07 1 32.56 1 0.90 1 0.41 1 

Margin 

2015 

8.50 

-3 1.80 

2.47 

Warren, OH 

Margin 

2020 

11.93 

-32.13 

3.34 

2008 

40.52 

39.73 

6.3 1 

22.26 

Boone, KY 

20 15 

30.49 

59.76 

3.84 

Campbell, KY 

Kenton, KY 

Through this rulemaking, EPA is proposing to approve the 2015 and 2020 MVEBs for 

VOC and NO, for Northern Kentucky because EPA has determined that the Area maintains the 

1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS with the emissions at the levels of the budgets. Once the MVEBs 

for Northern Kentucky (the subject of this rulemaking) are approved or found adequate 

(whichever is done first), they must be used for future conformity determinations. See section 

VIII for more information on the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the proposed NOx 

and VOC MVEBs for the years 2015 and 2020 for Northern Kentucky. 

2020 

27.06 

59.12 

2.97 

13.32 

47.84 

Combined 

Total 

VIII. What Is the Status of EPA's Adequacy Determination for the Proposed NO, and 

VOC MVEBs for the years 2015 and 2020 for Northern Kentucky? 

11.56 

19.79 

10.88 

44.5 1 

309.47 

8.43 

14.43 

8.94 

44.43 

280.15 

1 1.38 

7.48 

12.8 1 

3.33 

262.47 

- --- 

3.41 - 

3.13 

5.36 

---- 

4.08 

6.98 

30.24 46.95 
Under section 176(c) of the CAA, new transportation projects, such as the construction of 

new highways, must "conform" to (i.e., be consistent with) the part of the state's air quality plan 

that addresses pollution from cars and trucks. "Conformity" to the SIP means that transportation 

activities will not cause new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely 

attainment of the NAAQS. If a transportation plan does not "conform," most new projects that 

would expand the capacity of roadways cannot go forward. Regulations at 40 CFR part 93 set 

forth EPA policy, criteria, and procedures for demonstrating and assuring conformity of such 

transportation activities to a SIP. The regional emissions analysis is one, but not the only, 

requirement for implementing transportation conformity. Transportation conformity is a 

requirement for nonattainment and maintenance areas. Maintenance areas are areas that were 

previously nonattainment for a particular NAAQS but have since been redesignated to attainment 

with a maintenance plan for that NAAQS. 

When reviewing submitted "control strategy" SIPS or maintenance plans containing 

MVEBs, EPA may affirmatively find the MVEB contained therein "adequate" for use in 

determining transportation conformity. Once EPA affirmatively finds the submitted MVEB is 

adequate for transportation conformity purposes, that MVEB must be used by state and Federal 

agencies in determining whether proposed transportation projects "conform" to the SIP as 

required by section 176(c) of the CAA. 

EPA's substantive criteria for determining "adequacy" of an MVEB are set out in 40 

CFR 93.1 18(e)(4). The process for determining "adequacy" consists of three basic steps: public 

notification of a SIP submission, a public comment period, and EPA's adequacy finding. This 

process for determining the adequacy of submitted SIP MVEBs was initially outlined in EPA's 
May 14, 1999, guidance, "Conformity Guidance on Implementation of March 2, 1999, 

Conformity Court Decision." This guidance was finalized in the Transportation Conformity 

Rule Amendments for the "New 8-Hour Ozone and PM25 National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards and Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; transportation conformity rule 

amendments - Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Change," on July 1,2004 (69 FR 

40004). Additional information on the adequacy process for MVEBs is available in the proposed 

rule entitled, 'Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments: Response to Court Decision and 

Additional Rule Changes," 68 FR 38974,38984 (June 30,2003). 

As discussed earlier, Kentucky's maintenance plan submission includes VOC and NOx 

state MVEBs for Northern Kentucky for the years 2015 and 2020. EPA reviewed both the 

VOCs and NO, state MVEBs through the adequacy process. The Kentucky SIP submission, 

including the Northern Kentucky VOC and NO, MVEBs was open for public comment on 

EPA's adequacy website on February 3,2010, found at: 

http://www. epa. nov/otau/stateresources/transconf/currsi~s. htm. The EPA public comment 

period on adequacy of the 2015 and 2020 VOC and NO, state MVEBs for Northern Kentucky 

closed on March 5,2010. EPA did not receive any comments on the adequacy of the MVEBs, 

nor did EPA receive any requests for the SIP submittal. EPA provided a separate adequacy 

posting for the MVEBs in association with the Ohio and Indiana portions of this Area. The 

status of the adequacy process for the Ohio and Indiana MVEBs is discussed in EPA's separate 

action related to those areas (see 75 FR 8871, 8886; February 26,2010). 

EPA intends to make its determination on the adequacy of the 2015 and 2020 MVEBs for 

Northern Kentucky for transportation conformity purposes by completing the adequacy process 

that was started on February 3,2010, in coordination with the final rule for this redesignation 

54 
request and maintenance plan. After EPA finds the 2015 and 2020 MVEBs, adequate or 

approves them, the new MVEBs for VOC and NOx must be used, for future transportation 

conformity determinations. For required regional emissions analysis years that involve the years 

2015 through 2019, the applicable budgets for the purposes of conducting transportation 

conformity will be the new 2015 MVEBs. For required regional emissions analysis years that 

involve 2020 or beyond, the applicable budgets will be the new 2020 MVEBs for Northern 

Kentucky. The 2015 and 2020 MVEBs are defined in section VII of this proposed rulemaking. 

IX. What is EPA's Analysis of the Proposed 2008 Base Year Emissions Inventory for 

Northern Kentucky? 

As discussed above, section 172(c)(3) of the CAA requires areas to submit a base year 

emissions inventory. As part of Kentucky's request to redesignate the Kentucky portion of the 

tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area, the Commonwealth submitted 2008 base year emissions 

inventory to meet this requirement. Emissions contained in the submittal cover the general 

source categories of point sources, area sources, on-road mobile sources, and non-road mobile 

sources. All emission summaries were accompanied by source-specific descriptions of emission 

calculation procedures and sources of input data. On-road mobile emissions were prepared by 

the OK1 using the MOBILE6.2 emissions model. 

Kentucky's submittal documents 2008 emissions in the Kentucky portion of the tri-state 

Cincinnati-Hamilton Area in units of tons per summer day. Table 9 below provides a summary 

of the 2008 summer day emissions of VOC and NOx for Northern Kentucky. 
Northern Kentucky 2008 Summer Day Emissions for VOC and NOx 

(tons per day) 

Boone 23.27 

Campbell 

Kenton 0.04 

NO, VOC 

2333 4.79 

- 

Boone I I 

I I 

Campbell 5.34 1.5 1 1 

Campbell I I 

5.02 

Kenton 

8.41 

1 1.32 

I I 

I I 

Campbell 4.88 2.29 1 

4.34 

1 4.06 

Kenton 

I 

I Kenton 

7.88 

Boone 

EPA is proposing to approve this 2008 base year inventory as meeting the section 

1 7.33 

172(c)(3) emissions inventory requirement. 

1.95 

8.53 

X. What are EPA's Proposed Actions? 

4.00 

EPA is proposing to: (1) to determine that the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area has 

attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS based on quality assured monitoring data from 2007- 

2009; (2) approve Kentucky's redesignation request for Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties 
in Kentucky as part of the tri-state Cincinnati Area; (3) approve Kentucky's January 29, 2010 

SIP revision providing the 1997 8-hour ozone maintenance plan for Northern Kentucky, 

including the MVEBs for NO, and VOC for the years 2015 and 2020; and (4) approve the 2008 

emissions inventory for Northern Kentucky as meeting the requirements of the CAA. 

EPA's proposed approval is based on the Commonwealth's demonstration that the plan 

meets the requirements of section 175A of the CAA. After evaluating the Commonwealth's 

redesignation request, EPA believes that, upon final approval of the emissions inventory that 

was also submitted, the request meets the redesignation criteria set forth in CAA sections 

107(d)(3)(E) and 175A. Therefore, EPA is proposing to approve the redesignation of the 

Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area from nonattainment to attainment for 

the 1997 %hour ozone NAAQS. The final approval of this redesignation request would change 

the official designation for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area from 

nonattainment to attainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. Final approval would also 

establish 2015 and 2020 NO, and VOC MVEBs for Northern Kentucky to use for the purposed 

of implementing transportation conformity. EPA is proposing to approve Kentucky's 2008 base 

year emissions inventory for the Kentucky portion of the tri-state Cincinnati -Hamilton Area as 

meeting the requirements of section 172 (c)(3) EPA is taking action on the redesignation 

requests, emission inventories and maintenance plans for the Ohio and Indiana portions (as a part 

of the tri-state Cincinnati-Hamilton Area) in a separate but coordinated action. 

In this action, EPA is also describing the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the 

new 2015 and 2020 MVEBs that are contained in the 1997-8-hour ozone maintenance plan for 

Northern Kentucky in accordance with 40 CFR 93.11 8(f)(1). Within 24 months from the 
effective date of EPA's adequacy finding for the MVEBs, or the effective date for the final rule 

for this action, whichever is earlier, the transportation partners will need to demonstrate 

conformity to the new NO, and VOC MVEBs pursuant to 40 CFR 93.104(e). EPA intents to 

conclude it adequacy process for the Northern Kentucky MVEBs with its final rulemaking for 

this proposed action. MVEBs for the Ohio and Indiana portions of this Area are included in the 

Ohio and Indiana submittals, and are being addressed through EPA's separate action for those 

submissions. 

XI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 

Under the CAA, redesignation of an area to attainment and the accompanying approval of 

a maintenance plan under section 107(d)(3)(E) are actions that affect the status of a geographical 

area and do not impose any additional regulatory requirements on sources beyond those imposed 

by state law. A redesignation to attainment does not in and of itself create any new 

requirements, but rather results in the applicability of requirements contained in the CAA for 

areas that have been redesignated to attainment. Moreover, under the CAA, the Administrator is 

required to approve a SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 

Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, 

EPA's role is to approve state choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. 

Accordingly, these proposed actions merely approve state law as meeting Federal requirements 

and does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For these 

reasons, these proposed actions 
are not a "significant regulatory action" subject to review by the Office of Management 

and Budget under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993); 

do not impose an information collection burden under the provisions of the Paperwork 

Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.); 

are certified as not having a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 

entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.); 

do not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or uniquely affect small 

governments, as described in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Public Law 

104-4); 

do not have Federalism implications as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FX 

43255, August 10, 1999); 

are not an economically significant regulatory action based on health or safety risks 

subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997); 

are not a significant regulatory action subject to Executive Order 1321 1 (66 FR 28355, 

May 22,2001); 

are not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and 

Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because application of those 

requirements would be inconsistent with the CAA; and 

do not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to address, as appropriate, 

disproportionate human health or environmental effects, using practicable and legally 

permissible methods, under Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). 
In addition, this rule does not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13 175 (65 

FR 67249, November 9,2000), because the SIP is not approved to apply in Indian country 

located in the state, and EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct costs on tribal 

governments or preempt tribal law. 
List of Subjects: 

40 CFR Part 52 

Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Intergovernmental relations, Incorporation by 

reference, Nitrogen oxides, Ozone, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and Volatile 

organic compounds. 

40 CFR Part 81 

Environmental protection, Air pollution control, National parks, Wilderness areas. 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. 

Dated: MAY - 3 2010 

A. Stanley Meiburg 

Acting Regional Administrator, 

Region 4.