U.S. International Trade Commission

Address all communications to

Secretary to the Commission

United States International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

COMMISSIONERS

Dean A. Pinkert

Deanna Tanner Okun

Robert A. Rogowsky

Director of Operations

Robert B. Koopman

Director of Economics

Charlotte R. Lane

Daniel R. Pearson, Chairman

Shara L. Aranoff, Vice Chairman

Irving A. Williamson
COMMISSIONERS

Daniel R. Pearson, Chairman

Shara L. Aranoff, Vice Chairman

Deanna Tanner Okun

Charlotte R. Lane

Irving A. Williamson

 Dean A. Pinkert

_______________________________

Robert A. Rogowsky

Director of Operations

______________________________

Robert B. Koopman

Director of Economics

______________________________

Address all communications to

Secretary to the Commission

United States International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
U.S. International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

Publication 3927 July 2007

www.usitc.gov

The Year in Trade 2006

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program

58th Report
This report was prepared principally prepared by:

James Fetzer, Project Leader

Justino De La Cruz, Deputy Project Leader

Nannette Christ, Kelly Clark, Cindy Cohen, William Greene, Joanne Guth,

Alexander Hammer, Walker Pollard, James Stamps, and Edward C. Wilson

Office of General Counsel

Willliam W. Gearhart and Robin Turner

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade Agreements

Naomi Freeman and Dan Shepherdson

Office of Investigations

Barbara Bryan, Mary Messer, and Andy Rylyk

Office of Unfair Import Investigations

Anne Goalwin

Office of Industries

Dawn Heuschel

Office of Information Technology Systems

Barbara V. Bobbitt

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Patricia M. Thomas

Intern:

Dean Gudicello

Office of Publishing

The Office of Economics
iii

PREFACE

This report is the 58 in a series of annual reports submitted to the U.S. Congress under th

section 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation.

Section 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 states that “the International Trade Commission

shall submit to the Congress at least once a year, a factual report on the operation of the

trade agreements program.”

This report is one of the principal means by which the U.S. International Trade Commission

provides Congress with factual information on trade policy and its administration for

calendar year 2006. The trade agreements program includes “all activities consisting of, or

related to, the administration of international agreements which primarily concern trade and

which are concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the Constitution”

and congressional legislation.

v

ABSTRACT

This annual report to Congress provides factual information on U.S. trade policy and its

administration for calendar year 2006. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the U.S. economy

in 2006 and describes major trends in U.S. trade during the year. Chapter 2 summarizes

activities relating to the administration of U.S. trade laws and regulations, including import

relief laws, laws against unfair trade practices, and other import administration laws and

programs. Chapter 3 focuses on the activities of the World Trade Organization, the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Asia-Pacific Economic

Cooperation forum. Chapter 4 provides an overview of activities with respect to U.S. free

trade agreements (FTAs) and FTA negotiations during 2006. Chapter 5 addresses selected

trade-related activities between the United States and selected major trading partners—the

European Union, Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Russia.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preface.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . iii

Abstract.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . v

Abbreviations and Acronyms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . xiii

Executive Summary.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . xv

Chapter 1. Introduction. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-1

Scope and approach of the report. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-1

Overview of the U.S. economy in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-1

Exchange rate trends.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-4

Balance of payments.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-4

U.S. trade in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-6

U.S. merchandise trade by product category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

Exports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-7

Imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-7

U.S. merchandise trade with leading partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

Chapter 2. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-1

Import relief laws. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-1

Safeguard actions. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-1

Adjustment assistance.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-1

Trade adjustment assistance for workers.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-2

Trade adjustment assistance for farmers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-2

Trade adjustment assistance for firms and industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

Laws against unfair trade practices. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-5

Section 301 investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-5

Active cases in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-5

Special 301.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-7

Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

Antidumping investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-9

Countervailing duty investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-10

Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orders/suspension

agreements.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-11

Section 337 investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-12

Other import administration laws and programs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

Tariff preferential programs. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-13

Generalized System of Preferences. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-13

African Growth and Opportunity Act. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-15

Andean Trade Preference Act. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-19

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-20

Textile and apparel imports under AGOA, ATPDEA, and CBTPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 2. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations–Continued

Textile and apparel developments in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-22

U.S. textile and apparel imports in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-23

U.S.-China textile and apparel trade. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-25

CAFTA-DR Free Trade Agreement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-26

U.S. imports from Vietnam and Vietnam’s accession to the WTO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27

HHOPE. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-27

Chapter 3. Selected Trade Developments in the WTO, OECD, and APEC. ... ... ... ... . . 3-1

World Trade Organization. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-1

Doha trade negotiations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-1

Round suspended. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-1

G-8 summit meeting. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-1

Impasse reached. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-2

Reaction to negotiating impasse. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-2

Informal consultations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-4

General Council. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-5

Aid for trade initiative. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-6

Cotton initiative. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-6

Reports on DDA and Geographic Indications Negotiations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Integrated framework task force.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-7

Regional organizations’ assistance to small economies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

Provisional transparency mechanism for regional trade agreements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

China transitional review mechanism. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-7

Waivers.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-8

Dispute settlement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-9

Consultations and new panels established. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Appellate Body and Panel reports adopted during 2006 that involved the United 

States .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-11

Overview. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-11

Reports in which the United States was the complainant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

Reports in which the United States was the respondent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

Mutually agreed settlements in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-15

Membership. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-16

OECD. . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-16

Trade committee. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-16

Steel committee and steel subsidy negotiations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-19

Hanoi action plan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-20

Trade facilitation action plan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-21

Anti-corruption and transparency in business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 4. U.S. Free Trade Agreements. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-1

FTAs in force during 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-1

FTA negotiations during 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-3

U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-4

Textile provision of the U.S.-Panama FTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-6

U.S.-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-6

North American Free Trade Agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-6

Free Trade Commission. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-7

Commission for Labor Corporation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-8

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

Dispute settlement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-11

Chapter 11 dispute settlement developments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

Chapter 19 dispute panel reviews.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-12

Chapter 5. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-1

European Union.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-1

Aircraft. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-2

Background. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-2

Developments during 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-3

Agricultural biotechnology.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-4

Background. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-4

Developments during 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-4

Canada. . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-5

Agriculture. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-6

Softwood lumber agreement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-6

1996 agreement background.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-6

2006 agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-7

China . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-8

U.S. assessment of China’s WTO compliance in 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

Intellectual property rights. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-9

Trading rights and distribution system.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-9

Industrial policies. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-10

Agriculture. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-10

Services. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-11

Export controls and high technology trade.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-11

Global trade imbalances and China’s exchange rate regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

Mexico. . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-12

Mexican antidumping duties on U.S. long-grain white rice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13

U.S. antidumping duty order on Mexican cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14

Mexican taxes on certain beverages. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-15
x

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 5. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners—Continued

Japan. . . . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-16

Beef . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-16

Deregulation..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-17

Korea . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-18

U.S.-Korea FTA negotiations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-19

Beef . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-19

Taiwan . . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-20

U.S.-Taiwan FTA negotiations.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-20

Intellectual property rights. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-21

Agriculture. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-22

Beef. . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-22

Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-23

Pharmaceuticals and medical devices.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-23

Financial services. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-23

Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-24

Normal trade relations tariff treatment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-24

Bilateral market access agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-24

Bibliography . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Bibl-1

Figures

1.1. Indices of exchange rates for selected countries in relation to the U.S. dollar, weekly,

2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-5

1.2. U.S. merchandise trade with the world, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1.3. Leading U.S. export markets, by share, 2006.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

1.4. Leading U.S. import services, by share, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

Tables

1.1. Summary of U.S. trade agreement activities, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2. U.S. merchandise trade with major trading partners and with the world, 2006.. . . . . . . . . . 1-9

2.1. Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers 

affected, FY 2005 and FY 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-3

2.2. Benefits and services provided under the TAA program, FY 2005 and FY 2006. . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.3. Results of petitions filed under the TAA program for farmers, FY 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2.4. Active section 301 cases in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-6

2.5. Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.6. Countervailing duty orders that became effective during 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.7. U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 2006.. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Tables–Continued

2.8. U.S. imports for consumption from AGOA countries, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

2.9. U.S. imports for consumption from ATPA countries, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20

2.10. U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21

2.11. U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 2006 by quantity, percentage change in imports

2005–06, and share of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel, for major U.S.

suppliers, selected regional groups, and the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24

3.1. WTO dispute-settlement cases initiated in 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3.2. WTO membership in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-17

3.3. WTO observers in 2006... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-18

4.1. U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners, total trade, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.2. U.S. FTA imports from FTA partners, by partner, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.3. Status of U.S. FTA negotiations during 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4. U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4.5. Active files through 2006, under article 14 of the North American Agreement on 

Environmental Cooperation.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-10

4.6. Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement 

on Environmental Cooperation, submissions active during 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4.7. NAFTA chapter 19 binational panels, active reviews in 2006.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Appendix tables

A.1. U.S. merchandise trade with world, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

A.2. Leading U.S. exports to the world, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

A.3. Leading U.S. imports from the world, by HTS subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

A.4. Antidumping cases active in 2006, by USITC investigation number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6

A.5. Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7

A.6. Countervailing duty cases active in 2006, by USITC investigation number. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

A.7. Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-15

A.8. Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders and suspension

agreements completed in 2006, by date of completion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16

A.9. Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the U.S. International

Trade Commission during 2006 and those pending on December 31, 2006.. . . . . . . . . . A-18

A.10. Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-23

A.11. U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27

A.12. U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import

categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-28

A.13. U.S. imports for consumption under AGOA provisions, by source, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . A-29

A.14. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-30

A.15. U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . A-31

A.16. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-32

A.17. U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . A-33

A.18. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 2004–06. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34

A.19. WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments

in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-35

A.20. NAFTA dispute settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments

in 2006. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-39
xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Appendix tables–Continued

A.21. U.S. merchandise trade with European Union, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06.. . . . . A-40

A.22. Leading U.S. exports to the European Union, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . A-41

A.23. Leading U.S. imports from the European Union, by HTS subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . A-42

A.24. U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-43

A.25. Leading U.S. exports to Canada, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-44

A.26. Leading U.S. imports from Canada, by HTS subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-45

A.27. U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-46

A.28. Leading U.S. exports to China, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-47

A.29. Leading U.S. imports from China, by HTS subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-48

A.30. U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . A-49

A.31. Leading U.S. exports to Mexico, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-50

A.32. Leading U.S. imports from Mexico, by HTS subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-51

A.33. U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-52

A.34. Leading U.S. exports to Japan, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-53

A.35. Leading U.S. imports from Japan, by HTS subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-54

A.36. U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-55

A.37. Leading U.S. exports to Korea, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-56

A.38. Leading U.S. imports from Korea, by HTS subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-57

A.39. U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-58

A.40. Leading U.S. exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-59

A.41. Leading U.S. imports from Taiwan, by HTS subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-60

A.42. U.S. merchandise trade with Russia, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-61

A.43. Leading U.S. exports to Russia, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-62

A.44. Leading U.S. imports from Russia, by HTS subheading, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-63
xiii

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations and

Acronyms

AD Antidumping

AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ATPA Andean Trade Preference Act

ATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act

BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

CAFTA-DR Dominican Republic - Central America - United States Free Trade Agreement 

CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

CBTPA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act

CVD Countervailing Duty

DDA Doha Development Agenda

DSB WTO Dispute Settlement Body

DSU WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

EU European Union

FAS Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

FS Foreign Sales Corporation

FTA Free Trade Agreement

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

FY Fiscal Year

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GSP Generalized System of Preferences

HFCS High Fructose Corn Syrup

HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States

HHOPE Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership Encouragement Act

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

ITA International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

LTFV Less Than Fair Value

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NTR Normal Trade Relations

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SITC Standard Industrial Trade Classification

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance

TPA Trade Promotion Agreement

TPL Tariff Preference Level

TRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 

TRQ Tariff Rate Quota

USITC United States International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WTO World Trade Organization

 United States signed a multiparty FTA with Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, 1

Honduras, and Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) in 2004. The United States

implemented the agreement in 2005.

xv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report discusses U.S. trade agreements activities during 2006 including the

administration of U.S. trade laws and regulations; U.S. participation in the World Trade

Organization (WTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum; U.S. negotiation of

and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs); and bilateral developments with major

trading partners.

Selected Trade Highlights in 2006

• The WTO Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations was suspended on July

24, 2006 and remained suspended at year end. 

• The United States and Canada signed a formal agreement in 2006 addressing trade

in softwood lumber between the two countries ending a number of pending dispute

settlement cases in the WTO and the NAFTA.

• U.S.-Korean trade relations in 2006 were dominated by FTA negotiations and

negotiations over the resumption of Korean imports of U.S. beef, which had been

suspended in late 2003 after a cow of Canadian origin, found in a U.S. herd, was

determined to be infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

• During 2006, the United States concluded bilateral FTA negotiations with

Colombia and Panama and signed bilateral agreements with Colombia, Oman, and

Peru, but these agreements did not enter into force during the year.

• Three U.S. Free Trade Agreements entered into force during 2006—the U.S.-

Bahrain FTA; a multiparty FTA with El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and

Nicaragua; and the U.S.-Morocco FTA. 1

• In 2006, U.S.-China bilateral trade relations mainly focused on issues related to

China’s transition to full WTO membership and the continuing dialogue about

renminbi (yuan) revaluation. Many of these issues were addressed during the April

2006 meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade

(JCCT), and the newly created semi-annual U.S.-China Strategic Economic

Dialogue (SED).
xvi

Other Key Trade Developments

Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations

Principal developments in U.S. trade programs that occurred during 2006 include:

In the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) programs offered for workers and farmers, the U.S.

Department of Labor certified petitions covering approximately 120,355 workers and the

U.S. Department of Agriculture certified petitions covering 208 farmers in FY 2006. The

Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce certified 149

petitions as eligible for TAA for firms in FY 2006, and approved 137 trade adjustment

projects during the year.

Two active cases under section 301 were administered by the United States Trade

Representative (USTR). One concerned the European Union (EU) meat hormone directive

and the second concerned intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in Ukraine. The 2006

special 301 report highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russia,

both of which were placed on the priority watch list.

The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) instituted eight new antidumping

investigations and completed nine investigations during 2006. Antidumping duty orders

were imposed in 2006 on certain orange juice from Brazil; artist canvas from China; and

certain lined paper school supplies from China, India, and Indonesia as a result of

affirmative determinations in five of those completed investigations.

The Commission instituted three new countervailing duty investigations and completed two

investigations during 2006. Countervailing duty orders were imposed in 2006 on certain

lined paper school supplies from India and Indonesia as a result of affirmative

determinations in both of those completed investigations.

During 2006, Commerce and the Commission instituted 72 sunset reviews of existing

antidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 76 reviews,

resulting in 57 antidumping and countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements being

continued for five additional years.

During 2006, there were 66 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings, 38

of which were instituted in 2006. Of these 38, there were 33 new section 337 investigations

and five new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations. At the

close of 2006, there were 38 section 337 investigations and related proceedings pending at

the Commission.

Preferential Trade Programs

During 2006, USTR announced restoration of GSP benefits to Ukraine following a review

of its IPR enforcement efforts and announced initiation of a review to consider East Timor

for designation as a GSP beneficiary. Also, the President designated Liberia as a GSP

beneficiary during 2006. Angola, due to its petroleum exports, was the leading GSP

beneficiary in 2006, followed by India, Thailand, Brazil, and Indonesia. Duty-free imports
xvii

entered under the GSP program totaled $32.6 billion in 2006. On December 9, 2006, the

GSP program was extended, with additional modifications to the president’s authority to

grant waivers of competitive need limitations (CNLs) to countries, through December 31,

2008.

A total of 37 SSA countries were designated for benefits under AGOA as of January 1,

2006, and 24 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits. Duty-free

U.S. imports under AGOA, including GSP, were valued at $44.2 billion in 2006. U.S.

imports under AGOA, exclusive of GSP, were valued at $36.1 billion in 2006, a 10.4

percent increase since 2005.

U.S. imports under ATPA preferences in 2006 were valued at $13.5 billion, an increase of

17.6 percent from 2005.

U.S. imports under Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) preferences totaled

$9.9 billion in 2006, decreasing by 19.6 percent compared to 2005. CBERA was enacted

to promote export-led economic growth and economic diversification in the Caribbean Basin

region. Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) extended North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA)-equivalent treatment to many products previously excluded

from CBERA.

Textile and Apparel

In 2006, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel totaled 52.1 billion square meter equivalents

(SMEs) ($93.3 billion), an increase of 2.6 percent by volume (4.6 percent by value) over

2005. Many of these imports previously sourced from Central American, South American,

and SSA countries shifted to lower-priced Southeast Asian suppliers–

primarily China, but also Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia. China’s growth

in the U.S. import market slowed to 11 percent, as compared to the nearly 44 percent

increase in 2005.

Several bills enacted in 2006 affected U.S. textile and apparel trade with Vietnam, Central

America, SSA, and Haiti. Also, on January 1, 2006, a memorandum of understanding signed

between the United States and China took effect, establishing 21 quotas covering 34

categories of textile and apparel products. These 34 product categories accounted for 40.6

percent of the volume (36.9 percent by value) of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel

from China in 2006. The memorandum of understanding extends through December 31,

2008, at which time the right of the United States to invoke safeguards under China’s WTO

membership accession agreement expires.

WTO, OECD, and APEC

Issues raised at the WTO General Council in 2006 included the Aid for Trade initiative, the

Cotton Initiative to examine trade-related aspects of development assistance to cotton

producing countries, and concerns regarding EU enlargement and consequent modifications

to the EU external tariff on bananas.

During 2006, 20 dispute settlement consultations were initiated at the WTO and fourteen

new dispute settlement panels were established. One set of consultations resulted in a
xviii

mutually agreed settlement. The United States was the complainant in three of the 14 cases

that resulted in the establishment of a panel, and the respondent in five cases. During 2006,

the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) adopted Appellate Body and/or Panel reports in

seven dispute settlement cases in which the United States was either the complaining party

(three reports) or the responding party (four reports).

The OECD Trade Committee held three sessions during 2006. These sessions focused on

the Doha Round trade negotiations,the Globalization and Structural Adjustment project, the

future of the multilateral trading system, and ways to improve the effectiveness of Aid for

Trade programs. At its meeting in November 2006, the OECD Steel Committee focused on

several issues including steel and the environment; the situation and outlook of the steel

market and its raw materials such as iron ore, coke, and scrap metal; developments in

steelmaking capacity in both member and nonmember countries; and the status of tradedistorting steel policies.

At their annual meeting in November 2006 in Hanoi, Vietnam, the APEC ministers

formulated a new “Hanoi Action Plan” aimed at implementing the Bogor Goals, created a

second generation of the “Trade Facilitation Action Plan,” and put into effect the AntiCorruption and Transparency in Business Initiative adopted in 2005.

Other Developments With Major Trading Partners

The United States and the EU were involved in a number of WTO disputes during 2006,

including four cases involving alleged subsidies to their respective civil aircraft industries

and one case brought by the United States with respect to the EU’s de facto moratorium on

approvals of agricultural biotechnology products. The two sides also signed a wine

agreement and negotiated compensation to the United States resulting from EU enlargement.

Major trade-related issues in 2006 between the United States and Mexico included a number

of trade disputes that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement proceedings

including Mexican antidumping duties onU.S. long-grain white rice, U.S. antidumping duty

order on Mexican cement, and Mexican taxes on soft drinks and beverages that contain

high-fructose corn syrup.

The United States and Japan continued bilateral discussions under the U.S.-Japan Economic

Partnership for Growth, which serves as the primary forum for trade and economic dialogue

between the two countries. In 2006, discussions under this framework focused on beef

markets in both countries, regulatory reform, competition policy, and the harmonization of

regulations and systems.

Trade relations with Taiwan in 2006 focused on the creation of a potential bilateral FTA,

progress Taiwan has made with respect to IPR enforcement, market access for U.S. exports

of beef and rice in Taiwan, and the liberalization of Taiwan’s financial and

telecommunication sectors.

In 2006, U.S. and Russian trade ministers signed a bilateral market access agreement that

completes the two countries’ bilateral negotiations for Russia’s bid to join the WTO. This

agreement addresses longstanding U.S. concerns with Russia’s trade regime and provides

market opening concessions and commitments from Russia for trade in goods and services.
 This is the 58th in a series of annual reports submitted to the U.S. Congress under section 163(c) of the 1

Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), “Gross Domestic Product: Fourth 2

Quarter 2006 (Final).”

 The White House, “Economic Report of the President,” 23. 3

1-1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Scope and Approach of the Report

This report provides factual information on U.S. trade policy and its administration for

calendar year 2006. The report is based on primary source materials on U.S. trade policies 1

and administrative matters, including U.S. Government Federal Register notices,

publications and press releases by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC or the

Commission) and other U.S. Government agencies, and U.S. Department of State telegrams.

Other primary sources of information include publications of international institutions

including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF),

the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and official

publications of foreign governments. Newspaper articles, professional journals, and trade

publications are used to provide supplemental factual information when primary source

information is unavailable. Statistical information consists of trade and economic data

compiled by the Commission primarily from the U.S. Census Bureau as well as the United

Nations and the IMF. Table 1.1 summarizes U.S. trade agreement activities and significant

international trade developments in 2006.

Overview of the U.S. Economy in 2006

The expansion of the U.S. economy continued for the fifth consecutive year in 2006. Real

U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 3.3 percent in 2006, compared with 3.2

percent growth in 2005. Personal consumption expenditures, exports, and investment in

2

equipment and software were leading components of the growth in 2006. Net exports

contributed positively as growth in exports accelerated and growth in imports slowed from

2005. Strong economic activity abroad supported increased U.S. exports.

GDP growth slowed sharply during 2006 after posting a 5.6 percent annual rate in the first

quarter of the year, when the economy rebounded from the effects of the 2005 hurricanes,

including a recovery in consumer spending and rebuilding of the oil and natural gas

infrastructure in the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico.3
1-2

Table 1.1 Summary of 2006 trade agreement activities

January

1-The U.S.-Morocco Free Trade Agreement (FTA) enters

into force.

10-China terminates the antidumping duty order on kraft

linerboard from the United States.

13-The United States and Korea agree on an initial import

protocol to reopen Korea's market to U.S. beef.

17-The United States and Mexico reach an agreement on

tequila exports to the U.S. market.

19-The United States and Oman sign an FTA.

23-USTR reinstates Generalized System of Preferences

(GSP) benefits for Ukraine.

31-The United States requests WTO dispute settlement

consultations (second complaint) with the governments of

France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom and

with the European Union concerning measures affecting

trade in large civil aircraft.

February

2-The United States and Korea launch FTA negotiations.

6-The United States requests WTO dispute settlement

consultations with Turkey concerning Turkey’s measures

affecting the importation of rice.

8-The U.S. President signs into law legislation that

repeals the Step 2 subsidy program for upland cotton.

17-The U.S. Department of Commerce designates

Ukraine a market economy.

22-The United States reinstates GSP for Liberia.

27-The United States and Colombia complete Trade

Promotion Agreement negotiations.

March

1- Central America-Dominican Republic-United States

Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) enters into force

between the United States and El Salvador.

1-Two Mutual Recognition Agreements between the

United States and Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein

enter into force with respect to product testing

requirements for the European Free Trade Association.

6-The United States and Ukraine sign a bilateral WTO

accession agreement on market access.

6-The United States and Mexico reach an agreement on

trade in cement.

8-The United States and Malaysia launch FTA

negotiations. 

March-continued

10-The United States and the EU sign an agreement on

trade in wine.

17-The United States requests WTO dispute settlement

consultations with Canada concerning Canada's

imposition of provisional antidumping and countervailing

duties on unprocessed grain corn from the United States.

17-The WTO Dispute Settlement Body establishes a

dispute panel requested by the United States concerning

Turkey’s measures affecting the importation of rice.

22-The United States and the EU sign an enlargement

compensation agreement, which will reduce agricultural

and industrial tariffs to compensate for tariff increases as

a result of EU enlargement.

23-President Bush signs a bill granting Ukraine

permanent normal trade relations.

24-The WTO Dispute Settlement Body adopts the panel

report, as modified by the Appellate Body report, in a

dispute brought by the United States concerning

Mexico’s tax measures on soft drinks and other

beverages.

30-The United States and the EU each request WTO

dispute settlement consultations with China concerning

China's measures affecting imports of automobile parts.

April

1-CAFTA-DR enters into force between the United

States and Honduras and Nicaragua.

4-USTR and Indonesia begin negotiations on an initiative

to address illegal logging.

12-The United States and Peru sign a Trade Promotion

Agreement.

May

17-President Bush signs tax legislation that repeals

certain provisions relating to taxation of foreign sales

corporation/extraterritorial income to comply with U.S.

WTO Appellate Body findings.

25-The United States and Switzerland sign a Trade and

Investment Cooperation Forum Agreement.

30-The United States and India agree to an action plan

to increase bilateral economic engagement.

31-The United States and Vietnam sign a bilateral

market access agreement.

June

7-The United States and Rwanda sign a Trade and

Investment Framework Agreement.
1-3

Table 1.1 (continued)

June-continued

23-The United States and Vietnam conclude a review of

the annual bilateral trade agreement. 

July

1-CAFTA-DR enters into force between the United

States and Guatemala.

14-The United States and Cambodia sign a Trade and

Investment Framework Agreement.

August

1-The U.S.-Bahrain FTA enters into force.

24-The United States announces intentions to enter into

a Free Trade Agreement with Colombia.

25-The United States and the ASEAN countries sign an

arrangement for future dialogue on areas of mutual

interest and a work plan.

September

12-The United States and Canada sign a new

U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement.

14-Mexico revokes antidumping duties on U.S.

long-grain white rice.

18-The United States and Mauritius sign a Trade and

Investment Framework Agreement.

20-The WTO Dispute Settlement Body circulates the

panel report in a dispute brought by Japan concerning

the United States' measures relating to zeroing and

sunset reviews.

20-The United States and China agree to create a

Strategic Economic Dialogue to discuss the overarching

framework for ongoing bilateral economic dialogue and

future economic relations.

25-USTR announces a U.S.-EU agreement on

compensation for modifications to the EU's WTO

services commitments as a result of EU enlargement.

26-The United States and Indonesia sign an agreement

to prevent illegal transshipments of textiles and apparel.

26-President Bush signs legislation to implement the

U.S.-Oman FTA.

October

12-The U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement

enters into force. 

26-The WTO Dispute Settlement Body establishes a

single dispute panel in response to requests by the

United States, the EU, and Canada concerning China's

October-continued

measures affecting imports of automobile parts.

31-The United States and Rwanda hold talks to advance

cooperation on trade and investment.

November

2-The U.S.-Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty enters

into force.

3-Colombia and Peru lift their bovine spongiform

encephalopathy related bans on U.S. beef and beef

products.

7-WTO members approve Vietnam's accession to the

WTO.

16-The WTO finds that the EU does not administer its

customs rules regarding LCD monitors in a uniform way.

16-The United States and Indonesia sign a bilateral

agreement to counter illegal logging.

19-The United States and Russia sign a bilateral WTO

market access agreement.

21-The WTO Dispute Settlement Body adopts the panel

report in a dispute brought by the United States, Canada,

and Argentina concerning the EU's measures affecting the

approval and marketing of biotech products.

22-The United States and Colombia sign a Trade

Promotion Agreement.

30-The United States and Lebanon sign a Trade and

Investment Framework Agreement.

December

5-The United States and Costa Rica sign an agreement

on fabric for pockets.

19-The United States and Panama conclude Trade

Promotion Agreement negotiations.

20-President Bush signs legislation authorizing him to

grant Vietnam permanent normal trade relations;

extending the Generalized System of Preferences and the

Andean Trade Preference Act; amending the African

Growth and Opportunity Act; and adding the Haitian

Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership

Encouragement Act to the Caribbean Basin Trade

Partnership Act.

28-The United States and India launch a bilateral industry

working group on legal services, which will promote more

interaction between legal professionals in both nations

and encourage trade in the sector.

29-President Bush extends permanent normal trade

relations to Vietnam.
 The OECD includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, 4

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,

New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the

United Kingdom, and the United States.

 The euro area includes Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, 5

the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain.

 OECD, Main Economic Indicators 6. http://www.oecd.org/std/mei (accessed May 9, 2007).

 GDP growth data for the world and China are from the IMF, World Economic Outlook, September 2006, 7

table 1.1, 2.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, “U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter and Year 2006.”

8

These data cover exchange rates from January 3, 2006 through December 29, 2006. Data analyzed by the

Federal Reserve covered January 2006 through early February 2007. That data show that the nominal

trade-weighted exchange value of the dollar depreciated by 3.8 percent during that period. Board of

Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Monetary Policy Report to the Congress,” 25.

 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Monetary Policy Report to the Congress,” 25. 9

 Although it increased in 2006 overall, the current account deficit decreased in the fourth quarter of 2006 10

from the third quarter. U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, “U.S. International Transactions: Fourth

Quarter and Year 2006.”

1-4

The U.S. economy again recorded higher growth than that of most other major industrialized

countries and areas during 2006, including the OECD (2.8 percent), Canada (2.7 percent),

4

the euro area (2.6 percent), and Japan (2.2 percent). However, U.S. economic growth was 5 6

once again below the world average GDP growth rate of 5.1 percent, as well as that of

Mexico (4.8 percent) and China (10.7 percent).

7

Exchange Rate Trends

Figure 1.1 shows index values of the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against several major

currencies. The U.S. dollar depreciated 1 percent in 2006 on a trade-weighted yearly average

basis against a group of seven major currencies. The U.S. dollar generally depreciated 8

during the year against the pound, the euro, and the yuan. For the yuan-U.S. dollar exchange

rate, the direction of the depreciation remained broadly consistent since July 2005, when

China ended its fixed exchange rate policy against the U.S. dollar. Since that period, the

yuan appreciated by approximately 6 percent against the dollar in nominal terms, with the

majority of the change occurring in the second half of 2006. The U.S. dollar generally 9

depreciated against the Canadian dollar and the yen through the first half of 2006 but then

appreciated against these currencies in the latter part of the year. The U.S. dollar generally

appreciated against the Mexican peso in the early part of 2006 and then depreciated during

the last half of the year.

Balance of Payments

The U.S. current account deficit—the combined balances on trade in goods and services,

income, and net unilateral current transfers—increased to $856.7 billion in 2006 from

$791.5 billion in 2005. As a share of U.S. GDP, the current account deficit was 6.5 percent 10

in 2006, up from 6.4 percent in 2005. This was the fifth straight year the current account

deficit set a record high.

The increase in the deficit on trade in goods, from $782.7 billion in 2005 to $836.0 billion

in 2006, accounted for most of the increase in the current account deficit. In addition, the
 The balance on income is income receipts (including income receipts on U.S.-owned assets abroad and 11

compensation of U.S. employees abroad) less income payments (including income payments on foreignowned assets in the United States and compensation of foreign employees in the United States).

 U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, “U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter and Year 2006.”

12

 The main components of the capital account are capital transfers, foreign direct investment, portfolio 13

investment, banking and other flows, statistical discrepancies, and official reserve assets. By definition, a

(continued...)

1-5

Figure 1.1 Indices of exchange rates for selected currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar, weekly, 2006

a

Source: U.S. Federal Reserve Board.

Units of the U.S. dollar per unit of the foreign currency. An decrease in the index represents an appreciation in a 

the U.S. dollar relative to a currency and a increase in the index represents a depreciation of the U.S. dollar relative

to a currency.

balance on income shifted to a deficit of $7.3 billion in 2006 from a surplus of $11.3

11

billion in 2005.

The surplus on trade in services increased to $70.7 billion in 2006 from $66.0 billion in

2005. Exports of services increased to $413.1 billion in 2006 from $380.6 billion in 2005,

12

and more than half of the increase was accounted for by an increase in “other” private

services, which includes business, professional, and technical services, insurance services,

and financial services. There also were increased exports of “other” transportation, which

includes freight and port services, in royalties and license fees, and in travel. Imports of

services increased to $342.4 billion in 2006 from $314.6 billion in 2005, with more than half

of the increase accounted for by an increase in “other” private services.

The U.S. current account deficit was financed by a capital account surplus of $860.6 billion

in 2006.13
 (...continued) 13

country’s current account and capital account balances must offset one another. Most of the capital account

surplus represents net financial inflows (net acquisitions by foreign residents of assets in the United States

less net acquisitions by U.S. residents of assets abroad). U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, “U.S.

International Transactions: Fourth Quarter and Year 2006.”

 U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, U.S. Census Bureau, “U.S. International Trade in Goods and 14

Services: December 2006.”

 The Census basis data for goods (used elsewhere in this report) are compiled from the documents

15

collected by the U.S. Customs Service and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the

50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. foreign trade zones. 

Goods on a Census basis are adjusted by the U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA to goods on a BOP basis

to bring the data in line with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national

accounts. These adjustments are done to supplement coverage of the Census basis data, to eliminate

duplication of transactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts, and to value transactions

according to a standard definition. For a more detailed discussion of the differences between BOP basis and

Census basis data, see U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, U.S. Census Bureau, “Information on Goods

and Services” in the “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: December 2006” news release. BOP

trade data in this section of the report may not match data in other sections or in the report appendix because

of adjustments made to the data by the sources cited.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, U.S. Census Bureau, “U.S. International Trade in Goods and 16

Services: December 2006.”

 Merchandise trade data in this section do not match the seasonally adjusted BOP basis data presented 17

above because of adjustments made to the data described in footnote 15.

 New York Times, “Trade Deficit Peaks and Declines, but It Remains Huge.”

18

1-6

U.S. Trade in 2006

The U.S. foreign trade deficit for goods and services totaled $765.3 billion (5.8 percent of

GDP) in 2006, up from a deficit that totaled $716.7 billion (5.8 percent of GDP) in 2005.14

The annual U.S. foreign trade deficit has reached new record high levels in each year since

2001. U.S. exports of goods and services, on a seasonally adjusted U.S. balance-of-payments

(BOP) basis, were valued at $1,436.8 billion in 2006, and imports of goods and services 15

were valued at $2,202.1 billion. Growth in real exports was boosted early in 2006 by a

catch-up of exports that had been affected by the hurricanes in late 2005.

There was an increase in U.S. spending on petroleum imports during 2006, which caused

the petroleum products deficit to be $271.0 billion in 2006, up from $229.2 billion in 2005.

16

Imports of petroleum accounted for 16.3 percent of total imports in 2006 and represented

36.2 percent of the total deficit on trade in goods in 2006.

U.S. Merchandise Trade by Product Category

Figure 1.2 shows U.S. merchandise trade with the world from 2004 through 2006 on a U.S.

Census basis. U.S. merchandise exports increased to $929.5 billion in 2006 from $804.0

17

billion in 2005, the biggest increase since 1988, and U.S. merchandise imports increased 18

to $1,845.1 billion in 2006 from $1,662.4 billion during the same period. Exports increased

more rapidly than imports, for the first time since 1997.
 Standard International Trade Classification. 19

1-7

Figure 1.2 U.S. merchandise trade with the world, 2004-06

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Exports

Machinery and transport equipment ranked as the single largest U.S. export by SITC group 19

in 2006 (table A.1). U.S. exports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at

$423.8 billion in 2006, accounted for 45.6 percent of total U.S. exports during the year, and

grew by 15.3 percent from $367.5 billion in 2005. Increased U.S. exports of machinery and

transport equipment, chemicals and related products, and manufactured goods represented

over two-thirds of the total increase in exports in 2006. None of the SITC groups registered

a decline in exports from 2005 to 2006.

Imports

All SITC groups of U.S. imports increased from 2005 to 2006 (table A.1). As in recent

years, machinery and transport equipment wasthe single largest U.S. import group by SITC

code in 2006. U.S. imports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $708.6

billion in 2006, up 9.1 percent over imports of $649.3 billion in 2005, and accounted for

38.4 percent of total U.S. imports in 2006. Increased U.S. imports of machinery and

transport equipment; mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials; and manufactured

goods represented almost 75 percent of the total increase in imports in 2006.

Total U.S. imports under the four preferential trade programs with developing countries

were $92.1 billion in 2006 and accounted for 5.0 percent of total U.S. imports. Duty-free
 See chapter 2 of this report for additional information. 20

 Leading U.S. exports to and imports from these partners are presented in tables A-21 through A-44. 21

Data in table 1.2 may not match with those in appendix tables A-21 through A-44 because of adjustments

made to the data.

 Global expansion was strong in 2006, with growth in most regions meeting or exceeding expectations. 22

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, September 2006, 1-3.

 U.S. bilateral trade relations with China are discussed in chapter 5 of this report. 23

1-8

imports entered under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program totaled $32.6

billion; duty-free imports under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) totaled

$36.1 billion (excluding GSP imports); duty-free imports entered under the Andean Trade

Preferences Act (ATPA) totaled $13.5 billion; and imports entered duty free or at reduced

rates under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) totaled $9.9 billion. As

in the past, U.S. imports under AGOA reflected the impact of increased petroleum imports

by value during 2006, as the four leading suppliers of imports under AGOA were oilexporting countries—Nigeria, Angola, Chad, and Gabon.20

U.S. Merchandise Trade with Leading Partners 

Table 1.2 shows U.S. trade with selected major trading partners and the world for 2006.21

NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico together remain the largest U.S. global trade market

for exports and imports, followed by the European Union single market. Figures 1.3 and 1.4

show leading U.S. export and import markets by share.

Foreign economic growth was generally strong in 2006, aiding U.S. export growth during

the year. U.S. total exports increased by 15.6 percent, and U.S. imports increased by 11.0 22

percent. U.S. exports to major trading partners Canada, Japan, and Korea grew faster than

imports from those countries during the year.

Canada remains the largest individual two-way trading nation of the United States, followed

by China and Mexico. China alone accounted for 25.7 percent of the total U.S. trade deficit

of $915.6 billion in 2006, and Canada and Mexico together accounted for 20.5 percent.

Although U.S. exports to China grew by 32.9 percent in 2006 and U.S. imports from China

increased by 18.3 percent, the U.S. trade deficit with China increased to $235.4 billion in

2006 from $203.8 billion in 2005.

23
1-9

Table 1.2 U.S. merchandise trade with major trading partners and with the world, 2006

(Billion dollars)

Major trading partner Exports Imports Trade balance

EU-25. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 196.5 329.3 -132.8

Canada.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 198.2 303.0 -104.8

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 51.6 287.1 -235.4

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.6 197.1 -82.5

Japan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 55.6 148.1 -92.5

Korea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 30.8 44.7 -13.9

Taiwan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21.4 38.1 -16.7

Brazil.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 17.0 26.2 -9.2

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 9.0 21.7 -12.6

Russia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4.2 19.6 -15.4

South Africa. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4.2 7.5 -3.3

World. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 929.5 1,845.1 -915.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Figure 1.3 Leading U.S. export markets, by share, 2006

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-10

Figure 1.4 Leading U.S. import sources, by share, 2006

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.
 President, “Memorandum for the United States Trade Representative.” 1

2-1

CHAPTER 2

Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and

Regulations

This chapter surveys activities related to the administration of U.S. trade laws during 2006.

It covers the following: the import relief laws; the unfair trade laws; certain other trade

provisions, including the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the African

Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), the

Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA), the Caribbean Basin

Economic Recovery Act (CBERA), the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA);

and programs affecting textile and apparel imports.

Import Relief Laws

Safeguard Actions

Safeguard actions under provisions administered by other U.S. government agencies, such

as the China textile safeguard actions by the U.S. Department of Commerce, are described

later in this chapter.

The USITC did not conduct any safeguard actions during 2006, no safeguard measures

under provisions administered by the USITC were in place during calendar year 2006, and

no safeguard petitions filed under these provisions were pending before the USITC at the

end of 2006.

Adjustment Assistance

The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program, set forth in section 221 of the Trade Act

of 1974, authorizes the U.S. Secretary of Commerce and the U.S. Secretary of Labor to

provide adjustment assistance to firms and workers from the 50 states, the District of

Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands that are adversely affected by increased

imports. The TAA system of readjustment allowances to individual workers is administered 1

by the U.S. Department of Labor through its Employment and Training Administration.

Such assistance takes the form of monetary benefits for direct trade readjustment allowances

and reemployment services that include allocations for job search, relocation, transportation

subsidies, and training. TAA for farmers is administered by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (USDA) and provides technical assistance and cash benefits to eligible

producers of raw commodities. TAA for firms consists primarily of a matching funds
 The President signed the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reform Act of 2002 (TAA Reform Act) into law 2

on Aug. 6, 2002. The TAA Reform Act reauthorized the TAA program through fiscal year 2007, and

amended and added provisions to the TAA program. 

 Petitions may be filed by a group of three or more workers, by a company official, by One-Stop 3

operators or partners (including state employment security agencies and dislocated worker units), or by a

union or other duly authorized representative of such workers. The workers on whose behalf a petition is

filed must be, or must have been, employed at the firm or subdivision identified in the petition. A completed

petition describes a group of workers working at a specific location, for a specific company, producing a

specific product or group of products. If the group of workers described in the petition is certified, the

certification will cover all workers in the group, regardless of whether their names are on the petition. U.S.

Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and

Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Process.”

 The number of petitions certified for benefits and services and petitions denied will not add up to the 4

total number of petitions received because the numbers do not reflect petitions that were terminated prior to a

determination and petitions in which a determination was made in the following fiscal year. 

 For workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA, the Secretary of Labor must determine that 5

workers in a firm have become, or are threatened to become, totally or partially separated; that the firm’s

sales or production have decreased absolutely; and that increases in like or directly competitive imported

products contributed importantly to the total or partial separation and to the decline in the firm’s sales or

production. Workers certified for TAA are provided with a certification of eligibility and may apply for TAA

benefits at the nearest office of the State Employment Security Agency. For further information, see U.S.

Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and

Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Process.” 

 Among the criteria for assistance and benefits are that “[p]roducer prices during the most recent 6

marketing year must be less than or equal to 80 percent of the national average price during the previous 5

marketing years. In addition, FAS must make a determination that increases in imports of like or competitive

products ‘contributed importantly’ to the decline in prices.” USDA, “Trade Adjustment Assistance for

(continued...)

2-2

program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce to help U.S. manufacturers

experiencing sales and employment declines as a result of import competition.2

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers

The U.S. Department of Labor received 2,488 TAA petitions during FY 2006 (October 1,

3

2005 through September 30, 2006) (table 2.1). The FY 2006 figure represents a decrease

from the 2,593 TAA petitions received in FY 2005. Table 2.1 shows the results of TAA

petition determinations during FY 2005 and FY 2006. In FY 2006, a total of 1,439 petitions

were certified as eligible for benefits and services and 830 petitions were denied (a 63.4

percent approval rate), a decrease from 1,556 petitions certified and an increase from 748

petitions denied in FY 2005 (a 67.5 percent approvalrate). A total of 120,355 workers were

4

certified for TAA benefits and services in FY 2006. This was an increase from the 117,995 5

workers certified in FY 2005. Table 2.2 presents data on benefits and services provided

under the TAA program. There were 53,492 new TAA recipients in FY 2006, compared to

55,407 new recipients in FY 2005.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers

The Trade Act of 2002 established the Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers (TAA for

Farmers) program administered by USDA. Under the program, USDA provides technical

assistance and cash benefits to eligible producers of raw agricultural commodities when the

administrator of the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) determines that increased imports

have been an important factor contributing to a specific price decline over five preceding

marketing years. The TAA Reform Act authorizes an appropriation of not more than $90 6
 (...continued) 6

Farmers”; and “Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers: Trade Act of 2002: FAQ’s.”

 A qualified fisherman means a person whose catch competes in the marketplace with like or directly 7

competitive aquaculture products.

 USDA, “Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers.”

8

2-3

Table 2.1 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers affected, FY

2005 and FY 2006

Item

Number of TAA petitions Estimated number of workers covered

a

FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2005 FY 2006

Petitions certified for benefits and services. . . 1,556 1,439 117,995 120,355

Petitions denied. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 748 830 38,021 49,292 

Terminations-withdrawals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 219 0 120 

 Total petitions received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,593 2,488 156,016 169,767

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, correspondence, May 4, 2006.

 The estimated number of workers covered by a certification is not an exact figure. It is an estimate developed at a

the time the certification is issued. A certification covers all members of the affected worker group laid off during the

approximately three-year period covered by the certification. Over the course of time, additional workers may be laid

off, workers who were laid off may be recalled, or planned layoffs may not occur.

Table 2.2 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program, FY 2005 and FY 2006

Item

Estimated number of participants

FY 2005 FY 2006

-----------Trade readjustment allowance benefits----------

Number of new recipients.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 55,407 53,492

 Total Federal allocations (billion dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 ( ) 

a

 Total State allocations (million dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 ( ) 

a

--------Training, job search, and relocation services---------

Number entering training. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 37,774 39,930

Number receiving a job search allowance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 450

Number receiving a relocation allowance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 526

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, correspondence, May 4, 2006.

 Data not provided by source for 2006. a

million for each fiscal year, 2003 through 2007, to carry out the program. The program

covers farmers, ranchers, fish farmers, and fishermen, but it does not cover the forest 7

products industry.8

Table 2.3 shows that of the 21 petitions filed for TAA for Farmers in FY 2006, 4 petitions

were certified covering 208 farmers, ranchers, fish farmers, and fishermen in the following
 

9

 Cash benefits are paid only to producers who certify that, among other things, their net income from

farming, aquaculture or fishing has declined. Technical assistance is available to all producers. USDA,

“Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers.” Statistics supplied by USDA, March 21, 2007.

 The TAA for firms program works “with a variety of manufacturers and for some, imports represent 10

only a minor challenge. For others, they pose a serious threat. Regardless of the degree of impact, a firm may

be eligible if it experienced sales and employment declines at least partially due to imports over the last two

years.” U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, “Trade Adjustment

Assistance for Firms: FAQs.” 

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, “Trade Adjustment Assistance 11

for Firms: Program Benefits.”

 Data provided by U.S. Department of Commerce, EDA, March 16, 2007. 12

2-4

Table 2.3 Results of petitions filed under the TAA program for farmers, FY 2006

Number of petitions Number of applicants

a

Petitions certified. . . . . . . . . . . 4 208

Petitions denied. . . . . . . . . . . . 17 73

 Total petitions. . . . . . . . . . . 21 281

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. The number of petitions is based on the

number of total petitions and approved petitions reported at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural

Service, “FY06 Petitions Registry,” (accessed on May 9 2007) th and the number of applicants is based on table 2-3

attached to correspondence from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service on March 21, 2007.

 The number of applicants for certified petitions is assumed to be the reported total of “approved” applicants, the a

number of applicants for denied petitions is assumed to be the reported number of “denied’ applicants, and the

number of applicants for total petitions is assumed to be the reported number of “applied” applicants.

industries: Concord juice grapes in Michigan and Washington; snapdragons in Indiana; and

avocados in Florida. According to USDA, benefits totaling an estimated value of $1.0

million (cash and technical assistance) were provided to recipients under the program in FY

2006. Cash benefits paid under the programtotaled approximately $0.8 million in FY 2006.9

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms and Industries

The TAA for Firms program is a matching funds program sponsored by the U.S. Department

of Commerce for U.S. manufacturers facing import competition. Federal assistance 10

awarded under the program pays for up to one-half of the costs of consultants, engineers,

designers, or industry experts for projects to improve a manufacturer’s competitiveness in

areas such as manufacturing, engineering, marketing, information technology, and quality

control. The TAA for Firms program participates in projects valued up to $150,000, with

a maximum TAA share of $75,000.11

In FY 2006, the Economic Development Administration (EDA) of the U.S. Department of

Commerce awarded a total of $12.8 million in TAA program funds to its national network

of 11 Trade Adjustment Assistance Centers (TAACs). TAACs, typically sponsored by

universities or nonprofit organizations, are the primary point of contact for firms during the

certification and adjustment proposal processes under the TAA program. EDA certified 149

petitions as eligible for TAA for firms and approved 137 adjustment projects during FY

2006.

12
 Section 301 here refers collectively to provisions in sections 301–310 of the Trade Act of 1974, as 13

amended (19 U.S.C. 2411–2420).

 Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2411(a)). 14

 Section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2411(b)).

15

 WTO, “Request for Consultations by the United States, European Communities - Measures Concerning 16

Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)”; and “Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States,

European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones).”

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 214. The United States initiated dispute settlement in January 1996, 17

alleging that EC measures concerning meat and meat products “restrict or prohibit imports of meat and meat

products from the United States.” WTO, “Request for Consultations by the United States, European

Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones).”

 WTO, Report of the Panel, “EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones).” 18

 WTO, Report of the Appellate Body, “EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones).” 19

2-5

Laws Against Unfair Trade Practices

Section 301 Investigations

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (the Trade Act) is the principal U.S. statute for

addressing foreign unfair practices affecting U.S. exports of goods or services. Section 301 13

may be used to enforce U.S. rights under bilateral and multilateral trade agreements and also

may be used to respond to unreasonable, unjustifiable, or discriminatory foreign government

practices that burden or restrict U.S. commerce. Interested persons may petition USTR to

investigate foreign government policies or practices, or USTR may initiate an investigation.

If the investigation involves a trade agreement and consultations do not result in a

settlement, section 303 of the Trade Act requires USTR to use the dispute settlement

procedures that are available under the subject agreement. If the matter is not resolved by

the conclusion of the investigation, section 304 of the Trade Act requires USTR to

determine whether the practices in question deny U.S. rights under a trade agreement;

whether they are unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory; and whether they burden

or restrict U.S. commerce. If the practices are determined to violate a trade agreement or to

be unjustifiable, USTR must take action. If the practices are determined to be unreasonable

14

or discriminatory and to burden or restrict U.S. commerce, USTR must determine whether

action is appropriate and, if so, what action to take. The time period for making these 15

determinations varies according to the type of practices alleged.

Active Cases in 2006 

In 2006, the active cases under section 301 concerned the EU’s meat hormone directive and

Ukraine’s IPR protection (table 2.4). In the meat hormone case, the United States

successfully challenged at the WTO an EU law that banned imports of meat from animals

that had been treated with certain hormones. According to USTR, the EU law effectively

16

banned nearly all imports of U.S. beef and beef products. In 1997, the WTO panel and 17 18

the Appellate Body found that the ban violated the EU’s WTO obligations because the EU 19

law was not based on objective scientific evidence and a risk assessment. The EU did not

comply with the ruling, so the United States sought and received WTO authorization to 
 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, "Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard," 17-19. 20

 USTR, “Implementation of WTO Recommendations Concerning EC–Measures Concerning Meat and 21

Meat Products (Hormones),” Fed. Reg. 40638-39. The additional duties are contained in subheadings

9903.02.21 through 9903.02.47 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007).

 WTO, “Request for Consultations by the European Communities, United States – Continued 22

Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones Dispute”; and “Request for the Establishment of a Panel by

the European Communities, United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones

Dispute.”

 WTO, “Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European Communities, United 23

States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones Dispute.”

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 214. 24

2-6

Table 2.4 Active section 301 cases in 2006

Docket No. Summary and actions occurring during course of investigation

301-62a European Union and the Meat Hormone Directive

In 1997, the WTO found that the EU’s ban on meat produced from animals treated with growth

hormones was inconsistent with its WTO obligations. In 1999, when the EU had not implemented the

WTO recommendations, the United States requested and received authorization from the WTO to

retaliate against imports from the EU. In January 2005, the EU claimed that new legislation brought its

legal regime into compliance with the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body

and with its obligations under the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary

Measures. Accordingly, the EU initiated dispute settlement proceedings and, in February 2005, a

panel was established to consider whether the retaliatory duties should be lifted. The WTO panel

continued its work through 2006 and the increased duties remained in effect.

301-121 Ukraine and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

In 2001, USTR identified Ukraine as a priority foreign country under the “Special 301" provisions of the

section 301 law due to its denial of adequate and effective protection of IPR. In a parallel proceeding,

USTR suspended Ukraine’s eligibility for GSP benefits because of inadequate and ineffective IPR

protection. When ongoing bilateral consultations did not result in an agreement that satisfactorily

addressed the optical media piracy situation in Ukraine, USTR issued a preliminary retaliation list

under section 301. In December 2001, USTR announced that the United States would impose

prohibitive duties on certain imports from Ukraine. The suspension of GSP benefits and the additional

duties remained in effect until 2005. In 2005, Ukraine strengthened its licensing regime and

enforcement capabilities, and USTR terminated the retaliatory duties. In January 2006, USTR

reinstated Ukraine’s GSP benefits in recognition of its continuing progress in addressing U.S.

concerns regarding IPR protection.

Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Commission.

withdraw concessions on a commensurate amount of trade. Accordingly, in July 1999, the 20

United States imposed additional 100 percent ad valorem duties on approximately $117

million in imports fromthe EU. In 2003-2005, the EU claimed that new legislation brought 21

its legal regime into compliance with the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute

Settlement Body (DSB) and with its obligations under the WTO Agreement on the

Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Accordingly, the EU initiated dispute

settlement proceedings. In February 2005, a panel was established to consider whether the 22

EU had fully implemented the recommendations and rulings of the DSB. The work of the 23

panel continued throughout 2006, and the bilateral trade dispute remains unresolved.24

After identifying Ukraine as a priority foreign country under the “Special 301” provisions

of the section 301 law in 2001 due to its denial of adequate and effective IPR protection,

USTR initiated a Special 301 investigation. In a parallel proceeding, USTR suspended
 The GSP program is discussed in more detail below. 25

 USTR, “USTR Lifts Tariff Sanctions Against Ukraine, Announces Out-of-Cycle Review.” 26

 USTR, “USTR Reinstates Generalized System of Preferences Benefits for Ukraine.” 27

 USTR, “Results of Out-Of-Cycle Review Under Section 182 and Termination of Action Under Section 28

301(b),” Fed. Reg. 5899-5900.

 Section 182 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242).

29

 Section 182(d)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(d)(2)).

30

 Section 182(d)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(d)(4)).

31

 Section 182(a)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(a)(2)). 32

2-7

Ukraine’s eligibility for the GSP program due to inadequate and ineffective protection of 25

IPR. When bilateral consultations failed to result in an agreement that satisfactorily

addressed optical media piracy, USTR issued a preliminary retaliation list under section 301.

In December 2001, USTR announced that the United States would impose 100 percent ad

valorem duties on $75 million in imports from Ukraine.

In August 2005, Ukraine amended its Laser-Readable Disc Law to strengthen its licensing

regime and enforcement capabilities and thereby addressthe illegal production and trade of

optical media products. In response to these amendments, USTR terminated the retaliatory

duties, but the GSP suspension remained in place. In January 2006, in recognition of

26

Ukraine’s continuing efforts to improve IPR protection and enforcement, USTR reinstated

Ukraine’s GSP benefits. As part of this settlement, Ukraine agreed to work with USTR and

27

the U.S. copyright industry to monitor the progress of its enforcement efforts.28

During 2006, USTR received one new section 301 petition alleging that China denies certain

workers’ rights to manufacturing workers and that such denial is unreasonable and burdens

or restricts U.S. commerce. USTR determined not to initiate an investigation with respect

to the petition, because it believed the initiation of an investigation would not be effective

in addressing the policies and practices covered in the petition.

Special 301

The Special 301 law provides that, each year, USTR shall identify foreign countries that

deny adequate and effective protection of IPR, or deny fair and equitable market access for

U.S. persons who rely on IPR protection. Countries deny adequate and effective protection 29

of IPR if they do not allow foreign persons “to secure, exercise, and enforce rights relating

to patents, process patents, registered trademarks, copyrights, and mask works.” Countries 30

deny fair and equitable market access if they deny access to a market for a product that is

protected by a copyright or related right, patent, trademark, mask work, trade secret, or plant

breeder’s right through the use of laws and practices that violate international agreements

or that constitute discriminatory nontariff trade barriers. A country can be found to deny

adequate and effective IPR protection even if it is in compliance with its obligations under

the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS

Agreement).

31

In addition, the Special 301 law directs USTR to identify so-called “priority foreign

countries.” Priority foreign countries are countries that have the most onerous or egregious 32

acts, policies, or practices that have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on the

relevant U.S. products. Such countries must be designated as priority foreign countries

unless they are entering into good faith negotiations or making significant progress in

bilateral or international negotiations to provide adequate and effective IPR protection. The
 USTR, “Background on Special 301.” 33

 USTR, 2006 Special 301 Report.

34

 Ibid. 35

 USTR, “U.S. Government Recognizes Indonesia’s Enhanced IPR Enforcement.” 36

 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations on Russia’s Accession to the World Trade Organization 37

(WTO), Action on Critical IPR Issues.”

2-8

identification of a country as a priority foreign country triggers a section 301 investigation,

unless USTR determines that the investigation would be detrimental to U.S. economic

interests.

In addition to identifying priority foreign countries as required by statute, USTR has adopted

a practice of naming countries to the so-called “watch list” or the “priority watch list” if the

countries’ IPR laws and practices do not provide adequate and effective IPR protection, but

the deficiencies do not warrant identification of the countries as priority foreign countries.33

The priority watch list is for countries with significant IPR problems that warrant close

monitoring and bilateral consultation. A country that is identified on the priority watch list

may make progress and be downgraded to the watch list or removed from any listing;

alternatively, a country that fails to make progress may be elevated from the watch list to

the priority watch list or from the priority watch list to the list of priority foreign countries.

In the 2006 Special 301 review, USTR examined the adequacy and effectiveness of IPR

protection in 87 countries. In conducting the review, USTR focused on a wide range of

issues and policy objectives, including piracy and counterfeiting, trade in infringing goods,

compliance with the TRIPs Agreement, implementation of free trade agreements, promoting

effective enforcement of existing laws, and addressing market access barriers faced by U.S.

pharmaceutical companies.34

In the 2006 review, no countries were identified as priority foreign countries. Thirteen

countries were on the priority watch list, including Belize, which was elevated from the

watch list because of widespread piracy and counterfeiting. The 2006 Special 301 report

highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russia, both of which were

on the priority watch list. Thirty-four countries were placed on the watch list, including

Kuwait, Pakistan, and the Philippines, which were lowered from the priority watch list

because each had made progress in protecting and enforcing IPR. Also, the following four

countries were removed from the watch list because of improved IPR protection:

Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Slovak Republic, and Uruguay.35

In November 2006, following a so-called “Out-of-Cycle” review, Indonesia was lowered

from the priority watch list to the watch list because it made significant progress in

enforcing IPR. Specifically, Indonesia strengthened the enforcement of regulations 36

designed to stop illegal production of pirated optical discs such as CDs and DVDs by

controlling the licensing of factories and conducting raids against pirate optical disc

production facilities. In addition, as part of Russia’s ongoing negotiations to accede to the

WTO, the United States and Russia agreed on a blueprint for action to address piracy and

counterfeiting and to improve protection and enforcement of IPR.37
 19 U.S.C. 1673 et seq. 38

 19 U.S.C. 1677b; 19 CFR part 353, subpart D. 39

 Upon the filing of a petition, the Commission has 45 days to determine whether there is a reasonable

40

indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that

the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of the

merchandise subject to the investigation. This is known as the preliminary phase of the investigation. If the

Commission makes an affirmative determination, Commerce continues its investigation and makes

preliminary and final determinations concerning whether the imported merchandise is being, or is likely to

be, sold at LTFV. If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping determination, the Commission has 45

days to make its final injury determination. If the Commission’s reasonable indication or preliminary phase

determination is negative, both the Commission and Commerce terminate further investigation.

 Data reported here and in the following two sections (“Countervailing Duty Investigations” and 41

“Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders/Suspension Agreements”) reflect the

total number of investigations. In other Commission reports these data are grouped by product because the

same investigative team and all of the parties participate in a single grouped proceeding, and the Commission

generally produces one report and issues one opinion containing its separate determinations for each

investigation.

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Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Reviews

Antidumping Investigations

The U.S. antidumping law is contained in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended.

38

The antidumping law provides relief in the form of special additional duties that are

intended to offset margins of dumping. Antidumping duties are imposed when (1) the U.S.

Department of Commerce (Commerce), the administering authority, has determined that

imports are being, or are likely to be, sold at less than fair value in the United States, and (2)

the Commission has determined that a U.S. industry is materially injured or threatened with

material injury or that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially

retarded by reason of such imports. Most investigations are conducted on the basis of a

petition filed with Commerce and the Commission by or on behalf of a U.S. industry.

In general, imports are considered to be sold at LTFV when the U.S. price (i.e., the purchase

price or the exporter’s sales price, as adjusted) is less than the foreign market value, which

is usually the home market price or, in certain cases, the price in a third country, or a

constructed value, calculated as set out by statute. The antidumping duty is calculated to 39

equal the difference between the U.S. price and the foreign market value. The duty specified

in an antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found by Commerce during its period

of investigation. This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports from the specified

producers/exporters in the subject country if Commerce does not receive a request for

annual reviews.

Commerce and the Commission each conduct preliminary and final antidumping

investigations in making their separate determinations. The Commission instituted eight 40

new antidumping investigations and completed nine investigations during 2006. Final 41

antidumping duty orders were imposed in 2006 on products from four different countries

(Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia) as a result of affirmative determinations in five

completed investigations. The antidumping duty orders imposed in 2006 are listed in table

2.5 (in alphabetical order by country). 
 An antidumping investigation may be suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the 42

imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports of

the merchandise to the United States within six months. In extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may

be suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to eliminate completely the injurious effect of exports of the

subject merchandise to the United States. A suspended investigation is reinstituted if LTFV sales recur. See

19 U.S.C. 1673c.

 A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed directly or indirectly by any country, dependency, 43

colony, province, or other political subdivision on the manufacture, production, or export of products. See

19 U.S.C. 1677(5) and 1677-1(a).

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Table 2.5 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2006

Country Product

Range of duty

(Percent)

Brazil.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Certain orange juice 12.46 - 60.29

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Artists’ canvas 77.90 - 264.09

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Certain lined paper school supplies 76.70 - 258.21

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Certain lined paper school supplies 3.91 - 23.17

Indonesia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Certain lined paper school supplies 97.85 - 118.63

Source: Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices.

Details on all antidumping investigations active at the Commission during 2006 are

presented in table A.4. A list of all antidumping duty orders, including suspension

agreements, in effect as of the end of the year is presented in table A.5. 42

Countervailing Duty Investigations

The U.S. countervailing duty law is also set forth in title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as

amended. It provides for the levying of special additional duties to offset foreign subsidies

on products imported into the United States. In general, procedures for such investigations 43

are similar to those under the antidumping law. Petitions are filed with Commerce (the

administering authority) and with the Commission. Before a countervailing duty order can

be issued, Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy and the Commission must make

an affirmative determination of material injury, threat of material injury, or material

retardation by reason of the subsidized imports.

The Commission instituted three new countervailing duty investigations and completed two

investigations during 2006. Countervailing duty orders were imposed in 2006 on products

from two countries as a result of affirmative determinations in both of those completed

investigations. The countervailing duty orders imposed in 2006 are listed in table 2.6 (in

alphabetical order by country). 

Table 2.6 Countervailing duty orders that became effective during 2006

Country Product

Range of duty

(Percent)

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Certain lined paper school supplies de minimis-10.24

Indonesia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Certain lined paper school supplies 40.55

Source: Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices.
 A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended if the government of the subsidizing country or 44

exporters accounting for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under investigation agree to

eliminate the subsidy, to completely offset the net subsidy, or to cease exports of the merchandise to the

United States within six months. In extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may be suspended if the

government of the subsidizing country or exporters agree to eliminate completely the injurious effect of

exports of the subject merchandise to the United States. A suspended investigation is reinstituted if

subsidization recurs. See 19 U.S.C. 1671c.

 19 U.S.C. 1675c. 45

 Six of these reviews were subsequently terminated and the outstanding orders revoked because a 46

domestic industry did not request that they be continued. The five revoked antidumping duty orders were on

grain-oriented silicon electrical steel from Italy and Japan and stainless steel angle from Japan, Korea, and

Spain. The revoked countervailing duty order was on grain-oriented silicon electrical steel from Italy.

 For detailed information on reviews instituted, as well as Commission action in all reviews, see the 47

Commission’s web site section entitled “Five-Year (Sunset) Reviews,” at

http://info.usitc.gov/oinv/sunset.NSF.

2-11

Details on all countervailing duty investigations active at the Commission during 2006 are

presented in table A.6, and a list of all countervailing duty orders, including suspension

agreements, in effect at the end of the year is presented in table A.7. 44

Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Orders/Suspension Agreements

Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires Commerce, if requested, to conduct annual

administrative reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orders to

determine the amount of any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine compliance

with suspension agreements. Section 751 also authorizes Commerce or the Commission, as

appropriate, to review certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving

information or a petition that shows changed circumstances. In these circumstances, the

party seeking revocation or modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty order or

suspension agreement has the burden of persuading Commerce or the Commission that

circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant review and revocation. On the basis of

either of these reviews, Commerce may revoke an antidumping or countervailing duty order

in whole or in part or terminate or resume a suspended investigation. No changed

circumstances investigations were active at the Commission during 2006.

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to

require both Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset reviews of outstanding

orders and suspension agreements five years after their publication to determine whether

revocation of an order or termination of a suspension agreement would be likely to lead to

continuation or recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy and material injury.45

During 2006, Commerce and the Commission instituted 72 sunset reviews of existing

antidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 76 reviews, 46

resulting in 57 antidumping and countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements being

continued for five additional years. Table A.8 shows completed reviews of antidumping and

countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements in 2006.47
 Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the 48

importation of articles into the United States, or in the sale of imported articles, the threat or effect of which

is to destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry, to prevent the establishment of an industry, or to

restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States. Examples of these other unfair acts are

misappropriation of trade secrets, common law trademark infringement, trade dress infringement, false

advertising, and false designation of origin. Unfair practices that involve the importation of dumped or

subsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions, not under

section 337.

 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are conducted before an administrative law judge in 49

accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. The administrative law judge

conducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial determination, which is transmitted to the Commission.

The Commission may adopt the determination by deciding not to review it, or it may choose to review it. If

the Commission finds a violation, it must determine the appropriate remedy, the amount of any bond to be

collected while its determination is under review by the President, and whether public interest considerations

preclude the issuance of a remedy.

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Section 337 Investigations

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1337), authorizes the

Commission, on the basis of a complaint or on its own initiative, to conduct investigations

with respect to certain practices in import trade. Section 337 declares unlawful the

importation into the United States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United

States after importation of articles that infringe a valid and enforceable U.S. patent,

registered trademark, registered copyright, or registered mask work, for which a domestic

industry exists or is in the process of being established.48

If the Commission determines that a violation exists, it can issue an order to exclude the

subject imports from entry into the United States, or order the violating parties to cease and

desist from engaging in the unlawful practices. The President may disapprove a 49

Commission order within 60 days of its issuance for “policy reasons.”

During 2006, there were 66 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings, 38

of which were instituted in 2006. Of these 38, there were 33 new section 337 investigations

and five new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations. Further,

all but four of the new section 337 institutions in 2006 included allegations of patent

infringement, with the remaining investigations including allegations of trademark

infringement. Seventeen investigations were terminated on the basis of settlement

agreements or consent orders. The Commission completed a total of 28 investigations and

ancillary proceedings under section 337 in 2006, including two enforcement proceedings,

two combined enforcement and advisory opinion proceedings, and one remand proceeding.

Seven exclusion orders and one cease-and-desist order were issued during 2006. Several

investigations were terminated by the Commission without determining whether section 337

had been violated. Generally, these terminations were based on settlement agreements or

consent orders.

As in recent years, the section 337 caseload was highlighted by investigations involving

complex technologies, particularly in the computer and telecommunications fields.

Significant among these were investigations involving baseband processor chips, wireless

communication equipment, flash memory circuits and devices, and personal computers.

Several other investigations involved products related to the automobile industry, such as

motor and transmission systems used for hybrid vehicles, parts for the Ford F150 truck, and

electric robots used to paint automobiles. Additionally, several investigations involved
19 U.S.C. 2462(b). 50

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pharmaceuticals or medical devices, including compositions containing recombinant human

erythropoietin, endoscopic probes, and dental adjustment appliances. Other section 337

investigations active during the year focused on a variety of consumer items, including foam

footwear, laminated floor panels, ink sticks, male prophylactic devices, and nickel metal

hydride batteries.

At the close of 2006, there were 38 section 337 investigations and related proceedings

pending at the Commission. Commission activities involving section 337 actions in 2006

are presented in table A.9. As of December 31, 2006, a total of seven outstanding exclusion

orders based on violations of section 337 were in effect, all of which involve unexpired

patents. Table A.10 lists the investigations in which these exclusion orders were issued.

Other Import Administration Laws and Programs 

Tariff Preference Programs 

Generalized System of Preferences

The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program authorizes the President to

grant duty-free access to the U.S. market for certain products that are imported from

designated developing countries and territories. The program is authorized by Title V of the

Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). It has been enhanced to allow dutyfree treatment for certain products when imported only from countries designated as leastdeveloped beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC). Further, the African Growth and

Opportunity Act (AGOA), Title I of Public Law 106-200, enacted May 18, 2000, amended

Title V to authorize the President to provide duty-free treatment for certain articles when

imported from countries designated as beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries through

September 30, 2008 (in subsequent legislation extended to 2015). By offering unilateral

tariff preferences, the GSP program reflects the U.S. commitment to three broad goals: (1)

to promote economic development in developing and transitioning economies through

increased trade, rather than foreign aid; (2) to reinforce U.S. trade policy objectives by

encouraging beneficiaries to open their markets, to comply more fully with international

trading rules, and to assume greater responsibility for the international trading system; and

(3) to help maintain U.S. international competitiveness by lowering costs of imports for U.S.

business and lowering prices for American consumers.

Countries are designated as “beneficiary developing countries” under the program by the

President (with some limitations). The President cannot designate certain developed

countries named in the statute and also may not designate countries that, inter alia, afford

preferential treatment to the products of a developed country, other than the United States,

that has, or is likely to have, a significant adverse effect on U. S. commerce. The President

cannot designate countries that do not afford adequate protection to intellectual property

rights or do not afford internationally recognized worker rights to their workers. The 50

President also designates the articles that are eligible for duty-free treatment, but may not

designate articles that he determines to be “import-sensitive” in the context of the GSP.

Certain articles (for example, footwear, textiles, and apparel) are designated by statute as
19 U.S.C. 2463. 51

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Request For Public Comments,” Fed. Reg. 58502- 52

03.

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Initiation of Reviews and Request for Public 53

Comments,” Fed. Reg. 45079-80.

 Competitive need limits provide a ceiling on GSP benefits for each product and beneficiary developing 54

country. Without a waiver, a country will automatically lose its GSP eligibility with respect to a product if

the competitive need limitations are exceeded. The competitive need limitations require the termination of the

country’s GSP eligibility on a product if, during any calendar year, U.S. imports from that country meet one

of the following criteria: (1) account for 50 percent or more of the value of total U.S. imports of that product;

or (2) exceed a certain dollar value (in accordance with the GSP statute, the dollar-value limit is increased by

$5 million annually; the limit was $125 million in 2006.). Products will be found “sufficiently competitive”

when imported from a specified beneficiary country when they exceed one of these limits. By statute, GSP

treatment for an article exceeding either competitive need limit terminates July 1 of the next calendar year. A

waiver may also be provided when total U.S. imports from all countries of a product are small, or de minimis.

The de minimis competitive need limit waiver is also adjusted each year, in increments of $0.5 million. The

de minimis level in 2006 was $18 million.

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Notice Regarding the Initiation of the 2006 Annual 55

GSP Product,” Fed. Reg. 37129-30.

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Notice of the Results of the 2005 Annual Product,” 56

Fed. Reg. 38190; and President, Proclamation, “To Modify Duty-Free Treatment Under the Generalized

System of Preferences.”

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Import Statistics Relating to Competitive Need

57

Limitations,” Fed. Reg. 63806-07.

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“import-sensitive” and thus are not eligible for duty-free treatment under the GSP program.51

The statute also provides for graduation of countries from the program when they become

“high-income” countries and for the removal of eligibility of articles, or articles from certain

countries, under certain conditions.

Authorization for the GSP program was due to expire on December 31, 2006. However, on

October 6, 2005, USTR issued a Federal Register notice announcing an Administration 52

review of the operation of the GSP program, including a public hearing and solicitation of

public comments, as Congress considered reauthorization. On August 8, 2006, another

USTR Federal Register notice announced an extension of the Administration’s review of 53

the GSP program. Following this review and discussions between Congress and the

Administration, Public Law 109-432 Congress passed on December 9, 2006 to extend the

GSP program, with modifications to the president’s authority to grant waivers to countries

of competitive need limitations (CNLs) through December 31, 2008.

54

Each year (unless otherwise specified in a Federal Register notice), USTR conducts a

review process in which products can be added to, or removed from, the GSP program, or

in which a beneficiary’s compliance with the eligibility requirements can be reviewed. On

June 29, 2006, USTR announced the initiation of the 2006 GSP Annual Review, requiring

petitions to modify the list of eligible products or the status of GSP beneficiary countries to

be submitted by July 20, 2006, and moving the deadline for submission of CNL waivers to

November 17, 2006. On July 5, 2006, USTR announced completion of the 2005 Annual 55

Review cycle, including publication of a presidential proclamation announcing changes in

eligibility, as well as results of the review. On October 31, 2006, USTR published interim

56

statistics on GSP usage to inform countries that were likely to need to request CNL waivers

prior to November 17, 2006.

57

Several other actions were taken by USTR under the GSP in 2006. On February 3, 2006,

USTR announced restoration of GSP to Ukraine, as part of the completion of an Out-of-
 USTR, “Results of Out-Of-Cycle Review Under Section 182 and Termination of Action Under Section 58

301(b),” Fed. Reg. 5899-5900.

 President, Proclamation, “To Modify Duty-Free Treatment Under the Generalized System of 59

Preferences.”

 USTR, “Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Initiation of a Review To Consider the Designation 60

of East Timor,” Fed. Reg. 43543-45.

 In addition to providing preferential access to the U.S. market for eligible SSA products, AGOA also 61

includes a number of trade-facilitating provisions to, among other things, support trade liberalization in SSA

countries, encourage U.S.-SSA bilateral investment agreements, address the need for trade capacity-building

by encouraging certain SSA infrastructure products, encourage the expansion of the agriculture sector in SSA

countries, and increase coordination between U.S. and SSA customs services. For further information, see

USTR, 2006 Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa, 8-12. 

 The U.S. GSP program is described above. 62

 AGOA was originally scheduled to be in effect until September 30, 2008. Section 3108 of the Trade Act 63

of 2002 enhanced the original 2000 AGOA provisions and expanded preferential access for apparel imports

from SSA beneficiaries (these modifications collectively are referred to as AGOA II). The AGOA

Acceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA III) enhanced many of the original AGOA trade benefits, and generally

extended AGOA provisions until 2015. In this report, the term AGOA refers to the original AGOA, AGOA

II, AGOA III, and AGOA IV (see below), as a group. For further information, see USTR, 2006

Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa.

 The 2006 amendments are contained in sections 6001-6004 of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 64

2006.

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Cycle Review process. On February 22, 2006, the President designated Liberia as a GSP

58

beneficiary effective March 9, 2006. On August 1, 2006, USTR announced initiation of 59

a review to consider East Timor for designation as a GSP beneficiary country.60

Duty-free imports entered under the GSP program totaled $32.6 billion in 2006, accounting

for 10.8 percent of total U.S. imports from GSP beneficiary countries and 1.8 percent of

total U.S. imports (table 2.7). Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary in 2006, followed by

India, Thailand, Brazil, and Indonesia. Table A.11 shows the top 20 GSP products or

product categories in 2006, and table A.12 shows the overall sectoral distribution of GSP

benefits.

African Growth and Opportunity Act

In 2006, articles entering the United States free of duty under AGOA were valued at $36.1

billion. AGOA was enacted in 2000 to provide unilateral preferential trade benefits to

eligible sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries pursuing political and economic reform.61

AGOA provides duty-free market access to all GSP eligible products and more than 1,800

62

additional qualifying tariff line-item products from eligible SSA countries, and exempts

beneficiaries from GSP CNLs. AGOA also provides duty-free treatment for eligible apparel

articles made in qualifying SSA countries (described in more detail below). AGOA is

scheduled to be in effect until 2015.63

On December 20, 2006, President Bush signed the Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006,

which amends portions of AGOA and is referred to as AGOA IV. AGOA IV extends the 64

textile and apparel provisions from September 2008 to September 2015, extends the

provision allowing for the use of third-party fabric in qualifying duty-free apparel imports

from September 2007 to September 2012, and expands duty-free treatment for textiles and

textile products originating entirely in one or more lesser-developed beneficiary countries.

AGOA IV also increased the cap for apparel made from third-party fabric to 3.5 percent of
 19 U.S.C. 3721(c)(1)(B) 65

 19 U.S.C. 3721(c)(2).

66

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Table 2.7 U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 2006

(Million dollars)

Item

All GSP

beneficiaries World

Total U.S. imports . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

a 300,659 1,834,708

Non-GSP eligible imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 248,345 998,598

GSP eligible products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 52,314 836,110

GSP non-LDBDC eligible . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

b 36,987 372,398

GSP LDBDC eligible . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .

c 15,327 463,712

Total GSP duty free imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32,597 32,597

Non-LDBDC GSP duty free. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 23,729 23,729

GSP LDBDC duty free . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8,868 8,868

Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from GSP duty-free treatment. . . . . 19,718 803,591

GSP program exclusions. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,345 7,519

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12,373 795,994

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Customs-value basis; excludes imports from the U.S. Virgin Islands.

 Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles under a

GSP.

 Non-LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of "Free" appears in the Special rate column of b

the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbols "A" or "A*" in parenthesis (the

symbol "A" indicates that all beneficiary countries are eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to all articles

provided for in the designated provisions, and the symbol "A*" indicates that certain beneficiary countries,

specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS, are not eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to any article

provided for in the designated provision).

 LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of "Free" appears in the Special rate column of the c

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbol "A+" in parenthesis (the symbol

"A+" indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC's), and only LDBDC’s, are

eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to all articles provided for in the designated provisions). For a variety

of reasons, not all imports from beneficiary countries that appear to be eligible for GSP treatment necessarily

receive duty-free entry under the GSP. Such eligible import may not receive duty-free treatment under GSP for at

least five types of reasons: (1) the importer fail to claim GSP benefits affirmatively; (2) the goods are from a GSP

beneficiary that lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding the competitive need limits; (3) the goods are

from a GSP beneficiary country that lost GSP benefits on that product because of a petition to remove that

country from GSP for that product or because of some other action by the President or USTR; (4) the GSP

beneficiary country may claim duty-free treatment under some other program or provision of the HTS; and (5) the

good fails to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirement of the GSP statute.

U.S. of apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-month period beginning

October 1, 2006. Apparel articles entered in excess of these quantities will be subject to

65

otherwise applicable tariffs.

AGOA IV also added a new section 112(c)(2) to the AGOA that requires the Commission 66

to make certain determinations in connection with new Presidential authority to deny U.S.

preferential treatment under specified circumstances for apparel from lesser developed
 LDBCs for 2006 were: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, 67

Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. See the discussion of AGOA above. Botswana and Namibia are

also eligible for the special rule, despite the fact that they are not lesser-developed countries. The special rule

for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012.

 The following countries are listed in General Note 16 of the HTS as designated AGOA beneficiaries: 68

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of

the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo,

Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania,

Uganda, and Zambia. See USITC, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 2006, 166.

 The following 24 countries are listed in U.S. Note 7 of the HTS as eligible to receive AGOA apparel 69

benefits during 2006: Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. See USITC, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of

the United States, 2006, sect. xxii, 98-II-3.

 19 U.S.C. 3706 lists a total of 48 countries, or their successor political entities, as potential 70

beneficiaries.

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beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries (LDBCs). In general, under AGOA, apparel 67

wholly produced in a lesser developed beneficiary AGOA country is eligible for U.S.

preferential treatment (duty-free entry), subject to an annual quota, without regard to the

country of origin of the fabric or yarn. Section 112(c)(2)(D) authorizes the President to deny

preferential treatment when the fabric or yarn is found to be available in commercial

quantities from beneficiary AGOA countries for use in such developing countries and is

subsequently found not to be used in the production of apparel receiving U.S. preferential

treatment.

To aid the President in his administration of this authority, section 112(c)(2)(A) requires the

Commission, in response to petitions, to make determinations with respect to whether

specific fabric and yarn are available in commercial quantities from beneficiary AGOA

countries for such use. If the Commission makes an affirmative determination, it must also

determine the quantity likely to be available in the next October 1-September 30 period. The

Commission must also make similar determinations for subsequent years and, after each

such period has expired, must also determine to what extent the fabric or yarn previously

found to be available was used in the production of apparel receiving preferential treatment

under AGOA (section 112(c)(2)(B)). If the Commission finds that the available fabric was

not used in the production of such apparel, the President may (must in certain

circumstances) deny duty-free treatment for subsequent entries of the apparel at issue. In

addition, section 112(c)(2)(C) deemed certain denim to have been determined to be available

in commercial quantities under section 112(c)(2)(A) for the 1-year period October 1, 2006-

September 30, 2007, in an amount of 30 million square meter equivalents (SMEs).

As of January 1, 2006, a total of 37 SSA countries were designated as eligible for AGOA

benefits, and 24 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits. Each 68 69

year, the President must consider whether SSA countries are, or remain, eligible for AGOA 70

benefits based on specific criteria. Those criteria include whether the country is making

continued progress toward establishing a market-based economy, enforcing the rule of law

and political pluralism, and promoting free trade and economic policies that will reduce

poverty and protect workers’ rights. Additionally, a country must not engage in violations

of internationally recognized human rights, support acts of international terrorism, or engage
 19 U.S.C. 3703(a). See also USTR, 2006 Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy 71

Toward Sub-Saharan Africa, 8-9.

 USITC, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 2007, 3 and 166. 72

 USTR, “AGOA: United States-Africa Trade and Economic Forum.” 73

 The increase in imports of petroleum and related products reflects increasing prices rather than 74

increasing quantities. Import quantities from the four leading suppliers decreased from approximately 680.1

million barrels in 2005 to approximately 662.0 million barrels in 2006. More specifically, imports of crude

oil and petroleum related products from Nigeria, the leading supplier of petroleum and related products under

AGOA, decreased from 425.4 million barrels in 2005 to 408.3 million barrels in 2006; imports from Angola

increased from 172.6 million barrels in 2005 to 194.8 million barrels in 2006; imports from Chad increased

from 35.6 million barrels in 2005 to 37.1 million barrels in 2006; and imports from Gabon decreased from

46.5 million barrels in 2005 to 21.8 million barrels in 2006. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information

Administration, “U.S. Imports by Country of Origin.”

2-18

in activities that undermine U.S. national security or foreign policy interests. The President 71

designated Liberia as AGOA eligible effective January 1, 2007, and Burkina Faso and Chad

were designated as eligible to receive AGOA apparel benefits effective August 4, 2006 and

April 26, 2006, respectively.72

Section 105 of the original AGOA legislation requires the President to establish the U.S.-

SSA Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum. AGOA also requires USTR and the

Secretaries of State, Commerce, and the Treasury to host meetings with senior-level officials

from governments of countries that are eligible for AGOA benefits to discuss their trade,

investment, and development relationships. The President is also required, if possible, to

attend the forum every other year.The forumaims to establish an institutionalized economic

dialogue with SSA similar to those that the United States maintains with other regions of

the world, such as in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum and the Summit of the

Americas. The fifth AGOA forum was held in June 2006 in Washington, DC and consisted

of three independent forums: ministerial, civil society, and private sector.

73

Total U.S. imports from AGOA countries were valued at $56.0 billion in 2006, an increase

of 19.2 percent over 2005 (table 2.8). Duty-free U.S. imports under AGOA, including GSP,

were valued at $44.2 billion in 2006 and accounted for 79.0 percent of all imports from

AGOAcountries. U.S. imports under AGOA, exclusive of GSP, were valued at $36.1 billion

in 2006, a 10.4 percent increase over 2005, and accounted for 64.5 percent of all imports

from AGOA countries. 

Table 2.8 U.S. imports for consumption from AGOA countries, 2004-06 

Item 2004 2005 2006

Total imports from AGOA countries (1,000 dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,406,599 47,002,789 56,010,263

Total duty free under AGOA, including GSP (1,000 dollars). . . . . 26,558,922 38,146,396 44,239,193

Duty-free under AGOA, excluding GSP (1,000 dollars). . . . . . 21,986,472 32,743,077 36,132,990

AGOA duty-free as a percentage of total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 69.7 64.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

The leading suppliers of duty-free U.S. imports under AGOA in 2006 were Nigeria (71.5

percent of total AGOA imports), Angola (12.6 percent), Chad (4.2 percent), and Gabon (3.6

percent). These four petroleum-exporting countries accounted for more than 91.8 percent

of total imports by value under AGOA (table A.13). Of the 25 leading imports under

74

AGOA by 8-digit HTS (table A.14), imports of petroleum-related products increased to
 For a more detailed description of ATPA, including country and product eligibility, see USITC, The 75

Impact of the Andean Trade Preference Act.

 Public Law 107-210, Title XXXI. 76

 Public Law 109-432, section 7001 et seq. 77

 President, Proclamation, “To Implement the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act,

78

Proclamation 7616.” Federal Register 67, (October 31, 2002): 67283–67291.

2-19

$34.1 billion in 2006, up 10.5 percent by value from2005, and accounted for more than 94.5

percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2006, up from 94.3 percent of total AGOA

imports in 2005. Of the leading 25 import products under AGOA, imports of apparel

products decreased to $1.1 billion in 2006 from $1.2 billion in 2005 and accounted for 3.1

percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2006, down from 3.8 percent of total AGOA

imports in 2005.

Andean Trade Preference Act

In 2006, articles from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru entering the United States free

of duty under ATPA were valued at $13.5 billion (table 2.9). ATPA was enacted in 1991 to

promote broad-based economic development and viable economic alternatives to coca

cultivation and cocaine production by offering Andean products broader access to the U.S.

market. ATPA expired on December 4, 2001, but was renewed retroactively on August 6,

75

2002, under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA), part of the

Trade Act of 2002. ATPA, as amended by ATPDEA, expired on December 31, 2006, but 76

was extended for six months for all ATPA beneficiary countries and for one year for

beneficiary countries that meet certain milestones for completing an FTA with the United

States by June 30, 2007.77

The four ATPA beneficiaries are not automatically eligible for ATPDEA preferences.

ATPDEA authorizes the President to designate any ATPA beneficiary as eligible for

ATPDEA benefits provided the President determines the country has satisfied certain

requirements, including protection of IPR and internationally recognized workers’ rights.

The President designated all four ATPA beneficiaries as ATPDEA beneficiaries on October

31, 2002.78

A wide range of products is eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA. ATPDEA amended

ATPA to provide duty-free treatment for certain products previously excluded from ATPA,

including certain textiles and apparel (discussed in more detail below), footwear, petroleum

and petroleum derivatives, watches and watch parts assembled from parts originating in

countries not eligible for normal trade relations (NTR) rates of duty, and certain tuna

packaged in foil or other flexible airtight packages (not cans). In addition, certain products

previously eligible for reduced-duty treatment are now eligible for duty-free entry under

ATPA, including certain handbags, luggage, flat goods (such as wallets, change purses, and

eyeglass cases), work gloves, and leather wearing apparel. Products that continue to be

excluded from ATPA preferential treatment include textile and apparel articles not

otherwise eligible for preferential treatment under ATPDEA and certain agricultural

products. Provisions related to textiles and apparel are discussed in more detail later in this

chapter. With the exception of tuna in foil or flexible airtight packages, ATPDEA did not

grant new benefits to agricultural products. Thus, canned tuna, rum and tafia, and abovequota imports of certain agricultural products subject to tariff rate quotas (primarily sugar,

beef, and dairy products) continue to be excluded from the program.
 USITC, The Year in Trade 2005,2-19. 79

 A detailed description of the original CBERA, including country and product eligibility is available in 80

USITC, Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act: Impact on the United States, Fourteenth Report.

 USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 2-19. 81

 Ibid. 82

 For CBTPA provisions related to textiles and apparel, See“Textile and Apparel-Related Legislation” in 83

this report.

2-20

Total(dutiable and duty-free) U.S. imports from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru were

valued at $22.5 billion in 2006, an increase of 12.2 percent from $20.1 billion in 2005 (table

2.9). U.S. imports entered under ATPA preferences in 2006 were valued at $13.5 billion and

accounted for 59.9 percent of all imports from ATPA countries. U.S. imports under

ATPDEA were valued at $10.6 billion and accounted for 78.3 percent of

Table 2.9 U.S. imports for consumption from ATPA countries, 2004-06 

Item 2004 2005 2006

Total imports from ATPA countries (1,000 dollars).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,489,766 20,060,117 22,510,596

Total under ATPA (1,000 dollars).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,359,258 11,463,949 13,484,448

Imports under ATPDEA (1,000 dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,522,889 9,303,218 10,559,400

Total under ATPA, excluding ATPDEA (1,000 dollars).. . . . . . 1,836,369 2,160,731 2,925,048

Total under ATPA as a percent of total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.0 57.1 59.9

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

imports under ATPA in 2006. U.S. imports under the original ATPA (ATPA excluding

ATPDEA) accounted for the remaining 21.7 percent, valued at $2.9 billion.

In 2006, U.S. imports under ATPA increased from each of the four beneficiary countries

(table A.15). Ecuador became the largest source of U.S. imports under ATPA in 2006; such

imports increased 21.8 percent by value during 2006 mainly because of increased prices on

U.S. imports of crude petroleum. Colombia fell to the second-leading supplier of ATPA

imports in 2006. Petroleum products accounted for 68 percent of U.S. imports under ATPA

in 2006 and represented four of the top 25 U.S. imports under the program. Apparel was the

next-largest category of imports under ATPA, accounting for 10 percent of such imports and

seven of the 25 leading imports under ATPA. Other leading imports under ATPA in 2006

included copper cathodes, fresh cut flowers, gold jewelry, and asparagus (table A.16).

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

CBERA affords preferential tariff treatment to eligible products from designated Caribbean

Basin countries. CBERA has been operative since January 1, 1984, and has no statutory

expiration date. CBERA is the trade-related component of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, 79 80

which was launched in 1982 principally to promote export-led economic growth and

economic diversification in the Caribbean Basin region. The United States-Caribbean 81

Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) expanded the coverage of preferential tariff

82

treatment for several articles excluded under the original CBERA. Notably, the list of newly

qualifying articles included certain apparel (discussed in more detail below), the assembly

of which is an important Caribbean Basin industry. CBTPA also extended NAFTA- 83

equivalent treatment (that is, rates of duty equivalent to those accorded to Mexican goods
 Only watches assembled from parts originating in countries that are not eligible for NTR tariff treatment 84

were ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBERA, see USITC, The Impact of the Caribbean Basin

Recovery Act: Seventeenth Report, 1-13. 

 The 20 countries designated for CBERA benefits as of December 31, 2006 are listed in table A.17. 85

Tables 2.10, and A.17, include data of four CAFTA-DR countries that were eligible for CBERA benefits

during a portion of 2006. When the CAFTA-DR enters into force for a country, such a country is removed

from the enumeration of designated beneficiary countries under CBERA, CBPTA, and GSP. In 2006,

CAFTA-DR entered into force for El Salvador (March 1), Honduras and Nicaragua (April 1), and Guatemala

(July 1). President, Proclamation, “To Implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States

Free Trade Agreement,” Proclamations 7987, 7996, and 8034; and National Archives and Records

Administration, Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation

Act, Sec. 201.

 Refer to previous note. 86

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under the same rules of origin applicable under NAFTA) to a number of other products

previously excluded from CBERA, including certain tuna, petroleum products, certain

footwear, and some watches and watch parts.84

In 2006, articles from 20 countries and territories in the Caribbean Basin and Central

America entering the United States free of duty or at reduced duties under CBERA were

valued at $9.9 billion. Table 2.10 shows U.S. imports under CBERA from 2004 to 2006. 85

U.S. imports entering under CBERA provisions decreased by 19.6 percent in 2006. The

marked decline in U.S. imports under CBERA provisions in 2006 is due to the fact that El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua were CBERA beneficiaries only during a

portion of the year, after which the CAFTA-DR entered into force for each country. Had

U.S. imports from these countries not been excluded, U.S. imports under CBERA would

have increased by 12.6 percent in 2006. U.S. imports under CBERA (including CBTPA)

provisions amounted to $10.9 billion in 2004, $12.3 billion in 2005, and $9.9 billion in

2006. Notably, during this three-year period, duty-free or reduced-duty imports under

CBERA (including CBTPA) accounted for a declining share of all U.S. imports from

CBERA countries: 39.7 percent in 2004, 38.8 percent in 2005, and 38.5 percent in 2006. The

declining share of imports under CBERA is mostly a result of additional products becoming

duty free outside of CBERA provisions.

Table 2.10 U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 2004-06

Item 2004 2005 2006a

Total imports from CBERA countries (1,000 dollars). . . . . . . . . . 27,555,492 31,814,307 25,755,248

 Total under CBERA, including CBTPA (1,000 dollars).. . . . . 10,936,621 12,336,372 9,915,473

 Total under CBERA (1,000 dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,908,041 8,773,023 5,960,741

 Total under CBERA, excluding CBTPA (1,000 dollars). . . 3,028,580 3,563,349 3,954,732

Percent of total under CBERA includes CBTPA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 38.8 38.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

 Data for 2006 include U.S. imports from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua a

only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits before

CAFTA-DR entered into force.

Table A.17 shows U.S. imports entered under CBERA provisions from each of the CBERA

countries from 2004 to 2006. Trinidad and Tobago continued as the leading supplier of

86

U.S. imports under CBERA in 2006. Table A.18 shows the leading 25 U.S. imports entered

under CBERA provisions from 2004 to 2006. Mineralfuels, methanol, and apparel products
 19 U.S.C. 3721(b)(1)-(3)..

87

 Amending 19 U.S.C. 3202(e)(1)(B)(i). 88

 Amending 19 U.S.C. 2703(b)(2)(A) 89

 U.S. HTS heading 9819.11.09. 90

 LDBCs for 2006 were: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, 91

Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. See the discussion of AGOA above. Botswana and Namibia are

also eligible for the special rule, despite the fact that they are not lesser-developed countries. The special rule

for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel, “Major Shippers Report.”

92

 WTO, Accessions, “Vietnam.” 93

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dominated the list in 2006. Four of the leading products were mineral fuels; 11 were knitted

and nonknitted apparel; and the remaining 10 were products that had already qualified for

benefits under the original CBERA before the implementation of CBTPA—methanol,

undenatured ethyl alcohol, pineapples, articles of jewelry, cigars, raw sugar, automatic

circuit breakers, polystyrene, and cantaloupes.

Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA, ATPDEA, and CBTPA

The United States grants unlimited duty-free treatment to imports of textiles and apparel

made from U.S. yarns and fabrics in eligible beneficiary countries under AGOA,87

ATPDEA, and CBTPA. These programs also extend duty-free entry to apparel made in 88 89

the beneficiary countries from “regional fabrics,” subject to a ceiling, or “cap,” on the 90

quantity of such apparel that can enter free of duty under each program. In addition, AGOA

permits apparel made in lesser developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs) from fabrics 91

made in countries other than the United States or in SSA to enter free of duty under the

AGOA regional fabric cap (the “third-country fabric” provision). In 2006, imports of textiles

and apparel eligible for duty-free entry to the United States totaled $3.2 billion (1.4 billion

square meter equivalents (SMEs)) under CBTPA, $1.3 billion (318 million SMEs) under

AGOA, and $1.3 billion (205 million SMEs) under ATPDEA. The volume of U.S. imports

92

of textiles and apparel declined under all groups of countries’ preference programs in 2006.

U.S. imports fromAGOA countries decreased by the largest margin in 2006 (-13.0 percent),

followed by CBTPA countries (-9.0 percent), and ATPDEA countries (-5.5 percent).

Textile and apparel developments in 2006 are discussed more broadly in the following

section.

Textile and Apparel Developments in 2006

During 2006, several developments affected U.S. textile and apparel trade imports from

Vietnam, Central America, SSA, and Haiti. On November 7, 2006, the General Council of

the World Trade Organization (WTO) approved Vietnam’s admission to the WTO. The

United States removed quotas on 25 categories of textiles and apparel imports from Vietnam

effective upon the country’s accession, which subsequently took place on January 11, 2007

following congressional approval granting Vietnam permanent NTR status on Dec. 9, 2006

(signed by the President on December 20, 2006). The implementation of the CAFTA-DR 93

in 2006 granted reciprocal free trade among the seven countries. On December 20, 2006, the

President signed into law a bill containing the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through

Partnership Encouragement Act (HHOPE) of 2006 and the aforementioned Africa
 The data in this section were compiled by USITC from official statistics of the U.S. Department of 94

Commerce, OTEXA. Most of the data included in this section are available on the OTEXA website,

http://otexa.ita.doc.gov. The percentage figures included in this section are based on unrounded SMEs.

2-23

Investment Incentive Act. The HHOPE expanded duty-free treatment for U.S. imports of

textiles and apparel products from Haiti, while the Africa Investment Incentive Act

expanded and extended the textile provisions from 2008 to 2015 and the third-country fabric

provision until 2012.

U.S. Textile and Apparel Imports in 200694

In 2006, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel totaled 52.1 billion SMEs ($93.3 billion), an

increase of 2.6 percent by volume (4.6 percent by value) over 2005. This increase is

noticeably smaller than the 2005 increase of 8.3 percent by volume (7.1 percent by value).

The year 2006 was characterized by a shift in U.S. textile and apparel imports from Central

American, South American, and SSA countries toward lower-priced Southeast Asian

suppliers–primarily China, but also Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia (see

table 2.11). China’s growth in the U.S. import market slowed to 11 percent, as compared to

the nearly 44 percent increase that took place in 2005. 

Imports from Southeast Asian countries increased by nearly 12 percent in 2006, to 5.8

billion SMEs (see table 2.11). The countries with the largest percentage increase in imports

were lower-price suppliers in the region, namely Vietnam, Indonesia, and Cambodia, which

increased exports of textiles and apparel to the United States by 20.8 percent (to 1.1 billion

SMEs), 18.1 percent (to 1.6 billion SMEs), and 17.6 percent (870 million SMEs),

respectively. While Vietnam and Indonesia increased exports to the United States by a

sizable volume over the past three years, the countries’ U.S. import market shares have

remained relatively consistent, at around 2 percent and 2.8 percent, respectively, during

2004-06. Elsewhere in Asia, primary U.S. suppliers Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

continued to expand exports to the United States, and in 2006, the three countries combined

accounted for 14 percent of the U.S. import market by volume ($11.3 billion). In 2006,

Pakistan shipped 3.6 billion SMEs ($3.3 billion) to the United States, surpassing Mexico as

the second-largest U.S. supplier, while India shipped 2.7 billion SMEs ($5.0 billion) to the

United States, surpassing Canada as the fourth-largest U.S. supplier.

U.S. imports of textile and apparel from FTA and trade preference partners in the Western

Hemisphere declined in 2006. U.S. textile and apparel imports from NAFTA countries

decreased again in 2006, and experienced the largest reduction in imports of textile and

apparel by volume among all U.S. preference program and FTA partner countries. U.S.

textile and apparel imports from Canada declined by 19 percent (to $2.6 billion) and U.S.

textile and apparel imports fromMexico declined by 12 percent (to $6.4 billion). U.S. textile

and apparel imports from CBERA countries decreased to 3.8 billion SMEs in 2006, or by

9 percent since 2005. In 2006, 37 percent of U.S. textile and apparel imports from CBERA

countries entered into the United States duty-free under CBPTA, a decline of 34 percent

from 2005. U.S. textile and apparel imports from five of the six signatories to the CAFTA-
 CAFTA-DR signatories are Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and 95

Nicaragua. Exports of textiles and apparel from Nicaragua to the United States increased by 24 percent to

252 million SMEs in 2006. 

2-24

Table 2.11 U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 2006 by quantity, percentage change in imports 2005–06, and

share of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel, for major U.S. suppliers, selected regional groups, and the world

Country or region U.S. imports 2006

Change in

imports

2005–06

Share of total U.S. textile and

apparel imports

2005 2006

Million SMEsa

------------------------------Percent-----------------------

-------

World. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 52,150 2.6 100.0 100.0

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 18,611 11.0 33.0 35.7

Pakistan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,568 8.4 6.5 6.8

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,425 -11.8 7.6 6.6

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,655 13.7 4.6 5.1

Canada.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,439 -19.0 5.9 4.7

Korea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,139 5.5 4.0 4.1

Indonesia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,599 18.1 2.7 3.1

Bangladesh.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,495 13.8 2.6 2.9

Taiwan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,172 8.2 2.1 2.3

Vietnam. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,148 20.8 1.9 2.2

Honduras. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,144 -9.4 2.5 2.2

Thailand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,019 -3.1 2.1 2.0

Cambodia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 870 17.6 1.5 1.7

NAFTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5,864 -14.9 13.6 11.2

Southeast Asian countries .. . . . . . . . . .

b 5,754 11.9 10.1 11.0

Central American/Caribbean countries .

c 3,796 -9.0 8.2 7.3

Sub-Saharan African countries . . . . . . .

d 340 -12.9 0.8 0.7

Andean countries . ... ... ... ... ... .

e 263 -5.7 0.5 0.5

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel, “Major Shippers Report.”

 Square meter equivalents. a

 Southeast Asian countries include ASEAN members Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,

b

Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam.

 Central American/Caribbean countries include CBERA beneficiaries: Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; c

Barbados; Belize; British Virgin Islands; Costa Rica; Dominica; Dominican Republic; El Salvador; Grenada;

Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles; Nicaragua; Panama; St. Kitts and

Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and Tobago.

 Sub-Saharan African countries include AGOA participants: Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; d

Cameroon; Cape Verde; Chad; Republic of Congo; Democratic Republic of Congo; Djibouti; Ethiopia; Gabon; The

Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritius;

Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South

Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania; Uganda; Zambia.

 Andean countries are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

e

DR declined in 2006. U.S. textile and apparel imports from Andean countries slightly 95

decreased to 262.7 million SMEs ($1.5 billion) in 2006; of this, 205.2 million SMEs ($1.3

billion) entered duty-free under ATPDEA. This represents a slight decline in total volume

over 2005, though the shares of U.S.textile and apparel imports from Andean countries that
 USTR, “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of America and 96

the People’s Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Products.”

 Under the textile safeguard provision in China’s accession agreement to the WTO, the United States 97

and other WTO countries may impose temporary quotas on imports of Chinese textiles and apparel under

certain conditions. The textile safeguard provision in China’s WTO accession agreement permits a WTO

country, following consultations, to impose quotas on imports of textiles and apparel from China if it finds

that imports of textiles and apparel from China are, owing to market disruption, threatening to impede the

orderly development of trade in these goods. The safeguard provision requires China to hold its shipments to

a level no greater than 7.5 percent (6 percent for wool goods) above the amount entered in the first 12 months

of the most recent 14 month period preceding the request for consultations. The safeguards cannot remain in

effect beyond one year, without re-application, unless both countries agree. Information on the China textile

safeguard is from the WTO, Ministerial Conference, Doha, Qatar, Report of the Working Party on the

Accession of China, 46-47.

 Estimated by USITC staff based on data of the U.S. Department of Commerce, OTEXA. 98

 Estimated by USITC staff based on data of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, “2006 Year-end 99

Textile Status Report for Absolute Quotas.” 

 See discussion of textile safeguards and China’s WTO accession agreement in footnote 94 above. 100

2-25

entered the United States duty-free under ATPDEA remained consistent at 78 percent during

2006.

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from SSA declined by 13 percent to 340 million SMEs

($1.3 billion) in 2006, slightly less than the 16 percent decrease to 389 million SMEs ($1.5

billion) in 2005. The overall decline can be attributed to export decreases from Kenya,

Madagascar, Swaziland, and Mauritius–four of the five largest exporters of textiles and

apparel from SSA to the United States, respectively. Textiles and apparel exports from

Lesotho, the region’s largest exporter to the United States, remained essentially unchanged

in 2006. In 2006, 94 percent (318 million SMEs) of the total 340 million SMEs which

entered the United States from SSA were duty-free under AGOA. Eighty-nine percent of

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel under AGOA were apparel made in LDBCs with foreign

fabric (283 million SMEs); this amounts to a 5 percent increase in the use of foreign fabric

since 2005.

U.S.-China Textile and Apparel Trade

On January 1, 2006, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed between the United 96

States and China took effect, establishing quotas on U.S. imports of selected textile and

apparel products from China. The MOU extends through December 31, 2008, at which time

the right of the United States to invoke safeguards under China’s WTO membership

97

accession agreement expires. The MOU established 21 quotas covering 34 categories of

textile and apparel products. These 34 product categories accounted for 40.6 percent of the

volume (36.9 percent by value) of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from China in

2006. As part of the agreement, the United States agreed to act with restraint in future 98

applications of the WTO accession safeguard provision and not to request further

consultations for safeguards on the products covered under the MOU.

On average, the 21 quotas filled at a lower rate in 2006 (59.7 percent) than in 2005 (94.4

percent), when China was subject to safeguards. The lower fill rate could be attributed 99 100

to a number of reasons, including the decision by some U.S. importers, prior to the signing

of the MOU in November 2005 to seek alternate sources to China for 2006. In addition, the

2006 quota levels for most products were higher than the annualized safeguard levels in

place in 2005.
 For a garment to qualify for CAFTA-DR preferences under a yarn-forward rule, it must be made in a

101

CAFTA-DR party from yarn and fabric made in a CAFTA-DR party. The yarn used in the production of the

fabric can be made of non-originating fibers.

 By contrast, the CBTPA rules of origin generally requires that all fabric components of a garment be 102

made of U.S.-formed fabric from U.S.-formed yarns, or with limitations, of regionally formed fabric of U.S.

yarn.

 By contrast, CBTPA contains a 7 percent de minimis rule, which applies to the total weight of all fabric 103

components in a garment.

 TPLs allow non-originating goods to receive the same duty preference as originating goods up to a

104

specified level; imports that exceed the TPL level are subject to the higher normal trade relations (NTR) rates

of duty. A cumulation provision, such as found in the CAFTA-DR, permits the use of inputs from other FTA

partner countries to be incorporated into qualifying products; the cumulation provision in the CAFTA-DR is

subject to a cap. The single transformation rule in the CAFTA-DR permits certain goods such as boxer

shorts, pajamas, nightwear, and brassieres that are cut or knit to shape, or both, and sewn or otherwise

assembled in an FTA party, to be made of non-originating inputs. For more on the rules of origin applying to

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in this agreement, see USITC, U.S.-Central America-Dominican

(continued...)

2-26

While China’s position as the leading supplier of textiles and apparel has increased

considerably in recent years, the 11 percent increase in imports in 2006 was well below the

2005 increase of 44 percent. During 2004-06, China increased its share of the U.S. import

market by volume by roughly 11 percent share, from a 24.8 percent share in 2004 to 35.7

percent share in 2006.

CAFTA-DR Free Trade Agreement

On August 2, 2005, the president signed into law the U.S. CAFTA-DR Free Trade

Agreement (P.L. 109-053). In 2006, CAFTA-DR entered into force with respect to

Guatemala (July 1), Honduras (April 1), Nicaragua (April 1), and El Salvador (March 1).

CAFTA-DR enhanced and made permanent and reciprocal the trade preferences established

by the CBTPA for textiles and apparel. It also provided for the immediate elimination of

duties on textiles and apparel that meet the rules of origin specified in the agreement,

retroactive to January 1, 2004.

The rules of origin for textiles and apparel in CAFTA-DR are similar to those of other recent

U.S. FTAs, as they are based on changes in tariff classification from third-country inputs to

goods processed or made in one or more member countries (the “tariff shift” rules). In

addition, the rules of origin in the CAFTA-DR require that imports of most apparel and

woven fabrics from CAFTA-DR countries be assembled from inputs made in the United

States or the CAFTA-DR region from the yarn stage forward (“yarn-forward rule”) to

qualify for CAFTA-DR preferences. FTA rules of origin for apparel generally apply only

101

to the component that determines the tariff classification of the garment–that is, the

component that imparts the “essential character” of the garment. The yarn-forward rule 102

also applies to certain apparel components (i.e., narrow elastic fabrics, sewing thread, and

visible linings). A “fiber-forward rule” applies to knit fabrics of cotton and man-made fibers

and to most yarns. A “fabric-forward” rule of origin applies to wool apparel; i.e., the wool

fabric must be made in an FTA partner country, regardless of the source of the yarns. The

FTA contains a de minimis foreign content rule that allows up to 10 percent of the total

weight of the “essential character component” to consist of non-originating fibers or

yarns. CAFTA-DR also contains certain provisions found in other U.S. FTAs that allow

103

the use of non-originating inputs, including tariff preference levels (TPLs) for Nicaragua

and Costa Rica, cumulation provisions, and single transformation rules. CAFTA-DR

104
 (...continued) 104

Republic Free Trade Agreement: Potential Economywide and Sectoral Effects, 34-37.

 The FTA identifies yarns and fabrics in “short supply” as those specified in Annex 401 of the NAFTA 105

and those designated under the “commercial availability” provisions of CBTPA, AGOA, and ATPDEA. 

 Quesenberry, Scott D., “Letter of agreement between the Dominican Republic and the United States,”

106

and “Letter of agreement between Costa Rica and the United States.” Also pending are adjustments to the

TPL for Nicaragua and the cumulation provision, and a possible 10-year phase out of tariffs on socks with

the CAFTA countries instead of an immediate elimination. Textile Negotiator, USTR, telephone interview by

Commission staff, March 28, 2007.

 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, “2006 Year-end Textile

107

Status Report for Absolute Quotas.”

 Vietnam officially joined the World Trade Organization on January 11, 2007. 108

 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Textile and Apparel Products from Vietnam, Import Monitoring 109

Program, Request for Comments.” 

2-27

furthermore permits duty-free entry for apparel made in CAFTA-DR countries from yarns

and fabrics that are not available in any of the member countries in a timely manner,

regardless of the source of the yarns and fabrics.105

The United States has also agreed with the five countries to modify some of the rules of

origin to include: requiring that pocketing fabrics be made in the FTA region; establishing

single transformation rules for additional apparel items such as women’s wool anoraks,

women’s and girls’ ensembles, and certain men’s suit-type jackets; reducing tariffs on

certain non-originating items; changing the Costa Rica Wool TPL; creating a separate TPL

for certain women’s swimwear from Costa Rica; and changing the rules on cumulation for

wool apparel. The revised rules of origin are to enter into effect after the CAFTA-DR has

been implemented for all countries.106

U.S. Imports from Vietnam and Vietnam’s Accession to the WTO

During 2006, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from Vietnam increased by 21 percent,

from 950 million SMEs ($2.9 billion) to 1.15 billion SMEs ($3.4 billion), despite quotas on

25 categories of textile and apparel articles in 2006. At the close of 2006, quota fill rates

averaged 77 percent and ranged from 14 percent for shirts and blouses to 97 percent for

certain men’s and boys’ coats, and quotas in nine categories (36 percent) were fully

107

utilized.

The President signed into law a bill granting permanent normal trade relations status to

Vietnam on December 20, 2006. The United States removed quotas on U.S. imports of

certain cotton, wool, and man-made fiber textile and textile products in 25 categories from

Vietnam (established in 2003) on January 7, 2007, upon Vietnam’s entry into the WTO.108

The U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) initiated a program to monitor U.S. imports

of certain textile and apparel products from Vietnam upon the country’s accession to the

WTO. Commerce is to engage in a biannual review process of import volumes and values

of sensitive textile and apparel products to determine whether adequate verification exists

to commence an antidumping investigation.109
 Section 5004 of Title V - Haiti of HR 6111. 110

2-28

HHOPE

On December 20, 2006, the United States enacted the HHOPE which amends the CBTPA

and establishes special rules that make Haiti eligible for new trade benefits. Previously,

under the yarn-forward rule established by the CBTPA, U.S. apparel imports from Haiti

could qualify for duty-free treatment only if they were made entirely from inputs produced

in Haiti or the United States from U.S. yarn. The HHOPE establishes several new rules of

origin for apparel imports that enhance sourcing flexibility for apparel producers in Haiti,

with the aim of maximizing opportunities for U.S. imports of such articles from Haiti. The 110

first rule grants duty-free treatment for apparel imported from Haiti if at least 50 percent of

the value of inputs and/or costs of processing (i.e., wholly assembled or knit-to-shape) is

from Haiti, the United States, or any country that is an FTA partner with the United States

during years one to three of the Act. In year four of the Act, the percentage requirement for

originating inputs increases to 55 percent or more, and in year five it increases to 60 percent

or more. The HHOPE sets a cap on imports from Haiti receiving preferential treatment that

meet the preceding requirements to 1 percent of total U.S. apparel imports in year one,

increasing by 0.25 percentage point per year through year five, to a maximum of 2 percent

of total U.S. apparel imports.

The HHOPE also includes a single transformation rule of origin for apparel articles entering

the United States under subheading 6212.10 (brassieres) of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule,

which allows the components of these garments to be sourced from anywhere, as long as the

garments are both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in Haiti. The HHOPE also

establishes duty-free treatment for three years for a specified quantity of woven apparel

imports from Haiti made from fabric produced anywhere in the world; up to 50 million

SMEs in years one and two of the Act, and up to 33.5 million SMEs in year three. To be

eligible for the preferential treatment established by the HHOPE, Haiti must meet criteria

similar to those in the AGOA. These criteria include: making progress toward establishing

a market-based economy and a rule of law; eliminating barriers to U.S. trade and

investment; establishing measures to protect intellectual property rights; not engaging in

activities detrimental to U.S. national security; and protecting internationally recognized

worker rights. Haiti accounted for about 5 percent of U.S. imports of textiles and apparel

(principally knit shirts and underwear) from the Cental American/Carribean region in 2006

($450 million), of which $364 million entered duty-free under the CBTPA. 
 Director-General Lamy reported to the WTO General Council meeting on February 7, 2007, that the 1

Doha Round trade negotiations had resumed. WTO, “General Council—Lamy: ‘We have resumed

negotiations fully across the board.’”

 WTO, “Trade Negotiations Committee—24 July 2006.” 2

 The G-6 group comprises Australia, Brazil, the European Union, India, Japan, and the United States. 3

 WTO, “Trade Negotiations Committee—24 July 2006.” 4

 Ibid. 5

 G-8 Summit 2006, Saint Petersburg, Russia, “G-8 History,” and “Working Meetings, Summit 2006.” 6

3-1

CHAPTER 3

Selected Trade Developments in the WTO,

OECD, and APEC

World Trade Organization

Doha Trade Negotiations

Round Suspended

The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations was suspended July 24, 2006, and

remained suspended at the end of the year. The Director-General of the WTO, who also 1

chairs the Round’s Trade Negotiating Committee (TNC), remarked at his announcement of

the suspension that the persistent impasse in setting full negotiating modalities for a limited

number of key issues meant that it would not be possible to settle those issues, negotiate

necessary subsequent issues, and then prepare final schedules of concessions before the

2006 year-end deadline. He summarized the primary sticking points as the Group of 6 (G- 2

6) participants’ inability to agree on liberalizing market access for agricultural products and 3

on reductions of agricultural domestic support. He noted that the impasse over these two

subjects kept the negotiators from advancing to market access for industrial products, a third

key subject in the negotiations. The Director-General reflected that the suspension might 4

allow participants time to review the situation, examine available options, and review their

positions.5

G-8 Summit Meeting

The Group of 8 (G-8) members—heads of state or government from the major industrial

democracies of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and

the United States, along with representatives of the European Union—gathered in St

Petersburg, Russia, July 15-17, 2006, the weekpreceding the suspension of the Doha Round,

for their annual summit meeting to discuss major economic and political issues facing their

governments. A number of non-G-8 leaders also attended the St. Petersburg summit,

6

representing the African Union, Brazil, China, the Commonwealth of Independent States,

India, Mexico, and South Africa. Heads of major international organizations also

participated, including the Director-General of the WTO. At the G-8 summit meeting, the

WTO Director-General urged the leaders to allow their negotiators more room to maneuver
 WTO, “ ‘The chief responsibility lies here,’ Lamy tells G-8.” July 17, 2006. 7

 Sungjoon Cho, “The WTO Doha Round Negotiation: Suspended Indefinitely;” and Washington Trade 8

Daily, “G-6 Sessions Critical for DDA Success.”

 WTO, “Trade Negotiations Committee—24 July 2006.” 9

 USTR, “Press Availability with Ambassador Susan C. Schwab, USTR; Mike Johanns, Secretary of 10

Agriculture,” July 24, 2006.

 USTR, “Press Availability with Ambassador Susan C. Schwab, USTR; Mike Johanns, Secretary of 11

Agriculture,” July 24, 2006.

 Ibid. 12

 EU, “There is no more time left: Peter Mandelson statement.” 13

 BNA, “WTO’s Doha Round Talks Collapse, As G-6 Ministerial Ends in Acrimony.” In terms of the 14

“three pillars” framework used in the agriculture negotiations—market access, export competition, and

domestic support—EU Trade Commissioner, Peter Mandelson, characterized the EU offer as: (1) for market

access, a “readiness to go to a 50 percent average tariff cut;” (2) for export competition, “100 percent

elimination of export subsidies;” and (3) for domestic support, a “75 percent reduction in trade distorting

domestic support.” Mandelson also said that the EU had indicated that it was ready to discuss the treatment

and number of sensitive products. He stated that this was “more – much more – than anybody would

previously have expected from the EU” in the agricultural negotiations. See EU, “There is no more time left:

Peter Mandelson statement.”

3-2

in order to reach agreement on remaining trade issues. As a result of discussions at the G-8 7

summit, the attending G-6 members scheduled two subsequent negotiating sessions, one for

July 23-24 and a second for July 28-29, in an effort to reach agreement on market access and

domestic support for agriculture in the Doha trade talks.8

Impasse Reached

On July 23, 2006, after a lengthy negotiating session, agriculture and trade ministers from

the G-6 members could not reach agreement on negotiating modalities for the three key

issues of liberalizing market access for agricultural products, reducing trade-distorting

domestic support for agricultural products, and liberalizing market access for industrial

products.9

Reaction to negotiating impasse

On July 24, 2006, the USTR expressed disappointment that the G-6 ministers were unable

to reach an agreement during their negotiating session, saying that the United States came

“with the flexibility to offer more on domestic support and market access” they would 10

show. However, “the promises of flexibility and market access coming from St. Petersburg

did not materialize in Geneva,” USTR Susan Schwab said. She noted that, “while the 11

United States was prepared to do more, yesterday’s focus on the loopholes in market access,

on the layers of loopholes, revealed that a number of developed and advanced developing

countries were looking for ways to be less ambitious, to avoid making ambitious

contributions.”

12

In a statement to the press on July 24 in Geneva, EU Commissioner for External Trade,

Peter Mandelson, also expressed his disappointment at the suspension, but voiced the view

that it was U.S. unwillingness to show flexibility at the session that led to the Round being

suspended. Referring to the discussions at the G-8 summit concerning increased flexibility

13

for negotiators, the EU Commissioner said “It is that flexibility that we expected to hear last

night [July 23, 2006, at the G-6 negotiating session], and . . . which we failed to see. And

that’s why there has been this breakdown.” In remarks made July 25 in Brussels, the EU

14
 EU, “ ‘We need to look ahead and to rebuild’—Transcript of Peter Mandelson's remarks on his return 15

from Geneva following the suspension of the WTO Doha negotiations—Brussels, 25 July 2006.” July 25,

2006.

 The G-20 group is a self-described group of developing countries with special interest in agriculture, 16

many of which consider agriculture to be the central issue of the Doha Round negotiations. The G-20

currently comprises Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Indonesia,

Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela,

and Zimbabwe. G-20 membership has varied, counting at different times more than or less than 20 actual

members. G-20 Web site, “Members.”

 BNA, “WTO's Doha Round Talks Collapse, As G-6 Ministerial Ends in Acrimony.” 17

 EU, “ ‘We need to look ahead and to rebuild'—Transcript of Peter Mandelson's remarks on his return 18

from Geneva following the suspension of the WTO Doha negotiations—Brussels, 25 July 2006.” July 25,

2006; and BNA, “WTO's Doha Round Talks Collapse, As G-6 Ministerial Ends in Acrimony.”

 BNA, “WTO’s Doha Round Talks Collapse, As G-6 Ministerial Ends in Acrimony.” 19

 USTR, “WTO Doha Development Agenda—The U.S. Proposal on Agriculture.” Trade Facts, April 20

2006.

 USTR, “WTO Doha Development Agenda—What They Are Saying About the Doha Development 21

Agenda Negotiations,” July 24, 2006.

 USTR, “USTR Statement Affirming Backing for Successful WTO Negotiations—Fact Sheet.” 22

According to USTR, the U.S. proposal calls for substantial reforms in each of the “three pillars” under

negotiation, with (1) “reduction in tariffs across the board in agriculture, with only a few ‘sensitive products;’

” (2) “elimination of export subsidy programs and tighter disciplines on export credits and food aid;” and (3)

“reduction in trade-distorting domestic support, particularly in specific allowances under the ‘amber’ and

‘blue’ boxes.” USTR contends that the EU proposal on tariff reductions would cut tariffs only 39 percent on

average, and its proposal on domestic support reduction would leave EU trade-distorting domestic support at

over three times the level of the United States. USTR, “WTO Doha Development Agenda—The U.S.

Proposal on Agriculture.”

3-3

Trade Commissioner said that “the United States, I regret to say, showed no flexibility at all

in the end on the issue of domestic subsidies in agriculture. . . . As a result, the United States

have been asking too much from others in exchange for doing too little themselves.”15

At the time of the suspension, it was reported that EU officials were close to an agreement

with Brazil and India—leaders of the Group of 20 (G-20) —to reduce tariffs on agricultural 16

products, but that the United States would not agree to greater reductions in U.S. domestic

agriculturalsupport in exchange. EU officials reportedly said that the United States would 17

not agree to further reductions beyond its October 2005 agricultural offer to cap U.S.

domestic subsidy payments at $22.4 billion annually. The EU reported that the United 18

States countered instead that other trading partners had not matched the U.S. offer with

sufficient tariff reductions to expand their market access that would, in turn, warrant further

reductions in U.S. domestic support.19

In previous negotiations before the July suspension, the USTR had already pointed out that

“other Members’ proposals [in agriculture] have failed to make significant cuts to tradedistorting support and cut tariffs below levels already set in place.” In a fact sheet released 20

on July 24 the USTR answered in response to the proposition that, “some countries are

asserting that the U.S. was the problem: While some in the European Union are trying

desperately to pin the blame for the Doha stalemate on the United States for being ‘too

ambitious,’ the failure lies with a divided EU that was unable to reach consensus on opening

their highly-protected agricultural markets.”21

In a second fact sheet released on July 25, the USTR set out information on the U.S. offer

on market access for agricultural products and domestic support payments. The fact sheet 22

stated that the “United States has lower agricultural tariffs than the EU or advanced

developing economies,” identifying the average bound tariff for the United States as 12
 Government of India. “India Sticks to its Guns in WTO Talks.”

23

 China, India, Brazil, and Mexico account for nearly three quarters of the GDP produced by the G-20 24

countries.

 Government of India. “India Sticks to its Guns in WTO Talks.”

25

 Education International, “WTO Trade Talks—G-6 Meeting Fails to Break Deadlock.” TradEducation 26

News. August 2006; BNA, “WTO’s Doha Round Talks Collapse, As G-6 Ministerial Ends in Acrimony.”

 The Cairns Group is a self-described coalition of 19 agricultural exporting countries, both developed 27

and developing countries, from Latin America, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. Cairns Group, “Member

countries.” At the end of 2006, members included Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,

South Africa, Thailand, and Uruguay. The group seeks to liberalize trade in agricultural exports in the WTO

Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations.

3-4

percent, for the EU as 23 percent, and for India as 114 percent, with a global average bound

tariff of 62 percent. The release stated that the October 2005 U.S. proposal on trade in

agriculture “offered a far bolder package of ag tariff cuts than anyone else,” that to match

such cuts would require the EU to cut average agricultural tariffs by 66 percent, and would

have the advanced developing countries cut average agricultural tariffs by 44 percent. The

fact sheet also noted that the October 2005 U.S. offer sought to close “substantial loopholes

that could exempt many agricultural commodities from the tariff-cutting formulas

altogether” as proposed by the EU and other countries such as India.

The USTR fact sheet stated that the “United States has fewer trade-distorting agricultural

supports than the EU,” estimating total 2005 trade-distorting agricultural support at $12.5

billion in the United States and at $33 billion in the EU. The fact sheet indicated that the

“United States would make real cuts in allowed support in existing farm programs,” having

proposed “to cut its most trade-distorting subsidies by 60 percent” whereas the “EU proposal

would not require any changes in its current farm programs.”

The trade minister of India, Shri Kamal Nath, also released a statement expressing

disappointment at the suspension of the Round. With India and Brazil representing the 23

agricultural interests of many developing countries in the Round as major members of the

G-20, Kamal Nath pointed out that economic development was the central theme of the 24

Doha Round. He stated that “the elimination of the structural flaws in agricultural trade . .

. is of crucial importance to developing countries. The distortions in agricultural trade arise

mainly because of the huge subsidies being paid by developed countries to their farmers and

due to the formidable non-tariff barriers to the market access aspirations of developing

countries.” He added that to resume the negotiations, members will need to “bridge the gap 25

in mindsets” between countries such as India stressing the development aspects of the

Round and others stressing primarily market access issues, such as the United States.26

Informal Consultations

In the months following the suspension, the WTO Director-General, Pascal Lamy, held

discussions with ministers and officials from a broad range of WTO members, groups such

as the G-20 and the Cairns Group, as well as multilateral economic institutions involved 27

with the Round, such as the World Bank and IMF. Lamy reiterated during these

consultations that the impasse over agricultural subsidies and market access would likely

be costly to the global economy, in these and other areas where the impasse blocked
 WTO, “Lamy: ‘Political Heavy Lifting’ at Home Needed to Revive Talks.” 28

 WTO, General Council, “Lamy: Round failure would hurt developing countries more than others.” 29

 WTO, “Trade Negotiations Committee—Director-General’s remarks at the informal TNC, 16 30

November 2006.”

 WTO, General Council, “Report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committee—14 and 15 31

December 2006.”

 Vietnam acceded to the WTO on January 11, 2007, making it the 150th WTO member.

32

 At various sessions during the year, the General Council also heard Guatemala and Honduras raise their 33

claim of substantial supplier status regarding the May 2004 enlargement of the EU and consequent

modifications to the EU external tariff on bananas. In response to the claim, the EU pointed out that WTO

practice traditionally awards substantial supplier rights to a country with a market share of 10 percent or

more, whereas Guatemala and Honduras held an EU market share more on the order of one half of one

percent during a recent period (2000-2002). U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “Meeting of

the WTO General Council—May 15, 2006, paras. 13-14.

3-5

progress such as services, trade facilitation, and antidumping rules. The Director-General 28

reported to members regularly his view that support for a renewal of negotiations appeared

to be increasing, but cautioned in October 2006 that negotiations can “only resume when

substantive positions have changed on key problem issues, in particular in the key area of

agriculture which holds the key to unlocking the rest of the agenda. [There are] no visible

indications of flexibilities until now. Unless and until it happens, we will remain

deadlocked.”29

By November 2006, with support growing for a resumption, the Director-General signaled

the chairs of the various negotiating groups to carry out their informal contacts with a view

toward “multilateralizing” them and bringing members back to the negotiating groups as

each chair judged appropriate, suggesting that informal consultations since the suspension

had advanced to somewhere “between the quiet diplomacy of the last months and . . .

fully-fledged negotiations.”

30

The WTO Director-General reported to the December 2006 General Council that, although

he had signaled the negotiating group chairmen to explore the possibilities for a resumption

of negotiations, he cautioned that “no real changes in numbers, notably in agriculture

domestic support or tariff protection have shown up in these discussions so far” but that

nonetheless he considered that “an increasing level of engagement is starting to appear. I

believe this indicates a willingness to enter into discussions on substance.”31

General Council

In 2006, the General Council held five formal sessions—in February, May, July, October,

and December—as well as one session in November dedicated to the formal accession of

Vietnam to the WTO. The Director-General reported at each session on the current state- 32

of-play in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) trade negotiations. He also updated

members at various sessions about continuing projects arising out of the DDA, such as the

task force established by the council in February on the “Aid for Trade” initiative (AFT),

and the initiative examining trade-related aspects of development assistance to cotton

producing countries (“cotton initiative”). Additional selected developments in the WTO 33

General Council for the year follow.
 WTO, General Council. "Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 8 February

34

2006;” and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, "Meeting of the WTO General

Council—February 8, 2006.”

 The ACP countries form a group of countries that were formerly colonies or territories belonging to the 35

European countries that today make up the EU.

 The Cotton Initiative emerged from the WTO Fifth Ministerial Conference, held at Cancun, Mexico in 36

September 2003, when four sub-Saharan African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali) proposed

that cotton subsidies in the developed countries be eliminated to remedy the alleged economic loss to these

African countries caused by depressed world cotton prices arising from subsidized cotton exports from

developed countries. Since then, the WTO Director-General has consulted with a number of affected

countries to reach agreement on the issue. In addition, he reports periodically to the council on cotton

development assistance provided by bilateral donors and multilateral and regional agencies in connection

with the Doha Round cotton initiative. In December 2006, he reported 185 activities completed, in progress,

or under design, directed toward these four countries, valued at roughly $6.85 billion.

 WTO, General Council. “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 15 May 2006;” 37

and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “Meeting of the WTO General Council—May 15,

2006.”

 WTO, General Council. “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 27-28 July 38

2006;” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “July 2006 Meeting of the WTO General Council;”

and WTO, “ ‘It’s time for serious thinking on what’s at stake here.’ ”

 Discussions on implementation issues arose when commitments under the Uruguay Round Agreements

39

were still not implemented by their January 2000 deadline, with ongoing discussions since then.

 Provisions in the 1986-93 Uruguay Round Agreements called for new negotiations under Article 23 of 40

the WTO TRIPS Agreement to develop increased protections specifically for geographical indications

concerning wines and spirits. Many WTO members have sought to see these negotiations extended to

additional products.

3-6

Aid for Trade Initiative

In February, the Director-General announced the creation of the AFT task force to provide

recommendations to the General Council on how AFT measures could contribute to the

development dimension of the DDA. He requested participation from a number of

34

countries, including Barbados, Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, Japan, India, and the United

States, as well as coordinators from the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) country

group, the least developed countries, and African groups. 35

Cotton Initiative36

In May, the Director-General reported on the status of the cotton initiative, pointing out

increases in both the number of projects underway and funding for such projects. The 37

General Council also formally agreed to derestrict all official documents in the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade archive as on June 1, 2006, to allow greater institutional

transparency for researchers and others.

Reports on DDA and Geographical Indications Negotiations

In July, the Director-General reported to the General Council on his decision to suspend the

Doha Round multilateral trade negotiations on July 24, 2006, given his assessment that

differences between members were too wide to bridge at the time. He also reported that 38

no significant progress was evident in talks about a variety of implementation issues, and 39

that discussions on whether or not to extend negotiations on geographical indications

beyond the scope of wine and spirits to other products remained unresolved.40
 WTO, General Council. “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 27-28 July 41

2006.”

 WTO, General Council. “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 10 October 42

2006;” and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “October 2006 Meeting of the WTO General

Council.”

 WTO, General Council. “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 14-15 43

December 2006;” and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, "WTO General Council Meeting,

December 2006.”

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO General Council Meeting, December 2006,” 44

paras. 2-3.

 Whereas RTAs involving any developed countries must be notified to the Committee on Regional Trade 45

Agreements, RTAs between developing countries only need to be notified to the WTO Committee on Trade

and Development.

3-7

Integrated Framework Task Force

The chair of the Task Force on the Integrated Framework (IF) reported its recommendations

to the General Council in July, suggesting a ten-fold increase in funding for the IF with a

secretariat to administer the IF to be established within the WTO. The chair of the Task 41

Force on Aid for Trade also reported its recommendations in July, suggesting that

developing countries need to match their trade requirements more closely with their

economic development goals, making use of existing institutions wherever possible.

Members also agreed in July to extend for another year (to July 2007) the work program on

harmonization in the WTO Committee on Rules of Origin.

Regional Organizations’ Assistance to Small Economies

In October, the General Council approved recommendations to allow small economies to

use regional organizations to assist with these countries’ implementation obligations under

the WTO agreements on sanitary and phytosanitary standards, technical barriers to trade,

and intellectual property rights under the WTO TRIPS Agreement. The General Council 42

also appointed chairmen for WTO accession working parties for Libya, Serbia, and the

Ukraine.

Provisional Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements 

In December, the General Council approved a provisional Agreement on a Transparency

Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that was concluded by the DDA

Negotiating Group on Rules in July 2006. WTO members are to start an initial review of 43

the mechanism within one year, although the decision is still considered part of the single

undertaking of the DDA negotiations. The agreement is expected to provide greater

uniformity in the information that members provide concerning their RTAs, according to

U.S. Mission to the WTO. Also, the agreement is to apply to all RTAs, including those 44

signed only between developing country members.45

China Transitional Review Mechanism

Also in December, WTO members reviewed China’s WTO accession commitments under

the Transitional Review Mechanism (TRM). At the review’s conclusion, China expressed
 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 14-15 46

December 2006;” and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, "WTO General Council Meeting,

December 2006,” paras. 4-6.

 The Kimberley Process is a joint government, international diamond industry, and civil society initiative 47

to stem the flow of conflict diamonds, that is, rough diamonds that are used by rebel movements to finance

wars against legitimate governments. The trade in these stones has contributed to conflicts in countries such

as Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sierra Leone. The Kimberley Process

Certification Scheme is a voluntary system that imposes requirements on participants to certify that

shipments of rough diamonds are free from conflict diamonds. There are currently 45 participants, including

the European Union. See “Kimberley Process.” (accessed May 14, 2007).

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting—Held in the Centre William Rappard on 14-15 48

December 2006;” and U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, “WTO General Council Meeting, December

2006,” paras. 40.

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, “WTO General Council Meeting, December 2006,” paras. 29- 49

30. The 2003 decision sets up a system that allows an eligible WTO member to obtain from an eligible

exporting WTO member the pharmaceutical supplies needed to address public health problems that constitute

an urgent national situation, such as those involving human immunovirus/acquired immune deficiency

syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis, malaria, or similar epidemics of extreme emergency. The decision aims

to provide developing countries—in particular the least developed countries—with greater access to such

vital medicines particularly where such members possess no or insufficient manufacturing capacity in the

pharmaceutical sector to address such emergencies.

3-8

the view that it is now in conformity with the commitments made in its WTO Protocol of

Accession. Several other members, however, voiced the view that this year’s review was 46

less than satisfactory, and that some of China’s responses were insufficient. A number of

issues were cited as problematic, such as local content rules, import and export restrictions,

subsidies and discriminatory regulations, enforcement of intellectual property rights,

restrictive rules regarding so-called critical equipment manufacturers, rules about foreign

mergers and acquisitions, and discriminatory government procurement rules. Unresolved

matters from TRMs in previous years were cited, such as standards issues, issues involving

auto parts, steel policy and export restrictions, and continuing problems with restrictions on

agricultural imports. To resolve these problems, it was suggested that China would need to

improve transparency and predictability, and institutionalize market reforms.

Waivers

The General Council adopted a number of waiver extension requests in December including

a certification scheme for trade in rough diamonds (the so-called Kimberley Process) and 47

a waiver extension for Canada’s CaribCan trade preference program for Caribbean

countries. The council did not approve the waiver requested by the EU regarding its tariff48

rate quota for bananas from the ACP country group, with the General Council chairman

reporting that some WTO members continue to refuse to consider the EU request. The

council reviewed reports on activities from subsidiary WTO bodies and heard a report from

the TRIPS Council that reviewed the Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the

Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, adopted in August 2003.49

The General Council chairman also reminded members of the need for a special session of

a ministerial conference once the DDA negotiations conclude, as well as the importance of

the biennial ministerial-level conference that must be convened by the end of 2007.
 For further detail on individual disputes with major U.S. trading partners, see chapter 5. 50

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Colombia—Customs Measures on Importation Of Certain Goods 51

from Panama—Notification of Mutually Agreed Solution.”

 The EU was the complainant in three cases and the respondent in two. China was the respondent in

52

three cases. Canada, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Korea, Mexico, Norway, and Thailand were the

complainants in the remaining cases, with Brazil, Japan, Mexico, and Turkey the respondents in the cases

remaining.

 USTR, “United States Files WTO Case Against China Over Treatment of U.S. Auto Parts;” and “United 53

States Requests WTO Panel in Challenge of China’s Treatment of U.S. Auto Parts.” 

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “China - Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts—Request 54

for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States.”

3-9

Dispute Settlement50

Consultations and New Panels Established

During 2006, WTO members filed 20 new requests for WTO dispute settlement

consultations. This compares with 12 in 2005 and 19 in 2004. One set of consultations

resulted in a mutually agreed settlement (DS 348). Fourteen new dispute settlement panels

51

were established during 2006 (table 3-1). The United States was the complainant in three

of the 14 cases that resulted in the establishment of a panel, and the respondent in five

cases.52

Seven of the new panel cases involved challenges of various member antidumping duty and

countervailing duty measures, three involved challenges of China’s measures affecting

imports of automobile parts, two involved respective U.S. and EU challenges of each other’s

measures affecting trade in large civil aircraft, and the remaining cases involved import

measures regarding retreaded tires and rice. 

The three cases challenging China’s auto parts measures were brought by the EU (DS339),

the United States (DS340), and Canada (DS342). In its complaint the United States asserted

that the measures identified penalize manufacturers for using imported auto parts in the

manufacture of vehicles for sale in China. The United States asserted that China in effect

would be assessing a charge on imported auto parts equal to the tariff on complete vehicles

if the imported parts are incorporated in a vehicle that contains imported parts in excess of

thresholds, even though China had bound its tariffs for auto parts at rates significantly lower

than its tariff bindings for complete vehicles. The United States claimed that these

53

measures are inconsistent with Article 2 of the TRIMs Agreement; Articles II (including

para. 1) and III (including paras. 2, 4, and 5) of the GATT 1994.; Article 3 (including paras.

1 and 2) of the SCM Agreement; and China’s Protocol of Accession (WT/L/432) (including

Parts I.1.2 and I.7.3, and paras. 93 and 203 of the Working Party Report). The EU and 54

Canada made similar complaints, and the DSB established a single panel in October 2006

to review the three complaints.

In two cases involving import measures, the EU challenged Brazilian measures affecting

imports of retreaded tires (DS332), and the United States challenged Turkish measures

affecting imports of rice (DS334). In the latter case, the United States alleged that certain

tariff-rate quotas imposed by Turkey on imports of U.S. rice violated Turkey’s obligations

under Articles III and XI of GATT 1994 and various provisions of the WTO TRIMs 
 USTR, “United States Requests Establishment of WTO Panel on Turkey’s Restrictions on Imports of 55

U.S. Rice;” and WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Turkey—Measures Affecting the Importation of

Rice—Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the United States—Note by the

Secretariat—Revision.”

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Table 3.1 WTO Dispute-Settlement cases initiated in 2006

Case

No. Complainant Respondent Case Name

Panel

Established

DS331 Guatemala Mexico Antidumping Duties on Steel Pipes and Tubes

from Guatemala

Mar. 17, 2006

DS332 EU Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres Jan. 20, 2006

DS334 United States Turkey Measures Affecting the Importation of Rice Mar. 17, 2006

DS335 Ecuador United States Antidumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador July 19, 2006

a

DS336 Korea Japan Countervailing Duties on Dynamic Random

Access Memories from Korea

June 19, 2006

DS337 Norway EU Antidumping Measures on Farmed Salmon from

Norway

June 9, 2006

DS339 EU China Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts Oct. 26, 2006

DS340 United States China Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts Oct. 26, 2006

DS342 Canada China Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts Oct. 26, 2006

DS343 Thailand United States Antidumping Measures on Shrimp from Thailand Sept. 28, 2006 b

DS344 Mexico United States Final Antidumping Measures on Stainless Steel

from Mexicoc

Oct. 26, 2006

DS345 India United States Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject

to Antidumping/Countervailing Duties

d

Nov. 21, 2006

DS347 United States EU Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft e

(Second Complaint)

May 9, 2006

DS353 EU United States Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft

(Second Complaint)

Feb. 2, 2006

Source: WTO. "Update of WTO Dispute Settlement Cases." https://dsdb.wto.org/sop/SOP.htm (accessed March 19,

2007).

 A panel was established in July 2006 and composed in September 2006. The panel report was circulated in

a

January 2007 and was adopted by the DSB in February 2007. WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, "United States -

Anti-dumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador—Panel Report—Action by the Dispute Settlement Body."

 A panel was established in October 2006 and composed in January 2007. WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, b

"United States—Measures Relating to Shrimp from Thailand—Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request

of Thailand—Note by the Secretariat—Revision.”

 A panel was established in October 2006 and composed in December 2006. WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, c

"United States—Final Anti-dumping Measures On Stainless Steel from Mexico—Constitution of the Panel

Established at the Request of Mexico—Note by the Secretariat."

 A panel was established in November 2006 and composed in January 2007. WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, d

"United States—Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-dumping/countervailing

Duties—Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of India—Note by the Secretariat."

 And certain member states. e

Agreement, Agriculture Agreement, and Import Licensing Agreement. A panel was

established in March 2006 and composed in July 2006.55

In its complaint concerning EU measures affecting trade in large civilian aircraft (DS347),

the United States alleged that the EU maintains subsidies that are inconsistent with their

obligations under the SCM Agreement and the GATT 1994. In particular, the United States

alleged that launch aid provided by the EC and the member states to Airbus for the

development of large civil aircraft and the European Investment Bank (EIB) loans provided

to Airbus are subsidies that are inconsistent with Articles 3.1(a), 3.1(b), and 3.2 of the SCM
 USTR, “United States Files Additional Consultation Request in Airbus WTO Litigation;” and WTO, 56

Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities and Certain Member States—Measures Affecting Trade

in Large Civil Aircraft—Request for Consultations by the United States—Addendum.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities—Measures Affecting The Approval and 57

Marketing Of Biotech Products—Reports of the Panel,” paras. 8.13-8.32.

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Agreement; that the measures of the EC and the member states that are the subject of their

request for consultations are causing adverse effects to U.S. interests within the meaning of

Articles 5(a), 5(c), 6.3(a), 6.3(b), and 6.3(c) of the SCM Agreement; and that the measures

are inconsistent with Articles III:4 and XVI:1 of the GATT 1994. A panel was established

in April 2006 and composed in July 2006. In October 2006, the United States requested that

the panel suspend its work, and the panel agreed to the request.56

In its complaint against the United States (DS353), the EU alleged that the United States

provides prohibited and actionable subsidies to U.S. producers of large civil aircraft that are

inconsistent with Articles 3.1(a), 3.1(b), 3.2, 5(a), 5(c), 6.3(a), 6.3(b), and 6.3(c) of the SCM

Agreement; and Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. A panel was established in February 2006

and composed in November 2006.

Appellate Body and Panel Reports Adopted during 2006 that Involved the

United States

Overview

During 2006, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) adopted Appellate Body and/or

Panel reports in seven dispute settlement cases in which the United States was either the

complaining party (three reports) or the responding party (four reports). The adopted reports

and status of each of these cases is summarized below. The summary also includes an eighth

case in which an appeal of a panel report was pending at the end of 2006 and the Appellate

Body report was adopted in early 2007; the United States was the responding party in that

case.

Reports in which the United States was the complainant

EC measures affecting approval and marketing of biotech products (DS291)

This dispute involved complaints filed by the United States (DS291), Canada (DS292), and

Argentina (DS293) in 2003 alleging that the EC, by applying a moratorium on the approval

and marketing of biotech products, had acted inconsistently with its obligations under the

WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). The EC denied

that such a moratorium existed. On November 21, 2006, the DSB adopted panel reports in

these disputes. With respect to the complaint filed by the United States, the panel found that

the EC had applied a general de facto moratorium on the approval of biotech products

between June 1999 and August 2003, when the panel was established, and that the EC, by

applying the moratorium, had acted inconsistently with its obligations under the SPS

Agreement. The panel, however, rejected other arguments that the EC had acted

inconsistently under provisions of the Agreement. At the DSB meeting on December 19, 57

2006, the EC announced its intention to implement the rulings and recommendations of the

DSB in a manner consistent with its obligations, but indicated it would need a reasonable
 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities—Measures Affecting the Approval And 58

Marketing of Biotech Products—Notification of an Agreement with respect to Article 21.3(c) of the DSU.”

See also USTR, “U.S. Trade Representative Susan Schwab and U.S. Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns

Announce Favorable Ruling in WTO Case on Agricultural Biotechnology.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks And Other 59

Beverages—Report of the Panel,” paras. 9.1-9.5.

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks And Other 60

Beverages—Report of the Appellate Body,” par. 85.

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks And Other 61

Beverages—Agreement under Article 21.3(b) of the DSU”; and USTR, “U.S. Wins Mexico Beverage Tax

Dispute.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities—Selected Customs Matters—Report of the 62

Panel,” par. 8.1.

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amount of time in which to do so in view of the complexity and sensitivity of the issues

involved. As of the end of 2006, no date had been set for implementation.58

Mexican tax measures on soft drinks and other beverages (DS308)

This dispute involved a challenge by the United States of a 20 percent beverage tax and 20

percent distribution tax imposed by Mexico on soft drinks and other beverages that use a

sweetener other than cane sugar. The United States alleged that the taxes were inconsistent

with Mexico’s obligations under Article III of GATT 1994. The United States requested

consultations in March 2004 and establishment of a panel in June 2004. The panel issued

its findings in October 2005, and found that the Mexican beverage, distribution, and

bookkeeping taxes are inconsistent with Article III of GATT 1994 and are not justified

under Article XX(d) of GATT 1994. Mexico appealed, and the Appellate Body issued its

59

report in March 2006, upholding the panel’s findings, with some modifications in

reasoning. The DSB adopted the Appellate Body report and the panel report (as modified 60

by the Appellate Body) on March 24, 2006. Mexico and the United States later reached

agreement on a schedule under which Mexico would implement the DSB rulings and

recommendations, with Mexico to complete implementation no later than January 31,

2007.

61

Certain EC customs matters (DS315)

This dispute involved a challenge by the United States of the European Communities’

administration of laws and regulations pertaining to the classification and valuation of

products for customs purposes and its failure to institute tribunals or procedures for the

prompt review and correction of administrative action on customs matters, in violation of

Article X of GATT 1994. The United States requested consultations in September 2004 and

establishment of a panel in January 2005. The panel issued its report in June 2006, finding,

among other things, that the EC had violated its obligations under Article X:3 in three of 19

cases alleged by the United States. In August 2006 the United States appealed, and in 62

November 2006 the Appellate Body issued its report, affirming the panel in part and

reversing the panel in part, but it was unable to complete its analysis with respect to the U.S.

claim that the European Communities’ system of customs administration as a whole or
 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities—Selected Customs Matters—Report of the 63

Appellate Body,” par. 309.

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “European Communities—Selected Customs Matters—Appellate 64

Body Report and Panel Report—Action by the Dispute Settlement Body,” and USTR, “WTO Finds Against

EC Customs Law Administration.”

 In the original dispute, the EC alleged that tax U.S. measures providing special tax treatment for foreign 65

sales corporations (FSC) were inconsistent with U.S. obligations under Articles III:4 and XVI of the GATT

1994, Articles 3.1(a) and (b) of the Subsidies Agreement, and Articles 3 and 8 of the Agreement on

Agriculture. In March 2000, the DSB adopted an Appellate Body report and Panel report (as modified by the

Appellate Body) finding that the U.S. tax measures were inconsistent with U.S. obligations under Article 3.1

of the Subsidies Agreement and Article 8 of the Agreement on Agriculture.

 

66 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Tax Treatment for "Foreign Sales Corporations"—

Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities—Report of the Appellate Body,”

par. 100.

 USTR, “Statement by USTR Portman on the Repeal of FSC/ETI Grandfather Rules,” and the White 67

House, “President Bush Signs Tax Relief Extension Reconciliation Act of 2005.”

 EU, “Notice (2006/C 126/07).” 68

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overall is not administered in a uniform manner. The DSB adopted the Appellate Body

63

report and the Panel report, as modified, at its meeting on December 11, 2006.

64

Reports in which the United States was the respondent

U.S. tax treatment for foreign sales corporations (DS108)

The DSB action in 2006 in this dispute involved adoption of a compliance report in response

to an EC challenge of U.S. legislation enacted in 2004 that sought to bring U.S. foreign sales

corporations (FSCs) tax legislation into conformity with the DSB’s rulings and

recommendations in the original case in 2000. This was the second such challenge by the 65

EC of U.S. legislation enacted to implement the DSB rulings and recommendations.

Following a first challenge, the DSB in January 2002, adopted Appellate Body and panel

reports (“first recourse” reports) finding that the first U.S. replacement legislation, the FSC

Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act, was inconsistent with the DSB’s 2000

rulings and recommendations. In 2004, the U.S. Congress enacted new legislation, the

American JOBS Replacement Act of 2004. The EC challenged that legislation as also

inconsistent, and the DSB in March 2006 adopted an Appellate Body “second recourse”

report (and the Panel report as upheld by the Appellate Body), finding that the 2004 U.S.

replacement legislation was also inconsistent with the DSB’s rulings and

recommendations. Following adoption of the second recourse report, the U.S. Congress 66

enacted legislation (which the President signed on May 17, 2006) that repealed the

provisions of the foreign sales corporation/extraterritorial income regimes and brought the

United States into compliance with its WTO obligations. The EC subsequently repealed 67

its countermeasures on U.S. imports, that had been authorized by the DSB in 2002 and 2003,

effective on May 29 2006.68

U.S. Antidumping “Zeroing” Methodology (DS294 and DS322)

The EU (DS294) and Japan (DS322) brought two separate dispute settlement cases (in 2003

and 2004, respectively) against the United States regarding a methodology used by the
 In general, a “zeroing” methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show 69

dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin. WTO, “Update of WTO

Dispute Settlement Cases.” Specifically, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s calculation of a weighted

average dumping margin for a company generally involves numerous comparisons between sales in the

United States and sales in the home market or third country market (or costs in the home market). While

some comparisons reveal dumping (e.g., the price in the United States is lower than the home market price),

other comparisons may reveal no dumping (e.g., the price in the United States is higher than the home market

price). Where a comparison reveals no dumping, Commerce assigns a zero to that comparison, rather than a

negative number equal to the amount by which the U.S. price exceeds the home market price. This practice is

generally referred to as “zeroing.” The WTO Antidumping Agreement contemplates three methodologies for

calculating a dumping margin in investigations: average-to-average, transaction-to-transaction, and averageto-transaction. These issues in these disputes involve the use of zeroing for each of these methodologies as

well as whether the zeroing methodology can be used in different types of antidumping proceedings,

including original investigations, administrative reviews, and five-year reviews. USTR, “WTO Panel finds

for the United States in ‘Zeroing’ Dispute with Japan.” 

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating 70

Dumping Margins ("Zeroing")—Report of the Appellate Body.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating 71

Dumping Margins ("Zeroing")—Understanding between the United States and the European Communities

regarding Procedures under Articles 21 and 22 of the DSU.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing And Sunset 72

Reviews—Report of the Appellate Body.”

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United States in calculating dumping margins, known as “zeroing.” In filing its complaint,

69

the EU alleged that the U.S. laws, regulations, and methodology used for calculating

dumping margins as such and as applied in specific U.S. antidumping cases involving

products imported from the EU were inconsistent with U.S. obligations under the WTO

agreements. The 2005 panel report was appealed and the Appellate Body report was adopted

on May 9, 2006. In particular, the Appellate Body concurred with the panel and upheld the

EU claims that the use of the zeroing methodology in original investigations (when the

weighted-average-to-weighted-average comparison method is used to calculate dumping

margins), and specifically in the 15 determinations challenged, was inconsistent with U.S.

WTO obligations. The United States informed the DSB of its intention to implement the

70

recommendations and rulings of the DSB, and the United States and the European

Communities agreed that the period for implementation would end on April 9, 2007.71

In the second dispute (DS322), Japan also contested the U.S. laws, regulations, and

methodologies involving zeroing as such and as applied, and in particular when zeroing is

used in transaction-to-transaction comparisons to calculate dumping margins and when

margins calculated using zeroing are relied on in five-year reviews. While the panel report,

circulated on September 20, 2006, found in favor of the United States on most issues, the

report was appealed by both Japan and the United States. The Appellate Body report,

adopted on January 23, 2007, reversed the panel’s findings and concluded that the United

States’ use of a zeroing methodology when calculating dumping margins on the basis of

transaction-to-transaction comparisons and its reliance on dumping margins involving

zeroing in five-year reviews, among other issues, was not consistent with U.S. WTO

obligations.72

U.S. Softwood Lumber (DS264 and DS277)

Canada brought a number of separate dispute settlement cases against the United States

regarding antidumping duty and countervailing duty measures taken by the United States in
 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Investigation of the International Trade Commission 73

in Softwood Lumber from Canada—Appellate Body Report and Panel Report pursuant to Article 21.5 of the

DSU—Action by the Dispute Settlement Body,” and “United States—Final Dumping Determination on

Softwood Lumber from Canada—Appellate Body Report and Panel Report pursuant to Article 21.5 of the

DSU—Action by the Dispute Settlement Body.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Investigation of the International Trade Commission 74

in Softwood Lumber from Canada—Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada—Report of the

Appellate Body,” par. 140.

 Ibid., paras. 160-161. The Appellate Body concluded that “completing the analysis in this case would 75

require us to review extensive aspects of the USITC’s threat of injury and causation analyses, and would

require us to engage in a comprehensive examination of highly complex and contested facts.”

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Final Dumping Determination On Softwood Lumber 76

from Canada—Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada—Report of the Appellate Body,” paras. 123-

124 and 147.

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2002 on imports of softwood lumber from Canada. Appellate Body reports in two of these

disputes (DS277 and DS264) were adopted by the DSB in 2006.73

On May 9, 2006, the DSB adopted the Appellate Body report in the dispute (DS277)

concerning Canada’s challenge to a new USITC determination in its Section 129

proceeding, which found that the U.S. softwood lumber industry is threatened with material

injury by reason of dumped and subsidized softwood lumber imports from Canada. This

U.S. measure had been taken in 2004 to comply with a prior WTO panel report regarding

the USITC’s original determination. The Appellate Body found that the Article 21.5 Panel

failed to comply with DSU Article 11 in the standard of review that it articulated and

applied to assess the consistency of the USITC’s Section 129 Determination with the

relevant WTO Agreements. However, the Appellate Body explicitly stated that it could not

74

itself complete the analysis and reach a conclusion on whether the ITC determination was

consistent with the relevant WTO Agreements. Thus, the Appellate Body report let stand 75

the USITC’s Section 129 determination.

On September 1, 2006, the DSB adopted the Appellate Body report in the dispute (DS264)

concerning Canada’s challenge to Commerce’s use of a zeroing methodology in calculating

the dumping margins in its Section 129 Determination on imports of softwood lumber from

Canada. In reversing the Article 21.5 Panel, the Appellate Body concluded that the use of

zeroing by Commerce under the transaction-to-transaction comparison methodology in its

Section 129 Determination is inconsistent with the relevant provisions of the Antidumping

Agreement.76

Mutually Agreed Settlements in 2006

The United States reached settlements in 2006 with Canada and Mexico on two longstanding trade disputes, softwood lumber and gray portland cement, respectively. As a result

of these mutually agreed settlements, a number of cases at various stages in the WTO

dispute settlement process were terminated or suspended.

One group of these WTO disputes (DS236, DS247, DS264, and DS277) involved cases

brought by Canada against the United States involving various U.S. trade remedy measures

taken concerning imports of softwood lumber from Canada. The conclusion of the

Canadian-U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement, which entered into force October 12, 2006,

led to the termination of these disputes.
 

77 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “United States—Anti-dumping Measures on Cement from

Mexico—Communication from the Chairman of the Panel.” The Panel has not been requested to resume its

work and thus, the authority for the establishment of the Panel lapsed as of 14 January 2007. WTO, Dispute

Settlement Body, “United States—Anti-dumping Measures on Cement from Mexico—Lapse of Authority for

the Establishment of the Panel—Note by the Secretariat.”

 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement Between 78

the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the United States Department of Commerce and

Secretaria de Economia of Mexico on Trade in Cement,” Fed. Reg. 13082.

 

79 The General Council approved the accession of Vietnam during 2006. On January 11, 2007, Vietnam

became the 150th member of the WTO.

 OECD, Trade Directorate, “Meetings of the Trade Committee.” 80

 Ibid. 81

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Similarly, the WTO dispute panel proceedings (DS281) involving antidumping measures

on cement from Mexico was suspended in January 2006, pending negotiations between the

United States and Mexico to find a mutually acceptable settlement regarding trade in

cement. An agreement between the United States and Mexico on trade in cement was 77

signed on March 6, 2006, and took effect on April 3, 2006.

78

Membership

There were 149 members of the WTO in 2006 (table 3.2). Another 31 countries are

79

observers, in various stages of accession to the WTO (table 3.3).

OECD

Trade Committee

The OECD Trade Committee provides senior trade officials from member states, as well as

invited observer countries, with a forum for discussion on a broad number of key trade

policy issues and developments. In 2006, the committee held three sessions.80

At the March session, delegates offered views on how the Doha Round trade negotiations

might move forward following the December 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference held in

Hong Kong, China. Ministers expressed concern about the tightening time frame in which

to accomplish what remained to be done, highlighting work not only on achieving full

modalities in the areas of agricultural and nonagricultural negotiations but also work in the

areas of rules and services. The Deputy Director of the Trade Directorate also briefed

delegates on the Globalization and Structural Adjustment project, a wide-ranging

examination of the effects of globalization on innovation in key trade and service sectors

and related labor market adjustments.81

At the June meeting, delegates held a broad discussion regarding the future of the

multilateral trading system, stressing the need for the committee to act as a forum to discuss

upcoming issues that reach beyond trade issues currently under negotiation in the WTO

Doha Round. Some preliminary ideas were discussed on future areas of work related to trade

and development, trade and adjustment, facilitating the Doha Round trade negotiations,

evaluation of the impact and results of the DDA, the relationship between regionalism and

the multilateral trading system, and further study of how different policy areas interact with
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Table 3.2 WTO Membership in 2006

Albania

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bolivia

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burma

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African Rep.

Chad

Chile

China

China, Hong Kong

China, Macao

China, Taipei

Colombia

Congo, Democratic Rep.

Congo, Rep.

Costa Rica

Côte d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Rep.

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Estonia

European Communities

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kenya

Korea

Kuwait

Kyrgyz Rep.

Latvia

Lesotho

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Macedonia

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Moldova

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Nepal

Netherlands, Netherlands

Antilles

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Tanzania

Thailand

Togo

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States of America

Uruguay

Venezuela

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Source: WTO. "Members and Observers."
 Ibid. 82

 Ibid. 83

 For further details, see USITC, The Year in Trade 2004, 3-12--3-13. 84

 OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, “OECD Special Meeting at High-Level on 85

Steel Issues.”

 For further details, see USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 3-16. 86

3-18

Table 3.3 WTO Observers in 2006

Afghanistan

Algeria

Andorra

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Belarus

Bhutan

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cape Verde

Ethiopia

Guinea, Equatorial

Iran

Iraq

Kazakhstan

Laos

Lebanon

Libya

Montenegro

Russia

Samoa

São Tomé and Principe

Serbia

Seychelles

Sudan

Tajikistan

Tonga

Ukraine

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Vatican (Holy See)

Yemen

Source: WTO. "Members and Observers."

http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm (accessed March 15, 2007).

trade policy, such as trade and the environment, trade and investment, trade and competition

policy, and trade and labor standards.82

At the October session, following the July suspension of the Doha Round trade negotiations,

delegates agreed to focus on trade issues beyond those in the suspended trade round. One

key issue under discussion was how to improve the effectiveness of the AFT programs and,

in particular, seeing that trade issues are more effectively integrated into economic

assistance programs and developing tools to assess AFT efforts both locally and globally.

In light of the substantial work done by the committee on the subject of trade facilitation,

delegates pressed to continue this work despite the fact that the issue remained part of the

suspended Doha Round negotiations and was not separated out at the time of the suspension

in order to continue negotiation toward a stand-alone trade facilitation agreement.83

Steel Committee and Steel Subsidy Negotiations 

In June 2001, the United States launched a multilateral initiative to help restore market

forces to world steel markets through negotiations with trading partners, aimed at

eliminating excess capacity in the steel industry worldwide. Negotiations on a steel subsidy

84

agreement were taken up under the auspices of the OECD High Level Group (HLG) on

Steel, which led to a draft text in April 2004 entitled “Elements of an Agreement to Reduce

or Eliminate Trade-Distorting Subsidies in Steel.” Participants agreed in 2004 to shift the 85

focus of talks to bilateral and plurilateral consultations when they effectively reached an

impasse in these multilateral negotiations over issues such as the nature of exceptions to the

overall subsidies prohibition, special and differential treatment for developing countries, and

whether any excepted subsidies would continue to be countervailable under national trade

remedy laws.86

In 2005, the chairman of the HLG on Steel noted that significant differences remained

between participants in key areas, including on environmental subsidies, trade remedies, and
 Ibid. 87

 OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, “Summary Record of the 59th Meeting of the 88

Steel Committee.” Par.11.

 OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, “Summary Record of the 61st Meeting of the 89

Steel Committee.”

 APEC was established in 1989. Its 21 members are Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; 90

China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea;

Peru; the Philippines; Russia; Singapore; Chinese Taipei (Taiwan); Thailand; the United States; and

Vietnam. For more information, see APEC, “APEC at a Glance,”

http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec.html.

3-19

special and differential treatment. Despite the continued impasse, a number of participants

87

underscored the role that the OECD Steel Committee could play in tracking industry

developments and addressing emerging issues. The chairman proposed to redirect the work

88

of the HLG on Steel and the Steel Committee by: (1) continuing the suspension of

negotiations on a steel subsidy agreement, (2) reorienting the work of the HLG on Steel

toward outstanding policy issues for discussion in the Steel Committee, and (3) exploring

within the committee ways to develop common policy approaches on outstanding policy

issues which, once agreed, could lead to resumption of the negotiations on a steel subsidy

agreement. The group requested that the OECD Secretariat produce a neutral public record

of the talks and where outstanding issues stood at the time the negotiations were suspended,

including the draft text of the agreement, in order to preserve the work done to date in the

group.

In November 2006, the committee focused on outstanding issues in the steel industry

worldwide, notably the issue of steel and the environment; the situation and outlook of the

steel market and its raw materials such as iron ore, coke, and scrap metal; developments in

steelmaking capacity in both member and nonmember countries; and the status of tradedistorting steel policies. Regarding the latter, the Secretariat presented a draft questionnaire

for discussion to help gather information to produce the reports called for in the

Committee’s work program on: (1) world market developments, (2) subsidies and other

trade-distorting measures, and (3) the financing of new steel capacities through government

subsidies or other support measures. Participants debated the scope of the questionnaire and

requested that the Secretariat modify it to make the questions more specific and possibly

divide it into three separate parts. The first part of the questionnaire on the state of the steel

industry would be completed by February 2007, the second part on steel policies concerned

with investment promotion and assistance to ailing enterprises would be completed by

September 2007, and the third part on competition, trade-distorting measures,

anticompetitive behavior, and other measures would be completed by February 2008.89

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

APEC is an international organization comprised of pacific rim basin countries seeking to

enhance intra-regional economic growth and cooperation. The organization operates as a

90

cooperative, multilateral economic and trade group, whose decisions are made by consensus,

and whose commitments are undertaken voluntarily. APEC leaders meet annually to provide

direction to the organization in the form of action-oriented work programs, and to define

priorities for its committees, working groups, senior officials meetings, and special task

groups. Since inception, APEC has aimed to facilitate economic growth, trade, investment,
 Ibid. 91

 APEC, “Outcomes & Outlook 2005–06.” 92

 The Hanoi Action Plan builds upon initiatives designed in the 2005 Busan Action Plan to help

93

implement APEC’s long-term objectives. APEC, 18 APEC Ministerial Meeting, “Joint Statement.” th

 Ibid. 94

 White House, “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2006.” 95

 The feasibility study of the FTAAP is being jointly conducted by the APEC Business Advisory Council 96

and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council.

 White House, “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2006.” 97

 The six model FTA chapters include those on trade in goods, technical barriers to trade, transparency, 

98

government procurement, dispute settlement, and cooperation. See White House, “Asia-Pacific Economic

Cooperation 2006”; and APEC, Committee on Trade and Investment, “Achievements.”

 APEC, 18 APEC Ministerial Meeting, “Joint Statement.” 99 th

 Ibid. 100

3-20

and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. To reach its objective, member countries 91

committed to the “Bogor Goals” in 1994, which set forth a timetable for creating a free and

open trade and investment area in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for industrialized

countries and by 2020 for developing countries. Various annual APEC initiatives have been

undertaken to provide member countries with direction on how to successfully meet the

long-term objectives agreed upon in Bogor, Indonesia, in 1995.92

Three major trade developments resulted from the November 2006 annual ministerial

meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam and its related workshops. Ministers formulated a new “Hanoi

Action Plan” aimed at implementing the Bogor Goals, created a second generation of the

“Trade Facilitation Action Plan,” and began adherence to the Anti-Corruption and

Transparency in Business Initiative that was created in 2005.

Hanoi Action Plan

During the November 2006 annual meeting, APEC ministers proposed the “Hanoi Action

Plan” aimed at providing tailored recommendations to member countriesin their respective

attempts to implement the Bogor Goals. The recommendations included ways in which

93

countries could promote high quality RTAs/FTAs, gradually decrease tariffs, and lift

behind-the-border barriers to intra-regional trade and investment flows.94

The promotion of high quality RTAs/FTAs took on enhanced significance among APEC

ministers in 2006, given renewed emphasis on deepening trans-Pacific free trade, and the 95

concurrent feasibility study on the formation of an APEC regional trade area, known as the

Free Trade Agreement of the Asia-Pacific Region. During the November APEC meeting, 96

ministers reaffirmed their commitment to creating high quality, transparent, broadly

consistent, and comprehensive FTAs. They also created six model FTA chapters to serve 97

as non-binding and voluntary references for APEC members negotiating future trade

agreements. Moreover, in 2006, APEC created a database to catalogue past regional trade 98

agreements in the Asia-Pacific region (to be accessible by all member countries), and

established a list of FTA best practices. Finally, in 2006, APEC ministers agreed that the 99

organization should continue to provide a forum from which member countries could learn

from each others’ respective experiences in creating FTAs.100
 Created in 1993, APEC’s Trade Facilitation Action Plan was established to help simplify customs 101

procedures, standards, business mobility, and electronic commerce among APEC member countries. See

APEC, “Committee on Trade and Investment” website.

 The planned decrease in regional trade transaction costs is known as the “Shanghai target,” based on 102

TFAP’s amended 2001 declared target of reducing regional transaction costs. See APEC. 14 APEC th

Economic Leaders’ Meeting. “Hanoi Declaration”; and White House, “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

2006.”

 APEC Business Advisory Council, “APEC Business Leaders Call for Immediate Action on Doha 103

Round;” and APEC, 14 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, “Hanoi Declaration.”

th

 APEC, 18 APEC Ministerial Meeting, “Joint Statement.” 104 th

 APEC’s broader Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Initiative was established in 2005 to develop 105

guidelines on how member countries should identify and handle pirated and/or counterfeited goods and

protect legitimate products; to ensure that supply chains are free from pirated and/or counterfeited goods; to

exchange IPR infringement information among member economy authorities; and to promote

anti-counterfeiting and piracy campaigns. See APEC, “APEC Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Initiative.”

 APEC, E-Newsletter, “APEC Anti-Corruption Initative: Half-Way Home But a Long Way to Go;” and 106

APEC, “Report on Outcomes of Anti-Corruption Workshops.”

 International organizations include the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, OECD, and the Asia- 107

Pacific Group on Money Laundering.

 APEC, 18 APEC Ministerial Meeting, “Joint Statement.” 108 th

3-21

Trade Facilitation Action Plan

Following the final review of APEC’s Trade Facilitation Action Plan (TFAP), ministers 101

stated that several of the initiative’s objectives were met by 2006. For example, APEC

member countries reached their goal of reducing regional trade transaction costs by 5

percent of 2001 levels, and increased individual and collective support for a successful 102

conclusion to the Doha Development Agenda.103

Under the framework of a subsequent phase of the Trade Facilitation Action Plan, known

as TFAP-2, new commitments of advancing regional trade and investment were also

established in 2006. For example, APEC Ministers set forth a target of reducing regional

trade transactions costs by an additional 5 percent of 2006 levels over the next four years,

and standardizing customs reporting procedures.104

Anti-Corruption and Transparency in Business

APEC hosted anti-corruption and transparency in business workshops in Vietnam and the

Philippines in January 2006, as part of the organization’s Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy

Initiative. Leaders reported that the workshops made progress in fostering public and 105

private awareness of the magnitude and consequences of corruption and non-transparency,

enacting anti-corruption laws in member countries’ constitutions, and streamlining

regulations and new public-private partnerships to combat corruption. Also in 2006, 106

APEC members announced plans to ratify the United Nations Convention Against

Corruption, strengthen cooperation on fighting corruption with other international

organizations, and commit to more vigorous prosecution against acts of corruption 107

(particularly by high levels of government).

108

 President, Proclamation, “To Implement the United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, and for Other 1

Purposes.” The U.S.-Bahrain FTA was signed by the parties on September 14, 2004. USTR, “United States

and Bahrain Sign Free Trade Agreement.”

 United States signed a multiparty FTA with Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, 2

Honduras, and Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) in 2004. The United States

implemented the agreement in 2005. President, Proclamation, “To Implement the Dominican RepublicCentral America-United States Free Trade Agreement with Respect to Guatemala, and for other Purposes”;

“To Implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement with Respect

to Honduras and Nicaragua”; and “To Implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States

Free Trade Agreement.”

 President, Proclamation, “To Implement the United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement.” 3

4-1

CHAPTER 4

U.S. Free Trade Agreements

This chapter reviews developments related to U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) during

2006. It describes trends in U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2006; reviews

the status of U.S. FTA negotiations during the year; and reviews major NAFTA activities

including NAFTA dispute settlement developments during the year.

FTAs in Force during 2006

The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of December 31, 2006. Three of these FTAs

entered into force during 2006—the U.S.-Bahrain FTA (August 1, 2006); a multiparty FTA 1

with Guatemala (July 1, 2006), Honduras (April 1, 2006), Nicaragua (April 1, 2006), and

El Salvador (March 1, 2006); and the U.S.-Morocco FTA (January 1, 2006). Other FTAs 2 3

in force to which the United States was a party during 2006 were: the U.S.-Australia FTA

(2005); the U.S.-Chile FTA (2004); the U.S.-Singapore FTA (2004); the U.S.-Jordan FTA

(2001); NAFTA (1994); and the U.S.-Israel FTA (1985).

Table 4.1 shows U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2004-06. In 2006, total

U.S. exports of goods to FTA partners were valued at $377 billion. U.S. exports to FTA

partners accounted for 40.6 percent of total U.S. exports. Total U.S. imports of goods from

FTA partners were valued at approximately $568 billion, and accounted for 30.8 percent of

U.S. imports from the world. The overall U.S. merchandise trade balance with FTA partners

was a deficit of $190 billion—almost 99.0 percent of which was accounted for by the deficit

with the NAFTA partners. Australia, Singapore, and Morocco were the only FTA partners

with which the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2006.

Table 4.2 shows U.S. FTA merchandise importsfrom FTA partners. The value of total FTA

imports has risen steadily from $233 billion in 2004 to $304 billion in 2006. U.S. FTA

imports increased by 30.5 percent during 2004-06, outpacing the increase in overall U.S.

imports of 26.4 percent during the same period. NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico

accounted for more than 94 percent of the value of U.S. FTA imports in 2006. Imports from

all FTA partners accounted for 16.5 percent of total U.S. imports in 2006, an increase from

a 15.9 percent share of U.S. imports in 2004 and 2005.
4-2

Table 4.1 U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners, total trade, 2004–06

(Million dollars)

2004 2005 2006

Exports:

NAFTA.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 256,186 284,902 312,788

Israel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,973 6,497 8,094

Jordan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 531 607 623

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 17,850 18,680 21,911

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,236 4,668 6,221

Australia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 14,638 16,836

Bahrain. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . – – 471

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – – 869

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . .

a – – 9,658

FTA partner total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 283,776 329,992 377,471

World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 727,183 803,992 929,486

FTA partner share of world...... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 39 41 40.6

Imports:

NAFTA.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 410,619 456,750 500,090

Israel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14,515 18,680 19,157

Jordan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,093 1,267 1,421

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 14,848 15,084 17,750

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,007 6,745 9,551

Australia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 7,360 8,244

Bahrain. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . – – 632

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – – 546

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . .

a – – 10,207

FTA partner total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 446,082 505,886 567,598

World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,460,160 1,662,380 1,845,053

FTA partner share of world...... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 30.6 30.4 30.8

Balance:

NAFTA.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . -154,443 -171,848 -187,302

Israel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -8,542 -10,373 -11,063

Jordan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . -562 -660 -798

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,002 3,596 4,161

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -1,771 -2,077 -3,330

Australia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 7,278 8,592

Bahrain. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . – – -161

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – – 323

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . .

a

-549

FTA partner total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -162,306 -174,084 -190,127

World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -732,977 -858,388 -915,567

FTA partner share of world...... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 22.1 20.3 20.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Data represent total bilateral trade flows. “– “ indicates not applicable because an FTA was not in force.

 Multiparty agreement with Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua) a

and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR). Agreement in force only for countries specified in year indicated.
 USTR, “United States and Colombia Conclude Free Trade Agreement,” and “United States and 4

Colombia Sign Trade Promotion Agreement.”

 USTR, “United States and Panama Complete Trade Promotion Agreement Negotiations.” 5

 USTR, “United States and Oman Sign Free Trade Agreement .” 6

 USTR, “United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement.” 7

4-3

Table 4.2 U.S. FTA imports from FTA partners, by partner, 2004–06

2004 2005 2006

Percent change

2004-06

(Million dollars)

NAFTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 227,701 253,458 286,959 26.0

Israel.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,391 2,824 2,771 15.9

Jordan.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 21 246 309 1,371.4

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 559 800 868 55.3

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,100 3,679 5,508 162.3

Australia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 2,670 3,248 –

Bahrain . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .

a

 – – 47 –

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . – – 116 –

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua . . . . .

a

 – – 3,976 –

 FTA partner total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 232,772 263,677 303,802 30.5

 World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,460,160 1,662,380 1,845,053 26.4

(Share of total imports)

NAFTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55.5 55.5 57.4

Israel.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 16.5 16.7 14.5

Jordan.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1.9 19.5 21.7

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3.8 5.3 4.9

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 41.9 54.5 57.7

Australia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 36.3 39.4

Bahrain . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .

a

 – – 7.4

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . – – 21.2

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua . . . . .

a

 – – 39.0

 FTA partner total share of world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 15.9 16.5

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

 FTA in force for part of 2006. a

FTA Negotiations during 2006

During 2006, the United States concluded bilateral FTA negotiations with Colombia and

Panama and signed bilateral agreements with Colombia, Oman, and Peru, but those bilateral

agreements did not enter into force during the year. The United States concluded FTA

negotiations with Colombia on February 27, 2006, and the U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion

Agreement (TPA) was signed on November 22, 2006. The United States and Panama 4

concluded bilateral negotiations on December 12, 2006. The United States-Oman FTA was 5

signed by the two parties on January 19, 2006. The U.S.-Peru TPA was signed by the two 6

parties on April 12, 2006.7
 The United States and Korea announced the successful conclusion of bilateral FTA negotiations on April 8

1, 2007.

 USTR, “U.S. and Panama Complete Trade Promotion Agreement Negotiations.” 9

4-4

At year-end 2006, the United States was actively engaged in FTA negotiations with Korea8

and Malaysia. There was no significant change in status of FTA negotiations launched in

prior years with Ecuador, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, Oman, the South African

Customs Union, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates. The status of U.S. FTA

negotiations during 2006 is shown in table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Status of U.S. FTA negotiations during 2006

FTA partner(s)

Negotiations 

launched

Negotiations

concluded

Agreement

signed by parties

Date of entry

into force

Central America and the Dominican Republic:

El Salvador

Honduras and Nicaragua

Guatemala

Costa Rica

Dominican Republic

Jan. 8, 2003 

Jan. 8, 2003

Jan. 8, 2003

Jan. 8, 2003

Jan. 14, 2004

Dec. 17, 2003

Dec. 17, 2003

Dec. 17, 2003

Jan. 25, 2004

Mar. 15, 2004

May 28, 2004

May 28, 2004

May 28, 2004

May 28, 2004

Aug. 5, 2004

Mar. 1, 2006

Apr. 1, 2006

July 1, 2006

 – 

 ( )a

Oman Mar. 12, 2005 Oct. 3, 2005 Jan. 19, 2006 – 

Andean Trade Promotion Agreement

Peru May 18, 2004 Dec. 7, 2005 Apr. 12, 2006 – 

Colombia May 18, 2004 Feb. 27, 2006 Nov. 22, 2006 – 

Ecuador May 18, 2004 – – – 

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Apr. 18, 1998 – – – 

b

Korea Feb. 2, 2006 ( ) – – 

c

Malaysia Mar. 8, 2006 – – – 

Panama Apr. 26, 2004 Dec. 19, 2006 – – 

South African Customs Union (Botswana,

Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and

Swaziland June 2, 2003 – – – 

Thailand June 28, 2004 – – – 

United Arab Emirates Mar. 12, 2005 – – – 

Source: USTR, various press releases, http://www.ustr.gov.

 CAFTA-DR entered into force for the Dominican Republic on March 1, 2007. a

 Other negotiating parties to the FTAA are: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, b

Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and

Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

 The United States and Korea announced the successful conclusion of bilateral FTA negotiations on April 1, 2007. c

U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement

The United States and Panama announced the completion of free trade negotiations on

December 19, 2006, contingent on further discussions regarding labor issues. USTR 9

indicated that the agreement eliminates tariffs on approximately 88 percent of U.S. exports

of consumer and industrial goods and more than one-half of current U.S. farm exports to
 USTR, “Free Trade With Panama: Brief Summary of the Agreement.” 10

 USTR, “U.S. and Panama Complete Trade Promotion Agreement Negotiations.” 11

 CBERA and GSP are described in chapter 2 of this report. 12

 USTR, “Free Trade with Panama: Summary of the Agreement.” The “yarn-forward” rule generally 13

requires that articles of textiles and apparel must be made in Panama or in the United States from the yarn

stage forward to qualify for duty preferences. 

4-5

Panama immediately upon entry into force of the agreement, with remaining tariffs to be

phased out on consumer and industrial goods over 10 years and on most remaining U.S.

farm products within 15 years.10

According to USTR, the agreement includes “zero-for-zero” immediate duty-free access for

U.S. sectors like agricultural and construction equipment, information technology products,

and medical and scientific equipment. U.S. farm exports to Panama are to become duty-free

immediately include high-quality beef, other meat and poultry products, soybeans and

products, most fresh fruits and tree nuts, distilled spirits and wine, and a wide assortment

of processed products.

USTR indicates that in the insurance sector, the agreement is to allow for the establishment

of brokerage firms and cross-border supply of insurance for maritime, aviation, and

transportation. The agreement is to allow for an opportunity to participate in the $5.25

billion expansion plan for the Panama Canal. Panama agreed to provide additional market 11

access in services, including financial services; provide reasonable and nondiscriminatory

access to its telecommunications networks; to improve standards for the protection and

enforcement of a broad range of intellectual property rights; and enforce its domestic labor

laws.

USTR also indicated that the U.S.-Panama TPA enhances and makes reciprocal the trade

preferences established by CBERA and GSP. Panama is predominantly a services-based 12

economy, with services accounting for more than 75 percent of economic activity. In 2006,

U.S. merchandise exports to Panama were valued at $2.5 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from Panama were valued at $338 million. Leading U.S. exports to Panama in 2006

included petroleum oils, airplanes, medicaments in dosage form, and other parts of airplanes

and helicopters. Leading U.S. imports from Panama included imports of articles exported

and returned, shrimps and prawns, fish, cane sugar, and gold.

Textile and Apparel Provisions of the U.S.-Panama FTA

The U.S.-Panama FTA is to grant immediate duty-free market access to most textile and

apparel articles that meet the agreement’s “yarn-forward” rules of origin. Similar to the 13

agreements with Colombia and Peru, the U.S.-Panama FTA does not make use of tariff

preference levels (TPLs). The FTA includes a textile safeguard that permits the United

States to impose tariffs on certain goods if injury occurs because of import surges. The

agreement includes a short supply process similar to the CAFTA-DR, which grants duty-free

entry to apparel made in Panama from yarns and fabrics that are not available in the United

States or Panama in commercial quantities in a timely manner, regardless of the origin of

the fabrics or yarns. The agreement maintains duty-free treatment of socks that meet the

CBTPA rule of origin, and contains a 10-year phaseout of duties on all other socks. The

FTA also is to require that the fabric used in pockets of garments that receive duty-free

treatment must be made in either the United States or Panama.
 USTR, “Letter to the Honorable J. Dennis Hastert,” and “Remarks by Wendy Cutler.” 14

 USTR, “Assistant USTR Wendy Cutler Closing Press Statement at the Conclusion of Round 4 of the 15

KORUS FTA Talks.” See chapter 5 for further discussion of U.S.-Korea bilateral trade relations during 2006.

 USTR, “United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement.” See chapter 5 for a more 16

detailed description of negotiations.

 USTR, “United States, Malaysia Announce Intention to Negotiate Free Trade Agreement.” 17

 The United States and Malaysia did not reach agreement by the April, 1, 2007 deadline for concluding 18

negotiations under the President’s trade promotion authority.

 U.S. bilateral relations with Canada and Mexico are described in chapter 5 of this report. 19

4-6

U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement

On February 2, 2006, the United States announced its intentions to negotiate an FTA with

the Republic of Korea. The President notified Congress of his intention to begin

negotiations with Korea in May 2006. The first round of negotiations took place in the

United States on June 5-9, 2006. On October 27, 2006, the United States and Korea 14

concluded the fourth round of negotiations, with USTR reporting progress in the areas of

remanufactured goods, customs administration, administration of agriculture tariff rate

quotas (TRQs), and anti-corruption provisions. On April 1, 2007 U.S. and Korean officials 15

announced that they had successfully concluded the FTA negotiations.16

U.S.-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement

The United States announced on March 8, 2006 that it would begin FTA negotiations with

Malaysia. Three rounds of negotiations were held during 2006, and a fourth round was 17

held in San Francisco on January 8-12, 2007. Malaysia is the United States’ largest trading

partner in Southeast Asia and its 10 largest trading partner in the world. U.S. imports from th

Malaysia in 2006 amounted to more than $36 billion and U.S. exports to Malaysia amounted

to $11.2 billion. Leading U.S. imports from Malaysia in 2006 included portable automatic

data processing machines and parts, telecommunications equipment and parts, and electronic

monolithic digital integrated circuits. Leading U.S. exports to Malaysia in 2006 included

integrated circuits, airplanes, computer parts, and instruments and semiconductor

manufacturing equipment.18

North American Free Trade Agreement19

NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. In 2006, total two-way (exports plus imports)

U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners increased by 9.6 percent over 2005, with

U.S.-Canada merchandise trade totaling $501.3 billion and U.S.-Mexico merchandise trade

totaling $311.6 billion (table 4.4). The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with NAFTA partners

increased for a sixth consecutive year, by 9.0 percent in 2006, but at a rate lower than the

11.3 percent of the previous year. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with NAFTA partners

increased to $187.3 billion in 2006 from $171.8 billion in 2005.
 The representatives are the U.S. Trade Representative, the Canadian Minister for International Trade, 20

and the Mexican Secretary of Economy.

 President, Proclamation, “To Modify Rules of Origin Under the North American Free Trade 21

Agreement.” The effective date for the modifications with respect to goods of Canada or of Mexico is on or

after July 1, 2006. The modifications affect certain goods in the following HTS chapters: cocoa and cocoa

preparations (HTS chapter 18), preparations of vegetables and fruits (HTS chapter 20), ores, slag, and ash

(HTS chapter 26), raw hides and skins (HTS chapter 41), cork and articles of cork (HTS chapter 45), manmade filaments (HTS chapter 54), wadding, felt, and nonwovens (HTS chapter 56), prepared feathers (HTS

chapter 67), glass and glassware (HTS chapter 70), copper and articles thereof (HTS chapter 74), lead and

articles thereof (HTS chapter 78), zinc and articles thereof (HTS chapter 79), tin and articles thereof (HTS

chapter 80), other base metals (HTS chapter 81), electrical machinery (HTS chapter 85), and measuring

devises and instruments (HTS chapter 90).

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda and 2006 Annual Report, 122. 22

4-7

Table 4.4 U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 2004-06

(Billion dollars) 

Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balance

Two-way 

(exports plus imports)

2006 Canada.... ... ... ... . . 198.2 303.0 -104.8 501.3

Mexico . ... ... ... ... ... 114.6 197.1 -82.5 311.6

Canada and Mexico .. . . . . 312.8 500.1 -187.3 812.9

2005 Canada . ... ... ... ... . . 183.2 287.5 -104.3 470.8

Mexico . ... ... ... ... ... 101.7 169.2 -67.5 270.9

Canada and Mexico .. . . . . 284.9 456.7 -171.8 741.7

2004 Canada . ... ... ... ... . . 163.2 255.7 -92.5 418.8

Mexico . ... ... ... ... ... 93.0 155.0 -61.9 248.0

Canada and Mexico .. . . . . 256.2 410.6 -154.4 666.8

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. 

The following sections describe the major activities of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission

(FTC), the Commission for Labor Cooperation (CLC), the Commission for Environmental

Cooperation (CEC), and dispute settlement activities under NAFTA chapters 11 and 19

during 2006.

Free Trade Commission

The FTC is the central oversight body for NAFTA. It is chaired jointly by representatives

from the three member countries. The FTC is responsible for overseeing implementation 20

and elaboration of NAFTA, as well as for its dispute settlement provisions.

Following approval by the FTC, in 2006 the member countries implemented changes to the

NAFTA rules of origin covering approximately $15 billion in trilateral trade. The NAFTA 21

Working Group on Rules of Origin is finalizing another set of changes to the rules of origin,

scheduled to be implemented in 2007, which are to cover approximately $50 billion in total

trilateral trade.22
 CLC, “The National Administrative Offices.” 23

 OTAI was the National Administrative Office (NAO) until December 17, 2004, U.S. Department of 24

Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, “Notice of Renaming the National Administrative Office.”

OTAI is now located in the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs; U.S.

Department of Labor, “The Office of Trade Agreement Implementation,” Fed. Reg. 77128.

 CLC, “Rules of Procedure for Evaluation.” 25

 Information on the submissions and the status of the submissions under NAALC is available in U.S. 26

Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, “Status of Submissions.”

 U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Trade and Labor Affairs, “Submissions Filed.”

27

 Ibid. 28

 Ibid. 29

 CLC, “Violence at Work in North America.”

30

 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Affairs, OTAI, “II Regional Train the Trainer 31

Seminar.”

4-8

Commission for Labor Cooperation 

The CLC was created under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation

(NAALC), a supplemental agreement to NAFTA that aims to promote effective enforcement

of domestic labor laws and foster transparency in their administration. The CLC is

responsible for the implementation of the NAALC, and comprises the Ministerial Council

and the Secretariat. Each NAFTA partner has established a National Administrative Office

(NAO) within its ministry of labor to serve as the contact point with the other parties and

the secretariat, to provide publicly available information to the secretariat and the other

parties, and to provide for the submission and review of public communications on labor law

matters. In the United States, that office is the Office of Trade Agreement Implementation 23

(OTAI). If the OTAI determines that a violation of the agreement has occurred, the matter 24

is then referred to the CLC Council to hold ministerial consultations with the respective

party to resolve the issue.25

The NAALC provides for the review of public submissions related to the labor laws of the

NAFTA partners. In 2006, one submission was presented to the Mexican NAO concerning 26

the United States, and one to the U.S. NAO concerning Mexico. On October 17, 2006, the

Mexican labor union Frente Auténtico del Trabajo (the Authentic Labor Front) filed a

petition (Mexican NAO Submission 2006-01). The submission raises concerns about the

rights of public employees in North Carolina to bargain collectively and contains allegations

of discriminatory employment practices and unsafe workplaces that violate the principles

of the NAALC. On November 9, 2006, the United Steelworkers (USW) filed a petition 27

(U.S. Submission 2006-01) concerning the enforcement of Mexico’s labor laws. The USW

alleged that the Government of Mexico had failed to fulfill its obligations under the NAALC

with respect to mineworkers safety and their freedomof association at the Pasta de Conchos

mine in the Mexican State of Coahuila. At the end of 2006, determinations as to whether 28

to accept and review the submissions filed were pending.29

In March 2006, as part of its ongoing research program, the NAALC Secretariat released a

report on violence in the work place. Additionally, in August 2006, the United States and

30

Mexico sponsored the second joint regional seminar in Seattle, Washington, to familiarize

Mexican consulates in the United States with the rights of Mexican migrant workers under

U.S. labor laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Labor.

31
 The CEC Council consists of the Canadian Environment Minister, the Mexican Secretary for 32

Environment and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator.

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda and 2006 Annual Report,122. 33

 NAAEC articles 14 and 15,CEC, “North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation.”

34

 CEC, “CEC Ministerial Statement,” 1. Additional details on the CEC strategic plan are available in 35

USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 4-14. 

 CEC, “CEC Ministerial Statement,” 1. 36

4-9

Commission for Environmental Cooperation

The CEC was established under the North American Agreement on Environmental

Cooperation (NAAEC), a supplemental agreement to NAFTA designed to ensure that trade

liberalization and efforts to protect the environment are mutually supportive. The CEC

oversees the work of the NAAEC and is composed of (1) the Council—the governing body

of the CEC— made up of the environmental ministers from the United States, Canada, and

Mexico; (2) the Joint Public Advisory Committee, made up of five private citizens from 32

each of the NAFTA parties; and (3) the Secretariat, made up of professional staff, located

in Montreal, Canada.33

Articles 14 and 15 of the NAAEC are intended to provide citizens and nongovernmental

organizations with a mechanism to aid in enforcing environmental laws in the NAFTA

countries. Article 14 governs alleged violations submitted for review by the CEC. It sets

forth specific guidelines regarding criteria for submissions and parties that can file

complaints. Article 15 outlines the Secretariat’s obligations in considering the submissions

and publishing findings in the factual record. Under article 14, 11 files remained active in 34

2006, four of which were submitted in 2006 (table 4.5). There were 14 active files during

2006 based on citizen submissions under article 15—five involved Canada, eight involved

Mexico, and one involved the United States (table 4.6). The only final factual record

released in 2006 was for a submission first filed in 2000 with respect to Mexico.

At its annual ministerial session on June 28, 2006, the CEC Council reviewed work taken

under its five-year strategic plan on trade and environment adopted in 2005 that identifies

six CEC initiatives: (1) promote the North American renewable energy market; (2) promote

and facilitate the enforcement of environmental laws; (3) continue environmental

assessments of trade liberalization in North America; (4) promote North American markets

for environmentally friendly products; (5) promote better use of market-based mechanisms

for environmental protection and sustainable use; and (6) reduce environmental and

economic harm caused by invasive alien species. In addition, the CEC Council determined 35

to work in partnership with the North American automobile sector to promote enhanced

environmental performance throughout its supply chains.36

In November 1993, Mexico and the United States agreed on arrangements to help border

communities with environmental infrastructure projects to further the goals of NAFTA and
4-10

Table 4.5 Active files through 2006, under article 14 of the North American Agreement on Environmental

Cooperation 

Name Case First Filed Country Status

Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23, 2003 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission

warranted development of a factual

record in May 2005.

Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17, 2003 Mexico The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant 

to the factual record on its Web site in

November 2005.

Montreal 

 Technoparc

SEM-03-005 Aug. 14, 2003 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant 

to the factual record on its Web site in

February 2005.

Coal-fired Power

 Plants

SEM-04-005 Sept. 20, 2004 United

States

The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission

warranted development of a factual

record in December 2005.

Quebec 

 Automobiles

SEM-04-007 Nov. 3, 2004 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant 

to the factual record on its Web site in

September 2006.

Coronado Islands SEM-05-002 May 3, 2005 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission

warranted development of a factual

record in January 2007.

Environmental 

 Pollution in 

 Hermosillo II 

SEM-05-003 Aug. 30, 2005 Mexico The Secretariat received a response from the concerned 

government party and began

considering whether to recommend a

factual record in February 2006.

Ex Hacienda El 

 Hospital II

SEM-06-003 July 17, 2006 Mexico The Secretariat received a response from the concerned 

government party and began

considering whether to recommend a

factual record in January 2007.

Ex Hacienda El 

 Hospital III

SEM-06-004 Sept. 22, 2006 Mexico The Secretariat received a response from the concerned 

government party and began

considering whether to recommend a

factual record in January 2007.

Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct. 10, 2006 Canada The Secretariat received a response from the concerned 

government party and began

considering whether to recommend a

factual record in February 2007.

Los Remedios 

 National Park

SEM-06-006 Nov. 9, 2006 Mexico The Secretariat received a revised submission and 

began to analyze it in March 2007.

Source: CEC, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Active Files.”
 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda and 2006 Annual Report,122. 37

 North American Development Bank, BECC-NADB Joint Status Report, 2. 38

 Ibid. 39

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 40

4-11

Table 4.6 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement on Environmental

Cooperation, submissions active during 2006

Name Case First Filed Country Statusa

Los Remedios National Park SEM-06-006 Nov. 9, 2006 Mexico Open

Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct. 10, 2006 Canada Open

Ex Hacienda El Hospital III SEM-06-004 Sept. 22, 2006 Mexico Open

Ex Hacienda El Hospital II SEM-06-003 July 17,2006 Mexico Open

Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II SEM-05-003 Aug. 30, 2005 Mexico Open

Coronado Islands SEM-05-002 May 3,2005 Mexico Open

Quebec Automobiles SEM-04-007 Nov. 3, 2004 Canada Open

Coal-fired Power Plants SEM-04-005 Sept. 20, 2004 United States Open

Montreal Technoparc SEM-03-005 Aug. 14, 2003 Canada Open

Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17, 2003 Mexico Open

Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23, 2003 Mexico Open

Pulp and Paper SEM-02-003 May 8, 2002 Canada February 5, 2007

Ontario Logging SEM-02-001 Feb. 6, 2002 Canada February 5, 2007

Tarahumara SEM-00-006 June 9, 2000 Mexico January 9, 2006

Source: CEC, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Current Status.” 

 Status as of Dec. 31, 2006. Date indicates when the final factual record was publicly released.

a

the NAAEC. The Border Environment Cooperation Commission and the North American 37

Development Bank (NADB) reported working with more than 130 communities throughout

the Mexico-U.S. border region to address their environmental infrastructure needs. As of 38

December 31, 2006, the NADB participation totaled $835 million in loans and grants to

partially finance 97 infrastructure projects estimated to cost a total of $2.5 billion.39

Dispute Settlement

NAFTA contains dispute settlement provisions covering a variety of areas. Developments 40

during 2006 are described below with respect to NAFTA chapter 11 investor-state disputes

and chapter 19 binational reviews of final determinations of antidumping and countervailing

cases. Table A.20 presents an overview of developments in NAFTA dispute settlement cases

to which the United States was a party in 2006.

Chapter 11 Dispute-Settlement Developments

NAFTA chapter 11 contains provisions designed to protect cross-border investors and

facilitate the settlement of investment disputes. An investor who alleges that a NAFTA

country has breached its investment obligations under chapter 11 may pursue arbitration
 Ibid. Such as the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) at the World 41

Bank or Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL Rules).

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 42

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the United States,”

43

and International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA-Chapter 11: Cases Filed Against the

Government of the United States.”

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the Government of 44

Canada,” and International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA-Chapter 11: Cases Filed Against the

Government of Canada.”

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the United 45

Mexican States,” and International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA-Chapter 11: Cases Filed

Against the Government of the United Mexican States.”

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 46

4-12

through internationally recognized channels or remedies available in the host country’s 41

domestic courts under chapter 11. A key feature of the chapter 11 provisions is the

enforceability in domestic courts of final awards made by arbitration tribunals.42

There were seven active chapter 11 cases filed against the United States by Canadian

investors in 2006. In the same year, there were three active chapter 11 cases filed by U.S. 43

investors against Canada, and four active chapter 11 cases filed by U.S. investors against 44

Mexico.45

Chapter 19 Dispute-Panel Reviews

NAFTA chapter 19 establishes a mechanism that provides for review by a binational panel

of final determinations made by a national investigating authority in antidumping and

countervailing duty cases. A panel may be established at the request of any involved

NAFTA country.46

Eight binational panels were formed in 2006. The NAFTA Secretariat listed 24 binational

panels active at the end of 2006 (table 4.7). Four of the panels formed in 2006 challenged

U.S. agency determinations on products from Canada, and one challenged U.S. agency

determinations on products from Mexico.In 2006, two panels challenged a Mexican agency

determination concerning products from the United States, and one panel challenged a

Canadian agency determination concerning products from the United States.
4-13

Table 4.7 NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panels, active reviews in 2006

Country Case National agencies' final determination Product description a

Canada

CDA-USA-2006-1904-01 Canada Border Services Agency Final

determination of dumping and

subsidizing

Unprocessed grain corn,

 excluding seed corn (for

 reproductive purposes),

sweet corn and popping

corn, originating in or

exported from the United

States.

CDA-USA-2007-1904-01 Canada Border Services Agency Final

Determination of dumping

Certain copper pipe fittings 

originating in or exported

from the United States

Mexico

MEX-USA-2000-1904-02

SECOFI Final Antidumping Duty 

Determination

Bovine carcasses and half 

carcasses, fresh or chilled

originating in the United 

States

MEX-USA-2003-1904-01 SE Final Countervailing Duty Determination

Imports of sodium 

hydroxide(caustic soda)

originating in the United

States

MEX-USA-2003-1904-02 SE Final Countervailing Duty Determination

Fresh red delicious and golden 

delicious apples,

originating in the United

States

MEX-USA-2005-1904-01 SE Final Countervailing Duty Determination Imports of carbon steel tubing

with straight longitudinal

seam from the United

States

MEX-USA-2006-1904-01 SE Final Countervailing Duty Determination Imports of pork originating in 

the United States

MEX-USA-2006-1904-02 SE Final Countervailing Duty Determination

Imports of fresh, delicious, red

delicious and golden

delicious apples

originating in the United

States

United States

USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 USDOC Final Determination of Sales at Less

Than Fair Value

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-CDA-2004-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty

Administrative Reviews

Pure magnesium and alloy 

magnesium from Canada

USA-CDA-2005-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty 

Administrative Review and Rescission

of Certain Company-Specific Reviews

Certain softwood lumber

 products from Canada

USA-CDA-2005-1904-03 USITC Implementation of the New 

Determination under Section 129(a)(4)

of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act

Certain softwood lumber

 products from Canada

USA-CDA-2005-1904-04 USDOC Antidumping Duty Determination 

under Section 129 of the Uruguay

Round Agreements Act

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-CDA-2006-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty 

Administrative Review

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada
4-14

Table 4.7 (continued)

Country Case National agencies' final determination Product description a

United States–Continued

USA-CDA-2006-1904-02 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty

Administrative Review

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty

Administrative Review

Carbon and certain alloy steel 

wire rod from Canada

USA-CDA-2006-1904-05 USDOC Final Scope Ruling Regarding Entries

Made Under HTSUS 4409.10.05

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review

of the Antidumping Duty Order

Gray Portland Cement and 

Cement Clinker from

Mexico

USA-MEX-2001-1904-03 USDOC Final Results of the Full Sunset

Review of the Antidumping Duty Order

Oil Country Tubular Goods 

from Mexico

USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review

of the Antidumping Duty Order

Oil Country Tubular Goods 

from Mexico

USA-MEX-2005-1904-05 USDOC Antidumping Duty Order

Determination

Purified 

Carboxymethylcellulose

from Mexico

USA-MEX-2005-1904-06 USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping

Duty Order

Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip

in Coils from Mexico

USA-MEX-2006-1904-06 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Oil Country Tubular Goods

from Mexico

USA-MEX-2007-1904-01 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip

in Coils from Mexico

Source: NAFTA Secretariat, “Status Report of Panel Proceedings.” 

 In Canada, final dumping and subsidy determinations are made by Canada Border Services Agency, and injury

a

determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal. In Mexico, all determinations are made by

the Secretaría de Economía. In the United States, dumping and subsidy determinations are made by the U.S.

Department of Commerce (USDOC), and injury determinations are made by the USITC, NAFTA Secretariat,

“Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.”
 The 25 members of the EU in 2006 were Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, 1

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,

Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. On

January 1, 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU.

 USTR, “Statement by USTR Portman” and Public Law 109-222. Also see European Union, “Notice,” 7. 2

 USTR, “United States and European Community Reach Agreement on Trade in Wine.” 3

5-1

CHAPTER 5

U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners

This chapter reviews U.S. bilateral trade relations with eight selected trading partners during

2006: the European Union (EU), Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Russia.

Appendix tables A.21 through A.44 provide detailed information on U.S. trade with selected

partners.

European Union

The EU is the second largest two-way (exports plus imports) U.S. trading partner behind 1

the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico. In 2006, U.S. two-way merchandise

trade with the EU-25 increased 10.8 percent over 2005 to $525.8 billion, representing 19.0

percent of U.S. trade with the world. U.S. exports of goods to the EU increased by 17.4

percent to $196.5 billion in 2006. U.S. imports of goods from the EU increased by 7.3

percent to $329.3 billion in 2006, resulting in a 4.9 percent decline in the U.S.-EU

merchandise trade deficit to $132.8 billion. Leading U.S. exports to the EU during the year

included certain medicaments, passenger cars, aircraft and aircraft parts, and computer parts.

Leading U.S. imports from the EU included passenger cars, certain medicaments, petroleum

derivatives, and nucleic acids and their salts. U.S.-EU merchandise trade data are shown in

tables A.21 through A.23.

There were developments in at least nine active WTO dispute settlement proceedings during

2006 in which both the United States and the EU were parties, either as the complainant or

the respondent. The more significant procedural developments in each of these cases are

listed in table A.19. Five of the cases are described in more detail below—four cases

involving alleged subsidies to civil aircraft production (two brought by the United States

against the EU with respect to alleged EU subsidies to Airbus, and two brought by the EU

with respect to alleged U.S. subsidies for Boeing), and one case brought by the United States

with respect to the EU’s de facto moratorium on approvals of agricultural biotechnology

products. In addition, on May 17, 2006, President Bush signed into law a tax bill that

repealed the grandfathering provisions of the foreign sales corporation/extraterritorial

income regimes, to bring the United States into compliance with earlier WTO DSB rulings

and recommendations in this matter.2

In other 2006 developments, the United States and the EU continued to make progress on

regulatory cooperation and transparency, and reducing technical barriers to trade. On March

10, 2006, both sides signed an agreement on wine-making practices and labeling of wine.

3

In a major reform of EU chemicals policy intended to protect consumer health and the
 EC, “Environment: Commission Welcomes Council Action on REACH.” 4

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 139. 5

 USTR, “United States and European Union Sign Enlargement Compensation Agreement.” 6

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 141. 7

 USTR, “USTR Announces U.S.-EU Agreement on Services.” 8

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 141. 9

 Aircraft with more than 100 seats. For more background on this dispute, see USITC, The Year in Trade 10

2005, 5-2-5-4. Also see the chapter 3 section on WTO dispute settlement.

 USTR, “U.S. Files WTO Case against EU over Unfair Airbus Subsidies.”

11

5-2

environment, in December 2006 the EU Environment Council adopted the Registration,

Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, which is

expected to enter into force on June 1, 2007. According to USTR, REACH “will impose 4

extensive additional testing and reporting requirements on producers and downstream users

of chemicals, [which] could impact virtually all industrial sectors, including the majority of

U.S. manufactured goods exported to the EU.”5

The United States and EU also entered into compensation negotiations resulting from EU

enlargement. On March 22, 2006, the EU agreed to provide the United States with trade

concessions in compensation for EU enlargement that included 10 new member states on

May 1, 2004. In particular, the EU permanently reduced certain tariffs, expanded certain

6

existing global tariff-rate quotas, and opened new country-specific tariff-rate quotas on U.S.

exports of other products. Later in the year, the EU agreed on a compensation package for 7

services with respect to EU enlargement in May 2004 as well as the 1995 enlargement to

include Austria, Finland, and Sweden. The September 25 agreement between the EU, the

United States, and other WTO members required the EU to provide new or enhanced market

access commitments in service sectors to compensate for modifications to their

commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) resulting from the

enlargements. In December 2006, the United States began negotiations with the EU for 8

compensation related to the enlargement of the EU to include Bulgaria and Romania on

January 1, 2007.9

Aircraft

Background

Both the United States and the EU have long claimed that the other either directly or

indirectly subsidizes the production of large civil aircraft. The United States has claimed 10

that the EU member state governments of France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom

have provided direct subsidies since the 1970s to their respective member companies of

Airbus SAS to aid in the development, production, and marketing of large commercial

aircraft. The EU has countered that the principal U.S. civil aircraft manufacturer, Boeing,

has benefitted from indirect U.S. government support. The subsidies issue was addressed

in 1992 in the U.S.-EU Agreement on Large Civil Aircraft, which placed limits on the form

and level of government subsidies affecting large civil aircraft manufactured by Airbus and

Boeing and according to the USTR, was intended to lead to a “progressive reduction” in

Airbus subsidies.11

The United States filed its request for WTO dispute settlement consultations on October 6,

2004. The United States claimed that EU and member state subsidies to Airbus are
 Ibid. 12

 WTO, “United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, Request for Consultations by 13

the European Communities.”

 EC, “US-Boeing: EU Rejects US Unilateral Abrogation of the 92 Aircraft Agreement.” 14

 EC, General Overview of Active WTO Dispute Settlement Cases.

15

 Airbus continued to deliver more aircraft than Boeing in 2006. Boeing, “Boeing Sets Records for 16

Airplane Orders in 2006,” “Boeing Reports Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year Deliveries,” and “Orders and

Deliveries.” Airbus, “Annual Review 2006,” and “1989-2006 Results.”

 WTO, “United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft—Second Complaint, 17

Summary.”

 USTR, “United States Files Additional Consultation Request.” 18

5-3

inconsistent with EU obligations under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and

Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) and the GATT 1994. In announcing the WTO

case, USTR reported that the 1992 Agreement on Large Civil Aircraft “has outlived its

usefulness” and announced U.S. withdrawal from the agreement.12

On the same day, the EU requested dispute settlement consultations with the United States

to address certain U.S. measures that the EU claimed were inconsistent with U.S. obligations

under the SCM Agreement and GATT 1994. The EU asserted that Boeing benefits from

indirect U.S. government subsidies—mainly in the form of research and development funds

from NASA, the Department of Defense, and other U.S. government agencies—and certain

tax and other benefit programs that are inconsistent with U.S. WTO obligations. The EU

13

also rejected U.S. termination of the 1992 Agreement on Large Civil Aircraft.14

Following an unsuccessful effort to find a negotiated solution in early 2005, both parties

requested the establishment of WTO dispute settlement panels in their respective cases, and

panels were established for both cases on July 20, 2005. In addition, the EU filed a

supplementary consultations request on June 27, 2005, which explicitly listed all the

measures in question.15

Airbus and Boeing are the leading global producers of large commercial aircraft in the

world. In 2006, Boeing received more orders than Airbus, following three years in which

Airbus delivered more planes and received more orders than Boeing. Aircraft currently 16

under development by Boeing and Airbus are among those being examined in the current

disputes. These aircraft include the Boeing 787, a long-distance, midsize aircraft scheduled

to enter service in 2008, the Airbus A380, and the redesigned Airbus A350, intended to

compete against Boeing’s 787 and scheduled to enter service in 2013.

Developments During 2006

On January 20, 2006, the EU requested a panel based on its second request for consultations.

The panel was established on February 17, 2006, and composed on November 22, 2006.

17

On January 31, 2006, the United States filed a second request for consultations. In addition

to providing more information on EU subsidies covered in the ongoing WTO case, the new

consultation request covered alleged new subsidies to Airbus announced since the original

consultation request was made. The United States requested establishment of a 18

dispute-settlement panel on April 21, 2006, and on May 9, 2006, the panel was established.

The United States also requested that this second panel be merged with the first panel
 WTO, DSB, “DSB Establishes a Panel in Reference to EC’s Measures Concerning Civil Aircraft.” 19

 WTO, “European Communities and Certain Member States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil 20

Aircraft (Second Complaint).”

 For more background information, see USITC, The Year in Trade 2003, 5-4. 21

 WTO, "European Communities—Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, 22

Request for Consultations by the United States." 

 USTR, “Agricultural Biotechnology: Safe, Effective and Unfairly Blocked By EU.” 23

 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Minutes of Meeting, 21 November 2006,” 16. 24

 USDA, FAS, “EU-25, Biotechnology, Annual Agricultural Biotechnology Report, 2006,” 2; and WTO, 25

Dispute Settlement Body, “Minutes of Meeting, 21 November 2006,” 16.

 For more information on the WTO case, see chapter 3 of this report. 26

 WTO, “Update of WTO Dispute Settlement Cases.”

27

5-4

established July 20, 2005. However, on October 9, 2006, the United States requested that 19

the second panel suspend its work in accordance with Article 12.12 of the Dispute

Settlement Understanding, which permits a panel to suspend its work anytime at the request

of the complaining party for a period not to exceed 12 months.20

Agricultural Biotechnology

Background21

In May 2003, the United States initiated a WTO dispute-settlement process to address the

EU’s October 1998 de facto moratorium on new approvals of agricultural biotechnology

products (biotech products). The case also addressed the national marketing and import bans

maintained since the late 1990s by six EU member states (Austria, France, Germany,

Greece, Italy, and Luxembourg) on seven types of biotech corn and rapeseed previously

approved by the EU for import and marketing in the EU. Canada and Argentina also 22

requested WTO consultations with the EU. The United States claimed that these policies

were inconsistent with the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary

Measures (SPS Agreement), GATT 1994, the Agreement on Agriculture (Agriculture

Agreement), and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). In

particular, the United States alleged that the EU’s moratorium violated WTO rules by

restricting U.S. exports to the EU of biotech agricultural and food products, particularly

corn, “without a valid scientific basis and imposed undue delay on approvals.” In August 23

2003, the DSB agreed to form a single panel to consider the matters raised by the United

States, Canada, and Argentina.

In May 2004, the EU approved the first biotech product for human consumption since the

moratorium was imposed in October 1998. According to the EU, since then an additional

nine biotech products have been approved. Currently, there are about 30 biotech products 24

awaiting EU authorization.25

Developments During 2006

After numerous delays, the panel report was circulated on September 29, 2006. According

26

to the WTO, the panel found that the EU applied a general de facto moratorium on the 27

approval of biotech products between June 1999 and the date the panel was established in

August 2003, despite the categorical denial of the EU. The panel found that the EU acted
 Annex C(1)(a).

28

 SPS Articles 5.1, 5.5, 5.6, 2.2, or 2.3. 29

 SPS Articles 5.1 and 2.2. 30

 USTR, “U.S. Trade Representative Susan Schwab and U.S. Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns 31

Announce Favorable Ruling in WTO Case on Agricultural Biotechnology.”

 EC, “Europe's Rules on GMOs and the WTO.” 32

 Ibid. 33

 WTO, "European Communities—Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, 34

Notification of an Agreement with respect to Article 21.3(c) of the DSU."

 USTR, “Draft—Trade Policy Review of Canada.” 35

5-5

inconsistently with its WTO obligations under the SPS Agreement, Annex C and Article 28

8, because the moratorium led to undue delays in EU approval procedures. The panel found,

however, that the EU had not acted inconsistently with other provisions of the SPS

Agreement, as raised by the complainants. The panel found that the EU had acted 29

inconsistently with its WTO obligations with regard to all of the EU member state 30

safeguard measures raised in the complaint in that these measures were not risk-based

assessments under the definition of the SPS Agreement and thus were maintained without

sufficient scientific evidence.

In response to the WTO ruling, U.S. officials claimed that “the EU has yet to lift the

moratorium in its entirety. Some biotech product applications have been pending for 10

years or more, and applications for many commercially important products continue to face

unjustified, politically motivated delays.” The EU, on the other hand, has indicated that 31

“The EU has no ban on safe GM [genetically modified] products.” Citing recent approvals

32

of biotech products, the EU said “The claim that there is a moratorium on approval of GM

products in Europe is self-evidently untrue.”33

The case was not appealed. The EU indicated it would implement the panel’s

recommendations and rulings in a reasonable period of time.34

Canada

U.S.-Canada trade represents the largest two-way bilateral trade relationship in the world.35

In 2006, Canada was the largest single export market for U.S. goods, with two-way

merchandise trade (exports plus imports) reaching $501.3 billion, an increase of 6.5 percent

over 2005. U.S. exports to Canada were valued at $198.2 billion and U.S. imports from

Canada were valued at $303.0 billion, increases of over 8 and 5 percent, respectively, from

2005. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with Canada was $104.8 billion in 2006,

essentially unchanged from $104.3 billion in 2005 but greater than the $92.5 billion

recorded in 2004. Manufactured products figured prominently in U.S.-Canada merchandise

trade, with leading U.S. exports to Canada during the year including passenger motor

vehicles (PMVs); PMV bodies, parts, and accessories; motor vehicles for transport; piston

engines; gear boxes for motor vehicles; as well as natural gas and petroleum and bituminous

mineral oil preparations and oils. Leading U.S. imports from Canada included crude

petroleum and bituminous mineral oils, PMVs, natural gas, motor vehicles for transport,

coniferous wood, and parts and accessories for motor vehicles. U.S.-Canadian merchandise

trade data are shown in appendix tables A-25 through A-27.
 Ibid. 36

 Ibid. 37

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 128. 38

 Ibid. 39

 USTR, “Statement by USTR Spokesperson Neena Moorjani.” 40

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 128. 41

5-6

U.S.-Canadian trade relations are governed in large part by the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), which entered into force January 1, 1994, replacing the 1989 bilateral

U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. The NAFTA progressively eliminated tariff and

nontariff barriers for bilateral trade in all industrial and most agricultural products that

originate in the United States and Canada. Since the implementation of NAFTA, total twoway trade in merchandise goods between the United States and Canada has more than

doubled. In the most recent 5 years, bilateral trade in merchandise goods with Canada has 36

increased over 40 percent, topping $500 billion; two way trade in services increased nearly

30 percent to roughly $55 billion; and bilateral direct investment exceeded $478 billion.37

Certain trade-related disputes between the United States and Canada are governed by

NAFTA as well as WTO dispute settlement rules. Major procedural developments in these

bilateral dispute cases are listed in tables A-20 and A-21. The Softwood Lumber Agreement

signed on September 12, 2006, and entered into force on October 12, 2006, was a major

development in U.S.-Canadian trade relations in 2006, as discussed below.

Agriculture

In addition to being the largest single export market for U.S. goods in general, Canada is

also the largest market for U.S. food and agricultural exports in particular. Under the 1998

U.S.-Canada Record of Understanding on Agricultural Matters, the U.S.-Canada

Consultative Committee as well as the Province/State Advisory Group were established to

facilitate discussion and help provide fora for cooperation on agricultural matters to help

strengthen bilateral agricultural trade relations.38

In 2006, the Committee met twice to discuss issues concerning livestock, fruits and

vegetables, seed, processed food, and plant trade, as well as pesticide and animal drug

regulations, and biotechnology. In 2003, the U.S. National Potato Council requested the

Committee seek ways to address the commercial burden represented by this requirement.39

Such request spurred a discussion concerning a Canadian nontariff barrier that prohibits the

entry of bulk shipment of fruits and vegetables in packages that exceed certain standard

sizes.

Softwood Lumber Agreement

A major development in U.S.-Canadian trade relations during 2006 was the conclusion of

a formal agreement addressing trade in softwood lumber between the two countries. As a

result of negotiations concerning trade in softwood lumber between the two countries, a

tentative framework agreement was reached on April 27, 2006. The agreement was signed 40

on September 12, 2006, and entered into force on October 12, 2006, ending a number of

41

pending dispute settlement cases in the WTO and under the NAFTA.
 Ibid., 164. 42

 Ibid., 128. 43

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Article 1904; 44

Binational Panel Reviews: Notice of Withdrawal of Extraordinary Challenge Committee Review,” Fed. Reg.

61459.

 See, e.g.,WTO, “United States—Investigation of the International Trade Commission in Softwood 45

Lumber from Canada, Notification of Mutually Agreed Solution.”

 USTR, “U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab Announces Entry into Force of U.S.-Canada 46

Softwood Lumber Agreement.”

 See, e.g., WTO, “United States – Investigation of the International Trade Commission in Softwood 47

Lumber from Canada, Notification of Mutually Agreed Solution.” See also USTR, “United States Requests

Consultations with Canada under the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement.”

 Joint Report of the Office of the United States Trade Representative and the U.S. Department of 48

Commerce, Subsidies Enforcement Annual Report to the Congress, 26; USTR, “U.S. Trade Representative

Susan C. Schwab Announces Entry into Force of U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement.” Certain

softwood lumber products are excluded from the border measure: (1) softwood lumber made from logs

(continued...)

5-7

1996 Agreement Background

The new agreement resolved a dispute ongoing since the expiration of the 1996 U.S.-Canada

Softwood Lumber Agreement in March 2001. The 1996 bilateral agreement sought to

mitigate the effects on the U.S. lumber industry of subsidies provided by the Canadian

federal and provincial governments to Canadian lumber producers. With the expiration of

the 1996 Agreement, the U.S. lumber industry filed antidumping and countervailing

petitions regarding imports of Canadian softwood lumber into the U.S. market. After the

imposition of antidumping and countervailing duties, Canada challenged the U.S.

antidumping and countervailing duty determinations under both WTO and NAFTA dispute

settlement provisions.42

2006 Agreement

Under the terms of the 2006 Agreement, the United States and Canada ended a large portion

of the litigation over trade in softwood lumber. For example, the United States announced 43

its withdrawal of its NAFTA Extraordinary Challenge on softwood lumber from Canada,

44

and the United States and Canada notified the WTO Dispute Settlement Board that they had

reached a mutually agreed solution to the matters raised by Canada regarding the WTO

disputes involving softwood lumber. Under the main mechanism of the Agreement, 45

Canadian exporting provinces can choose either to collect an export tax that ranges from 5

percent to 15 percent depending on prevailing market prices or to collect lower export taxes

and limit export volumes. Specifically, when lumber prices are above $355 per thousand

46

board feet, Canadian lumber exports are unrestricted. If prices fall, each Canadian exporting

region can choose to be subject to an export tax ranging from 5 percent to 15 percent or a

lower export tax ranging from 2.5 percent to 5 percent with a volume restraint. The

measures become more stringent as the market price of lumber declines. To ensure that the

limits react to changing market conditions, they are based in part on expected U.S. lumber

consumption, which is calculatedmonthly based on data from a previous 12 month period.47

The 2006 Agreement also includes provisions to address potential import surges from

Canada, provide for effective dispute settlement, revoke the antidumping and countervailing

duty orders, refund the antidumping and countervailing duty deposits held by the United

States, and discipline future trade cases. With respect to the disbursement of the 48
 (...continued) 48

harvested in the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and

Newfoundland and Labrador); (2) softwood lumber made from logs harvested in the Yukon, Northwest

Territories, or Nunavut; and (3) softwood lumber manufactured by one of 32 named companies, primarily

located in Quebec (largely "border mills" that source most of their logs from Maine). Joint Report of the

Office of the United States Trade Representative and the U.S. Department of Commerce, Subsidies

Enforcement Annual Report to the Congress, 26.

 USTR, “U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab Announces Entry into Force of U.S.-Canada 49

Softwood Lumber Agreement.”

 Joint Report of the Office of the United States Trade Representative and the U.S. Department of 50

Commerce, Subsidies Enforcement Annual Report to the Congress, 27.

 Ibid., and USTR, “Canada,” 64. 51

5-8

antidumping and countervailing duty deposits levied by the United States on softwood

lumber imports, approximately $4.3 billion was to be returned to importers of record; $500

million to the Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports, petitioners in the antidumping and

countervailing cases; $50 million to a bi-national industry council; and $450 million to

promote meritorious initiatives in the United States, such as assistance to timber-reliant

communities, low-income housing and disaster relief, and promotion of sustainable forest

management practices. Finally, the 2006 Agreement also establishes an industry-led bi49

national working group, that is to discuss Canadian provincial policy reforms regarding

timber pricing, and a Softwood Lumber Committee. The Softwood Lumber Committee, 50

which held its first meeting in February 2007, is to supervise the implementation of the

agreement, supervise working groups related to the agreement, and consider any other

matters that affect the agreement.51

China

China was the second largest U.S. trading partner in 2006 (based on two-way trade of

exports plus imports) behind Canada. Since 2001, total U.S.-China merchandise trade, which

amounted to $338.7 billion in 2006, increased faster than any other of the U.S.’s top five

trading partners. U.S. exports of goods to China amounted to $51.6 billion in 2006,

representing a 32.9 percent increase from the year before, and placed China as the United

States’ fourth largest export market—after Canada, Mexico, and Japan. U.S. imports of

goods from China amounted to $287.1 billion in 2006, which represented an 18.3 percent

gain relative to the year before. Also, China has ranked as the second-largest U.S. import

supplier behind Canada since 2003. Leading U.S. exports to China during 2006 included

aircraft, soybeans, integrated circuits, cotton, and aluminum waste and scrap. Leading U.S.

imports from China included portable computers and their parts; transmission apparatuses;

color reception apparatuses for televisions; and footwear. U.S.-China merchandise trade data

are shown in appendix tables A.28 through A.30.

In 2006, U.S.-China bilateral trade relations mainly focused on more comprehensive

implementation of China’s WTO accession commitments, as well as the continuing dialogue

on renmenbi (yuan) revaluation. Many of these issues were addressed during the April 2006
 The JCCT serves as a government-to-government consultative mechanism to address bilateral trade 52

issues.

 President Bush and China’s President Hu created the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue on 53

September 20, 2006, to create a forum for high ranking officials to discuss specialized bilateral trade issues

and support JCCT and other bilateral diplomatic forums. For more information, see White House,

“President’s Statement on the Creation of the U.S-China Strategic Economic Dialogue”; and U.S.

Department of the Treasury, “Fact Sheet: Creation of the U.S. - China Strategic Economic Dialogue.” 

 USTR, U.S.-China Relations: Entering a New Phase of Greater Accountability and Enforcement, 9-11. 54

 In addition, on April 9, 2007 USTR filed two WTO cases against China. The first case involved alleged 55

deficiencies in China’s legal regime for protecting and enforcing copyrights and trademarks on a wide range

of products, while the second involved alleged barriers China has placed on book, music, video, and movie

imports. 

 USTR, 2006 Special 301 Report.

56

 USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 6. 57

 Ibid. 58

 

59 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Consulate, Guangzhou,“China IPR: Better Recognition of the Problem

But Weak Implemention Hinders Enforcement.”

 USTR, “The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) Outcomes on Major U.S. 60

Trade Concerns.”

5-9

meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT), and the 52

newly created semi annual U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED).53

U.S. Assessment of China’s WTO Compliance in 2006

China’s five-year long transition period as a WTO member officially ended in 2005, upon

the expiration of the majority of its obligation deadlines. According to USTR, China

fulfilled many of its accession commitments by 2005, though fundamental reforms remained

incomplete in 2006. These included more comprehensive and vigorous IPR enforcement, 54

the provision of greater market access to foreign companies, and broader liberalization

within China’s agricultural, industrial, and service sectors.55

Intellectual Property Rights

According to the 2006 USTR Special 301 annual review, widespread counterfeiting and

piracy in China made it one of the most egregious IPR violators in 2006. While USTR 56

characterized China’s legal and regulatory framework as “relatively good” in 2006, it also 57

stated that increased enforcement in China, through such measures as lowered criminal

prosecution thresholds and aligning practices to WTO TRIPS standards, were still

necessary. According to USTR, U.S. industries reported that counterfeiting and piracy

infringement remained high in China in 2006, causing considerable economic harm to U.S.

businesses in virtually every sector of the economy. While the U.S. State Department 58

indicated that recognition of the problem has increased at local and provincial levels, it also

indicated that a lack of training, limited human resources, corruption, and local

protectionism continue to constrain more comprehensive enforcement.59

During the April 2006 JCCT meeting, the Chinese government agreed to undertake a series

of initiatives to improve IPR enforcement, including: 60

• increasing its vigilance in factories producing illegal optical disks;

• enhancing its software installation requirements in government and private

entities;
 USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 66. 61

 USTR, “U.S.-China Trade Relations: Entering a New Phase of Greater Accountability and 62

Enforcement, Top-to Bottom Review,” 78.

 USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 10. 63

 USTR, Ibid., 8. 64

 Ibid. 65

 Ibid., 7. 66

 Ibid. 67

5-10

• limiting consumer markets of infringed goods; and

• pursuing specific IPR cases requested by the U.S. government.

In its 2006 Report to Congress, USTR noted that while China has taken several steps to

implement these commitments, impediments remained. Chief among them were China’s 61

market access barriers, which provided IPR violators with underlying incentives to meet

domestic demand before foreign products can be legally introduced in the local market.

62

Trading Rights and Distribution System

According to USTR, China met most of its WTO accession commitments related to the

liberalization of its distribution and trading rights system by 2006. Although these reforms

were scheduled to be implemented by December 11, 2004, USTRclaims that it was not until

2006 that U.S. companies in almost every sector were no longer required to use intermediary

agents to trade products, and could independently establish their own distribution

networks. One trade association with broad representation in China considers this 63

movement “the most important WTO commitments China has so far implemented.”

64

Despite these accomplishments, USTR reported that China maintains import and distribution

restrictions on certain products—such as foreign books, periodicals, and audio/video

products—and continues to constrain U.S. companies’ sales outside prespecified areas.

According to USTR, these restrictions impede market access and create further incentives

for IPRinfringement activity given associated delays in bringing these products to market.

65

Industrial Policies

According to USTR, China continued to promote industrial policies in 2006 that restricted

market access of products of non-Chinese origin, and China used government resources to

support domestic industries and their exports. USTR stated that such policies support 66

certain higher-value Chinese industries and protect certain less competitive domestic

industries. Examples of policies implemented in 2006 include new state control 67

requirements over what the Chinese government deems as critical equipment manufacturers

and revisions to foreign company merger and acquisition regulations that might prohibit

investment activity in certain industries. Examples of ongoing policies cited by USTR

include tariffs imposed by the Chinese government that discourage automobile

manufacturers in China from using imported auto parts in the assembly of vehicles; the

pursuit of unique national standards in certain high-technology sectors that could lead to the

infringement of intellectual property; export restrictions on raw materials such as coke; and
 USTR, “China”; “The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) Outcomes on 68

Major U.S. Trade Concerns”; and 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 7.

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “ USDA to Promote Food and Beverages at Trade Show in China”; 69

and USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 8.

 USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 8. 70

 Ibid., 10. 71

 USTR, “The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) Outcomes on Major U.S. 72

Trade Concerns.”

 USTR, 2006 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, 9. 73

 USTR, “China,” 117. 74

5-11

policies that provide the government with the authority to manage nearly every aspect of

China’s steel industry.68

Agriculture

China was the fourth largest market for U.S. agricultural exports in 2006. U.S. agricultural

exports to China increased from$5.2 billion in 2005 to $7.6 billion in 2006, in large part due

to strong growth in soybean exports.69

Despite the magnitude and growth of U.S. agricultural exports to China, USTR reported that

selective intervention by China’s regulatory authorities restricted U.S. exports from reaching

their potential. Specifically, frequently changing practices by Chinese customs and

70

quarantine officials, as well as unclear scientific standards for regulatory review, have made

China’s agricultural sector among “the least transparent and predictable of the world’s major

markets.”71

Services

In 2006, China’s regulators agreed to lower capital requirements for telecommunications

services and ensure that foreign express delivery services will not be negatively impacted

by new domestic postal laws.72

According to USTR, China’s WTO accession obligations to reduce market barriers in

specific service sectors–including finance, telecommunications, legal, construction, and

engineering services–have yet to be fully implemented. According to USTR, although the 73

United States continues to maintain a sizeable surplus with respect to its 2006 bilateral

services trade, China’s overly burdensome licensing and operation requirements have

impeded U.S. companies from reaching their full potential. For the financial information

services sector, even greater restrictions have been applied since September 2006.74

Export Controls and High Technology Trade 

Under the JCCT framework, the United States Department of Commerce and China’s

Ministry of Commerce established a High Technology and Strategic Trade Working Group

in 2006.Its intended purpose was to review export control cooperation and support bilateral
 USTR, “The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) Outcomes on Major U.S. 75

Trade Concerns.”

 U.S. Department of State, “ 76 U.S. Improving Controls on ‘Dual Use’ Exports to China”; and U.S.

Department of Commerce, "Win-Win High Technology Trade With China."

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “Win-Win High Technology Trade 77

With China,: and “Revisions and Clarification of Export and Reexport Controls For the People’s Republic of

China (PRC); New Authorization Validated End-User.” 

 International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, April 2006, 38. 78

 Bloomberg, “Yuan Rises Most in Two Weeks; Paulson Defends Currency Policy.” 79

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “Win-Win High Technology Trade 80

With China,” and “Revisions and Clarification of Export and Reexport Controls For the People’s Republic of

China (PRC); New Authorization Validated End-User,. Fed. Reg. 38313.” 

 In the past, all foreign exchange trading was highly regulated and exclusively run by the State 81

Administration for Foreign Exchange (SAFE).

 Average daily movements in the yuan-dollar exchange rate have increased from 0.02 percent in the 82

second half of 2005, to 0.03 percent in the first half of 2006, to 0.05 percent in the last half of 2006, with

individual day fluctuations restricted to 0.3 percent. U.S. Department of Treasury, “Report to Congress on

International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies,” 26.

 Ibid. 83

5-12

high technology trade. Under this working group, Commerce proposed to increase the U.S. 75

export control mechanisms on 47 product categories–including certain computer software,

and aircraft products–that have potential dual civilian and military use. If agreed upon, this 76

mechanism would authorize trade of “dual use” technology only with Chinese firms certified

as nonproliferators and who agreed to abide by unscheduled inspections.77

Global Trade Imbalances and China’s Exchange Rate Regime

The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with China of $235.4 billion in 2006 grew by $31.6

billion relative to the year before, and accounted for nearly 26 percent of the 2006 U.S.

global trade deficit (up from nearly 24 percent the year before). The magnitude and growth

of this bilateral trade deficit, increasing imbalances in the global economy, and policies

limiting the Chinese currency’s flexibility were of concern to U.S. policymakers in 2006.

According to the IMF, greater exchange rate flexibility would allow the yuan to adapt to

market forces and help mitigate China’s large global trade surplus.78

Since China officially ended its exchange rate peg to the U.S. dollar on July 21, 2005, the

yuan appreciated by approximately 6 percent in nominal terms by year end 2006. China’s 79

current exchange rate policy of managing the yuan against a broader set of currencies while

allowing the yuan to fluctuate by as much as 0.3 percent daily against the dollar has

continued since mid 2005. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, China has

80

continued to reform its currency market in 2006, through such measures as authorizing nonstate banks to administer spot trading and allowing yuan-dollar rates to broach 81

progressively higher thresholds.82

Despite the currency reforms implemented by China, the U.S. Treasury Department has

called for even greater exchange rate flexibility, suggesting that “China’s cautious approach

to exchange rate reform continues to exacerbate distortions in the domestic economy and

impede adjustment of international imbalances.” This was reiterated during the newly 83

formed U.S.-China SED. Moreover, Treasury hassuggested that policies aimed at lowering
 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Statement of Under Secretary for International Affairs Timothy D. 84

Adams Before the Senate Finance Committee U.S.-China Economic Relationship Revisited.” 

 The increase in imports from Mexico of the leading crude oil import in this category—HTS 85

2709.00.10—was attributable to a 30 percent increase in the average unit values of imports. 

 NAFTA is discussed in more detail in chapter 4 of this report. Bilateral U.S. trade relations with 86

Canada, the third NAFTA partner, are discussed above.

 Details of the proceedings are available in USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 5-20. 87

5-13

China’s domestic savings rate while spurring consumption would moderate its current

external imbalance. 8

4

Mexico

In 2005, Mexico’s long-held position as the second largest single U.S. trading partner (based

on two-way trade) slipped to third after Canada and China, and China outranked Mexico as

a U.S. trading partner again in 2006. U.S. merchandise exports to Mexico were valued at

$115 billion in 2006, an increase from $102 billion in 2005 (12.7 percent), and from $93

billion in 2004. U.S. merchandise imports from Mexico amounted to $197 billion in 2006,

an increase from $169 billion in 2005 (16.5 percent) and from $155 billion in 2004. The

U.S. merchandise trade deficit with Mexico amounted to $82 billion in 2006, increasing

from $68 billion in 2005 and $62 billion in 2004.

In 2006, as in the previous year, machinery and transportation equipment continued to be

the largest product group in bilateral trade, of which automotive trade was an important

component in both directions. U.S. exports to Mexico were up in all major Standard

International Trade Classification (SITC) product categories in 2006, except animal and

vegetable oils, fats, and waxes. U.S. imports from Mexico also increased in all SITC product

categories during the year, especially mineral fuels (increasing by almost one-third). U.S.-

85

Mexican trade data are shown in tables A.30 through A.32.

U.S.-Mexican trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA, which provides dutyfree status for substantially all bilaterally traded goods originating in the United States and

Mexico. Major trade-related issues in 2006 between the United States and Mexico 86

included a number of trade disputes that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute

settlement proceedings. The procedural developments in each of these cases are listed in

tables A.19 and A.20. Recent developments in three of these cases are summarized

below—Mexican antidumping duties on U.S. long-grain white rice, the U.S. antidumping

duty order on Mexican cement, and Mexican taxes on soft drinks and beverages that contain

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).

Mexican Antidumping Duties on U.S. Long-Grain White Rice 

This dispute concerns a U.S. challenge under the WTO dispute settlement process of

antidumping duties imposed by Mexico in 2000 and 2002 on imports of U.S. long-grain

white rice. On June 6, 2005, the WTO panel, established at the request of the United 87

States, issued a report finding Mexico’s injury determination to be inconsistent with the
 See USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 5-21 for details. 88

 WTO, Panel Report, “Mexico—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice.” 89

 WTO, Appellate Body Report, “Mexico—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice.” 90

 Ibid. 91

 

92 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice—

Communication from Mexico.”

 

93 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice—

Status Report by Mexico.”

 

94 WTO, Dispute Settlement Body, “Mexico—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice—

Status Report by Mexico— Addendum.”

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Fact Sheet, U.S.-Mexico Agreement on Cement,” and “Gray 95

Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico,” Fed. Reg. 13082.

 Details are available in USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 5-21. In addition, on January 6, 2006 the 96

Commission determined that it should proceed to a full five-year review concerning the antidumping duty

order on imports of gray portland cement and cement clinker from Mexico. USITC, "Gray Portland Cement

and Clinker from Mexico: Notice of Commission Determination to Conduct a Full Five Year Review,” Fed.

Reg. 2957. The Commission postponed the establishment of a schedule for this review until such time as

Commerce issues a schedule or announces a final affirmative determination in its related 2005 Sunset Review

regarding gray portland cement and clinker from Mexico. USITC, “Gray Portland Cement and Cement

Clinker from Mexico,” Fed. Reg. 19749.

 The NAFTA panel reviews of Commerce’s administrative review findings, Commerce’s five-year 97

review findings, the Commission’s affirmative five-year review determination, and the Commission’s

dismissal of the request for changed circumstances review, have either been terminated or suspended in

response to a consent motion filed by the parties resulting from the settlement agreement between the United

(continued...)

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WTO Antidumping Agreement. The panel also found several provisions of Mexico’s 88

antidumping and countervailing duty law (Foreign Trade Act) to be inconsistent with

Mexico’s WTO obligations. AfterMexico appealedmost of the panel’s findings, the WTO 89

Appellate Body affirmed all but one of the findings under appeal in a report issued on

November 29, 2005. The panel and Appellate Body reports were formally adopted by the 90

DSB on December 20, 2005.

91

On January 19, 2006, Mexico informed the DSB of its intention to implement the

recommendations and rulings of the DSB within a reasonable period of time. On December 92

7, 2006, Mexico informed the DSB that it had published a resolution eliminating the

antidumping measure on rice on September 11, 2006. Finally, on January 11, 2007, 93

Mexico informed the DSB that the country had amended, supplemented, and repealed

various provisions of its Foreign Trade Act to comply with its WTO obligations.94

U.S. Antidumping Duty Order on Mexican Cement

U.S. antidumping duty order on Mexican gray portland cement and cement clinker

(“cement”), in place since 1990, have been the subject of trade disputes under both the WTO

dispute settlement process and the NAFTA Chapter 19 binational dispute mechanism.95

Specifically, Mexico challenged (1) Commerce’s five-year review findings, (2) the

Commission’s affirmative five-year review determination, (3) Commerce’s administrative

review findings, and (4) the Commission’s dismissal of the request for a changed

circumstances review.96

On March 6, 2006, the United States and Mexico signed an agreement on trade in cement

that provides for the settlement or suspension of all outstanding litigation pending under the

WTO and NAFTA in connection with the antidumping duty order on Mexican cement. The 97
 (...continued) 97

States and Mexico. U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: 

Agreement,” Fed.Feg. 13082. Similarly, the WTO dispute panel proceedings (DS 281) involving

antidumping measures on cement from Mexico was suspended in January 2006, pending negotiations

between the United States and Mexico to find a mutually acceptable settlement regarding trade in cement. 

WTO, “United States - Antidumping Measures on Cement from Mexico, Communication from the Chairman

of the Panel.” The Panel has not been requested to resume its work and thus, the authority for the

establishment of the Panel lapsed as of 14 January 2007. WTO, “United States – Antidumping Measures on

Cement from Mexico, Lapse of Authority for the Establishment of the Panel, Note by the Secretariat.”

 USTR, “United States and Mexico Reach Agreement on Cement”; and U.S. Department of Commerce,

98

ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement,” Fed. Reg. 13082 . A copy of the

agreement also is available at the U.S. Department of Commerce Web site

(http://ia.ita.doc.gov/cement-agreement/index.html).

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement,” 99

Fed. Reg. 13082-13083.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Fact Sheet, U.S.-Mexico Agreement on Cement”; and U.S. 100

Department of Commerce, ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement,” Fed. Reg.

13082. An antidumping duty order on gray portland cement from Mexico went into effect on August 30,

1990. In the investigation and subsequent administrative reviews, Cemex received margins ranging from

37.40 to 109.43 percent. Cemex’s margin at the time of the agreement was 42.26 percent, U.S. Department of

Commerce, ITA, “Fact Sheet, U.S.-Mexico Agreement on Cement.”

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement,” 101

Fed. Reg. 13082.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Fact Sheet, U.S.-Mexico Agreement on Cement”; and U.S. 102

Department of Commerce, ITA, “Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico: Agreement,” Fed. Reg.

13082.

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda,129, and U.S. Department of Commerce, ITA, “Fact Sheet, U.S.- 103

Mexico Agreement on Cement.”

 Details on the beverage tax are available in USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 5-22. 104

5-15

agreement took effect on April 3, 2006. The duration of the agreement is three years. If all

98

of the terms of the agreement are complied with, the agreement will expire on March 31,

2009 and Commerce will revoke the antidumping duty order on cement from Mexico.

99

Under the terms of the agreement, imports of three million metric tons of Mexican cement

are permitted at an antidumping duty rate of $3 per metric ton and distributed regionally

throughout the southern tier of the United States. The agreement creates a system whereby 100

Mexican cement imports will be subject to regional export limits, which will be monitored

by both Commerce and Secretaría de Economía through export license and import license

systems. A provision in the agreement also permits additional Mexican imports of up to 101

200,000 metric tons that may be instituted if the President determines increased imports of

Mexican cement are warranted in responding to a disaster. The agreement is purported 102

to respond to concerns by consumers and builders on both sides of the border, notably to

ensure that those rebuilding in the Gulf Coast communities following the hurricane

devastation have necessary resources.103

Mexican Taxes on Certain Beverages

This case concerns a U.S. challenge under the WTO dispute settlement process of a

beverage tax imposed by Mexico on January 1, 2002, on soft drinks and other beverages

containing sweeteners other than cane sugar. Prior to the imposition of the tax, the United 104

States was the largest supplier of non-sugar sweeteners to the Mexican beverage industry.

After unsuccessful efforts by the United States and Mexico to find a negotiated resolution,

the WTO established a dispute settlement panel at the request of the United States on July
 USTR, “United States Files WTO Case Against Mexico Over Two Discriminatory Beverage Taxes”; 105

and WTO, Appellate Body Report, “Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages—Request

for Consultations by the United States;” and “Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other

Beverages—Report of the Panel.” 

 The WTO panel ruled that the discriminatory nature of the Mexican tax violated the national treatment 106

provisions of Article III:2 and III:4 of the GATT. WTO, Appellate Body Report, “Mexico—Tax Measures on

Soft Drinks and Other Beverages—Report of the Panel”; and USTR, “U.S. Wins Mexico Beverage Tax

Dispute,” and USTR, “Statement by U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab on Mexico’s Repeal of

Discriminatory Beverage Tax.”

 WTO, Appellate Body Report,“Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages—Report

107

of the Appellate Body.”

 WTO, “Dispute Settlement, Dispute DS308: Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other 108

Beverages—Summary of the Dispute to Date.”

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 129 and “Statement by U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. 109

Schwab on Mexico’s Repeal of Discriminatory Beverage Tax.”

 USTR “Notice of Agreement,” Fed. Reg. 45589; USDA, FAS, “USDA Announces Fiscal Year 2006 110

and 2007 Sugar Program Provisions”; and USTR, ‘USTR Announces Revised FY 2006 Tariff-Rate Quota

Sugar Allocations, Agreement with Mexico on Market Access on Sweeteners.”

 Ibid. 111

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6, 2004. On October 7, 2005, the panel found that the beverage tax wasinconsistent with

105

Mexico’s WTO national treatment obligations.106

Mexico appealed the panel findings to the Appellate Body; the Appellate Body affirmed the

panel on most points, and the panel’s findings, as amended by the Appellate Body, were

107

adopted on March 24, 2006. On December 22, 2006, Mexico’s Congress repealed the tax 108

effective January 1, 2007.109

Also, the United States and Mexico reached an agreement on July 27, 2006, in a longstanding dispute over market access for sweeteners. The agreement provides Mexico duty- 110

free access to the United States for 250,000 metric tons raw value of raw or refined sugar

in fiscal year 2007 and at least 175,000 metric tons raw value of raw or refined sugar for the

first three months of fiscal year 2008. Also under the agreement, Mexico will provide

reciprocal access for U.S. high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), including 250,000 metric tons

in fiscal year 2007 and at least 175,000 metric tons for the first three months of fiscal year

2008.

111

Japan

U.S. exports of goods to Japan totaled approximately $55.6 billion in 2006, an 8.0 percent

increase from $51.5 billion in 2005. U.S. imports from Japan increased by approximately

7.5 percent from $137.8 billion in 2005 to $148.1 billion in 2006. The U.S. merchandise

trade deficit with Japan totaled $92.5 billion in 2006, an increase of $6.2 billion from 2005.

Leading U.S. exports to Japan in 2006 included airplanes, parts of airplanes and helicopters,

cigarettes containing tobacco, and soybeans. Leading U.S. imports from Japan during 2006

included passenger motor vehicles, and parts and accessories; parts of computers; still video

cameras and other video recorders; and repairs or alterations of previously imported articles.

U.S.-Japan data are shown in appendix tables A.33 through A.35.
 For background information on the U.S.-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth, see USITC, The 112

Year in Trade 2002, 5-20-5-51.

 U.S. Department of State, “U.S., Japan Reach Agreement on Resumption of Beef Trade.”

113

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, “Japan Reopens Market to Imports of U.S. Beef.” 114

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, “United States Acts Quickly to Address Japan’s 115

Concerns about Beef.”

 An investigation by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service completed in February 2006 116

determined that the incident was the result of inadequate familiarity on the part of the exporter and USDA

inspector with the specific products that were eligible for shipment to Japan. USDA subsequently announced

the introduction of 12 action steps to prevent such actions from reoccurring. USDA, “USDA Report on Beef

Exports to Japan.”

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tokyo, “United States Acts Quickly To Address Japan’s 117

Concerns About Beef.” 

 U.S. Department of State, “U.S., Japan Reach Agreement on Resumption of Beef Trade”; and Masaki, 118

“Japan adds beef to US ties.” 

5-17

The U.S.-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth (Partnership) has served as the primary

forum for trade and economic dialogue between the two countries since its establishment

in 2001. The principal vehicle for dialogue within the Partnership has been the Regulatory

112

Reform and Competition Policy Initiative that covers discussions on telecommunications,

information and communications technology, energy, and medical devices and

pharmaceuticals. In 2006, discussions focused on beef markets in both countries, regulatory

reform, competition policy, and the harmonization of regulations and systems.

Beef

In 2003, Japan imposed a ban on imported beef and beef products from the United States

after the United States’ first reported case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

Japan had been the largest export market for U.S. beef and beef products with $1.4 billion

in sales during 2003. Japan lifted its ban on imports of certain U.S. beef products on

113

December 13, 2005, making more than 90 percent of total U.S. beef and beef products

eligible for importation into Japan. However, the new Japanese provisions excluded 114

imports of U.S. beef and beef products that, among other things, were shipped in boxes that

also contained beef products deemed at risk for BSE by Japanese standards. Japan

reimposed a ban on certain beef imports from the United States on January 20, 2006, after

the discovery of three boxes of imported U.S. beef shipped together with cattle backbone.

115

While shipping such products together was permitted in the United States, it was not

permissible in Japan and, failed to meet the terms of Japan’s December 2005 commitment

to allow U.S. beef imports.116

In February 2006, Japan also suspended imports from a Lexington, Nebraska meat

processing plant because its shipments contained beef from cattle exceeding the age limit

of 20 months. The two countries reached an agreement on June 5, 2006, for an inspection 117

program, and on July 27, 2006, Japan lifted the import ban. The agreement followed changes

in the U.S. food safety inspection system, satisfactory on-sight inspection of 35 U.S. meat

processing plants, and the stipulation that U.S. beef exports are solely from cattle less than

20 months of age.118
 USTR, “USTR Schwab Calls on Japan to Accelerate Economic Reform, U.S. Submits Annual 119

Regulatory Reform Recommendations.” 

 USTR, “USTR Schwab Welcomes Japan’s Economic Reform Measures; Urges Continued Progress.” 120

 U.S. Department of State, “U.S.-Japan Investment Initiative 2006 Report Progress on Opening Japan to 121

Foreign Investment.” USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 173-4.

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda, 166. 122

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Deregulation

As part of the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiative, the United

States presented Japan with comprehensive recommendations in December 2006 that urged

further improvements in Japan’s business environment and new market opportunities for

U.S. exporters and companies seeking to do business in Japan. The United States requested

that Japan undertake measures in its telecommunications sector to ensure market-based

technology decisions, strengthen competitive safeguards on dominant carriers, and

streamline certification processes for telecommunications equipment. The United States 119

also requested that Japan develop a plan to move regulatory functions concerning

telecommunications from a ministerial agency, where it is subject to direct political control,

to an independent regulatory agency. The United States also made recommendations

encouraging Japan to ensure that its regulatory framework for IT and electronic commerce

promotes competition and innovation, enhances transparency, protects users, and fosters

active private sector participation in policymaking processes. The United States also

recommended steps Japan could take to protect IPR. Through the Working Group on

Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals, the United States and Japan discussed regulatory and

reimbursement pricing issues in the medical device and pharmaceutical sectors.120

During 2006 Japan passed legislation to improve enforcement of its competition policy with

the implementation of the first significant amendment to the Antimonopoly Act in more than

25 years. The Japanese Diet approved the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, which

amended 89 financial laws and consolidated the remainder into a cohesive text. The

consolidation was undertaken to enhance investor protection and to promote movement of

financial assets into securities markets by introducing cross-sector rules for investment

product sales, management, and disclosure. Japan also enacted legislation to modernize its

Corporate Code and strengthened its Public Comment Procedures through an amendment

to its Administrative Procedures Law. The governments of the United States and Japan 121

concluded the Fifth Report to the Leaders under the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and

Competition Policy Initiative in June 2006 that detailed progress made during the previous

six months. The U.S. government presented new detailed recommendations to Japan urging

further sectoral and structural regulatory reforms that will be discussed throughout the first

half of 2007.122

Korea

U.S. two-way trade with Korea totaled $75.5 billion in 2006. U.S. exports to Korea

increased by 17.5 percent to $30.8 billion in 2006, after increasing by 4.9 percent in 2005.

U.S. imports increased 3.6 percent to $44.7 billion, after decreasing by 4.2 percent in 2005.

The United States recorded a $13.9 billion trade deficit with Korea in 2006 compared to

16.9 in 2005. Leading U.S. exports to Korea during the year included computer chips,

aircraft, and machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions (mostly
 The United States and Korea concluded the free trade agreement on April 1, 2007. USTR, “United 123

States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement.”

 See USITC, The Year in Trade 2005, 5-31. 124

 USTR, “United States, South Korea Announce Intention.” 125

 Ibid and 2006 Trade Policy Agenda, 156. 126

 USTR, “United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement.” 127

 USTR, 2006 Trade Policy Agenda, 157. 128

 USTR, Notification letters to Congress of intent to begin free trade negotiations. 129

 Cooper and Manyin, “The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement.” 130

 USTR, “Secretary Johanns and USTR Portman Welcome Progress.”

131

5-19

semiconductor production machinery). Leading U.S. imports from Korea included

automobiles, transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus (mostly cellular

phones), computer chips, and computer parts and accessories (mainly memory modules).

U.S.-Korea trade data are shown in appendix tables A.36 through A.38.

U.S.-Korean trade relations in 2006 were dominated by FTA negotiations and negotiations

over the resumption of Korean imports of U.S. beef, which had been suspended in late 2003

after a cow of Canadian origin, found in a U.S. herd, was determined to be infected with

BSE.

U.S.-Korea FTA Negotiations123

After several years of preparatory work and settlement of some longstanding trade issues,124

the United States and Korea announced their intention to negotiate a FTA on February 2,

2006. The negotiations are the “most commercially significant” for the United States since 125

NAFTA negotiations with Mexico and Canada in the early 1990s. The United States and 126

Korea reached agreement on April 1, 2007 .

127

The talks started in June 2006, and five rounds of negotiations were held before the end of

the year. As in other FTA negotiations, the United States sought a comprehensive 128

agreement with Korea, meaning the agreement should address more than just elimination

of tariffs and other barriers to trade in goods, such as trade in services, investment,

intellectual property rights, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade remedies,

competition, labor, and the environment, among others.129

Major areas of contention in the negotiations included agriculture (especially rice), the

automotive sector, pharmaceuticals, textiles and apparel, trade remedies, and goods

produced in the Kaesong Industrial Complex, located in North Korea.130

Beef

On January 13, 2006, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Michael O. Johanns and USTR Robert

J. Portman announced that Korea and the United States had agreed on an initial import

protocol for the resumption of Korean imports of U.S. beef, which had been suspended in

December 2003 after a cow in Washington State that had been imported from Canada was

found to have bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Under the protocol, imports of 131

U.S. boneless beef from cattle 30 months of age or younger were to be allowed. Resumption

was delayed after a cow in Alabama was found to have BSE in March 2006. Korea
 Korea, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), “Korea to Lift Import Ban.” 132

 USDA, “Statement by Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns.”

133

 USTR, “Korea.”

134

 See, for example, Senator Charles E. Grassley, Letter to Agriculture Secretary Johanns and USTR 135

Schwab.

 USTR, “Deputy USTR to Visit Taiwan, India, Vietnam May 24-June.”

136

 American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), “U.S. and Taiwan Discuss Enhancing and Deepening Trade 137

Relations Under Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)”; and USTR, “Taiwan,” 8.

5-20

subsequently sent a team to inspect a number of U.S. beef processing facilities and these

facilities changed the way they handled beef to meet the standards set by Korea.132

On September 7, 2006, Korea announced that it would resume importation of U.S. beef in

accordance with the protocol. Three shipments of U.S. beef to Korea following the 133

resumption of imports were rejected by Korean authorities because of the presence of “bone

chips,” and further U.S. shipments were effectively suspended. The United States has urged

Korea to bring its BSE policy in line with international guidelines set by the World

Organization for Animal Health (OIE) by allowing imports of all beef products deemed

safe. A number of U.S. Senators and Congressmen have indicated that if Korea does not 134

open its beef market on the basis of WTO requirements that import policies involving food

safety be based on science, a Korea-US FTA would face opposition in Congress.135

Taiwan

Taiwan was the eighth largest U.S. trading partner in 2006, based on two-way merchandise

trade that amounted to $59.4 billion. Bidirectional U.S. merchandise trade flows with

Taiwan has grown since 2004, with U.S. exports to Taiwan amounting to $21.4 billion in

2006, and U.S. imports from Taiwan amounting to $38.1 billion in the same year. Leading

U.S. exports to Taiwan in 2006 included digital integrated circuits, aircraft, semiconductor

production, and corn. Leading U.S. imports from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits,

computer parts and accessories, transmission apparatuses for radiotelephony, magnetic

media, and reception apparatus for color televisions. U.S.-Taiwan merchandise trade

statistics are listed in appendix tables A.39 through A.41.

The Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was established in 1994 as the

primary forum from which U.S. and Taiwanese officials could discuss bilateral trade issues

and the promotion of economic cooperation. During TIFA’s fifth session in May 2006, 136

negotiations mainly focused on the creation of a potential bilateral FTA, progress Taiwan

has made with respect to IPR enforcement, market access for U.S. exports of beef and rice

in Taiwan, and the liberalization of Taiwan’s financial and telecommunication sectors.137
 USTR’s consideration of a U.S.-Taiwan FTA follows an October 2002 USITC investigation measuring 138

the potential economic impact of such an agreement on the U.S. economy. See USITC, U.S.–Taiwan FTA:

Likely Economic Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between the United States and Taiwan.

 AIT, “Remarks by Ambassador Karan K. Bhatia, Deputy U.S. Trade Representative, Before the 139

American Chamber of Commerce,” 8.

 Ibid and “Meeting the Challenges of IPR Protection in Taiwan and Beyond - Remarks by AIT Director 140

Stephen M. Young at IPR Protection Workshop,” 8; and USTR,“Report Notes Continued Progress on

Intellectual Property Rights,” 2, and“Taiwan.”

 Ibid. 141

 Schwab, Susan (U.S. Trade Representative), Official Letter to U.S. Representative Pete Session on 142

U.S. – Taiwan Trade Issues.

 American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, “AmCham President Tom Johnson's Remarks for 2006 143

Taiwan White Paper Press Conference.” Taiwan has been a member of WTO since January 1, 2002. See

http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm. For a comprehensive view of

Taiwan’s WTO accession terms, see http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm

 USTR, “Taiwan,” 570. 144

 Ibid. 145

 Ibid. 146

 Ministry of Economic Affairs (R.O.C.), Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO), “Quarterly Report 147

on Taiwan’s Intellectual Property Rights Protection,” 2.

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U.S.–Taiwan FTA Negotiations138

Taiwan explored U.S. interest in establishing an FTA with the United States during the

May 2006 TIFA meetings. At those meetings, USTR initially stated that the challenges 139

associated with creating a “comprehensive and modern” FTA with Taiwan in 2006

would likely be too demanding given USTR’s full trade agenda for the year, which 140

included continuing the WTO Doha negotiations and undertaking FTA negotiations with

South Korea and Malaysia. In December 2006, USTR provided an official response to 141

Taiwan stating that it could not devote the necessary resources to launch FTA

negotiations at that time. However USTR declared its openness to considering forms of

longer-term bilateral economic cooperation. The American Chamber of Commerce in 142

Taipei stated that it would be more supportive of a bilateral FTA if Taiwan were to lift

its strict procurement restrictions, which the Chamber claims are currently not aligned

with Taiwan’s WTO accession commitments.143

Intellectual Property Rights 

Taiwan’s sustained IPR enforcement efforts in 2006 were sufficient to keep the country

off of USTR’s special 301 priority watch list of most serious IPR violator countries. In

December 2004, USTR removed Taiwan from its special 301 priority watch list, and

placed it on its regular watch list of IPR violator countries, following increased efforts

the country made to combat IPR violation. According to USTR, these efforts were

144

sustained in 2006, most notably with respect to retail and Internet piracy enforcement,

and increased vigilance against optical disc manufacturing.145

The Taiwanese government’s “IPR Action Plan 2006-2008” focused both on combating

IPR related infringement on the Internet and in universities, as well as creating a

specialized Intellectual Property Court. To deter infringement, Taiwan’s Ministry of 146

Education required all domestic universities to incorporate special Internet usage

requirements into their official 2006 university regulations. Moreover, to prepare for 147

the March 2007 inauguration of an Intellectual Property Court in Taiwan, official
 Ibid. 148

 AIT, “U.S. and Taiwan Discuss Enhancing and Deepening Trade Relations Under Trade and 149

Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA).”

 The USPTO workshop was jointly sponsored by National Chengchi University, the Taipei Branch of 150

the Licensing Executives Society (LES), and the American Institute in Taipei.

 USPTO, “Intellectual Property Policy and Leadership Performance” 2006 Performance and 151

Accountability Report.

 USTR, “Report Notes Continued Progress on Intellectual Property Rights,” 2. 152

 Ibid. 153

 International Intellectual Property Alliance, “2007 Special 301 Report: Taiwan,” 443. 154

 Ibid. 155

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. FAS Online Database.

156

 USTR, “Taiwan.”

157

5-22

training of 40 intellectual property judges began in March 2006. In addition to 148

Taiwan’s official action plan, its government agreed to hold consultative meetings with

USTR twice a year to advance bilateral efforts in combating IPR violation. Moreover,

149

the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) held a workshop in Taiwan in 150

2006 to bring together members of the judiciary, prosecutors, law enforcement officials,

administrators, and scholars from both countries in order to advance bilateral

understanding of IPR problems.151

Despite the progress Taiwan made with respect to IPR protection and enforcement in

2006, USTR still considered IPR infringement in that country to be considerably harmful

to U.S. businesses. Commercial-scale piracy of CDs, DVDs, and CD-ROMS, and the 152

counterfeiting of consumer goods were considered particularly harmful. The 153

International Intellectual Property Alliance estimates that although the trade losses due to

Taiwan’s copyright piracy decreased dramatically in 2006 relative to the preceding four

years, the losses still amounted to approximately $124 million, with approximately 70 154

percent of this piracy assumed to be in the form of business software piracy. The 155

Business Software Alliance estimated that piracy rates of approximately 43 percent in

Taiwan have remained basically unchanged in the past four years.

Agriculture 

Taiwan remained an important market for U.S. agriculture in 2006, importing nearly $2.5

billion of U.S. agricultural products. During that year, agricultural trade negotiations 156

centered on the removal of Taiwan’s ban on U.S. beef imports and discussions on

Taiwan’s rice procurement practices.

Beef

On January 25, 2006, Taiwan lifted its ban for the second time in recent history on U.S.

boneless beef originating from cattle 30 months of age or younger. While Taiwan 157

initially lifted the ban in April 2005, beef imports from the United States were restricted

nearly two months later following the discovery of a second U.S. case of Bovine

Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). By March 2006, the United States and Taiwan also

agreed that cattle imported into the United States from Canada for slaughter and

re-export would be segregated, so that cattle of Canadian origin would not be eventually
 AIT, “Taiwan TIFA Follow-up, Agriculture.”

158

 U.S. Department of State, “Taiwan Profile.” 159

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Taiwan Reopens Market to U.S. Beef.” 160

 According to USTR, U.S. participation in certain Taiwanese government procurement projects is 161

discouraged by clauses in some contracts that exclude foreign tenders. See USTR, “Taiwan”

 Ibid. 162

 AIT, “Taiwan TIFA Follow-up, Agriculture.”

163

 USTR, “Taiwan,” 6. 164

 USTR, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda.

165

 Ibid. 166

 AIT, “Taiwan TIFA Follow-up, Pharmaceuticals: In Flux”; and USTR, “Taiwan.”

167

5-23

sent to Taiwan. Moreover, both governments agreed upon the use of special 158

sanitatization processes for slaughtering the cattle aged 30 months or younger that would

be exported to Taiwan.

The reopening of Taiwan's market to U.S. beef exports in January 2006 followed official

decisions by the Japanese, Hong Kong, and South Korean governments to reinitiate their

respective beef trade with the United States. In 2003, before the imposition of the 159

bans, U.S. beef exports to Taiwan amounted to $76 million.160

Rice

According to USTR, the United States and Taiwan made progress towards addressing

U.S. concerns about Taiwan’s tariff-rate quota (TRQ) on rice imports. USTR indicated

that Taiwan implemented this TRQ in 2003 without the consultation of the United States

or its other major rice trade partners. While certain import restrictions remain, U.S. 161

suppliers have nevertheless won the majority of tenders in 2006, and Taiwan remained a

leading Asian market for U.S. rice exports.162

On August 21, 2006, Taiwan imposed a temporary ban on imports of U.S. long-grain

rice, following the discovery of trace amounts of genetically-engineered biotech rice

imported from the United States.163

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices

U.S. concerns over Taiwan’s reimbursement and registration practices for

pharmaceuticals and medical devices continued in 2006. During that year, USTR

recommended Taiwan implement an actual transaction pricing mechanism to address the

gap between the reimbursement rates and actual prices paid for pharmaceutical

products. Hospitals and doctors in Taiwan buy domestically-manufactured generic 164

drugs at discounted prices, and are later reimbursed by the Taiwanese government at a

fixed rate higher than the purchase price. According to USTR, such practices benefit

165

Taiwanese generic manufacturers at the expense of foreign producers. TIFA 166

discussions in 2006 also addressed the relatively slow registration process for new

pharmaceuticals and medical devices in Taiwan, which inhibits market entry for foreign

manufacturers.167
 With the exception of annuity insurance under the new labor pension plan, investment-linked insurance 168

with guarantee benefits, motor and fire insurance covered by the premium deregulation program, policies

with a coverage period exceeding three years, and new types of personal line insurance.

 USTR, “Taiwan,” 9; and AIT, “New Taiwan Foreign Currency Bond Market.” 169

 USTR, “Taiwan,” 9. 170

 The United States and Russia ratified a bilateral trade agreement and the United States extended NTR 171

treatment to Russia under the Presidential waiver authority beginning in June 1992. Russia has received NTR

status under the full compliance provision since September 1994. Cooper, Permanent Normal Trade

Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia.

 Public Law 93-618, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2431 et seq.). Sec. 401 of the Trade Act of 1974 requires 172

the President to deny NTR tariff treatment to any country that was not eligible for such treatment as of Jan. 3,

1975. Sec. 402 of the amendment, the so-called Jackson-Vanik amendment (the amendment is named for its

major Congressional co-sponsors) requires the President to continue to deny NTR to those countries as well

as prohibit their access to U.S. government credit facilities, such as the Export-Import Bank, as long as the

country denies its citizens the right of freedom of emigration. For further information, see Pregelj, Country

Applicability of the U.S. Normal Trade Relations (Most-Favored-Nation) Status, and Cooper, Permanent

Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia.

 Cooper, Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia.

173

5-24

Financial Services

According to USTR, progress was made in 2006 with respect to Taiwan’s efforts to

liberalize its financial sector. Processing time for the filing of new insurance programs

was significantly reduced, pre-authorization requirements for the introduction of

insurance programs were mostly eliminated, and insurance companies were permitted 168

to use derivatives to take “long” positions in different asset classes to enhance

investment yields. Moreover, Taiwan established a foreign currency bond market in 169

October 2006, and began trading foreign currency-denominated bonds in November

2006.

170

Russia

U.S. merchandise exports to Russia totaled $4.2 billion in 2006, a 15.2 percent increase

from $3.7 billion in 2005. U.S. merchandise imports from Russia totaled $19.6 billion in

2006, a 27.9 percent increase from $15.4 billion in 2005. The U.S. merchandise trade

deficit with Russia totaled $11.8 billion in 2006, up from $8.8 billion in 2005. Leading

U.S. exports to Russia during the year by value were frozen chicken parts, drilling

equipment, passenger motor vehicles, and aircraft. Leading U.S. imports from Russia by

value were petroleum products, aluminum, and uranium. U.S.-Russia merchandise trade

data are shown in appendix tables A.42 through A.44.

Normal Trade Relations Tariff Treatment

The United States accords Russia conditional normal trade relations (NTR) tariff

treatment pursuant to the provisions of Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended,

171

which includes the “freedom of emigration” requirements of the Jackson-Vanik

amendment. President Bush stated in 2001 that his administration would work with the 172

Congress to grant Russia permanent NTR status. Congress considered legislation to 173
 Such legislation was last introduced in 2003. A bill to authorize the extension of nondiscriminatory 174

treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of Russia, S. 580, 108 Cong., 1 sess.,

th st

Congressional Record (March 10, 2003): S3410; and A bill to authorize the extension of nondiscriminatory

treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of Russia, H.R. 1224, 108 Cong., 1 sess.,

th st

Congressional Record (March 12, 2003 (Extensions)), E446.

 USTR, “United States, Russia Sign Bilateral WTO Market Access Agreement.” 175

 Russia formally applied for accession to the GATT in 1993, and its application was taken up by the 176

WTO in 1995. The WTO working party on Russian accession was established in June 1993, and currently

comprises more than 50 WTO members. As part of the accession process, the applicant government engages

in bilateral negotiations with interested working party members on concessions and commitments on market

access for goods and services to create the final accession package. Russia and other WTO members must

complete the multilateral part of these negotiations before Russia becomes a WTO member and its WTO

commitments go into effect. WTO, “How to Become a Member of the WTO.”

 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations—Agricultural Goods Market Access.”

177

 Ibid. 178

 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations—Non-Tariff Measures Affecting U.S. Agricultural Trade.”

179

5-25

grant Russia permanent NTR in recent years, but such legislation was not introduced

174

in 2006.

Bilateral Market Access Agreement

On November 19, 2006, U.S. and Russian trade ministers signed a bilateral market access

agreement marking the completion of the two countries’ bilateral negotiations for Russia’s

175

bid to join the WTO. This agreement addresses long standingU.S. concerns with Russia’s

176

trade regime and provides market opening concessions and commitments from Russia for

trade in goods and services. Key areas of the agreement include—

• Agricultural tariffs: Russia agreed to bind its tariffs on all agricultural

products as part of its WTO accession. These tariffs, after accession, cannot be

increased except under WTO rules.177

• Meat products (poultry, pork, and beef): A bilateral agreement on trade in

poultry, pork, and beef that entered into force in 2005 will continue to govern

that trade through 2009 with a system of TRQs. The 2006 bilateral market

access agreement provides the framework for Russia’s post-2009 treatment of

these products to avoid trade disruption and determine if the TRQs remain or

if Russia will provide tariff-only treatment for these products.178

• Non-tariff measures affecting U.S. agricultural exports: The agreement

establishes a new procedure for inspection of U.S. pork and poultry facilities

whereby, among other things, Russia authorizes the U.S. Department of

Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service to certify facilities that export

to Russia. Russia also agreed to open its market to certain de-boned beef, bonein beef and beef by-products (U.S. exports of beef and beef by-products to

Russia have been restricted since a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy

was discovered in the United States in 2003). These commitments take effect

immediately upon signature of the WTO bilateral market access agreement.179

• Market access for non-agricultural goods: Russia agreed to join the

Information Technology Agreement, which will result in the duty-free entry of

information technology products; to substantially reduce its tariffs on both wide
 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations—Non-Agricultural Goods Market Access.”

180

 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations—Action on Critical IPR Issues.”

181

 USTR, “Results of Bilateral Negotiations—Bilateral Market Access Agreement on Services.” 182

5-26

body and narrow body civil aircraft and parts; to join the Chemical Tariff

Harmonization Agreement, which harmonizes tariffs on chemical products at

5.5 and 6.5 percent; to substantially reduce tariffs on construction and

agricultural equipment as well as scientific equipment and medical devices; and

to reduce duties on ferrous (steel) scrap and to eliminate duties on copper

cathode. Russia also agreed to liberalize trade in technology products with

encryption (mobile phones, operating systems, and other products).

180

• IPR protection: Russia agreed to take action,starting immediately, to address

IPR piracy and counterfeiting and to improve IPR protection and enforcement.

The agreement requires Russia to take action on “critical IPR issues, including

fighting optical disc piracy; fighting Internet piracy; protecting pharmaceutical

test data; deterring piracy and counterfeiting through criminal penalties;

strengthening border enforcement against piracy and counterfeiting; bringing

Russia’s laws into compliance with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related

Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and other

international IPR standards; and continuing training and bilateral cooperation

on IPR protection.181

• Services: Russia agreed to improve market access and to afford national

treatment in a wide range of services sectors, including banking and securities,

insurance, telecommunications, audio-visual services, distribution, express

delivery, energy, environmental, and professional services when the WTO

agreement enters into effect.182
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APPENDIX

Table A.1 U.S. merchandise trade with world, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 43,566,552 46,380,671 52,174,477 12.5

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,657,019 4,331,104 4,911,493 13.4

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,085,397 40,196,836 49,243,765 22.5

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,513,944 26,240,185 34,733,188 32.4

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,953,508 1,765,636 1,984,891 12.4

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,441,791 119,476,419 135,051,306 13.0

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,574,425 77,304,180 90,260,125 16.8

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,476,712 367,483,265 423,845,364 15.3

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,713,061 88,791,506 99,475,411 12.0

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . 28,200,928 32,022,087 37,806,001 18.1

Total all exports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 727,183,338 803,991,890 929,486,022 15.6

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 46,870,676 51,343,623 56,013,697 9.1

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 12,335,842 13,484,002 15,348,181 13.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,529,152 30,162,892 32,820,082 8.8

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,990,088 271,244,015 315,706,848 16.4

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,279,432 2,399,720 2,854,434 18.9

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,212,638 134,377,072 149,566,728 11.3

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,235,494 190,485,023 222,810,178 17.0

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593,960,602 649,335,925 708,611,310 9.1

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,365,856 258,809,220 275,580,424 6.5

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . 55,380,681 60,738,175 65,741,300 8.2

Total all imports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,460,160,460 1,662,379,669 1,845,053,181 11.0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified.”
Table A.2 Leading U.S. exports to the world, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

 1,000 dollars

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,497,678 24,918,549 35,876,951 44.0

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,556,313 22,154,045 23,358,653 5.4

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not identified

by kind shipments to Canada.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,161,505 20,443,326 22,909,517 12.1

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,550,638 12,620,744 17,872,798 41.6

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,858,453 14,702,468 17,649,186 20.0

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70

percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,244,558 9,653,155 16,033,553 66.1

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. 9,158,147 9,879,554 12,381,069 25.3

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,440,792 9,803,812 12,031,015 22.7

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,309,784 12,171,725 11,934,426 -1.9

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,211,030 10,194,759 11,007,187 8.0

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,184,526 7,846,312 9,203,911 17.3

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,174,852 8,604,166 9,189,657 6.8

8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,568,019 5,680,194 7,259,565 27.8

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, excluding powder. . . . . . . 3,464,941 4,635,601 7,171,430 54.7

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,817,595 4,860,457 7,157,295 47.3

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,684,380 6,314,528 6,922,651 9.6

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,349,947 6,177,008 6,888,016 11.5

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . 3,549,572 4,517,727 6,303,376 39.5

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70

percent by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,453,208 4,976,674 6,032,714 21.2

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,163,748 4,626,314 5,798,484 25.3

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . 4,547,656 4,966,751 5,626,927 13.3

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine,

gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,524,999 4,662,661 5,272,155 13.1

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,906,422 3,927,399 4,565,504 16.2

5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,222,396 3,920,176 4,500,562 14.8

3002.10 Antisera and other blood fractions, and modified immunological products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,360,657 4,123,323 4,351,947 5.5

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,961,819 226,381,428 277,298,547 22.5

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522,221,519 577,610,462 652,187,475 12.9

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 727,183,338 803,991,890 929,486,022 15.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
Table A.3 Leading U.S. imports from the world, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,337,587 137,330,950 171,243,102 24.7

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating 

piston engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,732,506 74,059,712 75,524,876 2.0

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating 

piston engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,085,812 46,646,402 54,418,644 16.7

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, 

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products, not light.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,652,668 39,422,007 42,821,386 8.6

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals

exported or returned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,205,473 34,862,777 36,245,215 4.0

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, 

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,312,561 27,423,542 32,105,083 17.1

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . 26,834,882 27,581,638 31,320,447 13.6

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale,

n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,158,753 24,005,920 29,632,582 23.4

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,959,691 24,912,967 27,245,991 9.4

2711.21 Natural gas, gaseous state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,674,288 27,134,511 24,256,477 -10.6

8471.30 Portable digital automated data processing machines not exceeding 10 kg, with at 

least a CPU, keyboard and display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,034,861 19,421,324 22,751,802 17.1

8528.12 Incomplete or unfinished color reception apparatus for televisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,321,956 16,336,936 21,720,880 33.0

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,193,577 18,226,139 20,194,073 10.8

8471.60 Input or output units for automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,720,207 17,701,985 16,907,374 -4.5

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,871,661 15,374,539 16,449,237 7.0

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,058,744 15,353,135 15,651,849 1.9

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,401,701 15,044,656 15,553,790 3.4

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston

engine, gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,321,430 10,849,797 11,345,016 4.6

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,738,387 10,604,829 11,321,890 6.8

8517.90 Parts of telephonic or telegraphic apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,512,769 8,585,599 9,191,689 7.1

8517.50 Other apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems. . . . . . . . . 5,435,488 7,508,296 8,779,614 16.9

2713.11 Petroleum coke, not calcined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,283,865 6,752,288 8,582,043 27.1

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 7,513,225 8,377,614 8,496,836 1.4

6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests) and similar articles,

knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,084,341 7,592,959 8,239,814 8.5

6403.99 Footwear not covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber or plastics or 

composition leather and uppers of leather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,226,536 7,567,498 8,074,276 6.7

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549,672,968 648,678,021 728,073,986 12.2

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910,487,492 1,013,701,648 1,116,979,195 10.2

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460,160,460 1,662,379,669 1,845,053,181 11.0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
Table A.4 Antidumping cases active in 2006, by USITC investigation number

(Affirmative = A; Negative = N)

USITC

investigation

number Product

Country

of origin

Date of

institution

USITC

prelim

ITAa

prelim

ITAa

final

USITC

final

Date of

final actionb

731-TA-1089 Certain orange juice Brazil 12/27/04 A A A A 02/27/06

731-TA-1091 Artists’ canvas China 04/01/05 A A A A 05/15/06

731-TA-1092 Diamond sawblades and parts thereof China 05/03/05 A A A N 07/05/06

731-TA-1093 Diamond sawblades and parts thereof Korea 05/03/05 A A A N 07/05/06

731-TA-1094 Metal calendar slides Japan 06/29/05 A A A N 08/02/06

731-TA-1095 Certain lined paper school supplies China 09/09/05 A A A A 09/21/06

731-TA-1096 Certain lined paper school supplies India 09/09/05 A A A A 09/21/06

731-TA-1097 Certain lined paper school supplies Indonesia 09/09/05 A A A A 09/21/06

731-TA-1102 Activated carbon China 01/26/06 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 02/15/06 c c c c

731-TA-1103 Certain activated carbon China 03/08/06 A A ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d

731-TA-1104 Polyester staple fiber China 06/23/06 A A ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d

731-TA-1105 Lemon juice Argentina 09/21/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d d

731-TA-1106 Lemon juice Mexico 09/21/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d d

731-TA-1107 Coated free sheet paper China 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d d

731-TA-1108 Coated free sheet paper Indonesia 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d d

731-TA-1109 Coated free sheet paper Korea 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d d d

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. a 

For cases in which the final action was taken by the ITA, the date shown is the Federal Register notice date of that action. For cases in which the final action was taken by USITC, b 

the date of the USITC notification of Commerce is shown.

The investigation was terminated or discontinued following withdrawal of the petition.

c 

Pending as of Dec. 31, 2006. d 
A-7

Table A.5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2006

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Argentina:

Honey. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 10, 2001

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sept. 19, 2001

Oil country tubular goods.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 1995 

Seamless pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 3, 1995

Barbed wire and barbless wire strand... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 13, 1985

Australia:

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Belarus:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 21, 1999

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Brazil:

Certain orange juice.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Mar. 9, 2006

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 28, 2004

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 6, 1999

Seamless pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 3, 1995

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 21, 1995

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 22, 1994

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 2, 1992

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Dec. 17, 1986

Iron construction castings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . May 9, 1986

Canada:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Iron construction castings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 5, 1986

Chile:

Individually quick frozen red raspberries. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 9, 2002

Preserved mushrooms.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 2, 1998

China:

Certain lined paper school supplies.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 28, 2006

Artists’ canvas...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 1, 2006

Chlorinated isocyanurates. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . June 24, 2005

Magnesium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . April 15, 2005

Tissue paper. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 30, 2005

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Crepe paper.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 25, 2005

Wooden bedroom furniture. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 4, 2005

Carbazole violet pigment 23. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 29, 2004

Hand trucks...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 2, 2004

Polyethylene retail carrier bags. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Aug. 9, 2004

Ironing tables. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 6, 2004

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 6, 2004

Color television receivers.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 3, 2004
A-8

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

China–Continued:

Malleable iron pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 12, 2003

Refined brown aluminum oxide... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Nov. 19, 2003

Barium carbonate. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Oct. 1, 2003

Polyvinyl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Oct. 1, 2003

Saccharin.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 9, 2003

Lawn and garden steel fence posts.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 12, 2003

Non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Apr. 7, 2003

Ferrovanadium.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Jan. 28, 2003

Folding metal tables and chairs.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 27, 2002

Automotive replacement glass windshields.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 4, 2002

Folding gift boxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Jan. 8, 2002

Honey. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 10, 2001

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Pure magnesium (granular).... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Nov. 19, 2001

Foundry coke.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sept. 17, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Non-frozen apple juice concentrate.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 5, 2000

Preserved mushrooms.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 19, 1999

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Oct. 24, 1997

Crawfish tail meat. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Sept. 15, 1997

Persulfates.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 7, 1997

Brake rotors. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Apr. 17, 1997

Furfuryl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 21, 1995

Pure magnesium (ingot). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 12, 1995

Glycine.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 29, 1995

Cased pencils. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 28, 1994

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 22, 1994

Paper clips.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Nov. 25, 1994

Fresh garlic. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Nov. 16, 1994

Helical spring lock washers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 19, 1993

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1992

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 6, 1992

Sparklers...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 18, 1991

Silicon metal. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 10, 1991

Axes and adzes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Feb. 19, 1991

Bars and wedges. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 19, 1991

Hammers and sledges.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 19, 1991

Picks and mattocks. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Feb. 19, 1991

Tapered roller bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 15, 1987

Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 2, 1986

Petroleum wax candles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Aug. 28, 1986

Iron construction castings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . May 9, 1986

Natural bristle paint brushes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 14, 1986

Barium chloride. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 17, 1984

Chloropicrin...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 22, 1984

Potassium permanganate. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Jan. 31, 1984

Greige polyester cotton printcloth. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Sept. 16, 1983
A-9

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Ecuador:

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Finland:

Carboxymethylcellulose.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 11, 2005

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

France:

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 2002

Low enriched uranium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 13, 2002

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Ball bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1989

Brass sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 6, 1987

Sorbitol.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Apr. 9, 1982

Germany:

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 2002

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Seamless pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 3, 1995

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Ball bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1989

Brass sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 6, 1987

Hungary:

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 8, 2002

India:

Certain lined paper school supplies.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 28, 2006

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Carbazole violet pigment 23. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 29, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 28, 2004

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 1, 2002

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 23, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Preserved mushrooms.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 19, 1999

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 21, 1995

Forged stainless steel flanges. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 9, 1994

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Dec. 1, 1993

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 2, 1993

Welded carbon steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . May 12, 1986

Indonesia:

Certain lined paper school supplies.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 28, 2006

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Preserved mushrooms.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 19, 1999

Iran:

Raw in-shell pistachios. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 17, 1986
A-10

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Italy:

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 2002

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 23, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Pasta...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 24, 1996

Oil country tubular goods.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 1995

Ball bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1989

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 30, 1988

Brass sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 6, 1987

Pressure sensitive plastic tape. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 21, 1977

Japan:

Superalloy degassed chromium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 22, 2005

Ceramic station post insulators... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 30, 2003

Polyvinyl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 2, 2003

Welded large diameter line pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 6, 2001

Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Aug. 28, 2000

Large diameter seamless pipe.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . June 26, 2000

Small diameter seamless pipe.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . June 26, 2000

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 29, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Clad steel plate. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 2, 1996

Oil country tubular goods.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 1995

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 21, 1995

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Gray portland cement and clinker. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . May 10, 1991

Ball bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1989

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 24, 1988

Brass sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 12, 1988

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 25, 1988

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Feb. 10, 1987

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Dec. 8, 1978

Polychloroprene rubber. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Dec. 6, 1973

Kazakhstan:

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 23, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 21, 2001

Korea:

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 28, 2004

Polyvinyl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Oct. 1, 2003

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 2002

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Polyester staple fiber. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 25, 2000

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000
A-11

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Korea–Continued

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Oil country tubular goods.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 1995

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1993

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 23, 1993

Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 30, 1992

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 2, 1992

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . June 5, 1991

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 20, 1987

Latvia:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Malaysia:

Polyethylene retail carrier bags. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Aug. 9, 2004

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 23, 2001

Mexico:

Carboxymethylcellulose.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 11, 2005

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 28, 2004

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Welded large diameter line pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 27, 2002

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Fresh tomatoes (suspended).... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 1, 1996

Oil country tubular goods.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 1995

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 2, 1992

Gray portland cement and clinker. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 30, 1990

Moldova:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Netherlands:

Carboxymethylcellulose.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 11, 2005

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Apr. 12, 1991

Philippines:

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 23, 2001

Poland:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Portugal:

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 8, 2002

Romania:

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Small diameter seamless pipe.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 10, 2000

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993
A-12

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Russia:

Magnesium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . April 15, 2005

Silicon metal. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 26, 2003

Ammonium nitrate (suspended).... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 19, 2000

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (suspended).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 12, 1999

Carbon steel plate (suspended).... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 24, 1997

Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 10, 1995

Uranium (suspended). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Oct. 16, 1992

Solid urea.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 14, 1987

South Africa:

Ferrovanadium.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Jan. 28, 2003

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sept. 19, 2001

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 21, 1999

Spain:

Chlorinated isocyanurates. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . June 24, 2005

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 2, 1995

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Sweden:

Carboxymethylcellulose.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 11, 2005

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Taiwan:

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 1, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Polyester staple fiber. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 25, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 15, 1998

Forged stainless steel flanges. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 9, 1994

Helical spring lockwashers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . June 28, 1993

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 16, 1993

Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 30, 1992

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 2, 1992

Light-walled rectangular pipe.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 27, 1989

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Dec. 17, 1986

Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 2, 1986

Small diameter carbon steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . May 7, 1984

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... June 13, 1979

Thailand:

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Polyethylene retail carrier bags. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Aug. 9, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Jan. 28, 2004

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Furfuryl alcohol. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 25, 1995

Canned pineapple...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 18, 1995

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 6, 1992
A-13

Table A.5 (continued)

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Thailand–Continued

Welded carbon steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 11, 1986

Trinidad and Tobago:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Turkey:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Apr. 17, 1997

Pasta...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 24, 1996

Welded carbon steel pipe May 15, 1986

Ukraine:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 29, 2001

Ammonium nitrate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sept. 12, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 7, 2001

Carbon steel plate (suspended).... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 24, 1997

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Oct. 31, 1994

Solid urea.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 14, 1987

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Oct. 31, 1994

Solid urea.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 14, 1987

United Kingdom:

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 2002

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 19, 1993

Ball bearings. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1989

Venezuela:

Silicomanganese. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 23, 2002

Vietnam:

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 1, 2005

Frozen fish fillets. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 12, 2003

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.
Table A.6 Countervailing duty cases active in 2006, by USITC investigation number

(Affirmative = A; Negative = N)

USITC

investigation

number Product

County

of origin

Date of

institution

USITC

prelim

ITAa

prelim

ITA

final

USITC

final

Date of

final actionb

701-TA-442 Certain lined paper school supplies India 09/09/05 A A A A 09/21/2006

701-TA-443 Certain lined paper school supplies Indonesia 09/09/05 A A A A 09/21/2006

701-TA-444 Coated free sheet paper China 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

cccc

701-TA-445 Coated free sheet paper Indonesia 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

cccc

701-TA-446 Coated free sheet paper Korea 10/31/06 A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

cccc

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

a

 For cases in which the final action was taken by the ITA, the date shown is the Federal Register notice date of that action. For cases in which the final action b

was taken by USITC, the date of the USITC notification of Commerce is shown.

 Pending as of Dec. 31, 2006. c
A-15

Table A.7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2006

Country and commodity

Effective date of

original action

Argentina:

Honey. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Dec. 10, 2001

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sept. 11, 2001

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 11, 1999

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 17, 1993

Brazil:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 22, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... July 6, 1999

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 17, 1993

Heavy iron construction castings.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... May 15, 1986

France:

Low enriched uranium. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Feb. 13, 2002

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 17, 1993

Hungary:

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 8, 2002

India:

Certain lined paper school supplies.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 28, 2006

Carbazole violet pigment 23. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 29, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Feb. 4, 2004

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . July 1, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Sulfanilic acid.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar. 2, 1993

Indonesia:

Certain lined paper school supplies.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Sept. 28, 2006

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Iran:

Roasted in-shell pistachios. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Oct. 7, 1986

Raw in-shell pistachios. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Mar. 11, 1986

Italy:

Stainless steel bar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 8, 2002

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Pasta July 24, 1996

Korea:

DRAMs and DRAM modules. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 11, 2003

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Aug. 6, 1999

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 17, 1993

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 20, 1987

Mexico:

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 17, 1993

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Apr. 12, 1991 

South Africa:

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Stainless steel plate in coils.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . May 11, 1999

Spain:

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 17, 1993

Sweden:

Carbon steel plate...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Aug. 17, 1993

Thailand:

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 3, 2001

Turkey:

Pasta...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . July 24, 1996

Welded carbon steel pipe. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . Mar. 7, 1986

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.
A-16

Table A.8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements completed

in 2006, by date of completion

USITC

investigation

number Product

Country of

origin

Completion

date Action a

731-TA-663 Paper clips China 01/18/06 Continued

731-TA-377 Internal combustion industrial forklift trucks Japan 01/25/06 Revoked

701-TA-302 Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Norway 01/27/06 Continued

731-TA-454 Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Norway 01/27/06 Continued

731-TA-457-A Axes and adzes China 01/31/06 Continued

731-TA-457-B Bars and wedges China 01/31/06 Continued

731-TA-457-C Hammers and sledges China 01/31/06 Continued

731-TA-457-D Picks and mattocks China 01/31/06 Continued

701-TA-401 Structural steel beams Korea 03/09/06 Revoked

731-TA-853 Structural steel beams Japan 03/09/06 Revoked

731-TA-854 Structural steel beams Korea 03/09/06 Revoked

731-TA-825 Polyester staple fiber Korea 03/20/06 Continued

731-TA-826 Polyester staple fiber Taiwan 03/20/06 Continued

701-TA-269 Brass sheet and strip Brazil 03/21/06 Revoked

731-TA-311 Brass sheet and strip Brazil 03/21/06 Revoked

731-TA-312 Brass sheet and strip Canada 03/21/06 Revoked

731-TA-313 Brass sheet and strip France 03/21/06 Continued

731-TA-314 Brass sheet and strip Italy 03/21/06 Continued

731-TA-317 Brass sheet and strip Germany 03/21/06 Continued

731-TA-379 Brass sheet and strip Japan 03/21/06 Continued

731-TA-856 Ammonium nitrate (suspended) Russia 03/27/06 Continued

701-TA-318 Sulfanilic acid India 04/21/06 Continued

731-TA-538 Sulfanilic acid China 04/21/06 Continued

731-TA-561 Sulfanilic acid India 04/21/06 Continued

731-TA-846 Small diameter seamless pipe Czech Republic 04/26/06 Revoked

731-TA-847-A Large diameter seamless pipe Japan 04/26/06 Continued

731-TA-847-B Small diameter seamless pipe Japan 04/26/06 Continued

731-TA-848 Large diameter seamless pipe Mexico 04/26/06 Revoked

731-TA-849 Small diameter seamless pipe Romania 04/26/06 Continued

731-TA-850 Small diameter seamless pipe South Africa 04/26/06 Revoked

731-TA-851 Synthetic indigo China 04/27/06 Revoked

731-TA-461 Gray portland cement and cement clinker Japan 05/31/06 Continued

731-TA-624 Helical spring lock washers China 06/15/06 Continued

731-TA-625 Helical spring lock washers Taiwan 06/15/06 Continued

731-TA-860 Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet Japan 06/26/06 Continued

701-TA-309-A Alloy magnesium Canada 07/05/06 Revoked

701-TA-309-B Pure magnesium Canada 07/05/06 Revoked

731-TA-696 Pure magnesium (ingot) China 07/05/06 Continued

701-TA-253 Welded carbon steel pipe Turkey 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-132 Small diameter carbon steel pipe Taiwan 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-252 Welded carbon steel pipe Thailand 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-271 Welded carbon steel pipe India 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-273 Welded carbon steel pipe Turkey 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-409 Light-walled rectangular pipe Argentina 07/18/06 Revoked

See footnotes at end of table.
A-17

Table A.8 (continued)

USITC

investigation

number Product

Country of

origin

Completion

date Action a

731-TA-410 Light-walled rectangular pipe Taiwan 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-532 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe Brazil 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-533 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe Korea 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-534 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe Mexico 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-536 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe Taiwan 07/18/06 Continued

731-TA-636 Stainless steel wire rod Brazil 07/19/06 Revoked

731-TA-637 Stainless steel wire rod France 07/19/06 Revoked

731-TA-638 Stainless steel wire rod India 07/19/06 Continued

731-TA-539-C Uranium (suspended) Russia 08/01/06 Continued

731-TA-540 Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Korea 08/16/06 Continued

731-TA-541 Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Taiwan 08/16/06 Continued

731-TA-344 Tapered roller bearings China 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-391-A Ball bearings Germany 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-392-A Ball bearings France 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-392-C Spherical plain bearings France 08/25/06 Revoked

731-TA-393-A Ball bearings Italy 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-394-A Ball bearings Japan 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-396 Ball bearings Singapore 08/25/06 Revoked

731-TA-399-A Ball bearings United Kingdom 08/25/06 Continued

731-TA-671 Silicomanganese Brazil 08/28/06 Continued

731-TA-672 Silicomanganese China 08/28/06 Continued

731-TA-673 Silicomanganese Ukraine 08/28/06 Continued

731-TA-703 Furfuryl alcohol China 09/15/06 Continued

731-TA-705 Furfuryl alcohol Thailand 09/15/06 Continued

731-TA-683 Fresh garlic China 09/28/06 Continued

731-TA-702 Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium Russia 09/28/06 Continued

731-TA-865 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Italy 11/17/06 Continued

731-TA-866 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Malaysia 11/17/06 Continued

731-TA-867 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Philippines 11/17/06 Continued

731-TA-471 Silicon metal Brazil 12/06/06 Revoked

731-TA-472 Silicon metal China 12/06/06 Continued

731-TA-891 Foundry coke China 12/20/06 Continued

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 The completion date shown is the date of the USITC notification of Commerce. a
A-18

Table A.9 Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the U.S. International Trade

Commission during 2006 and those pending on December 31, 2006

Status of 

Investigation Article Country

a

Commission

determination

Completed:

337-TA-481

337-TA-491

consolidated

Certain Display Controllers with

Upscaling Functionality and

Products Containing Same;

Certain Disply Controllers and

Products Containing Same

(consolidated)

Taiwan One related (ancillary)

enforcement proceeding;

terminated based on a settlement

agreement.

337-TA-502 Certain Automobile Tail Light Lenses

 and Products Incorporating

Same

Germany One related (ancillary) remand

proceeding; terminated based on

a settlement agreement.

337-TA-503 Certain Automated Mechanical

Transmission Systems for

Medium-Duty and Heavy-Duty

Trucks, and Components

Thereof

Germany One related (ancillary)

consolidated advisory and

enforcement proceeding;

terminated based on a finding of

no violation.

337-TA-509 Certain Personal Computers, Server

Computers, and Components

Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-510 Certain Systems for Detecting and

Removing Viruses or Worms,

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

No foreign

respondents

One related (ancillary)

consolidated advisory and

enforcement proceeding;

terminated based on a settlement

agreement.

337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes and

 Products Containing Same

Malaysia Issued a limited exclusion order.

337-TA-519 Certain Personal Computers,

Monitors, and Components

Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-523 Certain Optical Disk Controller Chips

and Chipsets and Products

Containing the Same, Including

DVD Players and PC Optical

Storage Devices II

Taiwan Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-530 Certain Electric Robots and

Component Parts Thereof

Germany, Japan Terminated based on a finding of

no violation.

337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants,

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

China, Korea Issued a limited exclusion order.

337-TA-534 Certain Color Television Receivers

and Color Display Monitors, and

Components Thereof

Taiwan Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated

Circuits, and Products

Containing Same

China Issued a limited exclusion order.

See footnotes at end of table.
A-19

Table A.9 (continued)

Status of 

Investigation Article Country

a

Commission

determination

337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or

Solvate Thereof, and Products

Containing Same

India, Panama,

Haiti, Nicaragua,

Mexico, Australia

Issued a general exclusion order.

337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and

Products Containing

Same

Taiwan Issued a limited exclusion order.

337-TA-542 Certain DVD/CD Players and

 Recorders, Color Television

 Receivers and Monitors, and

 Components Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-547 Certain Personal Computers, Monitors

and Components Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-548 Certain Tissue Converting Machinery, 

Including Rewinders, Tail

Sealers, Trim Removers, And

Components Thereof

Taiwan Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink

Printers

Korea Issued a limited exclusion order

and a cease and desist order.

337-TA-552 Certain Flash Memory Devices and

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Such

Devices and Components

Korea Terminated based on a finding of

no violation.

337-TA-554 Certain Axle Bearing Assemblies,

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Korea Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-555 Certain Devices for Determining

Organ Positions and Certain 

Subassemblies Thereof

Canada Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-562 Certain Incremental Dental

 Positioning Adjustment Appliances

 and Methods of Producing Same

Pakistan Terminated based on a consent

order.

337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and

Packaging Therefor

China Issued limited exclusion order.

337-TA-566 Certain Chemical Mechanical

Planarization Slurries and

Precursors to Same

Korea Terminated based on a consent

order.

337-TA-568 Certain Products and Pharmaceutical

Compositions Containing 

Recombinant Human

Erythropoietin

Germany,

Switzerland

Terminated based on a finding of

no violation.

337-TA-570 Certain Flash Memory Chips, Flash

Memory Systems, and Products

Containing Same

Japan Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-573 Certain Portable Digital Media Players No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

337-TA-576 Certain Portable Digital Media Players

and Components Thereof

Singapore Terminated based on a

settlement agreement.

See footnotes at end of table.
A-20

Table A.9 (continued)

Status of 

Investigation Article Country

a

Commission

determination

Pending:

337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs

and Rewritable Compact Discs

Hong Kong, Taiwan One related (ancillary) remand

proceeding pending before the

Commission.

337-TA-487 Certain Agricultural Vehicles and

Components Thereof

Canada One related (ancillary) remand

proceeding pending before the

Commisson.

337-TA-493 Certain Zero-Mercury-Added

Alkaline Batteries, Parts

Thereof, and Products

Containing Same

China, Hong Kong,

Indonesia, Japan,

Singapore

One related (ancillary) remand

proceeding pending before the

Commission.

337-TA-501 Certain Encapsulated Integrated

Circuit Devices and Products 

Containing Same

Malaysia Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-524 Certain Point of Sale Terminals and b

Components Thereof

France, Israel,

Korea, Ireland

Ancillary sanctions proceeding

pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips

and Chipsets, Transmitter and

Receiver (Radio) Chips, Power

Control Chips, and Products

Containing Same, Including

Cellular Telephone Handsets

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Korea, Ireland,

China, Canada, 

Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-546 Certain Male Prophylactic Devices India Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-550 Certain Modified Vaccinia Ankara

("MVA") Viruses and Vaccines and

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Based Thereon

United Kingdom Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and

Scan Engines, Components

Thereof And Products

Containing Same

China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-553 Certain NAND Flash Memory Devices

and Products Containing Same

Japan Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting

Diodes and Products Containing

Same

Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Pending before the Commission.

See footnotes at end of table.
A-21

Table A.9 (continued)

Status of 

Investigation Article Country

a

Commission

determination

337-TA-558 Certain Personal Computer/Consumer

Electronic Convergent Devices,

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-559 Certain Digital Processors and Digital

Processing Systems,

Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Netherlands Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-560 Certain NOR and NAND Flash

Memory Devices and Products 

Containing Same

Switzerland Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-561 Certain Combination Motor and

Transmission Systems and

Devices Used Therein, and

Products Containing Same

Japan Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators,

Components Thereof and

Products Containing Same

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and

Components Thereof

Hong Kong, China,

Germany, Korea

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-567 Certain Foam Footwear Canada Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-569 Certain Endoscopic Probes for Uses

in Argon Plasma Coagulation

Systems

Germany Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-571 Certain L-Lysine Feed Products,

Their Methods of Production

and Genetic Contructs for

Production

Hong Kong, China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-572 Certain Insulin Delivery Devices,

Including Cartridges Having

Adaptor Tops, and

Components Thereof

Germany, France Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-574 Certain Equipment for

Telecommunications or Data 

Communications Networks,

Including Routers, Switches,

and Hubs, and Components

Thereof

France Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-575 Certain Lighters China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-577 Certain Wireless Communication

Equipment, Articles Therein,

and Products Containing the

Same

Sweden Pending before the ALJ.

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A.9 (continued)

Status of 

Investigation Article Country

a

Commission

determination

A-22

337-TA-578 Certain Mobile Telephone Handsets,

Wireless Communication

Devices, and Components

Thereof

Finland Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-579 Certain Nickel Metal Hydride

Consumer Batteries,

Components Thereof, and

Consumer Electronic Products

Containing Same

Germany Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-580 Certain Peripheral Devices and

Components Thereof and

Products Containing the Same

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-581 Certain Inkjet Ink Supplies and

Components Thereof

China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-582 Certain Hydraulic Excavators and

Components Thereof

Canada Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-583 Certain Wireless Communication

 Devices, Components Thereof, and

 Products Containing Same

Korea Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-584 Certain Alendronate Salts and

Products Containing Same

India Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-585 Certain Engines, Components

 Thereof, and Products Containing

 Same

China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-586 Certain Stringed Musical Instruments

 and Components Thereof

France, Germany Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-587 Certain Connecting Devices For Use

With Modular Compressed Air

Conditioning Units, Including Filters, 

Regulators, and Lubricators ("FRL'S")

That Are Part of Larger Pneumatic

Systems and The FRL Units They

Connect

Japan, China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-588 Certain Digital Multimeters, and

Products with Multimeter

Functionality

China, Hong Kong Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-589 Certain Switches and Products

Containing Same

Taiwan, Japan Pending before the ALJ.

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation. a 

Inv. No 337-TA-524 was terminated on July 8, 2005; sanctions proceeding pending. b 
A-23

Table A.10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31, 2006

Investigation

No. Article Country

a

Date patent

expires

b

337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Nonpatent

337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan, Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and

Components Thereof

Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and 

Components Thereof

Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan, Japan, Canada Nonpatent

337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and Rubber

Soles

Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan, Hong Kong,

 Korea

Nonpatent

337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan, South Africa Nonpatent

337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips and

Components Thereof

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls, Popularly Known as 

"Cabbage Patch Kids," Related Literature, and 

Packaging Therefore

No foreign respondents Nonpatent

337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore, Taiwan,

 Korea, Thailand,

 Hong Kong

Nonpatent

337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and

Components Thereof and Methods of Using, and

Products Incorporating, the Same

France Nonpatent

337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan Nonpatent

See footnotes and end of table.
A-24

Table A.10 (continued)

Investigation

No. Article Country

a

Date patent

expires

b

337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator Caps and

Related Packaging and Promotional Materials

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their Containers Colombia Nonpatent

337-TA-333 Certain Woodworking Accessories Taiwan Mar. 2, 2008

c

337-TA-360 Certain Devices For Connecting Computers Via

Telephone Lines

Taiwan Feb. 13, 2007

337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan Aug. 21, 2007c

Oct. 12, 2008c

337-TA-374 Certain Electrical Connectors and Products Containing

Same

Taiwan Jan. 22, 2008

337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Turbines and

Components Thereof

Germany Feb. 1, 2011

c

337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Kamaboko Fish Cakes Japan Nonpatent

337-TA-380 Certain Agricultural Tractors Under 50 Power Take-Off

Horsepower

Japan Nonpatent

337-TA-383 Certain Hardware Logic Emulation Systems and

Components Thereof

France Oct. 5, 2008 

Oct. 5, 2008

Oct. 5, 2008

Apr. 28, 2009

Apr. 28, 2009

337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages China, Hong Kong,

 Korea

Sept. 4, 2007

Sept. 4, 2007

Nov. 27, 2007

Apr. 5, 2008

Nov. 5, 2008

Mar. 7, 2009

Aug. 10, 2010

Aug. 13, 2010

Nov. 1, 2011

Jan. 10, 2012

Apr. 18, 2012

July 25, 2012

337-TA-413 Certain Rare-Earth Magnets and Magnetic Material and

Articles Containing Same

China, Taiwan June 7, 2015

See footnotes at end of table.
A-25

Table A.10 (continued)

Investigation

No. Article Country

a

Date patent

expires

b

337-TA-416 Certain Compact Multipurpose Tools China, Taiwan July 1, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

337-TA-422 Certain Two-Handle Centerset Faucets and

Escutcheons, and Components Thereof

Taiwan, China May 31, 2008

337-TA-424 Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Thereof No foreign respondents Nonpatent

337-TA-440 Certain 4-Androstenediol China July 13, 2018

337-TA-446 Certain Ink Jet Cartridges and Components Thereof Taiwan Nov. 3, 2007

Dec. 22, 2008

Apr. 25, 2012

337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers, Sprinkler Components,

and Nozzles

Taiwan, Israel, Germany July 8, 2014

July 8, 2014

337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers, Sprinkler Components,

and Nozzles

Taiwan, Israel, Germany July 8, 2014

July 8, 2014

337-TA-473 Certain Video Game Systems, Accessories, and

 Components Thereof

No foreign respondents Dec. 18, 2015

Dec. 25, 2015

337-TA481/491Certain Display Controllers with Upscaling Functionality

 and Products Containing Same; and Certain Display

 Controllers and Products Containing Same

Taiwan Feb. 24, 2017

337-TA-482 Certain Compact Disc and DVD Holders Denmark, Hong Kong,

Taiwan

May 1, 2015

337-TA-486 Certain Agricultural Tractors, Lawn Tractors, Riding

 Lawnmowers, and Components Thereof 

China Nonpatent

337-TA-489 Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable

 Salt Thereof, Such as Sildenafil Citrate, and Products

 Containing Same

Belize, Israel, Nicaragua, 

 Syria, United Kingdom, 

 India, China

June 18, 2011

337-TA-492 Certain Plastic Grocery and Retail Bags Thailand, China,

Singapore, Hong Kong

Dec. 6, 2010

337-TA-494 Certain Automotive Measuring Devices, Products

 Containing Same, and Bezels for Such Devices

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-498 Certain Insect Traps No foreign respondents Jan. 30, 2018

337-TA-500 Certain Purple Protective Gloves Malaysia Nonpatent

See footnotes at end of table.
A-26

Table A.10 (continued)

Investigation

No. Article Country

a

Date patent

expires

b

337-TA-503 Certain Automated Mechnical Transmission Systems

for Medium-Duty and Heavy-Duty Trucks, and

Components Thereof

Germany Feb. 6, 2007

337-TA-505 Certain Gun Barrels Used in Firearms Switzerland, Netherlands Sept. 25, 2015

Aug. 25, 2017

337-TA-511 Certain Pet Food Treats China Sept. 23, 2011

337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes And Products Containing

Same

Malaysia July 27, 2018

July 27, 2018

July 27, 2018

Jan. 18, 2015

337-TA-514 Certain Plastic Food Containers China Oct. 19, 2013

Dec. 23, 2017

Dec. 23, 2017

337-TA-518 Certain Ear Protection Devices China, Taiwan June 2, 2015

337-TA-522 Certain Ink Markers and Packaging Thereof China, India, Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-528 Certain Foam Masking Tape Spain, Netherlands, 

Portugal, Canada, 

France, Germany

May 10, 2011

337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants, Components Thereof,

and Products Containing Same

China, Korea Jun. 21, 2011

Jun. 21, 2011

337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated Circuits, and

Products Containing Same

China Nov. 20, 2020

Nov. 20, 2020

337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or Solvate Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

India, Panama, Haiti, 

Nicaragua, Mexico, 

Australia

Jun. 12, 2016

337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and Products 

Containing Same

Taiwan Sept. 24, 2019

Sept. 24, 2019

337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink Printers Korea Apr. 29, 2022

Apr. 29, 2022

Apr. 29, 2022

337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and Packaging 

Therefore

China Feb. 4, 2017

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation. a

 Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigation. b

 Patent term extended pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 154(c). c
A-27

Table A.11 U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports, 2006 (1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description Total imports GSP eligible

GSP duty

free

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals,

crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . 99,023,262 13,031,649 8,535,780

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of

precious metal except silver, except

necklaces and clasps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,640,712 3,915,398 3,475,330

7606.12.30 Aluminum alloy plates, sheets, and strip, of a 

thickness exceeding 0.2 mm, rectangular

(including square), not clad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,511,948 660,312 571,585

7403.11.00 Refined copper cathodes and sections of

cathodes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 6,164,848 1,441,441 448,472

7113.19.29 Gold necklaces and neck chains, other than 

rope or mixed link. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 978,815 528,936 427,396

2905.11.20 Methanol (methyl alcohol), n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . 1,618,172 1,463,943 425,500

7113.11.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of silver,

n.e.s.o.i., valued over $18 per dozen

pieces or parts. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,044,434 389,585 341,880

3907.60.00 Polyethylene terephthalate in primary forms. . . . . 1,171,533 334,079 330,785

8544.30.00 Ignition wiring sets, other wiring sets of a kind 

used in vehicles, aircraft or ships.. . . . . . . . . . . 6,029,250 583,822 329,202

7202.41.00 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of

carbon. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 272,908 272,106 270,227

8708.39.50 Brakes and servo-brakes and parts thereof,

n.e.s.o.i., excluding mounted brake linings,

for motor vehicles not agricultural tractors.. . . . 3,507,100 305,779 256,925

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or

coloring. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 691,066 547,717 227,176

8502.31.00 Wind-powered electric generating sets. . . . . . . . . 1,208,667 217,118 212,610

8708.99.80 Parts and accessories n.e.s.o.i., of motor 

vehicles, n.e.s.o.i. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6,607,019 257,441 209,421

4011.10.10 New pneumatic radial tires, of rubber, of a kind

used on motor cars, including station wagons and

racing cars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,787,995 437,119 199,324

4011.20.10 New pneumatic radial tires, of rubber, of a kind

used on buses or trucks 2,943,183 270,523 183,289

4418.90.45 Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood, including

cellular wood panels, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454,980 187,569 178,961

3923.21.00 Sacks and bags, including cones, for the

conveyance or packing of goods, of

polymers of ethylene .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,456,013 265,027 178,256

7408.11.60 Refined copper wire, with a maximum crosssectional dimension over 6 but not over 9.5

millimeters... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,353,566 906,382 177,909

7202.30.00 Ferrosilicon manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,761 172,841 172,464

Top 20 items.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 149,753,233 26,188,788 17,152,493

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,684,954,858 26,125,609 15,444,161

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,834,708,092 52,314,397 32,596,654

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Figures do not include U.S. Virgin Island imports. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere

specified or included."
Table A.12 U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 2006

(Million dollars)

HTS Sector Rank Description

Total

imports

GSP

eligible

GSP 

duty free

Section I 1 Live animals; animal products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 19,559 84 70

Section II 2 Vegetable products.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 20,053 1,215 306

Section III 3 Animal and vegetable fats, oils, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,795 170 158

Section IV 4 Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits; tobacco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,478 2,530 1,445

Section V 5 Mineral products.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 314,168 15,325 8,873

Section VI 6 Chemical products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 132,541 3,340 1,650

Section VII 7 Plastics and rubber.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 51,534 3,296 2,341

Section VIII 8 Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins, saddlery; handbags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,591 586 513

Section IX 9 Wood; charcoal; cork; straw and other plating materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,584 1,365 992

Section X 10 Wood pulp; paper and paperboard.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 26,814 0 0

Section XI 11 Textiles and textile articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 96,143 454 304

Section XII 12 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas; artificial flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,418 39 32

Section XIII 13 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos ceramic and glass articles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,503 2,097 917

Section XIV 14 Pearls, precious or semi-precious stones; imitation jewellery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,932 5,264 4,527

Section XV 15 Base metals and articles of base metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,270 6,377 3,984

Section XVI 16 Machinery and appliances; electrical equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470,446 6,611 3,930

Section XVII 17 Vehicles, aircraft, vessels, transport equipment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,744 2,026 1,557

Section XVIII 18 Optical, photographic, medical, and musical instruments; clocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,771 910 488

Section XIX 19 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,824 83 79

Section XX 20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 126 544 430

Section XXI 21 Work of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,643 0 0

Section XXII 22 Special classification provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,770 0 0

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,834,708 52,314 32,579

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.
A-29

Table A.13 U.S. imports for consumption under AGOA provisions, by source, 2004-06

Rank Source 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

1 Nigeria. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 15,415,913 22,460,052 25,823,091 15.0

2 Angola. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,249,211 4,216,469 4,532,941 7.5

3 Chad.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 293,801 1,028,954 1,531,433 48.8

4 Gabon.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,919,407 2,487,326 1,290,031 -48.1

5 Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . 342,248 571,419 774,536 35.5

6 Republic of South Africa.. . . . . . . . . . 832,441 455,316 717,439 57.6

7 Lesotho.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 447,622 388,344 384,452 -1.0

8 Kenya. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 279,898 272,131 265,051 -2.6

9 Madagascar. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 314,842 273,193 229,541 -16.0

10 Cameroon.... ... ... ... ... ... ... 242,725 100,910 152,394 51.0

11 Mauritius.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 147,816 146,807 145,843 -0.7

12 Swaziland. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 175,927 160,462 135,425 -15.6

13 Ghana.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63,170 49,927 34,874 -30.2

14 Namibia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 75,904 53,058 33,019 -37.8

15 Malawi. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 35,052 32,375 29,901 -7.6

16 Botswana. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,138 30,044 28,225 -6.1

17 Senegal. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7 9 14,239 155,149.6

18 Ethiopia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,532 3,646 5,000 37.1

19 Tanzania.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,984 2,812 3,022 7.5

20 Uganda.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,022 4,854 1,490 -69.3

21 Mozambique. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,151 2,828 940 -66.8

22 Cape Verde. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,902 2,115 85 -96.0

23 Zambia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22 0 8 – 

24 Burkina Faso. ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 6 – 

25 Mali.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3 0 3 – 

26 Niger.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 24 1 -97.2

Rwanda. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 1 0 -100.0

Côte d'Ivoire... ... ... ... ... ... . . 88,601 0 0 – 

Guinea-Bissau. ... ... ... ... ... . . 26,131 0 0 – 

Sierra Leone.... ... ... ... ... ... . 3 0 0 – 

Benin. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 – 

Burundi. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 – 

Democratic Rep of the Congo. . . . . . 0 0 0 – 

Djibouti... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 – 

The Gambia. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 0 0 – 

Guinea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 – 

Mauritania.... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 – 

São Tomé and Principe. . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 – 

Seychelles. ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 – 

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21,986,472 32,743,077 36,132,990 10.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.
Table A.14 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA, 2004-06

HTS No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . 18,548,189 28,013,930 31,161,473 11.2

2709.00.10 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . 314,487 1,269,922 1,722,917 35.7

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from 

bituminous minerals, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,644 1,105,736 870,676 -21.3

8703.23.00 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity 1,500-3000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,157 121,082 328,807 171.6

2710.11.25 Naphthas, not motor fuel/blending stock, from petroleum oils/oils from bituminous minerals, 

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,652 380,440 318,064 -16.4

6204.62.40 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . 314,851 284,633 267,699 -5.9

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of

cotton, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360,754 285,664 227,537 -20.3

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing

15 percent or more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,652 253,972 225,849 -11.1

7202.11.50 Ferromanganese containing by weight more than 4 percent carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,210 62,785 97,833 55.8

6110.30.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of manmade fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,738 87,620 66,508 -24.1

6205.20.20 Men's or boys' shirts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not certified hand-loomed and folklore 

product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,299 76,563 64,871 -15.3

6104.62.20 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,849 58,505 57,456 -1.8

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,415 52,984 51,366 -3.1

6105.10.00 Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,290 29,886 49,017 64.0

2710.11.45 Mixtures of hydrocarbons n.e.s.o.i., none comprising over half of product, 70 or more by weight 

from petroleum oils and bituminous minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 102,094 47,803 -53.2

0805.10.00 Oranges, fresh or dried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,431 31,420 46,171 46.9

3823.70.60 Industrial fatty alcohols, other than derived from fatty substances of animal or vegetable

origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,986 32,693 46,091 41.0

1604.14.40 Tuna and skipjack, not in airtight containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3,415 35,488 939.3

6104.63.20 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. 35,434 32,980 30,407 -7.8

2207.10.60 Undenatured ethyl alcohol for nonbeverage purposes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,445 19,409 29,228 50.6

2204.21.50 Non-sparkling wine of fresh grapes, other than Tokay, not over 14 percent alcohol, in containers not

over 2 liters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,241 27,356 27,467 0.4

6106.10.00 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,089 20,282 23,377 15.3

6103.43.15 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . 39,244 29,984 20,410 -31.9

6103.42.10 Men's and boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,813 20,137 18,637 -7.5

2710.11.15 Light motor fuel, 70 percent or more by weight from petroleum oils and bituminous minerals, 

other than crude.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 20,028 17,654 -11.8%

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,454,875 32,423,519 35,852,806 10.6

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,597 319,558 280,184 -12.3

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,986,472 32,743,077 36,132,990 10.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
A-31

Table A.15 U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source 2004-06

Rank Source 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

1 Ecuador. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,747,335 4,370,654 5,325,193 21.8

2 Colombia. ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,888,888 4,653,248 4,791,187 3.0

3 Peru. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,602,673 2,282,661 3,201,851 40.3

4 Bolivia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... 120,363 157,386 166,216 5.6

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,359,258 11,463,949 13,484,448 17.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
Table A.16 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 2004-06

HTS No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00.10 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,891,605 5,182,127 5,872,958 13.3

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,742,257 1,770,339 2,165,942 22.3

7403.11.00 Refined copper cathodes and sections of cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422,392 556,350 992,968 78.5

2710.11.25 Naphthas, not motor fuel/blending stock, from petroleum oils/oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 

70 percent by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,009 406,173 612,969 50.9

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminous minerals, 

testing under 25 degrees A.P.I... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378,163 541,470 458,833 -15.3

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton, 

n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,903 295,156 318,240 7.8

0603.10.60 Roses, fresh cut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,799 263,076 288,394 9.6

6105.10.00 Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,443 193,835 190,706 -1.6

0603.10.80 Cut flowers and flower buds suitable for bouquets, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,902 159,410 171,989 7.9

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,319 164,190 168,791 2.8

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing 15 percent 

or more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,972 156,388 140,800 -10.0

0709.20.90 Asparagus, fresh or chilled, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,478 87,130 126,571 45.3

0603.10.70 Chrysanthemums, standard carnations, anthuriums and orchids, fresh cut.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,123 96,846 100,868 4.2

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver, except necklaces and clasps. . . . . . . . . 76,376 80,117 85,606 6.9

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,158 18,203 71,847 294.7

6106.10.00 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,605 64,213 66,608 3.7

1604.14.30 Tunas and skipjack, not in oil, in airtight containers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,466 47,814 64,860 35.7

6204.62.40 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . 63,767 55,793 50,464 -9.6

7610.10.00 Doors, windows, and their frames and thresholds for doors, of aluminum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,929 17,677 45,504 157.4

7113.19.29 Gold necklaces and neck chains, other than rope or mixed link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,765 44,188 43,317 -2.0

2613.90.00 Molybdenum ores and concentrates, not roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,729 14,946 41,139 175.2

2402.20.80 Cigarettes containing tobacco but not clove, paper-wrapped.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,946 39,097 38,340 -1.9

6110.30.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of man-made 

fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,819 24,578 36,692

49.3

2005.90.80 Artichokes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,842 16,628 35,912 116.0

3904.10.00 Polyvinyl chloride, not mixed with any other substances, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,442 44,960 33,844 -24.7

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,365,207 10,340,704 12,224,160 18.2

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994,051 1,123,245 1,260,288 12.2

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,359,258 11,463,949 13,484,448 17.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
A-33

Table A.17 U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 2004-06

(1,000 dollars)

Rank Source 2004 2005 2006

Percent change

2005-06

1 Trinidad and Tobago. . . . . . . . . . 1,674,430 2,734,524 3,677,726 34.5

2 Dominican Republic. . . . . . . . . . . 2,598,254 2,483,579 2,481,035 -0.1

3 Costa Rica. ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,078,966 1,157,763 1,382,065 19.4

4 Guatemala. ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,189,520 1,246,183 652,845 -47.6

5 Honduras. ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,314,464 2,372,315 555,925 -76.6

6 Haiti. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 218,264 303,390 379,321 25.0

7 Jamaica. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 166,708 152,163 245,755 61.5

8 El Salvador. ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,125,843 1,226,033 154,121 -87.4

9 Bahamas. ... ... ... ... ... ... 92,705 111,345 125,056 12.3

10 Nicaragua. ... ... ... ... ... ... 331,229 403,798 110,981 -72.5

11 Belize. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 44,447 54,749 72,221 31.9

12 Panama. ... ... ... ... ... ... . 32,791 40,751 33,828 -17.0

13 St Kitts-Nevis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,663 25,211 24,750 -1.8

14 St. Lucia... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5,836 6,353 7,076 11.4

15 Guyana.... ... ... ... ... ... . . 21,048 6,721 5,098 -24.2

16 Barbados. ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,513 3,859 4,765 23.5

17 Netherlands Antilles. . . . . . . . . . . 5,206 6,763 2,157 -68.1

18 British Virgin Islands.. . . . . . . . . . 319 198 223 12.3

19 St. Vincent and Grenadines. . . . . 2,925 521 210 -59.6

20 Aruba. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29 30 171 467.2

21 Dominica.... ... ... ... ... ... . 369 79 66 -16.8

22 Grenada...... ... ... ... ... . . 11 9 56 508.5

23 Antigua. ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 51 34 23 -30.4

24 Montserrat. ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 – 

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... 10,936,621 12,336,372 9,915,473 19.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. Data for 2006 include U.S. imports from El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible for

CBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force.
Table A.18 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 2004-06

HTS No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . . . . . . 802,713 1,076,028 1,693,823 57.4

2905.11.20 Methanol (methyl alcohol), n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460,208 700,604 1,029,660 47.0

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266,969 1,301,437 607,282 -53.3

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminous minerals, 

testing under 25 degrees A.P.I... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,236 474,595 517,694 9.1

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing 15 

percent or more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797,626 730,118 449,480 -38.4

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. 830,281 1,033,152 392,969 -62.0

2207.10.60 Undenatured ethyl alcohol for nonbeverage purposes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,813 183,568 277,154 51.0

0804.30.40 Pineapples, fresh or dried, not reduced in size, in crates or other packages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,141 222,797 245,597 10.2

2710.11.45 Mixtures of hydrocarbons n.e.s.o.i., none comprising over half of product, 70 percent or more by weight 

from petroleum oils and bituminous minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,369 182,195 245,278 34.6

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver, except necklaces and clasps. . . . . . . 193,815 192,918 234,104 21.3

2402.10.80 Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, each valued 23 cents or over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000 267,587 210,585 -21.3

6107.11.00 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376,493 400,512 171,011 -57.3

6203.43.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . 318,984 306,677 160,052 -47.8

6115.92.90 Stockings, socks, and other hosiery, not surgical and not containing lace or net, knitted or crocheted, of 

cotton, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,763 188,188 153,502 -18.4

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,293 144,325 140,276 -2.8

8536.20.00 Automatic circuit breakers, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,771 84,907 134,598 58.5

6109.90.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of man-made fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . 154,890 213,489 127,476 -40.3

6204.62.40 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . 294,025 249,988 122,519 -51.0

3903.11.00 Polystyrene, expandable, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,518 107,456 121,455 13.0

6212.10.90 Brassieres, not containing lace, net, or embroidery, not 70 percent or more silk, whether or not knitted or 

crocheted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337,205 279,473 117,029 -58.1

0807.19.20 Cantaloupes, fresh, not entered Aug. 1-Sept. 15.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,046 100,745 95,312 -5.4

6212.10.50 Brassieres containing lace, net or embroidery, under 70 percent by weight of silk or silk waste, whether or 

not knitted or crocheted.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,850 61,582 93,116 51.2

6108.21.00 Women's or girls' briefs and panties, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223,392 203,827 92,790 -54.5

0804.30.60 Pineapples, fresh or dried, reduced in size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,603 2,547 89,763 3,424.6

2709.00.10 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I. 179,559 131,857 76,540 -42.0

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,569,561 8,840,572 7,599,066 -14.0

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,367,060 3,495,800 2,316,408 -33.7

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,936,621 12,336,372 9,915,473 -19.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included." Data for 2006 include U.S. imports

from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force.
A-35

Table A.19 WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments in 2006

a

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS27 European Communities – Regime

for the Importation, Sale and

Distribution of Bananas

Ecuador;

Guatemala;

Honduras;

Mexico; United

States

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama request consultations 

relating to consistency of EC Council regulation with

Doha Waiver on banana trade (11/30/05).

Ecuador requests consultations (11/16/06).

Ecuador submits revised request for consultations (11/28/06).

Colombia (11/29/2006), Belize, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominica, the

Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the

Grenadines, and Suriname (11/30/06), Cameroon

(12/04/06), Jamaica (12/06/06), and Panama and the

United States (12/11/06) subsequently request to join

the consultations. The European Communities accept

the requests of Belize, Cameroon, Colombia, Côte

d'Ivoire, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica,

Panama, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,

Suriname and the United States to join the consultations (11/30/2006).

DS108 United States – Tax Treatment for

“Foreign Sales Corporations”

European

Communities

Second Recourse to Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report 

circulated (02/13/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the Panel report, as 

upheld by the Appellate Body report

(03/14/06).

DS174 European Communities –

Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications for

Agricultural Products and

Foodstuffs

United States DSB adopts Panel report (04/20/05).

The European Communities state that it has fully implemented

the DSB's recommendations and rulings (04/21/06).

Australia and the United States disagree that the European 

Communities have fully implemented the DSB’s

recommendations and rulings, and invite the European

Communities to revise the newly promulgated regulation

(04/21/06).

DS217

DS234

United States – Continued

Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of

2000

Australia; Brazil;

Chile; European

Communities;

India;

Indonesia;

Japan; Korea;

Thailand

(DS217)

Canada; Mexico

(DS234)

Statement of Compliance by The United States (02/17/06).

Complainants and Third Parties state that they welcome U.S. 

steps but disagree with the U.S. claim it is in full

compliance (02/17/06).

The European Communities notify the DSB of new list of 

products on which additional import duty will apply

(04/28/06).

Japan notifies the DSB of the new list of products on which

additional import duty will apply (08/22/06).

DS267 United States – Subsidies on

Upland Cotton

Brazil DSB adopts Appellate Body report and Panel report (as 

modified by Appellate Body report) (03/21/05). After the

reasonable period of time for implementation expires

(09/21/05), Brazil seeks authorization to suspend

concessions, and the United States seeks arbitration.

The parties subsequently seek suspension of arbitration

proceedings (11/21/05).

Brazil requests the establishment of a panel (08/18/06).

DSB defers the establishment of a panel (09/01/06).

DSB agrees, if possible, to refer the matter raised by Brazil to 

the original panel (09/28/06).

DS268 United States – Sunset Reviews of

Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil

Country Tubular Goods from

Argentina

Argentina The United States informs DSB it has implemented earlier DSB 

recommendations and rulings in the case; Argentina

expresses doubts (12/20/05).

Argentina requests consultations (01/26/06).

Argentina requests the establishment of a panel (03/06/06).

DSB refers the matter raised by Argentina to the original Panel 

(03/17/06).

Compliance panel composed (03/20/06).

Panel report circulated (11/30/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (04/12/07).

See footnote at end of table.
A-36

Table A.19 (continued)

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS236

DS247

DS257

DS264

DS277

DS311

United States – Certain Softwood

Lumber from Canada

Canada Panel report circulated in DS277 (11/15/05).

Canada notifies its decision to appeal the Panel report in DS277

(01/13/06).

Panel report circulated in DS264 (04/03/06).

Appellate Body circulates report in DS277 (04/13/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the Panel report in

DS277, as reversed by the Appellate Body report

(05/09/06).

Appellate Body report circulated in DS264 (08/15/06).

DSB adopts Appellate Body report in DS264 (09/01/06).

The United States and Canada reach a mutually agreed solution

in disputes WT/DS236, WT/DS247, WT/DS257,

WT/DS264, WT/DS277 and WT/DS311 (09/12/06).

Mutually agreed solution is notified (10/12/06).

Suspended Article 22.6 arbitration proceeding is withdrawn 

(10/12/06).

DS281 United States – Antidumping

Measures on Cement from Mexico

Mexico Mexico asks the Panel to suspend its proceedings in the context

of negotiations to find a mutually agreed solution, and

the Panel agrees (01/16/06).

DS282 United States – Antidumping

Measures on Oil Country Tubular

Goods from Mexico

Mexico Appellate Body report circulated (11/02/05).

The United States issues statement of intent to implement the 

recommendations and rulings of the DSB (12/20/05).

Agreement reached on the the reasonable period of time for 

implementation (02/15/06).

Statement by Mexico of non-conformity regarding agreed 

timelimits (05/30/06).

Mexico requests consultations under DSU Article 21.5 

(08/21/06).

DS285 United States – Measures

Affecting Cross-Border Supply of

Gambling and Betting Services

Antigua and

Barbuda

Parties agree to procedures under DSU Articles 21 and 22 

(05/24/06).

Antigua and Barbuda request consultations (06/08/06).

Antigua and Barbuda request establishment of a panel 

(07/06/06).

DSB refers matter to original panel if possible (07/19/06).

Panel composed (08/16/06).

Panel report circulated (03/30/07).

DS291 European Communities –

Measures Affecting the Approval

and Marketing of Biotech Products

United States Panel reports circulated (09/29/06).

DSB adopts the panel reports (11/21/06).

The European Communities announce its intention to implement

recommendations and rulings and announce intent to

discuss appropriate timeframe pursuant to DSU Article

21.3(b) with Argentina, Canada and the United States

(12/19/06).

DS294 United States – Laws, Regulations

and Methodology for Calculating

Dumping Margins (Zeroing)

European

Communities

Panel report circulated (10/31/05).

The European Communities notify its decision to appeal 

(01/17/06).

The United States notifies its decision to appeal (01/30/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (04/18/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the Panel report, as 

modified by the Appellate Body report (5/9/06).

The United States announces that it intends to implement the 

DSB recommendations and rulings (05/30/06).

The United States and the European Communities agree, 

pursuant to DSU Article 21.3(b), to the reasonable

period of time for implementation (07/28/06).

See footnote at end of table.
A-37

Table A.19 (continued)

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS295 Mexico – Definitive Antidumping

Measures on Beef and Rice

United States DSU adopts Appellate Body report and Panel report as modified

by the Appellate Body report (12/20/05).

Mexico states that it will implement the recommendations and 

rulings of the DSB but needs agreement on the

reasonable period of time for implementation; Mexico

agrees to consult with the United States (01/20/06).

Mexico and the United States inform DSB that they have

reached agreement on the reasonable period of time for

implementation; Mexico will comply in August 2006 (in

part) and in December 2006 (in part) (05/18/06).

DS308 Mexico – Tax Measures on Soft

Drinks and Other Beverages

United States Appellate Body report circulated (03/06/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the Panel report, as 

modified by the Appellate Body report (03/24/06).

The United States requests that the reasonable period of time 

for implementation be determined through binding

arbitration pursuant to DSU Article 21.3(c) (06/22/06).

Mutual agreement reached on the reasonable period of time for 

implementation, with Mexico agreeing to comply in

January 2007; the United States withdraws its request

for arbitration (07/03/06).

DS315 European Communities – Selected

Customs Matters

United States Panel report circulated (06/16/06).

The United States notifies its intention to appeal (0/8/14/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (11/13/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the Panel report, as 

modified by the Appellate Body report (12/11/06).

DS316 European Communities –

Measures Affecting Trade in Large

Civil Aircraft

United States Panel composed (10/07/05).

Chairman of Panel informs the DSB that Panel will not be able 

to complete its work within the standard 6-month

timeframe (04/13/06).

DS317 United States – Measures

Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft

United States Panel composed (10/17/05).

Second Panel established (02/17/06).

Panel informs the DSB that it will not be possible to complete its

work within the standard 6-month timeframe (04/13/06).

DS320 United States – Continued

Suspension of Obligations in the

European Communities—

Hormones Dispute

European

Communities

Panel composed (06/06/05).

Chairman of the Panel informs the DSB that Panel will not be 

able to complete its work within the standard 6-month

timeframe (01/20/06).

DS322 United States – Measures Relating

to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews

Japan Panel Report circulated (09/20/06).

Japan notifies decision to appeal certain issues of law 

(10/11/06).

The United States notifies its decision to appeal certain issues 

of law (10/23/06).

Appellate Body Report circulated (01/9/07).

DS334 Turkey – Measures Affecting the

Importation of Rice

United States The United States requests establishment of a panel (02/06/06).

Panel established (03/17/06).

Panel composed (07/31/06).

DS335 United States – Antidumping

Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador

Ecuador Ecuador requests establishment of a panel (06/08/06).

Panel established (07/19/06).

Panel composed (09/26/06).

Panel report circulated (01/30/07)

DS338 Canada – Provisional Antidumping

and Countervailing Duties on Grain

Corn from the United States

United States The United States requests consultations (03/17/06).

See footnote at end of table.
A-38

Table A.19 (continued)

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS340 China – Measures Affecting

Imports of Automobile Parts

United States The United States requests consultations (03/30/06).

The United States requests establishment of a panel (09/15/06).

DSB establishes a single panel pursuant to DSU Article 9.1 to 

consider similar complaints against China made by the

European Communities (DS339), the United States

(DS340), and Canada (DS342) (10/26/06).

DS343 United States – Measures Relating

to Shrimp from Thailand 

United States Thailand requests consultations (04/24/06).

Thailand requests establishment of a panel (09/15/06).

Panel established (10/26/06).

DS344 United States – Final Antidumping

Measures on Stainless Steel from

Mexico

Mexico Mexico requests consultations (05/26/06).

Japan requests to join the consultations (06/09/06).

Mexico requests establishment of a panel (10/12/06).

Panel established (10/26/06).

Panel composed (12/20/06).

DS345 United States – Customs Bond

Directive for Merchandise Subject

to Anti-Dumping/Countervailing

Duties

India India requests consultations (06/06/06).

Brazil, China, and Thailand request to join the consultations 

(06/21/06).

India requests establishment of a panel (10/13/06).

Panel established (11/21/06).

DS346 United States – Antidumping

Administrative Review on Oil

Country Tubular Goods from

Argentina

Argentina Argentina requests consultations (06/20/06).

DS347 European Communities and

Certain Member States –

Measures Affecting Trade in Large

Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)

United States The United States requests consultations with France, 

Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the European

Communities (01/31/06).

The United States requests establishment of a panel (04/10/06).

Panel established (05/09/06).

Panel composed (07/17/06).

The United States requests the Panel to suspend its work in

accordance with DSU Article 12.12 (10/06/06).

Panel agrees to suspend work (10/09/06).

DS350 United States – Continued

Existence and Application of

Zeroing Methodology

European

Communities

The European Communities request consultations (10/02/06).

The European Communities expand their request for 

consultations (10/09/06).

Japan requests to join the consultations (10/10/06).

Thailand requests to join the consultations (10/12/06).

Brazil and India request to join the consultations (10/13/06).

DS353 United States – Measures

Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft (Second Complaint)

European

Communities

The European Communities request consultations with the

United States (06/27/05).

The European Communities request establishment of a panel 

(01/20/06).

Panel established (02/17/06).

Panel composed (11/22/06).

Source: WTO, "Chronological List of Disputes Cases," http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm.

 This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2006; pending cases in which little or no formal action occurred

a

are omitted. Where appropriate, pre-2006 and post-2006 actions are noted to place the 2006 actions in context.
A-39

Table A.20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments in 2006

a

Chapter 19 Binational Panel Decisions

File No. Dispute Action (Month/Day/Year)

USA-MEX-98-1904-02 Gray Portland Cement and

Clinker from Mexico (Commerce

Final Results of 6 Antidumping

th

Administrative Review

Case terminated by joint consent of parties in accordance with

settlement agreement (04/03/06).

USA-CDA-2000-1904-09 Magnesium from Canada (USITC

Five-Year Review)

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to Commission

(01/17/06).

Commission issues second remand determination (03/31/06).

Panel affirms remand determination (10/06/06).

USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 Gray Portland Cement and

Clinker from Mexico (USITC FiveYear Review)

Case stayed in accordance with settlement agreement

(04/03/06).

USA-MEX-2001-1904-03 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (Commerce Full Sunset

Review of the Antidumping Duty

Order)

Panel remands to Commerce (02/08/2006).

Commerce issues second redetermination on remand

(03/17/06).

Panel remands to Commerce (07/28/06).

Commerce issues third redetermination on remand (08/17/06).

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to Commerce

(01/17/07).

USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (Commerce Final Results

of the 4th Antidumping Duty

Administrative Review)

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to Commerce

(01/27/06).

Commerce issues redetermination on remand (04/27/06)

Panel remands to Commerce (08/11/06).

Commerce issues second redetermination on remand

(10/05/06).

Panel affirms second redetermination on remand (01/16/07).

USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (USITC Five-Year

Review)

Oral argument held (08/22/06).

Panel affirms Commission determination (01/22/07).

USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 Certain Softwood Lumber

Products from Canada 

(Commerce Final Affirmative

Antidumping Determination)

Panel grants motion to dismiss on grounds that revocation of

antidumping duty order renders proceeding moot

(01/05/07).

USA-CDA-2002-1904-03 Certain Softwood Lumber

Products from Canada

(Commerce Final Affirmative

Countervailing Duty

Determination)

Commerce issues fifth remand determination (11/22/05)

Panel affirms remand determination (03/17/06).

USA-CDA-2003-1904-05 Certain Durum Wheat and Hard

Red Spring Wheat from Canada

(Commerce Final Affirmative

Countervailing Duty

Determination)

Panel review terminated by joint consent of parties.

Source: NAFTA Secretariat, "Status Report NAFTA & FTA Dispute Settlement Proceedings,"

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=9.

 This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2006; pending cases in which little or no formal action

a

occurred are omitted. Where appropriate, pre-2006 and post-2006 actions are noted to place the 2006 actions in context.
Table A.21 U.S. merchandise trade with European Union by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

a

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,394,230 4,953,976 5,050,872 2.0

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,438,773 1,242,881 1,513,609 21.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,336,750 7,139,082 8,410,719 17.8

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,313,345 2,821,470 5,474,533 94.0

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,150 136,659 249,125 82.3

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,767,240 36,180,399 41,402,155 14.4

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,801,636 10,579,126 13,309,330 25.8

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,993,062 73,896,740 84,802,259 14.8

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,916,911 23,832,338 26,752,713 12.3

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . 5,602,469 6,633,124 9,512,621 43.4

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 155,689,567 167,415,795 196,477,937 17.4

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,472,380 4,522,493 4,639,364 2.6

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7,118,491 7,936,490 9,126,226 15.0

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,006,128 3,189,926 3,449,784 8.1

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,708,721 21,031,121 23,817,638 13.2

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770,651 881,718 980,798 11.2

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,406,375 65,945,738 72,398,540 9.8

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,053,699 33,166,651 36,248,353 9.3

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,410,500 119,368,403 124,584,387 4.4

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,481,616 36,047,439 38,228,967 6.1

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . 13,330,594 14,919,135 15,814,963 6.0

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 279,759,157 307,009,114 329,289,019 7.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."

Includes 25 EU countries. a 
Table A.22 Leading U.S. exports to the European Union by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

a

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . 5,609,801 5,492,372 7,192,665 31.0

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,545,819 2,476,851 6,446,580 160.3

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,062,701 5,604,346 6,286,650 12.2

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,483,301 5,687,843 5,905,174 3.8

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not identified by 

kind shipments to Canada.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,816,953 4,171,260 4,887,881 17.2

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,538,011 4,109,147 4,649,499 13.1

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,719,733 3,473,924 3,306,519 -4.8

3002.10 Antisera and other blood fractions, and modified immunological products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,517,584 3,058,267 3,168,669 3.6

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, 

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,104,253 1,020,206 3,108,088 204.7

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, excluding powder. . . . . . . . . . . 390,050 958,189 2,822,681 194.6

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 2,051,458 2,255,104 2,580,029 14.4

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,994,111 2,620,699 2,417,686 -7.7

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,590,613 1,161,400 2,403,877 107.0

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,040,439 1,730,575 1,945,082 12.4

3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, except pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,830,584 2,000,085 1,939,043 -3.1

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,707,827 1,603,203 1,790,342 11.7

8411.99 Gas turbines parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326,869 1,591,973 1,683,812 5.8

9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and accessories thereof.. . . . 1,320,021 1,514,500 1,587,988 4.9

8517.90 Parts of telephonic or telegraphic apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,135,791 1,226,626 1,554,441 26.7

8471.80 Other units of automated data processing machines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,479,201 1,395,665 1,469,191 5.3

2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685,979 1,116,863 1,430,842 28.1

8517.50 Other apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,255,761 1,685,080 1,283,017 -23.9

9021.90 Appliances n.e.s.o.i., worn, carried, or implanted in the body, to compensate for a defect or 

disability; parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300,009 1,435,008 1,266,515 -11.7

2933.39 Heterocyclic compounds containing an unfused pyridine ring, whether or not hydrogenated, in the

structure, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976,157 1,115,996 1,198,315 7.4

9701.10 Paintings, drawings and pastels, executed entirely by hand, framed or not framed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569,378 780,894 1,183,541 51.6

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,052,403 59,286,077 73,508,125 24.0

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,637,165 108,129,718 122,969,812 13.7

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,689,567 167,415,795 196,477,937 17.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."

 Includes 25 EU countries.

a
Table A.23 Leading U.S. imports from the European Union by HTS subheading, 2004-06

a

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . 15,920,585 17,021,090 19,229,538 13.0

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,401,606 17,711,575 17,878,491 0.9

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,184,306 11,280,127 15,771,606 39.8

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder

 capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,482,203 15,175,183 14,115,220 -7.0

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals exported or returned. 8,115,917 9,189,694 9,692,191 5.5

2934.99 Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not chemically defined; other heterocyclic compounds, n.e.s.o.i... . 6,175,717 5,553,106 6,535,028 17.7

2933.99 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,620,593 5,301,701 6,487,926 22.4

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,309,156 4,778,905 5,111,232 7.0

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,067,358 5,290,501 5,033,361 -4.9

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,676,624 4,432,733 4,903,951 10.6

9701.10 Paintings, drawings and pastels, executed entirely by hand, framed or not framed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,865,367 2,789,733 3,656,560 31.1

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,415,654 3,072,374 2,937,811 -4.4

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,873,612 2,901,243 2,906,405 0.2

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,774,484 2,047,152 2,466,827 20.5

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452,077 1,808,426 2,303,996 27.4

2204.21 Wine n.e.s.o.i. of fresh grapes or fortified wine, in containers not over 2 liters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765,930 1,935,901 2,207,030 14.0

3004.39 Medicaments, in measured doses, containing hormones or derivatives/steroids used primarily as 

hormones, but not containing antibiotics, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,711,086 1,864,476 2,127,674 14.1

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,051,797 1,995,312 2,085,399 4.5

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,771,505 2,003,753 2,019,365 0.8

3302.10 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures with a basis of these substances, used in the food or 

drink industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,666,651 2,025,559 2,015,523 -0.5

2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065,613 1,236,896 1,895,531 53.3

9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and accessories thereof.. . . . . . . . . . 2,288,696 2,033,609 1,765,205 -13.2

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720,983 273,733 1,632,749 496.5

2933.49 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only, containing a quinoline or isoquinoline

ring-system, not further fused, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,201,253 1,495,983 1,600,650 7.0

2203.00 Beer made from malt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,299,677 1,417,336 1,592,845 12.4

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,878,453 124,636,103 137,972,112 10.7

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,880,705 182,373,011 191,316,907 4.9

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279,759,157 307,009,114 329,289,019 7.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."

Includes 25 EU countries. a 
Table A.24 U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,450,034 9,523,454 10,773,764 13.1

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 472,654 533,375 639,111 19.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,710,090 5,356,085 6,077,770 13.5

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,386,048 8,051,559 8,413,519 4.5

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,416 292,147 318,853 9.1

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,854,409 21,153,886 22,924,385 8.4

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,667,378 26,458,105 29,326,147 10.8

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 79,502,194 88,563,252 94,284,864 6.5

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16,161,522 17,338,003 18,812,784 8.5

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,675,143 5,965,011 6,655,246 11.6

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 163,167,889 183,234,877 198,226,443 8.2

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,909,676 12,811,484 13,759,620 7.4

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 874,250 849,063 833,509 -1.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,819,000 13,287,789 13,424,899 1.0

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,825,684 65,362,747 72,853,322 11.5

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,205 444,350 561,761 26.4

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,640,229 19,764,874 22,176,182 12.2

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,888,061 43,447,647 48,084,422 10.7

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 92,758,904 98,973,065 98,002,283 -1.0

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15,658,503 16,269,865 16,451,686 1.1

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,805,566 16,322,661 16,886,274 3.5

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 255,660,079 287,533,544 303,033,956 5.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.25 Leading U.S. exports to Canada, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,647,283 5,713,336 6,563,171 14.9

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,257,245 5,893,767 5,830,704 -1.1

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not identified by kind 

shipments to Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,509,237 5,160,461 5,213,433 1.0

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,311,762 5,334,026 5,168,765 -3.1

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,289,624 4,526,201 4,370,854 -3.4

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine, gross 

vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,559,046 3,666,603 4,353,314 18.7

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,400,726 3,454,891 3,956,704 14.5

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495,050 2,526,739 2,578,630 2.1

2711.21 Natural gas, gaseous state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,920,983 2,787,052 2,048,280 -26.5

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046,117 1,617,785 2,003,297 23.8

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,391,587 1,556,045 1,744,422 12.1

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . 1,533,809 1,511,853 1,727,685 14.3

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,446,491 1,602,734 1,407,783 -12.2

7606.12 Rectangular plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick, of aluminum alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,158,474 1,198,555 1,368,996 14.2

8704.22 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with compression-ignition internal combustion piston

engine, weighing 5 to 20 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825,341 1,183,540 1,291,405 9.1

8408.20 Compression-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762,950 1,053,683 1,184,788 12.4

8708.39 Brakes and servo-brakes and parts for motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073,427 1,035,912 1,096,715 5.9

2716.00 Electrical energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829,021 1,039,075 1,051,985 1.2

7112.91 Gold waste and scrap, including metal clad with gold but excluding sweepings containing other precious 

metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524,649 471,634 1,013,415 114.9

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944,185 1,055,125 994,228 -5.8

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094,510 1,646,256 991,384 -39.8

8704.21 Trucks, n.e.s.o.i., diesel engine, gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098,813 825,059 986,868 19.6

4902.90 Newspapers, etc. appearing less than 4 times per week.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806,784 897,658 965,939 7.6

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064,572 1,134,965 944,693 -16.8

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,764,943 57,750,774 59,806,617 3.6

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,402,946 125,484,103 138,419,826 10.3

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,167,889 183,234,877 198,226,443 8.2

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.26 Leading U.S. imports from Canada, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,888,253 24,119,768 32,889,205 36.4

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,237,806 31,373,727 30,904,832 -1.5

2711.21 Natural gas, gaseous state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,481,048 26,871,807 24,211,019 -9.9

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals exported or 

returned.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,705,325 8,772,340 8,273,353 -5.7

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine, gross

vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,497,576 7,803,419 6,648,213 -14.8

4407.10 Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, of thickness exceeding 6mm. . . . . . . . 6,688,903 6,610,376 6,038,871 -8.6

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,564,836 4,902,269 5,588,398 14.0

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,344,464 4,864,694 5,251,806 8.0

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by

weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,143,668 4,324,798 5,216,245 20.6

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,768,895 5,079,489 4,833,331 -4.8

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent

by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,165,699 4,181,933 4,219,239 0.9

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,160,575 3,376,952 3,087,567 -8.6

4801.00 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,874,785 2,979,171 2,987,037 0.3

7601.20 Unwrought aluminum alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,766,921 2,073,780 2,884,096 39.1

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . 1,552,459 1,743,265 2,584,793 48.3

2716.00 Electrical energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261,442 2,479,319 2,518,429 1.6

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,876,928 3,059,043 2,434,001 -20.4

7601.10 Aluminum, not alloyed, unwrought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,351,748 1,709,850 2,428,465 42.0

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,045,986 1,596,118 2,412,141 51.1

4802.61 Uncoated paper/paperboard for writing/printing/other graphic purposes n.e.s.o.i., over 10 percent fiber 

by mechanical process, in rolls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,964,179 2,281,205 2,215,256 -2.9

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739,660 2,472,806 1,828,260 -26.1

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, excluding powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583,605 1,418,880 1,803,218 27.1

2711.12 Propane, liquefied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,377,993 1,651,533 1,790,639 8.4

4703.21 Chemical woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, semibleached or bleached, 

coniferous wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,682,332 1,680,422 1,655,745 -1.5

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,232,172 2,097,366 1,597,215 -23.8

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,957,256 159,524,330 166,301,376 4.2

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,702,823 128,009,214 136,732,580 6.8

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255,660,079 287,533,544 303,033,956 5.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.27 U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,303,938 1,108,260 1,412,110 27.4

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 35,506 15,208 81,067 433.1

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,936,025 9,693,710 13,629,966 40.6

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,952 119,975 200,079 66.8

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,393 21,712 72,106 232.1

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,669,070 5,318,862 6,153,002 15.7

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,120,347 3,004,088 3,606,051 20.0

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 13,440,422 16,347,874 22,508,299 37.7

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,497,665 2,834,409 3,475,452 22.6

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347,965 392,562 485,934 23.8

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 32,606,283 38,856,661 51,624,065 32.9

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,338,365 2,756,612 3,568,921 29.5

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 40,307 28,649 29,681 3.6

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043,160 1,337,833 1,487,858 11.2

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985,382 948,950 1,088,693 14.7

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,368 15,845 22,578 42.5

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,731,996 5,135,023 6,191,371 20.6

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,871,922 28,077,145 36,258,185 29.1

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 86,401,526 108,947,010 131,221,436 20.4

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 77,376,269 92,490,619 103,705,280 12.1

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,358,218 2,900,279 3,478,414 19.9

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 196,159,513 242,637,964 287,052,416 18.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.28 Leading U.S. exports to China, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614,676 3,715,096 5,221,503 40.5

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,666,867 2,079,921 3,568,014 71.5

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328,762 2,253,056 2,529,824 12.3

5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,406,669 1,397,071 2,059,450 47.4

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,833 702,545 1,484,292 111.3

7404.00 Copper waste and scrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477,013 676,263 1,439,175 112.8

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460,226 673,270 882,115 31.0

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308,124 510,406 715,651 40.2

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284,478 307,708 654,364 112.7

7204.29 Waste and scrap, of non-stainless alloy steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,652 287,448 648,085 125.5

4101.50 Whole raw bovine or equine hides and skins, weight exceeding 16 kilograms, fresh, pickled or preserved 

but not tanned or further prepared.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,839 484,984 635,018 30.9

8112.92 Unwrought gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, or rhenium and powders thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,766 435,079 573,472 31.8

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456,008 595,030 495,352 -16.8

4707.90 Recovered waste and scrap paper or paperboard, n.e.s.o.i., including unsorted such waste and scrap. . . . . . . 112,089 166,900 433,445 159.7

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,732 272,564 431,697 58.4

4707.10 Waste and scrap of unbleached kraft paper or paperboard or of corrugated paper or paperboard. . . . . . . . . . . 212,916 311,691 377,524 21.1

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,145 247,254 373,934 51.2

8517.90 Parts of telephonic or telegraphic apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,579 245,856 353,405 43.7

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not identified by kind

shipments to Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,087 247,138 325,807 31.8

0207.14 Chicken cuts and edible offal, including livers, frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,580 122,332 294,094 140.4

9001.90 Lenses, except contact and spectacle, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, unmounted, other than of 

glass not optically worked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,256 177,108 271,007 53.0

8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,574 144,996 260,394 79.6

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,576 109,871 253,010 130.3

3902.10 Polypropylene, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,716 193,266 242,294 25.4

7204.21 Waste and scrap, of stainless steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,425 233,379 233,704 0.1

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,165,585 16,590,233 24,756,629 49.2

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,440,697 22,266,428 26,867,436 20.7

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,606,283 38,856,661 51,624,065 32.9

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.29 Leading U.S. imports from China, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8471.30 Portable digital automated data processing machines not exceeding 10 kg,

with at least a CPU, keyboard and display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,715,796 10,670,332 12,827,710 20.2

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,543,066 9,324,735 11,916,628 27.8

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . 8,648,661 9,446,803 11,327,594 19.9

8471.60 Input or output units for automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,016,763 10,984,235 11,270,329 2.6

6403.99 Footwear not covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber or plastics or 

composition leather and uppers of leather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,862,980 5,252,349 5,703,100 8.6

8528.12 Incomplete or unfinished color reception apparatus for televisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001,067 2,221,529 4,035,874 81.7

9504.10 Video games used with television receiver and parts and accessories. . . . . . . . . . 1,958,229 2,356,506 3,643,461 54.6

8521.90 Video recording or reproducing apparatus, whether or not including a video 

tuner, other than magnetic tape-type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,017,130 2,894,729 3,406,337 17.7

8525.40 Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,163,247 2,566,481 3,062,030 19.3

8520.90 Other sound recording or reproducing equipment, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,410,090 3,061,726 3,004,104 -1.9

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,120,053 2,356,321 2,925,302 24.1

6402.99 Footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . 2,311,944 2,671,674 2,860,228 7.1

9403.60 Wooden furniture, other than of a kind used in the bedroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,293,291 2,612,293 2,828,533 8.3

9503.90 Other toys and models, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,376,812 2,526,758 2,623,811 3.8

8528.21 Video monitors, color. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 710,557 1,925,377 2,540,433 31.9

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,652,271 2,068,852 2,501,967 20.9

8471.49 Other digital automated data processing machines, entered in the form of 

systems.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 874,471 2,143,671 2,485,253 15.9

8504.40 Static converters.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,695,118 1,993,889 2,400,426 20.4

8517.50 Other apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems. . . . . . . 908,730 1,594,640 2,331,733 46.2

4202.92 Trunks, cases, bags and similar containers, with outer surface of plastic 

sheeting or of textile materials. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,609,091 1,831,474 2,109,919 15.2

9504.90 Game machines except coin-operated; board games; mah-jog; dominoes; dice.. . 1,795,482 2,292,109 2,086,728 -9.0

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,061,672 1,576,133 1,965,696 24.7

9505.10 Articles for Christmas festivities and parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,825,413 1,855,805 1,913,574 3.1

8471.80 Other units of automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,249,163 1,682,169 1,864,648 10.8

9403.20 Metal furniture, other than of a kind used in offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,453,558 1,692,198 1,860,609 10.0

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 71,274,655 89,602,791 105,496,029 17.7

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 124,884,858 153,035,173 181,556,387 18.6

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 196,159,513 242,637,964 287,052,416 18.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.30 U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5,882,117 6,630,840 8,009,155 20.8

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109,898 114,775 143,975 25.4

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,535,166 3,913,738 4,568,298 16.7

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,231,745 5,342,352 5,701,018 6.7

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489,354 400,865 374,536 -6.6

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,815,879 13,807,054 15,934,201 15.4

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,667,169 16,312,604 18,527,520 13.6

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 39,725,284 41,370,148 46,221,353 11.7

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 9,622,161 9,680,897 10,457,272 8.0

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,938,931 4,093,387 4,624,997 13.0

Total exports commodities... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 93,017,703 101,666,661 114,562,326 12.7

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 6,116,690 6,960,149 7,752,582 11.4

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,813,501 2,072,236 2,463,091 18.9

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981,943 1,195,274 1,224,095 2.4

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,924,398 24,997,612 32,161,406 28.7

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,773 47,927 52,567 9.7

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,911,222 3,319,385 3,982,189 20.0

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,106,385 13,740,203 14,983,478 9.0

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 83,717,657 88,330,571 104,474,430 18.3

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 21,707,996 21,756,755 21,857,385 0.5

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,645,205 6,795,991 8,104,375 19.3

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 154,958,771 169,216,101 197,055,599 16.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.31 Leading U.S. exports to Mexico, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not identified by kind shipments 

to Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,347,992 3,669,571 4,134,001 12.7

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124,858 3,244,336 3,219,449 -0.8

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106,568 2,316,517 2,899,405 25.2

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,863,393 1,751,919 2,113,967 20.7

3926.90 Articles of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 3901 to 3914, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,456,909 1,539,696 1,598,949 3.8

8538.90 Parts for electrical apparatus for electrical circuits; for electrical control n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,206,238 1,404,774 1,527,697 8.8

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity 

over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637,777 1,779,527 1,520,384 -14.6

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by weight of 

such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481,423 1,292,212 1,497,387 15.9

8408.20 Compression-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,496,783 1,583,610 1,492,993 -5.7

8703.23

Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity 

over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037,171 1,165,157 1,475,314 26.6

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,072,728 999,626 1,243,774 24.4

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449,262 431,374 1,167,981 170.8

8536.90 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978,299 1,028,275 1,094,035 6.4

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683,694 652,120 1,078,977 65.5

7326.90 Articles of iron or steel n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766,680 890,357 1,064,891 19.6

7408.11 Wire of refined copper, with a maximum cross sectional dimension over 6 millimeters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363,464 493,280 926,268 87.8

8529.90 Parts, except antennas, for transmission, radar, radio, television, etc., n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,898 756,192 918,624 21.5

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784,919 845,737 906,799 7.2

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,927 921,474 868,592 -5.7

3923.10 Boxes, cases, crates and similar articles, of plastics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628,476 714,125 774,845 8.5

0201.30 Meat of bovine animals, boneless, fresh or chilled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354,088 521,985 754,578 44.6

3902.10 Polypropylene, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411,329 610,130 745,650 22.2

8544.49 Insulated electric conductors, for a voltage not exceeding 80 volts, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . 434,710 544,991 678,225 24.4

8503.00 Parts of electric motors, generators and sets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559,752 552,562 663,098 20.0

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782,914 676,581 656,491 -3.0

Total of items shown.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,641,252 30,386,130 35,022,375 15.3

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,376,451 71,280,530 79,539,951 11.6

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,017,703 101,666,661 114,562,326 12.7

Source :Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.32 Leading U.S. imports from Mexico, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,186,105 22,363,980 29,195,459 30.5

8528.12 Incomplete or unfinished color reception apparatus for televisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,270,548 9,428,369 13,678,418 45.1

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,347,834 7,179,410 10,639,030 48.2

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine, gross vehicle

weight not exceeding 5 mt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,822,123 3,043,988 4,694,431 54.2

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals exported or returned. 4,257,519 4,154,019 4,373,028 5.3

8544.30 Insulated ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, aircraft or ships. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,153,783 4,339,065 4,285,009 -1.2

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,253,867 3,654,702 3,644,412 -0.3

9401.90 Parts of seats (except medical, barbers, dentist, etc.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,095,072 2,998,316 3,111,055 3.8

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,580,421 3,284,552 3,039,829 -7.5

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,228,682 2,617,453 3,011,856 15.1

8704.21 Trucks, n.e.s.o.i., diesel engine, gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,417,792 3,075,030 2,808,542 -8.7

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,032,188 2,309,491 2,583,247 11.9

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,074,212 2,244,084 2,521,085 12.3

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,776,065 1,945,110 2,315,830 19.1

8517.50 Other apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,664,472 1,122,402 1,953,659 74.1

8418.10 Combined refrigerator-freezers, fitted with separate external doors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622,792 991,046 1,701,530 71.7

8537.10 Boards, panels, consoles, other components incorporating apparatus for control or distribution of electricity,

for voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,420,425 1,425,364 1,662,571 16.6

2203.00 Beer made from malt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163,408 1,340,509 1,600,381 19.4

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218,264 1,310,628 1,555,428 18.7

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174,384 1,295,088 1,493,031 15.3

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,779,050 1,821,724 1,453,486 -20.2

8517.90 Parts of telephonic or telegraphic apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933,437 1,045,652 1,436,075 37.3

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995,897 1,355,614 1,364,536 0.7

6203.42 Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts not knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . 1,442,601 1,430,872 1,327,535 -7.2

8527.21 Radiobroadcast receivers for motor vehicles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334,202 1,330,162 1,300,923 -2.2

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,245,143 87,106,629 106,750,386 22.6

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,713,628 82,109,472 90,305,213 10.0

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,958,771 169,216,101 197,055,599 16.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.33 U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7,341,523 7,431,011 7,805,342 5.0

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,290,983 1,210,782 1,244,294 2.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,057,614 2,939,273 3,566,205 21.3

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890,923 680,677 600,838 -11.7

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,097 64,647 65,109 0.7

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,470,794 7,907,102 8,459,462 7.0

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,584,542 2,815,744 3,293,373 17.0

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 18,708,425 18,793,462 20,631,498 9.8

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7,519,751 7,934,602 8,571,510 8.0

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,553,109 1,721,352 1,357,880 -21.1

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 50,492,760 51,498,651 55,595,511 8.0

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 381,878 424,272 446,669 5.3

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 56,467 51,636 47,268 -8.5

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 279,322 323,228 442,669 37.0

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,614 519,659 955,851 83.9

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,654 25,969 26,182 0.8

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,186,363 8,293,141 7,826,219 -5.6

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,508,906 7,988,301 8,796,816 10.1

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 97,605,383 104,236,288 113,407,925 8.8

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 11,394,386 11,812,458 11,400,773 -3.5

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,889,726 4,156,311 4,720,351 13.6

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 129,534,698 137,831,263 148,070,723 7.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.34 Leading U.S. exports to Japan, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,875,057 3,099,398 3,440,245 11.0

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,888,811 1,591,990 1,981,440 24.5

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495,000 1,611,201 1,903,976 18.2

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726,190 762,075 979,235 28.5

2402.20 Cigarettes containing tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 869,520 877,948 931,474 6.1

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,010,560 787,137 863,762 9.7

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail 

sale, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 358,927 552,396 763,611 38.2

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,005,774 667,319 674,895 1.1

8529.90 Parts, except antennas, for transmission, radar, radio, television, etc., n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . 200,327 327,798 674,575 105.8

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . 703,468 545,806 639,253 17.1

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . 744,477 650,904 634,755 -2.5

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and 

not identified by kind shipments to Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563,820 573,285 618,738 7.9

9801.10

Value of repairs or alterations of previously imported articles, repaired or altered 

prior to exportation from United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927,943 1,009,792 600,864 -40.5

2804.61 Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99 percent of silicon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,327 450,947 593,965 31.7

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, 

n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 473,980 509,887 569,949 11.8

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524,803 506,221 569,082 12.4

2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds. . . . . . . . 685,808 457,143 551,059 20.5

7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal (excluding silver). . . . . . . . . . . . 278,525 324,624 504,009 55.3

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551,770 436,359 495,877 13.6

203.19 Meat of swine, n.e.s.o.i, fresh or chilled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456,642 493,669 490,670 -0.6

8456.91 Machine tools n.e.s.o.i. for dry etching patterns on semiconductor materials. . . . . . . . . 344,338 404,768 463,264 14.5

8543.89 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . 362,866 426,310 460,703 8.1

4403.20 Coniferous wood in the rough, not treated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499,041 458,408 449,068 -2.0

3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, except pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432,690 454,233 446,641 -1.7

9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and 

accessories thereof.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 530,379 488,862 408,816 -16.4

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 18,742,042 18,468,481 20,709,927 12.1

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 31,750,718 33,030,171 34,885,584 5.6

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50,492,760 51,498,651 55,595,511 8.0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.35 Leading U.S. imports from Japan, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,447,784 18,662,055 20,483,454 9.8

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,229,201 12,932,042 17,459,315 35.0

8703.22 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine over 1,000 

but over 1,500 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,381,704 3,490,906 5,691,658 63.0

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,534,393 3,685,726 3,733,732 1.3

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,006,905 3,173,516 3,135,267 -1.2

8525.40 Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,364,356 3,397,593 3,123,847 -8.1

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals exported or returned. 2,407,331 2,569,883 3,021,534 17.6

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,857,625 2,924,361 2,585,541 -11.6

8429.52 Self-propelled mechanical shovels and excavators, with a 360-degree revolving superstructure.. . . . . . . . . . 1,482,360 1,787,147 2,004,194 12.1

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,424,542 1,522,231 1,638,353 7.6

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454,984 1,275,016 1,601,704 25.6

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863,488 1,037,986 1,427,716 37.5

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,263,704 1,295,449 1,202,691 -7.2

8711.50 Motorcycles and cycles, with an auxiliary motor, with a reciprocating internal combustion piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 800 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786,265 898,416 1,192,100 32.7

8473.40 Parts and accessories for duplicating, addressing, stapling, and other office machines, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . 1,156,316 1,208,249 1,081,252 -10.5

8701.90 Tractors, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999,388 1,074,433 1,069,388 -0.5

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781,414 771,880 1,055,866 36.8

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . 1,313,027 1,275,558 1,034,044 -18.9

8471.30 Portable digital automated data processing machines not exceeding 10 kg, with at least a CPU, keyboard 

and display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801,199 840,989 1,022,387 21.6

8711.40 Motorcycles and cycles with auxiliary motor, with reciprocating internal combustion piston engine, cylinder 

capacity 500 to 800 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699,640 942,571 964,961 2.4

8471.60 Input or output units for automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313,768 1,054,619 907,051 -14.0

3818.00 Chemical elements doped for use in electronics, in the form of discs, wafers, similar forms; chemical \

compounds doped for use in electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745,592 792,075 886,496 11.9

8407.21 Outboard motors for marine propulsion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742,547 914,031 885,659 -3.1

8472.90 Automatic banknote dispensers, coin-sorting, pencil-sharpening, perforating or stapling, and other office

machines, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082,042 967,894 863,015 -10.8

4011.10 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars, including station wagons and racing cars. . . . 633,541 839,685 829,021 -1.3

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,773,115 69,334,311 78,900,248 13.8

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,761,583 68,496,952 69,170,475 1.0

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,534,698 137,831,263 148,070,723 7.4

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.36 U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,864,871 1,745,470 2,478,398 42.0

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 59,116 52,519 65,050 23.9

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,205,098 2,027,950 2,082,142 2.7

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436,767 582,990 872,147 49.6

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,398 32,448 60,908 87.7

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,460,188 4,302,607 4,331,434 0.7

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097,896 1,095,597 1,288,629 17.6

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 11,897,899 13,119,547 15,894,681 21.2

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,546,517 2,835,333 3,281,252 15.7

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . 398,729 415,945 439,233 5.6

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 24,994,480 26,210,405 30,793,873 17.5

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 206,467 237,983 245,768 3.3

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 64,715 59,619 67,400 13.1

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,579 346,678 317,113 -8.5

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549,354 1,109,082 1,857,872 67.5

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 949 1,066 12.4

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,194,069 1,704,045 1,856,844 9.0

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172,080 4,878,876 5,827,703 19.4

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 34,241,539 31,043,994 30,958,260 -0.3

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,528,613 2,876,812 2,697,424 -6.2

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . 861,319 896,497 884,464 -1.3

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 45,064,177 43,154,535 44,713,916 3.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified.”
Table A.37 Leading U.S. exports to Korea, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,868,416 3,223,686 3,229,204 0.2

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129,467 1,212,195 2,350,770 93.9

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 692,464 850,206 1,381,236 62.5

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401,350 489,566 846,240 72.9

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 544,707 237,415 722,972 204.5

8456.91 Machine tools n.e.s.o.i. for dry etching patterns on semiconductor materials. . . . . . . . . . . . 325,116 566,007 608,621 7.5

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765,654 533,186 586,254 10.0

9001.90 Lenses, except contact and spectacle, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, 

unmounted, other than of glass not optically worked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,306 295,085 383,086 29.8

2926.10 Acrylonitrile.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 496,546 320,097 316,300 -1.2

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,921 181,108 297,547 64.3

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not 

identified by kind shipments to Canada. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 237,990 251,000 284,460 13.3

8542.10 Cards incorporating an electronic integrated circuit ("smart" cards).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,264 207,736 280,657 35.1

2707.30 Xylenes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 135,601 105,411 279,519 165.2

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,342 215,706 260,936 21.0

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 70,491 160,480 258,363 61.0

4101.50 Whole raw bovine or equine hides and skins, weight exceeding 16 kilograms, fresh, 

pickled or preserved but not tanned or further prepared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257,645 249,358 222,172 -10.9

9031.41 Optical instruments for inspecting semiconductor wafers or devices, or photomasks or 

reticles used in manufacturing these items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,567 89,842 220,055 144.9

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,934 181,132 188,252 3.9

8543.89 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,424 129,317 188,042 45.4

2707.99 Oils and products of the distillation of high temperature coal tar, n.e.s.o.i.; similar products 

with predominate aromatic constituent. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 83,778 115,584 187,382 62.1

8517.90 Parts of telephonic or telegraphic apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,460 163,349 184,222 12.8

7404.00 Copper waste and scrap.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 80,840 90,470 181,824 101.0

8543.11 Ion implanters for doping semiconductor materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,935 180,559 181,480 0.5

8411.99 Gas turbines parts, n.e.s.o.i..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 186,753 155,867 167,869 7.7

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,965 209,195 160,987 -23.0

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9,934,934 10,413,554 13,968,453 34.1

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 15,059,546 15,796,851 16,825,420 6.5

Total of all commoditie.s... ... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 24,994,480 26,210,405 30,793,873 17.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
Table A.38 Leading U.S. imports from Korea, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston 

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,093,612 6,138,146 6,121,371 -0.3

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,035,760 5,955,226 5,333,870 -10.4

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

piston engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,457,285 2,746,732 2,974,013 8.3

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,182,640 2,481,307 2,358,513 -4.9

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,113,138 1,764,472 2,075,588 17.6

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals,

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388,697 882,880 1,437,721 62.8

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332,260 582,019 722,556 24.1

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition;

animals exported or returned. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 613,170 660,538 634,861 -3.9

4011.10 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars, including station 

wagons and racing cars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 380,059 418,872 501,605 19.8

8471.60 Input or output units for automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002,121 695,572 486,665 -30.0

2902.20 Benzene. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 156,891 253,417 438,285 72.9

8429.52 Self-propelled mechanical shovels and excavators, with a 360-degree revolving 

superstructure.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 260,252 335,153 436,354 30.2

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552,344 376,457 430,344 14.3

8418.10 Combined refrigerator-freezers, fitted with separate external doors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,228 314,007 400,136 27.4

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals,

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,286 118,579 383,207 223.2

8905.20 Floating or submersible drilling or production platforms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 513,900 344,563 -33.0

8529.90 Parts, except antennas, for transmission, radar, radio, television, etc., n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . 479,715 430,780 322,648 -25.1

8528.12 Incomplete or unfinished color reception apparatus for televisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712,466 521,079 266,492 -48.9

8471.80 Other units of automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,655 90,759 264,262 191.2

4011.20 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on buses or trucks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,976 229,878 248,019 7.9

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 222,361 212,421 223,362 5.2

4810.19 Writing/graphic paper and paperboard, coated with kaolin, not over 10 fiber

obtained by a mechanical process, in sheets, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,746 197,191 218,441 10.8

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . 72,232 167,288 212,032 26.7

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,957 181,513 209,466 15.4

8414.30 Compressors of a kind used in refrigerating equipment, including air conditioning. . . . . . . 68,375 171,651 205,498 19.7

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 29,007,228 26,439,837 27,249,872 3.1

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16,056,949 16,714,697 17,464,044 4.5

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 45,064,177 43,154,535 44,713,916 3.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
Table A.39 U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,419,860 1,505,359 1,564,476 3.9

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 64,794 70,389 61,518 -12.6

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,097,908 1,316,951 1,682,963 27.8

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,137 52,072 76,196 46.3

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,477 6,987 4,653 -33.4

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,485,816 2,899,636 3,208,727 10.7

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916,764 983,471 1,123,261 14.2

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 10,164,562 10,810,845 10,641,174 -1.6

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,696,691 2,467,915 2,581,511 4.6

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371,667 413,434 431,867 4.5

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 20,342,675 20,527,059 21,376,344 4.1

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 254,641 255,232 242,015 -5.2

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 10,351 9,813 9,535 -2.8

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 154,335 182,514 233,131 27.7

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,345 332,536 410,252 23.4

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,289 5,669 5,970 5.3

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 812,107 1,014,077 1,090,238 7.5

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,418,758 5,469,457 6,454,615 18.0

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 20,208,848 20,077,578 22,343,070 11.3

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,327,119 6,114,071 5,973,353 -2.3

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983,170 1,113,405 1,323,506 18.9

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 34,461,963 34,574,353 38,085,685 10.2

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.40 Leading U.S. exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,722,179 2,093,820 2,316,898 10.7

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892,991 1,769,229 981,932 -44.5

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986,706 805,313 844,195 4.8

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,015,892 787,770 731,140 -7.2

8456.91 Machine tools n.e.s.o.i. for dry etching patterns on semiconductor materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . 499,987 348,144 579,148 66.4

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 593,780 553,782 565,651 2.1

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403,701 552,122 546,802 -1.0

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 302,034 430,046 473,490 10.1

9030.82 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking semiconductor wafers or

devices. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 460,131 299,604 347,959 16.1

9031.41 Optical instruments for inspecting semiconductor wafers or devices, or photomasks or 

reticles used in manufacturing these items.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415,132 345,843 340,636 -1.5

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value and not 

identified by kind shipments to Canada. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 253,186 245,013 265,916 8.5

7003.19 Cast glass and rolled glass, in nonwired sheets, not body tinted, opacified, flashed, nor

having an absorbent or reflecting layer. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 110,506 192,002 252,532 31.5

9001.90 Lenses, except contact and spectacle, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, 

unmounted, other than of glass not optically worked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,451 244,147 230,044 -5.8

8479.90 Parts of machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . 266,186 311,782 225,218 -27.8

2926.10 Acrylonitrile.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 192,248 185,273 214,331 15.7

8464.20 Grinding or polishing machines for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos- cement or 

like mineral materials or for cold working glass.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,517 138,938 202,903 46.0

8543.90 Parts for electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . 124,569 120,040 197,045 64.1

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,531 203,111 196,846 -3.1

8543.11 Ion implanters for doping semiconductor materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,056 103,426 180,018 74.1

9031.90 Parts and accessories for measuring or checking instruments, appliances and machines, 

n.e.s.o.i. or for profile projectors...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103,523 70,410 176,019 150.0

8543.89 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,855 165,881 162,392 -2.1

8475.90 Parts of machines for assembling electric/electronic lamps, tubes or flashbulbs, in glass 

envelopes, for manufacturing or hot working glass.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,841 222,015 160,277 -27.8

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,511 172,415 160,237 -7.1

9306.90 Bombs, grenades, torpedoes, mines, missiles, etc., and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,574 40,669 158,009 288.5

7404.00 Copper waste and scrap.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 47,273 52,569 155,694 196.2

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9,777,358 10,453,362 10,665,331 2.0

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 10,565,317 10,073,697 10,711,013 6.3

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,342,675 20,527,059 21,376,344 4.1

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.41 Leading U.S. imports from Taiwan, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

8542.21 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,387,572 2,549,009 3,257,239 27.8

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,630,972 2,520,730 2,521,528 0.0

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,024 820,294 1,659,702 102.3

8523.90 Prepared magnetic media for sound or similar recording, unrecorded, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036,280 1,340,382 1,351,924 0.9

8528.12 Incomplete or unfinished color reception apparatus for televisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614,222 1,103,428 1,189,539 7.8

8526.91 Radio navigational aid apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 336,244 470,848 828,257 75.9

8542.29 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, other than digital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,049,912 861,277 819,046 -4.9

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals exported 

or returned. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 541,589 644,063 778,625 20.9

8471.60 Input or output units for automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740,815 588,728 551,701 -6.3

8471.80 Other units of automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972,174 745,819 523,735 -29.8

9999.95 Estimated "low valued" shipments. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 425,034 433,019 479,661 10.8

7318.15 Threaded screws and bolts, of iron or steel, n.e.s.o.i., whether or not with their nuts or washers. 415,440 459,325 467,337 1.7

8528.21 Video monitors, color. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 153,854 341,290 466,630 36.7

7318.14 Self-tapping screws of iron or steel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 366,679 412,348 447,065 8.4

8534.00 Printed circuits. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 410,154 360,070 378,064 5.0

8481.80 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,389 267,139 337,755 26.4

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289,279 313,949 326,598 4.0

8512.20 Electrical lighting or visual signaling equipment, for use on cycles or motor vehicles, except for

use on bicycles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 281,756 291,233 323,478 11.1

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,326 219,617 309,166 40.8

8504.40 Static converters.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 294,554 294,395 308,412 4.8

8517.50 Other apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,254 142,999 301,993 111.2

9506.91 Gymnasium, playground or other exercise articles and equipment; parts and accessories 

thereof.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 266,287 286,563 275,833 -3.7

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,967 265,391 275,759 3.9

7318.16 Nuts, threaded, of iron or steel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 242,728 260,584 259,954 -0.2

8712.00 Bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles), not motorized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,755 286,275 230,893 -19.3

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 14,834,263 16,278,775 18,669,892 14.7

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 19,627,700 18,295,578 19,415,793 6.1

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 34,461,963 34,574,353 38,085,685 10.2

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.42 U.S. merchandise trade with Russia, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2004-06

SITC

Code No. Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent

Change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 706,593 871,169 768,934 -11.7

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 88,855 76,900 53,306 -30.7

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,550 74,246 96,448 29.9

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,016 11,361 23,059 103.0

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,072 4,113 1,570 -61.8

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,163 340,120 402,479 18.3

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,188 155,993 200,789 28.7

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,254,055 1,814,665 2,307,799 27.2

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 251,104 294,544 344,726 17.0

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,380 14,358 15,520 8.1

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,754,976 3,657,469 4,214,630 15.2

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 230,870 328,696 391,549 19.1

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 79,385 79,853 107,517 34.6

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,512 153,730 146,043 -5.0

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,150,799 7,676,936 9,404,229 22.5

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 48 61 26.7

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539,092 1,752,032 1,940,447 10.8

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,821,375 4,826,341 7,057,930 46.2

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 110,172 172,057 187,172 8.8

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 532,216 246,908 226,386 -8.3

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,483 116,176 180,293 55.2

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 11,636,955 15,352,777 19,641,626 27.9

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
Table A.43 Leading U.S. exports to Russia, by Schedule B subheading, 2004-06

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

0207.14 Chicken cuts and edible offal, including livers, frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489,184 638,060 434,368 -31.9

8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,654 261,103 254,138 -2.7

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,750 53,130 139,923 163.4

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over 

1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,810 108,280 135,471 25.1

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over 

3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,257 69,498 111,051 59.8

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,027 88,420 94,445 6.8

0203.29 Meat of swine, n.e.s.o.i., frozen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,357 30,991 83,194 168.4

8701.90 Tractors, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,651 50,544 80,575 59.4

8467.81 Chain saws, for working in the hand, hydraulic or with self-contained nonelectric motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,115 23,727 70,363 196.5

8431.49 Parts and attachments for derricks, cranes, self-propelled bulldozers, graders, and other grading, scraping machinery, 

n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,318 67,298 69,066 2.6

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,063 29,949 65,899 120.0

8704.10 Dumpers (dump trucks) designed for off-highway use.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,131 20,135 46,315 130.0

3912.11 Cellulose acetates, nonplasticized, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,210 34,784 46,004 32.3

8705.90 Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally designed for the transport of persons or goods, n.e.s.o.i.. 5,815 31,320 38,850 24.0

0203.22 Meat of swine, specifically hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in, frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,090 16,159 36,375 125.1

8701.30 Track-laying tractors.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,991 13,583 36,238 166.8

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 1,126 35,793 ,079.2

8413.70 Centrifugal pumps, for liquids, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,186 24,056 34,216 42.2

2401.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/stripped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,606 65,234 33,176 -49.1

8472.90 Automatic banknote dispensers, coin-sorting, pencil-sharpening, perforating or stapling, and other office machines, 

n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,897 9,845 32,316 228.3

8523.90 Prepared magnetic media for sound or similar recording, unrecorded, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,366 13,276 31,851 139.9

8431.39 Parts for lifting, handling, loading, or unloading machinery, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,184 35,461 30,927 -12.8

9015.90 Parts and accessories for surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic, hydrological, meteorological or geophysical 

instruments and appliances.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,873 3,915 30,707 684.3

8433.51 Combine harvester-threshers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,365 46,419 29,993 -35.4

8474.10 Machines for sorting, screening, separating or washing earth, stone, ores or other mineral substances, in solid form. . . 12,103 16,166 29,331 81.4

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259,155 1,752,480 2,030,582 15.9

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495,821 1,904,989 2,184,048 14.6

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,754,976 3,657,469 4,214,630 15.2

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."
Table A.44 Leading U.S. imports from Russia, by HTS subheading, 2004-06

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2005 2006

Percent 

change

2005-06

1,000 dollars

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum

70 percent by weight of such products, not light.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,683,924 3,256,400 4,323,553 32.8

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals,

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,025,565 2,265,792 2,674,336 18.0

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818,147 1,499,784 1,270,684 -15.3

7601.10 Aluminum, not alloyed, unwrought. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,319,944 1,233,525 1,162,766 -5.7

2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds. . . . . . . . 824,963 847,890 840,770 -0.8

7207.12 Semifinished iron/nonalloy steel products, under 0.25 percent carbon, rectangular/not 

square, width not less than twice thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388,366 319,197 776,828 143.4

7408.11 Wire of refined copper, with a maximum cross sectional dimension over 6 millimeters. 131,842 386,544 719,045 86.0

7502.10 Nickel, not alloyed, unwrought. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 238,635 301,321 624,686 107.3

7601.20 Unwrought aluminum alloys. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 310,464 345,781 528,019 52.7

7201.10 Nonalloy pig iron containing 0.5 percent or less phosphorus by weight, in primary 

forms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 304,524 197,958 462,997 133.9

2713.11 Petroleum coke, not calcined. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 170,709 181,764 337,901 85.9

0306.14 Crabs, including in shell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water, frozen. . . . . . . . . . 179,180 264,849 327,586 23.7

7110.21 Palladium, unwrought or in powder form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,960 341,524 287,629 -15.8

2711.29 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons, other than natural gas, in a

gaseous state. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131,170 150,830 227,332 50.7

2814.10 Anhydrous ammonia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 174,842 112,941 185,873 64.6

2901.21 Ethylene...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 56,843 131,561 164,801 25.3

7606.12 Rectangular plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick, of aluminum alloy. . . . . . . . . . 65,425 141,384 152,196 7.6

7110.11 Platinum, unwrought or in powder form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,114 112,343 150,629 34.1

7110.31 Rhodium, unwrought or in powder form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,885 54,922 141,249 157.2

7208.37 Flat-rolled products of iron or nonalloy steel, in coils, hot-rolled, width of 600 or more 

and thickness 4.75 to 10 millimeters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,978 39,438 139,982 254.9

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 125,773 126,852 136,758 7.8

9801.00 U.S. articles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals 

exported or returned. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9,318 76,397 127,827 67.3

4412.14 Plywood consisting of sheets of wood, each ply not exceeding 6 mm in thickness, at 

least one outer ply of nonconiferous wood, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,917 149,173 120,648 -19.1

7209.16 Flat-rolled products of iron or nonalloy steel, in coils, cold-rolled, width of 600 or more 

and thickness over 1 to 3 millimeters. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131,362 72,196 115,211 59.6

3102.80 Mixtures or urea and ammonium nitrate in aqueous or ammoniacal solution. . . . . . . . . 87,900 103,756 114,460 10.3

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,846,752 12,714,120 16,113,765 26.7

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,790,203 2,638,657 3,527,860 33.7

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 11,636,955 15,352,777 19,641,626 27.9

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."