GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1978 

October 1978 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Off ice of Research and Development 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 

do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this 

publication. No reference shall be made to the NOAA 

Environmental Research Laboratories, or to this publication furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its 

purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the 

advertised product to be used or purchased because 

of this NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 

publication. 
PREFACE 

GLERt Director- Eugene 1. Aubert. 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboaatory (CLERL) has completed its fourth year of operation in Ann Arbor. Our mission at GLERL is to conduct research directed toward understanding the environmental processes and solving problems in 

resource management and environmental services in 

the Creat Lakes and their watersheds. The environmental information developed is made available to 

NOAA, other government agencies, private organizations, and individual citizens to aid them in their 

environmental services, plans, and operations. 

Understanding the complex lake-land-atrnosphere svstern of the Great Lakes region and the 

many interactions that influence our lives in this 

region requires a team of scientists with many different backgrounds working together on field, 

laboratory, and analytic investigations into the 

limnological, hvdrological, and meteorological properties of the Lakes, their basins, and the overlying 

atmosphere The ultimate goal of the CLERL pro 

gram is to understand the lake-land-atmosphere 

system to the extent that environmental s~mulation 

and prediction models can be built to provide sufficiently precise information on Great Lakes prm 

cesses and phenomena to support enlightened use 

of the region's resources. 

This Annual Report is intended to inform the 

Creat Lakes community of GLERL's capabilities, program, significant results, and plans for the future It 

is also intended to encourage an exchang~ of information between the laboratory staff and those in 

need of environmental information for operational, 

planning, or management activities. 

Examples of some of the major problem areas 

that the GLERL program addresses are lake water 

levels and connecting channel flow predictioncritical to erosion control, transportation, recreation, 

and power generation; lake ice prediction-critical 

to lake transportation and shoreline structure design 

and protection, lake circulation-critical to ecosystems analys~s and an understanding of the transport 

and dispers~on of pollutants; surface waves and 

oscillations-critical to lake transportation, boating, 

and the control of shore erosion and flooding; and 

the dynamics of certain chemical and biolog~cal 

properties and systems-critical to understanding 

and prediction of the natural ecosystem and human 

alterations in the ecosystem and to water quaIity, 

water supply, and fisheries management. 

The CLERL staff has been and is working with 

Creat Lakes regulatory and management agencies, 

in both Canada and the United States, to provide 

them with the research products, data, and expertise 

they need. CLERL staff serve as officers, board 

members, or committee members of such organizations as the International ] oint Commission (I JC), the 

Great Lakes Basin Commission, and the International Association for Creat Lakes Research 

(IAGLR), among others. Th~se activities serve to provide an outlet for GtERL products and a means of 

identifying environmental problems requiring further 

study. 

Other outlets for CLERL products include 

requests from private organizations and individual 

citizens. The scientific community is informed of 

the products through journal articles, NOAA 

Technical Reoorts and Memoranda, and presentations at society meetings. The location of GLERL in 

Ann Arbor with the University of Michigan provides 

for graduate student participation in GLERL 

projects. Visiting scientists have in the past particlpated in CLERL research studies; this activity IS 

continuing. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

Preface 

Highlights 

Chemistry and Biology 

Environmental Systems Engineering 

Lake Hydrology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

IFYGL 

l nternational and l nteragency Activities 

Facilities 

Contracts and Grants 

Staff 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 
CLERL ORGANIZATION CHART 

ADMINISTRATION 

R. H. Bramlet, Head 

r 3 

LAKE HYDROLOGY 1 CHEMISTRY and 1 

GROUP BIOLOGY GROUP 

f 

I F. H. Quinn, Head ( ( A. Robertson, Head ( 

CHEMISTRY 

LABORATORY LABORATORY 

\ I J 

DIRECTOR 

E. J. Aubert 

yz) y-] LABORATORY 

\ 

COMPUTER FACILITY 

F. C. Rodante, Head 

PHYSICAL UMNOLOGY 

and METEOROLOGY [ GROUP 1 

D. 6. Rao, Head 

MARINE 

INSTRUMENTATION 

LABORATORY 

I . ENVIRONMENTAL 

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 

GROUP 

A. P. Pinsak, Head 

P PUBLICATIONS 
HIGHLIGHTS 

The laboratory has completed its fourth year of 

operations in Ann Arbor. Research has evolved from a 

major Lake Ontario International Field Year for the 

Creat Lakes (IFYGL) involvement to research addressing significant processes and problems on each of the 

five Great Lakes. Interagency and international involvement and advisory service activities continue to 

be vigorous. Experimental facilities have matured and 

are integrated with the project research. 

CLERL research is diversified in form. As is shown 

by the organization chart, process research is aligned 

in four primary discipline areas. But prob 

lem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff 

from more than one group, is also conducted. The 

in-house research program is supplemented by grants 

and contracts with private institutions. In turn, CLERL 

supports the efforts of other government agencies; 

this past year 3 percent of the laboratory budget 

came through interagency agreements. The dissemination of research results by publication or presentation and discussion at scientific and user meetings is a 

major CLERL product. During FY 1978, 40 papers 

authored by CLERL staff and 9 papers by contractors 

were published, and 40 papers prepared by CLERL 

staff were presented at meetings. 

Research 

Some major research accomplishments were in the 

area of mathematical modeling. Models developed at 

CLERL range from comparatively simple environmental engineering models to complex ecosystem 

and water movement models designed to simulate 

conditions over a long period. 

A mathematical model developed to predict the 

effect of waste abatement programs and human development in the drainage basin on Creat Lakes phosphorus levels was used to test scenarios postulated by 

a working committee renegotiating terms of the International Creat Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The 

model indicated that uniform measures applied 

throughout the Great Lakes Basin will not produce 

uniform levels of improvement. The most effective return for an investment in preventive or treatment 

measures will be achieved by varying standards in different locations. 

A hydraulic transient model of the upper St. 

Lawrence River was developed and tested to simulate 

the river flows and water surface elevations from Lake 

Ontario to the Moses-Saunders Power Dam near 

Massena, New York. The model, applicable to both 

open-water or ice-cover conditions, is being used to 

evaluate the effects of winter navigation on the water 

levels of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River by 

GLERL, the Army Corps of Engineers, the St. Lawrence 

Seaway Development Corporation, and others. 

A numerical circulation model was successfully 

used to simulate the transport of mirex in Lake Ontario. When probable sources in the Niagara and 

Oswego Rivers were used, results approximated reasonably well the observed mirex concentrations. 

A dynamical storm surge model of Lake Erie was 

recently developed and is still being tested by the National Weather Service. Preliminary results are encouraging. This method will offer improved forecasts 

for large water level fluctuations on Lake Erie. 

Ecological modeling work included the application to Lake Ontario of a model designed to simulate 

seasonal changes in several types of plankton and 

chemicals in the upper and lower waters. Analysis of 

model output and data collected during 1972 indicated that in spring and fall phytoplankton net production is controlled by the interaction of incoming 

solar radiation and vertical mixing, in summer by 

silica and phosphorus limitation, and in late summer 

by zooplankton grazing. 

But models are not created in a vacuum. They reflect our understanding of the processes, which can 

only be gained from experimental research and analysis of observations. Several CLERL accomplishments 

this past year centered on experimental research. 

As part of the IFYCL evaporation synthesis study, 

GLERL staff compared standard hydrological techniques for estimating evaporation, recalibrated the 

mass transfer method for use with Great Lakes data, 

and developed an improved aerodynamic technique 

incorporating boundary layer stability. 

A statistical climatology study recently completed 

relates winter severity in terms of maximum freezing 

degree-days to maximum ice extent in Lake Michigan. 

The study indicates that the 1976-77 winter in Lake 

Michigan, which produced maximum ice cover in excess of 90 percent, fell into the most severe of five 

severity classes on the basis of maximum freezing degree-days. 

Transport mechanisms for dissolved and particulate materials were studied in the nearshore region of 

southeastern Lake Michigan. A thin (<I mm) organically enriched microlayer at the lake surface, the 

thermocline region (up to 10 m or more), and the near 

bottom nepheloid layer all were found to be significant in the transport of contaminants such as phosphorus, organics, and trace metals. 

Analysis of current and temperature data from the 

comprehensive 1976 field experiment in southern 

Lake Michigan revealed an intense and persistent 
rotational oscillation with a period of nearly 4 days. 

This oscillation attained large amplitudes when 

forced by cyclical north-south wind impulses of similar frequency and dominated the kinetic energy 

spectra in both the stratified and unstratified seasons. 

A mathematical framework has been developed 

for the size-selective grazing exhibited by Diaptomus. 

Laboratory experiments with these Lake Michigan 

zooplankton had indicated the feeding pattern. 

Phytoplankton nutrient experiments in southern 

Lake Michigan indicate that primary productivity, 

chlorophyll production, and phytoplankton growth 

rates are coupled with variations in phosphorus turnover rates, silica concentrations, and silica to phosphorus ratios. Also, parameters describing the uptake 

velocity of phosphorus and silica are characteristic of 

phytoplankton in slightly enriched lakes and marine 

environments. 

An airborne laser altimeter was used to measure 

synoptic wave conditions over the entire of Lake 

Michigan during a fall storm. These data agreed well 

with the in situ Waverider measurements taken during 

the same storm. So far, this program has indicated the 

value of airborne laser measurements and tended to 

confirm theoretical knowledge of fetch-limited 

waves in southern Lake Michigan. 

A study of the consumptive use of water in the 

Creat Lakes region indicates that in 1975 industry consumed 55 percent of the total water used by seven 

categories of water users, including municipal, 

rural-domestic, rural-stock, industrial, electric power 

generation, mining, and irrigation. By the year 2035, 

power generation is expected to become the greatest 

user, at 50 percent of the total consumption. 

Advisory Services 

In FY 1978 the CLERL advisory service responded to 

600 requests for information, data, or reports. 

Presently 425 recipients are on the mailing list to receive regular distribution of CLERL publications. In 

addition, the laboratory supports the Creat Lakes Sea 

Grant colleges in their advisory service activities. 

Thirty-two Draft Environmental Impact Statements 

were reviewed and commented upon in 1978. 

lnternational Field Year for 

the Creat Lakes 

The major CLERL accomplishment is the successful 

completion of the IFYCL program. CLERL provided 

the management expertise for NOAA's role as United 

States lead agency in this joint United States-Canadian program. This past year a report was published to 

document the U.S. IFYCL archive. In addition, the Proceedings of the IFYCL Wrap-Up Workshop were also 

published. Publication of IFYCL - The lnternational 

Field Year for the Creat Lakes is planned for next year, 

but 9 of the 13 chapters co-authored by United States 

and Canadian scientists are already in review and editing. This book will summarize and synthesize the findings and accomplishments of this major scientific 

program. 

lnternational and 

l nteragency Activities 

GLERL has continued to be active in international 

and interagency activities. Staff have participated in 

the review and updating of the Creat Lakes Water 

Quality Agreement between the United States and 

Canada and on such boards and committees as the 

Water Quality Board Subcommittees on Surveillance 

and Water Quality Objectives; the Research Advisory 

Board and its Task Force on Environmental Mapping; 

the Interagency Technical Advisory Croup of the Lake 

Erie Wastewater Management Study; and the Winter 

Navigation Working Committee, the Ice Information 

Work Croup, and the Environmental Evaluation Work 

Croup of the Creat Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Extension Program. CLERL staff are 

also actively involved in the Creat Lakes Basin Commission program as Department of Commerce Alternate Commissioners and as working members of the 

Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee, the Priorities Sub 

committee, the Coastal Zone Management Committee, and the Standing Committee on Research and 

Development. 

Facilities 

The scope and accomplishments of the CLERL research program are dependent upon the facilities sup 

porting it. Accordingly, several improvements were 

made in experimental capabilities this year. The 

chemistry laboratory upgraded its trace metal analysis capability by the addition of a graphite furnace to 

its atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The marine 

instrumentation laboratory developed a multiprobe in 

situ monitor for water transparency, temperature, and 

depth profile measurements. 

A microprocessor recently developed by the marine 

instrumentation laboratory to test current meters detected production errors, which were corrected prior 

to deployment. Also, the Research Vessel Shenehon, 

the main shipboard operating facility, was used for a 

variety of successful water chemistry, biology, and 

physical experiments in Lake Michigan. The new articulating crane facilitated the deployment and retrieval of thermistors, suspended sediment traps, 

Waverider Buoys, and buoy strings with current 

meters. 
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY web Water chemistry studies, by describing the constituents of the water at various sites and changes 

with variations in time, temperature, currents, and 

loading, are particularly important to water quality 

deterrntnations. 

Ecosystems Modeling 

The numerical models formulated under this project aid in detailed examination of the interaction of 

the biological, chemical, and physical processes in the 

Creat Lakes. Although most of the work so far has 

been developed for Lake Ontario because the rnasslve 

IFYCL program provided the data needed for calibra- 

/- 1 tion, the models tested and found accurate for Lake 

Ontario are being adapted to other Creat Lakes as the 

i \ I calibration data becomes availabl~. I 

1 This past year the model of the upper and lower 

waters of Lake Ontario was analyzed In greater detail 1 This model, incorporating several different types of 

1 

"I I plankton and various chemical and nutrient loadtngs, 

simulates seasonal changes Recent analyses indrcate 

I \ that in spring and fall net phytoplankton production is I 

j dependent on incoming solar radiation and vertical 

1 

I 

Ch~m~ctrv and Biologv Group H~ad- Andrpw R~bertson 

(Photograph by R L Charnberc 1 

The work in chemistry and aquatlc biology is concentrated in three principal task areas: ecosystems 

modeling, plankton studies, and water chemistry 

studies. The program is aimed at understandtng the 

existing lake conditions, recognizing the trends that 

have occurred, and deveIoping the capability to preUGHT LIMITED I Si UMKED I P 1 LIGHT LIMITED 

dict the course of events given alternative approaches 

to the management of the Lakes. In th~s respect, the 0.4 h 

program will provide information pertinent to a large r 

I 

number of problem areas relative to the use, protec- 21 

tion, and conservation of the Creat takes. zg 

aThis information is of immense value to water re- 5 $ 

source managers in the Creat Lakes Barin as they 22 0 

make decisions affecting water quality, power genera- 3 

tion, commercial fisher~es, and recreational uses of 2 $ 

the Lakes Numerical models of the ecosystem can be 2 

used to forecast future conditions, to predict the re- a 

-0.4 sults of implementation of various possible strategies, 

-. . JFMAMJJASOND 

LlGM LIMITED I P LIMITED 1 LIGHT LIMITED 

and to better u~derstand the dynamics of lake blologi- 

,++I and =hemica] ~h~ variety and distri- Sexonal var~a:ion\ of process rates of large d~atoms and 

others Net prcduct~on Ir grosr protlurtion minus that lost but ion of plankton types affect water su3ply taste by sinkrng, diff us~on, resplratlon, and grar~ng Gross prrlducand odor and play an important role in the entire eco- tlon 1s controlled by l~fiht I" wlnter and sprrng and bv nusystem as plankters are a vital part of the lake food trients insummer. 
mixing of phytoplankton colonies and nutrients. But 

in summer silica and phosphorus are the limiting factors. In late summer zooplankton grazing is of primary 

importance and the availability of light is a lesser but 

significant influence; more light is backscattered by 

calcium carbonate particles in late summer as precipitation of that mineral is at a maximum owing to temperature conditions. 

Because phosphorus plays such an important role 

in limiting phytoplankton production at certain times 

of the year, the phosphorus cycle in Lake Ontario was 

examined. Results indicate that in summer, during the 

period of stratification, phosphorus in forms available 

to phytoplankton originates primarily from plant and 

animal excretion or recycling. (Phytoplankton are concentrated in the epilimnion, or upper waters, because 

they need light.) Additions from lower waters (the 

hypolimnion) or external sources are negligible in 

comparison. This helps explain the great seasonal 

variation in available phosphorus concentrations 

when compared to total dissolved phosphorus concentrations: in the epilimnion in late summer there is 

less phosphorus in a form readily available to the 

phytoplankton and the thermocline set up during 

stratification forms a barrier that keeps phosphorus 

from moving up from the hypolimnion. 

A multilayered one-dimensional temperature-diffusion model of Lake Ontario was completed. Although designed primarily to aid in the more accurate 

simulation of the magnitude and phasing of plankton 

blooms, the model will be useful as input to other 

areas, such as ice prediction work being done by the 

Lake Hydrology Croup. 

In a project combining the capabilities of both the 

Chemistry and Biology and the Physical Limnology 

and Meteorology Croups, an existing ecological 

t1 ........................................................ . ......... ... ........ .... ......... 7.. ...... '....... 

........ Hypolimnion : .......... . . 

Schernatlc dlagram of the phosphorus cycle In the eplllmnlon (upper waters) of Lake Ontario durlng late summer 

Several factors comblne to dwarf external sources 

Computer plot of the temperature diffusion model results 

compared to observed data. This indicates that the two coefficients scientists were seeking are not unique (as they 

would be if the plot were bowl shaped), but rather a family 

of points; i.e., the coefficients are related to one another. 

model developed by CLERL staff was coupled with a 

newly developed two-dimensional model simulating 

the hydrodynamics and thermal regime of a northsouth transect in Lake Ontario. With this combined 

model, scientists will be able to examine the influence 

of physical phenomena, such as the spring thermal 

bar and large-scale circulation patterns, on the biological and chemical processes in Lake Ontario. 

Plankton 

Plankton studies have concentrated on the variables affecting the diversity and seasonal distribution 

of plankton types at an offihore station in Lake Michigan. Phytoplankton studies of in situ integral primary 

productivity, chlorophyll production, and phytoplankton growth rates were examined in view of variations in phosphorus turnover rates, silica concentrations, and silica to phosphorus ratios. It was found 

that the addition of phosphorus and silica to lakewater stimulates growth rates as indicated by increases in both photosynthesis and phytoplankton 

biomass. 

Previously, zooplankton grazing experiments had 

indicated that the size of seston (phytoplankton and 

other particulate materials) is an important determinant in species-specific food selection. This past year 

the results were analyzed in detail and expressed as 

mathematical functions. Selectivities of D. sicilis and 

D. oregonensis were found to be relatively constant. 
L~qu~d scint~llation counter Phytoplankton nutrrent uptake 

is calculat~d w~th th~s ~nstrument by the use of radioartcve 

isotopes mixed w~th lake water samples 

Mean selectrvtty coefficients [W "5) of feed~ng of D arcgonenqrr on var~ed size food W' is the cond~t onal prob 

abtlity that food of a part~cular ~IZP wilt be eaten ~f encountered 

Water Chemistry 

Because it is generally accepted that the nearshore 

is most sensitwe to increased loadings of contaminants and nutrients, CLERL water chemistry studtes 

for the past 2 years have focused on the environment 

of the nearshore region of southeastern Lake Michlgan Once the sources and sinks of varlous materials 

have been identified and their transport and transformations traced, it should be pos5ible to simulate biogeochemical cycles. 

Recent studies have identified several significant 

transport sites The first is a thin (<I rnm), organically 

enriched microlayer existing at the su~face, which provides a rlte for extensive photooxidation The second 

is the thermocline region, which exhibits a high particulate level and a maximum in chlorophyll The 

third is the nepheloid layer, or the cloud of flocculated material that under normal conditions lies just 

above the sediment 

For exampre, the concentrations of particulate 

material in the nepheloid layer are often two or more 

times those in the hypolirnn~on. In the study area, the 

thickness of this Interface between the sediment and 

the water can vary from a few centimeters to up to 

10 rn or more This region is a zone of concentration 

for materials that significantly affect the lake ecosystem, such as phosphorus, organics, and trace metals 

Important questions yet to be answered are whether 

Sci~nt~st ch~ck.ng the readout from a gas chromatograph 

Th15 nnstrument IS presently b~~ng used to separate land-derlved from lake-d~r~v~d hydrocarbons In sed~ment samplcs 

taken from the nearshore regton of southeastern lake 

Mlchqgan 
materials sinking into this layer remain there indefinitely or are released into the water once more and, if 

they are liberated again, what factors control this. 

Initial experiments with phosphorus have indicated 

that a large fraction of that nutrient resuspended from 

the sediments is transported into the phosphorus-starved surface water. 

Presently, whitings (or precipitated calcium carbonate) seem to be important, large-scale factors in the 

ecosystem of the Lakes. Analyses have shown that 

they influence phytoplankton growth both because 

they scatter the light penetrating the water and because they transport nutrients after adsorbing them. 

But there is a need for more research on the influence of whitings on the ecosystem in view of recent 

findings. A simple chemical model developed at 

CLERL has indicated that atmospheric carbon dioxide 

is an important element in the production of this 

chemical. Simulations predict that an increase in carbon dioxide to three times present levels, as has been 

projected, would halt formation of whitings. 

will drive a detailed one-dimensional ecosystem 

model. 

Techniques developed for aerospace research will 

be used to examine and evaluate the level of uncertainty of predictions made with eutrophication 

models. 

Investigations into phytoplankton nutrient preference will continue with examination of the 

species-specific assimilation rates of carbon. Autoradiographic techniques will be used to trace carbon-1 4 as it is used. 

Zooplankton feeding preference studies will progress into an examination of taste preferences. There 

is evidence suggesting that, when there is a range of 

food quality, selection is based on taste as well as 

size. 

After additional experiments on exchange and 

transport of materials in the nearshore area, the data 

will be analyzed and modeled. 

Next Year. . . 

The temperature-diffusion model will be tested 

and calibrated with data from other lakes. Simulated 

temperature profiles from each lake will then be used 

to calculate effective diffusion coefficients, which 

1977 Sediment Accumulation at 1 m above the bottom (g m-2 day-1) 

Sediment trap accumulations 1 m above the bottom in the nearshore area off the mouth of the Grand River in southeastern 

Lake Michigan. 
pert~se to assist in the solution of Creat Lakes issues NV1 RoNM NTAL SYSTEMS and ~roblern,. Such involv~mrnt establisher a direct 

ENGINEERING two-way channel for our sc~entific expertise and 

tools, ascertains research needs to provide guidance 

in our program planning, and identifies substantive 

areas for GLERL participation in interagency research. 

Environmental Engineering 

Models and Applications 

'By quantifying the various aspects of a system, environmental models allow managers to try out projected management afternatlves or possible developmental scenarios quickly and w~thout harmful effects. 

Models developed by the Environmental Systems 

Engineering Group have been used for gutdance in 

real decision-making situat~ons 

A lake-scale energy budget has been developed for 

Lake Ontario from the IFYC t data and analyses. This 

is an important factor In water quantitp and ecosystems analyses and in ciimatoiogical, ice, and meteor* 

logical forecasting, but est~rnater have generally been 

Envlronm~ntal Svstcrns Eng~neer~ng Group Head- Arthur P 

Pinsak 

The work of the Environmental Systems Engineering Group includes projects on environmental engineering models and applications and GLERL environmental information services Objectives of environmental engineering models and applications projects 

are to develop test, and apply improved simulation 

and prediction moders and other tods as a basis for 

rational decisions in development and use of Great 

Lakes natural resources 

Current Great Lakes issues and env~ronrnental information requirements are determined in large part 

through partic~pation of CLE RL staff on various interagency, State-Federal, and international boards, commissions, committees, and work groups. Environmental ~nformat~on services involve cont~nuing identlfication of new users and the~r ne~ds, disr~mination of 

GLERL products and other ~nvironmental inforrnation, and response to environmental information 

requests. 

The combination of environmental engineering 

models and applications and environmental information services provides an information system and exT~P Rowcn ratlo a< a funct~on of a~r-water temperature differ~nr~c at 70 anti YO percent relatwe hurnidit~es I:alcufat~on ot the Rowen ratro, the rat10 ot scn51hle to latent heat, 

IS nfcessary to evaporat~on ert1matt.5 
tenuous because of the measurement difficulty. Even 

though short-term variations can be significant 

locally, they tend to cancel each other on a whole 

lake scale. A major problem with the energy budget is 

the partitioning of sensible or conductive and latent 

or evaporative heat fluxes across the lake surface. 

Evaporation is a principal component in determination of water quantity in the Lakes. Most methods of 

determining the ratio of latent to sensible heat flux 

are based on air and water temperatures, vapor pressure differences, and a coefficient accounting for stability of the airmass over the lake. In an effort to find 

an easy, reasonably accurate method, GLERL staff 

analyzed the uniquely comprehensive IFYCL data 

base. Individual computations of the latent-sensible 

heat ratio are extremely sensitive and change nonlinearly and so cannot be averaged. Thus, the input 

variables must be averaged in time and space to reasonably estimate evaporative water loss. Although the 

coefficients of conductivity and diffusivity are sensitive in partitioning latent and sensible heat at a 

specific location, analysis indicates that application 

of one or the other of these coefficients has an insignificant effect on the accuracy of lake-scale evaporation estimates. Also the ratio is not sensitive to areal 

weighting but rather to temperature fields. The most 

important variable in development of an accurate 

estimate of lake evaporation is the surface temperature distribution. This can be determined with remote 

imagery. 

A mathematical model that had been developed to 

simulate the movement and fate of phosphorus 

through the Creat Lakes system was applied to management decisions, By predicting the effect of waste 

abatement programs and other human activities in the 

Creat Lakes drainage basin on phosphorus concentrations in the Lakes, the model can indicate the trophic 

state to be expected if given policies are adopted. A 

significant finding is that uniform standards applied 

universally will not produce uniform levels of improvement. Standards should vary in different locations to provide an economical return for any investment in preventative or corrective measures. 

This past year, the model was used to aid in determination of phosphorus loadings to be recommended 

in the renegotiation of the Water Quality Agreement 

between the United States and Canada. Given various 

options being considered, CLERL model results were 

compared with two others and found to be close 

enough to distinguish clearly between the various 

loading options. 

Channel 

d .;, W-875 

Y 

T=84 Georgian Bay ~=5515 

Huron . 

W=4600 

S= 575 

W = 7275 

Key 

W= Point and non-point inputs 

S= Sediment losses 

T= Intersegment exchange 

W = Point and non-point inputs to the Detroit River 

Wf= Point and non-point inputs to the Niagara River S = 4218 S = 2808 

Schematic diagram of the flow of phosphorus through the Great Lakes. Note the large inputs from the Detroit and Niagara 

Rivers. The CLERL phosphorus model can calculate the impact of cultural patterns in population centers such as Detroit, 

Michigan, and Buffalo, New York. 
Recently, research was initiated to quantify the uncertainties of phosphorus model predictions. This 

evaluation technique needs to be considered in all 

types of forecasting. The product then becomes more 

useful to the manager or planner since he has, not 

only the most likely value, but also an estimate of the 

confidence he can place in a prediction. 

Under a contract with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CLERL is calculating present and projected 

consumptive use of water in the United States portion 

of the Great Lakes Basin to the year 2035 as a part of a 

joint United States-Canadian project. The Great 

Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Uses Study Board 

of the International Joint Commission designed the 

study. Consumptive use of water, that is, the volume 

taken out of but not returned to a system, has a significant and growing effect on Creat Lakes water levels. 

Of the seven categories into which water users were 

divided, municipal, rural-domestic, rural-stock, industrial, electric power generation, mining, and irrigation, industry presently is the biggest consumer. But 

predictions are that by the year 2035 power generation will be the largest consumer at 50 percent of the 

total. As consumptive use increases, inclusion of this 

factor will become more essential to regulation of the 

Lakes at water levels most beneficial to all users. 

A numerical model that had been developed to 

simulate water quality and transport within and 

through Lake St. Clair was modified to optimize simulation of the empirical data. Tributary inputs to the 

lake were moved from the confluence with the lake to 

a location upstream so that, instead of approximating 

an apparently constant unidirectional source in the 

lake, tributary inputs became a product of stream 

flow, advection, and diffusion into the lake. Another 

modification related to wind, a primary force driving 

lake circulation. Mean winds were used in early versions of the model, but these showed a persistent circulation bias when compared to empirical observations. Dividing wind into component directions and 

applying the resultant vector wind greatly improved 

the model fit. The modifications have immediate 

benefits in this specific application, but in the broader 

perspective they can be applied to improving similar 

types of models. 

Compilation of The IFYCL Atlas was completed and 

it is now being edited for publication. This compilation in the form of maps, charts, and tables of data on 

the physical characteristics of Lake Ontario during 

the observational period from April 1972 to March 

1973 will be a valuable tool for managers, engineers, 

scientists, students, and other individuals interested in 

Rural-Stock 

Irrigation7 r rRural- Domestic 

0 Lake :.: :.:. ..... :,, .. ..:.:.. .............. ..... :. . .. ::. ..:.:.; :.. : Drainage Basin 

Power 

U.S. consumptive use of Great Lakes water by seven categories of users for 1975 and projected to 2035. During this period 

the total U.S. consumption is expected to increase from 114 m's-' in 1975 to 440 m3s-' in 2035 
resource development or impact of the take on re- 7- . 

' 

lated developmental programs. 

Envi tonmental 1 nformation Services I 

The disremination of the environmental informa- 1 

tion produced is vital to the accomplishment of the 

CLERL mission. The costs of scientific research can- @ % 

not be justified if the results are not used Thus, one of 4 

the earllest GLERL artiviti~s was the establishment of 

an advrsory service ar a means to provide scientific information in a form that ir compatible with user r 

needs 

This pait year, a5 part of that service, CLERL provided 1000 research products in response to 600 documented requests. Of these, 30 percent came from 1 

agencies in various levels of government and 70 percent from private individuals or groups outside government This is in addrtion to regular mailings to a C15t 

of 425 recipients who have ind~cated interest in receipt of a 6-month list~ng of available publlcat ~ons 

and of one or more of the 5 types of GLERL puhlications Chemistry and Biology, Environmental Systemr 

Engineering, Ice, Lake Hydrology, and Phys~cal Lrmnology and Meteorology But publications are just 

one form of environmental information Also included are predictions and simulat~ons produc~d 

from environmental models; forecasts and forecast 

techniques; descriptive or analytical inforrnat~on on 

the present or past status of one or more limnolog~cal 

characteristics of a Sake or of the svstem; and data 

bases. For example, since 1975 a forecasting technique developed by CLERL has been used to provide 

the St Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation 

with forecasts of the date of freezeup on the St 

Lawrence River so that international $hipping traffic 

can have time to clear the Creat Lakes before the 

locks are closed. 

Draft Env~ronmental Impact Statements (DE 15%) 

are reviewed and critiqued in support of NOAA's Off ice of Ecology and Environmental Conservation. Intended to ensure that proposed activities in and 

around the Lakes have been designed to have little or 

no long-term adverse effects on the envirohment, 

these DEIS's are required by law to be submitted by 

the company or agency planning the activity for review by all interested or affected entities Cast fiscal 

year, 32 Draft Environmental Impact Statements were 

reviewed. 

Not all potential users know of CLERL and the 

range of services and products available. So other responsibilities carried out under this project are Identif~cation of and communication with potential users, 

determinat~on of user interests and needs, and liaison 

Sc~ent~ct present~ng the results of his model~ng work Per- 

~onal contact rs v~tal to rnak~ng GLFRL products useful to 

water rpreurcp rnanajiprc and planner5 

between the laboratory and users. Attendance at 

workshops, conferences, and other scientific gather- 

{rigs is one means of informzng people about GLERL; 

certain special publications, such as the Technical 

Plan and this Annual Report, are others. 

Next Year. . . 

Work will continue on uncertainty predictions for 

phosphorus model results 

* The Lake Ontario energy budget task will be completed with publication of the IFYGL Scientific Summary Report 

The IFYCL Atlas will be published. 

The consumptive use study will be completed. 

Work will begin on development of a model hierarchy to address water quality and use problems identified in the Creat Lakes Environmental Plan of Study 

Work will begin on development of a model to 

simulate seasonal thermal variations and temperature 

structure in the Creat Lakes system 
LAKE HYDROLOGY enthusiasts, the power utilitic.~, the Creat Lakes 

States, and the general public 

b . .- . . . -- . The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great 

Lakes is of interest to all those who use the Lakes in 

winter, but especially to those who navigate them. 

I Prediction information on Great Cakes ice 1s of value 

*,. ' t v, '74% ' # 

i to winter navigation, shoreline engineering, hydropower generation. water supply management, and 

1 waste dlrposal Primary users of ice information are 

' I u r the Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Coast Guard, the Na7- tional Weather Service, the St. Lawrence Seaway DP- ? - . - . veloprnent Corporation, the Great Lakes shipping in- ' 

dustry, rhoreline property owners and the general 

V , public. 

/ 

Hydrology 

This past year, the hydraulic transient model of the 

* a upper St. Lawrence River was completed, ~ncluding 

calibration and testing. This finite difference rnodel is 

capable of simulating water levels and river flows 

under either open-water or Ice conditions. It is ' * ' 

presently in ure by the Army Corps of Engineers and 

the St Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation to 

predict the effects of extending the navigation season 

on water levels in take Ontario Other applications include a study of the effects of increased channel 

$epths on levels and flows. The model also has great Lake Hydrology Croup Head -Frank H Qulnn potential for predicting the effects of various ice conditions, such a5 hanging ice dams. (A hanging ice dam 

The emphases of the Lake Hydrology Croup are on - - . _. _I__Vn - 

the hydralogic cycle including channel hydraulics, Tt'?- 

and on Ice research. The objectives of the hydrologic 

work are to develop improved methods of prediction " 

and simulation of lake levels, connecting channel 

flows, and flow in tributary streams and to improve 

understanding of the hydrologic processes. The objectives of the ice work are to improve the prediction of 

freezeup, breakup, areal extent, and thickness of ice 

in the Great Lakes and their bays, harbors, and chan- II br C 

.- nels and to improve understanding of the natural vari- p*; '-.r -- -'T --..yc -< 

ability and opt~cal properties of ice cover The work - -;: : ----% -. , 

involves an integrated program of data collection, 

data base development, analysis, prediction, model 

development and testing, and advisory service I 

Prediction and simulation information on lake 

levels and flows is necessary for water resource planning and management and for the solution of prob- Tpnnts courts destroypd by hlgh water I~vels on Lake Merhl- 

[ems in water supply, water quality, shore erosion, pan This ktnd of damage to shorel~ne structtrr~r could poshydropower, navigation, rPcreation, and flooding, pri- ~~bly be prevented ~f improved water level prpd~ctron ~nforrnation were used by shorel~ne property owners and manmary users of information are the of agers responslblP for water level rpgularlon, 

Engine~rs, the Creat Lakes shipping industry, the Environmental Protection Agency, recreational boating [Photograph by P. W. Slors 1 
is a natural ice formation building from the surface 

ice cover downward and partially obstructing the flow 

of water in the manner of any incomplete dam.) 

Last year a Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir 

Regulation (SSARR) model developed by the Army 

Corps of Engineers and adapted by GLERL scientists 

to the southeastern Lake Michigan drainage basin was 

calibrated for the period 1961-73. In tests of the 

model's accuracy in forecasting runoff, this method 

was found to be a considerable improvement over climatology. Once calibration and testing are complete, 

this model will be of great value in the simulation of 

runoff, which in turn affects water levels and quality. 

The IFYGL Scientific Summary Report on evaporation synthesis was completed this past year. This describes in detail the evaporation studies of IFYCL 

data, such as intercomparisons of the terrestrial water 

balance, energy balance, aerodynamic, and atmospheric water balance evaporation procedures. Significant accomplishments include the calibration of the 

mass transfer coefficient for use in the Great Lakes 

and the development of an improved aerodynamic 

technique incorporating boundary layer stability. This 

technique was used to compute daily Lake Ontario 

evaporation from data taken from the IFYGL overwater platforms. Former Great Lakes evaporation 

studies used a coefficient developed on a small lake 

(Lake Hefner). 

Accumulated runoff for the year 1974, a year of low runoff, 

in the southeastern Lake Michigan drainage basin. Simulated values were calculated from the Streamflow Synthesis 

and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) Model. As can be seen, 

the model is a great improvement over climatology, the 

standard method for calculating runoff. 

" I EVAPORATION I 

0 CONDENSATION 

- 25 111111111111 

J FMAMJ JASONDJ 

Average annual Lake St. Clair evaporation for the period 

1950-75. From December through March, when ice cover is 

greatest, lake evaporation is less than open-water 

evaporation. 

A Lake St. Clair evaporation study was also completed. An important result was the quantification of 

the effect of ice cover on lake evaporation. Ice cover 

reduces annual evaporation from Lake St. Clair by an 

average of 100 mm, from an open-water value of 

850 mm to 750 mm. 

Another completed study involved international 

river flow coordination. An agreement was reached 

between the United States and Canada on values for 

monthly St. Clair and Detroit River flows for the 

period between 1959 and 1977. These estimates will 

form the base for future studies of the effects of the 

possible regulation of Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. 

Also developed this past year was an automated 

methodology for calculating lake precipitation. The 

method, which uses the grid square technique and the 

Thiessen polygon procedure, has already been successfully applied to the Lake Ontario drainage basin. 

Ice 

Because navigation on the Great Lakes and in the 

St. Lawrence River is so important to the economy of 

the area, planners in both the United States and 

Canada have long been trying to extend the navigation season. With this object in view, CLERL scientists 

have been seeking improved methods of forecasting 

ice breakup on the St. Lawrence River. An important 

step was taken this past year when a physically based 

computer simulation model was developed to simulate the temperature regime in the snow and ice cover 

on the St. Lawrence River. Initial testing by using a 

variation of the temperature profile model to simulate lake ice formation and breakup in lakes on the 

north slope of Alaska proved successful. 
The first multiagency winter ice report was completed: scientists from CLERL, the National Environmental Satellite Service, and the National Weather 

Service collaborated on this historical perspective of 

the 1976-77 winter. This forms the most comprehensive documentation of a year's ice cycle on the Great 

Lakes yet undertaken. The past 200 winters were 

examined for details of temperature and, when possible, ice extent and compared to the winter of 

1976-77. Ice-cover data, while only available for the 

last 16 years, indicate that the winter studied was the 

most severe in that period. While temperature is the 

most important factor in the production of ice cover, 

other elements, such as the pattern of cold weather, 

also play a part. For example, continued cold with no 

significant periods of warmer weather was found to 

contribute to massive ice cover. Also, atypically cold 

weather patterns were found to be more influential 

when they occurred in the southern part of the Great 

Lakes than when they occurred in the northern part. 

A more detailed investigation of the relationship 

between winter severity and maximum ice extent was 

the subject of a recent study of Lake Michigan. First, 

maximum freezing degree-days were used to classify 

each of the past 80 winters into one of five severity 

classes. Then the most recent 15 winters, for which 

winter severity class and maximum ice extent are well 

documented, were used to define the relationship between the two values. Finally, the last 15 winters were 

compared to the 65 winters before them. The conclusion was that the last 15 winters were colder than the 

norm for the entire period studied. 

Work is continuing on the archiving of ice charts 

from the past 19 winters. First digitized, then entered 

into a computer, these data will be used to update 

and improve the Great Lakes ice climatology. In addition to these ice charts, air temperature data collected from 30 stations over an 80-year period 

(1897-1977) will be added to the computerized data 

base. Combined with the results of the above study on 

the relationship between freezing degree-days and 

maximum ice extent, the computerized climatology 

should be a major improvement over what presently 

exists. Although a climatology is basically descriptive, 

rather than predictive, very gross predictions can be 

made from it. The first task will be to determine how 

Severe Winter Maximum Ice Extent 

Maximum Ice Cover 1976-1977 

Lake Michigan 

Ice-Cover Legend 

Open Water 

Very Open Pack 

(0.1 to 0.3 coverage) 

Open Pack 

(0.4 to 0.6 coverage) 

Close Pack 

(0.7 to 0.9 coverage) 

Consolidated Pack 

(1.0 coverage) 

Freezing Degree-Day 

Stations 

Ice charts showing maximum ice extent for 1976-77 compared to severe winter maximum ice cover on Lake Michigan. A recent study indicated that the 1976-77 winter was severe in comparison with the past 80 winters. 
fine an extrapolation can be made from year to year 

for the same area and a very similar time period. 

Collection of bathythermograph data on Lake Superior continues in order to accumulate a data base for 

prediction studies. Winter water temperature data already collected were used to correlate the date of fall 

overturn and maxlrnurn ice extent for the following 

winter. Last year, temperature data were collected 

during the fall overturn These will be used to document heat storage and, if possible, to develop a technique for long-range forecasting of the date of initial 

Ice formation. 

5-rn Running Mean of Mean Temperature 

Next Year. . . 

The hvdraulic transient model of the upper St. 

Lawrence River will be ref~ned and expanded In particular, scientists hope to incorporate an ice-growth 

model and to improve the submodel dealing w~rh the 

effects of Ice roughness on flow. 

The automated lake precipitation technique will 

be applied to the Lake Superior Basin 

Additional data will be collected as input to the 

St. Lawrence temperature regime model Then work 

will begin on an experimental procedure to forecast 

the date of ice breakup. 

* Data on additional winters will be collected for 

addrtion to the ice climatology. 

Temperature ('C) 

Graphs show~ng Lake Superior temperature rhang~s with 

depth The graph on tht left IS for 18-20 August 1976, lust 

before the rtart of fall overturn Th? graph on the r~ght is for 

16-17 December 1977, jtlst after the end of fall overturn At 

fall overturn temperature var~at~ons decrease untrl the lake 

is isothermal at 4OC 

Ice abov~ and below the Amer~can Falls on the N~afiara 

Rrvpr Ice on the Nragara R~ver can affect power productlon 
PHYSICAL LIMNOLOCI 

AND METEOROLOGY 

set-ups, seiches, storm surges, and surface waves (surface waves and oscillations project). All of these 

studies encompass observat~onal programs, data - analyses, numerical simulations, and theoretical 

Ila(l studies 

Physical Limnology and Met~orology C reup Head - D~siraju B Rao 

The work in physical lirnnology and meteorology is 

in two projects: (I) water movements and temperature 

and (2) surface waves and oscillat~ons Thp purpose of 

each project is to improve our understanding of basic 

processes so that we can better predict currents, temperatures, waves, and other variables These predictions will, in turn, enable us to estimate chemical and 

biological properties of the Lakes that are important 

in diverse user activities, such as waste disposal, 

power generation, fisheries management, and water 

supply planning In addition, waves and osc~llat~ons 

prewnt potential hazards to shoreline property 

owners, ships, commercial and sport fishermen, recreational boating, etc. 

The phenomena that need to 'be predicted vary in 

time scales from years to seconds, and in space scales 

from the length of a lake to a few meters Of importance are such lake phenomena as seasonal circulations, internal Kelvin and ~oincare' waves, topographic waves, coastal jets, upwelling and downwellIng, thermal bars, and seasonal stratifications (water 

movements and temperature project) and wind 

Water Movements and Temperatures 

Last year a summary of the physical lirnnology accomplkshments in Lake Ontario during the IFYGL was 

completed. It will be published in a volume containing the final summaries of each research area and is 

the conclud~ng product of the IFYCL program. 

Lake Michigan data taken In 1976 have revealed direct observational evidence of long period rotational 

waves These waves cause oscillatory currents in the 

mid-lake basin, in addition to periodic flow reversals 

along the coasts. An intense and persistent rotational 

wave with a period of nearly 4 days was found in 

southern take Michigan. It attained large amplitudes 

when forced by north-south wind impulses of a similar frequency This 4-day wave dominated kinetic 

energy spectra all year. Because similar periodicities 

were noted in the currents in Lake Huron dur~ng the 

winter of 197L-75 and in the Straits of Mackinac during 1976, those past data art! b~~ng reexamined for evidence of such rotational waves 

In another study, the spread of a chemical called 

mirex, which was manufactured around Lake Ontario 

for many years, was reexamined The compound has 

many uses (insecticide for fire ants, marine antifouling 

agent, f~re retardant, smoke generator, etc.). Unfortunately, small quant~ties escaped during product~on 

and processing and ended up in the lake's sediments 

The long-lived substance probably started leak~ng 

into the Niagara and Oswego Rivers around the late 

1950's or early 1960's. Aided by water c~rculation, the 

mirex spread and settled along the south shore and in 

the eastern end of the lake. This accumulation resulted in the New York Department of Environmental 

Conservation imposing a Lake Ontario fish ban in Sep 

tember 1976. 

A d~stribution of mirex concentrations has been observed in Lake Ontario's sediments. Since the only 

known sources are the Niagara and Oswego Rivers, 

lake currents must have carried the settling mirex 

eastward from the Niagara River as far as Rochester, 

New York Sim~larly, the rnlrex cedirnent pattern off 

Oswego, New York, probably resulted from currents 

carrying mirex northward from the Oswego River 

mouth 

As a test of these hypotheses, a numerical model 

was driven with the climatological mean wind and 

w~th water quality calcutations added. In the model, 
T( Sl MULATED 

I. Y r- - - -hr-QT*IJ* .- d - -- d 1 

Current meters rn storage for the w~nter These Instruments 

are bas~c to all c~rcutat~on stud~er To the right 15 an acoustical release used to frpp the meter strlng from the anchor so 

that the subsurface buoy can ralse ~t ta the ~urface for 

retrieval. 

Observed and s~mulatrd mirex concentrations In Lake Ontarlo sed~ments On? of the most ~mportant finding$ of th~s 

study was the value of comparat~vely simple slmulat~on 

models 

sources of rnirex at the Niagara and Oswego River 

mouths were allowed to advect, diffuse, and settle for 

10 years. Most mirex from the Niagara River source 

moved parallel to the shoreline, spreading eastward 

as far as Rochester Mirex from the Oswego River 

moved in an offshore direction A cornparlson of the 

water quality model results with the mirex observations shows reasonable agreement. The main difference between the two is that the model results are 

very smooth, probably because a steady wind and a 

steady-state circulation model were used. Storms 

from various directions over the years undoubtedly 

stirred up the mirex and produced pattern irregularities. By running this model with various parameters, it 

can be adapted to simllar contaminants In other lakes 

Hence this study is important because it indicates the 

value of simple models in studying the fate of lake 

pollutants 

A section of Lake Michigan has also been the sub 

ject of a detailed circulation study. The array of current and temperature sensors deployed in Green Bay 

in May 1977 was retrieved in fall 1977 and spring 1978 

Data on the exchange between the bay and Cake 

Michigan are being analyzed so that we can better 

understand water quality degradation in the bay. 

Large inputs of contaminants are introduced through 

the Fox River. A determination of the flushing rate and 

the interior circulation of the bay is essential to the 

planning of water quality improvements. 

Surface Waves and Oscillations 

Our analysis of wave data recorded from four wave 

staffs installed on a tower near Muskegon, Michigan, 

during 1977 has concentrated on calculating wave directions and directional spectra. Wave directions 

generally coincided with those of prevailing winds except when wind directions changed rapidly. Directional wave spectra were based on Fourier series 

analysis of cross-spectrum data from the staffs. The 

conventional method for a four-staff array rs to use 

Fourrer series representations. However, fitting a 

cublc spline surface to the wave staffs data and calculating the slopes and curvatures of the fitted surface 

yields an improved directional spectrum. This new 

procedure should allow reliable directional wave 

spectra to be obtained from a meager four-staff 

array. 

In order to measure waves on a lake-wlcle scale, 

CLERL and the Atlantic Oceanographic and MeZeorolog~cal Laboratories (AOML) undertook a cooperative 

effort. Waverider Buoy data were combined with 

wave data from an airborne laser during a storm on 

20-21 November 1977 A comparison of spectra obtained from the Waverider Buoys show reasonably 

good agreement with those from the laser The laser 

measurements have allowed us to produce a set of 

two-dimensional wave-height maps for Lake Michigan for each of the 2 dayr. Based on these preliminary 

maps, wave characteristics in southern Lak~ Michigan 

seem to agree with our theory concerning fetchlimited waves. In northern Lake M~chigan, on the 

other hand, with its islands, rocky shores, and large 
7 fetches to the south, the waves have complicated 

characteristics requiring further study. 

6 - New field work this year focused on waves in Lake 

h 

Superior with three Waveriders deployed near Silver 

- Bay, Minnesota, and Copper Harbor and Deer Park, L, 5- 

I 

r4 Michigan. The sensors cover the western, middle, and 

E 

V 

eastern parts of the lake. 

*4- / \ - Waverider Data Storm surges are also part of the waves and oscilla- 4- .- 

V) 

C tions project. In 1978 a dynamical storm-surge fores 3- cast program developed for Lake Erie was tested by 

* the Techniques Development Laboratory during the 

$ months of November and December 1977 and April 

6 *- 1978. During December the water level at Buffalo, 

New York, exceeded the monthly mean by over 6 feet 

1 - (1.8 meters) on four occasions. The forecast program 

gave an adequate prediction of one of the peaks at 

least 24 hours before it occurred. Another surge was 

O o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 predicted 12 hours in advance and another two peaks 

Wave Frequency (Hz) were forecast 8 hours before they occurred. This 

method offers improved guidance for warning of large 

Energy density as a function of wave frequency as measured water level fluctuations of Lake Erie. 

by airborne laser and by Waverider Buoy. This indicates 

that airborne lasers are an important new tool in wave Two areas on Lake Huron are also particularly senstudies, indeed the only tool that can be used for synoptic sitive to high and low water levels, Bay City on Sagiwave studies. naw Bay and Port Huron on the St. Clair River at the 

Water Level Displacement in feet at Toledo 

Heavy line is recorded; light line b computed , Water Level Displacement in feet at Buffalo 

Heavy line is recorded; light line is computed 

25-36 h Forecasts m 

13-24 h Forecasts 

; 15j5_6$ 

j 1 1 1 LLl U 

-2 1-12 h Forecasts 1-12 h FOrOCaStS 

- 1 +U.U 

-2 11Nov '74 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 10% '74 3 5 -4 llNav '74 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 Dec '74 3 5 

Water level displacement at Toledo, Ohio, and Buffalo, New York, as calculated by the storm surge model from wind forecasts available 1-12. 13-24, and 25-36 hours in advance. Note that the hindcasts made from recorded hourly winds show excellent agreement with observed values. 
southern end of Lake Huron. The dynamical storm 

surge model is being modified for specific application 

to these areas. 

At the same time, systematic attempts to compare 

methods of predicting surface waves on the Lakes 

have been started. All methods will be compared to 

each other and to observational data. In addition, a 

new technique for wave prediction is being developed 

by the University of Michigan under contract ,to 

CLERL. 

Since winds over the Lakes play the major role in 

wave and storm surge prediction, research was begun 

on dynamical techniques for predicting these winds 

from weather observations and forecasts around the 

Lakes. CLERLfs model is closely tailored after the 

boundary layer model at NOAA's Techniques Development Laboratory. The technique employs 

numerical solutions to the dynamical equations and 

includes the shape of the Lakes and lake temperatures 

and waves. This model will be tested against both 

field data and existing empirical methods. 

Time (hour) 

Simulated and observed wind speeds over Lake Michigan. 

An improved dynarnical model of forecasting overlake wind 

speeds from land wind observations and forecasts will increase the accuracy of wave and storm surge models. 

Next Year. . . In cooperation with the Environmental Protection 

Agency, a large array of current meters and other sensors will be deployed in Lake Erie to examine inter-basin flux and lake-scale circulation. 

Analysis of the current and temperature data from 

southern Lake Michigan and Green Bay will continue. 

The storm surge model will be extended to Lake 

Huron and evaluated with the National Weather 

Service. 
INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR 

FOR THE GREAT LAKES 

(I FYC L) 

I FYCL, a multiagency, joint Un~ted States-Canadian program of environmental and water resource research, was initiated in 1972 to study Lake Ontario 

and its drainage basin. The central objective was to 

improve understanding and to create and refine sirnulation models of the lake environment to provide an 

Improved scientific basis for management of Creat 

Lakes water resources. Data collection was started in 

1972 and completed in 1973. A major accomplishment of 1978 was the completion of the analysis 

phase. The reporting phase will be completed in 1979. 

The 78 U.S. analysis tasks, including studies of the 

operant physical, chemical, and biological processes 

in the lake, were completed. There have been 349 

articles and reports published on these results, in addition to the NOAA publication of 21 regular lFYCL 

Eulletins updating the status of the research being 

done, 7 Technical Manuals documenting certain aspects of the program in detail, and a volume publishing the proceedings of a special American Ceophysical Union symposium on IFYCL. These reports 

were distributed to 450 institutions or individuals in 

the United States and to 250 in Canada. From this cooperation and exchange of research results, there 

emerged an improved knowledge of the temporal and 

spatial distribution and variability of physical, chemical, and biological properties. Finally, numerical 

models were developed and tested to simulate and 

predict phenomena related to water quantity, quality, 

and circulation, as well as to living resources in Lake 

Ontarlo. 

This past fiscal year a report was published to document the IFYGL archives at the National Climatic Center in Asheville, North Carolina. Entitled IFYGL Data 

Catalog: United States Data Archive [NOAA Technical 

Memorandum EDlS NCC-31, this volume includes 

data collected by both United States and Canadian 

sc~entists These data are available to all interested 

users. 

Concluding the IFYCL Bulletin series, the proceedings of the IFYCL Wrap-Up Workshop were published 

this past year as lFYCL Bulletin No. 22. The workshop 

was convened to critically assess the achievements 

and, in some cases, weaknesses of the program 

Present were 61 United States and Canadian scientists 

who participated In 1 of the 6 disciplinary panels: Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Chemistry and Biology, 

Energy Balance, Lake Meteorology, Terrestrial Water 

Balance, and Water Movements, and in one of the 

interdisciplinary panels: Evaporation Synthesis and 

the Creat Lakes Ecosystem. In addition to reviewing 

the accomplishments of I FYCL, the participants idenThe IFYGL managemmi team From left to right, they are 

Davrd W Wrtherspoon. Env~ronm~nt Canada, Arthur P 

P~nsak. CLERL. NOAA, W jack Chrrst~e, Ontarlo M~nrstry of 

Natural Resources, C Frederrck lenkins, GLERL, NOAA, 

Fug~n~ J Aub~rt, CLERL, NOAA; Dav~d W Ph~ll~p~, Atmospher~c Envtronment Servlce, W~Eltarn J. Drescher, U 5 Geologlcal Survey, Andrew Robertson, Cl.ERL, NOAA, T Lloyd 

R~chards, Atrncspheric Environm~nt SP~VICP: Peter G Sly. 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Donald N leffs. Ontarlo 

M~n~stry of Environment, Ira C Brown, Envlronment 

Canada, Nelson A Thomar, U 5 Fnv~ronrnental Protect~on 

Agency 
tified priority research problems and developed recommendations for future Great Lakes research. 

The IFYGL Wrap-Up Workshop was thought provoking. A selection of the major conclusions and recommendations are included here. 

The real significance of this program is that it is 

unique in scope and depth. Practical Great Lakes 

management problems involve long-term environmental forcing and response times ranging from 

1 year to decades or centuries. Resource managers are 

frequently required to make decisions quickly that 

will influence the long-term future. Yet ecosystem 

and water movement simulation models for long time 

periods (greater than 1 year) have a high degree of uncertainty. While such models can be improved by re 

search, in the near term only engineering applications 

are feasible to apply the modeling state of knowledge 

to resource management decisions, specific sites, and 

available alternatives. Only a program of the magnitude of IFYGL could have provided the insight into 

processes and variability and the raw data necessary 

to develop, test, and calibrate both kinds of models to 

a high degree. 

As a consequence of the long lead time necessary 

to significantly improve ecosystem, water movement, 

and hydrologic simulation and prediction models, 

there is a need for a government body or institution to 

support research in basic science separate from and in 

addition to engineering solutions to today's environmental problems. The management experience gained 

in organization and direction of such a large cooperative, multidisciplinary project as IFYCL is a scientific 

resource that can be efficiently applied to the prob 

lems that remain both in Lake Ontario and in other 

water environments. 

A book entitled IFYCL- The International Field Year 

for the Great Lakes is now in preparation. The purpose 

is to summarize and synthesize the accomplishments 

of this research program. Of the 13 chapters to be 

co-authored by United States and Canadian major 

participants, 9 have been prepared and are in the 

scientific review and editing process. The remaining 

four chapters will be completed and the volume pub 

lished in 1979. 

In spite of some setbacks and instrument failures, 

IFYCL accomplishments of planned objectives were 

substantial and impressive. The IFYCL archive is 

unique and will be useful for many years, e.g., for 

numerical model development and testing. New techniques and instruments found effective in studying 

the Lake Ontario environment can be adapted to the 

other Great Lakes. Future limnological research will 

benefit from the failures, as well as the successes, of 

IFYGL. 

Finally, from the perspective of the IFYGL attainments, a new set of research problems and questions 

has been identified and sequenced according to 

priority. The IFYCL program has been completed, but 

its benefits will be apparent for many years to come. 
INTERNATIONAL AND 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES 

The GLERL program includes support activities for 

and participation in the work of many other agencies 

in both the United States and Canada. This is one of 

the mechanisms whereby our research product is 

used; in addition, we obtain information on require 

ments for environmental information to support planning and management activities. This user need information is helpful in shaping the future GLERL research program. 

l nternational Joint Commission (I JC) 

GLERL participates in many of the activities of the 

IJC. Various staff are involved in committee and sub 

committee work. These include work on the Research 

Advisory Board that provides the IJC with informatian 

on the state-of-the-art in Great Lakes research and 

recommends research programs. Also included is participation on the Scientific Basis for Water Quality 

Criteria Committee, the Pollution From Land Use Activities Reference Group, the Surveillance Subcommittee of the Water Quality Board, the Environmental 

Mapping Task Force, and the Federal Support Committee to the U.S. Cochairman of the Water Quality 

Board. The Scientific Basis for Water Quality Criteria 

Committee provides advice on the water quality ob 

jectives for pollutants in the Great Lakes; the Pollution From Land Use Activities Reference Group is 

assessing the significance and sources of pollution 

from land drainage to the Great Lakes and will develop recommendations on remedial measures. The 

Surveillance Subcommittee provides an annual 

assessment of the environmental quality of the Lakes, 

defines problem areas, and coordinates the surveillance activities of the many different agencies. 

GLERL staff participated in the review and updating 

of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between 

the United States and Canada that resulted in the 1978 

Agreement 

Great Lakes Basin Commission 

GLERL staff are involved in the Great Lakes Basin 

Commission as Alternate Department of Commerce 

Commissioners, members of the Great Lakes Basin 

Plan Committee (formerly the Comprehensive Coordinated Joint Plan Committee), the Priorities Committee, the Coastal Zone Management Committee, 

the Standing Committee on Research and Development, and the Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study. The Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee has responsibility for developing an approach to identifying 

and coordinating water and related structural and 

non-structural near- and mid-term programs designed to enhance the economic, environmental, and 

societal aspects of the Great Lakes Basin. A major effort has been development of a process to analyze effects of plans at all levels and to include public participation in the process. 

The Priorities Committee develops guidelines and 

criteria for establishing priorities of the Federal or 

federally supported Great Lakes Basin water resources initiatives for consideration by the National 

Water Resources Council; the Coastal Zone Management Committee coordinates, exchanges, and develops information pertinent to the Coastal Zone 

Management activities of the Great Lakes States; the 

Standing Committee on Research and Development 

assists Priorities Committee and Great Lakes Basin 

Plan Committee activities and develops improved research coordination, particularly for the Great Lakes 

portion of the basin. The Great Lakes Environmental 

Planning Study is analyzing the accumulative system 

effects of the state pollution control plans on the 

water quality of the Great Lakes. 

Winter Navigation Program 

GLERL is working in support of the Army Corps of 

Engineers in a multiagency program to examine the 

feasibility of extending the navigation season throughout the Great Lakes system. The Ice Information Work 

Group is chaired by a GLERL staff member. Also, 

GLERL has membership on the Winter Navigation 

Working Committee and the Steering Committee of 

the Environmental Planning Task Force, and represents NOAA in the Environmental Evaluation Work 

Group. The laboratory provides data on the physical 

and structural character of lake ice; on ice formation, 

growth, and decay; and on the effects of winter navigation on shore properties. In addition, a marine environmental service is provided to shippers during the 

extended season. 

The International Coordinating 

Committee on Great Lakes Hydraulic 

and Hydrologic Data 

Because much of the Great Lakes data base is used 

internationally, Canadian and United States users of 

hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a Coordinating 

Committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee 

are to reach agreement upon hydraulic and hydrologic data and related physical data concerning the 

Great Lakes; to assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international data; to provide basic data to 
anyone with a recognized need; to reach agreement 

on methods and procedures for measuring, collecting, 

and storing pertinent data; and to publish coordinated 

data. CLERL participates on the River Flow Subcommittee with a charge to coordinate tributary stream inflow to the Creat Lakes system, to coordinate studies 

of flow in the connecting channels and the St. 

Lawrence River, and to establish procedures for up 

dating and disseminating river flow data. 

Creat Lakes Basin Hydromet 

Network Work Croup Study 

The Creat Lakes Basin Hydromet Network Work 

Croup, with membership from NOAA, the U.S. Ceological Survey, and the Corps of Engineers, was 

formed to determine specific alternatives with 

time-frames and cost estimates for implementing, improving, and expanding U.S. Creat Lakes Basin hydrologic monitoring. CLERL is one of the NOAA members 

of this work group, the aim of which is to improve lake 

level forecasts and water resource management. 

Lake Erie Wastewater 

Management Study 

The Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study is a 

multiyear Army Corps of Engineers program to design 

and develop a demonstration wastewater management program for the rehabilitation and environmental repair of Lake Erie. CLERL staff participate on 

the Interagency Technical Advisory Croup in review 

of study programs and recommendations. 

International Association for 

Great Lakes Research (I AG LR) 

Members of CLERL actively participate in the activities of IACLR. They hold membership on the Pub 

lications Committee (Chairperson) and the Board of 

Directors. 
FACE LIT1 ES 

CLERL's laboratory and support facilities are an integral part of its research program. These are housed 

in three leased buildings in Ann Arbor, with a total 

space of about 19,000 square feet, and in a 10,000 

square foot warehouse and dock facility in Monroe, 

Michigan 

Marine l nstrument Laboratory 

The marine instrumentation laboratory staff selects, calibrates, repairs, and, when necessary, adapts 

or designs instruments to collect data in the Lakes and 

their environs. They work closely with CLERL researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible 

for the purposes of the experiment. 

In July 1978, in support of a study to measure 

waves in Cake Superior, a remote meteorological 

measurement system, powered by solar panels and 

lead acid batterres, was established on the lake shore 

at Copper Harbor. The meteorological data, together 

with data from Waverider Buoys deployed off Silver 

Bay, Copper Harbor, and Deer Park were frequency 

multiplexed, summed, and transmitted on a phone 

line to Ann Arbor, where the signals were recorded 

and simultaneously displayed with a local time clock 

A translator was built to synchronize the various signals with speed compensation for the playback to a 

Hewlett Packard 9603A system for data reduction. It 

had to be des~gned with careful attention to the constraints of both existing operational software and 

hardware on the Hewlett Paskard 9603A system and 

the varlous formats of the taw data input. 

A general purpose programmable data acquisition 

and reduction micrwcornputer system, with a Zilog 

Z-80 central processing unit that had been developed 

and implemented by GLERL staff was used this past 

year to run stringent tests on current meters These 

tests uncovered a production error on the part of the 

manufacturer, who was alerted This system saved 

GLERL and other users wasted time and effort by uncovering the error. 

A muftiprobe in situ monitor for water quality was 

adapted for transparency, temperature, and depth 

measurements. When these data were displayed on a 

plotter, the resulting plot confirmed the increase in 

turbidity around a thermocline. 

RjV Shenehon 

CLERL operates the RIV Shenehon to support field 

activities The ship, a converted T-boat, is 65.6 feet in 

length and 17.7 feet across the beam and has a 

6.5-foot draft, a 600-nautical-m~le range, and a cruising speed of 10 knots. For the deployment and retrieval of heavy instruments, there is a hydraulic articulated crane with a 1630-pound lifting capacity at 

21-foot extension. Forward and aft winches handle 

wire and cable. An on-board laboratory facilitates the 

conduct of onsite chemical and biological experiments. 

During 1978 the ship operated ~n Lake Michigan out 

of the Army Corps of Engineers facility at Grand 

R,V 5I1~n~hun crew raising sed~ment trap5 Th~s water 

Technician testing a current meter In the marlne ~nstrumen- chemistry ftudy was one of supported by the chtp tatlon laboratory The succefs of a fleld program 1s dp- lastyear pendent nn th~ accuracy and reliabll~ty of the Instruments 

used (Photograph by A P P~nsak ) 
Haven, Michigan, providing direct or logistical sup 

port to several CLERL projects. 

To provide a data base for verification of an equilibrium model of the carbon system and for determinat~on of time scales of variability, the R/V 

Shenehon measured selected chemical components 

and characteristics in and around the mouth of the 

Grand River. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature, 

light transmittance, carbon dioxide, organic carbon, 

calcium carbonate, and chlorophyll were examined in 

this operation. 

Suspended sediment traps attached to subsurface 

floats were maintained through the open water season. Material collected will be used to ndentify transport modes, to locate sources and sinks of particulate 

material, and to determine alteration processes and 

rates. 

Biology experiments supported by the ship this past 

year include both plankton and benthic studies. 

Plankton net tows, water samples, and temperature 

data were collected at regular intervals. These data 

will be used in studies of seasonal species-specific 

zooplankton grazing. Benthic rneiofauna distribution, 

sediment particle size, and organlc carbon content of 

surface sediments were observed in situ during a 

SCUBA operation. These are being used to determine 

seasonal variations in population and to relate distribution to those environmental variables crucial to 

the existence and well-being of the benthic 

meiofauna. 

In support of several projects designed to describe 

and characterize circulation patterns, the ship was 

used to deploy and retrieve current meters. En the 

northern portion of Green Bay, current meters were 

retrieved after having been in place for 1 year. The 

data generated will also be used to quantify the exchange of water between Green Bay and Lake Michigan. Current meters and thermistors were deployed 

and later retrieved along the eastern shore of Lake 

Michigan. 

Biology Laboratory 

The biology laboratory includes modern equipment 

and instrumentation. A multichannel Coulter Counter 

is used routinely to measure particle size selection 

and zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and 

seston. An array of instruments, including a liquid 

scintillation spectrometer, is used to investigate nutrient uptake, growth rates, competition for nutrients 

by algae, and cycling rates of selected algal nutrients. 

Facilities also include a full complement of sampling 

gear and instrumentation, growth chambers, stereo 

and ~nverted microscopes, and cultured populations 

Techn~c~an calrbrating the Coulter Counter in the b~ology 

laboratory Th15 Instrument Ir betng used to count particles 

In zooplankton grazing experiments 

of phytoplankton and zooplankton species for model 

studies A mobile trailer has been outfitted for 

lake-side investigations on the physiology and feeding rates of planktonic and benthic organisms. 

Chernistn~ Laboratory 

This past year the chemistry laboratory upgraded 

its trace metal analysis capability by the addition of a 

graphite furnace to the atomic absorption spectrcphotometer. This has been used to analyze for selected trace metals in the dissolved and particulate 

state in nearshore southeastern Lake Michigan. The 

Technician uslng the atorn~c absorpt~on spectrophotom~ter 

to analyze water samples In the chemistry laboratory The 

graph~te furnace added this past year upgrades the trace 

metal analys~s capabjl~ty. 
AutoAnalyzer II has again been used to measure nutrient (I.F., nitrogen and phosphorus) levels in Lake 

Michigan nearshore water samples. Techniques recently developed for the analysis of sedimentary and 

particulate nutrients have given excellent results. 

Meanwhile, the analysis of organic and inorganic carbon has continued. The techniques used in the analysis were tested and evaluated: +5 percent precision is 

now possible for most types of samples Lipid fractions were extracted from a number of samples in our 

study area. The gross cycling of lipids w~ll be used as a 

first approximation of the cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Direct extraction techniques for 

carbon are presently being tested. When operative, a 

capillary glass system recently obtained for the gas 

chromatograph will be used to aid in that extraction 

Ice Laboratory 

An Ice laboratory has been added to extend the season and expand the capabilities for the study and 

measurement of ice characteristics. The new facility is 

composed of two rooms, a work room and an ice storage room. The work room, held at + 20°F, can be used 

to calibrate instruments in a temperature envlronment close to that in which they wilt be used. This assures the greatest possible accutacy in field experiments. The Interior walls are painted flat black to 

facilitate optical experiments, such as the measurement of spectral radiation transmission through ice 

slabs. Adjacent to the work room is a smaller room 

held at -20°F for the storage of natural ice samples 

and the growth of ice crystals. 

Computer Laboratory 

The computer laboratory staff supports the work of 

CLERL scientists by writing, dehugging, and testing 

programs written to the scient~sts' specifications, advising scientists in the creation, use, or alteration of 

programs, and creating retrieval subroutines to access 

field data. Programs are entered through a UNITECH 

[UT-1) Remote Communications Processor connected 

to a CDC 6600 computer located at the Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. 

Recently, seven local telephone numbers were added 

to provide a link between Texas Instrument Silent 700, 

Model, 745, Portable Data Terminals and the 

CDC 6600. This has provided interactive access and 

greater convenience for CLERF scientists 

A Tektronix 401 4-1 Graphical Display Terminal, 

also connected to the CDC 6600, is used for graphical 

display of data on a cathode ray tube. Hard copy of 

the display can be obtained in seconds and microfilm 

Computer spec~al~st loadrng a dlsr pack into the HewScientist calrhrating a radtometer in the ~ce laboratory I~tt-Packard 9603A Scientif~c Measurement and Control 

More accurate readings arp obtained when the enstrktment System. Measurement tapes taken dlrectlv from instruments 

has been calibrated rn a temperature environment clore to must be converted from analog to drgjtal, reduced, and 

that in whrch rt w~ll be used Th~s workroom IS kept at edited on this system before they can be ana'yzed on the 

f 20°F CDC 6600 Cornput~r. 
copy can be printed in Boulder and returned to CLERL 

by mail. 

Before a data base can be created, much less analyzed, on the CDC 6600, the raw field data must be 

converted from analog to digital and ed~ted. The Hewable data discarded), and edited. The Hewlett-Packard 9603A Scientific Measurement and Control System performs the above functions and, in so 

doing, serves as a link between instruments in the fiield 

and the more sophisticated computer hardware. 

fiche, and microfilm, for interlibrarv loans, and for 

on-line literature searches. 

About 70 percent of all interlibrary loans are obtained from the University of Michigan holdings 

Regular access to this, one of the largest library systems in the world, is an invaluable research aid. The 

remaining 30 percent are obtained from other private 

or government research libraries, espec~ally other 

NOAA libraries. This past year CLERL has become 

part of a new system for facilitating interlibrary loans 

between selected NOAA libraries. This is the BibEioLibrary graphic Retrieval Service, Inc., (BRS) message service, 

which will significantly speed up response time. This is The CLERL library has a small, growing collection 

one example of the additional Cooperative of periodicals, technical reports, books, and reference networking that NOAA libraries are using to provide materials; however, its main support orF the research better services to scient~rts. effort is in the form of services. Library staff are responsible for acquisition of printed materials, micro- On-line literature searches are conducted through 

NOAA's Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information Service (OASIS) This computerized data base inf - dexes technical literature and research in the environmental sciences. 

Publications Section 

The final link in the research sequence is the dissemination of information to users, whether these are 

" other scientists, water resource managers, or private 

citizens. Publications are a very important form of 

communication. The publications section has responsibility for the preparation of manuscripts, Including 

editing, typing, proofing, procurement of graphics, 

5 and when appropriate, pasteup. Manuscripts are formatted according to the requirements of the publica3 

tion form: articles and notes in professional journals, 

NOAA Techn~cal Reports and Memoranda, or inhouse reports. During the last fiscal year, 30 manuscripts were processed in the CLE RL publications 

section. 

.- . . Currently, edit~ng of manuscripts is facilttated by 

I an IBM Mag Card I1 Selectric Typewriter. Owing to 

a?+ the large volume of work, plans are to augment or red& place this with more sophfsticated equipment. 

Sc~ent~st brows~ng at R periodical rack in the l~brary Issues 

or trtles not available can often be obta~ned through ~nterlibrary foans 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1978 

Principal 

,nvestige Institution - Title 

H. E. Allen Illinois Institute of Technology Trace Metal Species 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan A Cooperative Program in Great Lakes 

Long-Term Effects Research 

E. F. Brater University of Michigan 

R. P. Canale University of Michigan 

C. W. Chen Tetra Tech, Inc. 

Estimating Runoff From Ungaged 

Drainage Basins 

Phytoplankton Nitrogen Utilizat~on 

Calibration of a Three-Dimensional 

Ecological Hydrodynamic Model 

for Lake Ontario 

G. T. Csanady Woods Hole Oceanographic Coastal Circulation 

Institution 

B. H. DeWitt Bernard DeWitt and Associates, Inc. 1977-78 Great Lakes Composite 

Ice-Cover Charts and Techn~cal 

Description 

J. E. Cannon University of Michigan Role of Predacious Rotifers 

T. Green University of Wisconsin Current Measurements in the Coastal 

Zone of Eastern Lake Michigan 

S.J. Jacobs University of Michigan A Parametric Model for Wave 

Prediction 

G. F Lee University of Texas (Dallas) Biological Characteristics of the 

Nearshore Waters of Lake Michigan 

J. C. Makarewicz State University of New York Dynamics of Lake Michigan 

(Brockport) Plankton 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin Inertial Motion Examined by Episode 

in Large Stratified Lakes 

R. H. Reckhow Michigan State University Use of Selected Lake Models for 

Policy Evaluation 

R. R. Rumer State University of New York (Buffalo) Ice Transport by Wind and Waves 

in the Great Lakes 

R. R Rumer University of Delaware Effects of Wind and Waves on Ice 

Transport 

R. A Sweeney State University of New York (Buffalo) Copepod Life History 
STAFF AS OF 30 SEPTEMBER 1978 

Full Time Commissioned Temporary or 

Permanent Officers Part Timo~ 

Office of Director 10 0 1 

Chemistry and Biology 

Croup 11 0 4 

Environmental Systems 

Engineering Group 6 0 4 

Lake Hydrology Croup 9 1 1 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Croup 16 0 2 

Total 52 1 12 - 

Assel, R. A. 

Aubert, E. J. 

Bell, G. L. 

Bennett, J. R. 

Hermann, L. F. 

Bermick, 5. J. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 

Booker, H. L. 

Boyd, J. D. 

Bramlet, R. H. 

Burns, W. R. 

Carrick, B. J. 

Cavanaugh, E. J. 

Chambers, R. L. 

<:haprap S. C. 

Congdon, 5. W. 

Del Proposto, D. J 

Derecki, J. A. 

Doughty, B. C. 

Dungan, J. E. 

Eadie. B. J. 

<;ales, J. E. 

Crasso, J. 0. 

Crimes, J. E. 

Grumblatt, J. L. 

Herche, L. R. 

Hill, R. L. 

Hodson, A. W. 

Huang, J. C. K. 

Jenkins, C F. 

Kelley, J. M. 

Kelley, R. N. 

Kistler. R. D. 

L H 

OD 

C B 

PLM 

CB 

OD 

L H 

PLM 

PLM 

0 D 

ESE 

LH 

ESE 

CB 

ESE 

ESE 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

PLM 

C B 

LH 

C B 

ESE 

PLM 

ESE 

OD 

OD 

PLM 

ESE 

ESE 

LH 

PLM 

Langston, A. L. 

Lawton, B. J. 

Lee, J. P. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 

Liu, P. C. 

Longanecker, M. J. 

Malczyk, J. M. 

McCormick, M. J. 

Miller, G. 5. 

Miller, T. C. 

Nalepa, T F. 

Norton, D. C. 

Parker, R. K. 

Pickett, R. L. 

Pinsak, A. P. 

Potok, A. J. 

Quigley, M. A. 

Quinn, F. H. 

Ranson, M. L. 

Rao, D. B. 

Robertson, A. 

Rodante, F. C. 

Royse, G. B. 

Saylor, J. H. 

Scavia, D. 

Schwab, D. J. 

Soo, H. K. 

Stankevich, E. A. 

Tarapchak, 5. J. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 

White, B. J. 

Willis, P. D. 

LH-Lake Hydrology Croup. 

OD-Office of the Director. 

CB-Chemistry and Biology 

Group. 

PLM-Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

ESE -Environmental Systems 

Engineering Croup. 

C B 

LH 

0 D 

L H 

PLM 

OD 

CB 

CB 

PLM 

PLM 

CB 

L H 

0 D 

PLM 

ESE 

L H 

CB 

L H 

ESE 

I'LM 

CB 

OD 

PLM 

I'LM 

CB 

PLM 

I'LM 

CB 

CB 

CB 

I'LM 

OD 
PUBLICATIONS 

A 6-month listing of available publications can be ob 

tained from 

Advisory Service 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Aubert, E. J. 1978. Cross-panel considerations. IFYCL 

Bull. 22:96-103. 

Aubert, E. J. 1978. Relevance of IFYCL. Verh. Internat. 

Verein. Limnol. 20:317-323. 

Bennett, J. R. 1977. A model of Lake Ontario's circulation. IFYCL Bull. 21 :38-43. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1977. Lake-land precipitation relationships using northern Lake Michigan data. ). Appl. 

Meteorol. 16:1158-1164. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1977. Preliminary observations on the 

daily variation of ice albedo. I. Claciol. 

18:517-521. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1977. The radiation balance over a continuous snow surface: A review. CLERL Open File 

Report. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1978. On the use of multispectral radar 

to define certain characteristics of Creat Lakes ice. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-17. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1978. Photosynthetically active radiation transmission through ice. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL CLERL-18. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1978. A technique for estimating 

monthly global radiation. Water Resour. Bull. 

14:679-688. 

Boyd, J. D., and Eadie, B. J. 1977. Evaluation of U.S. 

IFYCL chemical data at the master stations. 

IFYCL Bull. 21 :49-61. 

Boyd, J. D., and Eadie, B. J.1978. Temperatureand dissolved oxygen data for Lake Ontario, 1972 

[IFYCL). NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

CLERL-21. 

Danek, L. J.*, and Saylor, J. H. 1977. Measurement of 

the summer currents in Saginaw Bay, Michigan. I. 

Creat Lakes Res. 3:65-71. 

Derecki, J. A. 1978. Description of the method used by 

the Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboraCannon, J. E.t, and Robertson, A. 1978. Development 

of checklists on Creat Lakes biota. I. Creat Lakes 

Res. 4:104-105. 

Creat Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

1977. Technical Plan for the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Ann Arbor: Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Crumblatt, J. L. 1977. Heat advection in Lake Ontario, 

1972-73. CLERL Open File Report. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1977. A general circulation model for 

lakes. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-16. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1977. Simulation study of the North 

Pacific Ocean. In Symposium on Modeling of 

Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes, pp. 

21-34. Ottawa, Ontario: Marine Sciences 

Directorate. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1978. Numerical simulation studies of 

oceanic anomalies in the North Pacific Basin. I: 

The ocean model and the long-term mean state. 

I. Phys. Oceanogr. 8:755-778. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1978. Response of the NCAR general 

circulation model to North Pacific sea surface 

temperature anomalies. I. Atmos. Sci. 

35:1164-1179.. 

Jenkins, C. F. 1978. The joint Canadian-United States 

Creat Lakes research project, IFYCL. Ambio 

7:98-105. 

Kohberger, R. C.t; Scavia, D.; and Wilkinson, J. W.t 

1978. A method for parameter sensitivity analysis 

in differential equation models. Water Resour. 

Res. 14:25-29. 

Liu, P. C. 1977. A summary of IFYCL surface wave 

studies. IFYCL Bull. 21 :44-48. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1978. Freshwater macroinvertebrates. I. 

Water Pollut. Control Fed. 50:1301-1313. 

Pickett, R. L., and Bermick, S. 1977. Observed resultant circulation of Lake Ontario. Limnol. and 

Oceanogr. 22:1071-1076. 

Pinsak, A. P., and Rodgers, C. K.t 1978. Energy balance 

panel:lFYCL Bull. 22:40-58. 

Potok, A. J. 1978. Analysis of the effect on Lake Ontario water levels of maintaining year-round safe 

navigation depths in the St. Lawrence River. 

CLERL Open File Report. 

Quinn, F. H. 1978. Hydrologic response model of the 

North American Creat Lakes. . Hydrol. 

37:295-307. 

tory to determine flows in the St. Clair and Detroit 

Rivers for the River Flow Subcommittee. CLE RL *No longer with this laboratory. 

Open File Report. 'Not affiliated with this laboratory. 
Quinn, F. H. 1978. Lake Superior regulation effects. 

Water Resour. Bull. 14:1129-1142. 

Quinn, F. H., and den Hartog, C.t 1978. Evaporation 

synthesis panel. IFYCL Bull. 22:59-68. 

Rao, D. B. 1977. Free internal oscillations in a narrow, 

rotating basin. In Symposium on Modeling of 

Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes, pp. 

391-398. Ottawa, Ontario: Marine Sciences 

Directorate. 

Rao, D. B. 1978. A numerical procedure for computing 

resonant periods of natural water bodies. In Proceedings, Conference on Tsunamis, pp. 159-1 65. 

Ottawa, Ontario: Marine Sciences Directorate, 

Department of Fisheries and the Environment. 

Richards, T. L.t, and Aubert, E. J. 1978. Introduction. 

IFYCL Bull. 22:l-3. 

Robertson, A., and Scavia, D. 1978. Ecosystem and 

water quality modeling during IFYCL. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:311-316. 

Robertson, A., and Jenkins, C. F. 1978. The joint Canadian-American study of Lake Ontario. Ambio 

7:107-112. 

Saylor, J. H., and Boyce, F. M.t 1978. Water movements panel. IFYCL Bull. 22:69-84. 

Scavia, D. 1977. Modeling in water management. Bioscience 27:688. 

Strong A. E. t, and Eadie, B. J. 1978. Satellite observations of calcium carbonate precipitations in the 

Great Lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:877-887. 

Tarapchak, S. J., and Wright, R. F.t 1977. Three oligotrophic lakes in northern Minnesota. In North 

American Project-A Study of U.S. Water Bodies, 

Ed. L. Seyb and K. Randolph, pp. 64-90. Corvallis, 

Oregon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Thomas, N. A.t; Nalepa, T. F.; and Robertson, A. 1978. 

Biology-Chemistry program during IFYCL. Verh. 

Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:304-310. 

+Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

30 
PRESENTATIONS Eadie, B. J. 1978. Nimbus G Coastal Zone Color 

Scanner calibration/validation experiments for 

1978-79. Great Lakes Coastal Zone Color Scanner 

Workshop, 26-27 April 1978, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Allender, J. H.t, and Saylor, J. H. 1978. Mixing times in 

southern Lake Michigan. 21st Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Assel, R. A., and Quinn, F. H. 1978. A historical perspective of the 1976-77 Lake Michigan ice cover. 

21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 

May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, 

Ontario. 

Bennett, J. R. 1977. Long-term simulation of Lake Ontario circulation. Great Lakes Marine Environment Seminar, 11 October 1977, at the University 

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1978. Determining precipitation over 

the Great Lakes from overland data: The methodological controversy analyzed. 21 st Conference 

on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the 

University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Boyd, J. D. 1978. Metalimnetic oxygen minima in Lake 

Ontario. 21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Chambers, R. L. 1978. Nearshore sedimentation in 

southeastern Lake Michigan. North-Central Section Meeting of the Geological Society of 

America, 1-2 May 1978, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Chambers, R. L.; Eadie, B. J .; and Robertson, A. 1978. 

The variability of chemical properties and dispersal of particulate material. Coastal Workshop, 

21-23 February 1978, Sundridge, Ontario. 

Chapra, S. C. 1978. Application of the phosphorus 

loading concept to the Great Lakes. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, 19-22 June 1978, Victoria, British 

Columbia. 

Chapra, S. C. 1978. Phosphorus loading design for the 

lower Great Lakes. 21 st Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University 

of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Charlesworth, L. J.t; McBride, R. T. J.t; and Chambers, 

R. L. 1978. Grain-size distribution characteristics 

and environmental analysis of Maumee Bay bottom sediments. North-Central Section Meeting of 

the Geological Society of America, 1-2 May 

1978, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Eadie, B. 1.1977. The CaCO, cycle in the Great Lakes. 

Great Lakes Research Division Seminar Series, 15 

November 1977, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Eadie, B. J., and Robertson, A. 1977. Applications of 

multispectral sensing to the Great Lakes. Meeting 

of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and 

Spectroscopy Society, 14-16 November 1977, Detroit, Michigan. 

Eadie, B. J., and Chambers, R. L. 1978. Nearshore sediment chemistry in southeastern Lake Michigan. 

North-Central Sectional Meeting of the Ceological Society of America, 1-2 May 1978, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Eadie, B. I.; Chambers, R. L.; and Robertson, A. 1978. 

Physical and chemical properties of particulates 

in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan. Coastal 

Workshop, 21-23 February 1978, Sundridge, 

Ontario. 

Huang, j. C. K., and Sloss, P. W.* 1978. Responses of a 

Great Lake to the mean steady and time-dependent atmospheric forcing: Homogeneous 

case. 1978 Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, 17-21 April 1978, Miami Beach, 

Florida. 

Leshkevich, G. A,, and Assel, R. A. 1978. Description of 

an automated process for digitizing two-dimensional ice-cover information. 21 st Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Liu, P. C. 1977. Higher order spectra and stationarity 

of wind waves. Fifth Conference on Probability 

and Statistics in Atmospheric Sciences, 15-18 

November 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada. 

Liu, P. C. 1978. Higher order wave spectra. 16th Conference on Coastal Engineering, 28 August-I September 1978, Hamburg, Germany. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1978. Zoobenthos sampling in southeastern Lake Michigan: Vertical distribution and sieve 

size efficiency. 26th Annual Meeting of the North 

American Benthological Society, 10-12 May 

1978, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1977. Mission responsibilities and interagency program coordination of the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. Annual 

Meeting of the League of Women Voters, Lake 

Michigan Inter-League Group, 20 October 1977, 

St. Joseph, Michigan. 

'Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory 
Pinsak, A. P. 1977. Water futures of Lake Michigan. 

National Audubon Society Seminar on Lake 

Michigan Issues, 30 September-2 October 1977, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1978. Application of the Bowen ratio to 

evaporation estimates over a dimictic lake. 21 st 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 

1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, 

Ontario. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1978. Energy budget for Lake Ontario. 

Seminar, 6 July 1978, at Ohio State University, 

F. T. Stone Laboratory, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. 

Potok, A. J., and Derecki, J. A. 1978. Evaluation of runoff simulation for southeast Michigan with 

SSARR watershed model. 21 st Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Rao, D. B. 1977. Free and forced oscillations in lakes. 

Seminar, 11 October 1977, at Andhra University, 

Waltair, India. 

Rao, D. B. 1977. Some dynamical aspects of lake circulation and modeling. Seminar, 4 October 1977, 

at Andhra University, Waltair, India. 

Rao, D. B. 1978. A review of the physical limnology 

program at GLERL. Seminar, 16 March 1978, Burlington, Ontario. 

Scavia, D. 1977. Applied ecosystem approach to water 

quality management. Water Resource Management Course, 16 November 1977, East Lansing, 

Michigan. 

Scavia, D. 1977. Problems in ecological modeling for 

management. School of Public Health, Environmental Monitoring Course, 8 November 1977, at 

the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Scavia, D. 1977. A simulation analysis of biological 

and chemical properties in Lake Ontario during 

IFYGL. Great Lakes and Marine Environment Lecture Series, 13 December 1977, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Scavia, D. 1978. The role of modeling in investigating 

large-scale, interdisciplinary problems. Coastal 

Workshop, 21 -23 February 1978, Sundridge, 

Ontario. 

Scavia, D., and Robertson, A. 1978. Examination of 

phosphorus recycling and control of productivity 

in Lake Ontario. 41st Annual Meeting of the 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 19 June 1978, at the University of British 

Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia. 

Schwab, D. J. 1978. Analytic and empirical response 

functions for storm surges on Lake Erie. International Symposium on Long Waves in the Ocean, 7 

June 1978, Ottawa, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1978. Molybdate-catalyzed hydrolysis of soluble reactive phosphorus in Lake Michigan. 4lst. Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 19 June 

1978, at the University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia. 

Tarapchak, S. I.; Bigelow, S. M.*; and Rubitschum, C.* 

1978. The Chamberlain-Shapiro isobutanol extraction method and its application to soluble reactive phosphorus measurements in Lake Michigan. 21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, 

Windsor, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J.; Chambers, R. L.; Bigelow, S. M.*; and 

Rubitschum, C.* 1978. A comparison of three 

methods for measuring soluble reactive phosphorus. 21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J.; Smith, R.*; Quigley, M. A,; Lukasiewicz, J.*; and Malony, L. M.* 1978. Interpretation 

of phytoplankton multiple nutrient limitation experiments at an offshore station in Lake Michigan. 21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

9-11 May 1978, at the University of Windsor, 

Windsor, Ontario. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1977. Problems with aperture-tube overlap in analyses of seston-size distributions in lake water. 10th Coulter Counter 

User Conference, 3 October 1977, Chicago, 

Illinois. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1978. Seasonal particle-size selection and grazing by Diaptomus in Lake Michigan. 

21st Conference on Great Lakes Research, 9-11 

May 1978, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, 

Ontario. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory 
--

CONTRACTOR PUBLICATIONS

Bennett, J. R. 1977. Non-linearity of wind driven currents. In Symposium on Modeling of Transport

Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes, pp. 91-98.

Ottawa, Ontario: Marine Sciences Directorate.

Bennett, J. R. 1978. The circulation of large lakes. In

Upwelling Ecosystems, ed. R. Boje and M. Tomczak, pp. 223-234. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Birchfield, G. E., and lunde, A. T. 1977. A time-dependent model of a coastal boundary layer with

friction. Northwestern University Applied Mathematics Technical Report No. 7710 prepared for

GlERl by Northwestern University under Contract No. 04-4-022-37.

Csanady, G. T. 1977. The coastal boundary layer. In

Studies in Geophysics: Estuaries, Geophysics, and

the Environment, Chapter 6. Washington, D.C.:

National Academy of Sciences.

Csanady, G. T. 1978. The arrested topographic wave.}.

Phys. Oceanogr. 8:47-62.

Gannon, J. E., and Sternberger, R. S. 1978. Zooplankton (especially crustaceans and rotifers) as indicators of water quality. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.

97:16-35.

Marmorino, G. O. 1978. Time-series plots of Lake Ontario currents, temperatures, and winds (IFYGL,

winter 1972-73). Special Report No. 36 prepared

for GlERl by the University of Wisconsin-Mil.-

waukee, Center for Great lakes Studies, under

Contract No. NOAA-3-35468.

Rumer, R. R.; Crissman, R. D.; and Wake, A. 1978. Dynamics of ice transport in large lakes. Final Report

prepared for GLERl by the University of Delaware, Department of Civil Engineering, under

Contract No. NOAA-03-6-022-35236.

Stoermer, E. F., and ladewski, T. B. 1978. Phytoplankton associations in Lake Ontario during IFYGL.

Special Report No. 62 prepared for GlERl by the

University of Michigan, Great lakes Research

Division, under Grant No. NOAA-04-4-022-32.

---

Reports prepared by contractors over the last few years. The

expertise of outside scientists under contract to GlERl is an

important supplement to in-house research.

33
a U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-651-493