19-823

U.S. v. Ibrahim

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 25th day of March, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

SUSAN L. CARNEY,

STEVEN J. MENASHI,

Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. No. 19-823

MOAZE IBRAHIM,

Defendant-Appellant.

_________________________________________

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: James P. Egan, Assistant Federal Public 

Defender, Office of the Federal Public 

Defender, Syracuse, NY.

FOR APPELLEE: Rajit S. Dosanjh, Assistant United States

Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United 

States Attorney for the Northern District 

of New York, Syracuse, NY.
 

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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District 

of New York (D’Agostino, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment entered on March 29, 2019, is 

AFFIRMED.

Defendant-Appellant Moaze Ibrahim appeals from a judgment of conviction entered 

on March 29, 2019, following a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Northern

District of New York (D’Agostino, J.). Ibrahim was convicted of transporting an illegal alien

in knowing or reckless disregard of the alien’s legal status, in violation of 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii).1 The sole issued raised on appeal is whether the government presented 

sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, 

that when Ibrahim picked up Hachim Rachid on the U.S.-Canada border in December 2017, 

Ibrahim knew or recklessly disregarded the fact that Rachid had unlawfully entered the 

United States. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural 

history, and arguments on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision 

to affirm.

A defendant bears “a heavy burden” in challenging the sufficiency of the evidence 

underlying his criminal conviction. United States v. Archer, 671 F.3d 149, 160 (2d Cir. 2011).

We must affirm a conviction if we determine that “any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Babilonia, 854 

F.3d 163, 174 (2d Cir. 2017) (emphasis omitted). In making this determination, we are 

required to “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, crediting every 

inference that could have been drawn in the government’s favor, and deferring to the jury’s 

assessment of witness credibility and its assessment of the weight of the evidence.” Id. The 

1 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) (imposing criminal penalties on any person who, “knowing or in reckless 

disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation of law, 

transports, or moves or attempts to transport or move such alien within the United States by means of 

transportation or otherwise, in furtherance of such violation of law”). 
 

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government, moreover, is “not required to preclude every reasonable hypothesis that is 

consistent with innocence,” Archer, 671 F.3d at 160 (internal quotation marks and brackets 

omitted), and it may rely on circumstantial evidence alone to prove the mens rea requirements 

of a crime, see United States v. MacPherson, 424 F.3d 183, 189–90 (2d Cir. 2005).

Here, the evidence presented at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the 

government, establishes the following facts. Ibrahim and Rachid were friends and blood 

relatives, albeit to an unknown degree. Before Ibrahim moved to the United States, the two

lived together for some period of time in Saudi Arabia. Rachid, who is a citizen of Mali, 

made three unsuccessful attempts to obtain a visa to the United States. He was able to secure 

a Canadian visa, however, and in December 2017, he flew to Toronto and then traveled to 

Montreal.

On December 28, Rachid texted Ibrahim his geographic coordinates in Canada using 

a function on WhatsApp that allowed Ibrahim to view Rachid’s location on a map. The next 

day, Rachid texted Ibrahim the geographic coordinates of “the place” where he (implicitly) 

proposed that the two would meet. App’x 377. The pick-up spot was located on Glass Road, 

a small residential street in Champlain, New York. Glass Road ends near the Canadian 

border and is situated approximately one mile from Champlain’s official port of entry from 

Canada. Proceeding then on foot, Rachid walked south across the U.S.-Canada border, using 

the GPS on his phone to navigate through fields and forests. As he did so, he periodically 

texted his coordinates to Ibrahim, allowing Ibrahim to track Rachid’s movement in real time.

For his part, Ibrahim drove several hours to meet Rachid. Along the way, he texted 

his own coordinates to Rachid, apparently familiar with the WhatsApp mapping function. 

When Ibrahim arrived in Champlain at about 3:00 in the afternoon, he spent some time 

driving in the area nearby the Champlain port of entry. In addition, he visited Glass Road

briefly about an hour and a half before Rachid arrived there at approximately 5:30 pm. 

Having seen the area, Ibrahim knew well in advance that the pick-up would occur in a 

residential neighborhood that was surrounded by fields and forests and that had none of the 

vestiges of an official port of entry. 
 

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Based on this and other record evidence, we are satisfied that a rational jury could 

find beyond a reasonable doubt that, when Rachid finally entered Ibrahim’s vehicle at dark 

with snow-encrusted boots, wet pantlegs, and vegetation clinging to his backpack, Ibrahim 

knew or recklessly disregarded the fact that Rachid had illegally crossed the U.S.-Canada 

border. A factfinder could reasonably infer from the WhatsApp exchange that Ibrahim knew 

that Rachid did not enter the United States through an official port of entry. This inference 

is strongly supported by the location of the pick-up. Ibrahim could not have mistaken Glass 

Road for an authorized border crossing. Nor could he have been oblivious to the existence 

and proximity of the Champlain port of entry, located roughly a mile away from Glass Road. 

Ibrahim’s personal connection to Rachid further supports the jury’s verdict. This is not the 

case of a driver giving a ride to a stranger hitchhiking on the side of the road. Rachid and 

Ibrahim were blood relatives who had previously lived together, and their relationship was 

such that Ibrahim was willing to drive several hours to pick up Rachid, apparently without 

expectation of pay for his services.

In reaching our decision, we acknowledge that the record contains some evidence 

suggesting that Ibrahim may have acted with an innocent state of mind. Ibrahim, for 

example, rendezvoused with Rachid just moments after being tailed by a marked Border 

Patrol vehicle. According to Rachid’s deposition, moreover, Ibrahim expressed “surprise” 

when Rachid first entered Ibrahim’s vehicle, asking: “What are you doing here?” App’x 382.

As defense counsel argued to the jury at summation, these pieces of evidence weigh in favor 

of a nonculpable mens rea. Our task on appeal, however, is not to “re-weigh the evidence 

presented at trial.” United States v. Snow, 462 F.3d 55, 71 (2d Cir. 2006). It is limited, instead, 

to determining whether the evidence, construed in the light most favorable to the 

government, could lead a rational jury to find the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt. See Babilonia, 854 F.3d at 174. We conclude that the evidence of Ibrahim’s mens rea is 

sufficient to support the jury’s guilty verdict. 

* * *
 

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We have considered Ibrahim’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are 

without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the District Court’s judgment is AFFIRMED. 

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court