A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Innovation for Our Energy Future 

Wind Tunnel Tests of Parabolic 

Trough Solar Collectors 

March 2001–August 2003 

N. Hosoya and J.A. Peterka 

Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc. 

Fort Collins, Colorado

R.C. Gee 

Solargenix Energy, LLC 

Raleigh, North Carolina 

D. Kearney 

Kearney & Associates 

Vashon, Washington 

Subcontract Report 

NREL/SR-550-32282 

May 2008 

NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 

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Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle 

Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337

Subcontract Report 

NREL/SR-550-32282 

May 2008 

Wind Tunnel Tests of Parabolic 

Trough Solar Collectors 

March 2001–August 2003 

N. Hosoya and J.A. Peterka 

Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc. 

Fort Collins, Colorado

R.C. Gee 

Solargenix Energy, LLC 

Raleigh, North Carolina 

D. Kearney 

Kearney & Associates 

Vashon, Washington 

NREL Technical Monitor: Mary Jane Hale 

Prepared under Subcontract No. NAA-2-32439-01 
This publication was reproduced from the best available copy 

Submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background and Scope of Parabolic Trough Wind Tunnel Test Program ......... 1 

1.2 Wind Load Issues ................................................................................................ 2 

2. TEST SETUP AND PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 3

2.1 Boundary Layer Simulation Technique .............................................................. 3 

2.2 Wind-Tunnel Models .......................................................................................... 4 

2.2.1 Balance Model for Lift and Drag Force Measurements ............................. 5 

2.2.2 Balance Model for Pitching Moment Measurements ................................. 7 

2.2.3 Pressure Model............................................................................................ 8 

2.2.4 Non-Instrumented Solar Collector Models ............................................... 12 

2.3 Instrumentation ................................................................................................. 12 

2.3.1 Signal Conditioner for High-Frequency Force and Moment Balances .... 12 

2.3.2 CPP Multi-Pressure Measurement System ............................................... 13 

2.4 Test Configurations and Matrix ........................................................................ 13 

2.5 Test Procedures ................................................................................................. 25 

2.6 Accuracy and Uncertainty of Test Results........................................................ 26 

3. ANALYSIS METHODS ...................................................................................................... 29

3.1 Definition of Test Parameters ........................................................................... 29 

3.1.1 Orientation of Solar Collector ................................................................... 29 

3.1.2 Load Coefficients ...................................................................................... 30 

3.1.3 Consideration for Load Cases for Structural Strength Design .................. 31 

3.2 Particular Treatment of Pressure Data .............................................................. 32 

3.2.1 Integration of Distributed Local Pressures ............................................... 32 

3.2.2 Instantaneous Pressure Distributions ........................................................ 33 

3.2.3 Interpolation of Point Pressures ................................................................ 34 

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 38

4.1 Boundary Layer Simulation .............................................................................. 38 

4.2 Effects of Reynolds Number and Turbulence Intensity .................................... 39 

4.3 Isolated Solar Collector..................................................................................... 41 

4.3.1 Test Results ............................................................................................... 41 

4.3.2 Flow Visualization .................................................................................... 46 

4.4 Exterior Solar Collectors in Array Field ........................................................... 49 

4.4.1 General Observations ................................................................................ 49 

4.4.2 Effects of Wind Protective Fence Barrier and Torque Tube .................... 63 

4.5 Interior Solar Collectors in Array Field ............................................................ 70 

4.5.1 General Observations ................................................................................ 70 

4.5.2 Effects of Torque Tube ............................................................................. 92 

4.6 Loads on Deep Interior Solar Collectors .......................................................... 93 

4.7 Wind Characteristics Within Array Field ....................................................... 100 

4.8 Summary of Design Load Cases and Combinations....................................... 103 

4.8.1 Structural Strength Design Loads ........................................................... 103 

4.8.2 Local Peak Differential Design Pressures............................................... 105 

4.8.3 Instantaneous Differential Pressures ....................................................... 111 

4.8.4 Example Calculations of Design Loads .................................................. 120 

i 
4.9 Adjustment to Pressure Test Data ................................................................... 123 

4.9.1 Adjustment Factor ................................................................................... 123 

4.9.2 Effectiveness of the Adjustment Factors to Pressure Data ..................... 126 

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................................. 132

6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 133

7. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 1

7.1 APPENDIX A - VALIDITY OF FULL-SCALE PREDICTION ................................ A1 

7.2 APPENDIX B - LIST OF OVERALL LOAD DATA ................................................. B1 

7.3 APPENDIX C - WIND CHARACTERISTICS SIMULATED IN A 

WIND TUNNEL .......................................................................................................... C1 

7.4 APPENDIX D - INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CONTOURS 

FOR SELECTED TEST CONFIGURATIONS .......................................................... D1 

7.5 APPENDIX E - TIME SERIES OF LOCAL PRESSURES ........................................ E1 

ii 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 2-1 CPP aerodynamic wind tunnel ........................................................................ 4 

Figure 2-2 Wind tunnel setup ........................................................................................... 5 

Figure 2-3 Lift and drag force balance model .................................................................. 6 

Figure 2-4 Lift and drag force balance model assembly ................................................... 6 

Figure 2-5 Photograph of Pitching Moment Balance Model ............................................ 7 

Figure 2-6 Pitching Moment Balance Model Assembly................................................... 8 

Figure 2-7 Pressure model ................................................................................................ 9 

Figure 2-8 Pressure model assembly .............................................................................. 10 

Figure 2-9 Coordinates of pressure taps ......................................................................... 11 

Figure 2-10 Collector field model................................................................................... 12 

Figure 2-11a Test configurations for array field study, exterior field ............................ 15 

Figure 2-12 Test matrix .................................................................................................. 17 

Figure 2-13 Test Configurations for Phase 4 .................................................................. 22 

Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (a) Yaw = 0 degrees ............. 23 

Figure 2-15 Photograph of Test Setup for Configuration I8 .......................................... 25 

Figure 2-16a Typical statistical variation of mean load .................................................. 26 

Figure 3-1 Definition of coordinate system and key dimensions ................................... 30 

Figure 3-2 Tributary areas assigned for differential pressure taps ................................. 33 

Figure 3-3 Interpolation of point pressures ..................................................................... 34 

Figure 3-4 Example of mirror panel arrangement for interpolation of differential 

pressures .................................................................................................... 36 

Figure 4-1 Turbulent boundary layer simulated in wind tunnel ..................................... 39 

Figure 4-2 Sensitivity of load coefficients to Reynolds Number ................................... 40 

Figure 4-3 Effects of turbulence intensity on horizontal force ....................................... 41 

Figure 4-4a Loads on isolated solar collector with and without torque tube, balance 

study .......................................................................................................... 42 

Figure 4-5a Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector, 

without torque tube ................................................................................... 45 

Figure 4-6 Flow around isolated solar collector ............................................................. 48 

Figure 4-7 Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B1, collector in Row 1 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees ................................. 50 

Figure 4-8a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B3 Collector in Row 1 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 51 

Figure 4-9a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 53 

Figure 4-10a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 55 

Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector (a) Configuration B1, Yaw = 0 

degrees ...................................................................................................... 57 

Figure 4-12a Effect of row position along edge of array field, yaw = 0 degrees .......... 61 

Figure 4-13 General flow patterns within array field ..................................................... 63 

Figure 4-14a Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration D3, 

collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ....... 64 

Figure 4-15 Effect of wind protective fence ................................................................... 66 

iii 
Figure 4-16 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B1 

and E1, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 

degrees ...................................................................................................... 67 

Figure 4-17 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B3 

and E3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 

degrees ...................................................................................................... 68 

Figure 4-18 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B4 

and E4, collector in Row 2 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 ....... 69 

Figure 4-19a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 71 

Figure 4-20a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 74 

Figure 4-21a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 77 

Figure 4-22 Effect of row position at interior of array field, yaw = 0 degrees ............... 80 

Figure 4-23 Pitching Moment of Interior Collector (a) Configuration C2, Yaw = 0 

degrees ...................................................................................................... 81 

Figure 4-24 Wind flow within interior of array field ...................................................... 82 

Figure 4-25a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C2, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 83 

Figure 4-26a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C4, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 86 

Figure 4-27a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C6, collector in Row 5 

at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees ............................. 89 

Figure 4-28 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations C5 

and F5, yaw = 0 degrees ........................................................................... 92 

Figure 4-29 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees ..... 94 

Figure 4-30 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees ... 96 

Figure 4-31 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees ..... 97 

Figure 4-32 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees ... 98 

Figure 4-33 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 12th Column, Yaw = 30 

degrees ...................................................................................................... 99 

Figure 4-34 Mean Velocity and Turbulent Profiles Within Array Field (a) Pitch = 0 

deg ........................................................................................................... 101 

Figure 4-35a Local peak differential pressure distribution, field exterior .................... 106 

Figure 4-36 Vortex flow forming from corner of collector .......................................... 111 

Figure 4-37a Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with the largest local 

peak, yaw = - 30 degrees ........................................................................ 112 

Figure 4-38a Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with .............................. 116 

Figure 4-39 Comparison of Previous Balance and Pressure Data, (a) Horizontal 

Force Component .................................................................................... 123 

Figure 4-40 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data, ............................... 127 

Figure 4-41 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data ................................ 130 

Figure 4-42 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data ................................ 131 

iv 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 2-1 Test Configurations ........................................................................................ 14 

Table 2-2 Estimated Uncertainty Associated with Mean Load Measurement ............... 28 

Table 3-1 Influence Factors for Interpolation of Differential Pressures ......................... 37 

Table 4-1 Summary of Load Cases and Load Combinations ....................................... 104 

Table 4-2 Summary of Peak Local Differential Pressures ............................................ 110 

Table 4-3 Selected Summary of Instantaneous Differential Distribution with the 

Largest Local Peak .................................................................................. 115 

Table 4-4 Differential Pressure Distributions Resulting in........................................... 119 

Table 4-5 Design Pressure Conversion Factors for Different Mean Recurrence 

Intervals................................................................................................... 122 

Table 4-6 Adjustment Factors to Be Applied to Previous Pressure Data ..................... 126 

v 
LIST OF SYMBOLS 

Cfx Horizontal force coefficient 

Cfz Vertical force coefficient 

Cmy Pitching moment coefficient 

Cp Pressure coefficient 

Cdp Differential pressure coefficient 

fx Horizontal force 

fz Vertical force 

my Pitching moment 

p Pressure 

dp Differential pressure 

H Top height of solar collector 

Hc Height of collector pivot 

L Horizontal length of solar collector 

W Aperture width 

n Mean velocity profile power law exponent 

ps Static pressure in wind tunnel at reference height zref

q Reference dynamic pressure 

U Local mean velocity 

UHc Velocity at height of collector pivot 

UR Reference velocity (=UHc) 

x, y Horizontal coordinates 

z Vertical coordinate 

ν Kinematic viscosity of approach flow 

ρ Density of approach flow 

σu(z) Standard deviation of rms = )(),( ′

( )max Maximum value during data record 

( )min Minimum value during data record 

( )mean Mean value during data record 

( )rms Root mean square about the mean 

vi 
1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Background and Scope of Parabolic Trough Wind Tunnel Test 

Program 

Wind load estimates for parabolic trough solar collectors have relied largely on wind tunnel tests 

sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories in the late 1970s and early 1980s, specifically Peterka 

et al. (1980, 1992) and Randall et al. (1980, 1982). These tests involved wind-tunnel 

measurements in a boundary-layer wind tunnel at Colorado State University (CSU) performed by 

current principals of Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc. (CPP). The reports provided mean wind load 

coefficients for an isolated parabolic trough collector and for a collector within an array field. 

The wind loads were measured using a force balance to determine overall mean load. No 

assessment for dynamically fluctuating load or peak load was made. Further, the measurements 

did not include the distribution of local pressures across the face of the collector. Measurements 

of these missing elements are the primary contributions of this current study. The wind-tunnel 

data presented in this report was, in part, designed to augment these missing load components that 

are of significance for designers of solar collectors. The study also includes examination of wind 

loads on collectors located deep inside an array field for the purpose of extending design load 

data as a function of position. 

The focus of the current study was the wind loads on a 26-ft (7.9-m) section of parabolic trough 

collector with an aperture of 16.4 ft (5 m), supported with a minimum distance of collector to 

ground of 1.2 ft (0.35 m). Two versions of the instrumented collector models were used for the 

wind-tunnel study: One was a model installed on a high frequency force balance to measure 

overall fluctuating loads; the other was a pressure-tapped model primarily designed to obtain the 

distribution of the pressure 

loads across the face of the 

collector at 30 discrete 

local points, but also to 

measure overall loads on 

the collectors. The 

collector was first studied 

as an isolated unit to obtain 

baseline loading. The 

collector was then studied 

at a variety of locations in a 

collector field. The effects 

of a porous fence at the 

edge of the field were 

included in some tests, 

because available documents on other collectors 

have shown beneficial shielding with protective fences of about 50% solidity. Test 

configurations and procedures for the study presented here are described in Section 2. 

Parabolic trough solar field at 30 

MWe plant at Kramer Junction

This report also presents investigative test results related to the effect of Reynolds Number on 

aerodynamic load coefficients of the solar collector since the curved surface of the parabolic 

collector could potentially cause the measured load coefficients to be dependent on Reynolds 

number (specifically affected by the test wind speed). The effect of turbulence intensity in the 

approach flow was similarly of concern. Sandia Laboratories Report SAND 92-7009 (see Peterka 

and Derickson, 1992) demonstrated a sensitivity to turbulence intensity for heliostats (see Figures 

1 
2 and 3 of that report). Whether or not a similar phenomenon occurs for parabolic trough 

collectors needed to be resolved. A series of wind-tunnel tests on an isolated collector were 

conducted to examine and identify these effects. The tests showed, as described in detail in 

Section 4.2, that the load coefficients of the solar collector were essentially independent of 

Reynolds number in a range realized in the wind tunnel, probably due to sufficiently high level of 

turbulence over the height of the collector modeled in a surface boundary layer flow. The effect 

of the turbulence was found to be insignificant as long as the turbulent approach flow was 

simulated properly in the wind tunnel. 

The initial series of tests examined wind loads on interior solar collectors as deep as the 5th row 

from the windward edge of the array field, where considerable reduction of wind loads was 

realized. However, a possibility existed that the loads would continue to decrease further 

downwind, leading to potential cost reduction in the trough structures by optimization of the 

design. Subsequent tests investigated this issue by measurements of loads deep interior of the 

array field, extending to the 20th row downwind. A rigid pressure model, described in Section 2, 

was used to measure distributions of local pressures from which overall lateral and vertical forces 

and pitching moment were computed by integration of pressures. It was hoped that variation of 

these load components could be conveniently fitted to analytical models to calculate desired loads 

for an arbitrary distance into a field. This is discussed fully in Section 4. 

1.2 Wind Load Issues 

Most building codes are based on the concept of quasi-steady loads. That is, the peak load is 

assumed to result from the same flow mechanisms as for the mean flow, so that the peak load is 

just the mean load times the square of the gust factor for the wind gust under study. For example, 

the national wind load standard ASCE 7-98 (ASCE 2000) or the model building code IBC 

(International Building Code) 2000 (International Code Council, Inc., 2000) would predict the 

gust factor in wind to be 1.53 for a peak gust in an open country environment. For a structure that 

has a quasi-steady wind load, the peak load due to a peak gust would be 1.532

 = 2.34 times the 

mean load. Prior to this report, only mean coefficients had been measured for parabolic troughs 

[Peterka et al. (1980)], requiring that peak loads be calculated using mean coefficients applied at 

the peak gust speeds (equivalent to uniformly applying the 2.34 multiplicative factor to the mean 

load). However, many types of wind loads do not obey the quasi-steady approximation, and it is 

for this reason that peak loads have been measured in this current study. For cases where these 

peak coefficients are available, they can be used directly to produce the appropriate peak load. 

Example calculations are included in section 4.7.4 to illustrate this point. 

The validity of boundary-layer wind tunnel testing for wind loads on structures is based on 

similarity arguments (see Cermak, 1971, 1975, and 1976) and on model-to-full-scale test 

comparisons for models tested at scales of about 1:200 to 1:500. For models at larger scales, for 

example 1:45 as used in the current study, there are fewer model/full scale comparisons (the few 

that have been completed are for buildings, and agreement has been good). The writers are 

unaware of any comprehensive full-scale wind-load tests on solar collectors that have been 

carried out in a turbulent wind, which would provide a basis for model/full-scale test comparison. 

Ultimately, the acceptability of boundary-layer wind-tunnel tests for solar collectors should be 

based on model-to-full-scale tests. More discussion of this issue is contained in Appendix A. 

2 
2. TEST SETUP AND PROCEDURES 

Modeling of the aerodynamic loading on a structure requires special consideration of flow 

conditions to obtain similitude between the model and the prototype. A detailed discussion of the 

similarity requirements and their wind-tunnel implementation can be found in Cermak (1971, 

1975, 1976). In general, the requirements are that the model and prototype be geometrically 

similar, that the approach mean velocity at the model building site have a vertical profile shape 

similar to the full-scale flow, and that the Reynolds Number for the model and prototype be 

equal. 

These criteria are satisfied by constructing a scale model of the structure and its surroundings and 

by performing the tests in a wind tunnel specifically designed to model atmospheric boundarylayer flows. Reynolds Number similarity requires that the quantity UD/ ν (the ratio of flow inertia 

force to viscous force) be similar for model and prototype. Since ν, the kinematic viscosity of air, 

is identical for both, Reynolds Numbers cannot be made equal with a reasonable wind velocity, 

for such a velocity would introduce unacceptable compressibility effects. However, for 

sufficiently high Reynolds Numbers (>2 x 104

) the pressure coefficient at any location on a blunt, 

sharp-edged body becomes independent of the Reynolds Number. Thus, an exact equality of the 

Reynolds Number is no longer required for similarity. On the other hand, the pressure coefficient 

on a streamlined body, such as a circular cylinder, is known to vary over the wide range of the 

Reynolds number typically encountered at full (106

 – 107) and model (5 x 104) scales. 

For streamlined bodies such as a circular cylinder or a sphere, on the other hand, it is known that 

the load coefficients are highly dependent on the Reynolds Number above the typical range of the 

Reynolds Number for wind-tunnel models. The main geometric features of the solar collectors 

consisted of reflective concentrator panels assembled in a thin parabolic shape; therefore, a 

possible Reynolds Number effect that would invalidate the model test was addressed. A series of 

preliminary tests as described in Section 4.2 indicated that the necessary Reynolds Number 

independence for the aerodynamic performance of the parabolic solar collectors could be 

adequately achieved in a wind tunnel. All model tests reported herein were performed at a 

sufficiently high velocity to maintain the independence of Reynolds Number. That is, the model 

Reynolds number was sufficiently high such that the measured pressure and load coefficients 

were essentially independent of the Reynolds number. As such the wind-tunnel data presented in 

this report are directly applicable to full-scale parabolic solar collectors. 

2.1 Boundary Layer Simulation Technique 

The wind-tunnel test was performed in the boundary-layer wind tunnel in the Wind Engineering 

Laboratory of CPP (Figure 2-1). This closed-circuit wind tunnel had a 68-ft-long test section 

covered with roughness elements to reproduce at model scale the atmospheric wind 

characteristics required for the model test. Some of these wind characteristics pertaining to wind 

load are explained in Appendix C. The wind tunnel had a flexible roof, adjustable in height, to 

maintain a zero pressure gradient along the test section and to minimize blockage effects. 

The wind-tunnel floor upstream from the modeled area was covered with roughness elements 

constructed from 0.75-in. cubes. Spires and a low barrier were installed in the test section 

entrance to provide a thicker boundary layer than would otherwise be available, permitting a 

somewhat larger scale model. The spires, barrier, and roughness were designed to provide a 

modeled atmospheric boundary layer approximately 4 ft thick and a mean velocity power law 

exponent and turbulence structure in the modeled atmospheric boundary layer similar to that 

expected in open country. Figure 2-2 is a photograph of the test section of the wind tunnel as 

3 
modeled. The approach wind established for the model test is explained more fully in Section 

4.1. 

Figure 2-1 CPP aerodynamic wind tunnel 

2.2 Wind-Tunnel Models 

Four types of wind-tunnel models of a parabolic trough solar collector were constructed for this 

wind-tunnel study. They were (1) a light-weight model for measuring lift and drag dynamic wind 

loads using a high-frequency force balance, (2) a light-weight model instrumented with a set of 

strain gages for direct measurement of pitching moment, (3) a rigid plastic model instrumented 

with pressure taps for measuring pressure distribution over the surface of the collector 

concentrator component, and (4), in the array field studies, a number of non-instrumented dummy 

mock-ups surrounding the instrumented model. The instrumented models and the mock-ups were 

constructed at a scale of 1:45 based on the set of dimensions consistent with the Solargenix 

Energy parabolic trough. These overall dimensions are identical to those of the LS-2 collector 

(Cohen, 1999) and are expected to result in non-dimensional load data applicable over a range of 

modest variations in parabolic trough configurations. The thickness and rear side details of the 

concentrator component compared to an actual collector were not viewed as critical aspects of the 

wind test model configuration, with the possible exception of a torque tube, which is discussed 

later in this report. In the following sections, the wind-tunnel models and construction technique 

are described. 

4 
Figure 2-2 Wind tunnel setup 

2.2.1 Balance Model for Lift and Drag Force Measurements 

Both balance models1

 consisted of all key features of a parabolic trough solar collector, including 

a main parabolic concentrator module, support pylons, and the receiver and collector support 

pedestals. The main concentrator component was made of solid plastic, molded using stereo 

lithography apparatus (SLA) technology. The concentrator model was 1/8 in. thick at the chord 

center and tapered to 1/16 in. thick at the top and bottom edges. The thickness was varied to 

maintain stiffness near the location where the concentrator was fastened as well as to obtain 

lightness in weight. 

The model used for lift and drag measurements consisted of a pair of aluminum arms glued to 

either side of the concentrator component, which was then attached to an aluminum pedestal with 

setscrews for support and to permit the concentrator to rotate a full 360 degrees about the 

designated center of rotation. The arms also held a replica of the receiver made of a 1/16-in. OD 

brass pipe and a removable torque tube replica at the back center of the concentrator module. A 

5/16-in. OD brass tube was used to model the torque tube for selected test runs. The aluminum 

pedestals, or pylons, were slightly oversized for the model, compared to the actual support 

pylons, in order to obtain sufficient rigidity required for measuring accurate dynamic wind 

loading. 

The entire solar collector model was mounted on a high-frequency force balance consisting of 

sets of strain-gage transducers, designed by CPP that measured horizontal force. The force 

balance was coupled by FUTEK load cells, Model L2357, with a rated capacity of 2 lbs. to 

measure the vertical force. 

 

1

 A balance model is also referred to as a dynamic model since it is designed to measure fluctuating wind 

load as well as mean load. 

5 
A photograph of this balance model is given in Figure 2-3, and the assembly is illustrated in 

Figure 2-4. 

Figure 2-3 Lift and drag force balance model 

CPP High-Frequency Shear Balance (Details not shown)

CPP High-Frequency Moment Balance (Details not shown)

Center of Rotation of Moment Balance

Center of Rotation of

Solar Collector

Model Mounting Bracket

Receiver Torque Tube

Mounting Hole

Lift Force Transducer

Balance Model Assembly

Support

Ground Level

Figure 2-4 Lift and drag force balance model assembly 

6 
2.2.2 Balance Model for Pitching Moment Measurements 

The pitching moment balance model consisted of the parabolic module described above mounted 

on a miniature torque transducer designed and built specifically for this purpose. The torque 

transducer was made of an aluminum tube, and cantilevered out from a rigid aluminum reaction 

post. The transducer was instrumented with 4 strain gages wired into a conventional Wheatstone 

bridge circuit for direct measurement of torsion about the principle axis of the tube. The 

parabolic module was mounted at the open end of the transducer, matching the pivot center, for 

delivering overall pitching moment directly to the torque transducer. 

The torque transducer was essentially a thin-wall aluminum tube. It measured 1 inch in 

length and 0.5 inch in OD with a wall thickness of 1/16 inch. These dimensions, particularly the 

wall thickness, were selected to obtain adequate sensitivity in the anticipated range of pitching 

moment while maintaining required stiffness for measurement of the wind load fluctuations. At 

the expected maximum load, the new transducer was designed to yield 2 μ-strains in the primary 

shear direction. 

A photograph of the balance model is given in Figure 2-5, and the assembly is illustrated in 

Figure 2-6. 

Figure 2-5 Photograph of Pitching Moment Balance Model 

7 
Balance Model Assembly

Aluminum Base Plate

Torque Transducer

with Strain Gages

Aluminum

Reaction Post

Aluminum Frame

Mounting Bolt

Figure 2-6 Pitching Moment Balance Model Assembly 

2.2.3 Pressure Model 

A pressure model was designed to measure the distribution of local pressures on the front and 

back surfaces of the collector concentrator module. The model was made of a 1/5-in. plastic with 

a total of 60 pressure taps pre-installed using the SLA technique. Thirty pressure taps were 

dedicated to measure pressures on the front surface, with thirty corresponding taps on the back 

surface. The pressure taps were laid out so that differential pressures across the collector 

concentrator could be numerically obtained by pairing the pressure taps on the front surface with 

the corresponding taps on the back surface. The pressure taps were 1/32-in. diameter, and 

pressures sensed at these taps were routed to the sides of the model where plastic tubes directed 

the pressure input to transducers mounted underneath the turntable. 

Pressures over the concentrator modules can vary in space and time, because of spatial and 

temporal variation in approach velocity (turbulence), the bluff geometry of the solar collector, 

and the wide range of the operational conditions. Surrounding solar collectors and wind barriers 

also affect the pressure distributions. The variation of pressures near the corners and edges of the 

solar collector can be very large. To capture the large pressure gradient anticipated, several 

pressure taps were placed near the extreme corners and edges of the model. It should be noted 

that the number of the pressure taps incorporated in the model is probably the physical upper limit 

without overly distorting its geometry. 

The concentrator component of the pressure model had overall dimensions identical to those of 

the balance model counterpart except for somewhat larger thickness to accommodate the pressure 

taps. The other model components including the support legs, arms, and receiver were 

constructed similarly, if not identically, to those for the balance model. Figure 2-7 shows a 

photograph of the pressure model, and the pressure tap locations are schematically shown in 

Figure 2-8. 

The exact locations of the pressure taps are given in Figure 2-9 using the local coordinate system 

projected on the vertical plane. 

8 
Figure 2-7 Pressure model 

9 
Pressure Model Assembly and Pressure Tap Numbers

Pressure Tap Access Holes

Front

Back

101 106

107 112

113 118

125

119 124

130

206 201

212 207

218 213

224 219

230 225

Figure 2-8 Pressure model assembly 

10 
Back

206 201

212 207

218 213

224 219

230 225

z

y

Front

101 106

107 112

113 118

125

119 124

130

z

y

Front

Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft

101 -12.05 7.46 107 -12.05 3.95 113 -12.05 0.00 119 -12.05 -3.95 125 -12.05 -7.46

102 -7.26 7.46 108 -7.26 3.95 114 -7.26 0.00 120 -7.26 -3.95 126 -7.26 -7.46

103 -2.48 7.46 109 -2.48 3.95 115 -2.48 0.00 121 -2.48 -3.95 127 -2.48 -7.46

104 2.48 7.46 110 2.48 3.95 116 2.48 0.00 122 2.48 -3.95 128 2.48 -7.46

105 7.26 7.46 111 7.26 3.95 117 7.26 0.00 123 7.26 -3.95 129 7.26 -7.46

106 12.05 7.46 112 12.05 3.95 118 12.05 0.00 124 12.05 -3.95 130 12.05 -7.46

Back

Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft Tap y, ft z, ft

201 12.05 7.02 207 12.05 3.54 213 11.67 0.00 219 12.05 -3.54 225 12.05 -7.02

202 6.70 7.58 208 6.70 4.10 214 6.70 0.00 220 6.70 -4.10 226 6.70 -7.58

203 1.83 7.58 209 1.83 4.10 215 1.83 0.00 221 1.83 -4.10 227 1.83 -7.58

204 -1.83 7.58 210 -1.83 4.10 216 -1.83 0.00 222 -1.83 -4.10 228 -1.83 -7.58

205 -6.70 7.58 211 -6.70 4.10 217 -6.70 0.00 223 -6.70 -4.10 229 -6.70 -7.58

206 -12.05 7.02 212 -12.05 3.54 218 -11.67 0.00 224 -12.05 -3.54 230 -12.05 -7.02

Figure 2-9 Coordinates of pressure taps 

11 
2.2.4 Non-Instrumented Solar Collector Models 

The test program called for multi-configuration wind-tunnel tests on solar collectors at different 

locations within an array of collectors. To model a field of solar collectors, a number of noninstrumented collector models were constructed, which would surround the instrumented model. 

The non-instrumented models, also referred to as dummy mockups, were made with readily 

available PVC pipes with a 6-in. OD cut in proper size. Several dummy units were attached to a 

long aluminum shaft supported horizontally by specially made brackets to allow rotation of the 

collectors about the pitch axis. 

For the array field study, the solar collector models were laid out in rows with a spacing 

equivalent to 2.8 times the collector aperture. A typical arrangement of the non-instrumented 

solar collectors in a field is shown in Figure 2-10. 

Figure 2-10 Collector field model 

2.3 Instrumentation 

2.3.1 Signal Conditioner for High-Frequency Force and Moment Balances 

The data acquisition system for the balance tests included Honeywell Accudata amplifier/signal 

conditioners and IO Tech elliptic low-pass filters from which the output DC signals were fed into 

a Metrabyte analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with +/-10 volt input range at a 12-bit resolution. 

The force and moment balances were statically calibrated prior to the wind-tunnel tests to obtain 

calibration factors for conversion of the voltage output to loads in engineering units. These force 

12 
and moment balance systems, with the collector model mounted, had inherent natural frequencies 

of higher than 40 and 80 Hz, respectively, and were sufficient for measurement of dynamic loads. 

2.3.2 CPP Multi-Pressure Measurement System 

Pressure data on the solar collector were acquired using the CPP multi-pressure system (MPS). 

The system features simultaneous signal samples from 512 individual pressure transducers at a 

maximum design rate of 500 samples per second per channel. When fully configured, the MPS 

would consist of four 16-channel analog-to-digital converters with a 16-bit resolution and eight 

64-channel multiplexers, both manufactured by IO Tech, connected to an IEEE488 controller 

onboard a desktop personal computer. For the present wind-tunnel study requiring 60 pressure 

taps on the model, the system was configured with a single 16-bit ADC and a multiplexer for a 

total capacity of 64 data channels. The differential pressure transducers used were Data 

Instruments Model XPC with a full-scale range of +/-0.14 psid (differential pressure) combined 

with a signal amplifier that provided a gain of 50. 

The wind pressure at the model exterior was transmitted to the pressure transducer using a twosegment plastic tube. The plastic tube consisted of a 13-in. (1/32-in. ID) section and a 36-in. 

(1/16 in. ID) section joined together with a small brass coupler. The inherent frequency response 

characteristics of the tube system were measured before the pressure tests so that a compensation 

digital filter could be designed. The response correction filter was then incorporated in the data 

acquisition software and applied to the measured pressure signals during the data collection. 

2.4 Test Configurations and Matrix 

A multi-phase test program was initially designed in coordination with Solargenix Energy and 

was refined as the wind-tunnel study progressed in order to optimize the overall test program. 

The test program essentially consisted of four Phases. Phase 1 conducted tests on an isolated 

solar collector with a wide range of the yaw and pitch angles of the concentrator module. The 

yaw angle defined the azimuth of the collector relative to approach wind, and the pitch angles 

defined the tilt with respect to the vertical plane. These angular parameters are fully explained 

later in Section 3.1. The effects of the Reynolds Number and incident turbulence were also 

studied in this phase. Phase 2 of the program investigated wind loads on the solar collectors 

around the edge of a simulated array field, referred to herein as the exterior solar collectors. For 

several collector positions, the effect of wind protective barriers was also examined. Phase 3 tests 

were conducted on the collector at various positions within the array field, the interior solar 

collectors. In all these test phases, the balance and pressure data acquisition techniques were used 

as necessary to determine wind loads for the solar collector. Phase 4 tests included direct 

measurement of the pitching moment using a light-weight balance model especially designed for 

those tests, as well as the test series using pressure measurements to examine the influence of 

deep interior locations on forces and pitching moments. 

Series of wind-tunnel tests were grouped according to physical test configuration and were given 

configuration identifications for ease of data management. Table 2-1 summarizes the designated 

test configuration. 

Phases 2 and 3: For the exterior and interior field studies, Figure 2-11a and Figure 2-11b 

concisely illustrate various test configurations. The side notes indicate the type of the data 

acquisition method: B for the balance technique and P for the pressure technique. These 

configuration IDs, for example A1 or C5, are frequently referred throughout this report for sake 

of convenience. 

13 
The ranges of the yaw and pitch angles varied depending on the test configurations. Figure 2-12

gives the combinations of these angles tested for different test configurations in the form of test 

matrices. 

Table 2-1 Test Configurations 

Conf. Description

A1 Single Collector in Nominal Roughness.

A2 Single Collector With Torque Tube in Nominal Roughness.

A3 Single Collector in Bare Floor.

A4 Single Collector in Smooth Roughness.

A5 Single Collector in Rough Roughness.

Bx Collector at Edge of Field. x = Position ID.

Cx Collector at Interior of Field. x = Position ID.

Dx Collector at Edge of Field With Protective Fence. x = Position ID.

Ex Collector at Edge of Field With Torque Tube. x = Position ID.

Fx Collector at Interior of Field with Torque Tube. x = Position ID.

14 
-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: B1 (No Fence) B, P

Conf: D1 (With Fence) P

Conf: E1 (No Fence,

with Torque Tube) B

Conf: B2 (No Fence) B

Conf: B3 (No Fence) B, P

Conf: D3 (With Fence) B, P

Conf: E3 (No Fence, with

Torque Tube) B

Conf: B4 (No Fence) B, P

Conf: D4 (With Fence) P

Conf:E4 (No Fence, with Torque

Tube) B

Conf: B5 (No Fence) B, P

Conf: D5 (With Fence) P

Conf: B6 B

Side notes "B" and "P" indicate the completed test configuration by Balance Measurement and Pressure Measurement, respectively.

Figure 2-11a Test configurations for array field study, exterior field 

15 
16 

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: C1 B, P Conf: C2 B

Conf: C3 B, P

Conf: C4 B

Conf: C5 B, P

Conf: F5 (with Torque

Tube) B

Conf: C6 B

Pressure data also available at this position.

Side notes "B" and "P" indicate the completed test configuration by Balance Measurement and Pressure Measurement, respectively.

Conf: F3 (with Torque

Tube) P

Conf: C7 P

Conf: F7 (with

Torque Tube) P

Figure 2-11b Test configurations for array field study, interior field 
Isolated Solar Collector - Balance and Pressure Studies

Pitch

Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X*

30.0 XXXXXXXXXXXXX60.0 XXXXXXXXXXXXX90.0

120.0 XXXXXXXXXXXXX150.0 XXXXXXXXXXXXX180.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X*

-150.0-120.0

-90.0-60.0-30.0

Note:X* = With and Without Torque Tube.For Configurations A3, A4, A5, Yaw = 0, and Pitch = 0, -90.

Exterior Solar Collector - Balance Study

Pitch

Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* 

30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 60.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 90.0

120.0150.0180.0

-150.0-120.0

-90.0-60.0-30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Note:X* = With and Without Torque Tube.

 

Figure 2-12 Test matrix 

17 
 Exterior Solar Collector with Fence - Balance Study Pitch Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 45.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 90.0 120.0 150.0 180.0 -150.0 -120.0 -90.0 -60.0 -30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Interior Solar Collector - Balance Study Pitch Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X

30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 180.0 -150.0 -120.0 -90.0 -60.0 -30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Note: X* = With and Without Torque Tube.

Figure 2-12 (continued) Test matrix 

18 
Exterior Solar Collector - Pressure Study

Pitch

Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X45.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X90.0

120.0150.0180.0

-150.0-120.0

-90.0-60.0-30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Exterior Solar Collector with Fence - Pressure Study

Pitch

Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 

0.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 45.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 90.0

120.0150.0180.0

-150.0-120.0

-90.0-60.0-30.0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

 Figure 2-12 (continued) Test matrix 

19 
20 

Interior Solar Collector - Pressure Study

Pitch

Yaw -180 -165 -150 -135 -120 -105 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 15

0.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X

30.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X60.090.0

120.0150.0180.0

-150.0-120.0

-90.0-60.0-30.0 X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X* X

Note:X* = With and Without Torque Tube.

Figure 2-12 (continued) Test matrix 

 
Phase 4: Figure 2-13 illustrates the configurations of the solar collectors tested for the additional 

pitching moment tests. These test configurations had been investigated in the Phase 2 and 3 tests, 

and were repeated here for comparison purposes. The selection of the configurations was based 

largely on the test results from the earlier Phase that exhibited significant pitching moments. For 

all the indicated configurations, the tests were conducted for a full rotation of the pitch angle at 

intervals of 15 degrees. (Refer to Figure 2-10 and Figure 2-13 that show the test setup for 

Configuration C5 at a yaw angle of –30 degrees.) 

The test configurations for the deep interior tests are shown in Figure 2-14. The pressure 

distribution over the collector concentrator was measured on the unit at the 5th, 10th, 15th and 

20th rows from the upwind edge of the array field for the yaw angle of 0 degrees (Figure 

2-14(a)). Two column positions, 4th and 8th from the open side edge, were also tested at this 

yaw angle. At a yaw angle of 30 degrees (Figure 2-14(b)), the row positions of 5th, 10th and 

15th, and the column positions of 4th, 8th and 12th were tested. A limited set of pitch angles 

were of interest, including -15, -60, 0, 75 and 105 degrees, at which the Phase 3 wind-tunnel 

study showed relatively large integrated wind loads. Note that Configurations I2 and I3 are 

nearly identical. To optimize the test program, Configuration I3 was eliminated from the test 

plan. In this report, the test results obtained for Configuration I2 also substitute for those 

referring to Configuration I3 for convenience. A photograph of one of the test setups, 

Configuration I8, is given in Figure 2-15. 

21 
-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: A1

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: B1

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: B2

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: B3

Task 1 Model Layout

Pitch = -180 to 180 deg. at 15 deg. increments

Instrumented Dynamic Model for Direct

Measurement of Pitching Moment

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: C5

-90°

-60°

-30°

0°

30°

90°

60°

Wind Direction, Yaw

Conf: C2

Figure 2-13 Test Configurations for Phase 4 

 22 
Wind Tunnel Wall

Turntable

Instrumented

Pressure Model

Wind Tunnel Wall

Task 2 Model Layout for Yaw = 0 deg.

Pitch = -15, -60, 0, 75, and 105 deg.

Conf: I1 Conf: I2

Conf: I3 Conf: I4

Conf: I5 Conf: I6

Conf: I7 Conf: I8

Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (a) Yaw = 0 degrees 

 23 
Task 2 Model Layout for Yaw = 30 deg.

Pitch = -15, -60, 0, 75, and 105 deg.

Note: Configurations I2 and I3 are nearly identical. The test results for Conf. I2 substitute Conf. I3.

Conf: I1 Conf: I5

Conf: I2* Conf: I6

Conf: I3* Conf: I7

Conf: I10

Conf: I11

Conf: I9

Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (b) Yaw = 30 degrees 

 24 
Figure 2-15 Photograph of Test Setup for Configuration I8 

2.5 Test Procedures 

Each test series for a chosen collector configuration involved sequential adjustment of the yaw 

and pitch angles. The yaw angle was set simply by rotating the turntable on which the windtunnel models were mounted. For the pitch angle adjustment, a set of jigs were made so that the 

angle could be set consistently by aligning the top and bottom edges of the collector against the 

jig. 

Once these angles were set, the data acquisition proceeded as follows. First, with the wind tunnel 

turned off, the outputs from all the transducer channels (load transducers for the balance tests and 

the pressure transducers for the pressure tests) were recorded as zero measurement. The wind 

tunnel was then turned on while monitoring the mean approach wind speed at the height of the 

collector pivot. When the mean wind speed stabilized at the nominal test speed of approximately 

20-25 feet per second (fps), the data acquisition initiated. The transducer outputs were measured 

and the zero readings were subtracted to obtain net response level in time series for permanent 

storage in a disk file. 

For each test, the data collection process was repeated several times to minimize the statistical 

errors that occur when measuring random signals. The rate of data sampling differed between the 

balance and pressure measurement because of the different frequency bandwidths of interest for a 

particular measurement technique. The balance data were measured at a rate of 250 samples per 

second for about 8-16 seconds with 4-8 repetitions, depending on the particular test, and the 

pressure data at a rate of 500 samples per second for 16 seconds with 4 repetitions. The total 

duration of the data samples was 64 seconds for both balance and pressure measurements. Note 

that the test results presented in this report were obtained as ensemble averages over all the 

repetitions performed for a run. 

 25 
2.6 Accuracy and Uncertainty of Test Results 

Complete analysis of accuracy and uncertainty associated with load measurements performed 

with a wind tunnel is no trivial matter. It would require, in general, sophisticated statistical 

investigation on random processes as well as characterization of instruments used. Although an 

extensive effort might be prudent in many engineering practices, this section limits the analysis to 

two readily identifiable sources of uncertainties: (1) the statistical variation of the measured mean 

loads and (2) the performance of the instruments. 

Because fluctuations of wind loads are random in nature, determination of their true mean and 

root mean square (standard deviation) theoretically requires infinitely long measurement duration. 

Although this is not possible, acceptable estimates of these quantities can be obtained by 

cumulating the statistical results over several repeated measurements of reasonable length. As an 

example, Figure 2-16a illustrates the variation of the mean loads measured by the force balance 

on an isolated solar collector over repeated tests. The data were taken for 16 extended 

measurements (compared to the nominal 8), and the overall means were assumed to represent the 

true values. All the load components asymptotically converge to the assumed true means as the 

number of measurements increases. Figure 2-16b shows a similar plot for a typical pressure 

measurement in a wind tunnel. 

The load measurement instrument consisted of the force and pressure transducers, signal 

conditioner, and analog-to-digital converter. This equipment can be a source of measurement 

uncertainty because of, for example, non-linear response, instability, and limited resolution. A 

careful calibration of the instrument revealed the response characteristics and the possible worst 

error in the measured loads. 

Variation of Mean Load With Num ber of Balance Measurem ents

Configuration A1, Yaw = 0 deg., Pitch = -90 deg.

Num ber of Measurem ents (Nom inally 8 for present balance study)

0 5 10 15 20

Mean Coefficient

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Cfx Cfz

Assumed True Means

8

Δ = 0.011

Δ = 0.013

Variation of Mean Load With Num ber of Balance Measurem ents

Configuration A1, Yaw = 0 deg., Pitch = -90 deg.

Num ber of Measurem ents (Nom inally 8 for present balance study)

0 5 10 15 20

Mean Coefficient

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Cfx Cfz

Assumed True Means

8

Δ = 0.011

Δ = 0.013

Figure 2-16a Typical statistical variation of mean load 

measurement, balance study2

 

2

 Figure 2-16a,b show how long the measurement should be to obtain a statistically accurate mean 

estimate. To do this, multiple measurements were repeated, each measurement with the equal 

sample duration, and the means were computed from individual measurements. What is plotted 

in these Figures is the cumulative means with the increasing number of sample blocks. That is, 

the first (left-most) point represents the mean computed from the first sample block only. The 

 26 
Typical Variation of Mean Pressure With Number of

Measurements

Number of Measurements (4 for present pressure study)

0 5 10

Mean Coefficient

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

Stagnation Region Separation Region

Assumed True Means

Δ = 0.0012

Δ = 0.0023

Figure 2-16b Typical statistical variation of mean load 

measurement, pressure study 

Table 2-2 summarizes the uncertainties in the mean load measurement caused by the above two 

sources and the combined effect. Note that the total errors were simply obtained as an algebraic 

summation of the errors due to these two sources of uncertainty disregarding any statistical 

 

second point was computed as an average of the means from the first and second sample blocks, 

effectively increasing the total sample duration. The third point is the average of the first three 

sample blocks, and so forth. Obviously, the mean from the single sample block alone (the first 

point in the graph) has the largest uncertainty and deviates from the true mean the largest. Its 

effect remains in the succeeding points, although should be gradually diminishing, because the 

first mean is repeatedly used to compute the overall cumulative means. This is why the plot tends 

to approach the true mean from its either side dictated by the inaccuracy of the very first mean 

estimate. To be more precise, the y-axis of the graph should have been labeled “Cumulative 

Mean Coefficient.” 

Alternatively, we could have taken several measurements, each with different sample durations. 

If you plot the individual means from these measurements as a function of the sample duration, 

you would see that the mean fluctuates about the true mean with decreasing variation. 

 27 
correlation; they reflect the worst case. In average, it is reasonable to assume that the actual level 

of uncertainty would be somewhat smaller than what is indicated. If these possible errors are 

directly related to the largest measured mean overall loads, the uncertainties can be estimated as 

3% for the force and moment components for the balance study. For the pressure study, the 

uncertainty of about 6% would result for all the load components. The instrument uncertainty 

(denoted as Source 2) shown in Table 2-2 was estimated as a combination of the worst cases that 

could occur for each of the contributing load transducers, resulting in the higher level of 

uncertainty. 

Table 2-2 Estimated Uncertainty Associated with Mean Load Measurement 

fx fz my p+ p- fx fz my

Due to Source (1) 0.011 0.013 0.0042 0.0012 0.0023 0.0025 0.0035 0.00052

Due to Source (2) 0.0053 lbs. 0.0094 lbs. 0.0061 lb-in. 0.044 psf 0.044 psf 0.013 lbs. 0.018 lbs. 0.012 lb-in.

Equivalent load coef. 0.050 0.090 0.013 0.087 0.087 0.12 0.17 0.026

Total 0.061 0.103 0.017 0.088 0.089 0.13 0.18 0.026

Source (1) Statistical variation of random signal.

Source (2) Characteristics of instrumentation. The worst possible errors observed during static calibration are indicated.

Overall Load Component Pressure Component

 28 
3. ANALYSIS METHODS 

The chief objective of the present wind-tunnel study was to determine wind loads on parabolic 

trough solar collectors that would provide guidelines for design. The wind load effects of interest 

for the present study included the overall lateral force, vertical force, pitching moment about the 

collector pivot axis, and pressure distributions over the concentrator surface. It is common 

practice to present the wind loads measured in a wind tunnel in the form of load coefficients 

directly applicable to full-scale structures through use of consistent scaling parameters. This 

section describes the definition of the relevant test parameters and basic techniques involved in 

the data analysis. 

3.1 Definition of Test Parameters 

3.1.1 Orientation of Solar Collector 

Parabolic trough solar collectors are typically designed to follow the apparent motion of the sun 

by rotating about a one dimensional axis throughout the day. Because of this, wind loads exerted 

on the drive mechanism vary depending on the tilt angle of the collector, herein called the pitch 

angle. In addition, the incident angle of the approach wind relative to the span of the solar 

collector, or the yaw angle, causes the wind loads to vary. Thus, the orientation of the solar 

collector, defined by the pitch and yaw angles is an important factor for evaluating the 

aerodynamic performance and structural design criteria of the collector. Figure 3-1 schematically 

shows the definition of the pitch and yaw angles established for the current wind-tunnel study, as 

well as that of the overall loads and several characteristic dimensions of the solar collector. It 

should be noted that the two modes of operation for the solar collectors can be conveniently 

distinguished by the sign of the pitch angle. That is, the positive and negative pitch angles imply 

the normal operation and stow modes, respectively. 

 29 
Key Dimensions

Ground Level

W = 16.40 ft

Hc = 9.32 ft

L = 25.97 ft

H = 17.52 ft

Wind

+ Yaw

Plan View

X

Y

Z up Torque Tube

(for selected tests only)

Receiver

Wind

+ Pitch

Side View

fx

fz

my

Definition of Coordinate System

0.65 ft

Figure 3-1 Definition of coordinate system and key dimensions 

3.1.2 Load Coefficients 

Wind load effects are characterized in terms of non-dimensional coefficients. The definitions of 

the load coefficients are: 

 30 
Horizontal Force, fx Cfx fx

qLW = (3.1) 

Vertical Force, fz Cfz fz

qLW = (3.2) 

Pitching Moment, my Cmy my

qLW = 2 (3.3) 

where fx, fz, and my are the aerodynamic loads (Figure 3-1), L is the span-wise length, and W is 

the aperture width of the collector. The quantity, q, is the mean reference dynamic pressure 

measured at the pivot height of the solar collector, Hc, as given by 

q U = 1

2

2 ρ (3.4) 

Here U is the mean wind speed at the pivot height, and ρ is the density of air. Similarly, the 

pressure coefficient is expressed by 

Cp p

q = (3.5) 

where p is the local pressure relative to the undisturbed ambient static pressure. Because the 

collector is essentially a curved thin plate composed of a number of reflective concentrator 

panels, the net pressure between the opposing surfaces is of significance for the design load of the 

collector structure. The net pressure, or the differential pressure coefficient, Cdp, is defined 

herein as 

Cdp p p

q

f = − b (3.6) 

where pf and pb are the pressures on the front (reflective) side and the back side, 

respectively. 

3.1.3 Consideration for Load Cases for Structural Strength Design 

In general, parabolic trough solar collectors are either tracking the sun (normal operation) or 

assume a stationary downward-facing attitude called the “stow” position (at night or during 

cloudy or very windy periods). During sunny periods with moderate and low winds, the solar 

collectors are in the normal operation mode, with the parabolic reflector rotated toward the sun. 

Wind loads on the solar collectors during normal operation are a concern because deformation of 

the parabolic trough reflector surface can cause a loss of efficiency. During strong winds, where 

the structural strength might be a concern, the solar collectors are typically rotated to the “stow” 

mode with the concentrators facing down to limit wind loads and to prevent the reflective surface 

from being damaged. Sufficient data were obtained in the wind-tunnel testing to provide load 

data for structural analysis in both operating modes. 

Within a field of solar collectors, the largest wind loads experienced by an individual collector 

module will vary depending on its position and the presence of a protective barrier. Application 

of the design loads appropriate for the exterior collector modules throughout the entire field 

would result in over-design for most of the interior units, which in fact constitute the majority of 

the field collector modules. On the other hand, use of the interior design loads on the exterior 

collector modules can expose those modules to higher risk of structural failure. To provide 

 31 
practical design criteria, different design load cases were determined separately for the exterior 

collector modules with and without a protective fence, various locations of interior modules, and 

in particular the collector module denoted as Configuration C5 (Figure 2-13), which was 

considered to be most representative for a large array field as a whole. 

The load cases were derived as the loading condition that would maximize the individual overall 

load components in either the positive or negative direction. Each load case specified the peak 

load for one component as primary and the simultaneous point-in-time load values for the other 

two as extracted from the integrated pressure or balance time series data. For the structural 

strength design, applying the combination of all three load components is appropriate. 

3.2 Particular Treatment of Pressure Data 

While the balance tests were suited for measurement of overall loads on the solar collector, 

determination of the detailed load distribution required the pressure tests. The tests were 

performed to measure instantaneous distribution of local pressures over the collector module at a 

total of 60 locations. The results of the pressure tests were intended to allow finite element 

analysis, wherein wind forces imparted to the surfaces of a parabolic trough concentrator can be 

used to determine the developed stresses and deformations of the concentrator (e.g., support 

structure, parabolic-shaped mirrors, etc.). To serve this need, a number of unique pressure 

distributions were determined based on several relevant load conditions. The analysis method for 

obtaining these pressure distributions is described in Section 3.2.2. In addition, the overall loads 

were computed by integrating the distribution of the measured local pressures for comparison 

with the directly measured loads by the balance technique. The procedure is explained in this 

section. 

3.2.1 Integration of Distributed Local Pressures 

Distribution of point pressures and differential pressures can be integrated over the parabolic 

concentrator surface to numerically determine the total loads on the parabolic trough solar 

collector. The resulting loads should approximate reasonably those measured directly using the 

force balance. Some discrepancy can be expected because the measured pressure distribution is 

discrete and the integration is, therefore, piecewise, whereas the total loads measured by the 

balance are, in principle, the result of true integration of continuously distributed pressures. In 

addition, the balance loads include the contribution due to not only the concentrator module itself, 

but also other secondary structural elements such as the pylon supports and the receiver. 

Nevertheless, the comparison of the pressure and balance total loads is useful in confirming the 

validity and consistency of the test results in general and is discussed in Section 4. Here we 

explain the technique used in the current study to determine the integral loads from the pressure 

distribution data. 

Because the pressure distribution measured on the pressure model is discrete, the integration is 

actually a weighted summation of point pressures: 

Q w . (3.14) i

i

N

= i

=

∑

1

p

Here Q is the load effect of interest, pi is the surface pressure (or differential pressure at the tap 

location I), and N is the number of pressure taps. The quantity wi is the weight factor assigned at 

the pressure tap location i. If, for example, the load effect to be obtained is force, the weight 

factor typically represents the tributary area associated with the pressure tap. The weight factors 

for calculation of the forces and pitching moment for all the pitch angles tested in the study are 

tabulated in a spreadsheet file on the CD-ROM provided to NREL as backup to this report (also 

see Appendix E). 

 32 
Figure 3-2 shows the tributary areas defined for the solar collector, as well as the differential 

pressure taps with the identification numbers. The boundaries indicated by dashed lines were 

established to divide the distance between two adjacent pressure taps in half. The choice of the 

tributary areas is somewhat arbitrary, as long as each of these areas is exclusively assigned to a 

particular tap, and the individual tributary areas collectively account for the entire exposed area 

exerting the wind load. The pressure is usually assumed to be uniform within the tributary area. 

For calculations of the horizontal and vertical forces, the effective tributary areas projected on the 

vertical and horizontal planes, respectively, were computed for different pitch angles, taking into 

account the curvature of the concentrator. This was necessary to resolve the pressure load acting 

perpendicular to the concentrator surface into the respective force components. The resulting 

effective tributary areas were the weight factors that appear in Equation 3.14. For the pitching 

moment, the weight factors used were a combination of the tributary area and the effective 

distance about the axis of rotation. 

5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006

5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012

5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018

5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024

5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030

Side View Frontal View

5001 - 5030 Differential Pressure Taps

Figure 3-2 Tributary areas assigned for differential pressure taps 

3.2.2 Instantaneous Pressure Distributions 

Simultaneous measurement of the pressure at all the tap locations permits realization of pressure 

distributions at any given instant in time. In this wind-tunnel study, several conditions relevant to 

structural design were identified in order to extract specific sets of pressure distributions from the 

time series data stored in computer disk files. The extracted pressure distribution can be regarded 

as a snapshot of pressure pattern occurring when a specified condition is met. One of the 

conditions for the snapshot analysis was the occurrence of the peak local differential pressure at 

any tap location. In this case, the time series of the differential pressures were computed for each 

tap location shown in Figure 3-2, and the instantaneous pressure distribution was recorded when 

the largest local differential pressure occurred regardless of the tap location. The other conditions 

were associated with the occurrence of the integrated loads, described in the preceding section, 

exceeding a specified level, for example, the 80th percentile from minimum to maximum peaks. 

 33 
A number of snapshot pressure distributions were taken from different test configurations, and 

some of the results are presented in sections 4.8.2 and 4.8.3. 

3.2.3 Interpolation of Point Pressures 

In order to apply the measured differential pressure distribution to the individual reflector panels 

on the solar collector, spatial interpolation of these pressures may be necessary. This is because 

the pressure tap layout on the wind-tunnel model does not necessarily coincide with that of the 

reflector panels of the actual solar collector. This section provides a simple technique for 

interpolating point pressures by a superposition of measured pressures in the vicinity of the 

desired application point on the reflector panel. That is, 

1

m

i

j

p ψ j j p == ∑ , (3.15) 

ψ . (3.16) j

j

n

=

∑ = 1

1

In this case, pj is the pressure measured at the pressure tap j, ψj is the influence factor associated 

with the pressure tap, and m is the number of pressure taps contributing to the reflector panel. 

Selection of the influence factorsψj can be based on a common technique used in the finite 

element analysis for obtaining an interior solution within a two-dimensional element. To 

illustrate this, Figure 3-3 shows a case where the nodal point of the reflector panel is surrounded 

by four pressure taps. 

x

y

(x1, y1) (x2, y2)

(x3, y3)

Pressure Tap 1 Pressure Tap 2

Pressure Tap 3

Target Interior Node

(x, y)

(x4, y4)

Pressure Tap 4

Figure 3-3 Interpolation of point pressures 

In this example, the influence factors for each pressure tap location can be assumed to take the 

following form based on the Pascal’s triangle: 

 (3.17) j jj j j ψ =+ + + a b x c y d xy

in which aj, bj, cj, and dj are the constants to be determined. The x and y are the coordinates of 

the point at which the interpolated pressure is determined. For the solar collector, these 

 34 
coordinates are measured over the curved concentrator surface. Consider, for now, the influence 

factor for the first pressure tap, so that j = 1. The above equation becomes 

1 11 1 (, ) 1 ψ x y a bx cy dx =+ + + y . (3.18) 

By imposing the following boundary conditions 

, and 111 ψ (, )1 x y = 12 2 13 3 14 4 ψψψ (, ) (, ) (, ) 0 xy xy xy = = = , (3.19) 

a system of simultaneous equations are obtained. In a matrix form, 

1 1 11 1

2 2 22 1

3 3 33 1

4 4 44 1

1 1

1 0

1 0

1 0

x y xy a

x y xy b

x y xy c

x y xy d

⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨⎬ =

⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

. (3.20) 

By solving these equations for the constants a1, b1, c1, and d1, the influence factor for the first 

pressure tap is established as a function of arbitrary coordinates, x and y, as given in Equation 

3.18. The actual numerical value of the influence factor is then calculated by evaluating Equation 

3.18 at the concentrator nodal point with the obtained constants. The remaining influence factors 

can be determined similarly by repeating the above exercise for the other three pressure tap 

locations. 

Note that the above influence factors are identical to the shape, or interpolation function derived 

for a linear quadrilateral element often used in the finite element analysis. Similarly, the 

influence factors for two contributing pressure taps and three contributing pressure taps are 

analogous to interpolation functions for line and triangular elements. The description and 

derivation of these interpolation functions can be found in the literature on the finite element 

methods, such as the reference by Huebner et al. (1995), and are omitted in this report. 

As a practical example, consider a solar collector composed of twenty reflector panels of equal 

size (Figure 3-4). Using the technique explained above, Table 3-1 summarizes the influence 

factors by which the differential pressures are interpolated at the centroid of each reflector panel. 

 35 
5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006

5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012

5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018

5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024

5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

M6 M7 M8 M9 M10

M11 M12 M13 M14 M15

M16 M17 M18 M19 M20

Side View Frontal View

5001 - 5030 Differential Pressure Taps

M1 - 20 Assumed Mirror Modules

Figure 3-4 Example of reflector panel arrangement for 

interpolation of differential pressures 

 36 
Table 3-1 Influence Factors for Interpolation of Differential Pressures 

Tap Mirror 1 Mirror 2 Mirror 3 Mirror 4 Mirror 5 Mirror 6 Mirror 7 Mirror 8 Mirror 9 Mirror 10

5001 0.4516 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5002 0.2403 0.3923 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5003 0.0000 0.2996 0.3446 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5004 0.0000 0.0000 0.3474 0.2990 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3929 0.2403 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4516 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5007 0.2011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3709 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5008 0.1070 0.1747 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1973 0.3222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5009 0.0000 0.1334 0.1534 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2461 0.2830 0.0000 0.0000

5010 0.0000 0.0000 0.1547 0.1331 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2853 0.2456 0.0000

5011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1749 0.1070 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3227 0.1973

5012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3709

5013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2818 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5014 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1499 0.2448 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1870 0.2150 0.0000 0.0000

5016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2168 0.1866 0.0000

5017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2452 0.1499

5018 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2818

5019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5021 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5022 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5025 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5027 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Tap Mirror 11 Mirror 12 Mirror 13 Mirror 14 Mirror 15 Mirror 16 Mirror 17 Mirror 18 Mirror 19 Mirror 20

5001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5013 0.2818 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5014 0.1499 0.2448 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5015 0.0000 0.1870 0.2150 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5016 0.0000 0.0000 0.2168 0.1866 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2452 0.1499 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5018 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2818 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5019 0.3709 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5020 0.1973 0.3222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1070 0.1747 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5021 0.0000 0.2461 0.2830 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1334 0.1534 0.0000 0.0000

5022 0.0000 0.0000 0.2853 0.2456 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1547 0.1331 0.0000

5023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3227 0.1973 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1749 0.1070

5024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3709 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2011

5025 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4516 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2403 0.3923 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5027 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2996 0.3446 0.0000 0.0000

5028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3474 0.2990 0.0000

5029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3929 0.2403

5030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4517

 37 
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Extensive wind-tunnel tests were conducted that involved measurements of overall loads on the 

solar collectors using a high-frequency force balance and determination of detailed pressure 

distributions on the collector concentrator. A number of test configurations were examined for 

different positions of the solar collector within a collector field for various combinations of yaw 

and pitch angles, as well as for a few cases with an isolated solar collector. Because of the 

continuous interest by Solargenix and CPP in creating a comprehensive database, the total 

number of test runs well exceeded that originally proposed. It is not the intent of this section to 

present all of the test results in detail, but rather to present a review of the most important 

findings. The force and moment coefficient results of the overall loads obtained from the balance 

measurements and by the integration of pressure distributions are tabulated in Appendix B for all 

the tests conducted. In addition, the time series data of the measured pressure distributions for all 

test configurations, described in Appendix E, have been recorded on a set of CD-ROMs that 

provide backup data to this report. 

Significant test conditions and results on the integrated overall loads on the isolated and field 

solar collectors are presented in Sections 4.1 through 4.7 for a variety of test configurations. 

Sections 4.8 and 4.9 gives the summary of the structural design loads and the detailed differential 

pressure distributions over the concentrator that can be used for the structural analysis of a 

parabolic trough collector. In addition, the use of these wind-tunnel test results for the structural 

design is demonstrated in Section 4.8. The turbulent boundary layer simulated in the wind tunnel 

is described in the next section. 

4.1 Boundary Layer Simulation 

One of the most important prerequisites for load measurements in a wind tunnel is modeling of an 

atmospheric boundary layer at the scale of the model. Several key characteristics of the boundary 

layer are described in detail in Appendix C. In general, the vertical profiles of mean wind speed 

and turbulence intensity are of particular significance for simulating wind loads. A representative 

size of turbulent eddies, commonly denoted as a turbulence integral scale, also plays a role 

depending on its relation to typical dimensions of a wind-tunnel model. The importance of exact 

boundary layer simulation, however, tends to diminish for a structure surrounded by significant 

objects that can dictate the local wind characteristics, such as a solar collector within a field 

consisting of many adjacent units. 

Figure 4-1 shows the mean wind velocity and turbulence intensity profiles simulated for the 

current study. As seen, the modeled boundary layer profiles compare well with those suggested 

by the well-recognized literature for winds over an open country exposure. It should be noted 

that the designated model scale (1:45) was much larger than that for which the CPP wind tunnel 

was primarily designed (1:200 to 1:500). For this reason, a series of wind measurements were 

conducted before the load measurements to obtain the appropriate boundary layer flow. The 

integral scale of turbulence was also measured at the height of the collector pivot point and was 

equivalent to about 70 ft at full scale. The suggested empirical values for an open country 

boundary layer flow vary greatly, for example, 390 ft (Counihan 1975) and 150 ft (Engineering 

Science Data Unit [ESDU] 1975). Although the simulated turbulence length scale was smaller 

that those cited, it was considered acceptable because it is widely understood that the effect of the 

length scale is generally insignificant if it is larger than the typical structure size. 

 38 
Normalized Mean Wind Speed, U/Ur

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Full-Scale Elevation, ft

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Local Turbulence Intensity, %

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Simiu (1996)

Snyder (1981)

0.14 Power Law

Figure 4-1 Turbulent boundary layer simulated in wind tunnel 

Wind profile measurements were made using a single hot-film anemometer mounted on a 

computer-controlled vertical traverse and oriented horizontally transverse to the flow. The 

instrument was a TSI, Inc., constant-temperature anemometer (Model 1053b) with a 0.002-in.-

diameter platinum-film sensing element. 

As described in Section 3.1, the wind loads presented in this report have been normalized using 

the characteristic dimensions of the solar collector and the mean dynamic pressure of approach 

wind at the collector pivot height. In determining the dynamic pressure, a Pitot static tube was 

used in the wind tunnel. For most of the tests, the measurement was made directly at the pivot 

height of the collector at some point upwind of the array field. For the deep interior array tests in 

Phase 4, however, it was not possible to measure the dynamic pressure at the same location due to 

the significantly expanded size of the array field. Instead, the dynamic pressure was measured 

well above the collector field (3 ft at model scale and 135 ft at full scale) where the influence of 

the array was negligible, and the corresponding dynamic pressure at the collector pivot height 

was determined using the approach velocity profile for normalizing the wind loads on the 

collector. 

4.2 Effects of Reynolds Number and Turbulence Intensity 

One of the most essential considerations for load measurements in a wind tunnel is sensitivity of 

the load coefficients with the Reynolds Number. This is because wind tunnel tests cannot exactly 

simulate the high Reynolds typically encountered for full-scale structures. The mismatch is of 

 39 
particular concern for streamlined or curved shape structures because the load coefficients can be 

highly dependent on the Reynolds Number. A series of preliminary tests were conducted to test 

the sensitivity of the wind load coefficients to the Reynolds Numbers. 

Figure 4-2 shows the mean load coefficients at a pitch angle of -60 degrees with different 

Reynolds Numbers. The model Reynolds Numbers were calculated using the mean wind speed at 

the collector pivot height and the aperture width as the reference quantities. As the figure 

indicates, the load coefficients are nearly invariant of the Reynolds Number for the range tested. 

Yaw = 0, Pitch = -60 in 21 % Turbulent Flow

Reynolds Number

25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000

Mean Coefficient

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cfx Cfz

Yaw = 0, Pitch = -60 in 21 % Turbulent Flow

Reynolds Number

25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000

Mean Coefficient

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cfx Cfz

Figure 4-2 Sensitivity of load coefficients to Reynolds Number 

Proper modeling of turbulence intensity is also important because it affects the fluctuations of the 

load, as well as the mean load to some extent. Figure 4-3 shows the effect of turbulence intensity 

on the mean horizontal load at a pitch angle of 0 degrees for a range of Reynolds Numbers. The 

load coefficients are similar for all turbulence intensities simulated when the Reynolds Number 

exceeds 46,000. In this particular test, the small variations at the lower Reynolds Numbers are 

probably due to poor signal-to-noise ratio or initial drift of the data acquisition instrument, rather 

than the aerodynamic behavior of the solar collector. The disparity of the load coefficients for 

different turbulence intensities is nominal, considering a slight variation of the velocity profiles to 

obtain the different turbulence levels over the height of the solar collector. The effect of the 

turbulence intensity is properly accounted for in the current study because the simulated turbulent 

boundary layer is representative of a terrain exposure encountered in open country exposure as 

intended. All data tests in this study, other than these shown in the above figures, were run at the 

typical Reynolds Number of 50,000 in the turbulent boundary layer with 21% turbulence intensity 

at the pivot height of 9.3 ft. 

 40 
Yaw = 0, Pitch = 0

Reynolds Number

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Mean Cfx

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

8 % turb. 15 % turb. 21 % turb.

Figure 4-3 Effects of turbulence intensity on horizontal force 

4.3 Isolated Solar Collector 

4.3.1 Test Results 

Drag and Lift Force Tests (Phase 1 data): In practice, the solar collector is used in an array 

consisting of a number of similar units, and the design wind loads should be determined for such 

a configuration. However, loads on an isolated collector are informative for characterizing the 

baseline performance. The isolated solar collector was tested with and without a torque tube (on 

the back side of the collector concentrator, discussed in Section 2.2.1 and Figure 3-1). Figure 

4-4a shows the load coefficients for the isolated solar collector as a function of the pitch angle 

obtained by the balance measurement. The yaw angle was 0 degrees, and the approach wind is 

perpendicular to the major axis (y axis) of the solar collector. For each of the collector 

configurations, two curves are plotted in the figure. The lines represent the mean loads, and the 

symbols represent the peak maximum and minimum loads. Note that the test configuration 

relative to the wind were duplicated at pitch angles of +90 and –90 degrees as a check for 

repeatability. Refer to Section 3.1 for the definition of the overall load coefficients. 

When the torque tube increases the load, for example, for Cfz at pitch = -105 degrees, the change 

in the peak loads is more notable than that of the mean loads. This implies that the torque tube 

can affect the load fluctuations considerably. The effect of the torque tube is different, however, 

for the collector in an array field, depending on the location in the field, as discussed in Sections 

4.4 and 4.5. Similar plots are presented in Figure 4-4b for data obtained by the pressure model 

tests. The load coefficients were computed by integrating the measured point pressures over the 

 41 
exposed area of the solar collector concentrator and by resolving the resulting load into the 

specified load components. 

The effect of the torque tube is more apparent for the vertical force, Cfz, than for the horizontal 

force, Cfx. The torque tube does not necessarily worsen the wind loads, for example, the vertical 

force component for a range of pitch angles from 45 to 90 degrees is notably reduced with the 

torque tube. As far as the largest absolute load of the individual load components is concerned, 

the torque tube did not increase the load values. 

Configurations A1 and A2 Balance (Isolated Collector w ithout andw ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-1

0

1

2

3

4

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations A1 and A2 Balance (Isolated Collector w ithout andw ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-1

0

1

2

3

4

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Figure 4-4a Loads on isolated solar collector with and without torque tube, 

balance study 

 42 
Configurations A1 and A2 Pressure (Isolated Collector without and with Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-1

0

1

2

3

4

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Mean (without Torque Tube) Max/Min (without Torque Tube)

Mean (with Torque Tube) Max/Min (with Torque Tube)

Figure 4-4b Loads on isolated solar collector with and without 

torque tube, pressure study 

 43 
Figure 4-5a and Figure 4-5b compare the balance and pressure test results for the isolated solar 

collector tests. Note that in Figure 4-5a, the balance results from Phase 1 and 4 tests have been 

combined. To aid comparison between the force components and among the various test 

configurations shown later, the plots have been produced using consistent scales. Note also that 

in this and following figures, the balance results are consistently slightly larger than the pressure 

results. The reason has to do with the discrete nature of the pressure taps; adjustment factors for 

the pressure results are derived in Section 4-9. 

 44 
Configuration A1 (Isolated Collector without Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-5a Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector, 

without torque tube 

 45 
Configuration A2 (Isolated Collector w ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Configuration A2 (Isolated Collector w ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Configuration A2 (Isolated Collector w ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Configuration A2 (Isolated Collector w ith Torque Tube), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-5b Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector, 

with torque tube

4.3.2 Flow Visualization 

Observing air flow around the model using smoke is helpful for two reasons: in understanding 

and interpreting mean and fluctuating pressures and in defining zones of separated flow and 

reattachment, including zones of vortex formation where pressure coefficients may be expected to 

be high. Titanium dioxide smoke was released from sources on and near the model to make the 

flow lines visible to the eye and to make it possible to obtain photographic records of the tests. 

Several photographs showing the flow around the isolated solar collector are given in Figure 4-6. 

Dramatic differences in the flow characteristics near the center of the concentrator are shown in 

Figure 4-6(a). The side-by-side photographs depict flow stagnation on the windward face of the 

concentrator and complete separation on the leeward face. The stagnation at the pitch angle of 

near 0 degrees is the major contributor to the maximum horizontal drag force (see also Figure 

4-4). The flow around the edge of the concentrator is shown in Figure 4-6(b), where an intense 

streak of flow stream, known as the shear layer, is evident. The shear layer envelops the 

 46 
separation zone, and its trajectory varies depending on the pitch angle. For example, at a pitch 

angle of 0 degrees (i.e., the photograph on the left) the shear layer is much elevated compared to 

that at a pitch of 120 degrees (on the right), despite the similar height of the top edge of the 

concentrator. Transition of the flow pattern is shown in Figure 4–6(c). Near the leading edge of 

the concentrator, the flow seems to follow the curvature of the concentrator and eventually 

separates from the surface around the center of the concentrator. Before separation, the flow 

tends to accelerate, creating a zone of high negative pressure on the leeward face of the 

concentrator. Combined with the near stagnant positive pressure on the windward face, both 

pitch angles (-60 and +60 degrees) result in a significant vertical force, though of opposite sign. 

 47 
(a) Flow Stagnation and Separation 

(b) Formation of Shear Layer 

(c) Flow Transition 

Figure 4-6 Flow around isolated solar collector 

 48 
4.4 Exterior Solar Collectors in Array Field 

4.4.1 General Observations

Figure 4-7 through Figure 4-10 show the Phase 2 test data on drag and lift load coefficients for 

the collectors at the exterior edge of the array field and compare the balance and pressure 

measurement techniques. Figure 4-11 shows the Phase 4 pitching moment load coefficients for 

selected collectors at the exterior edge of the array field, also comparing the balance and pressure 

measurement techniques. 

Particular collector positions can be identified by the configuration ID and by referring to Figure 

2-11a. At a yaw of 0 degrees, the loads on the collectors in all module positions in the most 

upwind row are similar for all pitch angles (e.g., see Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-8a). The collector at 

the edge of the field shows a higher horizontal force at a yaw of 30 degrees (Figure 4-8b) when 

the collector is near upright, while the vertical force and pitching moment are similar to those at 

yaw = 0 degrees. Some reduction of the loads is realized for the collectors along the field edge at 

the row positions 2 and 3 because of upwind shielding (see Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10). 

Figure 4-12 illustrates the variation of the wind loads along the side edge of the array field. The 

row position is measured from the upwind edge of the field with a position of 0, denoting an 

isolated collector. The pitch angles were selected separately for individual load components on 

basis of significance. In general, differences in the loads become insignificant beyond a row 

position of 3. 

 49 
Configuration B1, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B1, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-7 Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B1, collector in Row 1 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 50 
Configuration B3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-8a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B3 Collector in Row 1 at 

Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 51 
Configuration B3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-8b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B3, collector in Row 1 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 52 
Configuration B4, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B4, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-9a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 53 
Configuration B4, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B4, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-9b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 54 
Configuration B5, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B5, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-10a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 55 
Configuration B5, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration B5, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-10b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 56 
Configuration B1, Yaw = 0

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector 

(a) Configuration B1, Yaw = 0 degrees 

 57 
Configuration B2, Yaw = 30

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector, 

(b) Configuration B2, Yaw = 30 degrees 

 58 
Configuration B3, Yaw = 0

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector, 

(c) Configuration B3, Yaw = 0 degrees 

 59 
Configuration B3, Yaw = 30

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector, 

(d) Configuration B3, Yaw = 30 degrees 

 60 
Configurations A1, B3, B4, B5 and B6 Balance, Yaw = 0

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

012345

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Configurations A1, B3, B4, B5 and B6 Balance, Yaw = 0

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

012345

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-12a Effect of row position along edge of array field, 

yaw = 0 degrees 

 61 
Configurations A1, B3, B4, B5 and B6 Balance, Yaw = 30

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

01234 5

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Configurations A1, B3, B4, B5 and B6 Balance, Yaw = 30

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

01234 5

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-12b Effect of row position along edge of array field, 

yaw = 30 degrees 

General patterns of the wind flow within the array field are shown in Figure 4-13. The flow 

within the field is highly turbulent as expected. The flow passing over the most upwind row of 

the collectors tends to reattach to the second row and diffuse gradually downwind. 

 62 
(a) 

(b) 

Figure 4-13 General flow patterns within array field 

4.4.2 Effects of Wind Protective Fence Barrier and Torque Tube 

Drastic reduction of the loads can be seen when a protective fence surrounds the collector field, 

as shown by comparing Figure 4-14 with Figure 4-8a and Figure 4-8b. The effectiveness of the 

fence is more pronounced for the vertical force component. 

 63 
Configuration D3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration D3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-14a Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration 

D3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 64 
Configuration D3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configuration D3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-14b Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration 

D3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1, (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 65 
The effect of the protective fence is apparent in the photographs shown in Figure 4-15, which 

compare the wind flows with and without the fence. With the porous protective fence in place, 

the flow is more diffused. 

The effect of the torque tube on the exterior collectors can be seen in Figure 4-16 through Figure 

4-18. In general, the influence of the torque tube is small, with the effect being most noticeable 

on the vertical force, especially at a pitch angle of about 60 degrees. 

Figure 4-15 Effect of wind protective fence 

 66 
Configurations B1 and E1 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B1 and E1 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Figure 4-16 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B1 

and E1, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 67 
Configurations B3 and E3 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B3 and E3 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B3 and E3 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B3 and E3 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Figure 4-17 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B3 

and E3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 68 
Configurations B4 and E4 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B4 and E4 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B4 and E4 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations B4 and E4 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Figure 4-18 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, Configurations B4 

and E4, collector in Row 2 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 

 69 
4.5 Interior Solar Collectors in Array Field 

4.5.1 General Observations 

Figure 4-19 through Figure 4-21 show the Phase 3 test data on drag and lift load coefficients, 

obtained by both the balance and pressure measurements, for the solar collectors located interior 

of the array field. Figure 4-23 shows the Phase 4 pitching moment load coefficients for selected 

collectors interior of the array field, also comparing the pressure measurement data where 

available. 

Figure 2-11(b) can be used to identify the positions of the collector within the field. For 

Configuration C1 (presented in Figure 4-19 a, b, and c), the solar collector of interest is located at 

the second row from the windward field edge. Agreement between the two test methods (balance 

and pressure data) is generally good. The largest difference is evident for the peak vertical force 

component at a yaw angle of 75 degrees, shown in Figure 4-19b. Compared with the collector 

directly in front of this unit (Configuration B1 in Figure 4-7), considerable reduction of the wind 

loads is noticed due to shielding. 

The wind loads continue to decrease slightly for the collectors located further downwind, 

(Configurations C3 and C5 in Figure 4-20 and Figure 4-21. Patterns of the vertical force and 

pitching moment are similar among the interior collectors, while some variations in the horizontal 

force component can be observed. The effect of the row positions for these interior collectors is 

illustrated in Figure 4-22. 

The pitching moment for the interior solar collectors are shown in Figure 4-23. No Phase 

3pressure data are available for Configuration C2 at a yaw angle of 0 degrees (Figure 4-23a). 

 70 
Configurations C1, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C1, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-19a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 71 
Configurations C1, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C1, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-19b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees

 72 
Configurations C1, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C1, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-19c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, 

collector in Row 2 at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 73 
Configurations C3, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C3, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-20a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 74 
Configurations C3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C3, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-20b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 75 
Configurations C3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C3, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-20c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 76 
Configurations C5, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C5, Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-21a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 77 
Configurations C5, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C5, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-21b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 78 
Configurations C5, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Configurations C5, Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min ( Pressure)

Figure 4-21c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5 

at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 79 
Configurations A1, B1, C1, C3 and C5 Balance, Yaw = 0

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

012345

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Configurations A1, B1, C1, C3 and C5 Balance, Yaw = 0

012345

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Cfz at Pitch = 60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

012345

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-22 Effect of row position at interior of array field, yaw = 0 degrees 

 80 
Configuration C2, Yaw = 0

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-23 Pitching Moment of Interior Collector 

(a) Configuration C2, Yaw = 0 degrees 

Configuration C5, Yaw = -30

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-23 Pitching Moment of Interior Collector 

(b) Configuration C5, Yaw = -30 degrees 

 81 
Configuration C5, Yaw = 0

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean (Balance) Max/Min (Balance)

Mean (Pressure) Max/Min (Pressure)

Figure 4-23 Pitching Moment of Interior Collector 

(c) Configuration C5, Yaw = 0 degrees 

A photograph of the flow in the deep interior of the array field is shown in Figure 4-24. At 

approximately the height of the concentrator pivot axis, the flow is very stagnant. 

The Phase 3 balance test results on the interior solar collectors near the side edge of the array 

field are given in Figure 4-25 through Figure 4-27, for Configurations C2, C4, and C6. In 

general, the effect of the row position is similar to that for the collectors in the further interior. 

Some increase in the wind loads is seen, however, compared to the inner collectors. 

Figure 4-24 Wind flow within interior of array field 

 82 
Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-25a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C2, collector in Row 2 

at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 83 
Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-25b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C2, 

collector in Row 2 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 84 
Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C2 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-25c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C2, 

collector in Row 2 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 85 
Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-26a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C4, 

collector in Row 3 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 86 
Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-26b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C4, 

collector in Row 3 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 87 
Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C4 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-26c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C4, 

collector in Row 3 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 88 
Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = -30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-27a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C6, 

collector in Row 5 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees 

 89 
Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-27b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C6, 

collector in Row 5 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees 

 90 
Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Configurations C6 (Balance), Yaw = 30

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (Balance) Ma x/Min (Balance)

Figure 4-27c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C6, 

collector in Row 5 at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees 

 91 
4.5.2 Effects of Torque Tube 

The effect of the torque tube on the most interior solar collector is shown in Figure 4-28. As far 

as the structural design loads are concerned, the torque tube caused no significant effect. 

Configurations C5 and F5 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations C5 and F5 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations C5 and F5 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Configurations C5 and F5 Balance, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

Mean (w ithout Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ithout Torque Tube)

Mean (w ith Torque Tube) Max/Min (w ith Torque Tube)

Figure 4-28 Effect of torque tube on collector in array field, 

Configurations C5 and F5, yaw = 0 degrees 

 92 
4.6 Loads on Deep Interior Solar Collectors 

In order to determine wind loads that can be regarded as representative for a majority of the solar 

collector modules within a large array field, tests were conducted on a collector module at various 

row and column positions. Pressure distributions over the collector module concentrator were 

measured, which were then integrated to yield the overall forces and pitch moment. Refer to 

Section 2.4 for the tested locations of the solar collector module within the array field. 

At each row and column combination, the wind-tunnel test was performed for pitch angles of -15, 

-60, 0, 75 and 105 degrees, at which the Phase 3 wind-tunnel study showed relatively large wind 

loads. For sake of clarity, however, this section selectively presents the test results based on the 

significance found for the individual overall load components exerted on the pivotal axis of the 

collector concentrator. The following discussion deals with the lateral and vertical forces and the 

pitching moment at particular pitch angles of 0, -60 and 105 degrees, respectively. A complete 

set of the test results is found in Appendix B. 

Variations of the mean and peak loads at different row positions are shown in Figure 4-29 for the 

4th column collectors at a yaw angle of 0 degrees. The Phase 3 pressure model test results, where 

available, are included to show the load pattern on the collectors near the upwind edge of the 

array field (1st through 4th rows). Note that at the 5th row position, both the Phase 3 and 4 test 

results are plotted, showing a good repeatability in the mean load measurement, and some scatter 

in the peaks due to inherent statistical variability. For the lateral force, Cfx, at a pitch angle of 0 

degrees, the most drastic reduction is realized on the 2nd row collector, and the load tends to 

recover somewhat for the collectors up to the 5th row. No appreciable change in the lateral force 

is evident for the collectors further downwind. The vertical force component, Cfz, at a pitch 

angle of –60 degrees shows a similar trend, except that the recovery of the peak load is more 

vigorous. In fact, the positive peak on the interior collectors is nearly as large as that on the 

collector at the field edge. The pitching moment component, Cmy, appears to decrease slowly 

through the 5th row collector, and becomes independent of the row position downwind. 

 93 
0 5 10 15 20

Cfz at Pitch = -60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Collector at Column 4, Yaw = 0

0 5 10 15 20

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

0 5 10 15 20

Cmy at Pitch = 105 deg.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean Max/Min

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-29 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees 

 94 
Some observations can be made here. The change in the overall loads seems to take place 

through the 5th row from the upwind edge of the array field. The mean loads tend to decrease 

continually through the 5th row where they reach their minimum, regardless of the pitch angle. 

The dynamic loads, however, are amplified within the interior of the field in some cases, resulting 

in negligible reduction in the effective peak design load. This is especially true when the 

collectors are at near horizontal stow position, i.e., a pitch angle of –60 degrees. The load 

characteristics are directly related to those of the wind within the array field. This is discussed 

more in the following section. 

Figure 4-30 shows the loads on the interior solar collectors at the 4th column for a yaw of 30 

degrees. The general trend of the load variation is similar to that at 0 degree yaw angle. The 

effect of the row position for the collectors at the 8th and 12th column from the side edge of the 

array is depicted in Figure 4-31 through Figure 4-33. In all cases, the variation of the loads 

beyond the 5th row is small. It appears that the loads on the solar collector at the 5th row position 

are well representative for the entire array field. Comparing Figure 4-30, Figure 4-32, and Figure 

4-33, it is noticed that the sensitivity of the loads to the column position is almost negligible in 

the range tested. 

Although it was initially hoped to derive an empirical formula that conveniently describes the 

design wind loads for the solar collector at an arbitrary location inside a large array field, the 

wind-tunnel test indicates considerable variations of the exact load pattern depending on the pitch 

angles and the load component of interest. In addition, the test indicates that the mean and 

dynamic load components vary differently within the field. While one can produce a set of 

empirical formulae to accommodate a variety of relevant parameters, it would not probably result 

in a practical design technique. The wind-tunnel tests performed for the Task 2 study, however, 

lead us to a rather definitive conclusion. That is, the wind loads on the interior solar collectors 

are essentially invariant beyond the 5th row and 4th column from the edge of the field. This 

implies that the loads measured for Configuration C5 represent typical design loads equally 

applicable to the rest of the interior solar collectors in the array field. 

 95 
0 5 10 15 20

Cfz at Pitch = -60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Collector at Column 4, Yaw = 30

0 5 10 15 20

Cfx at Pitych = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

0 5 10 15 20

Cmy at Pitch = 105 deg.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean Max/Min

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-30 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees 

 96 
0 5 10 15 20

Cfz at Pitch = -60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Collector at Column 8, Yaw = 0

0 5 10 15 20

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

0 5 10 15 20

Cmy at Pitch = 105 deg.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean Max/Min

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-31 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees 

 97 
0 5 10 15 20

Cfz at Pitch = -60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Collector at Column 8, Yaw = 30

0 5 10 15 20

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

0 5 10 15 20

Cmy at Pitch = 105 deg.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean Max/Min

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-32 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees 

 98 
0 5 10 15 20

Cfz at Pitch = -60 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Collector at Column 12, Yaw = 30

0 5 10 15 20

Cfx at Pitch = 0 deg.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Row Position

0 5 10 15 20

Cmy at Pitch = 105 deg.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Mean Max/Min

Row Position = 0 denotes isolated collector

Figure 4-33 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 12th Column, 

Yaw = 30 degrees 

 99 
4.7 Wind Characteristics Within Array Field 

Vertical profiles of the mean wind speed and local turbulence intensity are given in Figure 4-34

(at the top and bottom, respectively) at various row positions within the array field. The 

undisturbed velocity profiles approaching the array field are also shown at the far left of the 

figure. All data were taken at a yaw angle of 0 degrees with the collectors rotated at pitch angles 

of 0 (Figure 4-34 (a)) and –60 (Figure 4-34 (b)) degrees. The mean wind speeds have been 

normalized relative to the speed at the collector pivot height of the approach wind. The figure 

clearly shows drastic reduction of the mean wind speed and increased turbulence intensity as the 

wind initially enters the array field. The shapes of the mean and turbulence intensity profiles 

seem to become invariant beyond the 5th row position. As expected, the mean wind speed over 

the collector height is much smaller when the collectors are at upright position (Figure 4-34 (a)) 

than at near stow position (Figure 4-34 (b)) due to increased blockage. Differences in the shapes 

of the turbulence intensity between the two collector positions are also noticeable. 

The characteristics of the wind speed and turbulence intensity inside the array filed are consistent 

with the resulting wind loads on the solar collectors described above. That is, the reduced mean 

loads and increased dynamic loads. Little variation of the wind loads beyond the 5th row position 

is also well explained by the wind profiles. 

 100 
U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

z/Hc

50

1510

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

z/Hc

50

1510

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80 100

Row 1 Row 5 Row 10 Row 15 Row 20Row 1 Row 5 Row 10 Row 15 Row 20

Figure 4-34 Mean Velocity and Turbulent Profiles Within Array Field 

(a) Pitch = 0 deg 

 101 
U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

z/Hc

50

1510

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

U/U Hc

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

z/Hc

50

1510

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80

TI, %

0 20 40 60 80 100

Row 1 Row 5 Row 10 Row 15 Row 20

Row 1 Row 5 Row 10 Row 15 Row 20

Figure 4-34 Mean Velocity and Turbulent Profiles Within Array Field 

 (b) Pitch = - 60 deg 

 102 
4.8 Summary of Design Load Cases and Combinations 

The primary objective of the wind tunnel studies presented in this report was to identify wind 

loads applicable to designs for strength of the structure, strength of the collector drive 

mechanism, and deformation analysis of the collector by measurements of overall loads and 

distributions of local pressures for a number of field positions and collector orientations. For 

practical design of the collector drive design, appropriate combinations of the primary load 

components, i.e. forces and pitching moment, must be simultaneously specified, while 

maximizing the effect of at least one load component. For this reason, several load cases were 

derived using the pressure distribution data that provide all of the primary load components by 

integration. It also should be noted that the design loads given in this section have been adjusted 

to account for the finite resolution of the pressure data as described in Section 4.9. This section 

summarizes these design loads and demonstrates the use of the data. For an explanation of the 

method and rationale that was applied in determining the design load cases and combinations, 

refer to Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3. 

4.8.1 Structural Strength Design Loads 

The load cases were selected from the pressure test data for several groups of similar test 

configurations, for example, the exterior collectors (Configurations B1 to B6) and interior 

collectors (Configurations C1 to C6). Each group yielded six load cases, each of which would 

maximize or minimize one of the three load components of interest. The individual load case 

tabulates all three load components occurring simultaneously. It should be pointed out that in 

evaluating structural strength, applying the combination of all three load components is 

appropriate because each component can affect the net overall stress on the collector. 

Table 4-1 summarizes the load cases and load combinations for different groups of the solar 

collector tests. In the table, Load Case 1 refers to the case where the horizontal force, Cfx, 

resulted in the largest positive peak and Load Case 2 the largest negative peak. The group 

denoted as Exterior Collector includes all of the exterior collector configurations without the 

torque tube. A much more limited number of runs were made with a torque tube on the back of 

the collector model, so a complete data set of peak loads with a torque tube was not constructed. 

The second group includes collector loads with or without the torque tube, to envelop the design 

loads regardless of the presence of the torque tube. Test configurations with a protective wind 

fence were also very limited for the balance study. The group, Exterior Collector With Protective 

Fence, consists of Configuration D3 only, the collector at the corner of the array field. 

Configuration D3 was selected for testing because wind tunnel test experience suggests the corner 

generally sees high wind loads, and these peaks normally occur at or near yaw angles of 45 

degrees. A similar grouping scheme was used for the interior collectors. Only Configuration C5 

is shown because it is the most representative configuration for the bulk of a large solar field, as it 

is well shielded by surrounding collectors. For the interior of the array field, the torque tube has 

little effect on the design loads, and the load combinations with and without the torque tube are 

nearly identical to those without the torque tube. 

 103 
Table 4-1 Summary of Load Cases and Load Combinations 

(a) Exterior Collectors

Operational Mode (positove pitch angles)* Stow Mode (negative pitch angles)

Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy

1 Max Cfx B3 30 0 5.097 -0.034 --- 1 Max Cfx B3 45 -15 5.117 1.550 0.114

2 Min Cfx B4 0 0 -1.242 -0.125 --- 2 Min Cfx B4 0 -15 -1.130 -0.404 -0.065

3 Max Cfz B3 30 135 2.527 1.849 --- 3 Max Cfz B3 0 -60 1.647 3.952 0.364

4 Min Cfz B3 0 60 2.107 -5.256 --- 4 Min Cfz B4 30 -150 2.306 -0.927 -0.232

5 Max Cmy --- --- --- --- --- --- 5 Max Cmy B3 0 -60 1.410 3.709 0.419

6 Min Cmy --- --- --- --- --- --- 6 Min Cmy B3 0 -105 0.870 -0.231 -0.517

(b) Exterior Collectors With Protective Fence

Operational Mode (positove pitch angles)* Stow Mode (negative pitch angles)

Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy

1 Max Cfx D3 45 15 2.900 -0.374 --- 1 Max Cfx D4 30 -15 4.033 1.026 -0.035

2 Min Cfx D3 30 60 -0.503 -0.264 --- 2 Min Cfx D4 -30 -15 -0.852 -0.278 -0.032

3 Max Cfz D3 45 135 1.705 1.030 --- 3 Max Cfz D5 30 -60 1.294 2.984 0.246

4 Min Cfz D3 45 60 1.175 -2.281 --- 4 Min Cfz D4 30 -135 1.481 -1.050 -0.202

5 Max Cmy --- --- --- --- --- --- 5 Max Cmy D5 30 -45 1.573 2.282 0.332

6 Min Cmy --- --- --- --- --- --- 6 Min Cmy D5 30 -105 0.849 -0.436 -0.468

(c) Interior Collectors Without Torque Tube

Operational Mode (positove pitch angles) Stow Mode (negative pitch angles)

Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy

1 Max Cfx C5 30 15 2.264 -0.429 0.113 1 Max Cfx C7 0 -30 2.569 1.717 0.134

2 Min Cfx C1 0 0 -1.330 -0.148 -0.098 2 Min Cfx C1 30 -15 -1.374 -0.329 0.025

3 Max Cfz C1 0 120 1.433 1.362 0.370 3 Max Cfz C5 0 -60 1.404 2.754 0.107

4 Min Cfz C1 0 75 0.712 -2.533 0.021 4 Min Cfz C5 30 -135 0.859 -0.763 -0.045

5 Max Cmy C1 0 120 1.384 1.081 0.436 5 Max Cmy C5 30 -45 1.929 2.618 0.322

6 Min Cmy C1 0 0 -1.228 -0.236 -0.156 6 Min Cmy C5 0 -90 0.571 0.303 -0.378

(d) Interior Collectors With Torque Tube

Operational Mode (positove pitch angles) Stow Mode (negative pitch angles)

Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy

1 Max Cfx F3 30 0 2.646 0.007 0.005 1 Max Cfx F3 30 -15 2.777 0.823 0.051

2 Min Cfx F3 0 0 -1.195 -0.081 -0.053 2 Min Cfx F3 0 -15 -1.475 -0.554 -0.102

3 Max Cfz F3 0 105 1.108 1.428 0.463 3 Max Cfz F3 30 -60 1.478 2.760 0.066

4 Min Cfz F3 30 60 1.148 -2.155 -0.055 4 Min Cfz F3 0 -90 0.783 -1.127 -0.518

5 Max Cmy F3 30 105 1.139 1.127 0.535 5 Max Cmy F3 30 -30 1.477 1.402 0.315

6 Min Cmy F3 30 0 0.157 -0.307 -0.203 6 Min Cmy F3 0 -90 0.950 -0.806 -0.629

(e) Interior Collectors - Configuration C5 only

Operational Mode (positove pitch angles) Stow Mode (negative pitch angles)

Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy Case Condition Conf. Yaw Pitch Cfx Cfz Cmy

1 Max Cfx C5 30 15 2.264 -0.429 0.113 1 Max Cfx C5 30 -45 2.209 2.721 0.239

2 Min Cfx C5 30 0 -0.858 -0.106 -0.070 2 Min Cfx C5 30 -15 -0.819 -0.220 0.000

3 Max Cfz C5 0 120 1.011 1.186 0.187 3 Max Cfz C5 0 -60 1.404 2.754 0.107

4 Min Cfz C5 30 75 0.456 -2.233 -0.091 4 Min Cfz C5 30 -135 0.859 -0.763 -0.045

5 Max Cmy C5 30 105 0.716 0.550 0.363 5 Max Cmy C5 30 -45 1.929 2.618 0.322

6 Min Cmy C5 30 75 0.244 -1.759 -0.145 6 Min Cmy C5 0 -90 0.571 0.303 -0.378

* Data available only by Phase 2 force balance study.

 104 
4.8.2 Local Peak Differential Design Pressures 

From all the pressure data taken, the largest local differential pressures were extracted 

irrespective of the yaw or the pitch angle. The results are presented as a contour map in Figure 

4-35, looking into the reflective side of the concentrator. The data are applicable to limited 

surface areas on the collector and are intended to provide a guideline for a mounting scheme for 

the individual reflector panels, for example. High pressures are typically concentrated around the 

edges of the collector because of flow separation or vortex formation from the corner (Figure 

4-36) where the most wind damage, such as breakage of the reflector panels, is expected to occur. 

The results are also tabulated in Table 4-2. 

The use of the local peak pressures given here for the structural design is inappropriate because 

these peak pressures do not occur simultaneously for the structural frames to react. The 

differential pressure distributions suitable for the structural concerns are presented in the next 

section. 

 105 
9.5

7.5 7.0

7.5

6.0

6.5

5.5

5.5 6.0 6.5

5.0

5.0

-4.5

-4.0

-4.5

-5.0

-4.0

-4.5

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

Peak Positive

Peak Negative

Field Exterior

Figure 4-35a Local peak differential pressure distribution, field exterior 

 106 
6.5

6.0 5.5

5.0

4.5

6.0

4.0

4.5

5.0

4.0

4.5

-5.0

-4.0

-3.5

-4.5

-3.5

-4.0

-3.5

-4.0

-3.0

-2.5

Peak Positive

Peak Negative

Field Exterior with Protective Fence

Figure 4-35b Local peak differential pressure distribution, 

field exterior with protective fence 

 107 
6.5

6.0 5.5 6.0

6.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

3.5

4.0

-3.0

-4.0

-2.5

-4.0

-3.0

-4.0

-3.5 -5.0

-4.0

-5.0

Peak Positive

Peak Negative

Field Interior

Figure 4-35c Local peak differential pressure distribution, 

field interior 

 108 
6.0 5.5 6.0

6.5

5.0

4.5

4.0 4.0

4,5

3.5

-4.0

-3.0

-2.5

-3.5

-3.0

-3.5

-4.0

-3.5

-4.0

-5.0

Peak Positive

Peak Negative

Innermost Collector, Configuration C5

Figure 4-35d Local peak differential pressure distribution, 

innermost collector, Configuration C5 

 109 
Table 4-2 Summary of Peak Local Differential Pressures 

Field Exterior Field Exterior With Protective Fence

Tap Max Conf Yaw Pitch Min Conf Yaw Pitch Tap Max Conf Yaw Pitch Min Conf Yaw Pitch

5001 5.924 B3 45 -30 -4.419 B4 30 -120 5001 5.550 D4 30 -30 -5.131 D3 45 -90

5002 9.733 B3 45 -45 -4.440 B3 45 180 5002 6.829 D4 30 -30 -4.232 D4 30 -90

5003 7.634 B3 45 -45 -3.956 B3 0 -105 5003 5.930 D4 45 -45 -3.507 D5 30 -90

5004 7.459 B3 0 -60 -3.950 B3 0 -105 5004 5.776 D5 30 -45 -3.305 D4 30 -90

5005 7.887 B3 0 -60 -4.473 B3 0 -105 5005 6.452 D5 30 -45 -3.918 D4 30 -90

5006 5.352 B3 30 -45 -4.770 B3 0 -105 5006 6.181 D5 30 -45 -4.567 D4 30 -90

5007 5.693 B3 45 0 -5.193 B3 45 180 5007 4.638 D4 30 0 -3.908 D4 30 -150

5008 5.626 B3 45 -15 -4.916 B3 45 180 5008 4.324 D4 30 0 -3.564 D5 30 -150

5009 5.502 B3 45 -15 -4.220 B3 45 -165 5009 4.300 D5 30 -45 -3.399 D5 30 -150

5010 5.252 B3 45 -15 -4.001 B3 45 -165 5010 4.112 D5 30 -45 -3.365 D5 30 -165

5011 5.156 B3 45 -15 -3.982 B3 30 180 5011 4.088 D5 30 -45 -3.378 D5 30 -165

5012 5.083 B3 30 0 -4.157 B3 0 -165 5012 4.150 D5 30 0 -3.230 D5 30 -165

5013 5.500 B3 45 -15 -4.901 B3 45 180 5013 4.477 D4 30 0 -3.966 D4 30 -165

5014 5.592 B3 45 -15 -5.219 B3 45 180 5014 4.313 D4 30 0 -3.711 D4 30 -165

5015 5.508 B3 45 -15 -4.482 B3 45 180 5015 4.177 D4 30 -30 -3.498 D5 30 -165

5016 5.286 B3 45 -15 -4.276 B3 30 180 5016 3.888 D4 30 -30 -3.429 D5 30 -165

5017 5.171 B3 45 -15 -4.344 B3 30 180 5017 3.489 D4 30 -30 -3.738 D4 30 -165

5018 6.897 B3 45 -15 -4.663 B3 30 180 5018 5.313 D3 45 0 -4.241 D4 30 -165

5019 5.518 B3 45 0 -4.977 B3 45 180 5019 4.781 D4 30 0 -4.459 D3 45 180

5020 5.248 B3 45 -15 -4.628 B3 45 180 5020 4.477 D4 30 0 -3.834 D4 30 180

5021 4.843 B3 45 0 -4.089 B3 45 180 5021 3.894 D4 30 0 -3.358 D4 30 180

5022 4.762 B3 30 0 -3.587 B3 30 180 5022 3.675 D4 30 0 -3.268 D4 30 180

5023 5.137 B3 30 0 -3.941 B3 30 180 5023 3.519 D5 30 0 -3.399 D4 30 180

5024 4.968 B3 30 0 -3.777 B3 0 180 5024 3.501 D5 30 0 -3.295 D4 30 -165

5025 5.185 B3 45 0 -3.601 B3 45 180 5025 4.740 D4 30 0 -3.848 D3 45 180

5026 4.773 B3 45 -15 -2.678 B3 45 180 5026 4.056 D4 30 0 -2.578 D4 30 180

5027 4.599 B3 45 0 -2.522 B3 45 180 5027 3.637 D4 30 0 -2.394 D3 45 180

5028 4.549 B3 45 -15 -2.193 B4 0 180 5028 3.542 D4 30 0 -2.213 D4 0 180

5029 4.557 B3 30 0 -2.669 B4 0 180 5029 3.537 D4 30 0 -2.265 D4 30 180

5030 5.014 B3 45 0 -3.270 B4 30 180 5030 4.240 D4 30 0 -3.080 D4 30 180

Field Interior Innermost Interior Collector - Config. C5

Tap Max Conf Yaw Pitch Min Conf Yaw Pitch Tap Max Conf Yaw Pitch Min Conf Yaw Pitch

5001 5.819 C5 30 30 -4.171 C5 30 -90 5001 5.819 C5 30 30 -4.171 C5 30 -90

5002 6.465 C5 30 -45 -3.539 C5 30 -90 5002 6.465 C5 30 -45 -3.539 C5 30 -90

5003 6.628 C7 30 -45 -2.895 C5 0 -90 5003 6.220 C5 30 -45 -2.895 C5 0 -90

5004 5.639 C5 30 -45 -2.827 C5 0 -90 5004 5.639 C5 30 -45 -2.827 C5 0 -90

5005 6.818 C5 30 -45 -3.343 C1 330 -90 5005 6.818 C5 30 -45 -3.086 C5 0 -105

5006 5.084 C7 330 -30 -4.054 C7 330 -90 5006 4.999 C5 30 -45 -3.847 C5 0 -105

5007 4.505 C5 30 30 -3.435 C7 30 0 5007 4.505 C5 30 30 -3.259 C5 30 -120

5008 4.361 C3 30 -30 -2.356 C5 30 -120 5008 3.794 C5 30 -45 -2.356 C5 30 -120

5009 4.101 C5 0 -60 -2.203 C5 30 -120 5009 4.101 C5 0 -60 -2.203 C5 30 -120

5010 4.058 C5 0 -60 -2.094 C5 30 -120 5010 4.058 C5 0 -60 -2.094 C5 30 -120

5011 3.941 C5 30 -45 -2.273 C5 30 -120 5011 3.941 C5 30 -45 -2.273 C5 30 -120

5012 4.109 C5 0 -60 -3.012 C5 330 -120 5012 4.109 C5 0 -60 -3.012 C5 330 -120

5013 4.935 C7 330 0 -2.943 C1 0 135 5013 4.480 C5 330 45 -2.512 C5 330 -135

5014 4.256 C5 30 -45 -2.737 C5 30 -135 5014 4.256 C5 30 -45 -2.737 C5 30 -135

5015 4.118 C7 0 -75 -2.322 C1 0 135 5015 3.999 C5 0 -60 -2.217 C5 30 -135

5016 3.975 C7 0 -75 -2.393 C1 0 135 5016 3.836 C5 0 -60 -2.011 C5 30 -135

5017 3.907 C7 0 -75 -2.420 C1 0 135 5017 3.793 C5 0 -60 -2.058 C5 330 -135

5018 5.144 C7 30 15 -3.139 C5 30 -135 5018 4.888 C5 30 15 -3.139 C5 30 -135

5019 4.397 C5 30 30 -4.473 C5 30 120 5019 4.397 C5 30 30 -4.473 C5 30 120

5020 3.569 C7 0 -75 -3.368 C1 0 120 5020 3.560 C5 0 -45 -2.729 C5 30 180

5021 3.796 C5 30 -45 -2.926 C1 0 120 5021 3.796 C5 30 -45 -2.276 C5 30 -165

5022 3.498 C7 0 -75 -3.020 C1 0 120 5022 3.349 C5 30 -45 -2.305 C5 30 165

5023 3.469 C5 0 -75 -3.707 C1 0 120 5023 3.469 C5 0 -75 -2.364 C5 30 165

5024 3.651 C7 0 -60 -4.563 C1 0 120 5024 3.550 C5 30 -75 -3.285 C5 0 120

5025 3.995 C1 30 60 -5.377 C7 30 120 5025 3.955 C5 30 60 -5.283 C5 30 105

5026 4.010 C1 0 75 -4.301 C5 30 120 5026 3.903 C5 30 75 -4.301 C5 30 120

5027 3.505 C5 30 75 -3.711 C1 0 105 5027 3.505 C5 30 75 -3.329 C5 30 120

5028 3.383 C5 30 75 -3.671 C7 330 105 5028 3.383 C5 30 75 -3.144 C5 30 120

5029 3.670 C1 330 75 -4.091 C1 0 105 5029 3.113 C5 30 75 -3.618 C5 30 105

5030 3.920 C7 330 -30 -5.342 C7 330 105 5030 3.676 C5 330 60 -4.273 C5 330 105

 110 
Figure 4-36 Vortex flow forming from corner of collector 

4.8.3 Instantaneous Differential Pressures 

Differential pressures over collector reflectors can cause the reflector to deflect, resulting in a loss 

of efficiency because the reflected sunlight may move out of focus. Severe deflection of the 

collector can also cause the reflector to break. To assess wind–induced reflector deflection and 

structural failure, the relationship between the loading condition and the resulting reflector 

deflection (and mechanical stresses) can be established through structural analysis, for example 

using finite element modeling. Collector designs vary by manufacturer, and each structure can 

respond differently to imposed loads. The pressure distribution data in this section are intended to 

enable this type of structural analysis. A very large number of pressure distributions have been 

obtained during these tests. Presenting all the pressure distribution results in this report is neither 

practical nor desirable. Accordingly, this section presents a limited number of the pressure test 

results, shown as differential pressure distributions realized instantaneously ― in essence, a 

“snapshot” extracted from the pressure time series data. 

The results presented here are selected from the data taken for Configuration C5, because it is 

representative of most of the collectors within the interior of the solar field. Figure 4-37 shows 

the instantaneous pressure distributions that contained the largest differential pressure at any of 

the tap locations, for each of the three yaw angles tested. The numerical values of the differential 

pressures are presented in Table 4-3. 

 111 
1.5

2.0

2.0

2.5 3.0 4.0 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

-4.0

Peak Positive, Yaw = -30, Pitch = 45

Peak Negative, Yaw = -30, Pitch = 105

Figure 4-37a Instantaneous differential pressure distribution 

with the largest local peak, yaw = - 30 degrees 

 112 
3.0

1.5 1.0

0.5

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0.0

-4.0 -2.0

Peak Positive, Yaw = 0, Pitch = 0

Peak Negative, Yaw = 0, Pitch = 120

Figure 4-37b Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with the 

largest local peak, yaw = 0 degrees 

 113 
5.0

2.0

1.5 1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0 -2.5

-5.0

Peak Positive, Yaw = 30, Pitch = 0

Peak Negative, Yaw = 30, Pitch = 120

Figure 4-37c Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with the largest local 

peak, yaw = 30 degrees 

 114 
Table 4-3 Selected Summary of Instantaneous Differential Distribution 

with the Largest Local Peak 

Yaw = -30 Yaw = 0 Yaw = 30

Pk Pos Pk Neg Pk Pos Pk Neg Pk Pos Pk Neg

Tap 45 deg. 105 deg. 0 deg. 120 deg. 0 deg. 120 deg.

5001 1.450 0.070 3.275 -0.041 5.018 0.489

5002 1.473 -0.054 1.146 -0.245 1.586 0.295

5003 1.678 0.077 0.934 -0.197 0.479 -0.009

5004 1.834 0.208 0.374 -0.089 0.594 0.118

5005 1.582 0.263 0.311 -0.117 0.594 0.089

5006 2.103 0.170 0.365 -0.337 0.085 -0.044

5007 1.060 0.016 1.167 -0.399 0.741 0.365

5008 1.709 -0.082 0.725 -0.249 0.815 0.158

5009 1.794 0.056 0.368 -0.127 0.653 0.077

5010 1.683 0.154 0.344 -0.193 0.729 0.042

5011 1.579 0.111 0.340 -0.161 0.560 0.076

5012 1.907 0.029 0.354 -0.447 0.460 0.057

5013 4.480 0.007 0.249 -0.179 0.385 -0.345

5014 1.783 -0.373 0.383 -0.236 0.642 -0.152

5015 1.673 -0.358 0.386 -0.353 0.582 -0.406

5016 1.534 -0.303 0.389 -0.459 0.617 -0.503

5017 1.388 -0.167 0.385 -0.464 0.691 -0.356

5018 1.444 -0.412 0.205 0.182 0.840 -0.117

5019 0.508 -0.925 0.252 -1.438 0.363 -2.874

5020 1.245 -1.071 0.319 -0.992 0.628 -1.937

5021 1.231 -1.080 0.265 -0.894 0.684 -1.639

5022 1.275 -1.185 0.316 -1.023 0.559 -1.298

5023 1.230 -1.359 0.394 -1.109 0.497 -1.168

5024 1.041 -2.059 0.312 -1.270 0.311 -0.883

5025 -0.122 -1.088 0.239 -2.095 0.523 -5.283

5026 0.645 -1.290 0.233 -1.738 0.527 -2.862

5027 0.501 -1.572 0.279 -1.609 0.556 -1.949

5028 0.658 -1.828 0.306 -2.123 0.561 -1.562

5029 0.782 -2.672 0.392 -2.501 0.597 -1.464

5030 0.874 -4.273 0.328 -4.175 0.282 -1.214

The largest pressure is in bold.

Pitch Angle Pitch Angle Pitch Angle

Additional pressure contours are presented in Appendix D for 

Configurations B1, C1, C3, C5 and D1. 

Other pressure distributions of interest to the design engineer are those that, when integrated over 

the collector surface, result in specific overall load levels. Various load levels may be used to 

evaluate the deformation of the structure to optimize structural and economical impact due to 

wind loads. This section presents instantaneous pressure distributions that resulted in the integral 

loads at the 80th percentile of their peak values. The choice of the load level was somewhat 

arbitrary, however. Figure 4-38 shows the selected results for positive pitch angles. The 

corresponding tabulated data are given in Table 4-4. 

 115 
1.6

1.2

1.0

0.8

1.0

0.6

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.4

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

Positive 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = 30 deg., Pitch = 30 deg.

Negative 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = -30 deg., Pitch = 0 deg.

Figure 4-38a Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with 

horizontal force at 80th percentile level of peak 

 116 
0.8

0.6

1.0

1.0

1.2

0.6

0.8

1.0 1.0

Positive 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = 30 deg., Pitch = 120 deg.

Negative 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = 30 deg., Pitch = 75 deg.

-0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

-0.6 -1.2

Figure 4-38b Instantaneous differential pressure distribution 

with vertical force at 80th percentile level of peak 

 117 
0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.2 -1.0

-1.6

Positive 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = 30 deg., Pitch = 105 deg.

Negative 80th Percentile Level at Yaw = 30 deg., Pitch = 60 deg.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.8

1.0

Figure 4-38c Instantaneous differential pressure distribution 

with pitching moment at 80th percentile level of peak 

 118 
Table 4-4 Differential Pressure Distributions Resulting in 

Overall Loads at 80th Percentile of Respective Peaks 

Yaw 30 Yaw -30 Yaw 30 Yaw 30 Yaw 30 Yaw 30

Pitch 30 Pitch 0 Pitch 120 Pitch 75 Pitch 105 Pitch 60

Tap Pos. Neg. Pos. Neg. Pos. Neg.

5001 1.653 -0.143 -0.434 0.687 0.277 1.004

5002 1.198 -0.036 -0.185 0.711 0.075 0.666

5003 0.817 0.074 -0.235 0.776 0.184 0.418

5004 0.629 0.109 -0.144 0.786 0.217 0.312

5005 0.982 -0.149 -0.029 0.557 0.324 0.354

5006 0.721 -0.145 -0.054 0.412 0.029 0.289

5007 1.027 -0.013 -0.591 0.989 0.366 0.939

5008 0.895 -0.090 -0.194 1.062 0.244 0.741

5009 0.658 0.040 -0.191 1.117 0.397 0.579

5010 0.754 0.076 -0.154 1.013 0.538 0.554

5011 0.856 -0.041 -0.138 0.750 0.438 0.470

5012 0.689 -0.162 -0.134 0.600 0.289 0.419

5013 0.886 -0.186 -0.401 0.844 0.283 0.635

5014 0.835 -0.113 -0.536 1.090 0.312 0.762

5015 0.642 -0.092 -0.502 1.144 0.135 0.712

5016 0.663 -0.001 -0.513 1.045 0.232 0.656

5017 0.759 -0.096 -0.449 0.907 0.193 0.621

5018 1.509 0.028 -0.475 1.252 0.048 1.002

5019 1.146 -0.080 -1.188 1.172 -0.630 0.964

5020 0.810 -0.015 -1.097 0.965 -0.290 0.736

5021 0.535 -0.164 -0.931 1.070 -0.685 0.684

5022 0.653 -0.143 -0.835 0.935 -0.575 0.651

5023 0.775 -0.075 -0.746 0.786 -0.426 0.658

5024 0.452 -0.027 -0.658 0.437 -0.472 0.397

5025 0.873 -0.050 -1.343 0.505 -1.803 0.636

5026 0.630 -0.157 -1.066 0.836 -1.298 1.053

5027 0.428 -0.069 -0.949 0.773 -1.083 0.907

5028 0.514 -0.089 -0.877 0.867 -1.024 0.921

5029 0.624 -0.036 -0.741 0.692 -0.938 0.897

5030 0.520 0.069 -0.559 0.452 -0.761 0.568

fx fz my

 119 
4.8.4 Example Calculations of Design Loads 

This section demonstrates the use of the current wind-tunnel test results to determine the wind 

loads required by the designer. First, recall the definition of the load coefficients given in Section 

3.1: 

Horizontal Force, fx Cfx fx

qLW = (4.1) 

Vertical Force, fz Cfz fz

qLW = (4.2) 

Pitching Moment, my Cmy my

qLW = 2 (4.3) 

and the mean reference dynamic pressure measured at the collector pivot height, Hc, of the solar 

collector as given by 

q U = 1

2

2 ρ . (4.4) 

Here U is the mean wind speed at the pivot height, and ρ is the density of air. The above 

equations can be rewritten to obtain the loads as 

Horizontal Force, fx fx qLWCfx = (4.5) 

Vertical Force, fz fz qLWCfz = (4.6) 

Pitching Moment, my my qLW Cmy = . (4.7) 2

For the full-scale loads, the corresponding reference dimensions, L is 25.97 ft and W is 16.40 ft. 

In addition, the velocity reference elevation, Hc, is 9.35 ft. Note that these reference dimensions 

must be used consistently between the model and full-scale to properly calculate the loads 

applicable to the full-scale solar collector. To actually determine the full-scale loads, the design 

wind pressure, q, or equivalently, the design wind speed, U, must be also specified. An example 

procedure is described next. 

Specifying Design Wind Speed

Several available sources provide wind speed to be used for estimating design wind loads on civil 

engineering structures and buildings. They include, but are not limited to, the current US 

standard, ASCE 7-98, and regional wind load codes. Regional wind data are also available from 

the National Climate Data Center (NCDC), but require considerable data analysis to determine a 

rational design wind speed. For the example in this section, the wind map provided by ASCE 7-

98 (Figure 6-1, pp. 34-38) is used because it is a widely accepted practice. 

The ASCE 7-98 specifies design wind speeds as 3-sec gust speeds at an elevation of 33 ft for the 

entire United States in a form of a wind map. Except for hurricane-prone southern and eastern 

coastal regions and Alaska, much of the United States plains have been zoned as 90-mph regions. 

Western states such as California, Oregon, and Washington have been zoned as 85 mph regions. 

These wind speeds are referred to as the basic wind speed that would result in 50-year recurrence 

wind loads for structures in open countries. The ASCE-specified wind speeds, however, cannot 

 120 
be used directly for the present solar collector data because (1) the ASCE wind speeds are given 

as a 3-second gust speed rather than a mean speed adopted for the wind-tunnel test, and (2) the 

ASCE wind speeds are referenced at an elevation of 33 ft rather than the collector pivot height of 

9.35 ft. Thus, conversion of the ASCE wind speeds is necessary using the procedures explained 

in ASCE 7-98. Conversion of a 50-year wind load is also explained in ASCE 7-98 for different 

mean recurrence intervals and is presented here. 

Conversion of ASCE Basic Wind Speed 

Consider a solar collector site in California for which ASCE 7-98 (Figure 6-1) gives the basic 

wind speed of V = 85 mph. Using Figure C6-1, the corresponding hourly mean wind speed at 33 

ft, U33 is obtained as 

U V 33 = /. /. . 153 85 153 55 6 = = mph hourly mean . 

Using values implied by Table 6-4 of ASCE 7-98, the mean wind speed at the collector pivot 

height, UHc, is given as 

U U Hc = F

H

G I

K

J = F

H

G I

K 33 J =

1 7 1 7 9 32

33

55 6 9 32

33

46 4 . . . .

/ /

mph hourly mean . 

The hourly mean wind speed of 46.4 mph is the design wind speed for the solar collectors in 

California. 

Design Wind Loads

Based on the design wind speed, the corresponding design pressure, q, is calculated by 

q U == = hc

1

2

0 00256 46 4 551 2 2 ρ . ( .) . psf . 

Here, the constant 0.00256 is conveniently used to obtain the reference pressure in psf from the 

wind speed in mph. As an example, we wish to determine the 50-year peak design loads on the 

innermost-shielded solar collectors (Configuration C5) when that collector is oriented at a –60 

degree pitch angle (a downward-facing stow position). We note from Table 4.1 that the largest 

peak vertical force, Load Case 3, is produced at this –60 degree pitch angle, at a yaw angle of 0 

degrees, so this orientation is of special interest to designers. Table 4.1 shows the peak Cfz is 

2.754 and the corresponding Cfx value is 1.404, and the Cmy value is 0.107. Using equations 

(4.5) – (4.7): 

Horizontal Force fx = qLWCfx = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(1.404) = 3,295 lbs 

Vertical Force, fz = qLWCfz = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(2.754) = 6,463 lbs 

Pitching Moment, my = qLW2

Cmy = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)2(0.107) = 4,118 lb-ft. 

Note that these loads are to be applied simultaneously to the structure because the wind-tunnel 

results were obtained as a concurrent load combination from the time series data for which the 

vertical force was maximized. 

Comparison to Design Loads Determined by Quasi-Steady Assumption

As pointed out in Section 1.2, the traditional approach to obtaining the structural design loads on 

solar collectors has been based on the quasi-steady assumption. With this technique, the 

measured mean load is scaled to follow the gust wind speed to provide the equivalent peak load. 

The scale factor is known as the gust load factor, and ASCE 7-98 or the model building code IBC 

 121
2000 would predict the gust load factor to be 2.34 for a structure in open country. To illustrate 

this, the next example calculates the load combination using the mean load data for the 

innermost-shielded solar collectors (Configuration C5) under the quasi-steady assumption. To 

make a direct comparison with the values calculated just above, we use the same assumptions for 

pitch angle and yaw angle, -60 degrees and 0 degrees, respectively. 

From Appendix B (pg. 8-51) and using the scale factor of 1.13 (see Section 4.9) it can be shown 

that mean coefficients for a –60 degree pitch angle, with a yaw of 0 degrees, are: Cfx = 0.382, Cfy

= 0.742, and Cmy = 0.027. 

Applying the gust factor, the design loads are calculated as: 

Horizontal Force fx = (2.34)qLWCfx = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(0.382) = 2,098 lbs 

Vertical Force, fz = (2.34)qLWCfz = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(0.742) = 4,075 lbs 

Pitching Moment, my = (2.34)qLW2

Cmy = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)2(0.027) = 2,432 lb-ft. 

The quasi-steady approach considerably underestimated the design loads for the interior solar 

collectors. Not all collector orientations and collector configurations will yield underestimates, 

but this example is intended to illustrate the differences between these two approaches, as well as 

the calculation methods. In wind tunnels, measurement of the mean loads is far easier than 

measuring the peak loads, as done in the current wind-tunnel study, because the design of the 

wind-tunnel model, as well as necessary instrumentation, need not concern high frequency gust 

response due to turbulence. However, the estimate of the design load based on the quasi-steady 

assumption has limited applicability to the realistic structural design, so generally the measured 

peak coefficients should instead be used. 

Design Loads for Other Mean Recurrence Intervals

The above examples demonstrates the use of the wind-tunnel results to determine the design wind 

loads of the solar collector with the design wind speed provided by ASCE 7-98. The calculated 

loads are expected to occur at an annual probability of 0.02, or once in 50 years. ASCE 7-98 also 

tabulates a set of conversion factors to obtain the design loads for other mean recurrence 

intervals. Table 4-5 is a summary of the conversion factors for most of the United States with the 

basic wind speed of 85 to 90 mph. 

Table 4-5 Design Pressure Conversion Factors for 

Different Mean Recurrence Intervals 

MRI, years 5 10 25 50 100 200 500

Conversion Factor 0.61 0.71 0.86 1 1.14 1.3 1.51

 122 
4.9 Adjustment to Pressure Test Data 

4.9.1 Adjustment Factor 

Although the overall loads calculated by integration of the local pressure data generally agree 

well with the directly measured balance results, a slight discrepancy is noted primarily due to the 

degree of the finite resolution of the pressure distributions actually measured. A denser array of 

pressure tap measurements (were it physically possible) would likely result in better agreement. 

Before the pressure data can be used the discrepancy needs to be quantified. Figure 4-39

compares the balance and pressure results for the horizontal and vertical force components. The 

comparisons are made for all of the essential statistical measures for completeness. 

Mean Cfx

Pressure Data

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Balance Data

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

RMS Cfx

Pressure Data

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Balance Data

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Max Cfx

Pressure Data

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Balance Data

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Min Cfx

Pressure Data

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Balance Data

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Figure 4-39 Comparison of Balance and Pressure Data, 

(a) Horizontal Force Component 

 123 
Mean Cfy

Pressure Data

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Balance Data

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

RMS Cfy

Pressure Data

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Balance Data

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Max Cfy

Pressure Data

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Balance Data

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Min Cfy

Pressure Data

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Balance Data

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Figure 4-39 Comparison of Balance and Pressure Data, 

(b) Vertical Force Component 

 124 
Mean Cmy

Pressure Data

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Balance Data

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

RMS Cmy

Pressure Data

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Balance Data

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Max Cmy

Pressure Data

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Balance Data

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Min Cmy

Pressure Data

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5

Balance Data

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

Figure 4-39 Comparison of Balance and Pressure Data, 

(c) Pitching Moment Component 

 125 
As can be seen, the integrated pressure loads tend to consistently underestimate those measured 

by the force balance for all the force components. That is, the best fit line when drawn would 

have a slope larger than 1. 

By performing statistical linear regression on the data plotted in Figure 4-39c for the pitching 

moment and Figure 4-39a-b for the force components, scaling factors that would adjust the 

pressure data to best-match the balance data were calculated as the slopes of the best fit lines. 

Table 4-6 summarizes the result of the analysis. Note that the separate adjustment factors were 

estimated for Configuration C5 and all the other configurations. This is because the wind loads 

for Configuration C5 were practically applicable to the majority of the collector modules in the 

array field as pointed out earlier, thus warranting a particularly accurate adjustment. 

Table 4-6 Adjustment Factors to Be Applied to Pressure Data 

All Data Except for C5

Mean RMS Max Min

Cfx 1.12 1.20 1.10 1.15

Cfy 1.21 1.21 1.10 1.17

Cmy 1.27 1.26 0.99 1.43

Overall Average 1.18

C5 Only

Mean RMS Max Min

Cfx 1.00 1.15 1.03 1.13

Cfy 1.15 1.12 1.00 1.05

Cmy 1.21 1.27 1.11 1.28

Overall Average 1.13

The values of the adjustment factors vary little for the different statistical measures and load 

components. The overall averages indicated in Table 4-6 are appropriate as the adjustment 

factors to be uniformly applied to the pressure data. These adjustment factors are applicable to 

any statistical component, including the Mean, RMS, Maximum and Minimum coefficients, as 

well as the instantaneous load coefficients as described in the next section. As far as the design 

loads for the structural elements based on the pressure distribution data is concerned, the use of 

the scale factor is also appropriate. The factor should be applied to the individual local pressures 

uniformly. The effectiveness of the adjustment factors is demonstrated in the next section. 

4.9.2 Effectiveness of the Adjustment Factors to Pressure Data 

To verify the effectiveness of the adjustment factors given in Table 4-6, a new set of the 

integrated load coefficients were computed by applying those factors to the earlier pressure data. 

Figure 4-40 compares the adjusted pressure data with the original balance data. It appears that 

the adjusted pressure data correspond well to the balance data for all the load components. The 

effectiveness of the adjustment factors is also demonstrated in Figure 4-41 and Figure 4-42 that 

show variations of the load coefficients as a function of pitch angles for isolated and typical 

interior solar collectors, respectively. 

It should be understood that all of the pressure test results given in this report, with an exception 

of those in Figure 4-41 and Figure 4-42, are not adjusted. These are presented as raw data, 

including the load summary shown in Appendix B for sake of consistency within the context of 

the present wind-tunnel study. 

 126 
Mean Cfx

Adjusted Pressure Data

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Balance Data

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

RMS Cfx

Adjusted Pressure Data

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Balance Data

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Max Cfx

Adjusted Pressure Data

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Balance Data

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Min Cfx

Adjusted Pressure Data

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Balance Data

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Figure 4-40 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data, 

(a) Horizontal Force Component 

 127 
Mean Cfy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Balance Data

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

RMS Cfy

Adjusted Pressure Data

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Balance Data

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Max Cfy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Balance Data

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Min Cfy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Balance Data

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Figure 4-40 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data, 

(b) Vertical Force Component 

 128 
Mean Cmy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-0.5 0.0 0.5

New Balance Data

-0.5

0.0

0.5

RMS Cmy

Adjusted Pressure Data

0.00 0.05 0.10

New Balance Data

0.00

0.05

0.10

Max Cmy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

New Balance Data

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Min Cmy

Adjusted Pressure Data

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5

New Balance Data

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

Figure 4-40 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data, 

(c) Pitching Moment Component 

 129 
Configuration A1, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Balance Mean (2001, 2002)

Balance Max/Min (2001, 2002)

Adjusted Pressure Mean (2001)

Adjusted Pressure Max/Min (2001)

Figure 4-41 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data 

for Isolated Solar Collector 

JAP note: Why blank page? 

 130 
Configuration C5, Yaw = 0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfx

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cfz

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Pitch Angle, deg.

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Cmy

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Balance Mean (2001, 2002)

Balance Max/Min (2001, 2002)

Adjusted Pressure Mean (2001)

Adjusted Pressure Max/Min (2001)

Figure 4-42 Comparison of Balance and Adjusted Pressure Data 

for Interior Solar Collector 

 131 
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 

Extensive wind-tunnel tests were conducted on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine 

practical wind loads applicable to the structural design for stress and deformation, as well as the 

local component design for the concentrator reflectors. The overall dynamic loads and 

simultaneous pressure distributions on the concentrator were measured using force balances and a 

multi-pressure data acquisition system, respectively, in a boundary layer wind tunnel at CPP. 

Various test configurations were examined, including an isolated collector and solar field 

collectors at different positions. 

Significant test results are presented and discussed in detail. Overall, the wind-tunnel tests 

produced sufficient data that can be used by designers of the present and future for a variety of 

design practices. 

Several recommendations can be made for future work. The validity of the wind-tunnel data is 

particularly important. Ultimately, the acceptability of the test results should be based on modelto-full-scale comparison, which requires measurement of wind loads on a full-scale solar 

collector. Should further wind tunnel prove useful, the pressure test model should attempt to 

increase the pressure tap installation density to enhance the resolution of discrete pressure 

distribution data. 

 132 
 133 

6. REFERENCES 

ASCE 7-98 (2000), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Standard 

ANSI/ASCE 7-98, American Society of Civil Engineers and American National Standards 

Institute, New York. 

Cermak, J.E. (1971), “Laboratory Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer,” AIAA 

Journal, Vol. 9, September. 

Cermak, J.E. (1975), “Applications of Fluid Mechanics to Wind Engineering,” A Freeman 

Scholar Lecture, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 97, No. 1, March. 

Cermak, J.E. (1976), “Aerodynamics of Buildings,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8, 

pp. 75 – 106. 

Cohen, G.E., D.W. Kearney and G.J. Kolb (1999), Final Report on the Operation and 

Maintenance Improvement for Concentrating Solar Power Plants, Report SAND99-1290, Sandia 

National Laboratories. 

Counihan, J. (1975), “Adiabatic Atmospheric Boundary Layers: A Review and Analysis of Data 

from the Period 1880-1972,” Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9, pp. 871 – 905. 

Engineering Science Data Unit [ESDU], (1975), “Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence 

Near the Ground,” Item No. 75001, London, U.K. 

Huebner, K.H., E.A. Thornton and T.G. Byrom, (1995), The Finite Element Method for Engineer, 

Third Edition, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 

International Code Council, Inc. (2000), International Building Code 2000 (IBC 2000), Falls 

Church, VA. 

Peterka, J. A. and R.G. Derickson (1992), Wind Load Design Methods for Ground-Based 

Heliostats and Parabolic Dish Collectors, Report SAND 92-7009, Sandia National Laboratories. 

Peterka, J. A., J. M. Sinou and J. E. Cermak (1980), Mean Wind Forces on Parabolic-Trough 

Solar Collectors, Report SAND80-7023, Sandia National Laboratories. 

Randall, D.E., D.D. McBride and R.E. Tate (1980), Steady-State Wind Loading on ParabolicTrough Solar Collectors, Report SAND79-2134, Sandia National Laboratories. 

Randall, D.E., R.E. Tate and D.A Powers (1982), Experimental Results of Pitching Moment Tests 

on Parabolic-Trough Solar-Collector Array Configurations, Report SAND82-1569, Sandia 

National Laboratories. 
7. APPENDICES 

7.1 APPENDIX A - VALIDITY OF FULL-SCALE PREDICTION 

Boundary-layer wind-tunnel testing for wind loads on structures has been an accepted practice for 

many years. The first well-conducted test for a structure using modern understanding of 

wind/structure interaction was performed for the World Trade center in New York City, 

conducted in about 1963 at Colorado State University under the direction of Drs. Jack Cermak (a 

principal of CPP, Inc.) and Alan Davenport. The wind load standard ANSI A58.1-1982 was 

referenced by most U.S. building codes by the mid 1980's, and permitted properly conducted 

wind-tunnel tests to be used in lieu of local building code wind load provisions. This capability 

continues today, with most U.S. building codes referring to some version of ASCE 7, the national 

wind load standard, which permits wind tunnel testing to replace code provisions. Survey 

references that discuss wind-tunnel modeling and its validity include Cermak (1971, 1975, 1976). 

The basis for acceptance of wind-tunnel testing relied initially on early testing in aeronautical 

wind tunnels which showed that non-dimensional load coefficients become invariant with 

increasing Reynolds number. In the final analysis, comparisons of model and full-scale data have 

provided confidence in the ability of boundary-layer wind tunnels to correctly model full-scale 

wind loads. There have been a number of model/full-scale comparisons that have shown that the 

same non-dimensional wind load coefficients are obtained for models and full-scale structures. A 

few of these are listed below. These references include Meroney (1980) for wind flow similarity 

over terrain, Dalgliesh et al (1980) for cladding loads on a high-rise building, Cermak and 

Cochran (1992) for wind-tunnel simulation of a partial height boundary layer, Cochran and 

Cermak (1993) for cladding and frame pressures on a low rise building, Cheung et al. (1996) for 

cladding pressures and frame loads on a low-rise building, Cochran, Peterka and Derickson 

(1999) for wind speed similarity close to the roofs of low-rise buildings, Peterka and Hosoya, et 

al. (1998) for area-averaged pressures on a low-rise building. 

For the current study, parabolic collectors have curved surfaces. Curved shapes such as cylinders 

are the shapes most sensitive to Reynolds number effects. For example, it is well-known that 

automobiles and airplanes must be modeled at near-full-scale Reynolds numbers to achieve 

acceptable accuracy. Both of these vehicle types are typically tested in uniform-flow, 

aeronautical-type wind tunnels with very low turbulence (typically less than 1 percent). For 

stationary objects at the surface of the earth, the turbulence intensity is much larger, typically 

greater than 15-20 percent. The added turbulence decreases the Reynolds number effects by 

inserting turbulence directly into the boundary layer on the object, increasing the effective 

Reynolds number of the flow. Several proprietary studies by CPP, Inc. have demonstrated this 

effect. Reynolds number tests on the solar collector models have shown no significant effect of 

Reynolds numbers over the range of Reynolds numbers that are permitted at model scale. On the 

basis of available information, it is likely that Reynolds number effects are not significant for 

determination of design wind loads on parabolic collectors using properly conducted boundarylayer wind tunnel tests. However, model to full scale comparisons for this geometry would be 

valuable and should be considered for future funding. 

A-1 
 A-2 

References

Cermak, J.E. (1971), “Laboratory Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer,” AIAA Jl., 

Vol. 9, September. 

Cermak, J.E. (1975), “Applications of Fluid Mechanics to Wind Engineering,” A Freeman 

Scholar Lecture, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 97, No. 1, March. 

Cermak, J.E. (1976), “Aerodynamics of Buildings,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8, 

pp. 75 B 106. 

Cermak, J. E. and L. S. Cochran (1992), “Physical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer,” 

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 41-44, pp 935-946. 

Cheung, J. C. K., Holmes, J. D., Melbourne, W. H., Lakshmanan, N., and Bowditch, P. (1996), 

"Pressures on a 1/10 Scale Model of the Texas Tech Building,” Third International 

Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics & Applications BBAA, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp 

A IX 5 - A IX 8. 

Cochran, L.S. and Cermak, J. E. (1992), “Full- and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas 

Tech University experimental building,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial 

Aerodynamics, Vol. 41-44, pp 1589-1600. 

Cochran, L. S., Peterka, J., and Derickson, R. (1999), “Roof Surface Wind Speed Distributions on 

Low-Rise Buildings,” Architectural Science Review, Vol. 42, pp 151-160. 

Dalgliesh, W.A., J.T. Templin and K.R. Cooper, (1980), “Comparison of Wind Tunnel and FullScale Building Surface Pressures with Emphasis on Peaks,” The Proceedings of the Fifth 

International Conference in Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, Vol. 1, pp553-

565. 

Meroney, R. N. (1980), “Wind-Tunnel Simulation of the Flow Over Hills and Complex Terrain,” 

Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 5, pp 297-321. 

Peterka, J. N., Hosoya, N., Dodge, S., Cochran, L., and Cermak, J. E. (1998), “Area-average peak 

pressures in a gable roof vortex region,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial 

Aerodynamics, Vol. 77-78, pp 205-215. 
 B-1 

7.2 APPENDIX B - LIST OF OVERALL LOAD DATA 

This appendix section presents a list of overall load coefficients (Mean, RMS, Max and Min) measured by 

the balance and surface integration of the local pressure data. For the integrated pressure loads, the 

original local pressures as measured were used, and have not been adjusted to account for loss of 

resolutions due to the finite pressure tap layout on the wind-tunnel model (See Section 4.9). 
 B-2 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

174 A1 10.6 0 0 1.529 0.442 2.927 0.557 0.048 0.091 0.309 -0.215

175 A1 12.3 0 0 1.499 0.463 3.009 0.451 0.049 0.081 0.329 -0.158

176 A1 14.1 0 0 1.473 0.435 3.011 0.499 0.042 0.072 0.313 -0.121

177 A1 16.4 0 0 1.588 0.463 3.295 0.519 0.038 0.069 0.324 -0.112

178 A1 17.8 0 0 1.614 0.472 3.400 0.594 0.032 0.068 0.332 -0.144

179 A1 17.7 0 0 1.788 0.442 3.564 0.748 0.031 0.065 0.328 -0.152

180 A1 19.1 0 0 1.795 0.511 3.546 0.671 0.025 0.069 0.351 -0.131

181 A1 20.7 0 0 1.757 0.499 3.688 0.695 0.021 0.067 0.339 -0.140

182 A1 22.1 0 0 1.767 0.475 3.745 0.525 0.014 0.070 0.513 -0.369

183 A1 10.5 0 -90 -0.133 0.148 0.359 -0.558 1.591 0.162 2.056 1.111

184 A1 12.3 0 -90 -0.097 0.157 0.467 -0.570 0.846 0.181 1.552 0.307

185 A1 14.5 0 -90 -0.079 0.154 0.380 -0.499 0.532 0.158 1.115 -0.003

186 A1 16.3 0 -90 0.003 0.157 0.528 -0.433 0.415 0.165 1.018 -0.145

187 A1 18.1 0 -90 0.033 0.143 0.496 -0.351 0.356 0.155 0.884 -0.146

188 A1 19.7 0 -90 0.069 0.135 0.546 -0.271 0.329 0.162 0.952 -0.171

189 A1 21.2 0 -90 0.113 0.135 0.577 -0.255 0.340 0.176 1.020 -0.239

190 A1 22.5 0 -90 0.120 0.134 0.593 -0.251 0.338 0.176 1.041 -0.194

207 A3 12.5 0 0 1.804 0.332 2.756 1.070 -0.015 0.082 0.192 -0.124

208 A3 14.7 0 0 1.776 0.328 2.896 0.984 -0.006 0.063 0.184 -0.180

209 A3 16.9 0 0 1.678 0.348 2.758 0.818 -0.010 0.053 0.163 -0.137

210 A3 19.0 0 0 1.683 0.342 2.827 0.929 -0.010 0.051 0.193 -0.127

211 A3 21.4 0 0 1.654 0.359 2.949 0.761 -0.008 0.050 0.253 -0.302

212 A3 23.4 0 0 1.656 0.360 3.014 0.859 -0.008 0.048 0.193 -0.126

213 A3 25.1 0 0 1.647 0.371 3.069 0.851 -0.012 0.047 0.189 -0.130

214 A3 27.0 0 0 1.709 0.364 3.042 0.876 -0.010 0.049 0.199 -0.135

215 A3 12.7 0 -90 0.594 0.081 0.834 0.404 -0.053 0.106 0.309 -0.468

216 A3 15.0 0 -90 0.408 0.084 0.673 0.203 0.002 0.128 0.516 -0.366

217 A3 17.0 0 -90 0.291 0.082 0.568 0.089 0.041 0.120 0.514 -0.364

218 A3 19.3 0 -90 0.268 0.076 0.527 0.095 0.082 0.124 0.557 -0.325

219 A3 21.7 0 -90 0.252 0.079 0.545 0.062 0.119 0.127 0.639 -0.287

220 A3 23.7 0 -90 0.256 0.075 0.554 0.022 0.157 0.129 0.656 -0.514

221 A3 25.7 0 -90 0.262 0.073 0.523 0.074 0.170 0.135 0.755 -0.249

222 A3 27.3 0 -90 0.262 0.073 0.554 0.078 0.207 0.136 0.714 -0.233

223 A4 12.6 0 -90 -0.073 0.097 0.204 -0.316 0.099 0.117 0.494 -0.276

224 A4 14.4 0 -90 -0.171 0.089 0.124 -0.384 0.135 0.129 0.568 -0.338

225 A4 16.6 0 -90 -0.175 0.082 0.128 -0.371 0.157 0.124 0.543 -0.241

226 A4 19.3 0 -90 -0.095 0.076 0.184 -0.285 0.181 0.131 0.645 -0.259

227 A4 21.4 0 -90 -0.067 0.077 0.193 -0.239 0.198 0.131 0.747 -0.211

228 A4 23.0 0 -90 -0.013 0.072 0.247 -0.194 0.215 0.133 0.756 -0.213

229 A4 24.8 0 -90 0.046 0.072 0.341 -0.118 0.240 0.140 0.799 -0.194

230 A4 26.6 0 -90 0.057 0.078 0.361 -0.126 0.270 0.143 0.843 -0.182

231 A4 12.3 0 0 1.031 0.349 2.121 0.256 0.903 0.076 1.122 0.710

232 A4 14.8 0 0 1.348 0.341 2.642 0.571 0.349 0.064 0.540 0.193

233 A4 16.8 0 0 1.435 0.374 2.736 0.630 0.192 0.056 0.395 0.032

234 A4 18.6 0 0 1.474 0.360 2.731 0.651 0.123 0.051 0.329 0.007

235 A4 21.1 0 0 1.550 0.355 2.774 0.770 0.081 0.049 0.265 -0.046

236 A4 22.9 0 0 1.592 0.365 3.074 0.760 0.055 0.049 0.256 -0.090

237 A4 25.3 0 0 1.592 0.366 2.880 0.755 0.041 0.047 0.235 -0.084

238 A4 26.3 0 0 1.628 0.398 3.080 0.753 0.031 0.049 0.245 -0.101

239 A2 23.2 0 0 1.720 0.509 3.910 0.598 -0.006 0.065 0.326 -0.174

Cfx Cfz
 B-3 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

240 A2 22.7 0 15 1.851 0.498 3.828 0.745 -0.570 0.101 -0.324 -0.926

241 A2 22.8 0 30 1.765 0.487 3.658 0.762 -1.170 0.249 -0.651 -2.075

242 A2 23.3 0 45 1.482 0.401 2.980 0.632 -1.803 0.425 -0.930 -3.215

243 A2 22.8 0 60 0.971 0.287 2.073 0.346 -1.539 0.410 -0.713 -3.015

244 A2 22.9 0 75 0.531 0.206 1.367 0.096 -0.792 0.280 -0.220 -1.837

245 A2 22.6 0 90 0.321 0.171 1.114 -0.094 0.144 0.150 0.704 -0.443

246 A2 23.1 0 -90 0.406 0.144 0.960 0.080 -0.272 0.201 0.278 -1.119

247 A2 23.0 0 -75 0.423 0.174 1.062 0.062 0.703 0.200 1.480 0.172

248 A2 22.6 0 -60 0.706 0.232 1.616 0.182 1.290 0.346 2.559 0.479

249 A2 22.7 0 -45 1.280 0.330 2.538 0.514 1.594 0.410 3.144 0.689

250 A2 22.7 0 -30 1.434 0.416 3.219 0.426 0.697 0.237 1.722 0.174

251 A2 22.9 0 -15 1.494 0.456 3.435 0.496 0.360 0.142 0.967 0.047

252 A2 23.1 180 -15 -1.159 0.362 -0.386 -2.597 -0.168 0.076 0.008 -0.438

253 A2 23.4 180 -30 -0.919 0.273 -0.328 -1.980 -0.211 0.083 -0.007 -0.522

254 A2 23.2 180 -45 -0.655 0.201 -0.217 -1.462 -0.147 0.061 0.016 -0.403

255 A2 23.2 180 -60 -0.637 0.180 -0.203 -1.381 -0.227 0.125 0.162 -0.737

256 A2 23.4 180 -75 -0.647 0.169 -0.253 -1.298 -0.651 0.209 -0.109 -1.458

257 A2 23.0 180 -90 -0.435 0.145 -0.121 -1.021 -0.199 0.184 0.441 -0.849

258 A2 22.9 180 90 -0.394 0.172 -0.014 -1.225 0.074 0.092 0.378 -0.362

259 A2 22.9 180 75 -0.637 0.195 -0.163 -1.510 0.331 0.111 0.788 0.031

260 A2 23.1 180 60 -0.791 0.229 -0.295 -1.753 0.062 0.077 0.387 -0.207

261 A2 22.7 180 45 -0.943 0.270 -0.365 -2.064 0.081 0.051 0.280 -0.089

262 A2 23.1 180 30 -1.199 0.333 -0.453 -2.438 0.144 0.049 0.319 0.015

263 A2 22.5 180 15 -1.516 0.406 -0.661 -3.019 0.138 0.048 0.330 0.004

264 A2 23.4 180 0 -1.483 0.375 -0.647 -2.950 0.037 0.031 0.140 -0.083

265 A1 22.7 180 0 -1.253 0.425 -0.366 -2.772 0.032 0.052 0.231 -0.159

266 A1 22.9 150 0 -1.137 0.388 -0.311 -2.558 0.061 0.046 0.218 -0.152

267 A1 22.8 120 0 -1.431 0.448 -0.433 -3.314 0.007 0.043 0.171 -0.174

268 A1 22.7 60 0 1.271 0.448 3.045 0.243 0.031 0.048 0.244 -0.108

269 A1 22.7 30 0 1.814 0.480 3.672 0.714 -0.020 0.038 0.146 -0.149

270 A1 22.7 0 0 1.757 0.482 3.609 0.648 -0.027 0.042 0.131 -0.175

271 A1 22.0 0 15 1.941 0.516 3.986 0.805 -0.595 0.162 -0.207 -1.225

272 A1 22.5 30 15 1.686 0.437 3.426 0.565 -0.510 0.137 -0.160 -1.073

273 A1 23.1 60 15 1.220 0.437 2.818 0.192 -0.394 0.142 -0.054 -0.931

274 A1 22.8 120 15 -1.327 0.441 -0.359 -2.869 0.246 0.101 0.628 0.008

275 A1 23.0 150 15 -1.198 0.392 -0.380 -2.676 0.291 0.086 0.622 0.095

276 A1 22.6 180 15 -1.297 0.396 -0.138 -2.803 0.287 0.087 0.612 0.066

277 A1 22.7 180 30 -1.069 0.309 -0.396 -2.171 0.311 0.092 0.643 0.047

278 A1 22.9 150 30 -1.248 0.343 -0.430 -2.491 0.430 0.111 0.817 0.168

279 A1 23.3 120 30 -1.264 0.378 -0.383 -2.602 0.461 0.139 0.952 0.142

280 A1 23.3 60 30 1.069 0.424 2.580 0.124 -0.675 0.275 -0.083 -1.676

281 A1 22.7 30 30 1.682 0.439 3.441 0.727 -0.961 0.258 -0.415 -1.958

282 A1 22.8 0 30 1.780 0.482 3.739 0.762 -1.002 0.274 -0.422 -2.085

283 A1 22.6 0 45 1.604 0.435 3.190 0.696 -2.004 0.557 -0.845 -4.128

284 A1 22.7 30 45 1.455 0.410 3.071 0.581 -1.868 0.532 -0.749 -3.971

285 A1 22.7 60 45 0.664 0.310 1.806 0.000 -0.936 0.403 -0.149 -2.508

286 A1 22.8 120 45 -0.809 0.295 -0.098 -1.830 0.481 0.185 1.143 0.048

287 A1 22.6 150 45 -0.835 0.255 -0.079 -1.856 0.456 0.136 1.079 0.013

288 A1 22.6 180 45 -0.687 0.229 -0.142 -1.599 0.329 0.097 0.708 0.046

289 A1 22.9 180 60 -0.558 0.190 -0.115 -1.290 0.212 0.127 0.782 -0.223

Cfx Cfz
 B-4 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

290 A1 22.4 150 60 -0.627 0.194 -0.181 -1.370 0.456 0.164 1.036 -0.023

291 A1 22.5 120 60 -0.654 0.222 -0.110 -1.490 0.452 0.180 1.166 -0.013

292 A1 22.6 60 60 0.385 0.211 1.155 -0.114 -0.778 0.385 0.006 -2.259

293 A1 22.5 30 60 1.083 0.291 2.106 0.437 -2.034 0.606 -0.819 -4.182

294 A1 22.7 0 60 1.166 0.304 2.342 0.542 -2.267 0.640 -1.033 -4.656

295 A1 22.9 0 75 0.632 0.182 1.336 0.235 -1.610 0.540 -0.503 -3.775

296 A1 22.5 30 75 0.525 0.161 1.081 0.173 -1.429 0.493 -0.431 -3.146

297 A1 22.7 60 75 0.151 0.109 0.594 -0.142 -0.502 0.288 0.197 -1.710

298 A1 22.9 120 75 -0.240 0.125 0.097 -0.761 0.101 0.163 0.761 -0.540

299 A1 22.5 150 75 -0.281 0.136 0.067 -0.809 0.241 0.160 0.897 -0.444

300 A1 22.6 180 75 -0.297 0.118 0.001 -0.848 0.206 0.176 0.927 -0.474

301 A1 22.7 180 90 -0.244 0.116 0.035 -0.756 -0.311 0.241 0.229 -1.515

302 A1 22.8 150 90 -0.274 0.119 0.022 -0.714 -0.502 0.291 0.228 -1.754

303 A1 22.6 120 90 -0.354 0.098 -0.100 -0.755 -0.238 0.226 0.364 -1.327

304 A1 22.8 60 90 0.001 0.090 0.358 -0.242 -0.201 0.215 0.423 -1.084

305 A1 22.2 30 90 0.397 0.124 0.882 0.114 -0.614 0.327 0.106 -1.999

306 A1 22.4 0 90 0.337 0.124 0.866 0.056 -0.430 0.273 0.145 -1.612

307 A1 22.6 0 -90 0.211 0.095 0.588 0.007 0.295 0.167 0.871 -0.278

308 A1 22.6 30 -90 0.264 0.112 0.728 0.025 0.467 0.151 1.030 -0.048

309 A1 22.6 60 -90 0.182 0.098 0.565 -0.079 0.203 0.122 0.758 -0.208

310 A1 22.6 120 -90 -0.086 0.106 0.155 -0.546 0.227 0.149 0.899 -0.219

311 A1 22.3 150 -90 -0.222 0.118 0.037 -0.645 0.512 0.162 1.162 -0.022

312 A1 22.2 180 -90 -0.189 0.107 0.030 -0.639 0.320 0.179 1.076 -0.180

313 A1 22.9 180 -75 -0.235 0.107 0.011 -0.638 -0.106 0.119 0.312 -0.556

314 A1 22.7 150 -75 -0.285 0.121 -0.010 -0.750 -0.131 0.133 0.252 -0.681

315 A1 22.5 120 -75 -0.333 0.121 -0.052 -0.801 -0.097 0.115 0.240 -0.577

316 A1 22.5 60 -75 0.098 0.100 0.510 -0.160 0.498 0.196 1.325 0.010

317 A1 22.6 30 -75 0.391 0.165 1.014 -0.035 1.090 0.286 2.280 0.484

318 A1 22.6 0 -75 0.255 0.145 0.850 -0.048 1.162 0.294 2.444 0.504

319 A1 22.7 0 -60 0.793 0.219 1.584 0.320 1.823 0.426 3.273 0.871

320 A1 22.4 30 -60 0.807 0.223 1.686 0.350 1.603 0.421 3.167 0.741

321 A1 22.8 60 -60 0.425 0.169 1.059 0.027 0.766 0.279 1.860 0.159

322 A1 22.3 120 -60 -0.347 0.184 0.097 -1.049 -0.402 0.155 -0.022 -1.032

323 A1 22.8 150 -60 -0.465 0.162 -0.126 -1.119 -0.274 0.126 0.076 -0.840

324 A1 22.3 180 -60 -0.434 0.151 -0.113 -1.035 -0.084 0.089 0.217 -0.425

325 A1 22.7 180 -45 -0.625 0.203 -0.219 -1.425 -0.263 0.097 -0.020 -0.677

326 A1 21.9 150 -45 -0.661 0.202 -0.215 -1.472 -0.287 0.104 -0.026 -0.719

327 A1 22.8 120 -45 -0.607 0.211 -0.089 -1.422 -0.376 0.135 -0.018 -0.875

328 A1 22.9 60 -45 0.613 0.242 1.612 0.057 0.905 0.308 2.189 0.253

329 A1 22.3 30 -45 1.244 0.333 2.524 0.508 1.673 0.459 3.323 0.635

330 A1 22.4 0 -45 1.402 0.350 2.675 0.634 1.705 0.452 3.328 0.716

331 A1 22.5 0 -30 1.550 0.419 3.159 0.638 0.801 0.219 1.649 0.319

332 A1 22.6 30 -30 1.552 0.406 3.158 0.682 0.851 0.243 1.790 0.328

333 A1 22.6 60 -30 1.017 0.361 2.447 0.207 0.700 0.257 1.764 0.156

334 A1 22.7 120 -30 -0.692 0.275 -0.018 -1.761 -0.330 0.107 -0.085 -0.754

335 A1 22.8 150 -30 -0.856 0.269 -0.289 -1.904 -0.247 0.088 -0.054 -0.600

336 A1 22.8 180 -30 -0.913 0.276 -0.345 -1.942 -0.237 0.085 -0.059 -0.530

337 A1 22.6 180 -15 -1.166 0.358 -0.363 -2.544 -0.190 0.069 -0.040 -0.451

338 A1 22.6 150 -15 -1.070 0.341 -0.347 -2.348 -0.166 0.068 -0.028 -0.420

339 A1 22.4 120 -15 -1.103 0.347 -0.264 -2.465 -0.169 0.074 -0.011 -0.478

Cfx Cfz
 B-5 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

340 A1 22.0 60 -15 1.055 0.452 2.947 0.012 0.526 0.168 1.291 0.130

341 A1 22.8 30 -15 1.510 0.441 3.254 0.513 0.446 0.121 0.896 0.158

342 A1 22.5 0 -15 1.669 0.491 3.604 0.674 0.453 0.132 0.964 0.167

343 C5 21.7 30 -15 0.392 0.382 2.001 -0.714 0.129 0.144 0.772 -0.278

344 C5 21.7 0 -15 0.192 0.269 1.549 -0.643 0.070 0.087 0.599 -0.175

345 C5 21.6 -30 -15 0.261 0.271 1.747 -0.659 0.073 0.093 0.657 -0.222

346 C5 21.7 -30 -30 0.324 0.249 1.560 -0.248 0.206 0.158 1.124 -0.174

347 C5 21.5 0 -30 0.270 0.265 1.524 -0.432 0.172 0.168 1.095 -0.212

348 C5 21.5 30 -30 0.373 0.304 1.852 -0.417 0.250 0.209 1.333 -0.255

349 C5 21.6 30 -45 0.408 0.263 1.594 -0.165 0.520 0.297 1.891 -0.079

350 C5 21.6 0 -45 0.366 0.264 1.737 -0.202 0.407 0.299 1.982 -0.207

351 C5 21.3 -30 -45 0.392 0.230 1.546 -0.160 0.431 0.246 1.727 -0.135

352 C5 22.0 -30 -60 0.317 0.158 1.051 -0.033 0.649 0.287 1.952 0.012

353 C5 21.7 0 -60 0.362 0.215 1.326 -0.053 0.756 0.389 2.454 -0.045

354 C5 21.6 30 -60 0.388 0.186 1.268 -0.022 0.763 0.324 2.262 0.101

355 C5 21.8 30 -75 0.210 0.126 0.711 -0.108 0.877 0.260 1.954 0.279

356 C5 21.7 0 -75 0.243 0.128 0.724 -0.033 1.096 0.300 2.327 0.368

357 C5 21.6 -30 -75 0.234 0.116 0.751 0.023 0.870 0.278 2.060 0.236

358 C5 21.8 -30 -90 0.136 0.077 0.444 -0.068 0.377 0.131 0.883 -0.063

359 C5 22.1 0 -90 0.146 0.080 0.491 -0.052 0.481 0.137 0.972 0.000

360 C5 22.2 30 -90 0.173 0.101 0.546 -0.103 0.382 0.121 0.853 -0.033

361 C5 21.5 30 -105 0.124 0.106 0.552 -0.163 -0.043 0.084 0.259 -0.416

362 C5 21.9 0 -105 0.122 0.088 0.565 -0.063 0.017 0.081 0.340 -0.384

363 C5 22.1 -30 -105 0.111 0.084 0.447 -0.086 -0.033 0.082 0.277 -0.400

364 C5 22.0 -30 -120 0.114 0.087 0.512 -0.105 -0.063 0.073 0.148 -0.412

365 C5 21.4 0 -120 -0.013 0.088 0.493 -0.198 -0.045 0.075 0.165 -0.467

366 C5 22.0 30 -120 0.166 0.107 0.574 -0.121 -0.121 0.077 0.085 -0.472

367 C5 22.1 30 -135 0.210 0.119 0.704 -0.142 -0.228 0.094 0.014 -0.602

368 C5 21.8 0 -135 0.020 0.087 0.437 -0.167 -0.081 0.081 0.107 -0.445

369 C5 21.9 -30 -135 0.085 0.099 0.522 -0.208 -0.103 0.087 0.126 -0.464

370 C5 21.9 -30 -150 0.068 0.131 0.653 -0.317 -0.099 0.093 0.123 -0.505

371 C5 21.6 0 -150 0.068 0.121 0.711 -0.247 -0.090 0.084 0.109 -0.504

372 C5 21.8 30 -150 0.286 0.168 0.999 -0.220 -0.262 0.112 0.045 -0.747

373 C5 22.1 30 -165 0.347 0.234 1.281 -0.345 -0.150 0.090 0.088 -0.490

374 C5 21.5 0 -165 0.078 0.164 0.832 -0.355 -0.061 0.067 0.088 -0.387

375 C5 21.7 -30 -165 0.080 0.175 0.872 -0.467 -0.066 0.076 0.142 -0.431

376 C5 21.7 -30 180 0.133 0.188 0.938 -0.405 -0.012 0.047 0.106 -0.236

377 C5 22.0 0 180 0.011 0.673 0.997 -0.319 -0.017 0.042 0.090 -0.212

378 C5 22.0 30 180 0.403 0.256 1.428 -0.319 -0.058 0.055 0.104 -0.253

379 C5 21.8 30 165 0.402 0.253 1.502 -0.270 0.056 0.051 0.252 -0.124

380 C5 21.4 0 165 0.159 0.181 1.100 -0.283 -0.001 0.037 0.115 -0.169

381 C5 22.0 -30 165 0.186 0.196 1.106 -0.446 0.004 0.041 0.139 -0.168

382 C5 21.8 -30 150 0.226 0.176 1.022 -0.431 0.084 0.065 0.363 -0.143

383 C5 21.8 0 150 0.192 0.163 0.993 -0.300 0.051 0.063 0.308 -0.178

384 C5 21.9 30 150 0.360 0.217 1.271 -0.236 0.103 0.075 0.399 -0.167

385 C5 21.7 30 135 0.417 0.215 1.395 -0.193 0.247 0.137 0.893 -0.153

386 C5 21.8 0 135 0.201 0.158 1.032 -0.258 0.101 0.096 0.582 -0.299

387 C5 22.3 -30 135 0.296 0.162 1.114 -0.170 0.144 0.105 0.639 -0.213

388 C5 22.0 -30 120 0.316 0.168 1.282 -0.214 0.228 0.148 1.044 -0.302

389 C5 22.2 0 120 0.202 0.155 1.041 -0.226 0.159 0.132 0.836 -0.566

Cfx Cfz
 B-6 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

390 C5 22.4 30 120 0.389 0.196 1.441 -0.161 0.252 0.164 1.001 -0.214

391 C5 22.2 30 105 0.224 0.153 0.915 -0.257 0.231 0.179 0.931 -0.513

392 C5 22.5 0 105 0.231 0.127 0.871 -0.143 0.133 0.182 0.917 -0.590

393 C5 22.1 -30 105 0.164 0.080 0.473 -0.056 -0.297 0.175 0.172 -1.078

394 C5 22.6 -30 90 0.168 0.089 0.516 -0.073 -0.258 0.172 0.208 -1.097

395 C5 22.2 0 90 0.124 0.094 0.519 -0.159 -0.292 0.178 0.146 -1.131

396 C5 22.7 30 90 0.148 0.097 0.542 -0.112 -0.326 0.205 0.195 -1.316

397 C5 22.3 30 75 0.229 0.106 0.613 -0.061 -0.908 0.231 -0.323 -1.882

398 C5 22.0 0 75 0.158 0.059 0.458 -0.004 -0.664 0.204 -0.144 -1.734

399 C5 22.5 -30 75 0.149 0.072 0.421 -0.044 -0.612 0.186 -0.135 -1.415

400 C5 22.2 -30 60 0.169 0.112 0.722 -0.101 -0.351 0.178 0.029 -1.221

401 C5 22.3 0 60 0.189 0.120 0.822 -0.105 -0.280 0.200 0.083 -1.469

402 C5 22.6 30 60 0.257 0.117 0.730 -0.070 -0.604 0.189 -0.161 -1.423

403 C5 22.7 30 45 0.367 0.191 1.374 -0.124 -0.390 0.168 -0.042 -1.279

404 C5 22.4 0 45 0.253 0.176 1.443 -0.131 -0.167 0.156 0.115 -1.240

405 C5 22.4 -30 45 0.252 0.187 1.276 -0.149 -0.223 0.154 0.091 -1.035

406 C5 22.2 -30 30 0.246 0.236 1.410 -0.352 -0.106 0.100 0.129 -0.634

407 C5 22.0 0 30 0.202 0.216 1.439 -0.252 -0.079 0.107 0.129 -0.720

408 C5 22.0 30 30 0.430 0.287 1.746 -0.311 -0.245 0.130 0.053 -0.871

409 C5 22.6 30 15 0.384 0.325 1.745 -1.003 -0.107 0.076 0.161 -0.591

410 C5 22.2 0 15 0.178 0.222 1.347 -0.362 -0.043 0.064 0.105 -0.405

411 C5 22.2 -30 15 0.225 0.267 1.552 -0.545 -0.062 0.064 0.103 -0.364

412 C5 22.2 -30 0 0.201 0.257 1.538 -0.471 0.016 0.045 0.262 -0.122

413 C5 22.5 0 0 0.184 0.258 1.640 -0.580 -0.009 0.040 0.220 -0.131

414 C5 22.1 30 0 0.362 0.402 2.006 -0.830 0.010 0.072 0.294 -0.208

415 F5 22.0 0 -165 0.085 0.162 0.887 -0.351 -0.056 0.081 0.114 -0.457

416 F5 21.6 0 -150 0.090 0.125 0.704 -0.256 -0.077 0.088 0.104 -0.508

417 F5 22.7 0 -135 0.053 0.093 0.471 -0.172 -0.080 0.082 0.108 -0.434

418 F5 22.2 0 -120 0.098 0.102 0.669 -0.121 -0.038 0.066 0.162 -0.379

419 F5 22.7 0 -105 0.228 0.127 0.823 -0.013 -0.162 0.135 0.172 -0.784

420 F5 22.1 0 -90 0.326 0.128 0.866 0.069 -0.016 0.199 0.495 -0.948

421 F5 22.7 0 -75 0.267 0.153 0.942 -0.105 0.730 0.223 1.623 0.035

422 F5 22.3 0 -50 0.356 0.235 1.469 -0.254 0.686 0.310 2.137 -0.067

423 F5 22.2 0 -45 0.352 0.264 1.838 -0.318 0.415 0.266 1.920 -0.192

424 F5 22.4 0 -30 0.282 0.265 1.638 -0.527 0.190 0.151 1.019 -0.177

425 F5 22.2 0 -15 0.179 0.276 1.511 -0.706 0.105 0.087 0.549 -0.142

426 F5 22.0 0 0 0.156 0.281 1.622 -0.662 0.035 0.045 0.300 -0.092

427 F5 22.1 0 15 0.109 0.249 1.483 -0.607 -0.007 0.061 0.140 -0.349

428 F5 22.2 0 30 0.138 0.221 1.312 -0.498 -0.064 0.105 0.175 -0.597

429 F5 22.5 0 45 0.196 0.192 1.174 -0.210 -0.164 0.163 0.107 -0.999

430 F5 22.3 0 60 0.169 0.125 0.866 -0.076 -0.291 0.219 0.066 -1.472

431 F5 22.4 0 75 0.119 0.069 0.438 -0.070 -0.400 0.177 0.038 -1.412

432 F5 22.8 0 90 0.208 0.100 0.697 -0.048 0.096 0.136 0.514 -0.574

433 F5 23.2 0 105 0.297 0.166 1.194 -0.190 0.294 0.202 1.176 -0.373

434 F5 22.4 0 120 0.215 0.171 1.321 -0.275 0.166 0.152 1.091 -0.432

435 F5 22.1 0 135 0.126 0.168 1.105 -0.384 0.093 0.103 0.605 -0.369

436 F5 22.4 0 150 0.189 0.179 1.125 -0.322 0.037 0.064 0.266 -0.239

437 F5 22.2 0 165 0.137 0.189 1.211 -0.432 -0.004 0.050 0.159 -0.250

438 F5 22.2 0 180 0.089 0.182 0.990 -0.378 -0.027 0.055 0.085 -0.309

439 E1 22.1 0 180 1.677 0.356 3.078 0.849 0.192 0.052 0.351 -0.034

Cfx Cfz
 B-7 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

440 E1 22.2 0 165 1.762 0.369 3.218 0.873 0.521 0.087 0.843 0.281

441 E1 22.5 0 150 1.610 0.332 2.859 0.813 0.644 0.108 1.061 0.333

442 E1 22.4 0 135 1.178 0.268 2.322 0.478 0.492 0.098 0.869 0.188

443 E1 22.2 0 120 0.899 0.266 2.019 0.185 0.252 0.155 1.104 -0.328

444 E1 22.5 0 105 0.665 0.237 1.837 0.072 0.698 0.280 2.021 -0.050

445 E1 22.2 0 90 0.457 0.234 1.497 -0.130 0.460 0.206 1.278 -0.411

446 E1 22.9 0 75 0.731 0.222 1.673 0.224 -1.393 0.435 -0.562 -3.110

447 E1 22.4 0 60 0.869 0.232 1.768 0.323 -1.793 0.481 -0.773 -3.513

448 E1 22.4 0 45 1.458 0.346 2.752 0.704 -2.103 0.507 -1.041 -4.037

449 E1 22.5 0 30 1.989 0.411 3.732 1.016 -1.368 0.286 -0.703 -2.490

450 E1 22.2 0 15 2.138 0.455 4.320 1.065 -0.823 0.168 -0.437 -1.534

451 E1 22.5 0 0 2.104 0.434 4.080 1.071 0.024 0.038 0.155 -0.098

452 E1 22.4 0 -15 1.855 0.401 3.462 0.793 0.617 0.118 1.064 0.332

453 E1 22.3 0 -30 1.846 0.370 3.405 0.899 1.151 0.248 2.161 0.595

454 E1 22.6 0 -45 1.563 0.350 2.985 0.691 1.798 0.424 3.366 0.875

455 E1 22.6 0 -60 0.769 0.230 1.663 0.160 1.812 0.450 3.417 0.716

456 E1 22.6 0 -75 0.324 0.157 0.973 0.029 1.114 0.279 2.198 0.398

457 E1 23.2 0 -90 0.516 0.145 1.159 0.207 -0.231 0.221 0.360 -1.119

458 E1 22.5 0 -105 0.663 0.185 1.438 0.214 -0.713 0.239 0.032 -1.771

459 E1 22.7 0 -120 0.625 0.179 1.321 0.163 -0.175 0.126 0.220 -0.645

460 E1 22.4 0 -135 0.830 0.187 1.587 0.416 -0.083 0.063 0.127 -0.320

461 E1 22.4 0 -150 1.012 0.248 2.035 0.479 -0.129 0.071 0.030 -0.418

462 E1 22.5 0 -165 1.331 0.308 2.628 0.678 -0.087 0.069 0.066 -0.350

463 B1 22.9 -30 -165 0.965 0.254 2.009 0.410 -0.051 0.056 0.085 -0.251

464 B1 22.6 0 -165 1.378 0.294 2.498 0.742 -0.096 0.061 0.030 -0.345

465 B1 22.4 30 -165 0.994 0.252 1.861 0.359 -0.107 0.053 0.028 -0.324

466 B1 22.6 60 -165 0.418 0.167 1.075 -0.024 -0.033 0.037 0.067 -0.165

467 B1 22.4 60 -150 0.237 0.130 0.754 -0.134 -0.089 0.050 0.044 -0.303

468 B1 22.4 30 -150 0.792 0.181 1.519 0.378 -0.206 0.072 -0.033 -0.488

469 B1 22.3 0 -150 0.986 0.212 1.837 0.510 -0.258 0.076 -0.098 -0.546

470 B1 22.2 -30 -150 0.720 0.203 1.473 0.255 -0.198 0.073 -0.023 -0.479

471 B1 22.9 -30 -135 0.514 0.164 1.153 0.123 -0.175 0.071 0.004 -0.448

472 B1 22.4 0 -135 0.661 0.171 1.288 0.273 -0.224 0.081 0.007 -0.534

473 B1 22.7 30 -135 0.605 0.155 1.216 0.245 -0.203 0.074 -0.017 -0.494

474 B1 22.4 60 -135 0.165 0.111 0.610 -0.121 -0.075 0.052 0.078 -0.300

475 B1 23.1 60 -120 0.100 0.099 0.511 -0.155 -0.057 0.062 0.146 -0.304

476 B1 22.4 30 -120 0.432 0.136 1.008 0.125 -0.119 0.080 0.099 -0.449

477 B1 22.4 0 -120 0.473 0.147 1.028 0.147 -0.094 0.090 0.251 -0.442

478 B1 22.3 -30 -120 0.387 0.139 0.952 0.086 -0.140 0.076 0.128 -0.451

479 B1 23.2 -30 -105 0.197 0.115 0.646 -0.065 -0.114 0.115 0.322 -0.620

480 B1 22.7 0 -105 0.334 0.112 0.780 0.091 -0.096 0.136 0.466 -0.565

481 B1 22.7 30 -105 0.228 0.109 0.635 -0.047 -0.097 0.113 0.318 -0.570

482 B1 22.4 60 -105 0.093 0.094 0.456 -0.163 -0.047 0.094 0.213 -0.472

483 B1 22.3 60 -90 0.040 0.080 0.347 -0.163 0.192 0.109 0.641 -0.212

484 B1 22.2 30 -90 0.160 0.099 0.558 -0.059 0.525 0.164 1.190 0.007

485 B1 22.3 0 -90 0.274 0.101 0.704 0.063 0.545 0.200 1.408 -0.104

486 B1 22.3 -30 -90 0.183 0.116 0.657 -0.052 0.544 0.196 1.341 -0.084

487 B1 22.4 -30 -75 0.197 0.132 0.686 -0.094 1.422 0.414 2.923 0.492

488 B1 22.7 0 -75 0.221 0.139 0.744 -0.077 1.707 0.428 3.411 0.753

489 B1 22.4 30 -75 0.333 0.119 0.785 0.064 1.276 0.364 2.684 0.474

Cfx Cfz
 B-8 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

490 B1 22.3 60 -75 0.074 0.072 0.367 -0.124 0.424 0.179 1.159 -0.007

491 B1 22.8 60 -60 0.142 0.096 0.549 -0.123 0.502 0.215 1.490 0.023

492 B1 22.6 30 -60 0.491 0.159 1.120 0.153 1.484 0.426 3.034 0.562

493 B1 22.2 0 -60 0.654 0.186 1.359 0.221 2.093 0.518 3.915 0.895

494 B1 22.5 -30 -60 0.508 0.175 1.223 0.139 1.555 0.481 3.431 0.526

495 B1 22.3 -30 -45 1.037 0.279 2.138 0.361 1.534 0.414 3.036 0.606

496 B1 22.1 0 -45 1.367 0.319 2.583 0.638 1.792 0.448 3.429 0.851

497 B1 22.2 30 -45 0.965 0.255 2.030 0.416 1.360 0.385 2.832 0.565

498 B1 22.3 60 -45 0.376 0.142 0.954 -0.007 0.486 0.182 1.344 0.078

499 B1 22.3 60 -30 0.617 0.224 1.536 0.054 0.447 0.140 1.098 0.116

500 B1 22.2 30 -30 1.372 0.319 2.796 0.651 0.908 0.201 1.789 0.461

501 B1 22.0 0 -30 1.653 0.375 3.013 0.771 0.993 0.222 1.799 0.502

502 B1 22.3 -30 -30 1.316 0.331 2.632 0.446 0.818 0.201 1.600 0.308

503 B1 22.5 -30 -15 1.476 0.359 2.885 0.656 0.495 0.120 0.954 0.237

504 B1 22.2 0 -15 1.835 0.399 3.438 0.891 0.509 0.116 0.959 0.239

505 B1 22.2 30 -15 1.414 0.348 2.730 0.529 0.402 0.116 0.884 0.125

506 B1 22.5 60 -15 0.673 0.220 1.594 0.088 0.192 0.065 0.466 0.021

507 B1 22.7 60 0 0.681 0.245 1.728 0.084 0.009 0.029 0.124 -0.083

508 B1 22.2 30 0 1.530 0.367 2.930 0.581 -0.015 0.044 0.147 -0.166

509 B1 22.1 0 0 2.224 0.450 3.926 1.084 -0.038 0.038 0.098 -0.162

510 B1 22.1 -30 0 1.575 0.375 2.979 0.727 -0.012 0.043 0.176 -0.122

511 B1 22.4 -30 15 1.580 0.403 3.064 0.678 -0.475 0.120 -0.188 -0.882

512 B1 22.3 0 15 2.217 0.468 3.963 1.193 -0.617 0.129 -0.306 -1.098

513 B1 22.4 30 15 1.688 0.364 3.120 0.806 -0.496 0.103 -0.229 -0.877

514 B1 22.7 60 15 0.697 0.262 1.701 0.089 -0.225 0.080 -0.028 -0.526

515 B1 22.4 60 30 0.568 0.226 1.505 0.015 -0.385 0.165 0.006 -1.078

516 B1 22.0 30 30 1.628 0.358 3.067 0.771 -1.143 0.258 -0.520 -2.206

517 B1 22.3 0 30 2.035 0.430 3.694 1.045 -1.409 0.304 -0.671 -2.557

518 B1 22.3 -30 30 1.558 0.393 3.091 0.679 -1.193 0.292 -0.542 -2.349

519 B1 22.6 -30 45 1.234 0.356 2.584 0.473 -1.779 0.522 -0.692 -3.717

520 B1 22.1 0 45 1.604 0.355 3.016 0.812 -2.236 0.508 -1.140 -4.289

521 B1 22.5 30 45 1.243 0.312 2.433 0.547 -1.767 0.464 -0.747 -3.468

522 B1 22.6 60 45 0.405 0.193 1.177 -0.056 -0.620 0.270 -0.106 -1.672

523 B1 22.7 60 60 0.256 0.136 0.793 -0.109 -0.698 0.317 -0.052 -1.968

524 B1 22.2 30 60 0.919 0.255 2.006 0.366 -2.302 0.673 -0.972 -5.119

525 B1 22.4 0 60 1.000 0.264 1.938 0.418 -2.767 0.712 -1.288 -5.196

526 B1 22.3 -30 60 0.869 0.264 1.895 0.301 -2.303 0.695 -0.843 -4.797

527 B1 22.9 -30 75 0.573 0.179 1.230 0.155 -2.039 0.630 -0.762 -4.236

528 B1 22.4 0 75 0.715 0.212 1.494 0.244 -2.528 0.779 -1.001 -5.205

529 B1 22.5 30 75 0.573 0.168 1.239 0.188 -1.997 0.609 -0.700 -4.309

530 B1 22.2 60 75 0.133 0.102 0.551 -0.111 -0.618 0.312 0.052 -1.949

531 B1 22.7 60 90 0.041 0.078 0.352 -0.193 -0.134 0.194 0.328 -0.945

532 B1 22.8 30 90 0.282 0.111 0.745 0.013 -0.410 0.283 0.222 -1.630

533 B1 22.6 0 90 0.313 0.137 0.947 -0.001 -0.330 0.309 0.299 -1.664

534 B1 22.6 -30 90 0.271 0.125 0.818 -0.020 -0.473 0.314 0.206 -1.856

535 B1 22.5 -30 105 0.357 0.146 0.938 -0.012 0.323 0.193 1.005 -0.300

536 B1 22.6 0 105 0.502 0.148 1.215 0.134 0.236 0.223 1.282 -0.613

537 B1 22.3 30 105 0.274 0.130 0.895 -0.058 0.331 0.185 1.205 -0.279

538 B1 22.5 60 105 0.154 0.088 0.530 -0.106 0.184 0.132 0.754 -0.254

539 B1 22.7 60 120 0.165 0.113 0.719 -0.131 0.179 0.108 0.721 -0.112

Cfx Cfz
 B-9 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

540 B1 22.1 30 120 0.556 0.182 1.295 0.119 0.338 0.143 1.018 -0.083

541 B1 22.4 0 120 0.819 0.218 1.649 0.307 0.377 0.144 1.052 -0.055

542 B1 22.4 -30 120 0.614 0.193 1.396 0.136 0.332 0.138 0.934 -0.157

543 B1 22.2 -30 135 0.915 0.244 1.817 0.334 0.505 0.116 0.972 0.184

544 B1 22.3 0 135 1.107 0.274 2.104 0.517 0.607 0.129 1.058 0.270

545 B1 22.2 30 135 0.937 0.230 1.850 0.424 0.492 0.108 0.958 0.217

546 B1 22.6 60 135 0.314 0.149 0.956 -0.053 0.165 0.081 0.518 -0.056

547 B1 22.7 60 150 0.423 0.190 1.214 -0.020 0.231 0.077 0.522 0.044

548 B1 22.8 30 150 1.230 0.278 2.308 0.573 0.534 0.104 0.938 0.256

549 B1 22.5 0 150 1.523 0.328 2.765 0.743 0.673 0.116 1.094 0.372

550 B1 22.4 -30 150 1.286 0.334 2.499 0.527 0.554 0.120 0.988 0.268

551 B1 22.6 -30 165 1.266 0.330 2.537 0.493 0.424 0.080 0.725 0.219

552 B1 22.3 0 165 1.545 0.346 2.866 0.742 0.483 0.080 0.812 0.269

553 B1 22.3 30 165 1.473 0.309 2.609 0.812 0.391 0.074 0.675 0.200

554 B1 22.4 60 165 0.600 0.205 1.410 0.095 0.154 0.058 0.370 0.000

555 B1 22.5 60 180 0.551 0.194 1.291 0.055 0.086 0.031 0.195 -0.004

556 B1 22.3 30 180 1.300 0.274 2.255 0.625 0.144 0.040 0.259 -0.010

557 B1 22.3 0 180 1.568 0.339 2.886 0.837 0.158 0.045 0.316 -0.001

558 B1 22.3 -30 180 1.241 0.315 2.444 0.517 0.100 0.044 0.246 -0.060

559 B3 22.5 -30 -165 0.777 0.243 1.720 0.263 -0.049 0.058 0.111 -0.478

560 B3 22.2 0 -165 1.415 0.360 2.791 0.619 -0.120 0.074 0.045 -0.409

561 B3 22.5 30 -165 1.776 0.420 3.447 0.833 -0.183 0.079 -0.009 -0.523

562 B3 22.4 60 -165 1.455 0.442 3.090 0.285 -0.210 0.085 0.012 -0.536

563 B3 22.7 60 -150 1.017 0.333 2.170 0.127 -0.358 0.139 0.029 -0.841

564 B3 22.4 30 -150 1.246 0.293 2.360 0.578 -0.358 0.112 -0.112 -0.813

565 B3 22.8 0 -150 1.005 0.266 2.003 0.430 -0.274 0.091 -0.082 -0.604

566 B3 22.9 -30 -150 0.575 0.181 1.342 0.156 -0.154 0.064 -0.003 -0.414

567 B3 23.0 -30 -135 0.444 0.146 1.041 0.121 -0.130 0.067 0.061 -0.396

568 B3 22.6 0 -135 0.773 0.199 1.487 0.326 -0.258 0.090 -0.028 -0.571

569 B3 22.2 30 -135 0.949 0.242 1.924 0.391 -0.420 0.131 -0.096 -0.970

570 B3 22.6 60 -135 0.718 0.266 1.632 0.007 -0.489 0.178 -0.019 -1.091

571 B3 22.5 60 -120 0.387 0.184 1.065 -0.061 -0.372 0.187 0.089 -1.103

572 B3 22.2 30 -120 0.619 0.176 1.369 0.226 -0.402 0.165 0.021 -1.127

573 B3 22.4 0 -120 0.454 0.144 1.038 0.140 -0.096 0.096 0.269 -0.485

574 B3 22.6 -30 -120 0.333 0.138 0.878 0.022 -0.118 0.082 0.144 -0.440

575 B3 22.8 -30 -105 0.263 0.117 0.688 0.011 -0.109 0.110 0.274 -0.565

576 B3 23.0 0 -105 0.368 0.108 0.793 0.108 -0.121 0.134 0.337 -0.690

577 B3 23.0 30 -105 0.354 0.122 0.822 0.075 -0.164 0.148 0.356 -0.744

578 B3 22.8 60 -105 0.222 0.139 0.758 -0.150 -0.115 0.139 0.356 -0.751

579 B3 22.3 60 -90 0.112 0.098 0.517 -0.138 0.262 0.148 0.958 -0.201

580 B3 22.9 30 -90 0.247 0.110 0.694 0.011 0.579 0.183 1.323 0.009

581 B3 23.0 0 -90 0.286 0.098 0.679 0.067 0.381 0.191 1.162 -0.222

582 B3 23.0 -30 -90 0.231 0.114 0.679 -0.005 0.412 0.160 1.045 -0.078

583 B3 22.7 -30 -75 0.319 0.134 0.883 0.042 1.291 0.368 2.723 0.491

584 B3 22.7 0 -75 0.387 0.153 0.958 0.058 1.561 0.383 2.955 0.714

585 B3 22.2 30 -75 0.430 0.145 0.993 0.120 1.403 0.361 2.780 0.557

586 B3 22.7 60 -75 0.206 0.105 0.672 -0.044 0.608 0.246 1.613 0.007

587 B3 22.3 60 -60 0.379 0.177 1.114 -0.025 0.961 0.341 2.462 0.287

588 B3 22.4 30 -60 0.776 0.224 1.685 0.277 1.904 0.486 3.855 0.796

589 B3 23.0 0 -60 0.706 0.225 1.595 0.208 1.931 0.538 3.956 0.696

Cfx Cfz
 B-10 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

590 B3 22.5 -30 -60 0.603 0.190 1.448 0.178 1.405 0.466 3.318 0.389

591 B3 22.2 -30 -45 0.825 0.265 1.878 0.208 1.171 0.394 2.751 0.320

592 B3 22.9 0 -45 1.292 0.329 2.463 0.533 1.808 0.458 3.364 0.758

593 B3 22.7 30 -45 1.289 0.324 2.546 0.529 1.790 0.459 3.469 0.744

594 B3 22.7 60 -45 0.740 0.245 1.727 0.134 0.954 0.339 2.280 0.189

595 B3 22.7 60 -30 1.178 0.379 2.731 0.218 0.950 0.308 2.172 0.201

596 B3 22.5 30 -30 2.002 0.508 3.784 0.839 1.261 0.318 2.439 0.536

597 B3 22.8 0 -30 1.568 0.403 3.055 0.656 1.026 0.256 1.935 0.439

598 B3 22.6 -30 -30 1.073 0.326 2.444 0.310 0.648 0.220 1.556 0.161

599 B3 22.5 -30 -15 1.128 0.347 2.551 0.363 0.391 0.116 0.842 0.134

600 B3 22.7 0 -15 1.770 0.443 3.592 0.783 0.517 0.128 1.020 0.237

601 B3 22.3 30 -15 2.512 0.588 4.693 1.106 0.768 0.184 1.414 0.319

602 B3 21.9 60 -15 1.541 0.513 3.487 0.388 0.552 0.184 1.217 0.104

603 B3 22.3 60 0 1.708 0.527 3.683 -0.077 0.097 0.060 0.351 -0.227

604 B3 22.1 30 0 2.714 0.630 5.097 1.274 -0.014 0.044 0.148 -0.142

605 B3 22.2 0 0 2.027 0.502 4.091 0.810 -0.002 0.039 0.163 -0.114

606 B3 22.8 -30 0 1.131 0.365 2.850 0.221 0.006 0.035 0.157 -0.094

607 B3 22.6 -30 15 1.147 0.350 2.608 0.341 -0.348 0.110 -0.057 -0.764

608 B3 22.3 0 15 2.060 0.497 4.038 0.961 -0.621 0.153 -0.259 -1.204

609 B3 22.3 30 15 2.385 0.550 4.374 1.104 -0.699 0.173 -0.276 -1.329

610 B3 22.1 60 15 1.601 0.545 3.588 0.269 -0.512 0.178 -0.055 -1.190

611 B3 22.2 60 30 1.264 0.491 3.025 0.142 -0.930 0.362 -0.143 -2.293

612 B3 21.9 30 30 2.168 0.544 4.493 1.001 -1.403 0.375 -0.595 -2.962

613 B3 22.1 0 30 1.901 0.462 3.671 0.873 -1.330 0.320 -0.637 -2.572

614 B3 22.2 -30 30 1.145 0.344 2.459 0.348 -0.900 0.258 -0.313 -1.850

615 B3 22.0 -30 45 1.090 0.337 2.452 0.433 -1.537 0.479 -0.607 -3.391

616 B3 22.2 0 45 1.657 0.417 3.252 0.652 -2.119 0.541 -0.856 -4.168

617 B3 22.4 30 45 1.674 0.423 3.285 0.693 -2.131 0.553 -0.918 -4.243

618 B3 22.2 60 45 0.890 0.376 2.387 0.089 -1.152 0.491 -0.200 -3.060

619 B3 22.5 60 60 0.430 0.209 1.274 -0.107 -0.921 0.436 0.053 -2.667

620 B3 22.1 30 60 1.134 0.305 2.293 0.504 -2.403 0.704 -1.006 -5.178

621 B3 22.2 0 60 1.123 0.286 2.208 0.524 -2.648 0.709 -1.321 -5.256

622 B3 22.1 -30 60 0.812 0.259 1.765 0.230 -2.095 0.651 -0.788 -4.520

623 B3 22.5 -30 75 0.521 0.184 1.240 0.145 -1.791 0.638 -0.655 -3.986

624 B3 22.4 0 75 0.763 0.198 1.562 0.324 -2.106 0.674 -0.832 -4.553

625 B3 22.2 30 75 0.620 0.185 1.389 0.231 -1.837 0.622 -0.623 -4.279

626 B3 22.8 60 75 0.179 0.120 0.674 -0.131 -0.634 0.354 0.200 -2.103

627 B3 22.8 60 90 0.096 0.088 0.426 -0.180 -0.196 0.238 0.418 -1.253

628 B3 22.5 30 90 0.364 0.115 0.840 0.087 -0.561 0.327 0.189 -2.070

629 B3 22.1 0 90 0.307 0.133 0.953 -0.005 -0.379 0.306 0.240 -1.913

630 B3 22.3 -30 90 0.338 0.136 0.938 0.021 -0.460 0.320 0.264 -1.919

631 B3 22.6 -30 105 0.309 0.128 0.887 -0.002 0.240 0.176 0.962 -0.446

632 B3 22.9 0 105 0.356 0.129 0.942 0.025 0.209 0.203 1.015 -0.505

633 B3 22.3 30 105 0.450 0.155 1.071 0.043 0.328 0.181 0.946 -0.377

634 B3 22.2 60 105 0.244 0.135 0.861 -0.114 0.162 0.178 0.920 -0.494

635 B3 22.6 60 120 0.521 0.215 1.318 -0.027 0.521 0.189 1.248 -0.025

636 B3 22.5 30 120 0.843 0.248 1.791 0.266 0.855 0.242 1.744 0.202

637 B3 22.6 0 120 0.677 0.196 1.535 0.158 0.278 0.149 0.910 -0.228

638 B3 22.8 -30 120 0.463 0.168 1.237 0.063 0.182 0.112 0.737 -0.191

639 B3 22.2 -30 135 0.664 0.216 1.634 0.175 0.326 0.090 0.703 0.087

Cfx Cfz
 B-11 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

640 B3 22.5 0 135 0.950 0.269 2.076 0.345 0.459 0.122 0.954 0.131

641 B3 22.3 30 135 1.398 0.354 2.710 0.552 0.941 0.240 1.849 0.353

642 B3 22.5 60 135 0.904 0.316 2.049 0.057 0.608 0.204 1.341 0.078

643 B3 22.7 60 150 1.343 0.475 3.119 0.211 0.640 0.184 1.317 0.202

644 B3 22.5 30 150 1.857 0.462 3.349 0.799 0.776 0.176 1.334 0.390

645 B3 22.5 0 150 1.440 0.366 2.815 0.673 0.525 0.118 0.958 0.236

646 B3 22.6 -30 150 0.945 0.271 1.950 0.370 0.309 0.085 0.604 0.099

647 B3 22.6 -30 165 0.974 0.288 2.105 0.339 0.279 0.063 0.522 0.127

648 B3 22.3 0 165 1.629 0.419 3.100 0.712 0.396 0.092 0.722 0.169

649 B3 22.2 30 165 1.976 0.510 3.771 0.784 0.544 0.124 0.988 0.224

650 B3 21.8 60 165 1.658 0.528 3.614 0.401 0.425 0.125 0.927 0.129

651 B3 22.7 60 180 1.621 0.509 3.355 0.263 0.148 0.047 0.333 0.002

652 B3 22.4 30 180 1.931 0.451 3.537 0.910 0.134 0.051 0.304 -0.053

653 B3 22.4 0 180 1.573 0.392 3.023 0.688 0.072 0.046 0.223 -0.106

654 B3 22.3 -30 180 0.985 0.297 2.204 0.386 0.024 0.038 0.153 -0.115

655 E3 22.4 0 -180 1.458 0.420 3.216 0.449 0.114 0.057 0.305 -0.125

656 E3 22.3 0 -165 1.295 0.374 2.819 0.398 -0.103 0.077 0.087 -0.415

657 E3 22.2 0 -150 1.064 0.272 2.110 0.405 -0.173 0.084 0.012 -0.522

658 E3 22.6 0 -135 0.741 0.211 1.657 0.270 -0.074 0.070 0.126 -0.372

659 E3 22.7 0 -120 0.633 0.193 1.459 0.199 -0.222 0.146 0.266 -0.777

660 E3 22.0 0 -105 0.628 0.186 1.401 0.222 -0.706 0.242 -0.085 -1.653

661 E3 22.0 0 -90 0.445 0.154 1.071 0.124 -0.137 0.224 0.499 -1.025

662 E3 22.5 0 -75 0.352 0.168 1.019 -0.042 0.909 0.229 1.830 0.173

663 E3 22.8 0 -60 0.737 0.231 1.566 0.169 1.599 0.399 2.919 0.725

664 E3 23.0 0 -45 1.233 0.359 2.671 0.302 1.709 0.450 3.257 0.524

665 E3 23.4 0 -30 1.488 0.417 3.154 0.404 1.036 0.242 1.950 0.464

666 E3 22.8 0 -15 1.724 0.487 3.896 0.604 0.602 0.137 1.165 0.290

667 E3 22.8 0 0 2.008 0.530 4.350 0.716 0.057 0.040 0.218 -0.068

668 E3 22.8 0 15 2.011 0.500 4.123 0.818 -0.591 0.157 -0.211 -1.184

669 E3 21.9 0 30 1.999 0.520 4.203 0.788 -1.110 0.288 -0.463 -2.266

670 E3 22.2 0 45 1.584 0.437 3.270 0.558 -1.897 0.525 -0.775 -3.812

671 E3 22.6 0 60 1.040 0.285 2.217 0.409 -1.849 0.524 -0.801 -3.826

672 E3 22.7 0 75 0.635 0.197 1.473 0.206 -1.000 0.356 -0.220 -2.308

673 E3 22.3 0 90 0.456 0.197 1.482 -0.001 0.408 0.189 1.072 -0.369

674 E3 22.4 0 105 0.568 0.236 1.628 -0.013 0.732 0.262 1.879 0.039

675 E3 22.9 0 120 0.795 0.257 1.969 0.180 0.196 0.149 0.871 -0.307

676 E3 22.5 0 135 1.000 0.318 2.587 0.250 0.349 0.103 0.950 0.004

677 E3 22.3 0 150 1.436 0.394 3.079 0.502 0.531 0.122 1.018 0.192

678 E3 22.5 0 165 1.536 0.417 3.213 0.544 0.397 0.087 0.726 0.157

679 E4 22.6 0 15 0.001 0.293 1.439 -1.152 0.038 0.053 0.238 -0.243

680 E4 22.9 0 30 0.080 0.248 1.247 -0.909 -0.031 0.087 0.223 -0.504

681 E4 22.4 0 45 0.276 0.236 1.560 -0.579 -0.250 0.192 0.258 -1.212

682 E4 22.5 0 60 0.552 0.208 1.554 -0.034 -0.731 0.240 -0.179 -1.797

683 E4 22.5 0 75 0.480 0.161 1.124 0.123 -0.452 0.210 0.017 -1.358

684 E4 23.0 0 90 0.352 0.164 1.122 -0.053 0.270 0.149 0.818 -0.334

685 E4 22.4 0 105 0.485 0.318 2.123 -0.671 0.531 0.248 1.557 -0.130

686 E4 22.4 0 120 0.474 0.368 2.408 -0.914 0.200 0.252 1.271 -0.673

687 E4 22.6 0 135 0.341 0.307 1.854 -0.633 0.232 0.148 0.918 -0.277

688 E4 22.7 0 150 0.132 0.256 1.316 -0.775 0.099 0.078 0.428 -0.166

689 E4 22.9 0 165 0.085 0.226 1.046 -0.716 0.016 0.050 0.216 -0.177

Cfx Cfz
 B-12 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

690 E4 22.3 0 180 0.016 0.261 1.283 -1.065 -0.053 0.050 0.102 -0.304

691 E4 22.5 0 -165 -0.043 0.262 1.169 -0.922 -0.040 0.075 0.168 -0.413

692 E4 22.5 0 -150 0.037 0.213 0.981 -0.695 -0.065 0.090 0.221 -0.433

693 E4 22.7 0 -135 0.000 0.162 0.762 -0.509 -0.088 0.092 0.180 -0.498

694 E4 22.6 0 -120 0.211 0.139 0.841 -0.192 -0.063 0.088 0.210 -0.433

695 E4 22.7 0 -105 0.398 0.148 1.041 0.070 -0.397 0.176 0.043 -1.119

696 E4 22.5 0 -90 0.309 0.130 0.823 0.022 -0.130 0.180 0.415 -0.915

697 E4 22.3 0 -75 0.312 0.162 0.953 -0.098 0.558 0.183 1.249 -0.030

698 E4 22.4 0 -60 0.416 0.269 1.542 -0.193 0.904 0.287 2.151 0.287

699 E4 22.7 0 -45 0.328 0.245 1.440 -0.439 0.288 0.207 1.248 -0.299

700 E4 23.1 0 -30 0.206 0.269 1.523 -0.827 0.067 0.150 0.827 -0.474

701 E4 22.7 0 -15 -0.077 0.305 1.285 -1.289 0.006 0.101 0.480 -0.451

702 E4 22.4 0 0 -0.040 0.346 1.718 -1.417 0.027 0.060 0.311 -0.213

703 B4 22.8 -30 0 0.020 0.147 0.526 -0.765 0.035 0.037 0.194 -0.101

704 B4 22.1 0 0 -0.098 0.269 1.157 -1.242 0.029 0.057 0.296 -0.205

705 B4 22.0 30 0 1.796 0.528 3.613 0.460 0.094 0.044 0.268 -0.054

706 B4 22.9 60 0 1.338 0.500 3.236 0.207 0.040 0.052 0.250 -0.123

707 B4 22.5 60 -15 1.198 0.452 3.060 0.140 0.505 0.162 1.131 0.152

708 B4 22.6 30 -15 1.333 0.454 3.132 0.236 0.430 0.134 0.949 0.100

709 B4 22.2 0 -15 0.039 0.256 1.155 -1.068 -0.058 0.104 0.383 -0.483

710 B4 22.7 -30 -15 0.133 0.155 0.645 -0.722 0.012 0.056 0.216 -0.307

711 B4 22.6 -30 -30 0.121 0.154 0.671 -0.509 0.096 0.096 0.550 -0.318

712 B4 22.3 0 -30 0.072 0.237 1.407 -0.844 0.090 0.170 1.080 -0.515

713 B4 22.2 30 -30 1.145 0.419 2.732 0.137 0.831 0.277 1.939 0.192

714 B4 22.2 60 -30 1.108 0.377 2.602 0.237 0.780 0.284 1.878 0.169

715 B4 22.8 60 -45 0.649 0.228 1.491 0.067 0.968 0.315 2.160 0.252

716 B4 22.6 30 -45 0.745 0.298 1.914 0.109 0.993 0.419 2.610 0.093

717 B4 22.5 0 -45 0.289 0.198 1.310 -0.143 0.366 0.252 1.511 -0.209

718 B4 23.2 -30 -45 0.186 0.124 0.727 -0.252 0.209 0.150 0.912 -0.364

719 B4 23.1 -30 -60 0.178 0.132 0.795 -0.097 0.670 0.282 1.916 0.054

720 B4 22.9 0 -60 0.330 0.232 1.324 -0.107 1.108 0.406 2.861 0.284

721 B4 23.1 30 -60 0.512 0.182 1.252 0.120 1.350 0.397 2.853 0.493

722 B4 23.2 60 -60 0.555 0.164 1.221 0.152 0.904 0.319 2.270 0.172

723 B4 22.9 60 -75 0.166 0.114 0.596 -0.104 0.657 0.254 1.651 0.074

724 B4 23.3 30 -75 0.195 0.120 0.703 -0.061 1.327 0.332 2.687 0.538

725 B4 22.1 0 -75 0.285 0.147 0.841 -0.049 1.235 0.322 2.459 0.483

726 B4 23.3 -30 -75 0.284 0.116 0.782 0.045 0.901 0.308 2.138 0.253

727 B4 23.3 -30 -90 0.167 0.082 0.478 -0.015 0.292 0.131 0.818 -0.132

728 B4 23.2 0 -90 0.179 0.082 0.500 -0.017 0.400 0.144 1.041 -0.011

729 B4 23.0 30 -90 0.217 0.104 0.607 -0.043 0.626 0.188 1.329 0.107

730 B4 22.6 60 -90 0.156 0.095 0.534 -0.091 0.276 0.142 0.862 -0.194

731 B4 23.0 60 -105 0.189 0.124 0.656 -0.127 -0.088 0.134 0.325 -0.676

732 B4 22.9 30 -105 0.313 0.125 0.785 0.031 -0.151 0.162 0.356 -0.848

733 B4 22.9 0 -105 0.198 0.088 0.627 -0.013 -0.023 0.109 0.392 -0.479

734 B4 22.9 -30 -105 0.106 0.080 0.439 -0.078 -0.057 0.094 0.293 -0.438

735 B4 23.0 -30 -120 0.047 0.073 0.370 -0.150 -0.050 0.071 0.176 -0.374

736 B4 23.3 0 -120 0.160 0.109 0.639 -0.099 -0.100 0.084 0.164 -0.463

737 B4 22.8 30 -120 0.604 0.186 1.315 0.194 -0.373 0.163 0.032 -0.991

738 B4 23.2 60 -120 0.385 0.196 1.169 -0.073 -0.391 0.186 0.103 -1.150

739 B4 23.3 60 -135 0.618 0.239 1.579 0.061 -0.407 0.163 -0.009 -1.027

Cfx Cfz
 B-13 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

740 B4 22.7 30 -135 0.846 0.230 1.767 0.319 -0.425 0.132 -0.116 -0.958

741 B4 23.3 0 -135 0.002 0.148 0.725 -0.356 -0.135 0.094 0.137 -0.591

742 B4 23.1 -30 -135 0.017 0.074 0.340 -0.263 -0.026 0.062 0.214 -0.317

743 B4 22.7 -30 -150 -0.051 0.096 0.265 -0.482 0.014 0.055 0.240 -0.204

744 B4 23.1 0 -150 -0.030 0.181 0.754 -0.573 -0.050 0.090 0.204 -0.480

745 B4 22.8 30 -150 1.123 0.308 2.318 0.388 -0.371 0.123 -0.069 -0.865

746 B4 22.4 60 -150 0.961 0.329 2.345 0.053 -0.370 0.133 -0.014 -0.899

747 B4 23.1 60 -165 1.131 0.399 2.691 0.066 -0.138 0.077 0.068 -0.441

748 B4 23.2 30 -165 1.276 0.391 2.922 0.431 -0.217 0.090 0.013 -0.578

749 B4 22.9 0 -165 0.053 0.231 1.084 -0.733 -0.088 0.067 0.127 -0.385

750 B4 23.2 -30 -165 0.020 0.117 0.395 -0.524 0.002 0.039 0.164 -0.186

751 B4 22.6 -30 180 -0.049 0.126 0.344 -0.658 0.003 0.028 0.112 -0.101

752 B4 22.5 0 180 -0.006 0.230 1.054 -0.763 -0.012 0.039 0.126 -0.169

753 B4 22.3 30 180 1.499 0.416 3.133 0.474 0.070 0.054 0.253 -0.119

754 B4 22.2 60 180 1.511 0.484 3.319 0.402 0.052 0.043 0.208 -0.099

755 B4 22.8 60 165 1.431 0.470 3.058 0.227 0.405 0.105 0.785 0.130

756 B4 22.3 30 165 1.625 0.451 3.221 0.484 0.335 0.108 0.682 0.067

757 B4 22.3 0 165 0.105 0.201 1.024 -0.653 -0.027 0.047 0.173 -0.173

758 B4 22.8 -30 165 0.030 0.122 0.407 -0.576 0.007 0.036 0.109 -0.125

759 B4 22.2 -30 150 0.028 0.111 0.499 -0.396 0.096 0.058 0.318 -0.077

760 B4 22.7 0 150 0.196 0.214 1.263 -0.481 0.117 0.077 0.478 -0.111

761 B4 22.3 30 150 1.306 0.421 2.662 0.377 0.551 0.173 1.107 0.147

762 B4 22.3 60 150 1.231 0.399 2.723 0.313 0.535 0.160 1.150 0.172

763 B4 22.7 60 135 0.852 0.310 1.993 -0.007 0.635 0.198 1.367 0.116

764 B4 21.8 30 135 1.171 0.346 2.392 0.341 0.754 0.228 1.509 0.222

765 B4 22.2 0 135 0.345 0.250 1.536 -0.325 0.222 0.145 0.895 -0.223

766 B4 21.8 -30 135 0.239 0.173 1.283 -0.303 0.174 0.123 0.818 -0.220

767 B4 22.9 -30 120 0.230 0.218 1.319 -0.510 0.178 0.209 1.082 -0.538

768 B4 22.2 0 120 0.387 0.291 1.964 -0.750 0.233 0.232 1.317 -0.617

769 B4 22.4 30 120 0.752 0.234 1.635 0.162 0.731 0.241 1.619 0.073

770 B4 22.4 60 120 0.574 0.211 1.465 0.017 0.499 0.191 1.277 -0.032

771 B4 22.6 60 105 0.231 0.130 0.781 -0.109 0.220 0.174 0.910 -0.401

772 B4 22.3 30 105 0.433 0.166 1.196 0.000 0.410 0.189 1.166 -0.311

773 B4 21.9 0 105 0.318 0.206 1.345 -0.501 0.124 0.212 0.958 -0.736

774 B4 22.2 -30 105 0.258 0.179 1.158 -0.345 0.175 0.194 0.943 -0.567

775 B4 22.1 -30 90 0.160 0.093 0.524 -0.070 -0.232 0.182 0.266 -1.114

776 B4 22.1 0 90 0.245 0.101 0.657 0.012 -0.242 0.171 0.267 -1.004

777 B4 21.8 30 90 0.335 0.115 0.828 0.057 -0.657 0.358 0.197 -2.210

778 B4 21.8 60 90 0.187 0.093 0.574 -0.061 -0.219 0.241 0.508 -1.252

779 B4 22.9 60 75 0.242 0.123 0.753 -0.061 -0.687 0.355 0.103 -2.146

780 B4 21.7 30 75 0.640 0.180 1.347 0.216 -2.126 0.669 -0.780 -4.859

781 B4 22.2 0 75 0.578 0.156 1.148 0.224 -1.440 0.391 -0.601 -2.882

782 B4 21.8 -30 75 0.311 0.116 0.736 0.043 -1.106 0.366 -0.328 -2.392

783 B4 22.0 -30 60 0.263 0.122 0.852 -0.096 -0.587 0.224 -0.026 -1.621

784 B4 22.7 0 60 0.651 0.204 1.458 0.175 -1.219 0.377 -0.401 -2.713

785 B4 22.4 30 60 1.062 0.295 2.119 0.415 -2.331 0.680 -0.956 -4.819

786 B4 21.6 60 60 0.478 0.227 1.392 -0.049 -1.013 0.475 -0.062 -2.931

787 B4 22.1 60 45 0.863 0.359 2.178 0.017 -1.090 0.467 -0.049 -2.844

788 B4 22.3 30 45 1.488 0.393 2.905 0.563 -1.827 0.488 -0.732 -3.622

789 B4 22.5 0 45 0.306 0.226 1.530 -0.297 -0.409 0.251 0.115 -1.646

Cfx Cfz
 B-14 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

790 B4 22.5 -30 45 0.143 0.099 0.635 -0.237 -0.105 0.092 0.188 -0.505

791 B4 22.5 -30 30 0.099 0.127 0.549 -0.540 -0.016 0.058 0.199 -0.234

792 B4 22.2 0 30 0.158 0.217 1.347 -0.611 -0.058 0.115 0.207 -0.735

793 B4 21.9 30 30 1.798 0.519 3.861 0.381 -1.150 0.348 -0.285 -2.472

794 B4 21.7 60 30 1.219 0.478 2.998 0.102 -0.924 0.352 -0.155 -2.221

795 B4 22.4 60 15 1.368 0.475 3.147 0.160 -0.375 0.159 0.001 -0.993

796 B4 22.2 30 15 1.840 0.501 3.969 0.561 -0.471 0.158 -0.085 -1.125

797 B4 22.0 0 15 0.104 0.242 1.355 -0.921 -0.032 0.055 0.154 -0.321

798 B4 22.5 -30 15 0.029 0.130 0.477 -0.720 0.027 0.037 0.165 -0.087

799 B5 22.8 -30 -165 -0.071 0.129 0.418 -0.563 0.013 0.030 0.110 -0.124

800 B5 22.3 0 -165 0.520 0.337 1.827 -0.204 -0.100 0.053 0.036 -0.312

801 B5 22.3 30 -165 1.416 0.384 3.029 0.610 -0.170 0.051 -0.023 -0.342

802 B5 22.7 60 -165 1.167 0.396 2.586 0.216 -0.158 0.042 -0.047 -0.324

803 B5 22.9 60 -150 0.900 0.316 1.949 0.108 -0.305 0.081 -0.052 -0.567

804 B5 22.3 30 -150 1.106 0.299 2.213 0.408 -0.300 0.074 -0.136 -0.576

805 B5 22.8 0 -150 0.393 0.267 1.436 -0.209 -0.148 0.076 0.033 -0.465

806 B5 22.8 -30 -150 0.014 0.099 0.418 -0.334 -0.007 0.042 0.150 -0.189

807 B5 22.8 -30 -135 0.001 0.087 0.341 -0.291 -0.016 0.049 0.150 -0.213

808 B5 22.2 0 -135 0.260 0.205 0.966 -0.223 -0.152 0.080 0.051 -0.455

809 B5 23.1 30 -135 0.782 0.226 1.638 0.246 -0.331 0.086 -0.090 -0.652

810 B5 21.9 60 -135 0.645 0.274 1.744 -0.081 -0.395 0.129 -0.017 -0.870

811 B5 22.7 60 -120 0.367 0.191 1.182 -0.124 -0.319 0.131 0.043 -0.873

812 B5 23.0 30 -120 0.675 0.174 1.396 0.250 -0.329 0.106 -0.029 -0.745

813 B5 22.3 0 -120 0.226 0.147 0.805 -0.095 -0.073 0.066 0.122 -0.364

814 B5 23.0 -30 -120 0.148 0.072 0.496 -0.061 -0.030 0.044 0.104 -0.241

815 B5 22.7 -30 -105 0.158 0.070 0.464 -0.017 -0.016 0.060 0.183 -0.286

816 B5 22.7 0 -105 0.126 0.091 0.484 -0.092 0.010 0.078 0.325 -0.321

817 B5 22.9 30 -105 0.238 0.136 0.693 -0.119 -0.143 0.118 0.232 -0.579

818 B5 22.7 60 -105 0.175 0.129 0.669 -0.153 -0.065 0.097 0.266 -0.485

819 B5 23.1 60 -90 0.118 0.095 0.471 -0.158 0.262 0.113 0.754 -0.090

820 B5 22.4 30 -90 0.226 0.123 0.700 -0.090 0.605 0.155 1.277 0.135

821 B5 22.6 0 -90 0.292 0.087 0.644 0.099 0.340 0.126 0.887 0.004

822 B5 23.1 -30 -90 0.261 0.084 0.574 0.061 0.217 0.090 0.574 -0.087

823 B5 23.3 -30 -75 0.267 0.115 0.766 0.026 0.653 0.222 1.595 0.166

824 B5 22.6 0 -75 0.400 0.150 0.994 0.088 0.907 0.244 1.932 0.419

825 B5 23.1 30 -75 0.291 0.124 0.732 -0.028 1.144 0.244 2.063 0.555

826 B5 23.0 60 -75 0.195 0.109 0.590 -0.099 0.556 0.197 1.349 0.086

827 B5 23.1 60 -60 0.515 0.173 1.221 0.092 0.839 0.273 1.985 0.258

828 B5 22.6 30 -60 0.644 0.209 1.406 0.154 1.144 0.370 2.470 0.334

829 B5 22.8 0 -60 0.556 0.286 1.668 0.020 1.027 0.414 2.690 0.195

830 B5 22.7 -30 -60 0.451 0.146 1.149 0.121 0.518 0.233 1.649 -0.011

831 B5 22.9 -30 -45 0.320 0.163 1.223 -0.067 0.207 0.161 1.129 -0.155

832 B5 21.8 0 -45 0.788 0.371 2.332 0.004 0.791 0.405 2.430 -0.050

833 B5 22.7 30 -45 1.067 0.325 2.188 0.211 0.989 0.368 2.287 0.121

834 B5 22.7 60 -45 0.702 0.254 1.834 0.110 0.828 0.282 2.106 0.206

835 B5 22.8 60 -30 1.119 0.358 2.705 0.262 0.667 0.246 1.820 0.079

836 B5 22.9 30 -30 1.351 0.397 2.889 0.382 0.664 0.239 1.602 0.123

837 B5 22.6 0 -30 0.704 0.373 2.418 -0.097 0.390 0.250 1.558 -0.126

838 B5 22.3 -30 -30 0.129 0.185 1.139 -0.435 0.060 0.111 0.744 -0.309

839 B5 22.4 -30 -15 0.100 0.196 0.934 -0.630 0.032 0.074 0.393 -0.262

Cfx Cfz
 B-15 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

840 B5 22.5 0 -15 0.613 0.422 2.297 -0.285 0.212 0.159 0.929 -0.145

841 B5 22.7 30 -15 1.510 0.470 3.318 0.368 0.437 0.160 1.078 0.046

842 B5 22.4 60 -15 1.332 0.453 3.055 0.302 0.470 0.185 1.196 0.043

843 B5 23.1 60 0 1.334 0.464 3.232 0.222 0.075 0.068 0.349 -0.106

844 B5 22.5 30 0 1.851 0.491 3.764 0.724 0.029 0.063 0.305 -0.122

845 B5 22.3 0 0 0.623 0.410 2.290 -0.270 0.040 0.070 0.376 -0.147

846 B5 21.8 -30 0 0.124 0.183 0.871 -0.585 0.028 0.045 0.217 -0.115

847 B5 22.8 -30 15 0.050 0.146 0.617 -0.506 0.023 0.038 0.168 -0.084

848 B5 22.9 0 15 0.575 0.426 2.253 -0.241 -0.116 0.080 0.091 -0.437

849 B5 22.3 30 15 1.777 0.514 3.870 0.633 -0.424 0.091 -0.209 -0.775

850 B5 22.6 60 15 1.408 0.557 3.421 0.281 -0.342 0.105 -0.081 -0.723

851 B5 23.2 60 30 1.279 0.479 3.091 0.220 -0.737 0.235 -0.181 -1.592

852 B5 22.8 30 30 1.695 0.450 3.304 0.729 -0.914 0.197 -0.472 -1.607

853 B5 22.8 0 30 0.548 0.355 2.189 -0.163 -0.248 0.162 0.037 -0.965

854 B5 22.4 -30 30 0.110 0.130 0.840 -0.360 0.021 0.042 0.152 -0.156

855 B5 22.6 -30 45 0.204 0.125 0.872 -0.201 -0.074 0.064 0.091 -0.410

856 B5 22.1 0 45 0.508 0.341 2.057 -0.143 -0.560 0.322 -0.022 -2.042

857 B5 22.4 30 45 1.683 0.448 3.314 0.669 -1.701 0.390 -0.827 -3.097

858 B5 22.5 60 45 0.902 0.398 2.453 0.061 -0.939 0.366 -0.173 -2.368

859 B5 22.9 60 60 0.486 0.210 1.282 -0.035 -0.841 0.333 -0.094 -2.053

860 B5 22.9 30 60 1.111 0.284 2.107 0.453 -2.103 0.509 -0.959 -3.955

861 B5 22.5 0 60 0.547 0.229 1.451 -0.008 -0.927 0.374 -0.080 -2.427

862 B5 22.6 -30 60 0.224 0.082 0.637 -0.035 -0.217 0.101 0.061 -0.761

863 B5 22.7 -30 75 0.202 0.076 0.487 0.006 -0.437 0.139 -0.060 -1.046

864 B5 22.8 0 75 0.437 0.147 0.995 0.133 -1.144 0.379 -0.389 -2.485

865 B5 22.7 30 75 0.576 0.182 1.215 0.139 -1.866 0.538 -0.684 -3.811

866 B5 23.4 60 75 0.258 0.134 0.761 -0.101 -0.617 0.306 0.101 -1.740

867 B5 23.2 60 90 0.083 0.091 0.455 -0.169 -0.197 0.179 0.285 -1.020

868 B5 22.8 30 90 0.366 0.131 0.852 -0.002 -0.702 0.315 0.035 -1.889

869 B5 22.8 0 90 0.295 0.108 0.774 0.056 -0.274 0.178 0.176 -1.044

870 B5 22.7 -30 90 0.247 0.081 0.545 0.032 -0.188 0.115 0.187 -0.656

871 B5 23.2 -30 105 0.289 0.122 0.853 -0.064 0.127 0.139 0.706 -0.357

872 B5 22.7 0 105 0.300 0.136 0.897 -0.084 0.110 0.156 0.779 -0.519

873 B5 22.8 30 105 0.414 0.158 1.018 0.019 0.333 0.152 0.889 -0.257

874 B5 23.3 60 105 0.218 0.134 0.729 -0.132 0.194 0.139 0.726 -0.341

875 B5 23.5 60 120 0.486 0.213 1.298 -0.048 0.449 0.172 1.148 -0.006

876 B5 22.7 30 120 0.796 0.218 1.630 0.254 0.622 0.200 1.456 0.098

877 B5 22.5 0 120 0.407 0.179 1.164 -0.057 0.159 0.146 0.848 -0.302

878 B5 22.8 -30 120 0.349 0.160 1.233 -0.070 0.133 0.157 0.915 -0.364

879 B5 22.8 -30 135 0.298 0.134 0.998 -0.137 0.099 0.091 0.587 -0.193

880 B5 22.4 0 135 0.391 0.221 1.334 -0.156 0.155 0.118 0.655 -0.195

881 B5 22.4 30 135 1.032 0.331 2.253 0.287 0.610 0.215 1.380 0.137

882 B5 22.9 60 135 0.828 0.297 1.947 0.106 0.558 0.184 1.272 0.122

883 B5 22.9 60 150 1.096 0.384 2.422 0.114 0.482 0.160 1.036 0.093

884 B5 23.1 30 150 1.325 0.398 2.732 0.435 0.472 0.159 1.050 0.137

885 B5 22.7 0 150 0.538 0.259 1.615 -0.074 0.084 0.090 0.472 -0.178

886 B5 22.1 -30 150 0.337 0.131 0.979 -0.115 0.041 0.056 0.279 -0.161

887 B5 23.0 -30 165 0.094 0.114 0.576 -0.373 -0.005 0.032 0.093 -0.120

888 B5 22.2 0 165 0.482 0.342 1.852 -0.317 0.043 0.080 0.390 -0.156

889 B5 23.2 30 165 1.355 0.404 2.802 0.421 0.277 0.101 0.648 0.040

Cfx Cfz
 B-16 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

890 B5 22.9 60 165 1.315 0.429 2.802 0.224 0.293 0.109 0.709 0.031

891 B5 22.7 60 180 1.381 0.441 2.891 0.300 0.081 0.054 0.306 -0.052

892 B5 23.0 30 180 1.478 0.394 2.946 0.599 0.064 0.053 0.296 -0.100

893 B5 22.3 0 180 0.575 0.336 2.125 -0.129 -0.005 0.052 0.226 -0.148

894 B5 21.9 -30 180 0.053 0.132 0.550 -0.445 0.004 0.028 0.074 -0.102

895 B6 22.9 -30 -180 0.118 0.184 1.022 -0.426 -0.007 0.027 0.073 -0.111

896 B6 22.6 0 -180 0.463 0.299 1.926 -0.126 -0.018 0.049 0.205 -0.176

897 B6 23.2 30 -180 1.396 0.391 2.795 0.565 0.059 0.057 0.274 -0.105

898 B6 22.9 60 -180 1.403 0.463 3.360 0.368 0.085 0.065 0.393 -0.069

899 B6 23.6 60 -165 1.218 0.385 2.693 0.215 -0.150 0.042 0.007 -0.285

900 B6 22.9 30 -165 1.357 0.375 2.855 0.514 -0.155 0.047 -0.030 -0.334

901 B6 22.7 0 -165 0.368 0.265 1.450 -0.204 -0.095 0.050 0.042 -0.296

902 B6 22.9 -30 -165 0.115 0.162 0.855 -0.333 -0.052 0.042 0.081 -0.216

903 B6 22.4 -30 -150 0.072 0.130 0.645 -0.289 -0.073 0.061 0.097 -0.334

904 B6 22.8 0 -150 0.350 0.231 1.345 -0.108 -0.153 0.072 0.024 -0.466

905 B6 23.2 30 -150 0.998 0.283 2.066 0.338 -0.288 0.070 -0.103 -0.545

906 B6 23.3 60 -150 0.873 0.305 2.061 0.109 -0.308 0.082 -0.048 -0.616

907 B6 23.7 60 -135 0.605 0.233 1.521 -0.005 -0.357 0.112 -0.034 -0.765

908 B6 23.2 30 -135 0.807 0.228 1.722 0.306 -0.328 0.089 -0.088 -0.681

909 B6 22.7 0 -135 0.268 0.190 1.143 -0.091 -0.148 0.078 0.046 -0.521

910 B6 23.0 -30 -135 0.085 0.099 0.510 -0.217 -0.084 0.057 0.102 -0.318

911 B6 23.0 -30 -120 0.077 0.087 0.487 -0.161 -0.042 0.052 0.151 -0.269

912 B6 22.8 0 -120 0.163 0.125 0.708 -0.099 -0.066 0.064 0.185 -0.340

913 B6 23.0 30 -120 0.566 0.175 1.282 0.168 -0.345 0.118 -0.018 -0.779

914 B6 23.2 60 -120 0.323 0.169 0.978 -0.124 -0.296 0.125 0.098 -0.775

915 B6 23.1 60 -105 0.200 0.123 0.710 -0.091 -0.046 0.101 0.298 -0.435

916 B6 23.2 30 -105 0.364 0.123 0.790 0.046 -0.131 0.119 0.264 -0.536

917 B6 22.6 0 -105 0.169 0.098 0.600 -0.033 -0.003 0.078 0.271 -0.322

918 B6 23.1 -30 -105 0.128 0.079 0.451 -0.073 -0.027 0.063 0.230 -0.294

919 B6 23.1 -30 -90 0.194 0.083 0.560 -0.015 0.208 0.093 0.600 -0.144

920 B6 23.0 0 -90 0.195 0.088 0.559 -0.009 0.268 0.112 0.845 -0.047

921 B6 23.4 30 -90 0.183 0.103 0.518 -0.067 0.592 0.154 1.273 0.157

922 B6 23.7 60 -90 0.144 0.089 0.515 -0.078 0.259 0.125 0.879 -0.098

923 B6 23.6 60 -75 0.184 0.102 0.578 -0.083 0.571 0.216 1.620 0.115

924 B6 23.3 30 -75 0.260 0.120 0.725 -0.029 1.143 0.292 2.208 0.493

925 B6 23.2 0 -75 0.456 0.157 1.130 0.143 0.894 0.268 1.967 0.326

926 B6 23.0 -30 -75 0.279 0.107 0.700 0.041 0.626 0.201 1.569 0.156

927 B6 23.0 -30 -60 0.216 0.124 0.794 -0.061 0.442 0.208 1.462 -0.179

928 B6 23.5 0 -60 0.510 0.250 1.458 0.033 0.983 0.411 2.596 0.139

929 B6 23.1 30 -60 0.452 0.171 1.067 0.049 1.170 0.373 2.419 0.334

930 B6 23.3 60 -60 0.342 0.132 0.853 0.019 0.735 0.257 1.832 0.193

931 B6 23.5 60 -45 0.743 0.237 1.689 0.139 0.827 0.279 1.891 0.183

932 B6 23.4 30 -45 0.884 0.292 2.041 0.171 1.008 0.357 2.385 0.159

933 B6 23.0 0 -45 0.655 0.362 2.068 -0.025 0.748 0.422 2.435 -0.029

934 B6 22.8 -30 -45 0.326 0.185 1.225 -0.120 0.284 0.188 1.270 -0.110

935 B6 23.1 -30 -30 0.337 0.232 1.465 -0.242 0.173 0.151 0.949 -0.168

936 B6 22.7 0 -30 0.529 0.365 2.104 -0.296 0.369 0.264 1.470 -0.179

937 B6 23.3 30 -30 1.281 0.370 2.654 0.095 0.727 0.244 1.651 0.103

938 B6 23.6 60 -30 1.000 0.334 2.330 0.209 0.690 0.250 1.637 0.117

939 B6 23.5 60 -15 1.226 0.434 3.103 0.236 0.428 0.169 1.290 -0.182

Cfx Cfz
 B-17 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

940 B6 23.4 30 -15 1.548 0.483 3.392 0.482 0.413 0.156 1.029 0.066

941 B6 22.6 0 -15 0.486 0.355 2.121 -0.278 0.132 0.133 0.761 -0.161

942 B6 22.3 -30 -15 0.310 0.271 1.564 -0.400 0.063 0.103 0.641 -0.202

943 B6 22.5 -30 0 0.204 0.247 1.390 -0.453 0.006 0.050 0.297 -0.148

944 B6 22.4 0 0 0.470 0.386 2.306 -0.351 0.019 0.069 0.388 -0.149

945 B6 23.0 30 0 1.729 0.503 3.637 0.594 0.054 0.066 0.339 -0.116

946 B6 23.3 60 0 1.392 0.474 3.216 0.236 0.088 0.078 0.448 -0.107

947 B6 23.7 60 15 1.414 0.478 3.381 0.249 -0.311 0.088 -0.027 -0.675

948 B6 23.2 30 15 1.789 0.468 3.566 0.638 -0.374 0.077 -0.150 -0.646

949 B6 22.5 0 15 0.554 0.378 2.369 -0.174 -0.096 0.065 0.085 -0.385

950 B6 22.3 -30 15 0.156 0.213 1.288 -0.446 -0.024 0.038 0.132 -0.187

951 B6 22.4 -30 30 0.153 0.188 1.058 -0.364 -0.044 0.049 0.107 -0.242

952 B6 22.7 0 30 0.535 0.363 2.195 -0.197 -0.246 0.147 0.027 -0.876

953 B6 23.4 30 30 1.752 0.468 3.541 0.704 -0.840 0.181 -0.378 -1.475

954 B6 23.5 60 30 1.289 0.455 3.085 0.154 -0.666 0.204 -0.123 -1.397

955 B6 23.5 60 45 0.913 0.354 2.173 0.099 -0.947 0.347 -0.153 -2.195

956 B6 23.2 30 45 1.641 0.417 3.205 0.623 -1.707 0.394 -0.653 -3.173

957 B6 22.6 0 45 0.565 0.338 2.020 -0.125 -0.606 0.335 0.035 -1.957

958 B6 22.8 -30 45 0.242 0.159 1.102 -0.195 -0.132 0.091 0.079 -0.633

959 B6 22.9 -30 60 0.192 0.105 0.742 -0.073 -0.234 0.117 0.061 -0.893

960 B6 23.2 0 60 0.522 0.266 1.470 -0.053 -0.919 0.415 -0.041 -2.438

961 B6 23.3 30 60 1.201 0.298 2.328 0.481 -2.205 0.513 -0.965 -4.156

962 B6 23.5 60 60 0.506 0.226 1.382 -0.010 -0.858 0.357 -0.069 -2.253

963 B6 23.5 60 75 0.249 0.122 0.720 -0.067 -0.605 0.282 0.135 -1.645

964 B6 23.7 30 75 0.585 0.159 1.157 0.206 -1.812 0.487 -0.654 -3.459

965 B6 23.5 0 75 0.440 0.163 1.027 0.082 -1.090 0.419 -0.174 -2.577

966 B6 22.9 -30 75 0.151 0.075 0.413 -0.053 -0.344 0.120 0.003 -0.944

967 B6 23.3 -30 90 0.174 0.081 0.485 -0.065 -0.234 0.122 0.131 -0.752

968 B6 23.6 0 90 0.213 0.107 0.650 -0.019 -0.342 0.202 0.084 -1.270

969 B6 23.5 30 90 0.336 0.105 0.756 0.071 -0.808 0.303 -0.069 -2.053

970 B6 23.7 60 90 0.137 0.083 0.474 -0.096 -0.244 0.188 0.295 -0.989

971 B6 23.4 60 105 0.241 0.134 0.807 -0.153 0.208 0.146 0.812 -0.319

972 B6 23.3 30 105 0.493 0.155 1.090 0.105 0.351 0.159 0.978 -0.218

973 B6 23.4 0 105 0.268 0.126 0.827 -0.082 0.103 0.143 0.679 -0.418

974 B6 23.0 -30 105 0.282 0.117 0.846 -0.078 0.117 0.136 0.748 -0.422

975 B6 22.9 -30 120 0.290 0.128 0.896 -0.093 0.145 0.122 0.703 -0.298

976 B6 22.6 0 120 0.271 0.177 1.092 -0.145 0.148 0.136 0.795 -0.266

977 B6 22.9 30 120 0.766 0.236 1.611 0.204 0.616 0.215 1.410 0.050

978 B6 23.4 60 120 0.511 0.215 1.414 -0.034 0.474 0.177 1.238 -0.011

979 B6 23.5 60 135 0.808 0.283 1.941 0.116 0.546 0.174 1.266 0.088

980 B6 23.1 30 135 1.099 0.317 2.236 0.345 0.605 0.203 1.343 0.143

981 B6 23.1 0 135 0.393 0.213 1.383 -0.118 0.123 0.108 0.662 -0.224

982 B6 22.8 -30 135 0.299 0.133 0.933 -0.134 0.097 0.081 0.463 -0.202

983 B6 22.8 -30 150 0.220 0.146 0.873 -0.224 0.035 0.051 0.262 -0.132

984 B6 22.9 0 150 0.399 0.275 1.620 -0.211 0.105 0.099 0.552 -0.136

985 B6 23.2 30 150 1.221 0.371 2.529 0.438 0.461 0.152 1.010 0.136

986 B6 23.4 60 150 1.173 0.408 2.568 0.175 0.495 0.172 1.094 0.091

987 B6 23.6 60 165 1.313 0.424 2.797 -0.040 0.337 0.120 0.934 0.006

988 B6 23.0 30 165 1.435 0.425 3.108 0.541 0.300 0.117 0.810 0.065

989 B6 22.4 0 165 0.543 0.292 1.749 -0.094 0.057 0.079 0.407 -0.134

Cfx Cfz
 B-18 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

990 B6 22.3 -30 165 0.239 0.177 1.031 -0.348 0.005 0.040 0.173 -0.137

1001 D3 23.3 330 165 0.302 0.121 0.846 -0.125 0.034 0.029 0.124 -0.077

1002 D3 23.2 0 165 0.536 0.165 1.281 0.006 0.052 0.039 0.176 -0.136

1003 D3 22.8 30 165 0.771 0.233 1.765 0.141 0.044 0.047 0.203 -0.140

1004 D3 23.1 45 165 1.162 0.342 2.376 0.352 0.011 0.046 0.205 -0.122

1005 D3 23.2 45 150 1.001 0.288 2.104 0.292 0.320 0.105 0.749 0.054

1006 D3 23.3 30 150 0.614 0.191 1.440 0.082 0.213 0.078 0.542 -0.042

1007 D3 23.8 0 150 0.426 0.144 1.101 -0.085 0.122 0.056 0.334 -0.101

1008 D3 23.6 330 150 0.282 0.117 0.899 -0.152 0.078 0.047 0.271 -0.101

1009 D3 23.3 330 135 0.242 0.118 0.825 -0.174 0.081 0.078 0.474 -0.189

1010 D3 23.1 0 135 0.282 0.143 0.993 -0.218 0.127 0.087 0.520 -0.199

1011 D3 23.2 30 135 0.441 0.175 1.305 -0.064 0.273 0.119 0.881 -0.059

1012 D3 23.1 45 135 0.741 0.247 1.785 0.096 0.388 0.152 1.030 -0.002

1013 D3 23.6 45 120 0.422 0.174 1.219 -0.094 0.293 0.169 1.020 -0.239

1014 D3 23.3 30 120 0.311 0.147 1.017 -0.154 0.291 0.145 0.997 -0.135

1015 D3 23.4 0 120 0.197 0.124 0.815 -0.317 0.126 0.119 0.760 -0.277

1016 D3 23.4 330 120 0.139 0.106 0.816 -0.249 0.074 0.109 0.746 -0.281

1017 D3 23.5 330 105 0.085 0.078 0.458 -0.199 0.073 0.123 0.637 -0.354

1018 D3 23.3 0 105 0.077 0.097 0.648 -0.300 0.108 0.146 0.955 -0.412

1019 D3 23.5 30 105 0.102 0.101 0.535 -0.254 0.159 0.145 0.739 -0.401

1020 D3 23.2 45 105 0.157 0.116 0.601 -0.233 -0.091 0.221 0.618 -0.859

1021 D3 23.3 45 90 0.088 0.083 0.440 -0.185 -0.540 0.299 0.194 -1.610

1022 D3 23.5 30 90 0.082 0.071 0.390 -0.174 -0.130 0.171 0.417 -0.925

1023 D3 23.3 0 90 0.032 0.057 0.360 -0.142 -0.001 0.119 0.509 -0.568

1024 D3 23.5 330 90 0.063 0.053 0.317 -0.124 -0.001 0.109 0.508 -0.590

1025 D3 23.4 330 75 0.076 0.063 0.325 -0.134 -0.142 0.109 0.244 -0.681

1026 D3 23.3 0 75 0.071 0.065 0.391 -0.172 -0.224 0.127 0.194 -0.883

1027 D3 23.8 30 75 0.119 0.092 0.544 -0.136 -0.382 0.184 0.041 -1.393

1028 D3 23.5 45 75 0.284 0.120 0.726 -0.147 -0.885 0.342 -0.133 -2.207

1029 D3 23.4 45 60 0.573 0.217 1.403 0.046 -0.954 0.340 -0.220 -2.281

1030 D3 23.1 30 60 0.294 0.159 1.106 -0.503 -0.494 0.181 -0.092 -1.542

1031 D3 22.9 0 60 0.184 0.115 0.792 -0.216 -0.377 0.127 0.024 -1.002

1032 D3 23.1 330 60 0.133 0.091 0.596 -0.165 -0.202 0.098 0.105 -0.763

1033 D3 23.1 330 45 0.237 0.114 0.856 -0.124 -0.212 0.082 0.027 -0.617

1034 D3 23.1 0 45 0.314 0.142 1.035 -0.115 -0.395 0.103 -0.100 -0.894

1035 D3 23.1 30 45 0.428 0.202 1.480 -0.061 -0.472 0.136 -0.153 -1.140

1036 D3 23.0 45 45 0.807 0.288 1.860 0.107 -0.806 0.241 -0.253 -1.743

1037 D3 23.1 45 30 1.115 0.346 2.433 0.310 -0.529 0.137 -0.196 -1.076

1038 D3 22.7 30 30 0.731 0.264 1.962 0.085 -0.366 0.094 -0.107 -0.805

1039 D3 22.7 0 30 0.567 0.194 1.466 -0.060 -0.315 0.077 -0.086 -0.638

1040 D3 23.4 330 30 0.330 0.136 0.981 -0.120 -0.167 0.060 -0.001 -0.402

1041 D3 23.2 330 15 0.402 0.154 1.018 -0.124 -0.098 0.041 0.049 -0.251

1042 D3 23.0 0 15 0.644 0.221 1.836 -0.065 -0.180 0.049 0.027 -0.369

1043 D3 22.8 30 15 0.857 0.263 2.098 0.101 -0.206 0.057 0.000 -0.410

1044 D3 22.3 45 15 1.331 0.396 2.900 0.367 -0.272 0.072 -0.034 -0.568

1045 D3 23.3 45 0 1.159 0.340 2.654 0.301 0.133 0.075 0.436 -0.072

1046 D3 22.6 30 0 1.078 0.292 2.267 0.161 0.070 0.067 0.363 -0.108

1047 D3 22.8 0 0 0.765 0.230 1.763 -0.056 0.005 0.048 0.266 -0.149

1048 D3 22.3 330 0 0.456 0.171 1.191 -0.123 0.000 0.037 0.245 -0.102

1049 D3 23.0 330 -15 0.358 0.165 1.177 -0.212 0.086 0.062 0.512 -0.108

Cfx Cfz
 B-19 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1050 D3 22.8 0 -15 0.618 0.221 1.609 -0.211 0.171 0.081 0.626 -0.110

1051 D3 22.8 30 -15 0.957 0.268 2.027 0.009 0.315 0.112 0.813 -0.036

1052 D3 22.7 45 -15 1.048 0.290 2.273 0.226 0.400 0.133 0.941 0.033

1053 D3 23.0 45 -30 0.860 0.224 1.932 0.176 0.479 0.163 1.247 0.007

1054 D3 22.4 30 -30 0.642 0.201 1.397 -0.043 0.427 0.136 1.008 0.002

1055 D3 22.8 0 -30 0.534 0.171 1.321 -0.051 0.304 0.109 0.867 -0.046

1056 D3 22.7 330 -30 0.311 0.140 0.870 -0.186 0.175 0.086 0.581 -0.163

1057 D3 22.7 330 -45 0.260 0.100 0.688 -0.114 0.223 0.092 0.633 -0.128

1058 D3 22.7 0 -45 0.399 0.115 0.874 -0.043 0.386 0.118 0.940 -0.071

1059 D3 22.8 30 -45 0.454 0.116 0.899 0.008 0.448 0.121 0.933 -0.029

1060 D3 22.9 45 -45 0.660 0.159 1.354 0.244 0.487 0.156 1.123 0.024

1061 D3 23.1 45 -60 0.329 0.119 0.806 0.026 0.449 0.142 1.034 -0.002

1062 D3 22.9 30 -60 0.149 0.068 0.427 -0.072 0.400 0.105 0.891 0.032

1063 D3 22.9 0 -60 0.194 0.064 0.442 -0.016 0.396 0.097 0.865 0.042

1064 D3 22.2 330 -60 0.161 0.063 0.387 -0.067 0.243 0.086 0.663 -0.166

1065 D3 22.6 330 -75 0.108 0.045 0.255 -0.025 0.160 0.066 0.525 -0.106

1066 D3 22.9 0 -75 0.092 0.038 0.212 -0.025 0.246 0.070 0.578 -0.030

1067 D3 22.9 30 -75 0.055 0.048 0.258 -0.088 0.270 0.096 0.780 -0.051

1068 D3 22.4 45 -75 0.155 0.088 0.489 -0.049 0.305 0.129 0.810 -0.103

1069 D3 22.7 45 -90 0.048 0.082 0.347 -0.152 0.182 0.135 0.692 -0.329

1070 D3 23.2 30 -90 0.098 0.047 0.253 -0.046 0.173 0.095 0.644 -0.184

1071 D3 22.5 0 -90 0.133 0.055 0.298 -0.020 0.131 0.076 0.594 -0.211

1072 D3 22.9 330 -90 0.110 0.042 0.236 -0.033 0.089 0.061 0.434 -0.161

1073 D3 23.1 330 -105 0.150 0.051 0.316 -0.027 -0.020 0.062 0.352 -0.231

1074 D3 22.5 0 -105 -0.006 0.050 0.186 -0.178 -0.026 0.069 0.327 -0.255

1075 D3 22.9 30 -105 -0.021 0.055 0.203 -0.204 -0.010 0.081 0.397 -0.301

1076 D3 22.6 45 -105 0.101 0.103 0.560 -0.156 -0.091 0.117 0.290 -0.605

1077 D3 23.1 45 -120 0.166 0.122 0.667 -0.126 -0.215 0.102 0.063 -0.587

1078 D3 22.9 30 -120 0.134 0.077 0.467 -0.123 -0.083 0.064 0.185 -0.336

1079 D3 22.9 0 -120 0.155 0.063 0.388 -0.088 -0.024 0.055 0.282 -0.229

1080 D3 22.8 330 -120 0.167 0.064 0.376 -0.066 -0.017 0.050 0.242 -0.182

1081 D3 23.2 330 -135 0.158 0.070 0.438 -0.088 -0.025 0.040 0.156 -0.195

1082 D3 23.1 0 -135 0.127 0.080 0.448 -0.180 -0.049 0.043 0.149 -0.234

1083 D3 23.0 30 -135 0.129 0.097 0.541 -0.195 -0.128 0.060 0.081 -0.383

1084 D3 23.1 45 -135 0.337 0.160 1.031 -0.037 -0.297 0.106 -0.021 -0.676

1085 D3 23.3 45 -150 0.686 0.227 1.551 0.152 -0.306 0.089 -0.082 -0.573

1086 D3 22.9 30 -150 0.461 0.152 1.173 0.008 -0.153 0.060 -0.001 -0.460

1087 D3 23.1 0 -150 0.309 0.111 0.768 -0.125 -0.066 0.037 0.073 -0.248

1088 D3 23.0 330 -150 0.239 0.087 0.602 -0.102 -0.033 0.030 0.096 -0.158

1089 D3 23.2 330 -165 0.233 0.105 0.673 -0.177 -0.017 0.027 0.069 -0.158

1090 D3 22.9 0 -165 0.469 0.138 1.043 -0.003 -0.036 0.035 0.060 -0.227

1091 D3 22.8 30 -165 0.717 0.196 1.589 0.199 -0.094 0.046 0.004 -0.290

1092 D3 22.8 45 -165 0.987 0.295 2.140 0.267 -0.203 0.059 -0.039 -0.422

1093 D3 23.0 45 -180 1.211 0.332 2.392 0.420 -0.025 0.043 0.131 -0.153

1094 D3 22.8 30 -180 0.763 0.218 1.737 0.186 0.029 0.044 0.158 -0.137

1095 D3 22.9 0 -180 0.499 0.169 1.239 -0.062 0.049 0.036 0.162 -0.118

1096 D3 22.4 45 -180 0.366 0.125 0.857 -0.099 0.021 0.030 0.099 -0.096

1097 B2 22.9 -30 180 1.170 0.300 2.250 0.440 0.049 0.043 0.202 -0.089

1098 B2 22.7 0 180 1.840 0.363 3.102 0.965 0.089 0.045 0.242 -0.073

1099 B2 23.1 30 180 1.584 0.346 2.921 0.693 0.187 0.044 0.332 0.034

Cfx Cfz
 B-20 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1100 B2 23.1 60 180 0.755 0.259 1.863 0.130 0.052 0.041 0.204 -0.071

1101 B2 22.8 60 -165 0.662 0.247 1.582 0.100 -0.066 0.046 0.050 -0.254

1102 B2 22.4 30 -165 1.549 0.305 2.652 0.789 -0.151 0.059 -0.011 -0.381

1103 B2 22.9 0 -165 1.549 0.318 2.838 0.889 -0.168 0.067 -0.016 -0.426

1104 B2 23.0 -30 -165 0.946 0.262 1.886 0.340 -0.126 0.058 0.011 -0.360

1105 B2 22.9 -30 -150 0.697 0.217 1.494 0.183 -0.172 0.065 -0.026 -0.416

1106 B2 22.8 0 -150 0.945 0.224 1.798 0.412 -0.215 0.071 -0.034 -0.500

1107 B2 22.8 30 -150 1.042 0.256 1.935 0.448 -0.237 0.077 -0.063 -0.533

1108 B2 22.8 60 -150 0.569 0.204 1.351 0.064 -0.145 0.069 0.019 -0.441

1109 B2 22.5 60 -135 0.339 0.138 0.878 -0.024 -0.159 0.068 0.039 -0.442

1110 B2 22.7 30 -135 0.598 0.180 1.277 0.092 -0.214 0.075 -0.014 -0.508

1111 B2 23.0 0 -135 0.677 0.165 1.267 0.259 -0.204 0.077 0.012 -0.495

1112 B2 22.7 -30 -135 0.536 0.156 1.178 0.165 -0.171 0.067 0.030 -0.447

1113 B2 23.3 -30 -120 0.360 0.128 0.829 0.022 -0.113 0.078 0.148 -0.434

1114 B2 22.6 0 -120 0.477 0.138 1.004 0.115 -0.081 0.092 0.274 -0.443

1115 B2 22.7 30 -120 0.403 0.142 0.945 0.014 -0.112 0.087 0.179 -0.473

1116 B2 22.5 60 -120 0.223 0.108 0.647 -0.083 -0.073 0.061 0.157 -0.350

1117 B2 22.8 60 -105 0.226 0.097 0.585 -0.061 -0.096 0.094 0.171 -0.533

1118 B2 23.1 30 -105 0.254 0.121 0.705 -0.072 -0.089 0.109 0.312 -0.580

1119 B2 23.0 0 -105 0.316 0.105 0.738 0.067 -0.084 0.128 0.456 -0.591

1120 B2 22.5 -30 -105 0.306 0.110 0.782 0.022 -0.114 0.107 0.267 -0.522

1121 B2 22.9 -30 -90 0.278 0.109 0.678 0.022 0.414 0.158 1.025 -0.184

1122 B2 22.8 0 -90 0.233 0.099 0.620 -0.022 0.400 0.190 1.104 -0.280

1123 B2 23.0 30 -90 0.327 0.119 0.821 -0.003 0.425 0.151 1.002 -0.139

1124 B2 22.5 60 -90 0.190 0.092 0.552 -0.064 0.154 0.115 0.673 -0.239

1125 B2 22.6 60 -75 0.204 0.095 0.586 -0.059 0.484 0.206 1.418 -0.003

1126 B2 22.8 30 -75 0.496 0.146 1.044 0.124 1.268 0.370 2.688 0.513

1127 B2 22.6 0 -75 0.633 0.143 1.136 0.325 1.576 0.405 3.153 0.677

1128 B2 22.8 -30 -75 0.426 0.132 0.904 0.130 1.270 0.394 2.687 0.412

1129 B2 22.5 -30 -60 0.877 0.202 1.639 0.411 1.486 0.472 3.270 0.481

1130 B2 22.6 0 -60 1.197 0.205 1.925 0.673 1.740 0.494 3.444 0.558

1131 B2 22.6 30 -60 0.721 0.203 1.493 0.192 1.593 0.438 3.204 0.597

1132 B2 23.2 60 -60 0.271 0.133 0.819 -0.066 0.659 0.256 1.678 0.045

1133 B2 23.1 60 -45 0.591 0.206 1.394 0.075 0.697 0.261 1.718 0.117

1134 B2 22.6 30 -45 1.425 0.315 2.741 0.681 1.480 0.409 3.180 0.612

1135 B2 22.8 0 -45 1.617 0.328 2.871 0.808 1.467 0.390 2.931 0.565

1136 B2 22.5 -30 -45 1.063 0.309 2.289 0.412 1.181 0.395 2.672 0.386

1137 B2 22.6 -30 -30 1.062 0.299 2.229 0.321 0.706 0.183 1.455 0.262

1138 B2 22.9 0 -30 1.497 0.339 2.756 0.578 0.885 0.199 1.594 0.385

1139 B2 22.2 30 -30 1.803 0.424 3.512 0.784 1.088 0.253 2.106 0.489

1140 B2 22.4 60 -30 0.790 0.285 1.949 0.072 0.572 0.185 1.300 0.083

1141 B2 22.8 60 -15 1.005 0.339 2.196 0.169 0.367 0.106 0.693 0.072

1142 B2 22.3 30 -15 2.171 0.446 4.033 1.057 0.523 0.123 1.035 0.210

1143 B2 22.5 0 -15 1.919 0.419 3.450 0.981 0.493 0.124 0.957 0.207

1144 B2 22.8 -30 -15 1.290 0.354 2.617 0.451 0.359 0.114 0.816 0.092

1145 B2 22.7 -30 0 1.358 0.383 2.923 0.388 0.025 0.040 0.208 -0.090

1146 B2 22.3 0 0 2.001 0.442 3.593 0.915 0.022 0.042 0.198 -0.097

1147 B2 22.5 30 0 2.154 0.442 3.757 1.121 0.007 0.043 0.188 -0.116

1148 B2 22.7 60 0 1.092 0.358 2.621 0.271 0.067 0.047 0.227 -0.077

1149 B2 22.8 60 15 0.951 0.313 2.210 0.198 -0.339 0.113 -0.063 -0.794

Cfx Cfz
 B-21 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1150 B2 22.8 30 15 1.947 0.460 3.704 0.893 -0.698 0.159 -0.339 -1.293

1151 B2 22.8 0 15 2.001 0.463 3.830 1.007 -0.711 0.155 -0.348 -1.301

1152 B2 22.8 -30 15 1.399 0.395 2.869 0.546 -0.524 0.144 -0.198 -1.051

1153 B2 23.1 -30 30 1.287 0.359 2.731 0.428 -1.039 0.280 -0.355 -2.178

1154 B2 22.8 0 30 1.841 0.442 3.753 0.841 -1.354 0.313 -0.644 -2.684

1155 B2 22.8 30 30 1.608 0.408 3.284 0.667 -1.183 0.282 -0.540 -2.445

1156 B2 22.6 60 30 0.846 0.298 1.997 -0.133 -0.638 0.222 -0.092 -1.470

1157 B2 22.8 60 45 0.586 0.241 1.488 0.030 -0.859 0.340 -0.121 -2.163

1158 B2 22.6 30 45 1.238 0.355 2.747 0.399 -1.877 0.501 -0.713 -3.950

1159 B2 23.1 0 45 1.439 0.373 2.878 0.614 -2.110 0.519 -0.958 -4.150

1160 B2 22.6 -30 45 1.190 0.349 2.515 0.463 -1.710 0.523 -0.660 -3.648

1161 B2 22.6 -30 60 0.835 0.274 1.826 0.223 -2.232 0.682 -0.845 -4.732

1162 B2 22.8 0 60 1.050 0.260 1.977 0.474 -2.735 0.670 -1.340 -5.212

1163 B2 23.0 30 60 0.912 0.265 1.851 0.245 -2.309 0.630 -0.927 -4.563

1164 B2 23.1 60 60 0.383 0.169 1.055 -0.027 -0.856 0.395 -0.092 -2.480

1165 B2 22.7 60 75 0.153 0.114 0.564 -0.180 -0.572 0.304 0.082 -1.817

1166 B2 23.0 30 75 0.486 0.173 1.152 0.044 -1.818 0.584 -0.644 -4.008

1167 B2 22.7 0 75 0.610 0.185 1.251 0.157 -2.275 0.692 -0.901 -4.744

1168 B2 23.0 -30 75 0.514 0.177 1.226 0.117 -1.934 0.633 -0.650 -4.345

1169 B2 22.8 -30 90 0.285 0.117 0.760 -0.018 -0.528 0.314 0.155 -1.942

1170 B2 22.8 0 90 0.279 0.128 0.821 -0.038 -0.440 0.319 0.187 -2.230

1171 B2 23.1 30 90 0.324 0.136 0.852 -0.058 -0.491 0.323 0.224 -1.855

1172 B2 22.9 60 90 0.170 0.089 0.501 -0.099 -0.210 0.195 0.306 -0.958

1173 B2 22.8 60 105 0.178 0.123 0.679 -0.188 0.180 0.143 0.765 -0.379

1174 B2 23.2 30 105 0.367 0.154 1.025 -0.072 0.362 0.192 1.122 -0.416

1175 B2 23.1 0 105 0.391 0.140 0.942 0.024 0.220 0.215 1.153 -0.543

1176 B2 22.8 -30 105 0.374 0.139 0.919 0.014 0.270 0.193 1.084 -0.412

1177 B2 22.7 -30 120 0.528 0.186 1.229 0.075 0.283 0.125 0.809 -0.143

1178 B2 22.9 0 120 0.671 0.198 1.443 0.170 0.330 0.138 0.961 -0.159

1179 B2 22.8 30 120 0.679 0.195 1.411 0.115 0.448 0.149 1.031 0.012

1180 B2 23.4 60 120 0.394 0.158 1.065 -0.018 0.324 0.142 0.908 -0.024

1181 B2 22.8 60 135 0.517 0.204 1.288 -0.025 0.362 0.130 0.852 0.063

1182 B2 22.5 30 135 1.028 0.268 2.085 0.368 0.566 0.133 1.130 0.219

1183 B2 23.0 0 135 0.946 0.265 2.014 0.315 0.462 0.121 0.942 0.130

1184 B2 22.4 -30 135 0.821 0.244 1.755 0.257 0.371 0.106 0.771 0.080

1185 B2 22.9 -30 150 0.975 0.281 2.031 0.353 0.388 0.096 0.749 0.154

1186 B2 22.6 0 150 1.365 0.328 2.596 0.630 0.533 0.114 0.947 0.244

1187 B2 22.8 30 150 1.399 0.320 2.601 0.643 0.560 0.116 1.004 0.266

1188 B2 22.8 60 150 0.715 0.240 1.624 0.090 0.297 0.100 0.687 0.050

1189 B2 22.9 60 165 0.765 0.280 1.930 0.161 0.178 0.073 0.513 0.010

1190 B2 22.8 30 165 1.474 0.340 2.824 0.656 0.334 0.077 0.630 0.132

1191 B2 22.4 0 165 1.497 0.391 3.051 0.641 0.334 0.077 0.632 0.119

1192 B2 22.6 -30 165 1.173 0.299 2.238 0.449 0.237 0.063 0.478 0.056

1193 C4 22.2 -30 180 -0.105 0.145 0.509 -0.645 -0.011 0.037 0.073 -0.171

1194 C4 22.8 0 180 0.043 0.200 0.898 -0.631 -0.025 0.043 0.107 -0.202

1195 C4 22.3 30 180 1.132 0.301 2.301 0.373 -0.039 0.049 0.099 -0.229

1196 C4 22.4 30 165 0.879 0.267 1.939 0.140 0.166 0.062 0.414 -0.005

1197 C4 22.5 0 165 0.107 0.212 1.029 -0.668 -0.003 0.056 0.215 -0.194

1198 C4 22.1 -30 165 -0.043 0.144 0.589 -0.584 -0.014 0.040 0.106 -0.165

1199 C4 22.4 -30 150 0.062 0.139 0.608 -0.476 0.017 0.056 0.213 -0.212

Cfx Cfz
 B-22 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1200 C4 22.1 0 150 0.133 0.173 0.872 -0.489 0.031 0.068 0.302 -0.236

1201 C4 22.2 30 150 0.681 0.248 1.613 0.017 0.237 0.089 0.578 0.006

1202 C4 22.3 30 135 0.538 0.226 1.520 -0.062 0.244 0.116 0.727 -0.096

1203 C4 22.2 0 135 0.339 0.161 1.060 -0.225 0.128 0.107 0.615 -0.287

1204 C4 22.5 -30 135 0.105 0.149 0.725 -0.469 0.097 0.098 0.512 -0.250

1205 C4 22.6 -30 120 0.167 0.168 0.908 -0.301 0.197 0.179 1.002 -0.370

1206 C4 22.3 0 120 0.301 0.163 1.083 -0.142 0.214 0.173 0.953 -0.321

1207 C4 22.9 30 120 0.391 0.183 1.227 -0.147 0.277 0.163 1.029 -0.216

1208 C4 22.6 30 105 0.235 0.120 0.810 -0.090 0.281 0.180 0.968 -0.361

1209 C4 22.4 0 105 0.227 0.144 0.880 -0.158 0.165 0.217 1.012 -0.735

1210 C4 22.6 -30 105 0.163 0.135 0.807 -0.205 0.169 0.189 0.950 -0.632

1211 C4 22.8 -30 90 0.087 0.083 0.429 -0.135 -0.355 0.190 0.175 -1.160

1212 C4 22.6 0 90 0.163 0.095 0.522 -0.094 -0.443 0.223 0.083 -1.469

1213 C4 22.5 30 90 0.256 0.123 0.700 -0.115 -0.429 0.236 0.137 -1.510

1214 C4 22.7 30 75 0.371 0.139 0.899 -0.032 -1.253 0.367 -0.498 -2.663

1215 C4 22.2 0 75 0.184 0.091 0.555 -0.052 -0.997 0.235 -0.414 -1.979

1216 C4 22.6 -30 75 0.177 0.087 0.517 -0.058 -0.793 0.241 -0.210 -1.716

1217 C4 22.8 -30 60 -0.068 0.089 0.336 -0.314 -0.330 0.160 0.068 -1.107

1218 C4 22.4 0 60 0.176 0.109 0.624 -0.172 -0.546 0.200 0.004 -1.490

1219 C4 22.5 30 60 0.525 0.177 1.154 0.038 -1.062 0.311 -0.408 -2.207

1220 C4 22.6 30 45 0.729 0.218 1.584 0.178 -0.801 0.233 -0.233 -1.687

1221 C4 23.0 0 45 0.110 0.145 0.847 -0.278 -0.139 0.132 0.141 -0.913

1222 C4 23.0 -30 45 0.033 0.125 0.777 -0.326 -0.116 0.101 0.135 -0.551

1223 C4 22.5 -30 30 -0.003 0.143 0.662 -0.492 0.032 0.067 0.242 -0.247

1224 C4 22.4 0 30 0.090 0.199 1.042 -0.515 -0.061 0.103 0.198 -0.599

1225 C4 22.8 30 30 0.985 0.285 2.191 0.274 -0.618 0.167 -0.208 -1.387

1226 C4 22.6 30 15 1.166 0.323 2.484 0.346 -0.370 0.099 -0.123 -0.763

1227 C4 22.2 0 15 0.145 0.240 1.223 -0.611 -0.037 0.068 0.134 -0.386

1228 C4 22.5 -30 15 -0.102 0.169 0.623 -0.678 0.022 0.052 0.217 -0.174

1229 C4 22.6 -30 0 -0.076 0.181 0.622 -0.818 0.014 0.042 0.177 -0.125

1230 C4 22.6 0 0 0.150 0.268 1.283 -0.730 0.000 0.050 0.242 -0.176

1231 C4 22.7 30 0 1.185 0.355 2.644 0.272 -0.016 0.053 0.209 -0.185

1232 C4 22.5 30 -15 0.926 0.371 2.476 -0.075 0.293 0.124 0.824 -0.063

1233 C4 22.4 0 -15 0.100 0.266 1.312 -0.722 0.050 0.094 0.543 -0.258

1234 C4 22.1 -30 -15 0.004 0.203 0.778 -0.732 0.007 0.073 0.352 -0.267

1235 C4 22.7 -30 -30 0.054 0.205 0.931 -0.589 0.071 0.129 0.663 -0.340

1236 C4 22.3 0 -30 0.185 0.266 1.420 -0.636 0.148 0.171 0.999 -0.372

1237 C4 23.0 30 -30 0.703 0.314 2.050 -0.081 0.530 0.210 1.436 0.016

1238 C4 21.8 30 -45 0.683 0.242 1.719 0.102 0.776 0.312 2.203 0.043

1239 C4 22.3 0 -45 0.359 0.222 1.506 -0.109 0.310 0.255 1.661 -0.208

1240 C4 22.5 -30 -45 0.227 0.169 1.042 -0.434 0.201 0.177 1.129 -0.237

1241 C4 22.6 30 -60 0.455 0.192 1.247 0.001 1.003 0.362 2.562 0.221

1242 C4 22.7 0 -60 0.447 0.190 1.239 0.042 0.887 0.385 2.380 0.016

1243 C4 22.3 -30 -60 0.275 0.139 0.926 -0.028 0.609 0.277 1.971 -0.023

1244 C4 22.8 30 -75 0.246 0.141 0.791 -0.142 1.082 0.278 2.280 0.419

1245 C4 22.6 0 -75 0.394 0.132 0.951 0.104 1.277 0.345 2.612 0.500

1246 C4 22.6 -30 -75 0.194 0.119 0.672 -0.050 0.952 0.315 2.258 0.244

1247 C4 22.5 -30 -90 0.109 0.091 0.491 -0.115 0.306 0.136 0.893 -0.148

1248 C4 22.3 0 -90 0.106 0.092 0.513 -0.120 0.370 0.139 0.943 -0.124

1249 C4 22.6 30 -90 0.181 0.122 0.625 -0.142 0.292 0.138 0.835 -0.234

Cfx Cfz
 B-23 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1250 C4 22.5 30 -105 0.196 0.092 0.531 -0.067 -0.035 0.092 0.287 -0.384

1251 C4 22.7 0 -105 0.022 0.081 0.427 -0.158 -0.012 0.099 0.364 -0.430

1252 C4 22.3 -30 -105 0.107 0.075 0.432 -0.069 -0.034 0.090 0.285 -0.420

1253 C4 22.6 -30 -120 0.018 0.068 0.326 -0.172 -0.049 0.063 0.136 -0.350

1254 C4 22.8 0 -120 0.063 0.081 0.512 -0.151 -0.062 0.075 0.169 -0.447

1255 C4 22.4 30 -120 0.323 0.129 0.784 -0.043 -0.152 0.082 0.090 -0.527

1256 C4 22.9 30 -135 0.513 0.153 1.107 0.127 -0.297 0.100 -0.075 -0.685

1257 C4 22.7 0 -135 0.093 0.120 0.656 -0.221 -0.121 0.093 0.116 -0.581

1258 C4 22.4 -30 -135 -0.026 0.084 0.394 -0.270 -0.031 0.071 0.184 -0.394

1259 C4 22.8 -30 -150 -0.087 0.108 0.348 -0.471 -0.013 0.067 0.198 -0.295

1260 C4 22.2 0 -150 0.138 0.156 0.760 -0.325 -0.108 0.086 0.135 -0.470

1261 C4 22.4 30 -150 0.677 0.232 1.538 0.049 -0.364 0.116 -0.100 -0.807

1262 C4 22.6 30 -165 1.086 0.297 2.190 0.309 -0.266 0.092 -0.056 -0.602

1263 C4 22.2 0 -165 0.135 0.198 0.960 -0.420 -0.068 0.066 0.106 -0.387

1264 C4 22.4 -30 -165 -0.007 0.137 0.636 -0.491 -0.013 0.055 0.156 -0.294

1265 C2 22.1 -30 -165 -0.033 0.139 0.383 -0.631 0.024 0.044 0.228 -0.144

1266 C2 22.6 0 -165 -0.301 0.181 0.254 -1.111 0.045 0.057 0.301 -0.146

1267 C2 22.9 30 -165 0.779 0.273 1.706 -0.054 -0.254 0.080 -0.036 -0.553

1268 C2 22.5 30 -150 0.602 0.217 1.468 -0.031 -0.312 0.100 -0.062 -0.720

1269 C2 22.3 0 -150 -0.032 0.132 0.403 -0.561 0.029 0.071 0.328 -0.226

1270 C2 22.6 -30 -150 -0.042 0.105 0.293 -0.442 0.005 0.057 0.235 -0.217

1271 C2 22.5 -30 -135 -0.007 0.074 0.259 -0.280 -0.044 0.063 0.198 -0.292

1272 C2 22.5 0 -135 0.068 0.094 0.448 -0.285 -0.058 0.074 0.207 -0.386

1273 C2 22.2 30 -135 0.396 0.160 0.986 -0.020 -0.281 0.092 -0.082 -0.663

1274 C2 22.4 30 -120 0.281 0.122 0.746 -0.066 -0.111 0.075 0.128 -0.463

1275 C2 22.4 0 -120 0.060 0.091 0.496 -0.199 -0.095 0.083 0.171 -0.488

1276 C2 22.3 -30 -120 0.129 0.076 0.488 -0.089 -0.073 0.071 0.162 -0.390

1277 C2 22.9 -30 -105 0.097 0.078 0.461 -0.103 -0.041 0.094 0.312 -0.417

1278 C2 22.2 0 -105 0.122 0.088 0.522 -0.106 -0.029 0.113 0.464 -0.441

1279 C2 22.5 30 -105 0.175 0.106 0.570 -0.122 -0.080 0.096 0.265 -0.476

1280 C2 22.8 30 -90 0.141 0.118 0.561 -0.210 0.315 0.135 0.812 -0.132

1281 C2 22.4 0 -90 0.151 0.085 0.516 -0.043 0.420 0.145 1.038 -0.017

1282 C2 22.0 -30 -90 0.185 0.097 0.553 -0.039 0.377 0.156 0.994 -0.108

1283 C2 22.9 -30 -75 0.188 0.110 0.632 -0.066 1.007 0.312 2.224 0.281

1284 C2 22.3 0 -75 0.383 0.131 0.912 0.101 1.380 0.364 2.819 0.574

1285 C2 22.5 30 -75 0.287 0.149 0.874 -0.103 1.103 0.308 2.330 0.442

1286 C2 22.6 30 -60 0.577 0.206 1.390 0.094 1.110 0.365 2.592 0.376

1287 C2 22.5 0 -60 0.534 0.159 1.184 0.156 1.006 0.356 2.445 0.120

1288 C2 22.7 -30 -60 0.320 0.136 0.928 0.030 0.731 0.299 2.039 0.071

1289 C2 23.0 -30 -45 0.164 0.126 0.753 -0.212 0.217 0.157 1.015 -0.307

1290 C2 22.4 0 -45 0.161 0.150 0.892 -0.331 0.191 0.179 0.976 -0.447

1291 C2 22.9 30 -45 0.509 0.221 1.538 -0.011 0.648 0.284 1.882 -0.004

1292 C2 22.4 30 -30 0.695 0.349 1.969 -0.497 0.488 0.254 1.432 -0.371

1293 C2 23.1 0 -30 -0.064 0.198 0.553 -0.896 -0.039 0.132 0.429 -0.606

1294 C2 22.3 -30 -30 0.113 0.175 0.681 -0.723 0.063 0.109 0.506 -0.452

1295 C2 22.7 -30 -15 0.056 0.186 0.760 -0.808 0.021 0.068 0.312 -0.313

1296 C2 22.7 0 -15 -0.284 0.254 0.450 -1.548 -0.043 0.095 0.252 -0.518

1297 C2 22.6 30 -15 0.830 0.393 2.260 -0.372 0.276 0.146 0.896 -0.194

1298 C2 22.6 30 0 1.064 0.397 2.445 -0.377 0.016 0.058 0.294 -0.182

1299 C2 22.8 0 0 -0.256 0.242 0.377 -1.486 0.020 0.048 0.189 -0.193

Cfx Cfz
 B-24 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1300 C2 22.7 -30 0 -0.033 0.163 0.504 -0.821 0.017 0.040 0.153 -0.149

1301 C2 22.7 -30 15 -0.041 0.149 0.472 -0.846 0.045 0.043 0.204 -0.117

1302 C2 23.0 0 15 -0.178 0.193 0.418 -1.082 0.067 0.046 0.255 -0.062

1303 C2 22.9 30 15 0.789 0.352 1.970 -0.240 -0.224 0.103 0.054 -0.569

1304 C2 22.7 30 30 0.655 0.316 1.806 -0.264 -0.356 0.173 0.097 -0.977

1305 C2 22.5 0 30 -0.035 0.158 0.572 -0.803 0.051 0.059 0.296 -0.132

1306 C2 22.4 -30 30 -0.023 0.142 0.426 -0.725 0.009 0.057 0.230 -0.188

1307 C2 22.7 -30 45 0.077 0.109 0.515 -0.326 -0.087 0.096 0.221 -0.478

1308 C2 22.4 0 45 0.110 0.120 0.667 -0.386 -0.111 0.105 0.270 -0.583

1309 C2 22.5 30 45 0.533 0.209 1.275 -0.064 -0.712 0.246 -0.105 -1.647

1310 C2 22.7 30 60 0.461 0.150 0.998 0.067 -1.133 0.273 -0.489 -2.232

1311 C2 23.0 0 60 0.320 0.123 0.813 -0.043 -0.857 0.244 -0.171 -1.832

1312 C2 23.1 -30 60 0.273 0.117 0.802 -0.017 -0.640 0.237 -0.114 -1.815

1313 C2 22.8 -30 75 0.319 0.122 0.837 0.035 -1.210 0.396 -0.385 -2.858

1314 C2 22.7 0 75 0.383 0.120 0.819 0.075 -1.511 0.361 -0.648 -2.852

1315 C2 22.5 30 75 0.420 0.133 0.945 0.040 -1.219 0.330 -0.555 -2.491

1316 C2 23.2 30 90 0.166 0.114 0.605 -0.171 -0.290 0.200 0.192 -1.439

1317 C2 22.6 0 90 0.202 0.095 0.584 -0.036 -0.446 0.246 0.110 -1.524

1318 C2 22.8 -30 90 0.226 0.094 0.615 -0.008 -0.366 0.216 0.122 -1.430

1319 C2 23.0 -30 105 0.251 0.144 0.912 -0.159 0.171 0.189 0.883 -0.511

1320 C2 22.9 0 105 0.240 0.180 1.050 -0.248 0.164 0.248 1.115 -0.859

1321 C2 22.6 30 105 0.349 0.140 0.912 -0.051 0.300 0.186 1.007 -0.378

1322 C2 22.8 30 120 0.405 0.183 1.225 -0.095 0.282 0.180 1.060 -0.290

1323 C2 22.7 0 120 0.384 0.282 1.576 -0.429 0.267 0.276 1.334 -0.677

1324 C2 22.8 -30 120 0.394 0.232 1.473 -0.305 0.226 0.228 1.165 -0.567

1325 C2 22.7 -30 135 0.308 0.187 1.215 -0.257 0.229 0.142 0.848 -0.183

1326 C2 22.4 0 135 0.277 0.215 1.305 -0.280 0.248 0.168 1.038 -0.226

1327 C2 22.3 30 135 0.620 0.212 1.456 0.034 0.274 0.124 0.760 -0.095

1328 C2 22.4 30 150 0.648 0.236 1.517 -0.131 0.197 0.086 0.511 -0.097

1329 C2 22.4 0 150 0.097 0.152 0.731 -0.491 0.111 0.085 0.493 -0.157

1330 C2 23.0 -30 150 0.115 0.121 0.611 -0.296 0.094 0.069 0.369 -0.105

1331 C2 22.6 -30 165 0.066 0.140 0.478 -0.615 0.020 0.046 0.194 -0.146

1332 C2 22.6 0 165 -0.020 0.157 0.508 -0.803 0.004 0.049 0.192 -0.197

1333 C2 22.8 30 165 0.628 0.293 1.563 -0.800 0.119 0.066 0.354 -0.260

1334 C2 22.8 30 180 0.776 0.307 1.813 -0.240 -0.033 0.043 0.110 -0.184

1335 C2 22.9 0 180 -0.128 0.177 0.391 -0.919 -0.019 0.034 0.109 -0.130

1336 C2 22.6 -30 180 -0.038 0.137 0.487 -0.748 -0.006 0.031 0.089 -0.138

1337 C6 22.7 -30 180 0.104 0.204 1.040 -0.473 -0.027 0.040 0.076 -0.205

1338 C6 21.8 0 180 0.461 0.274 1.660 -0.303 -0.071 0.060 0.100 -0.313

1339 C6 22.3 30 180 0.965 0.290 2.027 0.253 -0.025 0.044 0.109 -0.207

1340 C6 22.5 30 -165 0.965 0.283 2.118 0.261 -0.269 0.093 -0.057 -0.638

1341 C6 22.3 0 -165 0.325 0.200 1.183 -0.203 -0.142 0.086 0.047 -0.547

1342 C6 22.4 -30 -165 0.088 0.170 0.740 -0.353 -0.095 0.072 0.096 -0.375

1343 C6 22.4 -30 -150 0.056 0.134 0.644 -0.324 -0.069 0.084 0.152 -0.424

1344 C6 22.8 0 -150 0.190 0.159 0.862 -0.212 -0.166 0.099 0.078 -0.594

1345 C6 22.9 30 -150 0.697 0.224 1.670 0.110 -0.336 0.113 -0.079 -0.842

1346 C6 23.0 30 -135 0.481 0.160 1.119 0.081 -0.287 0.103 -0.041 -0.749

1347 C6 22.3 0 -135 0.137 0.111 0.703 -0.130 -0.161 0.089 0.049 -0.611

1348 C6 22.5 -30 -135 0.086 0.091 0.514 -0.186 -0.097 0.078 0.134 -0.457

1349 C6 23.1 -30 -120 0.058 0.074 0.400 -0.143 -0.048 0.066 0.163 -0.346

Cfx Cfz
 B-25 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1350 C6 22.6 0 -120 0.079 0.096 0.504 -0.187 -0.095 0.080 0.177 -0.454

1351 C6 22.7 30 -120 0.347 0.121 0.792 0.018 -0.143 0.078 0.108 -0.458

1352 C6 23.1 30 -105 0.200 0.108 0.616 -0.136 -0.019 0.090 0.310 -0.391

1353 C6 22.5 0 -105 0.083 0.093 0.515 -0.112 0.005 0.098 0.364 -0.440

1354 C6 23.0 -30 -105 0.101 0.077 0.461 -0.072 -0.032 0.083 0.295 -0.407

1355 C6 22.7 -30 -90 0.111 0.088 0.475 -0.105 0.322 0.134 0.831 -0.196

1356 C6 22.8 0 -90 0.085 0.092 0.468 -0.149 0.319 0.141 0.918 -0.131

1357 C6 22.5 30 -90 0.213 0.117 0.681 -0.127 0.365 0.139 0.951 -0.088

1358 C6 23.1 30 -75 0.298 0.140 0.823 -0.082 1.032 0.281 2.095 0.362

1359 C6 22.5 0 -75 0.366 0.133 0.885 0.074 1.279 0.339 2.634 0.508

1360 C6 22.6 -30 -75 0.226 0.113 0.671 -0.014 0.900 0.285 2.103 0.269

1361 C6 22.6 -30 -60 0.327 0.157 1.152 -0.017 0.605 0.299 2.247 -0.026

1362 C6 22.6 0 -60 0.543 0.235 1.667 0.064 1.030 0.482 3.308 0.071

1363 C6 22.8 30 -60 0.441 0.182 1.201 0.007 0.889 0.340 2.332 0.135

1364 C6 22.9 30 -45 0.640 0.252 1.694 0.028 0.763 0.305 2.068 0.084

1365 C6 22.7 0 -45 0.684 0.299 2.166 0.042 0.621 0.353 2.424 -0.101

1366 C6 22.3 -30 -45 0.327 0.215 1.446 -0.148 0.366 0.242 1.665 -0.121

1367 C6 22.6 -30 -30 0.297 0.243 1.386 -0.372 0.179 0.152 0.913 -0.197

1368 C6 22.3 0 -30 0.649 0.323 2.171 -0.089 0.305 0.211 1.315 -0.150

1369 C6 22.4 30 -30 0.743 0.326 2.170 -0.055 0.493 0.205 1.428 0.009

1370 C6 23.0 30 -15 1.046 0.367 2.459 0.139 0.282 0.118 0.801 -0.008

1371 C6 22.0 0 -15 0.712 0.374 2.419 -0.143 0.124 0.122 0.738 -0.201

1372 C6 22.0 -30 -15 0.264 0.292 1.486 -0.495 0.066 0.099 0.562 -0.198

1373 C6 22.3 -30 0 0.197 0.265 1.325 -0.503 0.001 0.049 0.235 -0.148

1374 C6 22.7 0 0 0.443 0.337 1.828 -0.434 -0.009 0.055 0.229 -0.212

1375 C6 22.5 30 0 1.185 0.374 2.798 0.242 0.007 0.055 0.254 -0.203

1376 C6 22.7 30 15 1.075 0.332 2.494 0.256 -0.319 0.099 -0.073 -0.726

1377 C6 22.3 0 15 0.455 0.328 1.959 -0.295 -0.135 0.094 0.081 -0.608

1378 C6 22.3 -30 15 0.174 0.228 1.177 -0.508 -0.060 0.062 0.127 -0.338

1379 C6 22.3 -30 30 0.169 0.202 1.206 -0.334 -0.088 0.093 0.122 -0.555

1380 C6 22.8 0 30 0.395 0.263 1.678 -0.197 -0.224 0.139 0.049 -0.903

1381 C6 22.4 30 30 0.944 0.293 2.264 0.205 -0.562 0.162 -0.193 -1.294

1382 C6 23.1 30 45 0.756 0.237 1.687 0.172 -0.888 0.266 -0.258 -1.957

1383 C6 22.8 0 45 0.295 0.205 1.265 -0.131 -0.363 0.226 0.050 -1.506

1384 C6 22.7 -30 45 0.240 0.149 0.963 -0.132 -0.193 0.132 0.082 -0.841

1385 C6 22.5 -30 60 0.141 0.103 0.630 -0.156 -0.358 0.190 0.043 -1.470

1386 C6 22.5 0 60 0.161 0.123 0.775 -0.133 -0.442 0.251 0.053 -1.708

1387 C6 22.4 30 60 0.548 0.175 1.181 0.077 -1.233 0.353 -0.451 -2.587

1388 C6 22.7 30 75 0.373 0.136 0.898 -0.015 -1.283 0.372 -0.532 -2.662

1389 C6 22.6 0 75 0.101 0.093 0.484 -0.155 -0.696 0.223 -0.128 -1.683

1390 C6 22.7 -30 75 0.146 0.068 0.429 -0.055 -0.558 0.202 -0.080 -1.509

1391 C6 22.5 -30 90 0.109 0.070 0.407 -0.063 -0.329 0.178 0.123 -1.194

1392 C6 22.8 0 90 0.060 0.070 0.382 -0.121 -0.303 0.182 0.133 -1.292

1393 C6 22.8 30 90 0.319 0.114 0.763 0.002 -0.516 0.233 0.049 -1.415

1394 C6 22.7 30 105 0.283 0.132 0.859 -0.123 0.349 0.184 1.040 -0.305

1395 C6 22.6 0 105 0.148 0.120 0.701 -0.201 0.144 0.183 0.852 -0.652

1396 C6 22.7 -30 105 0.190 0.122 0.773 -0.168 0.145 0.184 0.862 -0.561

1397 C6 22.5 -30 120 0.223 0.155 1.010 -0.286 0.182 0.167 1.038 -0.472

1398 C6 22.5 0 120 0.233 0.156 1.037 -0.224 0.173 0.161 0.919 -0.366

1399 C6 22.5 30 120 0.427 0.185 1.205 -0.072 0.278 0.164 1.071 -0.309

Cfx Cfz
 B-26 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1400 C6 22.9 30 135 0.582 0.211 1.401 0.005 0.264 0.111 0.722 -0.052

1401 C6 22.6 0 135 0.311 0.155 1.021 -0.204 0.119 0.105 0.564 -0.287

1402 C6 22.5 -30 135 0.217 0.148 0.925 -0.241 0.105 0.098 0.575 -0.269

1403 C6 22.7 -30 150 0.148 0.151 0.832 -0.349 0.030 0.050 0.231 -0.151

1404 C6 22.5 0 150 0.430 0.204 1.343 -0.219 0.065 0.073 0.344 -0.189

1405 C6 22.5 30 150 0.687 0.252 1.594 0.013 0.241 0.082 0.545 -0.009

1406 C6 22.4 30 165 0.781 0.270 1.832 0.104 0.163 0.060 0.397 0.011

1407 C6 22.5 0 165 0.470 0.217 1.422 -0.108 0.015 0.057 0.226 -0.175

1408 C6 22.5 -30 165 0.088 0.168 0.989 -0.400 -0.006 0.038 0.127 -0.141

1409 C1 22.5 -30 -165 -0.147 0.152 0.285 -0.748 0.031 0.043 0.191 -0.147

1410 C1 22.8 0 -165 -0.317 0.150 0.119 -0.992 0.049 0.050 0.261 -0.111

1411 C1 22.9 30 -165 -0.438 0.224 0.256 -1.369 0.049 0.067 0.312 -0.196

1412 C1 22.0 30 -150 -0.136 0.158 0.369 -0.725 0.020 0.083 0.300 -0.273

1413 C1 23.3 0 -150 -0.074 0.115 0.311 -0.568 0.008 0.060 0.245 -0.243

1414 C1 22.7 -30 -150 -0.092 0.105 0.237 -0.497 0.009 0.056 0.206 -0.188

1415 C1 22.7 -30 -135 -0.014 0.079 0.333 -0.300 -0.040 0.063 0.181 -0.356

1416 C1 22.5 0 -135 0.087 0.090 0.441 -0.209 -0.070 0.068 0.156 -0.361

1417 C1 22.7 30 -135 0.096 0.108 0.500 -0.293 -0.091 0.071 0.178 -0.377

1418 C1 22.7 30 -120 0.148 0.102 0.547 -0.150 -0.077 0.064 0.112 -0.383

1419 C1 22.7 0 -120 0.114 0.099 0.560 -0.154 -0.073 0.075 0.163 -0.408

1420 C1 22.4 -30 -120 0.136 0.082 0.546 -0.085 -0.076 0.068 0.143 -0.408

1421 C1 22.9 -30 -105 0.057 0.083 0.377 -0.160 -0.037 0.083 0.290 -0.376

1422 C1 22.2 0 -105 0.068 0.089 0.485 -0.164 -0.002 0.105 0.406 -0.455

1423 C1 23.2 30 -105 0.193 0.093 0.553 -0.084 -0.021 0.082 0.280 -0.357

1424 C1 22.9 30 -90 0.204 0.100 0.565 -0.082 0.420 0.126 0.901 -0.003

1425 C1 23.0 0 -90 0.113 0.092 0.445 -0.121 0.547 0.155 1.098 0.134

1426 C1 21.5 -30 -90 0.218 0.092 0.586 -0.015 0.429 0.155 1.070 -0.026

1427 C1 22.4 -30 -75 0.273 0.123 0.825 0.005 1.049 0.321 2.438 0.353

1428 C1 22.4 0 -75 0.317 0.126 0.814 0.020 1.275 0.315 2.466 0.530

1429 C1 21.9 30 -75 0.224 0.125 0.707 -0.111 0.991 0.261 2.012 0.370

1430 C1 22.1 30 -60 0.320 0.143 0.941 -0.069 0.801 0.267 2.001 0.132

1431 C1 22.4 0 -60 0.450 0.140 1.007 0.090 0.903 0.296 2.088 0.192

1432 C1 22.1 -30 -60 0.388 0.140 1.069 0.048 0.757 0.283 2.113 0.078

1433 C1 22.1 -30 -45 0.217 0.144 0.799 -0.239 0.222 0.158 0.918 -0.308

1434 C1 21.8 0 -45 0.158 0.135 0.692 -0.355 0.152 0.155 0.810 -0.444

1435 C1 21.8 30 -45 0.246 0.174 0.829 -0.285 0.312 0.187 0.999 -0.303

1436 C1 22.3 30 -30 -0.025 0.261 0.921 -1.004 0.012 0.161 0.606 -0.607

1437 C1 22.0 0 -30 -0.091 0.196 0.553 -0.942 -0.033 0.123 0.428 -0.581

1438 C1 21.8 -30 -30 0.115 0.187 0.740 -0.689 0.070 0.109 0.514 -0.374

1439 C1 21.7 -30 -15 0.165 0.197 0.771 -0.670 0.022 0.069 0.285 -0.267

1440 C1 22.1 0 -15 -0.318 0.237 0.334 -1.481 -0.057 0.081 0.188 -0.468

1441 C1 22.1 30 -15 -0.371 0.328 0.688 -1.532 -0.021 0.118 0.380 -0.417

1442 C1 21.8 30 0 -0.291 0.314 0.747 -1.402 0.069 0.075 0.335 -0.179

1443 C1 21.8 0 0 -0.305 0.233 0.320 -1.470 0.019 0.042 0.176 -0.184

1444 C1 21.8 -30 0 -0.016 0.191 0.644 -0.893 0.034 0.045 0.224 -0.130

1445 C1 21.8 -30 15 -0.064 0.175 0.475 -0.911 0.037 0.040 0.188 -0.083

1446 C1 22.0 0 15 -0.205 0.192 0.312 -1.182 0.054 0.036 0.211 -0.024

1447 C1 22.0 30 15 -0.184 0.242 0.602 -1.125 0.096 0.064 0.360 -0.102

1448 C1 22.2 30 30 0.138 0.182 0.779 -0.566 -0.051 0.088 0.216 -0.413

1449 C1 22.5 0 30 -0.068 0.143 0.405 -0.797 0.038 0.052 0.257 -0.124

Cfx Cfz
 B-27 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1450 C1 22.4 -30 30 -0.048 0.142 0.372 -0.787 -0.004 0.056 0.213 -0.192

1451 C1 21.8 -30 45 0.089 0.116 0.591 -0.379 -0.125 0.095 0.202 -0.531

1452 C1 21.9 0 45 0.123 0.124 0.592 -0.426 -0.152 0.111 0.237 -0.576

1453 C1 22.1 30 45 0.184 0.139 0.719 -0.278 -0.206 0.108 0.117 -0.686

1454 C1 22.1 30 60 0.331 0.134 0.859 -0.093 -0.696 0.193 -0.168 -1.550

1455 C1 22.0 0 60 0.338 0.135 0.938 -0.063 -0.827 0.222 -0.213 -1.799

1456 C1 22.2 -30 60 0.272 0.127 0.855 -0.101 -0.654 0.219 -0.071 -1.648

1457 C1 22.0 -30 75 0.292 0.113 0.740 0.016 -1.165 0.368 -0.418 -2.582

1458 C1 21.9 0 75 0.412 0.125 0.895 0.117 -1.580 0.392 -0.732 -3.186

1459 C1 22.2 30 75 0.332 0.123 0.773 -0.034 -1.134 0.334 -0.407 -2.446

1460 C1 22.1 30 90 0.249 0.112 0.687 -0.079 -0.448 0.230 0.081 -1.557

1461 C1 22.6 0 90 0.194 0.103 0.611 -0.060 -0.561 0.265 0.005 -1.710

1462 C1 22.5 -30 90 0.203 0.086 0.537 -0.021 -0.444 0.219 0.058 -1.459

1463 C1 22.3 -30 105 0.271 0.159 0.971 -0.160 0.195 0.188 0.926 -0.517

1464 C1 21.9 0 105 0.261 0.190 1.096 -0.317 0.159 0.248 1.058 -0.773

1465 C1 22.4 30 105 0.331 0.166 1.025 -0.131 0.242 0.197 0.941 -0.519

1466 C1 22.6 30 120 0.443 0.226 1.575 -0.252 0.308 0.221 1.317 -0.408

1467 C1 22.3 0 120 0.392 0.307 1.805 -0.570 0.286 0.267 1.376 -0.608

1468 C1 22.0 -30 120 0.414 0.241 1.508 -0.319 0.250 0.211 1.064 -0.468

1469 C1 22.3 -30 135 0.327 0.194 1.267 -0.291 0.223 0.131 0.751 -0.203

1470 C1 21.8 0 135 0.202 0.191 1.249 -0.312 0.227 0.141 0.885 -0.181

1471 C1 21.9 30 135 0.512 0.202 1.471 -0.166 0.303 0.146 0.962 -0.197

1472 C1 21.9 30 150 0.248 0.164 0.888 -0.309 0.128 0.081 0.412 -0.126

1473 C1 21.8 0 150 -0.041 0.135 0.463 -0.553 0.092 0.072 0.402 -0.128

1474 C1 21.8 -30 150 0.145 0.138 0.676 -0.376 0.094 0.067 0.347 -0.109

1475 C1 22.1 -30 165 0.092 0.148 0.577 -0.544 0.030 0.041 0.166 -0.121

1476 C1 22.0 0 165 -0.080 0.142 0.332 -0.791 -0.005 0.039 0.112 -0.151

1477 C1 22.1 30 165 0.025 0.189 0.660 -0.750 0.024 0.057 0.212 -0.189

1478 C1 22.1 30 180 -0.313 0.209 0.427 -1.113 -0.005 0.047 0.149 -0.195

1479 C1 21.9 0 180 -0.245 0.173 0.258 -1.056 -0.011 0.033 0.106 -0.122

1480 C1 22.0 -30 180 -0.104 0.145 0.287 -0.738 -0.008 0.029 0.095 -0.125

1481 C3 22.1 -30 -180 -0.112 0.156 0.508 -0.723 -0.003 0.035 0.107 -0.161

1482 C3 22.2 0 -180 0.023 0.159 0.736 -0.600 -0.033 0.037 0.056 -0.199

1483 C3 22.1 30 -180 0.380 0.303 1.521 -0.514 -0.056 0.051 0.097 -0.234

1484 C3 22.2 30 -165 0.415 0.275 1.480 -0.354 -0.176 0.093 0.090 -0.502

1485 C3 22.1 0 -165 0.035 0.125 0.534 -0.466 -0.038 0.050 0.121 -0.264

1486 C3 21.7 -30 -165 -0.102 0.145 0.476 -0.615 -0.014 0.058 0.157 -0.265

1487 C3 22.5 -30 -150 -0.106 0.115 0.336 -0.530 -0.008 0.066 0.207 -0.277

1488 C3 22.7 0 -150 0.000 0.096 0.430 -0.350 -0.044 0.057 0.133 -0.330

1489 C3 22.1 30 -150 0.314 0.188 1.036 -0.206 -0.233 0.104 0.026 -0.617

1490 C3 22.4 30 -135 0.215 0.114 0.720 -0.136 -0.187 0.085 0.048 -0.610

1491 C3 22.4 0 -135 0.029 0.084 0.461 -0.218 -0.059 0.067 0.132 -0.385

1492 C3 22.3 -30 -135 0.007 0.085 0.408 -0.271 -0.046 0.069 0.170 -0.343

1493 C3 22.5 -30 -120 0.077 0.079 0.416 -0.140 -0.052 0.065 0.148 -0.336

1494 C3 22.7 0 -120 0.077 0.076 0.451 -0.119 -0.045 0.062 0.141 -0.335

1495 C3 22.4 30 -120 0.157 0.105 0.578 -0.143 -0.100 0.067 0.086 -0.423

1496 C3 22.5 30 -105 0.158 0.090 0.560 -0.092 -0.013 0.079 0.312 -0.357

1497 C3 22.5 0 -105 0.058 0.078 0.420 -0.132 -0.003 0.092 0.369 -0.405

1498 C3 22.6 -30 -105 0.146 0.070 0.486 -0.048 -0.035 0.080 0.291 -0.374

1499 C3 22.9 -30 -90 0.136 0.083 0.452 -0.085 0.385 0.139 0.916 -0.031

Cfx Cfz
 B-28 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1500 C3 22.9 0 -90 0.178 0.085 0.525 -0.031 0.491 0.145 1.089 0.064

1501 C3 22.2 30 -90 0.241 0.108 0.620 -0.049 0.421 0.133 0.928 -0.022

1502 C3 22.5 30 -75 0.250 0.122 0.730 -0.113 0.937 0.253 2.022 0.389

1503 C3 22.6 0 -75 0.321 0.121 0.865 0.063 1.157 0.294 2.353 0.422

1504 C3 22.5 -30 -75 0.267 0.107 0.725 0.030 0.896 0.272 2.020 0.247

1505 C3 22.5 -30 -60 0.304 0.132 0.951 0.008 0.550 0.236 1.750 0.031

1506 C3 22.0 0 -60 0.410 0.181 1.318 0.049 0.655 0.333 2.326 -0.017

1507 C3 22.6 30 -60 0.351 0.174 1.122 -0.039 0.719 0.298 2.116 0.122

1508 C3 22.5 30 -45 0.405 0.241 1.563 -0.153 0.400 0.269 1.825 -0.159

1509 C3 21.8 0 -45 0.266 0.184 1.184 -0.223 0.178 0.191 1.180 -0.323

1510 C3 22.3 -30 -45 0.189 0.155 0.955 -0.220 0.186 0.163 1.053 -0.219

1511 C3 22.4 -30 -30 0.098 0.201 0.984 -0.531 0.037 0.117 0.614 -0.325

1512 C3 22.0 0 -30 0.203 0.224 1.235 -0.441 0.056 0.138 0.725 -0.369

1513 C3 21.8 30 -30 0.460 0.327 1.907 -0.384 0.274 0.232 1.347 -0.303

1514 C3 22.2 30 -15 0.290 0.383 1.939 -0.739 0.082 0.147 0.737 -0.350

1515 C3 21.7 0 -15 0.185 0.235 1.213 -0.586 0.015 0.080 0.435 -0.274

1516 C3 22.0 -30 -15 -0.019 0.231 1.023 -0.749 0.007 0.076 0.413 -0.248

1517 C3 21.9 -30 0 -0.030 0.207 0.902 -0.802 0.021 0.044 0.227 -0.133

1518 C3 22.3 0 0 0.054 0.200 0.911 -0.724 0.000 0.038 0.215 -0.132

1519 C3 22.1 30 0 0.291 0.401 2.000 -0.828 0.009 0.072 0.334 -0.209

1520 C3 22.3 30 15 0.497 0.364 2.153 -0.434 -0.124 0.093 0.082 -0.581

1521 C3 21.8 0 15 0.043 0.179 0.833 -0.613 0.010 0.041 0.167 -0.151

1522 C3 22.4 -30 15 -0.026 0.167 0.612 -0.642 0.022 0.050 0.221 -0.131

1523 C3 21.9 -30 30 0.071 0.149 0.784 -0.443 0.016 0.065 0.206 -0.265

1524 C3 22.2 0 30 0.036 0.140 0.593 -0.536 0.009 0.057 0.221 -0.217

1525 C3 22.3 30 30 0.254 0.229 1.267 -0.421 -0.155 0.108 0.116 -0.682

1526 C3 22.1 30 45 0.326 0.157 1.060 -0.105 -0.349 0.146 -0.011 -1.102

1527 C3 22.4 0 45 0.156 0.104 0.753 -0.182 -0.062 0.085 0.188 -0.397

1528 C3 22.5 -30 45 0.164 0.114 0.734 -0.167 -0.132 0.100 0.130 -0.675

1529 C3 22.6 -30 60 0.194 0.088 0.654 -0.058 -0.366 0.156 0.008 -1.202

1530 C3 22.6 0 60 0.148 0.094 0.518 -0.135 -0.516 0.170 -0.052 -1.184

1531 C3 22.0 30 60 0.246 0.113 0.726 -0.103 -0.592 0.171 -0.135 -1.446

1532 C3 22.3 30 75 0.210 0.095 0.534 -0.071 -0.831 0.204 -0.295 -1.683

1533 C3 22.2 0 75 0.197 0.082 0.535 -0.018 -1.041 0.247 -0.430 -2.090

1534 C3 22.7 -30 75 0.238 0.071 0.518 0.034 -0.752 0.206 -0.221 -1.573

1535 C3 22.3 -30 90 0.161 0.078 0.474 -0.050 -0.313 0.174 0.158 -1.061

1536 C3 22.8 0 90 0.145 0.088 0.497 -0.083 -0.326 0.182 0.132 -1.087

1537 C3 22.3 30 90 0.265 0.108 0.637 -0.046 -0.295 0.187 0.154 -1.058

1538 C3 22.6 30 105 0.357 0.139 0.991 -0.045 0.263 0.189 1.037 -0.493

1539 C3 22.4 0 105 0.184 0.150 0.838 -0.249 0.163 0.207 0.934 -0.588

1540 C3 22.7 -30 105 0.295 0.135 0.901 -0.067 0.175 0.184 0.880 -0.489

1541 C3 22.4 -30 120 0.309 0.164 1.106 -0.153 0.181 0.168 0.983 -0.348

1542 C3 22.5 0 120 0.240 0.171 1.116 -0.294 0.193 0.174 1.080 -0.384

1543 C3 22.2 30 120 0.428 0.180 1.259 -0.107 0.288 0.183 1.020 -0.321

1544 C3 22.6 30 135 0.370 0.176 1.122 -0.177 0.201 0.126 0.717 -0.173

1545 C3 22.4 0 135 0.265 0.158 0.996 -0.254 0.150 0.112 0.663 -0.261

1546 C3 22.5 -30 135 0.321 0.150 1.012 -0.231 0.121 0.111 0.677 -0.242

1547 C3 22.5 -30 150 0.175 0.148 0.833 -0.391 0.022 0.056 0.222 -0.178

1548 C3 22.3 0 150 0.182 0.151 0.855 -0.456 0.007 0.059 0.215 -0.248

1549 C3 22.2 30 150 0.139 0.199 0.956 -0.462 0.027 0.066 0.291 -0.190

Cfx Cfz
 B-29 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1550 C3 22.1 30 165 0.205 0.238 1.166 -0.510 -0.001 0.044 0.191 -0.145

1551 C3 22.3 0 165 0.088 0.164 0.770 -0.567 -0.042 0.038 0.083 -0.210

1552 C3 21.9 -30 165 0.009 0.149 0.619 -0.559 -0.027 0.037 0.101 -0.152

Cfx Cfz
 B-30 

Phase 4 Balance Data 

Phase 4 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min

4 A1 25.1 0 180 -0.122 0.034 -0.013 -0.282

5 A1 25.3 0 -165 -0.181 0.046 -0.061 -0.372

6 A1 25.5 0 -150 -0.238 0.056 -0.112 -0.506

7 A1 25.4 0 -135 -0.256 0.067 -0.119 -0.567

8 A1 25.6 0 -120 -0.270 0.075 -0.109 -0.606

9 A1 25.7 0 -105 -0.258 0.065 -0.126 -0.574

10 A1 25.4 0 -90 -0.233 0.067 -0.092 -0.535

11 A1 25.8 0 -75 -0.119 0.053 0.027 -0.371

12 A1 24.9 0 -60 0.105 0.046 0.295 -0.044

13 A1 25.1 0 -45 0.085 0.062 0.407 -0.064

14 A1 25.5 0 -30 -0.025 0.035 0.169 -0.149

15 A1 25.1 0 -15 -0.027 0.024 0.115 -0.133

16 A1 25.2 0 0 -0.014 0.001 -0.010 -0.016

17 A1 25.3 0 15 -0.033 0.023 0.068 -0.130

18 A1 25.7 0 30 -0.076 0.033 0.058 -0.224

19 A1 25.0 0 45 -0.002 0.002 0.004 -0.008

20 A1 25.2 0 60 -0.092 0.040 -0.044 -0.230

21 A1 24.9 0 75 0.020 0.036 0.151 -0.163

22 A1 25.4 0 90 0.035 0.037 0.191 -0.031

23 A1 25.0 0 105 0.156 0.057 0.415 0.016

24 A1 24.9 0 120 0.001 0.001 0.005 -0.002

25 A1 25.2 0 135 0.124 0.067 0.384 0.011

26 A1 24.8 0 150 0.096 0.045 0.284 -0.003

27 A1 25.4 0 165 -0.020 0.023 0.105 -0.096

28 B1 25.0 0 165 -0.050 0.023 0.062 -0.122

29 B1 24.9 0 150 -0.067 0.003 -0.054 -0.072

30 B1 25.1 0 135 0.186 0.059 0.423 0.055

31 B1 24.6 0 120 0.246 0.078 0.577 0.072

32 B1 25.4 0 105 0.192 0.063 0.472 0.040

33 B1 24.8 0 90 0.184 0.064 0.446 0.034

34 B1 25.1 0 75 -0.002 0.039 0.140 -0.210

35 B1 25.1 0 60 -0.254 0.072 -0.078 -0.569

36 B1 24.8 0 45 -0.213 0.057 -0.055 -0.484

37 B1 25.1 0 30 -0.096 0.036 0.021 -0.247

38 B1 25.0 0 15 -0.043 0.022 0.068 -0.130

39 B1 25.1 0 0 -0.028 0.023 0.064 -0.116

40 B1 25.0 0 -15 -0.027 0.021 0.072 -0.097

41 B1 25.5 0 -30 -0.056 0.022 0.053 -0.147

42 B1 25.1 0 -45 0.012 0.036 0.242 -0.092

43 B1 24.9 0 -60 0.133 0.061 0.396 -0.033

44 B1 24.9 0 -75 -0.016 0.032 0.072 -0.177

45 B1 25.2 0 -90 -0.200 0.060 -0.067 -0.481

46 B1 25.2 0 -105 -0.246 0.064 -0.109 -0.536

47 B1 25.4 0 -120 -0.270 0.066 -0.133 -0.568

48 B1 24.9 0 -135 -0.253 0.055 -0.119 -0.502

49 B1 24.8 0 -150 -0.239 0.047 -0.102 -0.476

50 B1 25.1 0 -165 -0.189 0.036 -0.082 -0.363

51 B1 25.1 0 180 -0.141 0.027 -0.055 -0.253

52 B1 25.0 0 150 0.089 0.041 0.268 -0.004

53 C5 23.7 0 -165 -0.003 0.021 0.107 -0.071

Cmy
 B-31 

Phase 4 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min

54 C5 24.1 -30 -165 0.024 0.026 0.149 -0.063

55 C5 24.0 -30 -150 0.014 0.024 0.115 -0.074

56 C5 24.1 0 -150 -0.005 0.020 0.119 -0.094

57 C5 24.1 0 -135 -0.003 0.017 0.087 -0.083

58 C5 24.8 -30 -135 -0.007 0.020 0.064 -0.100

59 C5 25.0 -30 -120 -0.063 0.029 -0.004 -0.233

60 C5 24.7 0 -120 -0.060 0.029 -0.003 -0.235

61 C5 24.9 0 -105 -0.142 0.052 -0.052 -0.384

62 C5 24.9 -30 -105 -0.129 0.046 -0.042 -0.353

63 C5 25.2 -30 -90 -0.119 0.048 -0.022 -0.354

64 C5 24.4 0 -90 -0.141 0.054 -0.034 -0.431

65 C5 25.0 0 -75 -0.027 0.056 0.147 -0.278

66 C5 24.7 -30 -75 -0.017 0.043 0.124 -0.207

67 C5 24.8 -30 -60 0.023 0.040 0.204 -0.149

68 C5 24.3 0 -60 0.018 0.048 0.277 -0.180

69 C5 23.3 0 -45 0.018 0.048 0.289 -0.157

70 C5 24.4 -30 -45 0.024 0.050 0.314 -0.138

71 C5 24.3 -30 -30 0.021 0.042 0.251 -0.112

72 C5 23.3 0 -30 0.005 0.039 0.224 -0.156

73 C5 22.9 0 -15 0.004 0.032 0.208 -0.163

74 C5 24.7 -30 -15 0.017 0.039 0.262 -0.097

75 C5 25.4 -30 0 0.026 0.040 0.233 -0.081

76 C5 23.8 0 0 -0.004 0.026 0.181 -0.095

77 C5 23.9 0 15 0.006 0.022 0.143 -0.089

78 C5 24.9 -30 15 0.025 0.035 0.203 -0.084

79 C5 24.8 -30 30 0.038 0.030 0.190 -0.047

80 C5 24.0 0 30 0.007 0.022 0.145 -0.067

81 C5 24.5 0 45 0.009 0.019 0.122 -0.071

82 C5 25.1 -30 45 0.012 0.021 0.143 -0.073

83 C5 25.5 -30 60 -0.014 0.021 0.086 -0.167

84 C5 24.9 0 60 -0.004 0.021 0.096 -0.127

85 C5 25.2 0 75 -0.008 0.022 0.082 -0.122

86 C5 25.4 -30 75 -0.006 0.021 0.093 -0.121

87 C5 25.5 -30 90 0.080 0.028 0.206 -0.004

88 C5 24.9 0 90 0.083 0.030 0.205 0.002

89 C5 25.0 0 105 0.112 0.045 0.320 -0.002

90 C5 25.3 -30 105 0.120 0.038 0.292 0.020

91 C5 24.9 -30 120 0.095 0.037 0.280 0.006

92 C5 24.8 0 120 0.076 0.039 0.289 -0.014

93 C5 24.2 0 135 0.029 0.036 0.224 -0.068

94 C5 24.5 -30 135 0.068 0.038 0.263 -0.031

95 C5 24.6 -30 150 0.053 0.035 0.217 -0.044

96 C5 23.9 0 150 0.018 0.033 0.198 -0.057

97 C5 23.8 0 150 0.024 0.033 0.195 -0.047

98 C5 24.6 -30 150 0.057 0.036 0.231 -0.038

99 C5 24.5 -30 165 0.035 0.031 0.164 -0.042

100 C5 23.4 0 165 0.001 0.023 0.137 -0.064

101 C5 23.8 0 180 -0.004 0.020 0.118 -0.067

102 C5 24.3 -30 180 0.020 0.028 0.145 -0.059

103 A1 25.5 0 0 -0.010 0.024 0.098 -0.114

Cmy
 B-32 

Phase 4 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min

104 A1 25.7 0 45 -0.208 0.058 -0.060 -0.522

105 A1 25.4 0 60 -0.192 0.070 -0.039 -0.545

106 A1 25.5 0 120 0.226 0.073 0.527 0.070

107 B3 25.1 0 165 0.007 0.028 0.135 -0.063

108 B3 24.9 30 150 0.114 0.040 0.278 0.008

109 B3 25.1 0 150 0.108 0.042 0.290 0.010

110 B3 25.2 30 165 -0.022 0.025 0.080 -0.106

111 B3 25.2 30 135 0.240 0.073 0.560 0.064

112 B3 25.4 0 135 0.231 0.067 0.527 0.085

113 B3 25.6 0 120 0.227 0.068 0.519 0.075

114 B3 24.8 30 120 0.211 0.064 0.457 0.067

115 B3 25.3 30 105 0.257 0.078 0.584 0.088

116 B3 25.2 0 105 0.189 0.059 0.496 0.051

117 B3 25.1 0 90 0.193 0.062 0.476 0.050

118 B3 25.4 30 90 0.248 0.069 0.536 0.077

119 B3 25.3 30 75 -0.066 0.040 0.085 -0.251

120 B3 25.3 0 75 -0.002 0.043 0.164 -0.228

121 B3 25.6 0 60 -0.191 0.068 -0.014 -0.537

122 B3 25.7 30 60 -0.124 0.060 0.047 -0.419

123 B3 25.9 30 45 -0.443 0.074 -0.257 -0.834

124 B3 25.5 0 45 -0.277 0.078 -0.064 -0.633

125 B3 25.5 0 30 -0.051 0.031 0.085 -0.227

126 B3 25.1 30 30 -0.082 0.035 0.054 -0.212

127 B3 25.2 30 15 0.027 0.025 0.146 -0.075

128 B3 25.4 0 15 -0.016 0.026 0.110 -0.106

129 B3 25.3 0 0 0.009 0.024 0.135 -0.073

130 B3 25.4 30 0 -0.037 0.023 0.055 -0.128

131 B3 25.3 30 -15 -0.011 0.026 0.078 -0.115

132 B3 25.7 0 -15 0.004 0.023 0.095 -0.086

133 B3 25.0 0 -30 -0.004 0.028 0.136 -0.106

134 B3 25.3 30 -30 -0.030 0.039 0.193 -0.164

135 B3 25.4 30 -45 0.095 0.054 0.328 -0.056

136 B3 25.3 0 -45 0.047 0.047 0.286 -0.096

137 B3 25.0 0 -60 0.134 0.053 0.353 -0.024

138 B3 25.7 30 -60 0.085 0.043 0.273 -0.053

139 B3 26.0 30 -75 -0.084 0.047 0.039 -0.281

140 B3 25.6 0 -75 -0.066 0.050 0.060 -0.288

141 B3 25.4 0 -90 -0.193 0.058 -0.062 -0.504

142 B3 25.4 30 -90 -0.202 0.068 -0.056 -0.475

143 B3 25.3 30 -105 -0.259 0.067 -0.109 -0.545

144 B3 25.5 0 -105 -0.235 0.066 -0.094 -0.527

145 B3 26.8 0 -120 -0.237 0.067 -0.093 -0.555

146 B3 26.1 30 -120 -0.234 0.059 -0.100 -0.512

147 B3 26.7 30 -135 -0.244 0.058 -0.108 -0.520

148 B3 26.6 0 -135 -0.240 0.059 -0.104 -0.506

149 B3 27.0 0 -150 -0.207 0.046 -0.079 -0.387

150 B3 26.2 30 -150 -0.223 0.050 -0.087 -0.464

151 B3 26.2 30 -165 -0.188 0.041 -0.068 -0.393

152 B3 26.5 0 -165 -0.169 0.037 -0.062 -0.334

153 B3 26.0 0 180 -0.087 0.028 0.043 -0.204

Cmy
 B-33 

Phase 4 Balance Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min

154 B3 26.5 30 180 -0.106 0.030 0.003 -0.224

155 B2 25.2 30 165 -0.078 0.023 0.031 -0.157

156 B2 25.1 30 150 0.101 0.039 0.269 0.000

157 B2 24.9 30 135 0.199 0.070 0.490 0.046

158 B2 25.3 30 120 0.243 0.080 0.588 0.065

159 B2 25.5 30 105 0.254 0.076 0.598 0.079

160 B2 25.6 30 90 0.202 0.061 0.454 0.030

161 B2 25.5 30 75 0.045 0.034 0.208 -0.132

162 B2 25.1 30 60 -0.203 0.066 -0.033 -0.478

163 B2 25.0 30 45 -0.161 0.060 0.009 -0.477

164 B2 25.3 30 30 -0.011 0.024 0.084 -0.128

165 B2 25.0 30 15 -0.042 0.021 0.055 -0.144

166 B2 25.1 30 0 -0.019 0.020 0.077 -0.097

167 B2 25.6 30 -15 0.002 0.023 0.107 -0.090

168 B2 25.5 30 -30 -0.031 0.027 0.114 -0.149

169 B2 25.7 30 -45 0.014 0.039 0.236 -0.087

170 B2 25.1 30 -60 0.092 0.044 0.275 -0.046

171 B2 25.7 30 -75 -0.005 0.027 0.074 -0.126

172 B2 25.6 30 -90 -0.148 0.061 -0.016 -0.396

173 B2 25.4 30 -105 -0.137 0.041 -0.047 -0.333

174 B2 25.4 30 -120 -0.174 0.045 -0.075 -0.372

175 B2 25.8 30 -135 -0.216 0.047 -0.105 -0.415

176 B2 25.4 30 -150 -0.189 0.041 -0.090 -0.380

177 B2 25.0 30 -165 -0.022 0.004 -0.009 -0.040

178 B2 25.2 30 180 -0.018 0.003 -0.006 -0.032

179 B2 25.5 30 180 -0.037 0.007 -0.010 -0.068

180 B2 25.4 30 -165 -0.079 0.016 -0.024 -0.147

181 B3 25.2 30 45 -0.043 0.013 -0.007 -0.101

182 B3 25.0 30 120 0.240 0.066 0.504 0.072

183 B3 25.8 30 45 -0.257 0.059 -0.100 -0.571

184 B3 24.8 30 30 -0.049 0.050 0.136 -0.242

185 B3 25.3 30 15 -0.064 0.027 0.043 -0.164

186 C2 25.4 0 165 -0.056 0.026 0.061 -0.153

187 C2 25.2 0 150 -0.066 0.032 0.050 -0.223

188 C2 25.3 0 135 0.031 0.041 0.231 -0.090

189 C2 25.0 0 120 0.156 0.072 0.523 -0.028

190 C2 25.5 0 105 0.183 0.070 0.479 0.013

191 C2 25.1 0 90 0.188 0.061 0.462 0.032

192 C2 25.4 0 75 0.041 0.039 0.210 -0.141

193 C2 25.1 0 60 -0.012 0.027 0.097 -0.148

194 C2 25.3 0 45 0.011 0.025 0.113 -0.112

195 C2 24.9 0 30 0.008 0.023 0.148 -0.095

196 C2 24.7 0 15 0.017 0.026 0.169 -0.136

197 C2 25.1 0 0 0.017 0.030 0.173 -0.130

198 C2 25.3 0 -15 0.008 0.031 0.172 -0.139

199 C2 24.9 0 -30 0.013 0.034 0.207 -0.128

200 C2 25.6 0 -45 0.001 0.037 0.179 -0.155

201 C2 25.5 0 -60 0.024 0.046 0.256 -0.159

202 C2 25.5 0 -75 -0.039 0.052 0.105 -0.295

203 C2 26.0 0 -90 -1.277 0.048 -1.169 -1.510

204 C2 25.4 0 -90 -0.140 0.049 -0.020 -0.403

205 C2 25.5 0 -105 -0.174 0.050 -0.069 -0.416

206 C2 25.4 0 -120 -0.075 0.024 0.005 -0.214

207 C2 25.5 0 -135 0.008 0.020 0.120 -0.061

208 C2 25.4 0 -150 0.015 0.022 0.135 -0.052

209 C2 25.6 0 -165 0.012 0.020 0.121 -0.055

210 C2 24.8 0 180 0.001 0.019 0.093 -0.087

Cmy
 B-34 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1 A1 24.8 0 0 1.683 0.433 3.436 0.479 0.005 0.031 0.165 -0.113 0.004 0.021 0.109 -0.074

2 A1 24.9 30 0 1.567 0.425 3.129 0.510 0.009 0.029 0.172 -0.084 0.006 0.019 0.114 -0.056

3 A1 24.8 60 0 1.179 0.353 2.657 0.340 0.013 0.024 0.147 -0.072 0.009 0.016 0.097 -0.047

4 A1 24.9 120 0 -1.083 0.336 -0.279 -2.385 0.050 0.025 0.165 -0.044 0.033 0.017 0.109 -0.029

5 A1 24.6 150 0 -1.242 0.326 -0.500 -2.562 0.060 0.032 0.229 -0.084 0.040 0.021 0.152 -0.056

6 A1 24.6 180 0 -1.334 0.373 -0.562 -2.737 0.061 0.032 0.207 -0.065 0.040 0.021 0.137 -0.043

7 A1 24.1 180 15 -1.331 0.359 -0.579 -2.811 0.311 0.083 0.684 0.127 -0.029 0.024 0.037 -0.140

8 A1 24.8 150 15 -1.229 0.324 -0.421 -2.607 0.298 0.079 0.632 0.114 -0.020 0.020 0.036 -0.124

9 A1 24.7 120 15 -1.173 0.364 -0.116 -2.755 0.290 0.089 0.695 0.025 -0.016 0.018 0.045 -0.100

10 A1 24.6 60 15 1.078 0.348 2.607 0.117 -0.309 0.104 -0.037 -0.778 -0.013 0.017 0.071 -0.097

11 A1 24.7 30 15 1.514 0.402 3.321 0.572 -0.421 0.112 -0.148 -0.953 -0.010 0.019 0.101 -0.103

12 A1 24.7 0 15 1.724 0.462 3.666 0.670 -0.479 0.131 -0.195 -1.015 -0.011 0.022 0.110 -0.094

13 A1 24.6 0 30 1.513 0.398 3.105 0.542 -0.924 0.242 -0.319 -1.931 -0.029 0.022 0.065 -0.121

14 A1 24.6 30 30 1.350 0.380 2.848 0.439 -0.838 0.234 -0.278 -1.782 -0.033 0.021 0.055 -0.127

15 A1 24.8 60 30 0.921 0.309 2.257 0.234 -0.628 0.215 -0.156 -1.608 -0.055 0.028 0.047 -0.192

16 A1 24.8 120 30 -0.997 0.338 -0.255 -2.256 0.426 0.147 1.000 0.113 -0.086 0.033 0.005 -0.217

17 A1 25.1 150 30 -1.128 0.293 -0.513 -2.217 0.467 0.117 0.933 0.208 -0.106 0.036 -0.031 -0.273

18 A1 24.9 180 30 -1.102 0.280 -0.433 -2.221 0.431 0.107 0.888 0.157 -0.118 0.038 -0.031 -0.285

19 A1 24.7 180 45 -0.785 0.200 -0.196 -1.661 0.356 0.093 0.787 0.067 -0.201 0.056 -0.045 -0.444

20 A1 24.8 150 45 -0.844 0.203 -0.330 -1.593 0.445 0.109 0.879 0.153 -0.187 0.051 -0.055 -0.395

21 A1 24.7 120 45 -0.708 0.227 -0.188 -1.684 0.428 0.138 1.044 0.092 -0.131 0.045 -0.024 -0.321

22 A1 24.9 60 45 0.649 0.240 1.629 0.115 -0.785 0.300 -0.127 -2.002 -0.064 0.035 0.033 -0.211

23 A1 24.5 30 45 1.167 0.314 2.492 0.475 -1.404 0.377 -0.543 -3.076 -0.111 0.037 -0.002 -0.312

24 A1 24.3 0 45 1.302 0.357 2.715 0.525 -1.545 0.422 -0.624 -3.295 -0.114 0.037 -0.007 -0.310

25 A1 24.4 0 60 0.826 0.228 1.730 0.345 -1.857 0.537 -0.751 -4.018 -0.141 0.053 0.008 -0.369

26 A1 24.6 30 60 0.701 0.197 1.647 0.172 -1.510 0.451 -0.353 -3.618 -0.098 0.044 0.031 -0.309

27 A1 25.0 60 60 0.350 0.132 0.903 0.054 -0.667 0.290 -0.055 -1.914 -0.020 0.029 0.062 -0.167

28 A1 24.6 120 60 -0.458 0.149 -0.054 -1.035 0.377 0.134 0.954 -0.084 -0.138 0.046 -0.020 -0.307

29 A1 24.5 150 60 -0.588 0.147 -0.226 -1.188 0.416 0.126 1.057 0.052 -0.199 0.056 -0.080 -0.419

30 A1 24.4 180 60 -0.519 0.141 -0.156 -1.121 0.215 0.087 0.673 -0.134 -0.226 0.064 -0.077 -0.473

31 A1 24.4 180 75 -0.354 0.101 -0.108 -0.782 0.228 0.133 0.931 -0.243 -0.187 0.054 -0.068 -0.407

32 A1 24.6 150 75 -0.360 0.094 -0.094 -0.759 0.343 0.127 0.927 -0.192 -0.171 0.046 -0.056 -0.370

33 A1 24.8 120 75 -0.246 0.094 -0.005 -0.688 0.179 0.122 0.826 -0.280 -0.127 0.047 -0.006 -0.347

34 A1 24.7 60 75 0.180 0.069 0.487 0.010 -0.442 0.222 0.130 -1.495 0.039 0.019 0.131 -0.062

35 A1 24.7 30 75 0.400 0.107 0.833 0.143 -1.088 0.357 -0.235 -2.532 0.069 0.027 0.195 -0.106

36 A1 24.6 0 75 0.478 0.138 1.007 0.158 -1.262 0.430 -0.324 -2.931 0.089 0.030 0.220 -0.057

37 A1 24.9 0 90 0.238 0.072 0.575 0.065 -0.182 0.179 0.327 -1.135 0.158 0.048 0.380 0.043

38 A1 24.4 30 90 0.271 0.072 0.581 0.090 -0.356 0.218 0.208 -1.297 0.179 0.048 0.385 0.059

39 A1 24.9 60 90 0.128 0.048 0.362 -0.001 -0.140 0.155 0.319 -0.946 0.085 0.032 0.240 -0.001

40 A1 24.7 120 90 -0.152 0.058 0.010 -0.416 -0.135 0.159 0.387 -0.798 -0.100 0.038 0.006 -0.275

41 A1 25.0 150 90 -0.260 0.068 -0.095 -0.530 -0.191 0.190 0.388 -1.121 -0.172 0.045 -0.063 -0.351

42 A1 24.7 180 90 -0.252 0.071 -0.079 -0.539 -0.038 0.152 0.421 -0.786 -0.167 0.047 -0.052 -0.357

43 A1 24.7 180 -15 -1.159 0.306 -0.496 -2.348 -0.166 0.059 -0.033 -0.438 0.092 0.028 0.231 0.002

44 A1 25.0 150 -15 -1.066 0.295 -0.327 -2.396 -0.147 0.056 -0.015 -0.419 0.089 0.028 0.216 0.002

45 A1 25.1 120 -15 -0.752 0.240 -0.126 -1.710 -0.115 0.046 0.022 -0.322 0.056 0.022 0.160 -0.012

46 A1 25.3 60 -15 1.135 0.344 2.604 0.356 0.348 0.110 0.853 0.087 0.028 0.025 0.170 -0.050

47 A1 24.4 30 -15 1.507 0.385 3.133 0.486 0.420 0.112 0.887 0.133 0.010 0.019 0.113 -0.067

48 A1 24.2 0 -15 1.508 0.385 3.043 0.647 0.408 0.111 0.895 0.155 0.002 0.020 0.112 -0.081

49 A1 24.6 0 -30 1.311 0.335 2.780 0.429 0.766 0.201 1.631 0.232 0.005 0.020 0.122 -0.067

50 A1 24.3 30 -30 1.295 0.334 2.631 0.310 0.773 0.201 1.592 0.182 0.014 0.020 0.130 -0.053

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-35 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

51 A1 24.6 60 -30 0.975 0.300 2.262 0.165 0.673 0.215 1.569 0.091 0.063 0.035 0.230 -0.041

52 A1 24.7 120 -30 -0.540 0.179 -0.047 -1.261 -0.201 0.075 0.014 -0.506 0.063 0.027 0.185 -0.005

53 A1 24.7 150 -30 -0.774 0.227 -0.249 -1.699 -0.249 0.086 -0.058 -0.612 0.113 0.034 0.268 0.033

54 A1 24.6 180 -30 -0.878 0.244 -0.302 -1.765 -0.285 0.092 -0.082 -0.647 0.127 0.035 0.287 0.028

55 A1 24.3 180 -45 -0.562 0.163 -0.203 -1.219 -0.233 0.085 -0.031 -0.610 0.154 0.043 0.338 0.054

56 A1 25.0 150 -45 -0.514 0.154 -0.129 -1.235 -0.232 0.083 -0.022 -0.604 0.132 0.040 0.339 0.034

57 A1 24.9 120 -45 -0.364 0.129 -0.037 -0.924 -0.219 0.085 0.011 -0.607 0.068 0.027 0.190 0.004

58 A1 24.9 60 -45 0.672 0.235 1.697 0.117 0.806 0.297 2.088 0.077 0.063 0.036 0.235 -0.041

59 A1 24.8 30 -45 1.068 0.267 2.113 0.403 1.290 0.340 2.602 0.468 0.104 0.045 0.284 -0.013

60 A1 24.4 0 -45 1.053 0.293 2.431 0.369 1.153 0.322 2.621 0.382 0.047 0.031 0.244 -0.032

61 A1 24.2 0 -60 0.680 0.167 1.316 0.304 1.616 0.402 3.069 0.638 0.145 0.044 0.326 0.006

62 A1 24.6 30 -60 0.631 0.169 1.317 0.227 1.410 0.375 2.956 0.532 0.105 0.039 0.274 -0.042

63 A1 24.8 60 -60 0.373 0.143 0.951 0.062 0.701 0.291 1.932 0.059 0.019 0.030 0.172 -0.093

64 A1 24.8 120 -60 -0.226 0.088 -0.022 -0.627 -0.158 0.071 0.031 -0.522 0.077 0.032 0.220 0.005

65 A1 24.5 150 -60 -0.340 0.103 -0.071 -0.788 -0.140 0.073 0.093 -0.470 0.149 0.045 0.365 0.044

66 A1 24.3 180 -60 -0.350 0.110 -0.106 -0.869 -0.061 0.060 0.156 -0.380 0.181 0.053 0.430 0.067

67 A1 24.5 180 -75 -0.269 0.087 -0.075 -0.654 -0.054 0.080 0.263 -0.438 0.162 0.051 0.392 0.055

68 A1 24.6 150 -75 -0.233 0.076 -0.058 -0.584 -0.072 0.074 0.196 -0.472 0.137 0.041 0.331 0.046

69 A1 24.5 120 -75 -0.145 0.061 0.015 -0.420 -0.051 0.060 0.193 -0.400 0.084 0.034 0.225 0.007

70 A1 24.7 60 -75 0.160 0.069 0.471 0.015 0.383 0.182 1.305 -0.054 -0.037 0.023 0.032 -0.136

71 A1 24.6 30 -75 0.352 0.110 0.881 0.128 1.010 0.270 2.303 0.395 -0.052 0.035 0.063 -0.216

72 A1 24.5 0 -75 0.397 0.118 0.869 0.136 1.212 0.310 2.589 0.442 -0.046 0.036 0.072 -0.196

73 A1 24.6 0 -90 0.216 0.067 0.551 0.072 0.330 0.128 0.985 -0.174 -0.143 0.044 -0.048 -0.364

74 A1 24.7 30 -90 0.212 0.070 0.525 0.063 0.330 0.108 0.802 -0.113 -0.140 0.046 -0.041 -0.347

75 A1 24.8 60 -90 0.099 0.045 0.365 0.003 0.105 0.079 0.541 -0.174 -0.066 0.030 -0.002 -0.242

76 A1 24.6 120 -90 -0.097 0.054 0.015 -0.391 0.093 0.085 0.563 -0.255 0.064 0.036 0.258 -0.010

77 A1 24.8 150 -90 -0.200 0.069 -0.020 -0.530 0.275 0.098 0.730 -0.108 0.132 0.045 0.351 0.013

78 A1 24.8 180 -90 -0.213 0.069 -0.066 -0.579 0.262 0.119 0.794 -0.172 0.141 0.045 0.383 0.044

79 A2 24.0 0 -90 0.276 0.088 0.669 0.078 0.116 0.115 0.548 -0.425 -0.183 0.058 -0.052 -0.443

80 A2 23.9 0 -75 0.370 0.105 0.831 0.143 0.736 0.187 1.543 0.225 -0.110 0.046 -0.005 -0.326

81 A2 24.1 0 -60 0.607 0.172 1.388 0.248 1.316 0.367 3.085 0.451 0.088 0.032 0.256 -0.073

82 A2 23.9 0 -45 1.038 0.272 2.233 0.328 1.204 0.320 2.585 0.357 0.077 0.034 0.251 -0.039

83 A2 23.8 0 -30 1.340 0.346 2.683 0.503 0.783 0.207 1.602 0.274 0.005 0.021 0.121 -0.064

84 A2 24.3 0 -15 1.560 0.406 3.088 0.553 0.426 0.118 0.949 0.130 0.005 0.020 0.123 -0.068

85 A2 23.8 0 0 1.707 0.477 3.546 0.652 0.011 0.033 0.209 -0.108 0.007 0.022 0.138 -0.072

86 A2 24.2 0 15 1.747 0.446 3.651 0.770 -0.502 0.127 -0.209 -1.078 -0.022 0.022 0.079 -0.111

87 A2 23.8 0 30 1.620 0.427 3.448 0.599 -1.035 0.268 -0.386 -2.170 -0.057 0.024 0.035 -0.178

88 A2 23.9 0 45 1.328 0.364 2.717 0.523 -1.568 0.431 -0.621 -3.311 -0.113 0.038 0.000 -0.298

89 A2 24.1 0 60 0.750 0.193 1.486 0.326 -1.454 0.407 -0.580 -3.024 -0.051 0.033 0.076 -0.190

90 A2 23.5 0 75 0.428 0.126 0.949 0.155 -0.643 0.263 -0.050 -1.881 0.163 0.045 0.375 0.045

91 A2 24.1 0 90 0.302 0.086 0.643 0.101 0.360 0.134 0.988 -0.283 0.200 0.057 0.425 0.067

92 A2 25.0 180 90 -0.306 0.086 -0.116 -0.704 0.267 0.134 0.791 -0.480 -0.203 0.057 -0.077 -0.465

93 A2 24.9 180 75 -0.423 0.114 -0.150 -0.949 0.508 0.173 1.395 0.024 -0.184 0.051 -0.064 -0.415

94 A2 24.8 180 60 -0.470 0.133 -0.147 -1.097 0.150 0.096 0.756 -0.191 -0.219 0.063 -0.083 -0.484

95 A2 24.5 180 45 -0.687 0.182 -0.275 -1.434 0.264 0.075 0.584 0.015 -0.198 0.058 -0.080 -0.441

96 A2 25.0 180 30 -1.008 0.245 -0.405 -1.924 0.368 0.091 0.738 0.105 -0.122 0.037 -0.032 -0.297

97 A2 25.1 180 15 -1.221 0.329 -0.505 -2.620 0.271 0.074 0.594 0.068 -0.036 0.023 0.022 -0.172

98 A2 24.8 180 0 -1.268 0.340 -0.477 -2.603 0.060 0.030 0.182 -0.067 0.040 0.020 0.121 -0.044

99 A2 24.8 180 -15 -1.116 0.305 -0.477 -2.344 -0.161 0.059 -0.030 -0.387 0.088 0.026 0.222 0.005

100 A2 25.0 180 -30 -0.753 0.215 -0.264 -1.694 -0.232 0.082 -0.018 -0.599 0.116 0.032 0.265 0.034

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-36 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

101 A2 24.3 180 -45 -0.450 0.136 -0.134 -1.012 -0.113 0.060 0.050 -0.427 0.158 0.044 0.350 0.059

102 A2 24.1 180 -60 -0.387 0.110 -0.093 -0.866 -0.119 0.095 0.203 -0.543 0.183 0.050 0.385 0.066

103 A2 24.0 180 -75 -0.440 0.131 -0.117 -1.064 -0.474 0.172 0.032 -1.310 0.200 0.058 0.490 0.060

104 A2 24.2 180 -90 -0.319 0.100 -0.093 -0.779 -0.149 0.142 0.300 -0.928 0.211 0.066 0.516 0.061

105 D1 24.8 0 180 0.553 0.120 1.071 0.118 0.055 0.026 0.121 -0.112 -0.037 0.017 0.074 -0.080

106 D1 24.6 30 180 0.417 0.110 0.859 0.001 0.044 0.021 0.108 -0.080 -0.029 0.014 0.053 -0.071

107 D1 24.9 45 180 0.311 0.115 0.824 -0.142 0.030 0.021 0.100 -0.071 -0.020 0.014 0.047 -0.066

108 D1 24.3 -30 180 0.392 0.108 0.878 -0.011 0.034 0.021 0.103 -0.092 -0.023 0.014 0.061 -0.068

109 B1 24.8 -30 180 1.031 0.234 1.910 0.453 0.068 0.025 0.173 -0.035 -0.045 0.017 0.023 -0.114

110 B1 25.1 45 180 0.857 0.209 1.787 0.321 0.067 0.023 0.169 -0.028 -0.044 0.015 0.019 -0.112

111 B1 24.4 30 180 1.114 0.241 2.162 0.460 0.084 0.025 0.181 -0.014 -0.055 0.017 0.009 -0.120

112 B1 24.3 0 180 1.393 0.292 2.785 0.697 0.099 0.028 0.230 -0.023 -0.065 0.018 0.015 -0.152

113 B1 25.1 45 -165 0.721 0.187 1.642 0.208 -0.083 0.035 0.032 -0.289 -0.070 0.020 -0.004 -0.156

114 B1 24.6 30 -165 0.922 0.211 1.854 0.396 -0.103 0.042 0.018 -0.319 -0.092 0.021 -0.020 -0.186

115 B1 24.5 0 -165 1.179 0.257 2.250 0.508 -0.139 0.048 -0.034 -0.347 -0.113 0.024 -0.025 -0.221

116 B1 24.6 -30 -165 0.879 0.227 1.808 0.329 -0.107 0.044 0.007 -0.309 -0.082 0.022 -0.001 -0.182

117 D1 24.4 -30 -165 0.304 0.093 0.714 -0.038 -0.034 0.025 0.049 -0.196 -0.030 0.014 0.053 -0.080

118 D1 24.8 0 -165 0.452 0.102 1.006 0.077 -0.044 0.029 0.043 -0.269 -0.049 0.018 0.064 -0.110

119 D1 24.4 30 -165 0.311 0.107 0.765 -0.080 -0.027 0.027 0.075 -0.185 -0.036 0.015 0.043 -0.085

120 D1 24.5 45 -165 0.166 0.130 0.719 -0.341 -0.010 0.032 0.108 -0.168 -0.022 0.015 0.040 -0.068

121 D1 24.8 45 -150 0.128 0.096 0.581 -0.323 -0.028 0.048 0.184 -0.246 -0.026 0.014 0.045 -0.080

122 D1 24.2 30 -150 0.237 0.076 0.585 -0.089 -0.068 0.035 0.106 -0.257 -0.039 0.014 0.038 -0.096

123 D1 24.3 0 -150 0.305 0.073 0.628 -0.025 -0.080 0.034 0.054 -0.297 -0.055 0.016 0.026 -0.108

124 D1 24.4 -30 -150 0.209 0.071 0.528 -0.068 -0.060 0.033 0.072 -0.249 -0.035 0.014 0.036 -0.082

125 B1 24.6 -30 -150 0.647 0.170 1.436 0.152 -0.181 0.059 -0.025 -0.448 -0.111 0.031 -0.012 -0.256

126 B1 24.7 0 -150 0.840 0.187 1.598 0.261 -0.236 0.066 -0.076 -0.535 -0.143 0.030 -0.034 -0.269

127 B1 24.3 30 -150 0.730 0.171 1.559 0.307 -0.212 0.064 -0.044 -0.507 -0.120 0.027 -0.045 -0.269

128 B1 25.2 45 -150 0.562 0.143 1.142 0.125 -0.168 0.052 -0.012 -0.374 -0.090 0.024 -0.018 -0.206

129 B1 24.9 45 -135 0.359 0.093 0.717 0.114 -0.144 0.051 0.002 -0.365 -0.101 0.026 -0.025 -0.203

130 B1 25.0 30 -135 0.466 0.114 0.918 0.190 -0.180 0.056 -0.023 -0.420 -0.134 0.033 -0.050 -0.287

131 B1 24.8 0 -135 0.549 0.136 1.122 0.238 -0.194 0.061 -0.038 -0.474 -0.166 0.041 -0.070 -0.339

132 B1 24.6 -30 -135 0.446 0.121 0.982 0.163 -0.155 0.056 0.009 -0.375 -0.136 0.038 -0.043 -0.317

133 D1 24.6 -30 -135 0.120 0.051 0.379 -0.074 -0.043 0.038 0.126 -0.255 -0.036 0.012 0.024 -0.087

134 D1 24.6 0 -135 0.172 0.053 0.393 -0.037 -0.058 0.039 0.125 -0.243 -0.053 0.014 0.017 -0.109

135 D1 24.3 30 -135 0.138 0.055 0.369 -0.088 -0.057 0.042 0.144 -0.266 -0.038 0.013 0.031 -0.089

136 D1 24.6 45 -135 0.088 0.060 0.323 -0.139 -0.035 0.050 0.167 -0.237 -0.025 0.012 0.033 -0.066

137 D1 24.4 45 -120 0.044 0.039 0.289 -0.112 -0.016 0.052 0.258 -0.323 -0.020 0.010 0.026 -0.071

138 D1 24.1 30 -120 0.071 0.040 0.263 -0.113 -0.027 0.051 0.255 -0.250 -0.032 0.011 0.028 -0.085

139 D1 24.8 0 -120 0.086 0.043 0.291 -0.097 -0.023 0.052 0.274 -0.306 -0.042 0.012 0.020 -0.093

140 D1 24.6 -30 -120 0.061 0.037 0.225 -0.091 -0.018 0.048 0.240 -0.240 -0.029 0.010 0.018 -0.079

141 B1 25.5 -30 -120 0.288 0.083 0.617 0.072 -0.075 0.048 0.098 -0.314 -0.140 0.039 -0.046 -0.299

142 B1 24.9 0 -120 0.372 0.102 0.823 0.116 -0.085 0.056 0.135 -0.356 -0.185 0.050 -0.070 -0.394

143 B1 25.3 30 -120 0.308 0.084 0.695 0.097 -0.103 0.050 0.057 -0.357 -0.143 0.038 -0.052 -0.300

144 B1 25.4 45 -120 0.230 0.073 0.543 0.054 -0.093 0.046 0.059 -0.325 -0.101 0.031 -0.029 -0.237

145 B1 25.6 45 -105 0.141 0.056 0.399 0.004 -0.028 0.061 0.167 -0.335 -0.085 0.029 -0.019 -0.209

146 B1 24.9 30 -105 0.208 0.067 0.529 0.030 -0.065 0.072 0.216 -0.434 -0.122 0.035 -0.031 -0.290

147 B1 25.4 0 -105 0.260 0.082 0.715 0.072 -0.054 0.081 0.311 -0.489 -0.157 0.048 -0.053 -0.402

148 B1 25.3 -30 -105 0.205 0.070 0.525 0.036 -0.062 0.072 0.224 -0.466 -0.120 0.038 -0.038 -0.290

149 D1 24.1 -30 -105 0.032 0.025 0.172 -0.080 -0.004 0.061 0.315 -0.291 -0.020 0.010 0.021 -0.077

150 D1 24.3 0 -105 0.048 0.028 0.180 -0.070 -0.016 0.061 0.316 -0.285 -0.028 0.011 0.015 -0.079

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-37 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

151 D1 25.2 30 -105 0.030 0.023 0.185 -0.074 0.000 0.055 0.323 -0.292 -0.019 0.008 0.018 -0.076

152 D1 24.7 45 -105 0.016 0.023 0.150 -0.071 0.023 0.056 0.302 -0.248 -0.014 0.009 0.019 -0.061

153 D1 24.6 45 -90 0.011 0.014 0.111 -0.057 0.071 0.059 0.478 -0.248 -0.008 0.009 0.038 -0.074

154 D1 24.6 30 -90 0.020 0.013 0.109 -0.041 0.085 0.057 0.374 -0.206 -0.014 0.009 0.027 -0.072

155 D1 24.3 0 -90 0.034 0.015 0.119 -0.030 0.108 0.064 0.508 -0.184 -0.022 0.010 0.020 -0.079

156 D1 24.7 -30 -90 0.024 0.014 0.103 -0.052 0.091 0.059 0.459 -0.188 -0.016 0.009 0.034 -0.068

157 B1 25.1 -30 -90 0.163 0.060 0.433 0.027 0.354 0.123 0.985 -0.066 -0.108 0.039 -0.018 -0.287

158 B1 25.1 0 -90 0.203 0.067 0.508 0.061 0.411 0.138 1.090 -0.064 -0.135 0.044 -0.040 -0.336

159 B1 24.9 30 -90 0.153 0.058 0.422 0.024 0.392 0.114 0.950 -0.025 -0.101 0.038 -0.016 -0.279

160 B1 25.7 45 -90 0.102 0.047 0.343 -0.002 0.281 0.091 0.796 -0.051 -0.067 0.031 0.001 -0.227

161 B1 25.2 45 -75 0.162 0.069 0.501 0.002 0.566 0.198 1.589 0.097 -0.007 0.022 0.076 -0.108

162 B1 24.9 30 -75 0.253 0.094 0.646 0.069 0.901 0.265 1.954 0.251 -0.007 0.027 0.082 -0.126

163 B1 25.2 0 -75 0.340 0.108 0.812 0.118 1.197 0.301 2.538 0.488 -0.012 0.033 0.093 -0.162

164 B1 24.8 -30 -75 0.266 0.100 0.759 0.046 0.960 0.287 2.339 0.261 -0.006 0.031 0.114 -0.142

165 D1 24.5 -30 -75 0.046 0.016 0.122 -0.018 0.201 0.067 0.562 -0.124 0.005 0.010 0.057 -0.059

166 D1 24.5 0 -75 0.069 0.018 0.170 -0.001 0.307 0.077 0.728 -0.072 0.008 0.011 0.080 -0.060

167 D1 24.7 30 -75 0.043 0.015 0.120 -0.033 0.195 0.069 0.541 -0.155 0.006 0.010 0.068 -0.057

168 D1 24.6 45 -75 0.028 0.015 0.103 -0.034 0.128 0.063 0.442 -0.188 0.004 0.010 0.054 -0.056

169 D1 24.5 45 -60 0.091 0.040 0.259 -0.085 0.186 0.084 0.503 -0.238 0.010 0.013 0.077 -0.062

170 D1 24.4 30 -60 0.132 0.041 0.336 -0.025 0.284 0.088 0.725 -0.078 0.018 0.013 0.112 -0.046

171 D1 24.5 0 -60 0.207 0.046 0.406 0.040 0.438 0.095 0.831 0.040 0.026 0.013 0.107 -0.057

172 D1 24.5 -30 -60 0.137 0.043 0.388 -0.034 0.303 0.091 0.801 -0.194 0.022 0.014 0.117 -0.078

173 B1 24.7 -30 -60 0.487 0.146 1.179 0.099 1.156 0.345 2.703 0.242 0.103 0.038 0.270 -0.007

174 B1 24.7 0 -60 0.622 0.158 1.314 0.264 1.425 0.383 3.012 0.528 0.115 0.045 0.316 -0.009

175 B1 24.5 30 -60 0.441 0.128 0.966 0.130 1.044 0.302 2.194 0.266 0.093 0.035 0.244 -0.017

176 B1 24.9 45 -60 0.287 0.101 0.888 0.078 0.669 0.235 2.052 0.156 0.057 0.028 0.212 -0.034

177 B1 24.7 45 -45 0.489 0.165 1.324 -0.018 0.603 0.221 1.739 -0.099 0.053 0.033 0.230 -0.048

178 B1 24.7 30 -45 0.811 0.228 1.909 0.193 1.016 0.287 2.370 0.192 0.096 0.043 0.308 -0.019

179 B1 24.6 0 -45 1.074 0.248 2.255 0.354 1.168 0.281 2.554 0.352 0.044 0.026 0.198 -0.035

180 B1 24.3 -30 -45 0.888 0.254 1.986 0.212 1.040 0.307 2.393 0.247 0.071 0.039 0.253 -0.027

181 D1 23.9 -30 -45 0.317 0.094 0.688 -0.071 0.351 0.101 0.739 -0.103 0.016 0.017 0.114 -0.061

182 D1 23.8 0 -45 0.460 0.100 0.833 0.013 0.482 0.106 0.956 -0.033 0.010 0.016 0.132 -0.064

183 D1 23.8 30 -45 0.335 0.092 0.766 -0.049 0.385 0.103 0.827 -0.059 0.023 0.018 0.141 -0.062

184 D1 24.0 45 -45 0.203 0.080 0.502 -0.093 0.225 0.092 0.574 -0.143 0.011 0.016 0.106 -0.054

185 D1 24.0 45 -30 0.310 0.129 0.866 -0.163 0.195 0.082 0.607 -0.175 0.009 0.015 0.129 -0.065

186 D1 23.8 30 -30 0.522 0.134 1.160 -0.016 0.308 0.082 0.811 -0.057 0.004 0.018 0.152 -0.058

187 D1 23.4 0 -30 0.679 0.149 1.282 0.129 0.388 0.087 0.832 0.039 -0.002 0.016 0.132 -0.065

188 D1 24.1 -30 -30 0.448 0.127 0.908 -0.049 0.271 0.077 0.588 -0.064 0.007 0.014 0.110 -0.049

189 B1 24.6 -30 -30 1.072 0.266 2.271 0.437 0.663 0.165 1.390 0.262 0.025 0.015 0.101 -0.026

190 B1 24.6 0 -30 1.350 0.278 2.626 0.630 0.807 0.172 1.569 0.361 0.016 0.015 0.113 -0.040

191 B1 24.6 30 -30 1.102 0.245 2.112 0.372 0.678 0.151 1.312 0.239 0.024 0.020 0.148 -0.046

192 B1 24.6 45 -30 0.781 0.218 1.894 0.215 0.523 0.155 1.258 0.128 0.041 0.027 0.176 -0.027

193 B1 25.4 45 -15 0.864 0.259 1.963 0.186 0.257 0.083 0.647 0.063 0.016 0.018 0.127 -0.033

194 B1 24.4 30 -15 1.177 0.291 2.476 0.436 0.342 0.093 0.749 0.120 0.017 0.021 0.127 -0.049

195 B1 24.5 0 -15 1.578 0.329 2.857 0.730 0.451 0.102 0.875 0.190 0.018 0.017 0.095 -0.038

196 B1 24.9 -30 -15 1.186 0.281 2.254 0.471 0.359 0.092 0.722 0.135 0.026 0.018 0.116 -0.030

197 D1 24.0 -30 -15 0.550 0.156 1.257 0.023 0.154 0.046 0.465 -0.035 0.004 0.014 0.139 -0.045

198 D1 24.7 0 -15 0.765 0.166 1.456 0.142 0.192 0.045 0.433 -0.001 -0.008 0.013 0.089 -0.060

199 D1 24.7 30 -15 0.519 0.150 1.077 -0.049 0.136 0.042 0.335 -0.045 -0.002 0.014 0.101 -0.045

200 D1 24.6 45 -15 0.334 0.149 0.902 -0.175 0.109 0.043 0.293 -0.111 0.013 0.014 0.095 -0.049

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-38 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

201 D1 24.6 45 0 0.333 0.150 0.945 -0.191 0.012 0.023 0.169 -0.068 0.008 0.015 0.112 -0.045

202 D1 24.9 30 0 0.489 0.152 1.166 -0.100 -0.017 0.019 0.114 -0.078 -0.011 0.012 0.076 -0.052

203 D1 24.4 0 0 0.823 0.169 1.526 0.196 -0.021 0.018 0.156 -0.081 -0.014 0.012 0.103 -0.053

204 D1 24.1 -30 0 0.540 0.153 1.162 -0.053 -0.011 0.018 0.131 -0.068 -0.007 0.012 0.086 -0.045

205 B1 24.7 -30 0 1.308 0.314 2.836 0.271 0.006 0.027 0.130 -0.079 0.004 0.018 0.086 -0.052

206 B1 24.9 0 0 1.752 0.375 3.516 0.866 0.007 0.029 0.152 -0.081 0.004 0.019 0.101 -0.053

207 B1 24.6 30 0 1.266 0.303 2.618 0.454 -0.002 0.030 0.131 -0.105 -0.002 0.020 0.086 -0.070

208 B1 24.8 45 0 0.956 0.253 1.892 0.293 -0.010 0.023 0.102 -0.081 -0.006 0.015 0.067 -0.053

209 C1 24.4 30 0 -0.143 0.170 0.460 -0.844 0.062 0.044 0.256 -0.106 0.041 0.029 0.169 -0.070

210 C1 23.9 0 0 -0.226 0.172 0.228 -1.127 0.007 0.030 0.121 -0.200 0.005 0.020 0.080 -0.132

211 C1 24.1 -30 0 -0.042 0.138 0.376 -0.757 0.025 0.029 0.162 -0.137 0.016 0.019 0.107 -0.091

212 C1 23.9 -30 15 -0.005 0.117 0.394 -0.619 0.015 0.030 0.155 -0.107 0.009 0.016 0.076 -0.093

213 C1 24.4 0 15 -0.147 0.134 0.236 -0.950 0.042 0.025 0.190 -0.025 0.002 0.017 0.068 -0.113

214 C1 24.2 30 15 -0.095 0.154 0.491 -0.843 0.064 0.044 0.244 -0.104 0.024 0.024 0.128 -0.074

215 C1 24.2 30 30 0.092 0.129 0.648 -0.470 -0.032 0.072 0.209 -0.329 0.012 0.016 0.096 -0.057

216 C1 24.2 0 30 -0.042 0.102 0.321 -0.653 0.034 0.043 0.239 -0.153 0.006 0.014 0.067 -0.089

217 C1 24.4 -30 30 0.043 0.095 0.414 -0.409 -0.019 0.045 0.173 -0.203 0.003 0.012 0.065 -0.076

218 C1 24.7 -30 45 0.132 0.077 0.480 -0.182 -0.130 0.079 0.143 -0.486 0.001 0.013 0.071 -0.051

219 C1 24.3 0 45 0.110 0.086 0.530 -0.255 -0.094 0.081 0.218 -0.496 0.008 0.013 0.074 -0.045

220 C1 24.3 30 45 0.181 0.090 0.662 -0.140 -0.182 0.086 0.103 -0.623 0.000 0.015 0.079 -0.053

221 C1 24.3 30 60 0.290 0.086 0.779 0.041 -0.572 0.166 -0.068 -1.484 -0.023 0.019 0.066 -0.105

222 C1 24.8 0 60 0.303 0.093 0.839 0.008 -0.582 0.175 -0.053 -1.645 -0.019 0.020 0.068 -0.121

223 C1 24.9 -30 60 0.279 0.088 0.694 0.035 -0.545 0.173 -0.107 -1.364 -0.020 0.018 0.050 -0.102

224 C1 24.7 -30 75 0.268 0.077 0.605 0.093 -0.852 0.252 -0.280 -2.020 0.026 0.022 0.128 -0.074

225 C1 24.9 0 75 0.341 0.081 0.692 0.162 -1.023 0.253 -0.446 -2.147 0.043 0.022 0.140 -0.065

226 C1 24.8 30 75 0.265 0.071 0.594 0.097 -0.860 0.245 -0.265 -2.014 0.022 0.021 0.122 -0.090

227 C1 25.4 30 90 0.183 0.055 0.452 0.057 -0.217 0.146 0.154 -1.015 0.121 0.036 0.299 0.038

228 C1 24.9 0 90 0.192 0.057 0.509 0.063 -0.153 0.137 0.222 -0.964 0.127 0.038 0.337 0.042

229 C1 24.7 -30 90 0.188 0.052 0.415 0.054 -0.262 0.156 0.214 -1.122 0.125 0.034 0.274 0.036

230 C1 25.1 -30 105 0.251 0.086 0.672 0.017 0.237 0.140 0.975 -0.311 0.119 0.037 0.315 0.026

231 C1 24.8 0 105 0.295 0.104 0.772 0.011 0.251 0.163 1.013 -0.428 0.145 0.045 0.367 0.037

232 C1 24.8 30 105 0.271 0.089 0.740 0.039 0.271 0.136 0.970 -0.262 0.127 0.039 0.322 0.037

233 C1 25.0 30 120 0.335 0.146 1.037 -0.058 0.269 0.173 1.046 -0.308 0.103 0.035 0.280 0.007

234 C1 24.8 0 120 0.364 0.177 1.261 -0.184 0.251 0.190 1.154 -0.449 0.125 0.047 0.369 -0.001

235 C1 24.5 -30 120 0.314 0.148 1.135 -0.137 0.235 0.168 1.096 -0.425 0.102 0.038 0.317 0.009

236 C1 24.7 -30 135 0.255 0.126 0.887 -0.140 0.195 0.103 0.733 -0.132 0.028 0.025 0.153 -0.075

237 C1 24.7 0 135 0.278 0.157 1.120 -0.191 0.241 0.125 0.888 -0.148 0.017 0.030 0.173 -0.072

238 C1 24.7 30 135 0.337 0.130 0.969 -0.106 0.234 0.108 0.809 -0.143 0.048 0.024 0.172 -0.046

239 C1 24.4 30 150 0.172 0.111 0.639 -0.316 0.084 0.063 0.350 -0.129 0.009 0.019 0.099 -0.068

240 C1 24.5 0 150 0.093 0.105 0.610 -0.324 0.117 0.067 0.420 -0.097 -0.036 0.021 0.060 -0.121

241 C1 24.5 -30 150 0.103 0.098 0.545 -0.314 0.085 0.060 0.361 -0.134 -0.014 0.022 0.093 -0.105

242 C1 24.3 -30 165 0.054 0.114 0.473 -0.546 0.032 0.037 0.184 -0.113 -0.011 0.016 0.069 -0.079

243 C1 24.5 0 165 -0.010 0.111 0.440 -0.568 0.029 0.038 0.207 -0.138 -0.020 0.016 0.062 -0.098

244 C1 24.2 30 165 0.047 0.131 0.603 -0.484 0.014 0.043 0.188 -0.142 -0.001 0.017 0.086 -0.066

245 C1 24.3 30 180 -0.241 0.152 0.265 -0.884 -0.005 0.027 0.100 -0.127 0.003 0.018 0.084 -0.066

246 C1 24.0 0 180 -0.151 0.116 0.213 -0.783 -0.004 0.018 0.079 -0.098 0.003 0.012 0.065 -0.052

247 C1 23.8 -30 180 -0.009 0.111 0.376 -0.517 0.002 0.021 0.083 -0.122 -0.001 0.014 0.081 -0.055

248 C1 24.2 -30 -15 -0.004 0.157 0.522 -0.804 0.012 0.058 0.240 -0.319 0.009 0.020 0.112 -0.108

249 C1 24.2 0 -15 -0.184 0.173 0.305 -1.076 -0.033 0.061 0.151 -0.399 0.010 0.019 0.092 -0.112

250 C1 24.5 30 -15 -0.184 0.225 0.598 -1.164 -0.002 0.077 0.271 -0.362 0.030 0.030 0.152 -0.114

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-39 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

251 C1 24.4 30 -30 -0.043 0.168 0.860 -0.741 0.016 0.108 0.553 -0.518 0.023 0.026 0.143 -0.132

252 C1 24.2 0 -30 -0.070 0.149 0.465 -0.816 -0.018 0.095 0.389 -0.536 0.013 0.022 0.121 -0.113

253 C1 24.5 -30 -30 0.076 0.147 0.685 -0.687 0.058 0.097 0.464 -0.430 0.008 0.022 0.140 -0.110

254 C1 24.3 -30 -45 0.134 0.098 0.562 -0.278 0.153 0.113 0.734 -0.423 0.009 0.023 0.154 -0.105

255 C1 23.9 0 -45 0.150 0.117 0.692 -0.308 0.162 0.135 0.876 -0.474 0.006 0.028 0.180 -0.129

256 C1 24.5 30 -45 0.135 0.094 0.635 -0.191 0.159 0.108 0.672 -0.314 0.011 0.023 0.117 -0.095

257 C1 24.7 30 -60 0.288 0.091 0.778 0.053 0.625 0.202 1.715 -0.004 0.042 0.031 0.201 -0.096

258 C1 24.8 0 -60 0.392 0.124 0.953 0.102 0.841 0.273 2.045 0.121 0.054 0.037 0.224 -0.083

259 C1 24.7 -30 -60 0.291 0.106 0.816 0.038 0.629 0.236 1.753 0.043 0.041 0.033 0.219 -0.080

260 C1 25.0 -30 -75 0.204 0.084 0.601 0.036 0.794 0.237 1.903 0.113 0.006 0.034 0.159 -0.166

261 C1 24.9 0 -75 0.267 0.091 0.704 0.077 1.057 0.261 2.241 0.379 0.011 0.037 0.151 -0.152

262 C1 24.8 30 -75 0.187 0.074 0.661 0.044 0.755 0.219 2.130 0.228 0.010 0.031 0.123 -0.149

263 C1 24.8 30 -90 0.122 0.048 0.368 0.009 0.341 0.098 0.785 -0.018 -0.081 0.032 -0.006 -0.243

264 C1 25.3 0 -90 0.151 0.051 0.428 0.029 0.454 0.121 0.964 0.093 -0.100 0.034 -0.019 -0.283

265 C1 25.0 -30 -90 0.137 0.056 0.425 0.011 0.325 0.119 0.930 -0.071 -0.091 0.037 -0.007 -0.281

266 C1 24.8 -30 -105 0.135 0.054 0.397 0.010 -0.028 0.063 0.219 -0.309 -0.082 0.028 -0.022 -0.219

267 C1 25.2 0 -105 0.159 0.061 0.527 0.014 -0.004 0.077 0.342 -0.394 -0.101 0.033 -0.024 -0.285

268 C1 25.1 30 -105 0.120 0.047 0.386 0.008 -0.010 0.059 0.218 -0.328 -0.075 0.024 -0.017 -0.205

269 C1 24.9 30 -120 0.125 0.052 0.442 -0.012 -0.066 0.054 0.118 -0.365 -0.050 0.016 -0.005 -0.154

270 C1 24.9 0 -120 0.149 0.058 0.488 -0.008 -0.072 0.062 0.141 -0.436 -0.061 0.018 -0.005 -0.154

271 C1 24.8 -30 -120 0.126 0.053 0.440 -0.009 -0.072 0.052 0.117 -0.353 -0.049 0.017 -0.003 -0.152

272 C1 24.5 -30 -135 0.064 0.056 0.338 -0.125 -0.052 0.051 0.131 -0.297 -0.006 0.013 0.064 -0.052

273 C1 24.8 0 -135 0.061 0.055 0.357 -0.154 -0.045 0.051 0.150 -0.325 -0.008 0.013 0.065 -0.062

274 C1 24.6 30 -135 0.074 0.064 0.353 -0.175 -0.063 0.057 0.145 -0.331 -0.005 0.014 0.060 -0.071

275 C1 24.8 30 -150 -0.164 0.111 0.272 -0.613 0.058 0.064 0.302 -0.184 0.021 0.017 0.110 -0.040

276 C1 24.5 0 -150 -0.070 0.072 0.158 -0.441 0.016 0.043 0.203 -0.162 0.014 0.012 0.080 -0.022

277 C1 24.2 -30 -150 -0.011 0.085 0.302 -0.421 -0.007 0.049 0.232 -0.222 0.008 0.014 0.088 -0.039

278 C1 24.6 -30 -165 -0.099 0.106 0.277 -0.667 0.008 0.034 0.188 -0.155 0.012 0.014 0.101 -0.034

279 C1 24.4 0 -165 -0.181 0.103 0.104 -0.761 0.028 0.031 0.209 -0.108 0.013 0.012 0.088 -0.040

280 C1 24.4 30 -165 -0.348 0.167 0.219 -1.021 0.063 0.049 0.286 -0.129 0.019 0.020 0.114 -0.048

281 C3 24.2 30 -165 0.399 0.237 1.314 -0.325 -0.130 0.061 0.065 -0.405 0.015 0.021 0.107 -0.057

282 C3 24.0 0 -165 0.022 0.108 0.615 -0.365 -0.024 0.037 0.086 -0.243 0.012 0.015 0.103 -0.037

283 C3 23.7 -30 -165 -0.046 0.119 0.506 -0.532 0.001 0.039 0.137 -0.231 0.008 0.015 0.097 -0.044

284 C3 23.9 -30 -150 -0.027 0.092 0.387 -0.365 -0.015 0.057 0.175 -0.273 0.018 0.014 0.095 -0.031

285 C3 24.3 0 -150 0.028 0.077 0.547 -0.239 -0.038 0.049 0.113 -0.348 0.013 0.014 0.084 -0.025

286 C3 24.3 30 -150 0.331 0.157 0.998 -0.135 -0.215 0.083 0.043 -0.553 0.013 0.021 0.104 -0.058

287 C3 24.4 30 -135 0.197 0.091 0.626 -0.088 -0.177 0.076 0.063 -0.517 -0.009 0.016 0.052 -0.077

288 C3 24.2 0 -135 0.036 0.056 0.399 -0.162 -0.046 0.054 0.127 -0.362 0.004 0.011 0.066 -0.052

289 C3 24.5 -30 -135 0.028 0.064 0.316 -0.170 -0.044 0.058 0.140 -0.309 0.007 0.012 0.061 -0.046

290 C3 24.1 -30 -120 0.077 0.050 0.388 -0.050 -0.054 0.052 0.103 -0.351 -0.027 0.015 0.012 -0.112

291 C3 24.3 0 -120 0.066 0.048 0.456 -0.053 -0.033 0.052 0.130 -0.378 -0.027 0.014 0.013 -0.140

292 C3 24.5 30 -120 0.114 0.053 0.413 -0.025 -0.079 0.053 0.098 -0.360 -0.039 0.016 0.004 -0.133

293 C3 25.1 30 -105 0.095 0.048 0.394 -0.014 0.002 0.055 0.204 -0.290 -0.061 0.025 -0.010 -0.219

294 C3 24.7 0 -105 0.119 0.057 0.444 -0.014 0.008 0.071 0.338 -0.383 -0.078 0.032 -0.012 -0.246

295 C3 24.5 -30 -105 0.099 0.050 0.412 -0.012 -0.018 0.060 0.204 -0.345 -0.060 0.026 -0.010 -0.213

296 C3 25.1 -30 -90 0.127 0.051 0.400 0.017 0.223 0.091 0.658 -0.121 -0.084 0.034 -0.011 -0.265

297 C3 24.7 0 -90 0.148 0.053 0.448 0.036 0.317 0.107 0.786 -0.093 -0.098 0.035 -0.024 -0.296

298 C3 25.0 30 -90 0.124 0.049 0.398 0.019 0.224 0.082 0.625 -0.124 -0.082 0.032 -0.013 -0.264

299 C3 24.8 30 -75 0.203 0.074 0.527 0.051 0.733 0.208 1.682 0.212 -0.004 0.032 0.113 -0.139

300 C3 24.7 0 -75 0.247 0.092 0.713 0.077 0.949 0.237 2.050 0.368 0.005 0.039 0.127 -0.184

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-40 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

301 C3 24.5 -30 -75 0.178 0.083 0.605 0.032 0.694 0.235 1.727 0.160 0.005 0.034 0.113 -0.163

302 C3 24.4 -30 -60 0.226 0.114 0.836 -0.014 0.461 0.219 1.681 -0.049 0.023 0.027 0.161 -0.095

303 C3 24.2 0 -60 0.319 0.143 0.990 0.046 0.649 0.268 1.901 -0.005 0.032 0.032 0.208 -0.124

304 C3 24.5 30 -60 0.310 0.126 0.999 0.024 0.596 0.237 1.910 -0.061 0.019 0.032 0.182 -0.110

305 C3 23.9 30 -45 0.329 0.232 1.550 -0.170 0.370 0.265 1.786 -0.228 0.019 0.033 0.230 -0.107

306 C3 24.1 0 -45 0.133 0.148 1.125 -0.226 0.148 0.161 1.258 -0.301 0.007 0.025 0.158 -0.124

307 C3 24.1 -30 -45 0.130 0.144 1.103 -0.235 0.162 0.161 1.257 -0.286 0.015 0.023 0.162 -0.102

308 C3 23.3 -30 -30 0.033 0.184 0.953 -0.551 0.043 0.117 0.732 -0.388 0.014 0.023 0.163 -0.099

309 C3 22.7 0 -30 0.065 0.174 1.064 -0.516 0.048 0.114 0.756 -0.387 0.006 0.023 0.143 -0.114

310 C3 23.1 30 -30 0.352 0.290 1.731 -0.513 0.232 0.192 1.213 -0.281 0.017 0.033 0.206 -0.117

311 C3 22.5 30 -15 0.172 0.336 1.572 -0.780 0.066 0.114 0.602 -0.312 0.013 0.031 0.171 -0.129

312 C3 22.5 0 -15 0.035 0.197 1.058 -0.696 0.020 0.068 0.379 -0.250 0.007 0.021 0.141 -0.093

313 C3 22.2 -30 -15 -0.047 0.201 1.005 -0.805 0.016 0.062 0.367 -0.287 0.018 0.022 0.119 -0.093

314 C3 22.6 -30 0 -0.079 0.173 0.849 -0.804 0.024 0.033 0.201 -0.152 0.016 0.022 0.133 -0.100

315 C3 22.5 0 0 -0.025 0.167 0.698 -0.844 0.009 0.026 0.174 -0.143 0.006 0.017 0.115 -0.095

316 C3 22.6 30 0 0.207 0.316 1.411 -0.736 0.012 0.041 0.202 -0.193 0.008 0.027 0.134 -0.127

317 C3 22.8 30 15 0.416 0.272 1.790 -0.398 -0.094 0.067 0.108 -0.483 0.012 0.023 0.120 -0.083

318 C3 22.6 0 15 0.060 0.146 0.918 -0.479 -0.005 0.031 0.111 -0.184 0.007 0.016 0.114 -0.060

319 C3 22.9 -30 15 0.057 0.140 0.763 -0.498 -0.003 0.042 0.205 -0.184 0.008 0.020 0.109 -0.070

320 C3 22.5 -30 30 0.112 0.121 0.694 -0.375 -0.044 0.057 0.191 -0.327 0.012 0.017 0.119 -0.060

321 C3 22.7 0 30 0.024 0.126 0.775 -0.434 0.005 0.052 0.194 -0.314 0.011 0.018 0.138 -0.055

322 C3 23.2 30 30 0.253 0.195 1.186 -0.276 -0.105 0.095 0.143 -0.633 0.024 0.020 0.121 -0.039

323 C3 23.5 30 45 0.267 0.119 1.032 -0.042 -0.246 0.110 0.011 -1.026 0.010 0.016 0.107 -0.046

324 C3 23.4 0 45 0.100 0.107 0.808 -0.245 -0.063 0.082 0.216 -0.662 0.017 0.016 0.123 -0.038

325 C3 23.0 -30 45 0.139 0.104 0.812 -0.170 -0.110 0.087 0.146 -0.681 0.014 0.014 0.107 -0.026

326 C3 23.8 -30 60 0.163 0.070 0.648 -0.008 -0.285 0.125 0.023 -1.100 -0.001 0.015 0.073 -0.071

327 C3 23.8 0 60 0.192 0.078 0.615 -0.048 -0.340 0.144 0.072 -1.116 -0.003 0.020 0.096 -0.087

328 C3 24.0 30 60 0.222 0.072 0.651 0.022 -0.428 0.141 -0.061 -1.288 -0.015 0.017 0.062 -0.103

329 C3 24.4 30 75 0.180 0.049 0.421 0.051 -0.584 0.165 -0.110 -1.414 0.015 0.017 0.078 -0.086

330 C3 24.1 0 75 0.223 0.051 0.430 0.086 -0.713 0.162 -0.276 -1.390 0.020 0.017 0.092 -0.060

331 C3 24.5 -30 75 0.176 0.048 0.406 0.063 -0.581 0.169 -0.119 -1.355 0.013 0.016 0.089 -0.076

332 C3 23.9 -30 90 0.152 0.044 0.353 0.031 -0.169 0.123 0.188 -0.807 0.100 0.029 0.234 0.021

333 C3 24.1 0 90 0.152 0.044 0.381 0.018 -0.099 0.099 0.236 -0.621 0.100 0.029 0.252 0.012

334 C3 24.2 30 90 0.146 0.045 0.363 0.035 -0.145 0.114 0.211 -0.802 0.097 0.030 0.240 0.023

335 C3 24.6 30 105 0.221 0.080 0.629 -0.015 0.214 0.142 0.862 -0.315 0.105 0.034 0.274 0.022

336 C3 23.8 0 105 0.228 0.090 0.717 -0.030 0.155 0.156 1.035 -0.431 0.119 0.040 0.339 0.027

337 C3 23.8 -30 105 0.209 0.084 0.637 -0.011 0.187 0.148 0.790 -0.398 0.101 0.036 0.287 0.018

338 C3 23.3 -30 120 0.256 0.114 0.852 -0.104 0.205 0.142 0.893 -0.295 0.079 0.028 0.227 -0.001

339 C3 23.6 0 120 0.274 0.122 0.878 -0.112 0.203 0.140 0.908 -0.262 0.090 0.033 0.272 0.000

340 C3 23.7 30 120 0.291 0.114 0.858 -0.065 0.250 0.143 0.958 -0.224 0.084 0.029 0.255 -0.002

341 C3 23.6 30 135 0.245 0.125 0.911 -0.164 0.125 0.089 0.631 -0.197 0.056 0.031 0.208 -0.031

342 C3 23.4 0 135 0.274 0.126 0.913 -0.283 0.165 0.095 0.627 -0.235 0.051 0.027 0.207 -0.051

343 C3 22.9 -30 135 0.248 0.118 0.881 -0.153 0.145 0.095 0.711 -0.174 0.048 0.024 0.194 -0.048

344 C3 23.1 -30 150 0.088 0.114 0.710 -0.351 0.015 0.049 0.298 -0.168 0.020 0.019 0.154 -0.051

345 C3 23.2 0 150 0.083 0.117 0.643 -0.415 0.017 0.053 0.235 -0.209 0.018 0.020 0.155 -0.059

346 C3 23.7 30 150 0.115 0.134 0.807 -0.367 0.013 0.051 0.234 -0.180 0.031 0.026 0.159 -0.052

347 C3 23.7 30 165 0.079 0.184 1.051 -0.470 -0.030 0.042 0.193 -0.196 0.033 0.023 0.135 -0.038

348 C3 23.3 0 165 -0.020 0.133 0.631 -0.655 -0.020 0.030 0.112 -0.177 0.009 0.017 0.128 -0.057

349 C3 23.6 -30 165 -0.031 0.116 0.523 -0.444 -0.017 0.028 0.089 -0.139 0.006 0.016 0.100 -0.056

350 C3 23.3 -30 180 -0.107 0.126 0.410 -0.681 -0.014 0.023 0.072 -0.150 0.009 0.015 0.099 -0.047

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-41 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

351 C3 23.5 0 180 0.000 0.125 0.653 -0.453 -0.018 0.022 0.047 -0.151 0.012 0.015 0.100 -0.031

352 C3 23.7 30 180 0.318 0.249 1.454 -0.419 -0.042 0.033 0.068 -0.216 0.028 0.022 0.143 -0.045

353 C7 22.5 30 180 0.299 0.214 1.309 -0.317 -0.048 0.036 0.074 -0.216 0.032 0.024 0.143 -0.049

354 C7 21.9 0 180 0.134 0.144 0.865 -0.305 -0.013 0.024 0.057 -0.166 0.009 0.016 0.110 -0.037

355 C7 21.8 -30 180 0.110 0.214 1.184 -0.417 -0.027 0.029 0.069 -0.176 0.018 0.019 0.117 -0.046

356 C7 22.0 -30 165 0.161 0.174 0.923 -0.425 0.008 0.037 0.189 -0.131 0.022 0.020 0.126 -0.034

357 C7 22.0 0 165 0.145 0.153 0.957 -0.298 0.013 0.033 0.194 -0.115 0.016 0.020 0.119 -0.035

358 C7 22.4 30 165 0.381 0.226 1.370 -0.238 0.019 0.047 0.260 -0.142 0.053 0.025 0.172 -0.022

359 C7 22.4 30 150 0.276 0.183 1.172 -0.238 0.058 0.069 0.400 -0.170 0.058 0.032 0.228 -0.026

360 C7 22.0 0 150 0.145 0.138 0.895 -0.342 0.036 0.055 0.293 -0.189 0.027 0.026 0.161 -0.038

361 C7 22.2 -30 150 0.145 0.141 0.914 -0.266 0.033 0.056 0.328 -0.151 0.029 0.023 0.175 -0.032

362 C7 22.7 -30 135 0.222 0.113 0.768 -0.138 0.126 0.084 0.580 -0.170 0.045 0.025 0.183 -0.024

363 C7 22.3 0 135 0.224 0.122 0.841 -0.272 0.121 0.088 0.629 -0.252 0.048 0.031 0.222 -0.041

364 C7 22.3 30 135 0.313 0.141 0.899 -0.192 0.167 0.107 0.695 -0.193 0.069 0.034 0.228 -0.029

365 C7 22.3 30 120 0.312 0.129 0.976 -0.146 0.260 0.165 1.090 -0.299 0.093 0.033 0.263 -0.010

366 C7 22.0 0 120 0.256 0.122 0.987 -0.129 0.185 0.142 1.062 -0.382 0.086 0.035 0.291 -0.005

367 C7 22.3 -30 120 0.251 0.111 0.831 -0.097 0.199 0.140 0.959 -0.307 0.078 0.028 0.224 0.005

368 C7 22.3 -30 105 0.232 0.090 0.697 0.002 0.214 0.162 1.023 -0.355 0.111 0.039 0.316 0.029

369 C7 22.7 0 105 0.235 0.090 0.711 -0.054 0.161 0.157 0.990 -0.505 0.123 0.040 0.316 0.022

370 C7 22.7 30 105 0.256 0.092 0.676 -0.013 0.272 0.162 1.062 -0.314 0.117 0.040 0.327 0.022

371 C7 22.8 30 90 0.155 0.045 0.361 0.019 -0.090 0.121 0.277 -0.840 0.103 0.030 0.239 0.012

372 C7 22.6 0 90 0.145 0.042 0.354 0.024 -0.043 0.100 0.341 -0.600 0.096 0.027 0.234 0.016

373 C7 22.8 -30 90 0.144 0.044 0.363 0.022 -0.118 0.129 0.294 -1.073 0.095 0.029 0.240 0.015

374 C7 22.7 -30 75 0.144 0.041 0.368 0.046 -0.490 0.159 -0.052 -1.426 0.008 0.018 0.080 -0.103

375 C7 22.8 0 75 0.167 0.037 0.363 0.063 -0.532 0.134 -0.130 -1.256 0.016 0.015 0.090 -0.068

376 C7 22.9 30 75 0.181 0.047 0.422 0.068 -0.599 0.177 -0.161 -1.513 0.013 0.017 0.087 -0.092

377 C7 22.9 30 60 0.214 0.074 0.733 0.032 -0.389 0.139 -0.070 -1.375 -0.006 0.015 0.058 -0.111

378 C7 22.6 0 60 0.144 0.089 0.756 -0.087 -0.225 0.155 0.159 -1.452 0.008 0.019 0.123 -0.081

379 C7 22.9 -30 60 0.180 0.085 0.690 -0.014 -0.285 0.147 0.035 -1.204 0.009 0.015 0.095 -0.055

380 C7 22.2 -30 45 0.244 0.146 1.237 -0.119 -0.199 0.126 0.097 -1.072 0.021 0.016 0.125 -0.026

381 C7 22.2 0 45 0.148 0.143 0.966 -0.198 -0.107 0.118 0.151 -0.847 0.019 0.018 0.134 -0.036

382 C7 22.6 30 45 0.366 0.154 1.261 -0.021 -0.330 0.139 0.012 -1.214 0.017 0.018 0.108 -0.046

383 C7 22.8 30 30 0.462 0.217 1.575 -0.216 -0.214 0.108 0.114 -0.770 0.030 0.024 0.161 -0.042

384 C7 22.0 0 30 0.144 0.169 1.284 -0.307 -0.063 0.081 0.120 -0.658 0.012 0.018 0.127 -0.050

385 C7 22.4 -30 30 0.257 0.202 1.299 -0.290 -0.119 0.100 0.137 -0.637 0.017 0.020 0.119 -0.046

386 C7 22.3 -30 15 0.277 0.256 1.417 -0.457 -0.050 0.061 0.127 -0.375 0.015 0.024 0.161 -0.076

387 C7 22.3 0 15 0.150 0.186 1.230 -0.416 -0.030 0.045 0.089 -0.285 0.007 0.018 0.143 -0.054

388 C7 22.5 30 15 0.398 0.273 1.600 -0.328 -0.076 0.060 0.088 -0.394 0.019 0.028 0.164 -0.076

389 C7 22.4 30 0 0.351 0.304 1.767 -0.590 0.000 0.047 0.279 -0.185 0.000 0.031 0.184 -0.122

390 C7 22.5 0 0 0.193 0.204 1.401 -0.491 0.005 0.027 0.189 -0.124 0.003 0.018 0.125 -0.082

391 C7 22.1 -30 0 0.258 0.293 1.683 -0.565 0.005 0.038 0.206 -0.157 0.003 0.025 0.136 -0.104

392 C7 22.5 -30 -15 0.384 0.313 1.677 -0.519 0.111 0.100 0.573 -0.236 0.005 0.028 0.168 -0.107

393 C7 22.5 0 -15 0.242 0.225 1.458 -0.452 0.070 0.073 0.505 -0.238 0.003 0.021 0.156 -0.106

394 C7 22.8 30 -15 0.334 0.306 1.828 -0.535 0.096 0.106 0.586 -0.284 0.004 0.031 0.172 -0.130

395 C7 22.4 30 -30 0.507 0.305 1.901 -0.236 0.327 0.207 1.330 -0.258 0.019 0.037 0.219 -0.117

396 C7 22.3 0 -30 0.302 0.263 2.177 -0.396 0.191 0.173 1.489 -0.262 0.009 0.028 0.212 -0.109

397 C7 22.6 -30 -30 0.404 0.272 1.682 -0.237 0.257 0.181 1.245 -0.195 0.014 0.031 0.217 -0.094

398 C7 22.4 -30 -45 0.338 0.193 1.316 -0.059 0.374 0.221 1.599 -0.116 0.017 0.033 0.240 -0.126

399 C7 22.4 0 -45 0.330 0.236 1.614 -0.181 0.371 0.275 1.856 -0.215 0.019 0.036 0.244 -0.136

400 C7 22.5 30 -45 0.407 0.244 1.771 -0.142 0.473 0.291 2.106 -0.254 0.031 0.040 0.274 -0.110

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-42 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

401 C7 22.5 30 -60 0.353 0.159 1.175 0.026 0.704 0.318 2.358 -0.026 0.031 0.037 0.207 -0.122

402 C7 22.6 0 -60 0.354 0.175 1.205 0.005 0.725 0.349 2.413 -0.016 0.037 0.038 0.245 -0.113

403 C7 23.1 -30 -60 0.296 0.141 1.058 0.021 0.599 0.276 2.103 -0.015 0.028 0.035 0.235 -0.120

404 C7 22.9 -30 -75 0.204 0.090 0.716 0.029 0.801 0.244 2.041 0.173 0.007 0.039 0.130 -0.181

405 C7 22.7 0 -75 0.258 0.104 0.835 0.003 1.017 0.259 2.272 0.210 0.010 0.045 0.151 -0.198

406 C7 22.9 30 -75 0.241 0.094 0.783 0.068 0.831 0.239 1.973 0.225 -0.012 0.039 0.111 -0.229

407 C7 22.9 30 -90 0.119 0.051 0.371 0.006 0.376 0.110 0.921 -0.005 -0.079 0.034 -0.004 -0.245

408 C7 23.0 0 -90 0.128 0.053 0.433 0.016 0.514 0.135 1.168 0.065 -0.085 0.035 -0.010 -0.286

409 C7 23.0 -30 -90 0.112 0.056 0.384 -0.007 0.391 0.141 1.072 -0.040 -0.074 0.037 0.004 -0.254

410 C7 22.6 -30 -105 0.097 0.057 0.434 -0.009 -0.021 0.062 0.183 -0.413 -0.059 0.029 -0.007 -0.219

411 C7 23.0 0 -105 0.103 0.059 0.498 -0.026 0.012 0.067 0.317 -0.345 -0.068 0.033 -0.006 -0.282

412 C7 22.7 30 -105 0.121 0.055 0.487 0.010 -0.024 0.060 0.247 -0.398 -0.073 0.029 -0.018 -0.261

413 C7 22.7 30 -120 0.164 0.062 0.484 -0.010 -0.128 0.061 0.077 -0.429 -0.052 0.019 -0.006 -0.154

414 C7 22.6 0 -120 0.058 0.051 0.325 -0.086 -0.036 0.055 0.169 -0.298 -0.021 0.014 0.019 -0.100

415 C7 22.8 -30 -120 0.092 0.059 0.426 -0.057 -0.077 0.060 0.116 -0.416 -0.027 0.017 0.013 -0.122

416 C7 22.9 -30 -135 0.111 0.089 0.618 -0.134 -0.116 0.078 0.096 -0.529 0.002 0.013 0.059 -0.066

417 C7 22.8 0 -135 0.068 0.064 0.422 -0.123 -0.067 0.062 0.118 -0.381 -0.001 0.011 0.064 -0.049

418 C7 22.9 30 -135 0.246 0.095 0.676 -0.007 -0.222 0.087 0.011 -0.606 -0.011 0.016 0.068 -0.082

419 C7 22.6 30 -150 0.230 0.141 0.796 -0.251 -0.168 0.088 0.108 -0.598 0.020 0.022 0.143 -0.055

420 C7 22.3 0 -150 0.099 0.096 0.635 -0.220 -0.069 0.064 0.108 -0.452 0.007 0.016 0.092 -0.043

421 C7 22.4 -30 -150 0.123 0.135 0.812 -0.253 -0.101 0.080 0.108 -0.473 0.017 0.017 0.105 -0.040

422 C7 22.4 -30 -165 0.048 0.175 0.821 -0.467 -0.048 0.055 0.106 -0.305 0.022 0.020 0.113 -0.042

423 C7 22.3 0 -165 0.099 0.119 0.690 -0.350 -0.034 0.043 0.105 -0.272 0.005 0.017 0.105 -0.044

424 C7 22.5 30 -165 0.200 0.196 1.020 -0.357 -0.094 0.065 0.110 -0.389 0.026 0.023 0.140 -0.048

425 D3 22.7 45 180 1.023 0.266 2.103 0.281 -0.019 0.033 0.091 -0.169 0.012 0.022 0.112 -0.060

426 D3 22.5 30 180 0.752 0.197 1.731 0.199 0.020 0.039 0.126 -0.182 -0.013 0.026 0.121 -0.084

427 D3 22.8 0 180 0.518 0.134 1.152 0.069 0.038 0.030 0.125 -0.147 -0.025 0.020 0.097 -0.082

428 D3 22.6 -30 180 0.260 0.100 0.719 -0.136 0.024 0.023 0.086 -0.117 -0.016 0.015 0.078 -0.057

429 D3 22.6 -30 -165 0.189 0.090 0.593 -0.179 -0.019 0.028 0.075 -0.200 -0.021 0.015 0.071 -0.065

430 D3 22.7 0 -165 0.421 0.120 0.977 -0.027 -0.049 0.039 0.084 -0.294 -0.041 0.021 0.073 -0.108

431 D3 22.7 30 -165 0.668 0.166 1.586 0.170 -0.126 0.057 -0.009 -0.453 -0.034 0.025 0.074 -0.112

432 D3 22.7 45 -165 0.915 0.254 1.995 0.270 -0.219 0.073 -0.017 -0.533 -0.017 0.021 0.068 -0.096

433 D3 22.7 45 -150 0.622 0.185 1.377 0.181 -0.311 0.106 -0.056 -0.712 -0.028 0.021 0.059 -0.117

434 D3 22.6 30 -150 0.447 0.124 1.135 0.004 -0.184 0.075 -0.002 -0.578 -0.043 0.024 0.083 -0.128

435 D3 22.7 0 -150 0.280 0.081 0.654 -0.011 -0.079 0.042 0.076 -0.342 -0.047 0.018 0.055 -0.103

436 D3 22.5 -30 -150 0.133 0.067 0.439 -0.148 -0.031 0.034 0.112 -0.301 -0.026 0.014 0.072 -0.077

437 D3 22.5 -30 -135 0.087 0.056 0.321 -0.140 -0.027 0.043 0.198 -0.231 -0.028 0.014 0.041 -0.078

438 D3 22.6 0 -135 0.163 0.063 0.491 -0.111 -0.063 0.050 0.160 -0.349 -0.047 0.016 0.048 -0.116

439 D3 22.6 30 -135 0.243 0.085 0.732 -0.025 -0.156 0.076 0.076 -0.607 -0.041 0.020 0.059 -0.126

440 D3 22.6 45 -135 0.387 0.136 1.120 0.012 -0.312 0.121 0.043 -0.882 -0.035 0.021 0.067 -0.142

441 D3 22.2 45 -120 0.201 0.096 0.659 -0.019 -0.195 0.111 0.104 -0.752 -0.051 0.023 0.012 -0.159

442 D3 22.7 30 -120 0.110 0.054 0.418 -0.065 -0.080 0.070 0.196 -0.463 -0.037 0.015 0.027 -0.115

443 D3 22.6 0 -120 0.079 0.047 0.312 -0.107 -0.018 0.060 0.268 -0.328 -0.039 0.013 0.022 -0.095

444 D3 22.8 -30 -120 0.045 0.039 0.225 -0.096 -0.005 0.051 0.240 -0.261 -0.024 0.010 0.024 -0.068

445 D3 22.2 -30 -105 0.028 0.026 0.162 -0.093 0.007 0.062 0.436 -0.257 -0.019 0.010 0.022 -0.068

446 D3 22.7 0 -105 0.048 0.031 0.217 -0.085 -0.015 0.072 0.357 -0.382 -0.028 0.012 0.025 -0.090

447 D3 22.6 30 -105 0.047 0.035 0.253 -0.070 0.003 0.080 0.370 -0.408 -0.031 0.014 0.012 -0.109

448 D3 22.6 45 -105 0.111 0.067 0.442 -0.040 -0.049 0.099 0.284 -0.561 -0.063 0.030 0.003 -0.211

449 D3 22.7 45 -90 0.091 0.051 0.352 -0.049 0.079 0.114 0.583 -0.412 -0.060 0.034 0.032 -0.233

450 D3 22.6 30 -90 0.040 0.023 0.214 -0.042 0.121 0.091 0.603 -0.317 -0.027 0.015 0.028 -0.141

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-43 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

451 D3 23.0 0 -90 0.035 0.018 0.145 -0.060 0.104 0.075 0.576 -0.219 -0.023 0.012 0.040 -0.096

452 D3 22.2 -30 -90 0.022 0.015 0.128 -0.060 0.091 0.062 0.556 -0.204 -0.014 0.010 0.040 -0.084

453 D3 22.8 -30 -75 0.038 0.016 0.131 -0.032 0.187 0.073 0.583 -0.182 0.008 0.011 0.067 -0.065

454 D3 22.6 0 -75 0.066 0.019 0.161 -0.019 0.281 0.082 0.680 -0.138 0.006 0.013 0.072 -0.077

455 D3 22.7 30 -75 0.083 0.026 0.232 -0.005 0.273 0.097 0.772 -0.199 -0.006 0.017 0.057 -0.122

456 D3 22.4 45 -75 0.133 0.053 0.402 0.012 0.255 0.115 0.714 -0.245 -0.042 0.036 0.045 -0.206

457 D3 22.4 45 -60 0.252 0.089 0.733 0.019 0.424 0.137 1.053 -0.080 -0.004 0.035 0.113 -0.165

458 D3 22.5 30 -60 0.180 0.050 0.406 0.006 0.388 0.112 0.808 -0.051 0.025 0.019 0.112 -0.089

459 D3 22.3 0 -60 0.176 0.046 0.385 0.006 0.387 0.100 0.849 -0.087 0.027 0.017 0.142 -0.066

460 D3 22.5 -30 -60 0.123 0.045 0.375 -0.057 0.265 0.092 0.804 -0.197 0.017 0.015 0.125 -0.079

461 D3 22.7 -30 -45 0.241 0.089 0.592 -0.097 0.254 0.094 0.696 -0.145 0.006 0.017 0.131 -0.064

462 D3 22.4 0 -45 0.368 0.099 0.813 -0.053 0.390 0.110 0.914 -0.174 0.010 0.021 0.164 -0.092

463 D3 22.3 30 -45 0.378 0.103 0.775 -0.056 0.440 0.122 1.001 -0.103 0.029 0.024 0.205 -0.083

464 D3 22.2 45 -45 0.427 0.142 1.205 0.046 0.491 0.153 1.248 0.004 0.030 0.032 0.161 -0.109

465 D3 22.5 45 -30 0.679 0.201 1.578 0.114 0.478 0.147 1.181 -0.015 0.049 0.035 0.233 -0.085

466 D3 22.6 30 -30 0.634 0.160 1.283 0.033 0.397 0.109 0.898 -0.084 0.018 0.027 0.183 -0.093

467 D3 22.6 0 -30 0.552 0.146 1.113 -0.064 0.323 0.094 0.749 -0.174 0.002 0.023 0.173 -0.107

468 D3 22.6 -30 -30 0.335 0.129 1.074 -0.224 0.195 0.080 0.683 -0.193 0.001 0.017 0.136 -0.066

469 D3 22.4 -30 -15 0.388 0.142 1.036 -0.416 0.101 0.043 0.384 -0.167 -0.002 0.014 0.132 -0.068

470 D3 22.4 0 -15 0.690 0.185 1.515 -0.010 0.178 0.058 0.495 -0.058 -0.004 0.019 0.122 -0.075

471 D3 22.6 30 -15 0.909 0.218 1.796 0.187 0.260 0.071 0.612 0.006 0.011 0.022 0.171 -0.069

472 D3 23.0 45 -15 0.918 0.247 2.089 0.228 0.300 0.092 0.706 -0.013 0.035 0.031 0.198 -0.086

473 D3 23.0 45 0 1.158 0.307 2.564 0.319 0.034 0.038 0.258 -0.081 0.023 0.025 0.170 -0.054

474 D3 23.1 30 0 0.935 0.236 2.165 0.006 0.005 0.034 0.204 -0.105 0.004 0.022 0.135 -0.069

475 D3 23.0 0 0 0.681 0.186 1.531 0.008 -0.010 0.025 0.191 -0.086 -0.007 0.016 0.126 -0.057

476 D3 22.7 -30 0 0.357 0.145 0.971 -0.136 -0.003 0.019 0.153 -0.061 -0.002 0.013 0.101 -0.040

477 B3 22.3 -30 0 1.105 0.354 2.814 0.304 0.038 0.030 0.225 -0.052 0.025 0.020 0.149 -0.034

478 B3 22.8 0 0 1.832 0.462 3.696 0.671 0.039 0.034 0.231 -0.070 0.026 0.023 0.153 -0.046

479 B3 22.9 30 0 2.245 0.504 4.477 0.956 0.016 0.031 0.178 -0.089 0.010 0.021 0.118 -0.059

480 B3 22.7 45 0 2.290 0.500 4.319 1.077 0.022 0.033 0.170 -0.102 0.014 0.022 0.113 -0.068

481 B3 22.6 45 -15 2.205 0.498 4.337 0.911 0.670 0.156 1.327 0.244 0.050 0.029 0.197 -0.032

482 B3 22.8 30 -15 2.262 0.470 4.075 1.114 0.667 0.140 1.222 0.315 0.039 0.022 0.140 -0.039

483 B3 22.5 0 -15 1.668 0.422 3.647 0.382 0.493 0.130 1.093 0.113 0.030 0.020 0.116 -0.034

484 B3 22.3 -30 -15 1.058 0.348 2.576 0.282 0.328 0.112 0.849 0.088 0.029 0.017 0.122 -0.023

485 B3 22.6 -30 -30 0.937 0.299 2.296 0.210 0.586 0.184 1.411 0.128 0.026 0.015 0.121 -0.026

486 B3 22.6 0 -30 1.412 0.356 2.943 0.579 0.855 0.217 1.840 0.340 0.023 0.019 0.122 -0.067

487 B3 22.8 30 -30 1.826 0.417 3.378 0.858 1.097 0.250 2.027 0.502 0.024 0.025 0.142 -0.078

488 B3 22.5 45 -30 1.644 0.389 3.378 0.631 1.048 0.245 2.128 0.406 0.056 0.041 0.266 -0.065

489 B3 23.0 45 -45 1.026 0.275 2.224 0.416 1.287 0.352 2.832 0.502 0.122 0.047 0.346 -0.008

490 B3 22.6 30 -45 1.201 0.296 2.468 0.537 1.409 0.367 2.878 0.609 0.097 0.051 0.331 -0.016

491 B3 22.5 0 -45 1.150 0.290 2.371 0.396 1.242 0.313 2.616 0.406 0.043 0.026 0.218 -0.040

492 B3 22.9 -30 -45 0.797 0.253 1.870 0.198 0.887 0.283 2.175 0.230 0.042 0.026 0.223 -0.034

493 B3 22.8 -30 -60 0.524 0.164 1.303 0.120 1.261 0.402 3.094 0.343 0.117 0.047 0.340 -0.025

494 B3 22.8 0 -60 0.676 0.188 1.405 0.250 1.587 0.461 3.349 0.556 0.138 0.054 0.355 -0.021

495 B3 23.4 30 -60 0.644 0.165 1.288 0.187 1.478 0.383 2.871 0.438 0.120 0.042 0.312 -0.020

496 B3 22.9 45 -60 0.569 0.170 1.321 0.200 1.231 0.371 2.843 0.374 0.081 0.039 0.273 -0.076

497 B3 22.6 45 -75 0.289 0.099 0.721 0.076 0.835 0.261 1.964 0.177 -0.042 0.032 0.075 -0.177

498 B3 22.8 30 -75 0.355 0.114 0.838 0.121 1.098 0.290 2.259 0.427 -0.039 0.038 0.085 -0.227

499 B3 22.4 0 -75 0.387 0.119 0.944 0.062 1.323 0.330 2.755 0.337 -0.021 0.040 0.123 -0.203

500 B3 23.0 -30 -75 0.292 0.114 0.780 0.011 1.087 0.332 2.654 0.368 -0.001 0.034 0.136 -0.143

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-44 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

501 B3 22.7 -30 -90 0.192 0.071 0.555 0.033 0.427 0.147 1.217 -0.066 -0.127 0.047 -0.022 -0.367

502 B3 23.0 0 -90 0.236 0.075 0.548 0.056 0.437 0.154 1.232 -0.093 -0.156 0.050 -0.037 -0.362

503 B3 23.0 30 -90 0.192 0.064 0.475 0.046 0.403 0.125 0.988 -0.116 -0.127 0.043 -0.031 -0.314

504 B3 23.1 45 -90 0.148 0.057 0.409 0.011 0.296 0.112 0.856 -0.094 -0.098 0.038 -0.007 -0.271

505 B3 23.0 45 -105 0.196 0.073 0.547 0.014 -0.052 0.076 0.226 -0.431 -0.116 0.039 -0.020 -0.300

506 B3 23.0 30 -105 0.240 0.081 0.650 0.051 -0.058 0.082 0.252 -0.479 -0.144 0.044 -0.044 -0.372

507 B3 22.7 0 -105 0.304 0.096 0.747 0.064 -0.065 0.101 0.371 -0.528 -0.183 0.056 -0.051 -0.438

508 B3 23.0 -30 -105 0.232 0.083 0.620 0.020 -0.059 0.090 0.275 -0.560 -0.138 0.044 -0.040 -0.337

509 B3 22.7 -30 -120 0.304 0.103 0.808 0.069 -0.072 0.058 0.121 -0.371 -0.151 0.048 -0.036 -0.386

510 B3 23.0 0 -120 0.373 0.108 0.828 0.113 -0.070 0.062 0.160 -0.378 -0.191 0.053 -0.071 -0.420

511 B3 22.6 30 -120 0.420 0.115 0.907 0.139 -0.188 0.080 0.051 -0.570 -0.178 0.049 -0.065 -0.388

512 B3 22.9 45 -120 0.367 0.108 0.867 0.088 -0.221 0.081 0.035 -0.670 -0.137 0.042 -0.045 -0.337

513 B3 22.9 45 -135 0.619 0.163 1.311 0.246 -0.324 0.094 -0.088 -0.721 -0.138 0.040 -0.047 -0.327

514 B3 22.5 30 -135 0.666 0.169 1.357 0.262 -0.296 0.088 -0.077 -0.667 -0.173 0.045 -0.068 -0.378

515 B3 22.6 0 -135 0.594 0.171 1.359 0.226 -0.197 0.076 -0.004 -0.507 -0.185 0.052 -0.067 -0.416

516 B3 22.6 -30 -135 0.380 0.128 0.989 0.059 -0.109 0.061 0.091 -0.415 -0.127 0.041 -0.020 -0.334

517 B3 22.6 -30 -150 0.513 0.156 1.200 0.157 -0.132 0.057 -0.005 -0.400 -0.094 0.028 -0.023 -0.216

518 B3 22.7 0 -150 0.899 0.223 1.720 0.366 -0.250 0.078 -0.068 -0.582 -0.154 0.039 -0.051 -0.301

519 B3 22.6 30 -150 1.061 0.265 2.133 0.477 -0.328 0.093 -0.122 -0.700 -0.163 0.042 -0.051 -0.352

520 B3 22.9 45 -150 0.997 0.244 1.979 0.426 -0.337 0.092 -0.108 -0.712 -0.136 0.036 -0.042 -0.307

521 B3 22.3 45 -165 1.524 0.356 3.197 0.686 -0.205 0.064 -0.050 -0.515 -0.130 0.032 -0.041 -0.287

522 B3 22.7 30 -165 1.542 0.352 2.920 0.630 -0.212 0.064 -0.046 -0.483 -0.128 0.033 -0.025 -0.271

523 B3 22.3 0 -165 1.275 0.329 2.718 0.414 -0.170 0.063 -0.017 -0.452 -0.110 0.031 -0.011 -0.284

524 B3 22.4 -30 -165 0.717 0.222 1.746 0.059 -0.091 0.044 0.039 -0.321 -0.065 0.023 0.015 -0.172

525 B3 22.7 -30 180 0.855 0.244 1.868 0.307 0.052 0.026 0.172 -0.060 -0.035 0.017 0.040 -0.114

526 B3 22.2 0 180 1.453 0.357 2.809 0.626 0.082 0.034 0.224 -0.060 -0.054 0.023 0.039 -0.148

527 B3 22.9 30 180 1.807 0.432 3.482 0.802 0.113 0.040 0.283 -0.026 -0.074 0.026 0.017 -0.188

528 B3 22.6 45 180 1.778 0.415 3.389 0.810 0.107 0.035 0.278 -0.020 -0.070 0.023 0.014 -0.184

529 B4 22.7 45 180 1.384 0.386 3.097 0.359 0.087 0.033 0.243 -0.028 -0.057 0.022 0.019 -0.161

530 B4 22.6 30 180 1.476 0.371 3.053 0.528 0.068 0.038 0.223 -0.102 -0.045 0.025 0.067 -0.148

531 B4 22.6 0 180 0.017 0.239 0.976 -0.765 -0.025 0.031 0.097 -0.200 0.016 0.020 0.132 -0.064

532 B4 22.5 -30 180 -0.091 0.107 0.251 -0.620 -0.002 0.017 0.081 -0.115 0.002 0.012 0.076 -0.054

533 B4 22.4 -30 -165 -0.089 0.100 0.262 -0.607 0.016 0.031 0.181 -0.133 0.005 0.014 0.081 -0.046

534 B4 22.4 0 -165 0.053 0.249 1.186 -0.674 -0.052 0.067 0.172 -0.389 0.024 0.026 0.151 -0.087

535 B4 22.8 30 -165 1.296 0.319 2.665 0.411 -0.204 0.067 -0.026 -0.497 -0.091 0.030 0.009 -0.221

536 B4 22.8 45 -165 1.188 0.335 2.585 0.385 -0.167 0.061 -0.020 -0.430 -0.097 0.030 -0.005 -0.235

537 B4 22.7 45 -150 0.921 0.248 1.883 0.272 -0.322 0.099 -0.064 -0.745 -0.120 0.033 -0.021 -0.262

538 B4 22.5 30 -150 1.021 0.253 2.034 0.428 -0.363 0.102 -0.126 -0.786 -0.130 0.036 -0.016 -0.274

539 B4 22.6 0 -150 0.145 0.185 0.982 -0.407 -0.100 0.086 0.158 -0.534 0.010 0.032 0.148 -0.134

540 B4 22.8 -30 -150 -0.007 0.075 0.322 -0.433 -0.007 0.044 0.214 -0.260 0.007 0.014 0.096 -0.033

541 B4 22.4 -30 -135 0.061 0.060 0.486 -0.137 -0.049 0.056 0.126 -0.430 -0.006 0.014 0.063 -0.065

542 B4 22.7 0 -135 0.224 0.133 0.849 -0.083 -0.154 0.089 0.074 -0.610 -0.033 0.036 0.082 -0.217

543 B4 22.7 30 -135 0.678 0.175 1.383 0.202 -0.335 0.098 -0.046 -0.755 -0.160 0.042 -0.040 -0.328

544 B4 22.7 45 -135 0.640 0.162 1.319 0.203 -0.352 0.100 -0.056 -0.769 -0.135 0.037 -0.040 -0.302

545 B4 22.8 45 -120 0.406 0.118 0.976 0.132 -0.286 0.098 -0.038 -0.779 -0.138 0.042 -0.041 -0.364

546 B4 22.9 30 -120 0.435 0.126 0.953 0.144 -0.235 0.093 0.046 -0.655 -0.171 0.050 -0.055 -0.377

547 B4 23.0 0 -120 0.240 0.089 0.667 0.012 -0.114 0.070 0.130 -0.441 -0.100 0.037 -0.012 -0.302

548 B4 22.5 -30 -120 0.125 0.056 0.457 -0.053 -0.057 0.056 0.134 -0.390 -0.053 0.018 0.001 -0.158

549 B4 22.4 -30 -105 0.157 0.063 0.504 0.012 -0.048 0.072 0.247 -0.461 -0.092 0.032 -0.015 -0.259

550 B4 22.8 0 -105 0.209 0.070 0.577 0.039 -0.035 0.080 0.269 -0.406 -0.128 0.041 -0.043 -0.335

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-45 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

551 B4 22.6 30 -105 0.244 0.082 0.698 0.052 -0.059 0.084 0.256 -0.560 -0.146 0.044 -0.045 -0.370

552 B4 22.7 45 -105 0.199 0.071 0.517 0.041 -0.052 0.072 0.211 -0.428 -0.118 0.038 -0.030 -0.296

553 B4 22.7 45 -90 0.151 0.061 0.411 0.015 0.244 0.109 0.770 -0.176 -0.100 0.040 -0.010 -0.272

554 B4 22.6 30 -90 0.189 0.067 0.538 0.039 0.367 0.119 0.877 -0.080 -0.125 0.044 -0.026 -0.356

555 B4 22.9 0 -90 0.217 0.068 0.549 0.055 0.319 0.118 0.843 -0.086 -0.144 0.045 -0.036 -0.363

556 B4 22.6 -30 -90 0.169 0.062 0.497 0.027 0.241 0.112 0.818 -0.231 -0.112 0.041 -0.018 -0.328

557 B4 22.4 -30 -75 0.238 0.100 0.728 0.043 0.710 0.246 1.931 0.175 -0.030 0.040 0.106 -0.244

558 B4 22.5 0 -75 0.357 0.114 0.894 0.113 0.884 0.241 2.162 0.300 -0.077 0.049 0.095 -0.302

559 B4 22.6 30 -75 0.318 0.101 0.837 0.091 1.053 0.269 2.189 0.417 -0.023 0.037 0.108 -0.222

560 B4 22.9 45 -75 0.266 0.089 0.645 0.041 0.778 0.244 1.719 0.079 -0.037 0.037 0.090 -0.181

561 B4 22.9 45 -60 0.540 0.147 1.169 0.188 1.140 0.308 2.468 0.373 0.068 0.034 0.230 -0.074

562 B4 22.9 30 -60 0.505 0.151 1.174 0.134 1.078 0.339 2.647 0.197 0.067 0.037 0.257 -0.058

563 B4 22.7 0 -60 0.452 0.199 1.322 0.044 0.810 0.332 2.345 0.003 0.009 0.042 0.203 -0.146

564 B4 22.7 -30 -60 0.223 0.107 0.799 -0.003 0.453 0.216 1.600 -0.139 0.022 0.032 0.184 -0.125

565 B4 22.7 -30 -45 0.121 0.096 0.746 -0.212 0.147 0.114 0.851 -0.299 0.012 0.023 0.135 -0.115

566 B4 22.4 0 -45 0.224 0.166 1.152 -0.197 0.254 0.198 1.367 -0.327 0.014 0.036 0.212 -0.163

567 B4 22.8 30 -45 0.819 0.305 1.970 0.096 0.985 0.390 2.504 0.033 0.078 0.051 0.318 -0.101

568 B4 22.7 45 -45 0.904 0.258 1.961 0.315 1.111 0.326 2.384 0.339 0.097 0.042 0.283 -0.029

569 B4 22.4 45 -30 1.253 0.347 2.534 0.430 0.793 0.234 1.783 0.241 0.040 0.039 0.243 -0.069

570 B4 22.5 30 -30 1.185 0.364 2.633 0.298 0.707 0.224 1.697 0.115 0.013 0.028 0.181 -0.106

571 B4 22.5 0 -30 0.091 0.221 1.319 -0.575 0.055 0.151 0.829 -0.475 0.001 0.037 0.200 -0.185

572 B4 22.6 -30 -30 0.054 0.125 0.544 -0.565 0.043 0.081 0.422 -0.387 0.007 0.019 0.129 -0.085

573 B4 22.5 -30 -15 0.019 0.139 0.504 -0.706 0.014 0.049 0.234 -0.277 0.005 0.016 0.096 -0.091

574 B4 22.9 0 -15 -0.036 0.239 1.236 -0.958 -0.011 0.090 0.393 -0.424 -0.001 0.031 0.144 -0.161

575 B4 22.4 30 -15 1.491 0.427 3.302 0.423 0.416 0.123 0.940 0.097 0.011 0.022 0.121 -0.065

576 B4 22.7 45 -15 1.535 0.424 3.198 0.464 0.437 0.126 0.947 0.114 0.016 0.021 0.145 -0.052

577 B4 22.6 45 0 1.681 0.441 3.562 0.642 0.016 0.029 0.190 -0.131 0.011 0.019 0.125 -0.087

578 B4 22.4 30 0 1.771 0.494 3.683 0.546 0.018 0.036 0.194 -0.114 0.012 0.024 0.128 -0.075

579 B4 23.0 0 0 -0.006 0.249 1.130 -1.133 0.009 0.040 0.223 -0.205 0.006 0.027 0.148 -0.136

580 B4 22.7 -30 0 0.009 0.129 0.453 -0.777 0.005 0.024 0.140 -0.146 0.003 0.016 0.092 -0.096

581 D4 22.8 -30 0 0.028 0.128 0.632 -0.607 0.009 0.023 0.160 -0.133 0.006 0.015 0.106 -0.088

582 D4 22.2 0 0 0.112 0.223 1.191 -0.587 0.015 0.035 0.249 -0.138 0.010 0.023 0.165 -0.091

583 D4 22.2 30 0 1.317 0.504 3.374 0.299 0.028 0.040 0.258 -0.130 0.019 0.026 0.170 -0.086

584 D4 22.4 45 0 0.848 0.383 2.664 0.019 0.025 0.042 0.245 -0.132 0.016 0.028 0.162 -0.087

585 D4 22.7 45 -15 0.681 0.348 2.733 -0.083 0.204 0.107 0.809 -0.083 0.014 0.028 0.176 -0.097

586 D4 22.6 30 -15 1.050 0.437 2.896 0.038 0.290 0.121 0.794 -0.044 0.006 0.028 0.141 -0.114

587 D4 22.6 0 -15 0.081 0.218 1.594 -0.555 0.029 0.079 0.511 -0.260 0.005 0.025 0.181 -0.115

588 D4 22.2 -30 -15 0.041 0.134 0.653 -0.612 0.015 0.049 0.289 -0.296 0.003 0.016 0.125 -0.112

589 D4 22.0 -30 -30 0.070 0.127 0.827 -0.499 0.045 0.084 0.598 -0.362 0.003 0.019 0.145 -0.093

590 D4 22.8 0 -30 0.086 0.163 0.900 -0.496 0.055 0.112 0.663 -0.387 0.003 0.025 0.129 -0.139

591 D4 22.5 30 -30 0.785 0.352 2.317 -0.031 0.516 0.241 1.635 -0.091 0.036 0.042 0.261 -0.100

592 D4 22.6 45 -30 0.570 0.297 1.976 -0.173 0.365 0.199 1.382 -0.187 0.021 0.034 0.207 -0.090

593 D4 22.4 45 -45 0.398 0.228 1.699 -0.030 0.470 0.285 2.160 -0.121 0.034 0.039 0.267 -0.079

594 D4 22.5 30 -45 0.563 0.273 1.769 0.004 0.670 0.331 2.146 -0.055 0.050 0.044 0.254 -0.106

595 D4 22.2 0 -45 0.073 0.104 0.627 -0.250 0.080 0.119 0.777 -0.324 0.003 0.023 0.139 -0.126

596 D4 22.3 -30 -45 0.049 0.088 0.583 -0.368 0.060 0.093 0.595 -0.440 0.005 0.018 0.120 -0.101

597 D4 22.2 -30 -60 0.045 0.047 0.336 -0.159 0.095 0.095 0.583 -0.385 0.006 0.017 0.109 -0.111

598 D4 22.6 0 -60 0.088 0.069 0.601 -0.071 0.168 0.126 0.987 -0.257 0.005 0.021 0.112 -0.122

599 D4 22.5 30 -60 0.403 0.193 1.358 -0.097 0.688 0.313 2.333 -0.119 -0.004 0.037 0.194 -0.164

600 D4 22.5 45 -60 0.255 0.142 1.197 -0.030 0.515 0.261 2.077 -0.059 0.024 0.030 0.191 -0.127

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-46 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

601 D4 22.3 45 -75 0.150 0.087 0.601 0.001 0.428 0.191 1.509 -0.082 -0.022 0.040 0.089 -0.210

602 D4 22.1 30 -75 0.241 0.114 0.803 0.033 0.473 0.196 1.552 -0.007 -0.073 0.052 0.058 -0.323

603 D4 22.5 0 -75 0.064 0.036 0.354 -0.020 0.189 0.099 0.733 -0.202 -0.008 0.023 0.058 -0.185

604 D4 22.4 -30 -75 0.036 0.029 0.261 -0.046 0.118 0.092 0.697 -0.327 -0.003 0.019 0.064 -0.140

605 D4 22.3 -30 -90 0.024 0.030 0.228 -0.048 0.082 0.082 0.464 -0.294 -0.016 0.020 0.032 -0.151

606 D4 22.7 0 -90 0.039 0.036 0.300 -0.041 0.115 0.090 0.578 -0.396 -0.026 0.024 0.027 -0.199

607 D4 22.5 30 -90 0.162 0.080 0.526 -0.010 0.134 0.116 0.722 -0.366 -0.107 0.053 0.007 -0.348

608 D4 22.3 45 -90 0.099 0.067 0.492 -0.040 0.179 0.116 0.748 -0.327 -0.066 0.044 0.026 -0.326

609 D4 22.7 45 -105 0.141 0.090 0.614 -0.032 -0.056 0.101 0.285 -0.594 -0.080 0.046 0.005 -0.323

610 D4 22.7 30 -105 0.212 0.106 0.673 -0.020 -0.069 0.109 0.341 -0.643 -0.124 0.054 -0.011 -0.363

611 D4 22.7 0 -105 0.042 0.050 0.475 -0.061 0.027 0.084 0.376 -0.449 -0.032 0.024 0.023 -0.251

612 D4 22.6 -30 -105 0.022 0.037 0.298 -0.071 0.028 0.066 0.309 -0.296 -0.019 0.017 0.016 -0.151

613 D4 22.2 -30 -120 0.021 0.048 0.339 -0.148 0.001 0.057 0.264 -0.324 -0.012 0.013 0.036 -0.112

614 D4 22.6 0 -120 0.050 0.057 0.419 -0.155 -0.017 0.064 0.227 -0.387 -0.023 0.016 0.046 -0.137

615 D4 22.8 30 -120 0.311 0.130 0.816 0.018 -0.204 0.102 0.085 -0.606 -0.111 0.047 -0.014 -0.306

616 D4 22.3 45 -120 0.220 0.116 0.807 -0.037 -0.126 0.094 0.138 -0.577 -0.085 0.044 0.003 -0.318

617 D4 22.6 45 -135 0.359 0.173 1.087 0.025 -0.208 0.113 0.045 -0.696 -0.071 0.040 0.010 -0.249

618 D4 22.3 30 -135 0.559 0.207 1.339 0.099 -0.376 0.133 -0.030 -0.890 -0.086 0.043 0.033 -0.269

619 D4 22.5 0 -135 0.076 0.086 0.612 -0.180 -0.063 0.074 0.144 -0.505 -0.006 0.017 0.087 -0.097

620 D4 22.5 -30 -135 0.021 0.064 0.390 -0.250 -0.018 0.057 0.212 -0.344 -0.001 0.012 0.069 -0.058

621 D4 22.2 -30 -150 0.011 0.089 0.439 -0.394 -0.014 0.050 0.214 -0.279 0.004 0.015 0.095 -0.043

622 D4 22.3 0 -150 0.102 0.130 0.813 -0.253 -0.074 0.078 0.133 -0.522 0.008 0.019 0.108 -0.059

623 D4 22.7 30 -150 0.872 0.298 2.001 0.133 -0.408 0.132 -0.072 -0.879 -0.055 0.036 0.054 -0.206

624 D4 22.5 45 -150 0.567 0.255 1.645 0.072 -0.233 0.112 -0.001 -0.738 -0.054 0.035 0.041 -0.233

625 D4 22.2 45 -165 0.705 0.308 2.145 0.006 -0.131 0.070 0.032 -0.450 -0.037 0.032 0.052 -0.182

626 D4 22.3 30 -165 1.108 0.395 2.607 0.237 -0.246 0.084 -0.042 -0.611 -0.033 0.034 0.068 -0.186

627 D4 22.5 0 -165 0.061 0.160 0.903 -0.479 -0.046 0.055 0.100 -0.392 0.019 0.020 0.136 -0.037

628 D4 22.3 -30 -165 -0.031 0.104 0.398 -0.522 0.003 0.035 0.148 -0.210 0.003 0.016 0.111 -0.043

629 D4 22.4 -30 180 -0.029 0.116 0.547 -0.559 -0.004 0.021 0.069 -0.136 0.003 0.014 0.090 -0.046

630 D4 22.5 0 180 0.089 0.171 0.933 -0.539 -0.026 0.031 0.056 -0.192 0.017 0.020 0.127 -0.037

631 D4 22.4 30 180 1.177 0.402 2.699 0.177 -0.009 0.040 0.170 -0.184 0.006 0.027 0.122 -0.113

632 D4 22.6 45 180 0.753 0.328 2.151 0.048 0.009 0.038 0.176 -0.142 -0.006 0.025 0.094 -0.116

633 B5 22.7 -30 0 -0.027 0.140 0.633 -0.577 0.018 0.028 0.162 -0.101 0.012 0.019 0.107 -0.067

634 B5 23.1 0 0 0.529 0.390 2.590 -0.317 0.020 0.040 0.291 -0.142 0.013 0.027 0.193 -0.094

635 B5 22.6 30 0 1.733 0.487 3.584 0.564 0.014 0.034 0.201 -0.113 0.009 0.023 0.133 -0.074

636 B5 23.1 45 0 1.686 0.422 3.485 0.626 0.011 0.028 0.151 -0.105 0.007 0.018 0.100 -0.070

637 B5 23.2 45 -15 1.619 0.402 3.286 0.666 0.461 0.117 0.982 0.182 0.018 0.019 0.126 -0.058

638 B5 22.9 30 -15 1.483 0.413 3.207 0.379 0.416 0.120 0.930 0.084 0.012 0.021 0.129 -0.057

639 B5 22.8 0 -15 0.517 0.350 2.227 -0.357 0.155 0.109 0.703 -0.237 0.010 0.031 0.176 -0.136

640 B5 22.4 -30 -15 -0.018 0.166 0.880 -0.678 0.016 0.055 0.340 -0.269 0.013 0.020 0.108 -0.080

641 B5 22.4 -30 -30 0.032 0.154 0.947 -0.456 0.045 0.097 0.733 -0.296 0.015 0.021 0.143 -0.092

642 B5 22.5 0 -30 0.543 0.347 2.385 -0.275 0.352 0.232 1.588 -0.274 0.022 0.039 0.209 -0.130

643 B5 23.1 30 -30 1.200 0.355 2.653 0.328 0.716 0.215 1.603 0.159 0.013 0.025 0.160 -0.079

644 B5 23.0 45 -30 1.269 0.344 2.875 0.372 0.802 0.234 1.841 0.184 0.040 0.039 0.249 -0.071

645 B5 23.0 45 -45 0.927 0.248 1.975 0.378 1.144 0.321 2.461 0.405 0.101 0.045 0.295 -0.035

646 B5 23.1 30 -45 0.848 0.304 2.131 0.071 1.007 0.385 2.678 0.063 0.074 0.049 0.320 -0.059

647 B5 22.6 0 -45 0.518 0.308 2.047 -0.179 0.605 0.382 2.569 -0.279 0.041 0.051 0.314 -0.111

648 B5 22.7 -30 -45 0.154 0.146 0.943 -0.169 0.191 0.166 1.188 -0.241 0.017 0.025 0.165 -0.090

649 B5 22.8 -30 -60 0.242 0.128 0.973 0.019 0.505 0.252 1.843 -0.031 0.029 0.030 0.184 -0.100

650 B5 23.1 0 -60 0.543 0.248 1.469 0.071 1.024 0.439 2.749 0.137 0.028 0.043 0.252 -0.131

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-47 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

651 B5 23.0 30 -60 0.530 0.174 1.272 0.134 1.145 0.403 2.841 0.259 0.075 0.044 0.269 -0.068

652 B5 23.1 45 -60 0.551 0.144 1.218 0.218 1.208 0.319 2.680 0.428 0.084 0.036 0.269 -0.035

653 B5 23.1 45 -75 0.262 0.087 0.628 0.077 0.857 0.251 1.902 0.234 -0.021 0.038 0.114 -0.168

654 B5 22.7 30 -75 0.294 0.099 0.730 0.089 1.098 0.267 2.245 0.403 0.000 0.038 0.121 -0.164

655 B5 22.7 0 -75 0.391 0.133 0.979 0.096 0.987 0.273 2.343 0.348 -0.081 0.057 0.102 -0.331

656 B5 23.2 -30 -75 0.210 0.094 0.776 0.036 0.704 0.248 2.036 0.132 -0.013 0.038 0.113 -0.216

657 B5 23.1 -30 -90 0.137 0.058 0.451 0.013 0.291 0.114 0.806 -0.132 -0.091 0.038 -0.009 -0.298

658 B5 22.9 0 -90 0.209 0.074 0.590 0.042 0.435 0.139 1.089 0.007 -0.138 0.049 -0.028 -0.391

659 B5 22.9 30 -90 0.163 0.057 0.479 0.026 0.565 0.141 1.199 0.122 -0.108 0.038 -0.017 -0.317

660 B5 23.1 45 -90 0.140 0.055 0.391 0.019 0.389 0.132 1.162 -0.054 -0.093 0.036 -0.013 -0.259

661 B5 23.0 45 -105 0.203 0.074 0.648 -0.034 -0.001 0.077 0.308 -0.454 -0.130 0.039 -0.014 -0.356

662 B5 23.0 30 -105 0.263 0.088 0.700 0.068 -0.009 0.088 0.358 -0.502 -0.166 0.047 -0.064 -0.390

663 B5 23.0 0 -105 0.180 0.076 0.561 0.019 0.041 0.081 0.385 -0.328 -0.122 0.044 -0.034 -0.333

664 B5 22.9 -30 -105 0.107 0.054 0.366 -0.027 0.018 0.066 0.265 -0.326 -0.072 0.027 -0.008 -0.198

665 B5 22.8 -30 -120 0.067 0.059 0.455 -0.089 -0.037 0.060 0.178 -0.392 -0.026 0.017 0.015 -0.152

666 B5 22.8 0 -120 0.198 0.114 0.683 -0.044 -0.093 0.081 0.148 -0.484 -0.083 0.048 0.009 -0.290

667 B5 22.8 30 -120 0.427 0.121 0.911 0.125 -0.208 0.090 0.064 -0.576 -0.176 0.048 -0.063 -0.392

668 B5 22.8 45 -120 0.395 0.117 0.888 0.126 -0.256 0.092 0.009 -0.709 -0.141 0.043 -0.045 -0.340

669 B5 22.9 45 -135 0.570 0.164 1.349 0.173 -0.299 0.098 -0.051 -0.744 -0.127 0.038 -0.030 -0.297

670 B5 22.8 30 -135 0.617 0.167 1.349 0.221 -0.283 0.091 -0.046 -0.706 -0.156 0.042 -0.047 -0.346

671 B5 22.5 0 -135 0.276 0.155 0.994 -0.117 -0.158 0.093 0.113 -0.623 -0.055 0.044 0.045 -0.257

672 B5 22.5 -30 -135 0.014 0.066 0.377 -0.219 -0.022 0.060 0.200 -0.335 0.004 0.012 0.061 -0.050

673 B5 22.2 -30 -150 -0.028 0.092 0.439 -0.466 0.002 0.055 0.229 -0.296 0.008 0.014 0.084 -0.036

674 B5 22.8 0 -150 0.370 0.246 1.589 -0.289 -0.161 0.101 0.131 -0.694 -0.030 0.040 0.080 -0.212

675 B5 22.7 30 -150 0.940 0.263 2.051 0.303 -0.325 0.106 -0.077 -0.779 -0.125 0.035 -0.014 -0.278

676 B5 22.7 45 -150 0.868 0.261 1.937 0.273 -0.297 0.102 -0.070 -0.725 -0.117 0.037 -0.011 -0.282

677 B5 22.6 45 -165 1.219 0.349 2.755 0.341 -0.171 0.064 -0.016 -0.513 -0.100 0.031 -0.006 -0.243

678 B5 22.8 30 -165 1.295 0.351 2.845 0.469 -0.197 0.070 -0.026 -0.499 -0.096 0.031 -0.003 -0.244

679 B5 22.8 0 -165 0.429 0.293 1.671 -0.243 -0.091 0.064 0.084 -0.381 -0.015 0.032 0.116 -0.159

680 B5 22.9 -30 -165 -0.053 0.112 0.374 -0.618 0.004 0.035 0.178 -0.156 0.006 0.013 0.076 -0.038

681 B5 22.2 -30 180 -0.031 0.117 0.473 -0.525 -0.004 0.019 0.063 -0.122 0.002 0.013 0.081 -0.042

682 B5 22.7 0 180 0.438 0.339 1.966 -0.308 0.001 0.039 0.168 -0.166 -0.001 0.026 0.110 -0.111

683 B5 22.7 30 180 1.410 0.364 2.885 0.472 0.074 0.038 0.247 -0.127 -0.049 0.025 0.084 -0.164

684 B5 22.4 45 180 1.359 0.380 2.913 0.409 0.095 0.034 0.269 -0.041 -0.063 0.022 0.027 -0.178

685 D5 22.9 45 180 0.574 0.199 1.540 0.070 0.012 0.030 0.147 -0.117 -0.008 0.020 0.077 -0.097

686 D5 22.7 30 180 1.028 0.400 2.654 0.042 0.018 0.050 0.242 -0.143 -0.012 0.033 0.095 -0.160

687 D5 22.6 0 180 0.322 0.235 1.420 -0.207 -0.014 0.030 0.084 -0.184 0.009 0.020 0.122 -0.056

688 D5 22.3 -30 180 -0.002 0.122 0.612 -0.455 -0.003 0.020 0.068 -0.135 0.002 0.014 0.090 -0.045

689 D5 22.3 -30 -165 -0.021 0.122 0.584 -0.600 -0.003 0.039 0.154 -0.191 0.006 0.014 0.075 -0.044

690 D5 22.4 0 -165 0.285 0.219 1.542 -0.256 -0.078 0.063 0.054 -0.431 0.001 0.020 0.095 -0.079

691 D5 22.2 30 -165 1.015 0.398 2.662 0.013 -0.195 0.083 0.020 -0.544 -0.050 0.041 0.095 -0.249

692 D5 22.7 45 -165 0.530 0.186 1.484 0.030 -0.099 0.051 0.040 -0.351 -0.028 0.021 0.055 -0.156

693 D5 23.0 45 -150 0.399 0.147 1.224 0.007 -0.164 0.073 0.059 -0.575 -0.038 0.021 0.036 -0.171

694 D5 22.4 30 -150 0.801 0.318 2.086 0.061 -0.329 0.134 -0.001 -0.850 -0.076 0.045 0.058 -0.265

695 D5 22.5 0 -150 0.204 0.166 1.102 -0.205 -0.113 0.090 0.101 -0.610 -0.003 0.020 0.093 -0.118

696 D5 22.5 -30 -150 0.010 0.099 0.565 -0.385 -0.016 0.059 0.195 -0.351 0.006 0.013 0.078 -0.038

697 D5 22.7 -30 -135 0.035 0.079 0.466 -0.221 -0.040 0.069 0.191 -0.357 0.003 0.012 0.059 -0.064

698 D5 22.1 0 -135 0.140 0.123 0.770 -0.131 -0.105 0.097 0.119 -0.638 -0.017 0.021 0.052 -0.135

699 D5 23.0 30 -135 0.526 0.220 1.365 0.020 -0.294 0.129 0.022 -0.803 -0.109 0.054 0.022 -0.335

700 D5 22.6 45 -135 0.256 0.108 0.908 -0.026 -0.148 0.078 0.077 -0.602 -0.051 0.025 0.034 -0.226

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-48 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

701 D5 22.8 45 -120 0.154 0.073 0.647 -0.018 -0.092 0.076 0.128 -0.562 -0.058 0.026 0.009 -0.225

702 D5 23.1 30 -120 0.326 0.139 0.946 0.034 -0.179 0.102 0.102 -0.637 -0.128 0.055 -0.015 -0.379

703 D5 22.7 0 -120 0.091 0.092 0.644 -0.113 -0.056 0.085 0.174 -0.540 -0.034 0.029 0.027 -0.213

704 D5 22.4 -30 -120 0.055 0.065 0.460 -0.115 -0.037 0.064 0.190 -0.382 -0.019 0.019 0.025 -0.153

705 D5 22.5 -30 -105 0.053 0.051 0.342 -0.052 0.011 0.064 0.357 -0.347 -0.036 0.026 0.014 -0.183

706 D5 22.7 0 -105 0.065 0.065 0.470 -0.082 0.014 0.075 0.337 -0.431 -0.044 0.034 0.017 -0.243

707 D5 23.0 30 -105 0.220 0.110 0.737 -0.015 -0.077 0.116 0.266 -0.696 -0.128 0.058 -0.010 -0.397

708 D5 23.1 45 -105 0.092 0.051 0.429 -0.028 -0.024 0.079 0.284 -0.484 -0.055 0.025 0.002 -0.233

709 D5 22.9 45 -90 0.066 0.040 0.344 -0.007 0.165 0.093 0.563 -0.433 -0.044 0.026 0.005 -0.228

710 D5 22.5 30 -90 0.173 0.082 0.566 -0.005 0.149 0.134 0.799 -0.443 -0.114 0.054 0.004 -0.374

711 D5 22.8 0 -90 0.072 0.056 0.421 -0.021 0.086 0.090 0.559 -0.314 -0.047 0.037 0.014 -0.279

712 D5 22.6 -30 -90 0.053 0.045 0.374 -0.025 0.081 0.075 0.399 -0.292 -0.035 0.030 0.016 -0.247

713 D5 22.9 -30 -75 0.069 0.049 0.441 -0.018 0.212 0.114 0.850 -0.140 -0.008 0.026 0.070 -0.193

714 D5 22.4 0 -75 0.107 0.074 0.567 -0.009 0.239 0.144 1.108 -0.164 -0.027 0.034 0.055 -0.240

715 D5 23.1 30 -75 0.233 0.111 0.793 -0.017 0.640 0.259 1.856 -0.050 -0.039 0.044 0.101 -0.278

716 D5 22.9 45 -75 0.103 0.041 0.363 0.007 0.418 0.158 1.288 -0.053 0.005 0.025 0.112 -0.134

717 D5 22.6 45 -60 0.208 0.075 0.782 -0.020 0.426 0.153 1.455 -0.056 0.022 0.021 0.128 -0.101

718 D5 22.8 30 -60 0.378 0.177 1.151 -0.051 0.772 0.374 2.529 -0.253 0.039 0.042 0.281 -0.129

719 D5 23.0 0 -60 0.170 0.117 0.874 -0.032 0.296 0.199 1.439 -0.139 0.000 0.025 0.125 -0.154

720 D5 22.7 -30 -60 0.096 0.075 0.560 -0.085 0.195 0.134 0.927 -0.236 0.009 0.020 0.095 -0.102

721 D5 22.3 -30 -45 0.091 0.116 0.794 -0.289 0.119 0.126 0.895 -0.262 0.013 0.020 0.135 -0.095

722 D5 22.6 0 -45 0.224 0.180 1.181 -0.160 0.247 0.208 1.433 -0.267 0.011 0.029 0.199 -0.108

723 D5 22.4 30 -45 0.538 0.273 2.001 -0.064 0.650 0.347 2.398 -0.166 0.052 0.049 0.281 -0.085

724 D5 22.7 45 -45 0.300 0.120 0.884 -0.076 0.340 0.149 1.130 -0.165 0.019 0.026 0.171 -0.090

725 D5 23.1 45 -30 0.398 0.181 1.316 -0.071 0.252 0.130 0.943 -0.103 0.013 0.027 0.172 -0.073

726 D5 23.1 30 -30 0.716 0.401 2.388 -0.211 0.452 0.254 1.455 -0.248 0.022 0.036 0.214 -0.103

727 D5 22.8 0 -30 0.316 0.254 1.644 -0.268 0.208 0.173 1.153 -0.224 0.014 0.030 0.205 -0.107

728 D5 22.7 -30 -30 0.047 0.136 0.829 -0.424 0.047 0.086 0.564 -0.310 0.011 0.018 0.121 -0.091

729 D5 22.8 -30 -15 0.029 0.157 0.819 -0.562 0.025 0.052 0.351 -0.225 0.011 0.017 0.118 -0.064

730 D5 23.0 0 -15 0.421 0.292 1.793 -0.256 0.127 0.092 0.583 -0.139 0.009 0.025 0.174 -0.080

731 D5 22.8 30 -15 0.960 0.446 2.795 -0.078 0.275 0.130 0.810 -0.056 0.012 0.030 0.176 -0.092

732 D5 23.1 45 -15 0.567 0.222 1.687 -0.077 0.173 0.083 0.628 -0.087 0.013 0.026 0.191 -0.062

733 D5 22.9 45 0 0.675 0.226 1.959 -0.020 0.020 0.038 0.245 -0.084 0.013 0.025 0.162 -0.056

734 D5 23.1 30 0 1.133 0.480 3.194 -0.064 0.028 0.043 0.251 -0.134 0.018 0.029 0.166 -0.088

735 D5 23.0 0 0 0.405 0.295 2.022 -0.285 0.017 0.031 0.209 -0.107 0.011 0.021 0.139 -0.071

736 D5 22.8 -30 0 0.004 0.152 0.937 -0.616 0.018 0.025 0.154 -0.111 0.012 0.017 0.102 -0.073

737 F3 20.0 -30 180 -0.159 0.151 0.491 -0.740 -0.024 0.033 0.081 -0.197 0.016 0.022 0.130 -0.054

738 F3 20.2 0 180 -0.030 0.150 0.709 -0.655 -0.030 0.034 0.053 -0.232 0.020 0.023 0.154 -0.035

739 F3 20.1 30 180 0.537 0.305 1.880 -0.340 -0.053 0.045 0.102 -0.298 0.035 0.030 0.197 -0.068

740 F3 20.3 30 165 0.166 0.207 1.048 -0.526 -0.031 0.044 0.179 -0.197 0.048 0.032 0.212 -0.056

741 F3 20.3 0 165 -0.020 0.163 0.760 -0.827 -0.031 0.043 0.116 -0.252 0.016 0.025 0.164 -0.061

742 F3 20.1 -30 165 -0.027 0.147 0.687 -0.592 -0.034 0.036 0.139 -0.191 0.017 0.025 0.158 -0.049

743 F3 20.3 -30 150 0.107 0.145 0.833 -0.378 0.016 0.064 0.318 -0.222 0.027 0.026 0.186 -0.052

744 F3 19.9 0 150 0.114 0.144 0.797 -0.609 0.033 0.068 0.328 -0.267 0.019 0.027 0.205 -0.081

745 F3 20.4 30 150 0.224 0.185 1.123 -0.345 0.035 0.066 0.328 -0.191 0.054 0.036 0.227 -0.050

746 F3 20.0 30 135 0.348 0.153 1.113 -0.150 0.207 0.114 0.750 -0.211 0.066 0.040 0.279 -0.060

747 F3 19.9 0 135 0.282 0.141 0.948 -0.235 0.189 0.116 0.741 -0.230 0.044 0.031 0.227 -0.054

748 F3 20.4 -30 135 0.254 0.139 0.993 -0.271 0.147 0.114 0.756 -0.320 0.050 0.032 0.253 -0.070

749 F3 20.1 -30 120 0.307 0.142 1.100 -0.104 0.240 0.180 1.321 -0.406 0.096 0.037 0.346 -0.001

750 F3 20.3 0 120 0.300 0.139 0.979 -0.159 0.226 0.175 1.175 -0.349 0.097 0.037 0.296 -0.020

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-49 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

751 F3 20.4 30 120 0.395 0.149 1.125 -0.043 0.334 0.186 1.273 -0.239 0.116 0.043 0.346 0.001

752 F3 20.4 30 105 0.364 0.115 0.999 0.060 0.374 0.182 1.314 -0.214 0.169 0.052 0.453 0.037

753 F3 20.3 0 105 0.358 0.129 0.939 0.051 0.397 0.238 1.491 -0.304 0.161 0.053 0.409 0.035

754 F3 20.3 -30 105 0.350 0.122 1.008 0.046 0.366 0.198 1.430 -0.329 0.161 0.053 0.448 0.047

755 F3 20.1 -30 90 0.295 0.078 0.623 0.106 0.047 0.156 0.625 -0.718 0.195 0.052 0.412 0.070

756 F3 20.6 0 90 0.279 0.078 0.604 0.098 0.335 0.134 0.949 -0.317 0.185 0.051 0.400 0.065

757 F3 20.2 30 90 0.290 0.075 0.597 0.088 0.063 0.148 0.631 -0.691 0.192 0.050 0.395 0.059

758 F3 20.2 30 75 0.275 0.068 0.615 0.106 -0.704 0.207 -0.164 -1.719 0.055 0.026 0.163 -0.057

759 F3 20.1 0 75 0.292 0.069 0.605 0.120 -0.619 0.172 -0.153 -1.373 0.081 0.030 0.202 -0.054

760 F3 20.5 -30 75 0.235 0.063 0.517 0.088 -0.599 0.192 -0.099 -1.504 0.047 0.025 0.156 -0.081

761 F3 20.1 -30 60 0.214 0.088 0.784 -0.011 -0.387 0.163 0.009 -1.500 -0.005 0.019 0.100 -0.098

762 F3 19.6 0 60 0.291 0.099 0.829 0.005 -0.539 0.189 -0.008 -1.590 -0.011 0.021 0.091 -0.122

763 F3 20.1 30 60 0.338 0.107 0.979 0.082 -0.637 0.203 -0.142 -1.827 -0.017 0.023 0.079 -0.133

764 F3 20.1 30 45 0.430 0.177 1.408 -0.045 -0.428 0.183 0.023 -1.396 0.001 0.021 0.103 -0.106

765 F3 20.4 0 45 0.086 0.112 0.930 -0.258 -0.057 0.094 0.209 -0.785 0.014 0.017 0.117 -0.044

766 F3 20.6 -30 45 0.168 0.113 0.897 -0.153 -0.141 0.100 0.119 -0.750 0.012 0.015 0.109 -0.038

767 F3 19.7 -30 30 0.031 0.151 1.086 -0.534 0.015 0.071 0.251 -0.495 0.019 0.022 0.177 -0.072

768 F3 20.4 0 30 0.002 0.151 0.888 -0.549 0.016 0.062 0.247 -0.342 0.010 0.021 0.132 -0.070

769 F3 19.9 30 30 0.311 0.252 1.591 -0.425 -0.149 0.127 0.202 -0.835 0.018 0.026 0.163 -0.085

770 F3 19.8 30 15 0.553 0.377 2.175 -0.673 -0.134 0.095 0.147 -0.594 0.009 0.029 0.154 -0.122

771 F3 20.3 0 15 -0.041 0.188 0.855 -0.867 0.023 0.040 0.204 -0.194 0.008 0.022 0.148 -0.118

772 F3 20.3 -30 15 -0.056 0.183 0.732 -0.786 0.039 0.052 0.237 -0.165 0.015 0.026 0.125 -0.072

773 F3 20.0 -30 0 -0.071 0.210 0.734 -0.869 0.017 0.045 0.215 -0.158 0.011 0.030 0.142 -0.104

774 F3 20.1 0 0 -0.025 0.230 1.202 -1.013 0.008 0.033 0.249 -0.190 0.005 0.022 0.165 -0.126

775 F3 20.4 30 0 0.461 0.410 2.243 -0.763 -0.007 0.051 0.235 -0.260 -0.005 0.034 0.156 -0.172

776 F3 20.1 30 -15 0.445 0.417 2.353 -0.941 0.125 0.144 0.767 -0.442 0.004 0.040 0.227 -0.160

777 F3 19.8 0 -15 0.031 0.248 1.214 -1.250 0.019 0.086 0.506 -0.483 0.007 0.026 0.214 -0.118

778 F3 19.8 -30 -15 -0.078 0.248 1.067 -1.024 -0.003 0.080 0.387 -0.375 0.012 0.030 0.139 -0.118

779 F3 20.5 -30 -30 0.001 0.205 1.232 -0.605 0.024 0.129 0.893 -0.396 0.013 0.027 0.163 -0.113

780 F3 19.9 0 -30 0.044 0.209 1.125 -0.737 0.036 0.137 0.759 -0.567 0.006 0.029 0.174 -0.164

781 F3 20.3 30 -30 0.438 0.355 2.143 -0.480 0.289 0.243 1.471 -0.295 0.021 0.042 0.267 -0.124

782 F3 19.9 30 -45 0.430 0.279 1.717 -0.272 0.475 0.319 1.985 -0.260 0.021 0.043 0.234 -0.184

783 F3 20.1 0 -45 0.131 0.172 1.139 -0.433 0.146 0.186 1.220 -0.547 0.007 0.033 0.180 -0.174

784 F3 20.3 -30 -45 0.150 0.167 1.139 -0.256 0.181 0.186 1.418 -0.310 0.015 0.030 0.214 -0.148

785 F3 20.0 -30 -60 0.320 0.147 1.018 0.011 0.606 0.255 1.771 -0.051 0.017 0.037 0.187 -0.189

786 F3 20.6 0 -60 0.338 0.151 1.240 0.033 0.647 0.267 2.250 -0.011 0.020 0.041 0.183 -0.204

787 F3 20.3 30 -60 0.443 0.185 1.353 0.056 0.809 0.311 2.339 0.109 0.014 0.043 0.195 -0.185

788 F3 20.2 30 -75 0.327 0.111 0.800 0.085 0.920 0.235 2.061 0.212 -0.051 0.056 0.096 -0.316

789 F3 20.3 0 -75 0.312 0.114 0.919 0.061 0.869 0.249 2.150 0.109 -0.050 0.065 0.130 -0.359

790 F3 20.3 -30 -75 0.296 0.109 0.828 0.094 0.842 0.237 1.916 0.150 -0.045 0.058 0.107 -0.328

791 F3 20.7 -30 -90 0.245 0.085 0.661 0.043 0.023 0.145 0.480 -0.816 -0.162 0.057 -0.029 -0.437

792 F3 20.4 0 -90 0.299 0.101 0.805 0.074 -0.075 0.158 0.356 -0.955 -0.198 0.067 -0.049 -0.533

793 F3 20.7 30 -90 0.249 0.079 0.655 0.054 0.056 0.136 0.495 -0.564 -0.165 0.052 -0.035 -0.434

794 F3 20.3 30 -105 0.191 0.070 0.537 0.046 -0.121 0.094 0.161 -0.553 -0.101 0.034 -0.028 -0.271

795 F3 20.3 0 -105 0.239 0.091 0.780 0.044 -0.200 0.123 0.218 -0.857 -0.119 0.043 -0.029 -0.365

796 F3 20.6 -30 -105 0.164 0.071 0.591 0.009 -0.083 0.098 0.252 -0.655 -0.090 0.034 -0.022 -0.281

797 F3 20.0 -30 -120 0.062 0.053 0.368 -0.103 -0.009 0.060 0.240 -0.301 -0.033 0.018 0.012 -0.132

798 F3 20.1 0 -120 0.086 0.060 0.454 -0.088 -0.014 0.064 0.283 -0.347 -0.045 0.020 0.011 -0.171

799 F3 20.1 30 -120 0.134 0.062 0.519 -0.037 -0.066 0.061 0.169 -0.440 -0.055 0.021 0.001 -0.169

800 F3 19.9 30 -135 0.289 0.130 0.973 -0.131 -0.263 0.111 0.069 -0.842 -0.012 0.022 0.089 -0.127

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-50 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

801 F3 20.2 0 -135 0.050 0.076 0.415 -0.198 -0.065 0.073 0.151 -0.428 0.007 0.016 0.100 -0.046

802 F3 20.3 -30 -135 -0.001 0.084 0.451 -0.291 -0.021 0.078 0.254 -0.443 0.010 0.015 0.080 -0.061

803 F3 19.6 -30 -150 -0.067 0.120 0.460 -0.539 0.010 0.069 0.245 -0.318 0.017 0.020 0.123 -0.048

804 F3 20.2 0 -150 0.026 0.099 0.528 -0.310 -0.043 0.061 0.152 -0.395 0.016 0.019 0.109 -0.047

805 F3 19.6 30 -150 0.385 0.204 1.248 -0.256 -0.240 0.106 0.098 -0.668 0.010 0.026 0.146 -0.091

806 F3 20.2 30 -165 0.681 0.306 1.998 -0.318 -0.187 0.080 0.096 -0.524 0.003 0.029 0.177 -0.097

807 F3 20.1 0 -165 0.032 0.135 0.730 -0.531 -0.030 0.045 0.123 -0.304 0.014 0.022 0.140 -0.057

808 F3 20.1 -30 -165 -0.054 0.159 0.654 -0.692 0.006 0.049 0.190 -0.243 0.006 0.024 0.143 -0.058

809 F7 21.8 -30 -165 0.127 0.173 0.901 -0.329 -0.061 0.055 0.100 -0.299 0.018 0.022 0.116 -0.051

810 F7 21.8 0 -165 0.108 0.129 0.914 -0.338 -0.039 0.047 0.082 -0.295 0.006 0.019 0.102 -0.050

811 F7 22.2 30 -165 0.286 0.216 1.152 -0.507 -0.123 0.068 0.133 -0.404 0.030 0.028 0.158 -0.058

812 F7 22.3 30 -150 0.257 0.155 0.890 -0.278 -0.182 0.084 0.128 -0.493 0.019 0.024 0.120 -0.064

813 F7 22.3 0 -150 0.083 0.098 0.707 -0.190 -0.058 0.060 0.099 -0.406 0.005 0.016 0.103 -0.048

814 F7 22.0 -30 -150 0.089 0.130 0.713 -0.319 -0.081 0.074 0.158 -0.417 0.017 0.017 0.087 -0.048

815 F7 22.6 -30 -135 0.124 0.093 0.616 -0.113 -0.128 0.080 0.115 -0.555 0.002 0.014 0.075 -0.060

816 F7 22.1 0 -135 0.082 0.076 0.515 -0.109 -0.078 0.070 0.103 -0.493 -0.002 0.012 0.057 -0.059

817 F7 22.1 30 -135 0.279 0.107 0.722 -0.064 -0.242 0.094 0.085 -0.635 -0.017 0.018 0.067 -0.098

818 F7 22.9 30 -120 0.140 0.054 0.444 -0.012 -0.085 0.052 0.114 -0.367 -0.052 0.018 -0.002 -0.147

819 F7 22.4 0 -120 0.062 0.053 0.359 -0.067 -0.024 0.050 0.160 -0.270 -0.028 0.018 0.014 -0.125

820 F7 22.3 -30 -120 0.078 0.055 0.402 -0.090 -0.047 0.052 0.181 -0.319 -0.029 0.018 0.014 -0.139

821 F7 22.7 -30 -105 0.123 0.064 0.518 -0.014 -0.046 0.083 0.245 -0.526 -0.071 0.030 -0.012 -0.257

822 F7 22.5 0 -105 0.165 0.077 0.556 0.022 -0.106 0.094 0.183 -0.564 -0.087 0.037 -0.020 -0.264

823 F7 22.5 30 -105 0.152 0.067 0.620 0.009 -0.054 0.085 0.226 -0.651 -0.088 0.033 -0.022 -0.296

824 F7 22.3 30 -90 0.193 0.066 0.526 0.039 0.078 0.132 0.570 -0.514 -0.128 0.044 -0.026 -0.348

825 F7 22.7 0 -90 0.236 0.084 0.620 0.058 -0.058 0.133 0.344 -0.736 -0.156 0.055 -0.038 -0.410

826 F7 22.4 -30 -90 0.185 0.071 0.508 0.002 0.017 0.126 0.438 -0.630 -0.123 0.047 -0.002 -0.336

827 F7 22.7 -30 -75 0.224 0.087 0.672 0.071 0.557 0.168 1.324 0.095 -0.048 0.049 0.073 -0.287

828 F7 22.5 0 -75 0.256 0.092 0.690 0.060 0.589 0.178 1.398 -0.013 -0.063 0.056 0.076 -0.322

829 F7 22.7 30 -75 0.262 0.088 0.696 0.071 0.598 0.161 1.321 0.015 -0.065 0.049 0.059 -0.305

830 F7 22.1 30 -60 0.362 0.153 1.036 -0.014 0.662 0.261 1.887 -0.052 0.012 0.036 0.151 -0.156

831 F7 22.4 0 -60 0.291 0.149 1.062 -0.002 0.522 0.251 1.970 -0.075 0.006 0.036 0.151 -0.149

832 F7 22.3 -30 -60 0.267 0.131 1.023 -0.009 0.490 0.214 1.788 -0.021 0.009 0.034 0.164 -0.146

833 F7 22.2 -30 -45 0.321 0.218 1.511 -0.125 0.360 0.241 1.727 -0.177 0.019 0.031 0.187 -0.136

834 F7 22.0 0 -45 0.306 0.221 1.607 -0.151 0.336 0.246 1.831 -0.190 0.014 0.032 0.246 -0.125

835 F7 22.2 30 -45 0.433 0.248 1.504 -0.063 0.511 0.290 1.807 -0.116 0.037 0.037 0.228 -0.101

836 F7 22.3 30 -30 0.495 0.327 2.309 -0.447 0.342 0.224 1.597 -0.299 0.032 0.037 0.247 -0.102

837 F7 22.4 0 -30 0.275 0.224 1.449 -0.385 0.181 0.147 0.977 -0.279 0.013 0.026 0.175 -0.108

838 F7 22.0 -30 -30 0.385 0.294 1.834 -0.451 0.258 0.194 1.243 -0.366 0.020 0.032 0.185 -0.122

839 F7 22.0 -30 -15 0.415 0.363 2.078 -0.522 0.140 0.126 0.746 -0.187 0.019 0.033 0.208 -0.086

840 F7 21.7 0 -15 0.261 0.239 1.529 -0.476 0.086 0.079 0.549 -0.149 0.010 0.022 0.154 -0.085

841 F7 22.1 30 -15 0.340 0.369 2.038 -0.712 0.124 0.127 0.760 -0.306 0.021 0.034 0.204 -0.134

842 F7 22.1 30 0 0.256 0.353 1.862 -0.897 0.029 0.048 0.268 -0.162 0.019 0.032 0.177 -0.107

843 F7 22.2 0 0 0.214 0.219 1.445 -0.390 0.011 0.027 0.182 -0.106 0.007 0.018 0.120 -0.070

844 F7 21.9 -30 0 0.324 0.336 1.843 -0.549 0.021 0.040 0.281 -0.146 0.014 0.026 0.186 -0.097

845 C5 22.0 -30 0 0.143 0.261 1.625 -0.575 0.019 0.034 0.210 -0.143 0.012 0.022 0.139 -0.095

846 C5 21.5 0 0 0.164 0.224 1.236 -0.591 0.010 0.030 0.213 -0.129 0.006 0.020 0.141 -0.085

847 C5 22.3 30 0 0.247 0.321 1.609 -0.759 0.016 0.044 0.264 -0.165 0.011 0.029 0.175 -0.109

848 C5 21.8 30 -15 0.244 0.333 1.835 -0.725 0.087 0.114 0.631 -0.300 0.014 0.030 0.179 -0.124

849 C5 21.7 0 -15 0.207 0.222 1.478 -0.524 0.063 0.068 0.516 -0.188 0.005 0.021 0.150 -0.102

850 C5 21.9 -30 -15 0.246 0.283 1.692 -0.642 0.082 0.090 0.635 -0.303 0.010 0.025 0.176 -0.123

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-51 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

851 C5 21.6 -30 -30 0.288 0.234 1.534 -0.339 0.186 0.150 0.954 -0.240 0.011 0.027 0.178 -0.122

852 C5 21.5 0 -30 0.266 0.231 1.488 -0.342 0.167 0.151 1.041 -0.222 0.007 0.026 0.205 -0.111

853 C5 22.1 30 -30 0.355 0.300 1.920 -0.355 0.238 0.202 1.325 -0.301 0.019 0.034 0.233 -0.133

854 C5 22.0 30 -45 0.385 0.247 1.955 -0.152 0.449 0.295 2.424 -0.192 0.030 0.040 0.285 -0.098

855 C5 21.6 0 -45 0.303 0.221 1.469 -0.277 0.331 0.254 1.823 -0.357 0.013 0.034 0.266 -0.138

856 C5 22.0 -30 -45 0.304 0.193 1.348 -0.138 0.343 0.218 1.525 -0.232 0.018 0.030 0.215 -0.105

857 C5 22.5 -30 -60 0.270 0.133 1.021 0.023 0.532 0.259 2.149 0.010 0.021 0.032 0.227 -0.120

858 C5 22.4 0 -60 0.338 0.185 1.402 -0.104 0.657 0.343 2.437 -0.237 0.024 0.037 0.222 -0.157

859 C5 22.2 30 -60 0.357 0.166 1.170 0.016 0.707 0.314 2.331 -0.007 0.029 0.036 0.251 -0.120

860 C5 22.2 30 -75 0.255 0.104 0.807 0.029 0.797 0.244 2.004 0.130 -0.027 0.043 0.114 -0.236

861 C5 22.3 0 -75 0.269 0.111 0.810 0.059 0.908 0.248 1.992 0.213 -0.017 0.051 0.123 -0.257

862 C5 22.8 -30 -75 0.193 0.085 0.598 0.044 0.699 0.231 1.877 0.134 -0.004 0.038 0.119 -0.177

863 C5 22.6 -30 -90 0.118 0.053 0.410 -0.031 0.251 0.108 0.801 -0.197 -0.078 0.035 0.020 -0.271

864 C5 22.8 0 -90 0.156 0.066 0.506 0.029 0.356 0.120 0.903 -0.112 -0.103 0.043 -0.019 -0.334

865 C5 22.3 30 -90 0.142 0.062 0.467 0.018 0.287 0.101 0.768 -0.173 -0.094 0.041 -0.012 -0.309

866 C5 22.2 30 -105 0.141 0.061 0.450 0.001 -0.044 0.067 0.285 -0.374 -0.083 0.032 -0.017 -0.237

867 C5 22.2 0 -105 0.122 0.072 0.541 -0.013 0.008 0.068 0.276 -0.390 -0.079 0.041 -0.008 -0.295

868 C5 22.4 -30 -105 0.111 0.061 0.454 -0.015 -0.035 0.067 0.248 -0.419 -0.065 0.031 -0.009 -0.230

869 C5 22.4 -30 -120 0.122 0.073 0.484 -0.046 -0.108 0.074 0.104 -0.466 -0.034 0.020 0.010 -0.148

870 C5 22.2 0 -120 0.091 0.071 0.480 -0.055 -0.069 0.071 0.128 -0.424 -0.029 0.020 0.016 -0.149

871 C5 22.4 30 -120 0.199 0.076 0.635 -0.001 -0.161 0.076 0.078 -0.595 -0.061 0.022 -0.008 -0.190

872 C5 21.9 30 -135 0.287 0.110 0.794 -0.045 -0.246 0.096 0.062 -0.675 -0.019 0.020 0.070 -0.101

873 C5 22.0 0 -135 0.104 0.086 0.632 -0.115 -0.093 0.078 0.100 -0.538 -0.005 0.013 0.057 -0.084

874 C5 22.3 -30 -135 0.141 0.093 0.645 -0.081 -0.139 0.083 0.089 -0.551 -0.001 0.014 0.054 -0.071

875 C5 22.2 -30 -150 0.122 0.131 0.826 -0.237 -0.095 0.079 0.112 -0.498 0.014 0.016 0.094 -0.049

876 C5 22.4 0 -150 0.106 0.110 0.664 -0.205 -0.072 0.070 0.107 -0.443 0.006 0.016 0.115 -0.049

877 C5 22.2 30 -150 0.279 0.160 1.001 -0.232 -0.201 0.094 0.104 -0.634 0.023 0.024 0.130 -0.055

878 C5 22.4 30 -165 0.357 0.214 1.262 -0.325 -0.128 0.066 0.096 -0.429 0.021 0.023 0.122 -0.051

879 C5 21.9 0 -165 0.103 0.142 0.876 -0.353 -0.038 0.048 0.099 -0.289 0.006 0.016 0.088 -0.050

880 C5 22.1 -30 -165 0.126 0.180 1.110 -0.326 -0.060 0.060 0.084 -0.362 0.017 0.019 0.108 -0.047

881 C5 21.8 -30 180 0.178 0.184 1.215 -0.311 -0.009 0.030 0.075 -0.169 0.006 0.020 0.112 -0.050

882 C5 21.8 0 180 0.134 0.166 1.027 -0.304 -0.010 0.026 0.079 -0.177 0.006 0.017 0.117 -0.052

883 C5 22.4 30 180 0.380 0.224 1.476 -0.243 -0.028 0.037 0.097 -0.194 0.018 0.024 0.128 -0.064

884 C5 22.3 30 165 0.370 0.219 1.525 -0.338 0.027 0.045 0.275 -0.135 0.046 0.025 0.166 -0.029

885 C5 22.0 0 165 0.170 0.157 1.057 -0.261 0.022 0.033 0.173 -0.125 0.015 0.021 0.158 -0.043

886 C5 22.2 -30 165 0.187 0.165 0.999 -0.307 0.021 0.035 0.207 -0.116 0.019 0.020 0.142 -0.038

887 C5 22.2 -30 150 0.205 0.153 1.049 -0.282 0.064 0.060 0.393 -0.123 0.031 0.025 0.166 -0.050

888 C5 21.9 0 150 0.190 0.143 0.978 -0.196 0.059 0.054 0.341 -0.127 0.029 0.028 0.178 -0.037

889 C5 22.2 30 150 0.345 0.185 1.257 -0.216 0.090 0.067 0.442 -0.136 0.063 0.033 0.221 -0.040

890 C5 22.4 30 135 0.353 0.152 1.158 -0.114 0.184 0.109 0.773 -0.193 0.079 0.037 0.277 -0.034

891 C5 22.0 0 135 0.206 0.124 0.869 -0.226 0.102 0.087 0.607 -0.272 0.049 0.034 0.236 -0.056

892 C5 22.2 -30 135 0.224 0.121 0.911 -0.158 0.133 0.090 0.708 -0.184 0.043 0.027 0.207 -0.031

893 C5 22.4 -30 120 0.259 0.110 0.771 -0.026 0.220 0.131 0.866 -0.213 0.076 0.030 0.244 0.001

894 C5 22.4 0 120 0.239 0.114 0.943 -0.105 0.180 0.132 1.049 -0.306 0.077 0.037 0.279 -0.017

895 C5 22.2 30 120 0.343 0.132 0.998 -0.024 0.282 0.151 1.031 -0.204 0.104 0.038 0.300 0.002

896 C5 22.1 30 105 0.247 0.093 0.707 0.008 0.231 0.158 1.045 -0.349 0.118 0.041 0.321 0.019

897 C5 22.3 0 105 0.188 0.080 0.598 -0.093 0.142 0.151 0.825 -0.539 0.096 0.033 0.275 0.007

898 C5 22.2 -30 105 0.216 0.085 0.715 -0.011 0.200 0.148 1.003 -0.364 0.104 0.037 0.307 0.016

899 C5 22.7 -30 90 0.161 0.052 0.391 0.044 -0.133 0.133 0.243 -0.793 0.106 0.034 0.259 0.029

900 C5 22.8 0 90 0.146 0.047 0.362 0.014 -0.072 0.115 0.281 -0.774 0.096 0.031 0.239 0.009

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-52 

Phase 1, 2, and 3 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

901 C5 23.0 30 90 0.159 0.051 0.429 0.024 -0.115 0.124 0.267 -0.819 0.105 0.034 0.284 0.016

902 C5 22.5 30 75 0.204 0.056 0.536 0.071 -0.700 0.228 -0.166 -1.976 0.011 0.022 0.097 -0.129

903 C5 23.0 0 75 0.117 0.035 0.328 0.018 -0.392 0.153 0.028 -1.263 0.007 0.017 0.082 -0.094

904 C5 22.7 -30 75 0.140 0.045 0.374 0.042 -0.512 0.185 -0.080 -1.485 0.002 0.020 0.075 -0.116

905 C5 22.6 -30 60 0.238 0.101 0.776 0.008 -0.394 0.175 -0.011 -1.319 0.006 0.018 0.099 -0.083

906 C5 22.4 0 60 0.160 0.106 0.775 -0.025 -0.241 0.179 0.071 -1.263 0.012 0.018 0.108 -0.076

907 C5 22.4 30 60 0.310 0.099 0.752 0.080 -0.586 0.192 -0.127 -1.468 -0.017 0.020 0.077 -0.119

908 C5 22.6 30 45 0.441 0.165 1.352 0.021 -0.413 0.155 -0.035 -1.321 0.013 0.020 0.120 -0.069

909 C5 22.1 0 45 0.182 0.159 1.083 -0.124 -0.141 0.133 0.110 -1.035 0.019 0.018 0.132 -0.035

910 C5 22.2 -30 45 0.291 0.175 1.397 -0.079 -0.242 0.151 0.061 -1.235 0.023 0.020 0.157 -0.029

911 C5 22.3 -30 30 0.309 0.215 1.369 -0.208 -0.131 0.102 0.138 -0.709 0.027 0.022 0.164 -0.033

912 C5 22.3 0 30 0.169 0.181 1.351 -0.298 -0.075 0.088 0.146 -0.711 0.013 0.019 0.147 -0.044

913 C5 22.3 30 30 0.523 0.249 1.734 -0.055 -0.250 0.125 0.027 -0.914 0.030 0.028 0.168 -0.055

914 C5 22.3 30 15 0.412 0.282 2.003 -0.414 -0.080 0.062 0.096 -0.432 0.020 0.028 0.160 -0.079

915 C5 22.0 0 15 0.174 0.196 1.428 -0.332 -0.034 0.047 0.099 -0.364 0.008 0.018 0.132 -0.066

916 C5 22.4 -30 15 0.243 0.229 1.530 -0.403 -0.039 0.052 0.095 -0.349 0.016 0.022 0.149 -0.056

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-53 

Phase 4 Integrated Pressure Data 

Phase 4 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

1 I1 25.7 0 105 0.229 0.088 0.702 -0.040 0.164 0.146 0.856 -0.453 0.118 0.038 0.336 0.020

2 I1 25.4 0 75 0.143 0.037 0.361 0.035 -0.444 0.142 -0.037 -1.150 0.015 0.017 0.102 -0.081

3 I1 25.3 0 0 0.199 0.230 1.517 -0.554 0.009 0.029 0.228 -0.142 0.006 0.019 0.151 -0.094

4 I1 25.2 0 -15 0.259 0.246 1.635 -0.352 0.081 0.082 0.525 -0.177 0.007 0.024 0.167 -0.087

5 I1 25.2 0 -60 0.350 0.195 1.585 -0.014 0.702 0.376 3.220 -0.122 0.032 0.041 0.315 -0.133

6 I4 25.6 0 0 0.277 0.271 1.704 -0.329 0.011 0.030 0.206 -0.113 0.007 0.020 0.136 -0.075

7 I4 25.9 0 -15 0.383 0.315 1.991 -0.297 0.112 0.098 0.677 -0.192 0.006 0.024 0.170 -0.105

8 I4 25.6 0 -60 0.438 0.227 1.454 -0.032 0.892 0.451 3.145 -0.034 0.044 0.047 0.329 -0.137

9 I4 25.5 0 105 0.211 0.092 0.753 0.010 0.161 0.139 0.994 -0.409 0.107 0.043 0.340 0.014

10 I4 25.4 0 75 0.115 0.052 0.442 0.009 -0.393 0.194 -0.010 -1.612 0.006 0.021 0.103 -0.097

11 I3 25.4 0 75 0.117 0.054 0.522 0.004 -0.397 0.207 0.054 -1.625 0.007 0.023 0.147 -0.142

12 I3 25.8 0 105 0.196 0.092 0.714 -0.095 0.150 0.145 0.930 -0.490 0.099 0.043 0.339 -0.008

13 I3 25.5 0 -60 0.403 0.219 1.478 -0.022 0.813 0.433 2.940 -0.072 0.038 0.049 0.314 -0.149

14 I3 25.9 0 -15 0.364 0.313 1.992 -0.425 0.109 0.101 0.694 -0.267 0.007 0.026 0.193 -0.113

15 I3 26.1 0 0 0.254 0.269 1.674 -0.371 0.010 0.030 0.230 -0.113 0.007 0.020 0.152 -0.075

16 I2 25.2 0 0 0.260 0.275 1.654 -0.404 0.010 0.031 0.207 -0.132 0.007 0.021 0.137 -0.087

17 I2 25.3 0 -15 0.324 0.300 1.947 -0.497 0.097 0.096 0.683 -0.221 0.007 0.026 0.199 -0.118

18 I2 25.4 0 -60 0.392 0.215 1.438 -0.050 0.791 0.424 2.977 -0.118 0.037 0.045 0.306 -0.153

19 I2 25.3 0 75 0.112 0.054 0.452 -0.002 -0.380 0.196 0.090 -1.550 0.007 0.022 0.110 -0.102

20 I2 25.4 0 105 0.199 0.089 0.665 -0.039 0.133 0.143 0.862 -0.503 0.104 0.042 0.314 0.008

21 I1 25.5 30 105 0.338 0.103 0.838 0.071 0.268 0.143 0.896 -0.252 0.170 0.049 0.404 0.049

22 I1 25.4 30 75 0.220 0.052 0.430 0.079 -0.617 0.164 -0.210 -1.467 0.035 0.020 0.121 -0.062

23 I1 25.5 30 -60 0.367 0.184 1.271 -0.021 0.739 0.347 2.558 -0.044 0.034 0.042 0.243 -0.138

24 I1 25.4 30 -15 0.322 0.319 1.901 -0.625 0.119 0.115 0.741 -0.275 0.021 0.033 0.206 -0.117

25 I1 25.3 30 0 0.323 0.307 1.853 -0.585 0.020 0.046 0.292 -0.170 0.013 0.031 0.193 -0.113

26 I2 25.1 30 0 0.388 0.322 1.823 -0.619 0.024 0.050 0.275 -0.181 0.016 0.033 0.182 -0.120

27 I2 25.1 30 -15 0.337 0.327 1.993 -0.617 0.126 0.118 0.759 -0.235 0.023 0.035 0.208 -0.115

28 I2 25.2 30 -60 0.363 0.187 1.286 -0.015 0.735 0.359 2.469 0.005 0.035 0.041 0.267 -0.126

29 I2 25.1 30 75 0.230 0.052 0.466 0.084 -0.664 0.166 -0.182 -1.653 0.033 0.020 0.123 -0.090

30 I2 25.3 30 105 0.368 0.114 0.957 0.049 0.301 0.156 1.117 -0.227 0.184 0.055 0.467 0.044

31 I8 25.5 0 105 0.220 0.094 0.708 -0.037 0.158 0.130 0.817 -0.387 0.113 0.046 0.350 0.008

32 I8 25.7 0 75 0.122 0.054 0.421 -0.010 -0.414 0.197 0.040 -1.640 0.007 0.021 0.103 -0.128

33 I8 25.8 0 -60 0.394 0.246 1.738 -0.027 0.779 0.491 3.575 -0.085 0.032 0.048 0.365 -0.186

34 I8 26.1 0 -15 0.345 0.292 1.864 -0.367 0.102 0.092 0.583 -0.155 0.006 0.024 0.143 -0.089

35 I8 25.9 0 0 0.306 0.290 1.790 -0.340 0.010 0.030 0.214 -0.106 0.006 0.020 0.142 -0.070

36 I7 26.4 0 0 0.291 0.267 1.979 -0.357 0.009 0.029 0.255 -0.109 0.006 0.019 0.169 -0.072

37 I7 26.3 0 -15 0.383 0.314 1.840 -0.335 0.112 0.099 0.621 -0.169 0.006 0.024 0.171 -0.103

38 I7 25.6 0 -60 0.412 0.239 1.502 -0.056 0.826 0.484 3.206 -0.162 0.037 0.049 0.325 -0.162

39 I7 25.9 0 75 0.127 0.054 0.457 0.016 -0.439 0.197 -0.049 -1.687 0.006 0.022 0.121 -0.129

40 I7 26.2 0 105 0.207 0.091 0.685 -0.030 0.153 0.139 0.892 -0.425 0.106 0.043 0.342 0.011

41 I6 25.6 0 105 0.201 0.085 0.727 -0.051 0.150 0.137 0.927 -0.366 0.102 0.040 0.326 -0.004

42 I6 25.4 0 75 0.123 0.052 0.437 0.019 -0.402 0.198 -0.040 -1.607 0.010 0.021 0.104 -0.133

43 I6 25.4 0 -60 0.449 0.257 1.652 -0.007 0.923 0.535 3.457 -0.061 0.048 0.055 0.363 -0.146

44 I6 25.3 0 -15 0.385 0.307 2.016 -0.297 0.114 0.098 0.632 -0.129 0.007 0.024 0.162 -0.101

45 I6 25.5 0 0 0.290 0.250 1.736 -0.353 0.009 0.029 0.200 -0.102 0.006 0.019 0.132 -0.067

46 I5 25.1 0 0 0.282 0.230 1.598 -0.289 0.021 0.030 0.218 -0.100 0.014 0.020 0.144 -0.066

47 I5 25.2 0 75 0.201 0.043 0.420 0.070 -0.626 0.150 -0.104 -1.405 0.021 0.020 0.097 -0.096

48 I5 25.0 0 105 0.237 0.088 0.734 -0.035 0.192 0.147 0.986 -0.419 0.119 0.038 0.336 0.017

49 I5 25.0 0 -15 0.366 0.269 1.979 -0.417 0.112 0.089 0.717 -0.241 0.009 0.025 0.236 -0.119

50 I5 25.0 0 -60 0.389 0.205 1.532 -0.031 0.778 0.397 2.870 -0.058 0.035 0.042 0.286 -0.138

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 B-54 

Phase 4 Integrated Pressure Data

Uref

Run Conf fps Yaw Pitch Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min Mean RMS Max Min

51 I5 24.9 0 0 0.373 0.261 1.813 -0.303 0.007 0.029 0.221 -0.120 0.004 0.019 0.146 -0.079

52 I11 25.4 30 -60 0.322 0.189 1.296 -0.078 0.664 0.376 2.686 -0.118 0.035 0.041 0.283 -0.129

53 I11 25.2 30 -15 0.361 0.288 1.755 -0.364 0.119 0.102 0.644 -0.149 0.014 0.028 0.173 -0.084

54 I11 25.2 30 75 0.127 0.046 0.410 0.019 -0.472 0.198 -0.023 -1.607 0.000 0.020 0.086 -0.135

55 I11 25.5 30 105 0.275 0.099 0.761 0.018 0.202 0.142 0.886 -0.351 0.141 0.049 0.391 0.023

56 I11 25.3 30 0 0.346 0.269 1.754 -0.287 0.021 0.039 0.228 -0.092 0.014 0.026 0.151 -0.061

57 I10 24.7 30 0 0.372 0.270 1.709 -0.260 0.024 0.040 0.272 -0.104 0.016 0.027 0.180 -0.069

58 I10 24.7 30 -15 0.412 0.308 1.944 -0.342 0.135 0.104 0.690 -0.166 0.016 0.027 0.177 -0.094

59 I10 25.2 30 -60 0.341 0.205 1.292 -0.073 0.681 0.388 2.636 -0.078 0.030 0.041 0.278 -0.146

60 I10 25.1 30 75 0.123 0.044 0.367 0.008 -0.471 0.191 0.082 -1.642 -0.002 0.019 0.075 -0.122

61 I10 25.3 30 105 0.264 0.097 0.761 0.011 0.197 0.137 0.994 -0.343 0.135 0.049 0.373 0.029

62 I9 25.5 30 105 0.247 0.089 0.771 -0.003 0.190 0.141 0.955 -0.383 0.125 0.041 0.358 0.018

63 I9 25.7 30 75 0.138 0.036 0.333 0.031 -0.449 0.143 -0.036 -1.286 0.011 0.018 0.085 -0.105

64 I9 25.1 30 -60 0.301 0.186 1.215 -0.073 0.585 0.351 2.342 -0.161 0.021 0.038 0.243 -0.144

65 I9 25.1 30 -15 0.221 0.208 1.265 -0.343 0.073 0.077 0.565 -0.188 0.009 0.023 0.197 -0.084

66 I9 25.1 30 0 0.194 0.204 1.299 -0.270 0.008 0.030 0.227 -0.091 0.006 0.020 0.150 -0.060

67 I7 25.3 30 0 0.389 0.271 1.720 -0.272 0.025 0.042 0.235 -0.099 0.017 0.028 0.155 -0.065

68 I7 25.4 30 -15 0.380 0.287 1.972 -0.338 0.126 0.104 0.710 -0.162 0.016 0.028 0.185 -0.098

69 I7 25.4 30 -60 0.347 0.205 1.336 -0.024 0.684 0.381 2.803 -0.028 0.028 0.039 0.250 -0.130

70 I7 25.6 30 75 0.120 0.040 0.384 0.014 -0.452 0.163 0.001 -1.341 -0.001 0.019 0.086 -0.111

71 I7 25.4 30 105 0.261 0.094 0.703 0.006 0.187 0.129 0.837 -0.336 0.135 0.047 0.352 0.032

72 I6 25.1 30 105 0.232 0.097 0.799 -0.005 0.165 0.152 0.930 -0.405 0.120 0.045 0.413 0.023

73 I6 25.4 30 75 0.133 0.043 0.385 0.021 -0.490 0.180 -0.065 -1.634 0.001 0.020 0.072 -0.130

74 I6 25.4 30 -60 0.330 0.183 1.289 -0.044 0.664 0.348 2.298 -0.061 0.031 0.039 0.242 -0.133

75 I6 25.3 30 -15 0.425 0.298 1.896 -0.243 0.144 0.110 0.680 -0.131 0.019 0.030 0.183 -0.075

76 I6 25.1 30 0 0.392 0.286 1.872 -0.238 0.029 0.045 0.259 -0.102 0.019 0.030 0.171 -0.067

77 I5 25.3 30 0 0.451 0.297 2.071 -0.490 0.030 0.043 0.246 -0.105 0.020 0.029 0.163 -0.069

78 I5 25.3 30 -15 0.420 0.272 1.730 -0.385 0.140 0.100 0.652 -0.152 0.017 0.028 0.183 -0.076

79 I5 25.3 30 -60 0.308 0.174 1.164 -0.025 0.598 0.320 2.227 -0.010 0.022 0.035 0.186 -0.123

80 I5 25.5 30 75 0.138 0.038 0.342 0.034 -0.493 0.169 -0.053 -1.510 0.004 0.019 0.077 -0.104

81 I5 25.6 30 105 0.273 0.094 0.758 0.021 0.194 0.136 0.948 -0.397 0.141 0.045 0.359 0.041

Cfx Cfz Cmy
 C-1 

7.3 APPENDIX C - WIND CHARACTERISTICS SIMULATED IN A WIND TUNNEL 

This section describes some of the primary parameters associated with winds in a thermally neutral 

atmospheric boundary layer that are commonly simulated in a wind tunnel for proper measurement of 

wind loads on a scaled model. These parameters specify mean, or time-averaged, and turbulence 

characteristics of winds which can then be related to the surface roughness of the field site. 

C.1 Mean Wind Speed Characteristics 

C.1.1. Power Law 

Historically, the expression, which describes the mean wind profile over the height of the atmospheric 

boundary layer, is the power law proposed by Hellman (1916). The power law is given by 

Uz U z

z R

R

( ) = F

H

G I

K

J

α

 (C.1) 

where U is the mean wind speed, z is the height above the ground, and α is the power-law exponent 

dependent on roughness of terrain and averaging time of measurements. The height zR is the reference 

height, commonly 10 meters or 33 ft, and UR represents the wind speed at the reference height. 

The power-law exponent is obtained by a linear regression of wind data measured at different heights on a 

log-log basis as illustrated in Figure C-1(a). Recommended values of power-law exponent are tabulated 

in Table C-1. 

Table C-1 Recommended values of power-law exponent 

Davenport (1965) ASCE A58.1 (1982)

Coastal Areas - 1/10 (0.10)

Open Terrain 0.16 1/7 (0.14)

Suburban Terrain 0.28 1/4.5 (0.22)

Center of Large City 0.4 1/3 (0.33)

C.1.2. Logarithmic Law 

Another commonly used expression, particularly in micrometeorological practice, is the logarithmic law 

that was developed from the similarity theory of a boundary layer flow over a flat plate. Because it has an 

approximate theoretical basis, meteorologists regard the logarithmic law as a more suitable representation 

of strong wind profiles than the power law in the lower atmosphere, say up to 50 meters. It is given by 

U z u

k

z

zo

( ) ln * = F

H

G I

K

J (C.2) 

in which u* is the shear velocity, zo is the aerodynamic roughness length, and k is the von Karman’s 

constant, approximately 0.4. The shear velocity may be interpreted as a fluid velocity which would cause 

a normal stress (i.e., dynamic pressure) equivalent to one half, in magnitude, of the shear stress occurring 
 C-2 

over a solid surface, and the roughness length as a height at which the fluid velocity in Equation 6.2 

vanishes due to friction. 

The roughness length, zo, is obtained by a regression on a linear-log basis as shown in Figure C-1(b). 

Values of zo corresponding to different types of surface roughness have been reported from various 

sources, however considerable scatter exists from experiment to experiment. The variability is generally 

attributed to local flow inhomogeneities that cannot be easily accounted for, and to some extent, the fact 

that the estimate of zo is extremely susceptible to accuracy involving wind speed measurements due to 

extrapolation in the regression technique. 

Typical roughness lengths for various types of terrain are given in Table C-2. 

Table C-2 Typical surface roughness lengths, Simiu et al. (1996)

Type of Surface zo (cm)

Sand 0.01-0.1

Snow surface 0.1-0.6

Mown grass (~0.01 m) 0.1-1

Low grass, steppe 1-4

Fallow field 2-3

High grass 4-10

Palmetto 10-30

Pine forest 90-100

Sparsely built-up suburbs 20-40

Densly built-up suburbs 80-120

Center of large cities 200-300
 C-3 

U/U(33 ft)

1

Elevation, ft

10

100

0.5 0.6 0.90.80.7 2

Power-law

exponent

U/U(33 ft)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Elevation, ft

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Roughness length, zo

Figure C-1 Regression of wind speed data 

C.2. Turbulence Characteristics

C.2.1. Local Turbulence Intensity 

Of all the statistical measures of atmospheric turbulence, the turbulence (gustiness) intensity is the 

simplest parameter. It is defined for the longitudinal component as 

I z z

U z u

u ( ) ( )

( ) = σ (C.3) 

where Iu is the local turbulence intensity and σu(z) is the standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations in 

the longitudinal direction at height z. Vertical and lateral turbulence intensity may be similarly defined. 

Turbulence intensity can be estimated using several different available empirical equations. Lumley and 

Panofsky (1964) suggests 

I z Ck

z

z

u

o

( )

ln

= F

H

G I

K

J

 (C.4) 

where C is the constant that varies approximately from 2.0 to 2.5 depending on the roughness length zo, 

see Simiu and Scanlan (1996). For a lower surface layer below a height of 100 m, Snyder (1981) 
 C-4 

proposed the following formula. 

I z

z

z

z

u

o

o

( )

ln

ln

=

F

H

G I

K

J

F

H

G I

K

J

α

30

 (C.5) 

in which the heights are measured in full-scale meters, and α is the power-law exponent. 

When a mean wind speed is relatively high, say above 20 mph, lateral turbulence intensity may be 

approximated by the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations. It can be shown that 

I z z v ( ) ( ) = πσ θ

180 . (C.6) 

Here, Iv is the lateral turbulence intensity and σθ is the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations 

measured in degrees. The magnitude of lateral turbulence intensity is somewhat smaller than longitudinal 

component. For example, empirical equations for velocity power spectral densities proposed by Kaimal 

(1972), described below, imply that that 

I z

I z

v

u

( )

( ) = 0 63 . . (C.7) 

C.2.2 . Power Spectral Density

Velocity fluctuations of atmospheric turbulence are a random process, and turbulence can be regarded as 

a combination of fluid motions by eddies of various sizes, each associated with a unique periodicity. 

Contributions by these eddies to the total turbulence kinetic energy are conveniently described by a power 

spectral density function. Power spectral densities of atmospheric turbulence are known to depend on the 

measurement height, and commonly characterized by several distinct regions as illustrated in Figure C-2 

after Hinze (1975). Referring to the Figure, the inertial sub-range of turbulence is often considered to be 

of particular significance as far as wind loads on civil engineering structures are concerned. This is 

because structural natural frequencies typically fall in the inertial sub-range and the resulting quasi-steady 

or resonance excitation is controlled by characteristics of this spectral range. 
 C-5 

S(n)

Frequency n , Hz

Inertial sub-range

Largest

eddies of

permanent

character

Energy-containnig

eddies

n ~ 0.01 n ~ 0.2 n ~ 2

Note: Frequency values are nominal, and vary depending on wind speed and height.

Figure C-2 A form of atmospheric turbulence spectrum, Hinze (1975) 

Techniques to obtain a power spectrum density are readily available in a number of sources such as the 

one by Bendat and Piersol (1971), which involve a Fourier transform of velocity time series. A 

description of those techniques is beyond the scope of this report, and is omitted here. There are also 

several empirical equations for longitudinal atmospheric turbulence developed from field measurements. 

One of the earliest models was proposed by Davenport (1965), and subsequently adopted in the National 

Building Code of Canada (1980), which is given by 

nS n

u

x

x

( ) . ( ) *

2 /

2

2 43 4 0

1 = +

 (C.8) 

where S is the power spectral density, n is the frequency in Hz, and x is defined as 

x

n

U= 1200

( ) 10 (C.9) 

in which U(10) is the mean wind speed in meters per second at z = 10 m. It should be noted that 

Davenport’s model does not account for the dependence of spectra on height. A more elaborate model 

was suggested by Kaimal (1972) as 

nS z n

u

f

f

(, )

( ) *

2 /

200

1 50 = + 5 3 (C.10) 

in which f is typically known as the reduced frequency defined by 

f nz

U z = ( ) . (C.11) 
 C-6 

Kaimal also proposed a model for the lateral turbulence spectrum as follows. 

nS z n

u

f

f

v (, )

( .) *

2 /

15

1 95 = + 5 3 . (C.12) 

To illustrate some of the noteworthy properties of a power spectral density, consider time series of wind 

velocity fluctuations u(t). Then 

σ u S n dn 2

0

= ∞

z ( ) (C.13) 

and 

R

T

u t u t dt S n n dn u T T

T

( ) lim ( ) ( ) ( )cos( ) τ τ = + = →∞ −

∞

π τ z z 1

2

2

0 (C.14) 

where Ru(τ) is the auto-covariance function of the original velocity time series. Applying the spectral 

property in Equation (C.13) to the Kaimal’s longitudinal and lateral spectrum models above, it can be 

shown that 

σ (C.15) u u 2 = 6 *

2

for the longitudinal turbulence, and 

σ v u 2 45

19 = *

2

 (C.16) 

for the lateral turbulence. Equations (I.15) and (I.16) yield 

I z

I z

U z

U z

v

u

v

u

( )

( )

( )

( ) = = . σ

σ

0 63 (C.17) 

as mentioned in the previous section. 

C.2.3. Integral Length Scale 

Integral scales of turbulence represent the average size of turbulence eddies in three orthogonal directions 

associated with the longitudinal, lateral and vertical components of fluctuating velocity, i.e. a total of 9 

scales to be considered. The most frequently evaluated length scale for characterization of winds and 

load effects on standing structures is the longitudinal length scale associated with the longitudinal 

turbulence. Formally, the longitudinal integral length scale is defined as 

L Rx ux

u

= u u

∞

dx z 1

2 1 2

σ 0

( ) (C.18) 

where Ru1u2(x) is the cross-covariance of the longitudinal turbulence components u1 and u2 measured at 

two separate points in space with the longitudinal distance of x. However, a simplified approximation to 
 C-7 

the above equation is widely accepted based on the Taylor’s frozen field hypothesis (1938) that states 

that; 

...the sequence of changes in the fluid velocity at the fixed point are 

simply due to the passage of an unchanging pattern of turbulent motion 

over the point, 

and given by 

L U R d ux

u

= u

∞

z σ

τ τ 2 0 ( ) . (C.19) 

This approximation allows the longitudinal length scale to be obtained by a temporal auto-covariance of 

the turbulence that can be calculated using Equation (C.14). 

Among several empirical expressions for longitudinal length scale, the model proposed by Counihan 

(1975) has been widely recognized. The model takes the following expression. 

L Cz (C.20) ux

m =

where C and m are constants dependent on the surface roughness length, zo, and all lengths are measured 

in meters. A model suggested by ESDU (1975) is also often referenced, which is essentially a variation 

of Counihan’s model for which 

Cz m . (C.21) = o

− 25 0 35 0 063 . , and = .
 C-8 

References

American National Standard A58.1-1982, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 

American National Standard Institute, Inc., New York, 1982. 

J. S. D. Bendat and A.G. Piersol, Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, A WileyInterscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1971. 

J. Counihan, “Adiabatic Atmospheric Boundary Layers: A Review and Analysis of Data from the Period 

1880-1972,” Atmos. Environ., 9 (1975), 871-905. 

A. G. Davenport, “The Relationship of Wind Structure to Wind Loading,” in Proceedings of the 

Symposium on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Vol. 1, National Physical Laboratory, 

Teddington, U.K., Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1965, pp.53-102. 

A. G. Davenport, “The Spectrum of Horizontal Gustiness Near the Ground in High Winds,” J. Royal 

Meterol. Soc., 87 (1961) 194-211. 

ESDU, “Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence Near the Ground,” Item No. 75001, Engineering 

Science Data Unit, London, U.K., 1975. 

National Building Code of Canada 1980, National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee of 

the National Building Code, NRCC No. 17724, Ottawa, Canada, 1980. 

G. Hellman, “Uber die Bewegung der Luft in den untersten Schichten der Atmospare,” Meteoro. Z., 34 

(1916) 273. 

J. O. Hinze, Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1975. 

J. C. Kaimal et al., “Spectral Characteristics of Surface-Layer Turbulence,” J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 98 

(1972) 563-589. 

J. L. Lumley and H. A. Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 

New York, 1964. 

E. Simiu and R. H. Scanlan, Wind Effects on Structures, 3rd ed., A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John 

Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996. 

D. H. Slade, editor, Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968, Technical Information Center, U.S. 

Department of Energy, 1968. 

W. H. Snyder, “Guideline for Fluid Modeling of Atmospheric Diffusion,” Report No. EPA600/8-81-009, 

USEPA, Environmental Services Research Laboratory, Office of Research and development, Research 

Triangle Park, New Jersey, 1981. 

Taylor, G. I., “The Spectrum of Turbulence,” Proceedings of the Royal Soc., A164 (1938), 476-490. 
 D-1 

7.4 APPENDIX D - INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CONTOURS 

FOR SELECTED TEST CONFIGURATIONS 
 D-2 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration B1 
 D-3 

Stowed Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Pitch: -105 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -45 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued) 
 D-4 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 0 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued) 
 D-5 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -105 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued) 
 D-6 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 180 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued) 
 D-7 

Pitch: -45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued) 
 D-8 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 180 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: 45 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued)
 D-9 

Pitch: -45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -105 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 45 deg.

Configuration B1 (continued)
 D-10 

Pitch: 75 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 120 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration C1
 D-11 

Stowed Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Pitch: -90 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -60 deg.

Configuration C1 (continued)
 D-12 

Pitch: 60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 105 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration C1 (continued)
 D-13 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration C1 (continued)
 D-14 

Pitch: 60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 105 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration C1 (continued)
 D-15 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -30 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration C1 (continued)
 D-16 

Pitch: 30 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 105 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration C3
 D-17 

Stowed Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Pitch: -90 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -45 deg.

Configuration C3 (continued)
 D-18 

Pitch: 60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 105 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration C3 (continued)
 D-19 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration C3 (continued)
 D-20 

Pitch: 15 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 135 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration B3 (continued)
 D-21 

Pitch: -30 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration C3 (continued)
 D-22 

Pitch: 45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 105 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration C5
 D-23 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -105 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration C5 (continued)
 D-24 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 120 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration C5 (continued)
 D-25 

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Pitch: -90 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -45 deg.

Configuration C5 (continued)
 D-26 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 120 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration C5 (continued)
 D-27 

Pitch: -45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration C5 (continued)
 D-28 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Configuration D1
 D-29 

Stowed Mode, Yaw: -30 deg.

Pitch: -105 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -45 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-30 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 0 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-31 

Pitch: -60 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -105 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 0 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-32 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: 180 deg.

Operational Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-33 

Pitch: -45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Peak Negative Differential

Pitch: -90 deg.

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 30 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-34 

Pitch: 0 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: 180 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Operational Mode, Yaw: 45 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued)
 D-35 

Pitch: -45 deg.

Peak Positive Differential

Pitch: -105 deg.

Peak Negative Differential

Stowed Mode, Yaw: 45 deg.

Configuration D1 (continued) 
7.5 APPENDIX E - TIME SERIES OF LOCAL PRESSURES 

A set of CD-ROMs provided to NREL as backup to this report contains the time series of local 

pressure coefficients measured on the model of the solar collector concentrator. The pressure 

values have been adjusted to approximate the directly measured force and moment balance loads 

when integrated. The weight factors for pressure integrations are provided in a spreadsheet file 

(INTEGRATE.XLS), also found on the CD-ROM. 

Data Filename Convention 

The following data file naming convention is used. 

cccP-rrr.DAT

where 

ccc : Test configuration, I1 – I11. 

rrr : Run number. 

Data File Format and Contents 

 The data are stored in printable ASCII format. Each data file contains a brief header 

followed by series of instantaneous local pressure coefficients. A typical data file might look like 

this (description of the data lines in parentheses):

Run 1 (Unique run number) 

Config I1 (Test configuration ID) 

Yaw (deg.) .0 (Yaw angle) 

Pitch (deg.) 105.0 (Pitch angle) 

Uref (fps) 25.69 (Reference wind speed at pivot height) 

Qref (psf) .6270 (Reference pressure at pivot height) 

Sample Rate (Hz) 500.0 (Number of samples per second per channel) 

No. Samples 8192 (Number of samples per segment block) 

No. Segments 4 (Number of segment blocks) 

 (Blank line) 

 130 129 128 (Pressure Tap Number) 

 (Blank line) 

 -.0207 -.1248 -.3266 (1st data point) 

 -.4157 -.4448 -.5087 (2nd data point) 

 -.3385 -.3933 -.3903 

 . . . 

 . . . 

 . . . 

 . . . 

 . . . 

 -.8503 -.9533 -.9259 

 -1.5147 -1.0938 -1.1680 (8192nd data point of 1st segment) 

 (Blank line separating segment blocks) 

 -.0989 -.1662 -.1522 

 -.4142 -.3249 -.4434 

 -.2717 -.3196 -.3241 

 . . . 

 . . . 

 . . . 

(End of File)

E-1 
F1146-E(09/2007) 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

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PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION.

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

May 2008 

2. REPORT TYPE

Subcontract Report 

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

March 2001- August 2003 

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

DE-AC36-99-GO10337 

5b. GRANT NUMBER

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Wind Tunnel Tests of Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

5d. PROJECT NUMBER

NREL/SR-550-32282 

5e. TASK NUMBER

CP085002 

6. AUTHOR(S)

N. Hosoya, J.A. Peterka, R.C. Gee, D. Kearney 

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 

Solargenix Energy, LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina 

Kearney & Associates, Vashon, Washington 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER

NAA-2-32439-01 

10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)

NREL 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

1617 Cole Blvd. 

Golden, CO 80401-3393 

11. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NREL/SR-550-32282 

12. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

National Technical Information Service 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

5285 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, VA 22161 

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

NREL Technical Monitor: Mary Jane Hale 

14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words)

Extensive wind-tunnel tests were conducted on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine practical wind loads 

applicable to the structural design for stress and deformation, as well as the local component design for the 

concentrator reflectors. The overall dynamic loads and simultaneous pressure distributions on the concentrator were 

measured using force balances and a multi-pressure data acquisition system, respectively, in a boundary layer wind 

tunnel at Cermak Peterka Petersen. Various test configurations were examined, including an isolated collector and 

solar field collectors at different positions. Significant test results are presented and discussed in detail. Overall, the 

wind-tunnel tests produced sufficient data that can be used by designers of the present and future for a variety of 

design practices. Several recommendations are made for future work. The validity of the wind-tunnel data is 

particularly important. Ultimately, the acceptability of the test results should be based on model-to-full-scale 

comparison, which requires measurement of wind loads on a full-scale solar collector. Should further wind tunnel 

study prove useful, the pressure test model should attempt to increase the pressure tap installation density to 

enhance the resolution of discrete pressure distribution data. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Concentrating solar power; parabolic trough; solar collectors; wind tunnel; wind load; structural design; stress; deformation 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON 

a. REPORT 

Unclassified 

b. ABSTRACT 

Unclassified

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