GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT 

FY 86 - FY 87 

DIRECTORS 

Eugene J. Aubert 

Retired, June 1986 

Frank H. Quinn 

(Acting), June - October 1986 

Alfred M. Beeton 

Appointed, November 1986 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 481 05-1 593 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOAAIERL. Use 

for publicity or advertising purposes, of information 

from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is not authorized. 

Front Cover: View of GLERL's new research facility 
INTRODUCTION. ............................................................ 1 

GLERL in Transition 

Organization 

Research Program 

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS.. ............................................ 5 

Marine Ecosystem Assessment 

Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channel Study 

Marine Hazards and Lake Hydrology 

MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT ............................. 9 

Cycling of Toxic Organics 

Ecosystem and Food Web Dynamics 

Water Movements and Temperature 

Optimization, Uncertainty, and Risk Analysis 

Applied to Environmental Systems 

UPPER GREAT LAKES CONNECTING 

CHANNELS STUDY (UGLCCS) ................................ 24 

MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY ................. 28 

Surface Waves and Water-Level Fluctuations 

Great Lakes Ice 

Hydrologic Properties 

OUTREACH ACTIVITIES. .............................................. 38 

International and Interagency Participation 

Meetings and Presentations 

Technology Transfers 

FACILITIES AND SERVICES. ....................................... 42 

FY 86 PERMANENT STAFF .......................................... 44 

FY 87 PERMANENT STAFF .......................................... 45 

FY 86 PUBLICATIONS.. ............................................ ... 46 

FY 87 PUBLICATIONS.. .............................................. 49 

FY 86 PRESENTATIONS .............................................. 52 

FY 87 PRESENTATIONS.. ............................................. 57 
GLERL 

FY 86 

E.J. Aubwl 

BST. TO DIRECTOR 

D.F. Reid 

LAKE HYDROLOGY 

w F.H. Ouinn, Head 

K LABORATORY 

LIBRARY '-0 

S.V. Mark, Head 

B.J. Eadie, Head 

CHEMISTRY 

A.M. Booton 

ACT. DEPUTY DIRECTOR 

F.H. Ouinn 

ASST. TO DIRECTOR 

INFORMATION MARINE 

SERVICES INTRUMENTATION 

D.F. Reid, Head LABORATORY 

H.K. Soo. Head 

B. Clnick, Libnrkn 

and METEOROLOGY SYSTEMS STUDIES J GROUP J GROUP J ( GROUP J GROUP ,I 

F.H. Ouinn, Head B.J. Eadie, Head W.S. Gardner, Head P.C. Llu, Act. Head T.D. Fontaine, Head 
I. ! , .,- , I.: 

I' . ' ., , . 

, < ' , . - ', . I 

h .* %,<.,.! , - 

< , $y,,? ,?,?< > , , , ,?, ?. , * , ,,'? il 

,' .-, r ..%, . C, 1 '! ,, , 

, ' > 'wy<, .<? ' 

, - y,, , ,?<- ,-, - - .: , . ,, :-- .,.* ' 

ith most of the U.S. population rcsiding 

near thc coasts, the ability of thc adjacent 

bndics of wakcr to accommodate wastes, and thc 

ability of pcnplc to usc thosc watcr bodics and thc 

surrounding shorclincs safcly and cffcctivcly for 

housing, transportation, and rccrcation, must be 

givcn increased attention. The Great Lakcs arc the 

largest rcscrvoir of frcsh surface wakcr in thc 

Unitcd Statcs, but arc also sinks for domcstic and 

indust rial wastcs. Major cities, including Buffalo, 

Clcvcland, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Rochcstcr, and ToIcdo arc Focatcd along the shorclinc and 

more than 30 million pcoplc in the Unitcd Statcs 

takc thcir drinking watcr from the lakcs. 

Thc Grca t Lakcs Environmental Rcscarch Laboratory (CLERL) was cstablishcd by the National 

Occanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOA A, 

U.S. Dcpartmcnt of Commerce) on April 25,1974, 

to provide a focus for NOAAJs cnvirclnmcntal 

scscarch on thc Gscat Lakcs. GLERL was formed 

by combining thc staff of thc International FicId 

Year for thc Grcat Lakcs Project Officc (IFYGL, 

Rockville, Maryland) with the Limnology and 

Computer Divisions of NOAA's Lake Survcy 

Center (Detroit, Michigan). The Laboratory was 

opcncd in Ann Arbor, Michigan in August, 1974. 

This Combined Annual Report provides 

a summary of significant GLEXL 

even fs, accomplishments, and activities 

during fiscal years 1986 and 1987 

(October 2, 1985-September 30, 1987). 
INTRODUCTION 

G LERL conducts research on significant environmental processes and problems in the 

Great Lakes region. Research is carried out by five 

groups with expertise ranging from aquatic chemistry and biology to physics, hydrology, and 

computer modeling. GCERE's projects are interdisciplinary and are integrated as appropriate for 

maximal utilization of operational resources in 

support of NOAA's Ocean and Great Lakes Prediction Research Program. GLERL is also taking part 

in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels 

Study /UGLCCS), a mu1 ti-agency joint United 

States-Canada study of water quality and ecosystem dynamics in Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair 

and Detroit Rivers. 

The products of GLERL research are used by 

governmental, educational, and private organizations to facilitate planning and improve decision 

making in rela tion to wa tcr rcsouxces management 

and environmen tal services in coastal and estuarine waters, especially the Great Lakes. GLERE's 

products are disscmina ted as technical publications, brochures, posters, and by presentations at 

scientific and public meetings. During FY 86 and 

FY 87, over 80 scientific articles, reports, and books 

with GLERL authors were published, and 165 talks 

wcre presented by GLERL staff at scientific or 

public meetings, 

GLERL in Transition 

FY 86 and FT 87 were years of significant change 

at GLERL. 

GLERL's first Director, Dr. Eugene J. Aubcrt, 

retired in June, 1986 after more than 30 years of 

federal service. Prior to being selected as the first 

Director of GLERL, Dr. Aubert was Director of 

NOAA's IFYGL Office in the early 70s and was 

strongly influential in the decision to form GLERL 

and 1Gcattr it in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Upon Dr. 

Aukrt's retirement, Dr. Frank H. Quinn, Head of 

GLERL's Lake Hydrology Group, was appointed 

Acting Director. 

In November, 1986, Dr. Alfred M. Beeton became 

the sccond Director of GLERL. Dr. Beeton came to 

GLERE from The University of Michigan, where he 

was the Director of the Michigan Sea Grant Program, Director of the Great Lakes and Marine 

- - 

Dr. Eugene Aubert, the tist Director or GL ERL, retired in 

Juna of 1986. 

Waters Center, and the Director of the Great Lakes 

Research Division, as well as a Professor in the Departmen t of Atmospheric and Marine Sciences and 

Professor in the School of Natural Resources. 

In early FY 86, construction began on a new, 

modern research and office facility for GLERL, 

which moved into the completed facility in January, 1987. The new facility, Iocated in Ann Arbor, 

is Ieascd by the government and provides over 

25,000 sq. ft. of usable space, including ovcr 4,000 

sq. ft. of research laboratories, an 1,100 sq. ft. 

computer facility, and a 3,300 sq. ft. warehouse 

and fieId staging area. 

In April, 1987 a thorough review of GLERL"s 

recent rescarch projects and accomplishments was 

conducted in concert with our parent NOAA 

organization, the Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL). This marked the beginning of a long 

and deliberate process of programmatic and 

organizational self-examination and exploration of 

new initiatives to bring the Laboratory through the 

1990s and into the new century. This process will 

continue into FY 88 and FY 89. 
INTRODUCTION 

Organization 

GLERL1s mission statement is as follows: 

Conducts integrated, interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and 

estuarine waters with a special emphasis on the 

Great Lakes. The Laboratory performs field, 

analytical, and laboratory investigations to improve understanding and prediction of coastal and 

estuarine processes and interdependences between 

the atmosphere, land, water, biota, and sediments. 

It places special emphasis on a systems approach 

to problem-oriented environmental research in 

order to develop environmental service tools. It 

provides assistance to resource managers and 

others in obtaining and applying the information 

and services developed by the Laboratory. 

GLERL's research addresses major Great Lakes and 

national environmental issues, including water 

quality (toxic chemicals, nutrient overenrichment), 

water quantity (lake levels, water supply, diversions, consumptive use, management), and physical hazards (waves, storm surges, flooding, and 

ice). GLERL researchers often engage in team 

efforts with scientists at universities or with other 

agencies in the U.S. and Canada. GLERL's products are information and improved technologies 

and methods. These products are disseminated 

through a variety of means, including refereed 

scientific journals, NOAA Technical Series documents, posters; presentations at local, national, and 

international meetings and public gatherings; and 

by direct interactions with users. The latter includes national and local governments; international, federal, state, and private agencies; industry, academia, and the public. 

GLERL is one of ten laboratories that report to the 

Director, ERL (Boulder, Colorado), which, in turn, 

is part of NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research located in Rockville, Maryland. 

GLERL is organized into five scientific groups that 

conduct both basic and applied research on major 

environmental problems and issues; plus a number 

of support units that provide technical, operational, and administrative assistance to the scientific staff: 

Lake Hydrology Group: investigates the hydrologic and hydraulic processes that affect the water 

supply to, and amount of water in, the Great 

Lakes; they provide improved methods of forecasting lake levels and simulating river flows, and 

conduct research to characterize and increase our 

understanding of the seasonal ice and snow cover 

in the Great Lakes Basin; 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group: 

studies the processes that control the movement 

and interactions of trace contaminants in the Great 

Lakes and coastal marine ecosystems; their research increases our understanding of, and leads to 

an improved ability to predict the behavior, fate, 

and effects of contaminants in the natural environment; 

Ecosystems and Nutrient Dynamics Group: 

studies the ecological systems of the Great Lakes 

and coastal marine environments, focusing on 

factors and processes that affect ecological succession and control the flow of nutrients and biochemical energy (and therefore, toxics) through the 

food web; they provide and improve the information used by resource managers for making decisions that impact both water quality and living resources; 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group: 

studies the physical variables that characterize a 

lake environment and the manner in which those 

characteristics change with external forces, such as 

wind, heat exchange, and connecting channel 

flows; the results of their research help alleviate or 

reduce the impact of physical hazards and contaminant transport on both the environment and 

the people who use it; 

Environmental Systems Studies Group: develops 

models of environmental systems based on the 

premise that cost-effective management of our 

natural resources requires that we consider the 

competing human, economic, regulatory, and 

ecological factors; they use these models to evaluate and compare the probable costs vs. benefits of 

resource management plans, and to identify alternative plans that optimize the balance between 

competing and conflicting demands on the marine 

environment. 
INTRODUCTION 

These scientific groups are supported by: 

a Marine Instrumentation Laboratory, where instruments and systems for hands-on and automated field collection of data are designed, built, 

and maintained; 

a Computer Systems Group that maintains 

GLERL's in-house computer network, and the 

interface with off-site mainframe and super computers, and provides related user support to the 

GLERL staff and others; 

an Information Services Group that is responsible for providing editorial and publications 

support to the GLERL staff, distributing GLERL 

publications, and responding to related information requests; 

a Library that maintains a research collection 

tailored to GLERL staff needs and which offers 

special retrieval services for materials not in the 

existing holdings; 

the R/V SHENEHON, GLERL's research vessel 

and the primary platform used by GLERL staff for 

field operations on the lakes; 

and an Administrative Office that provides personnel, budget, purchasing, and facility information and management. 

Research Program 

GLERL's multidisciplinary research program 

includes both basic and applied studies and combines experimental, theoretical, and empirical 

approaches with field, analytical, and laboratory 

investigations in support of the Ocean and Great 

Lakes Prediction Research Program of NOAA. It 

addresses (1) the need for new and improved 

simulation and prediction models of ecosystem 

structure and function, and of the effects of 

stresses and proposed remedial options, and (2) 

the need to assess other options while taking system dynamics and dimensions into account. Two 

elements of the Ocean and Great Lakes Prediction 

Research Program provide the focus for GLERL 

research: Marine Ecosystems Assessment, and 

Marine Hazards and Lake Hydrology. 

Another major program supported by GLERL 

during FY 86 and FY 87 is the Upper Great Lakes 

Connecting Channels Study, an international 

(United States-Canada) and interagency multi-year 

study of water quality and ecosystem dynamics in 

the upper Great Lakes connecting channels. The 

lead U.S. agency for this study is the Environmental Protection Agency (EI'A), but GLERL 

scientists have significant roles in both the management of the project and the research conducted 

for it. GLERL support for this project is partially 

funded by EPA: the rest is provided under both the 

Marine Ecosystems Assessment and the Marine 

Hazards and Lake Hydrology elements of the 

NOAA Program. 
RESEARCH 

HIGHLIGHTS 

Marine Ecosystem Assessment rate is a reflection of the health of the animal and 

thus, can be a sensitive indicator of the onset of 

W A new study was initiated in Lake Michigan to toxicity. 

investigate whether phase distribution, after resuspension, is kinetically controlled or can be mod- w A long-term total-phosphorus model for Lake 

eled more simply as an equilibrium process. Michigan was completed. 

Extensive resuspension of contaminated sediments was found in all of the lakes. Calculations 

indicate that sediment recycling via resuspension 

is the major process controlling the long-term concentration of organic contaminants in the lakes. 

A comprchensivc synoptic data base of particle 

fluxes in all five Great Lakes has been made 

possible by intercalibra ting U.S. and Canadian 

sediment traps. 

Experimental work on the environmental factors 

that affect the toxicokinctics of xenobiotics in 

Ponfoporeia hoyi was completed. Analysis of the 

data indicates that organism mass is the most 

important physiological variable and tcmpcrature 

is the most important environmental variable for 

this organism. 

W Radiotracer experiments werc conducted to 

study the effccts of contaminant concentration in 

sediments on the bioaccumulation of these contaminants by benthic organisms: when a mixture 

of chlorinated hydrocarbons was added to scdiments, toxicity and mortality werc produced at 

even the lowest dose employed, which was within 

the range of concentrations already measured in 

Great Lakes sediments. 

A procedure (gamma scan) was developed and 

tested to detect the initiation of toxicity to benthic 

organisms by measuring the rate of scdimcnt 

reworking in a test cell undcr increasing concentrations of a particular toxic contaminant. The 

spread and movement of a thin layer of radioisotope-spiked sediment in laboratory test cclls was 

monitored. The movement of the spiked material 

was related to the rate of bioturbation by selected 

organisms placed in each cell. The bioturbation 

W A model that simulates Lake Michigan's summer 

pelagic food web (phosphorus, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish) was developed 

to evaluate the relative importance of nutrient 

loading, competition, and predation in controlling 

the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in offshore Lake Michigan. 

w Results of GLERL's Lake Michigan Ecosystem 

Experiment show that the ecosystem has been 

altered dramatically during the last decade. Summer zooplankton dominance changed from calanoid copepods (Diaptomus) to cladocerans (Daphnia) and filamentous blue-green algae were largely 

replaced by phytoflagellates. This occurred concurrently with reduced phosphorus load, phosphorus concentration, and abundance of alewife, 

the dominant zooplanktivore, thus the summer 

phytoplankton populations of the 1980s are distinctly different from those in the 1970s. 

w Model simulations to evaluate the influence of 

gradients of both phosphorus load and alewife 

abundance on predation-competition interactions 

indicate that summer plankton composition and 

water clarity in Lake Michigan are controlled 

largely by predation, and thus top-of-the-foodweb management practices can cascade down to 

affect even water quality. 

w Expcrimcnts confirmed that although bacterial 

growth rates appear to be controlled by the 

amount of labile organic substrate available, 

grazing is a major factor in controlling bacterial 

abundance. 

Picoplankton (< 3 microns) accounted for 44 

percent of the total primary production from 

March through Novcmbcr in Lakes Huron and 
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 

Michigan. These findings add to the growing evidence that the "micro food web" is important to 

Great Lakes plankton dynamics. 

W Much of the nitrogen added to lake water as dissolved free amino acids was regenerated as ammonium rather than being incorporated into food web 

biomass. This suggests that the micro food web 

may be more important for converting organic 

matter to inorganic nutrients than for transferring 

biochemical energy into the upper food web. 

W A study of the effect of algal shape and size as 

defense mechanisms against predation by Diaptomus was completed. Except for very long 

species, algal length was generally not useful 

against predation by zooplankton. 

w GLERL initiated a pilot study during FY 86 to 

evaluate the importance of under-ice ecology in the 

Great Lakes. Results suggest that high light levels 

and high phytoplankton and zooplankton production may be common features of the under-ice 

ecology of large lakes and bays. 

W Both FY 86 and FY 87 saw a return of the Johnson 

Sea-Link I1 research submersible to the Great 

Lakes. A GLERL scientist who had participated on 

the initial surveys in FY 85 again conducted studies using the submersible. 

w Sampling of benthic organisms for GLERL's wellestablished long-term trends study was continued 

in Lake Michigan and was expanded to include 

Saginaw Bay. 

w A laboratory technique was developed to isolate 

and monitor the feeding activity of individual P. 

hoyi. 

w Experiments revealed that the transfer of phytoplankton energy to P. hoyi after the spring diatom 

bloom may represent an important link in the 

transfer of energy from phytoplankton to fish. 

w The bottom Ekman layer in Lake Michigan was 

found to be up to 40 m thick in water depths of 80 

m to 100 m. Ekman flow in this layer in combination with the prevailing cyclonic circulation of the 

lake causes a convergence of bottom water, and 

thus intense upwelling, in the center of the lake. 

Nearly 200,000 observations of water temperature from Lakes Erie and Michigan were assembled and used to evaluate four mathematical 

models of water column temperature structure. 

W A first-generation optimization model that takes 

uncertainty into consideration was applied to 

strategies for management of phosphorus loading 

to the Great Lakes. The results showed that there 

is a range of goal-achievement vs. cost, for consideration by resource managers. Strategies specified 

under the 1978 Water Quality Agreement between 

the United States and Canada are not likely to 

achieve more than 60 percent of the goal, whereas 

those identified through the optimization model 

are less costly and more effective. 

Upper Great Lakes 

Connecting Channels Study 

W A number of environmental models of Lake St. 

Clair were completed as part of the Upper Great 

Lakes Connecting Channels Study. 

W Modeling of IJ7Cs removal indicates a sediment 

residence time of about 5 years in Lake St. Clair. 

Less than 20 percent of the total loading of 137Cs to 

Lake St. Clair was calculated to be in bottom 

deposits. This suggests that most particle-associated contaminants must migrate through Lake St. 

Clair and enter Lake Erie. 

W The currents in Lake St. Clair were found to be 

dominated by hydraulic flow, but wind-induced 

changes in the circulation pattern can change residence times from 2 days to more than 30 days. 

The average residence time is about 9 days. 

w During FY 86, GLERL initiated research on the 

effects of shallow water on wave dissipation and 

attenuation that includes both field experiments 

and development of applicable models. The first 

experiment was a joint effort during FY 86 and FY 

87 between GLERL and Canada's NWRI and Atmospheric Environment Service to study shallowwater wave processes in Lake St. Clair. A model 

developed for the deep ocean proved to be quite 

acceptable for estimating wave heights in the 

shallow waters of Lake St. Clair, while a shallow 

version of the model tended to underestimate the 

highest waves at all stations. 
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 

Marine Hazards 

and Lake Hydrology 

w A wave climate synthesis system was developed 

for the Great Lakes. Long-term climate extremes 

of wave heights can be readily estimated from 

given long-term wind speed statistics where wave 

measurements are not available. 

W At the request of the Department of Natural Resources of Michigan and of Ohio, the Army Corps 

of Engineers (COE), several Sea Grant Programs, 

and other agencies with responsibility for Great 

Lakes shorelines, GLERL developed and distributed a PC-based computer program that can assist 

in planning for storm surges on the Great Lakes. 

w Procedures to access and run a menu-driven 

computer algorithm to forecast ice conditions on 

the St. Marys River were demonstrated and documented. Access to and support of the algorithm 

on GLERL's computer were provided to both NWS 

and the Army COE for use in making experimental 

operational forecasts during the 1985-86 winter 

season on the Great Lakes. 

w During FY 87 we transferred computer code to 

NWS Cleveland for analysis of freezing degreedays and thawing degree-days and samples of the 

air temperature files and degree-day data sets. 

NWS Cleveland and GLERL are now using the 

same convention for calculating degree-days, and 

NWS Cleveland can now automate degree-day 

calculations, access to historical data, and operational use of degree-days for ice forecasts. 

w A study to analyze and report on the engineering statistics of a nearshore ice thickness data base 

was completed. 

w The barium sulfate reference panel used by 

GLERL as the primary standard for field calibrations of airborne spectral reflectance was tested 

for cosine response at different incident angles 

and wavelengths. Deviations from a perfect 

cosine response were documented for most angles 

and at all wavelengths measured, leading to the 

conclusion that the airborne data must also be 

corrected for errors due to the imperfect cosine 

response of the reference panel. 

w A cooperative study was initiated with scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to 

define the reflectance characteristics in the visible 

and near-infrared range for various types of Great 

Lakes ice and snow, and to build a library of 

spectral signatures of different ice types for use in 

satellite interpretation of the ice cover. 

w A study to define the spectral transmittance of 

solar radiation through ice and snow in the visible 

and near-infrared ranges was initiated. 

8 An 81-year (1897-1977) degree-day climatology 

for the Great Lakes region was updated with the 

addition of data for 6 years (1978-1983). 

w A new task was developed during FY 87 to 

analyze the effects of climatic change on Great 

Lakes ice cycles; partial funding for this work was 

provided by EPA. 

w A description of the fall and winter thermal 

structure of Lake Superior was completed. 

w The Large Basin Runoff Model and its applications for the 106 upper Great Lakes watersheds 

above the Niagara River were integrated with 

estimates of over-lake precipitation and lake 

evaporation, the Lake Superior regulation plan, 

and the Hydrologic Response (channel routing) 

Model to make possible system-wide simulation of 

the Upper Great Lakes water supplies, connecting 

channel flows, and lake levels. Automation of all 

calibration, climatic data reduction, and forecast 

procedures was completed so that GLERL's water 

supply technology can be applied to other large 

lake basins. 

The Hydrologic Response Model was simplified, 

extensively documented, and recalibrated to 

reduce the error in modeled Lake Michigan-Huron 

levels. 

w The Army COE, Detroit District, initiated a 

multi-year program to evaluate and compare Lake 

Superior forecasts made using the GLERL software 

package with forecasts made using existing operational methods. 

w Development of a generic Thiessen weighting 
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 

package was completed. The generic package is 

easily applied to different areas and to different 

types of data. 

An improved model for lake evaporation was 

completed that uses remotely-sensed water surface 

temperatures in conjunction with a first-order heat 

balance and heat storage function for each lake. 

W The St. Clair River Winter Flow Experiment was 

completed after five consecutive years of gathering 

winter flow data for the St. Clair River. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM 

ASSESSMENT 

- exotics 

processes 

IUWGI 

\ foodweb I, I,....,... 

Figure 1. The productivity of ecosystems, including fish, is controlled by the actions of man and nature. Man 

influences productivity through waste (nutrients and toxics) management practices and the physical alteration 

of habitat. Nature influences productivity through a hierarchical interplay of physical, chemical, and biological 

processes, e.g., the constancy or irregularity of thermal and chemical gradients, currents and waves, predatorprey relationships, and nutrient dynamics. Fisheries productivity can also be manipulated by man through 

stocking and karvesting. Understanding the relative importance of man's and nature's influences on productivity is essential for accurately predicting the dynamics of ecosystems and their fish populations. 

T he Marine Ecosystems Assessment research 

program at GLERL is designed to (1) improve our understanding of, and predictions 

related to, natural marine ecosystems, physical 

phenomena, and the effect of human-induced 

stresses on the ecosystem, and (2) help provide a 

sound scientific basis for management decisions 

pertinent to marine resources, marine pollution, 

and environmentally sensitive marine activities 

(Fig. 1). Projects include investigations into the 

short- and long- term effects of human, agricultural, and industrial wastes on aquatic life and 

water quality; the structure and function of aquatic 

ecosystems and the effects of human activities on 

those ecosystems; the measurement, analysis, and 

prediction of physical phenomena such as currents, river flows, and air-water-sediment interactions; and sedimentary fluxes and processes, 

especially sediment-contaminant interactions. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Cycling of Toxic Organics 

T oxic organics are considered by many as the 

premier environmental threat and problem 

in the Great Lakes; over 1,000 anthropogenic 

organic compounds have been identified in the 

Great Lakes ecosystem. More recently, contaminated sediments have become a primary focus of 

concern by the International Joint Commission 

(IJC) and the EPA. GLERL has a continuing 

program in collaboration with the EPA, the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and various 

Canadian agencies to develop and improve our 

understanding of the processes that control the 

cycling and fate of organic contaminants. 

The combination of high population and industrial 

density with slow flushing rates (3-200 years) of 

the Great Lakes make toxic organic contaminants a 

major problem. In lakes and estuaries, the adsorption of toxic organic contaminants onto particles, 

followed by settling and eventual burial, is commonly the major internal process controlling the 

residence time and concentration of these compounds in the water column. Suspended particulate matter thus plays a vital part in the contaminant geochemistry of the Great Lakes by providing 

a potential mechanism for cleansing the lakes 

through sedimentation. Understanding the interactions between different types of suspended 

matter and dissolved organic contaminants, and 

understanding the processes that affect these interactions, are critical in modeling the behavior of 

such contaminants in the environment. 

GLERL's program has focused on particle-contaminant interactions (sorption, settling, burial, and resuspension) as the major removal mechanism, but 

also includes research on contaminant bioavailability and effects, and uptake by the bottom-dwelling 

organisms (benthos), which are highly exposed 

due to the fact that the sediments are the major 

reservoir of contaminants. 

Particle-Contaminant 

Interaction Studies 

the equilibrium distribution (partitioning) of a 

suite of contaminant organics between the dissolved, the suspended-solid, and the dissolvedorganic-carbon phases. The results, primarily 

from a nearshore station in Lake Michigan, revealed significant seasonal changes in the partitioning between these phases. During FY 86 and 

FY 87 similar experiments were initiated and 

completed for offshore waters, with the following 

results: 

Compound solubility was found to control the 

distribution of that compound between the dissolved and particulate phases (Fig. 2), but played 

little role in mediating the association with the 

lake water dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 

Up to 90 percent of the hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOC) were found to be freely dissolved rather than associated with particles or 

DOC. 

Sorption to particulate matter accounts for up to 

approximately 40 percent of the HOC and sorption 

to DOC is generally less than 10 percent. 

A new study was initiated in Lake Michigan to investigate whether phase distribution, after resuspension, is kinetically controlled or can be modeled more simply as an equilibrium. Results to 

date show that most chlorinated hydrocarbons, 

such as the polychlorinated biphenyls, are rapidly 

removed (desorbed) from particles, while the 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are much 

more strongly bound. This means that the chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants may have already 

reached a steady-state distribution within the lake 

and thus, the concentrations of these compounds is 

not likely to change dramatically in the water 

column. On the other hand, PAHs probably have 

not yet achieved a steady-state distribution within 

the lake, and their concentrations may continue to 

change over time. 

Bottom sediments and their sorbed contaminants 

are mixed bv animal activitv (bioturbation) and 

In 1984, experiments were performed to measure can be reintioduced into th; water column by 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Figure 2. a. Total suspended matter (TSM) concentration in 

offshore station surface water samples. The two peaks are 

spring resuspended matter and CaCO,, respectively. 

b. Composition of the TSM. Lightshading represents CaCO, 

and ranges from 2 to 72 percent of the TSM; dark shading area 

represents the particulate organic matter [POC (= 2 x POC)]. 

"Other" is composed of clays, silicious material, etc. 

c. Mass distribution of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) in the water 

samples was remarkably constant considering the changes in 

TSM and composition. Light shading region represents the fraction of BaP associated with particals; dark shading is the BaP associated with dissolved organic carbon; the remaining BaP is 

freely dissolved. 

d. Mass distribution of tetrachlorobenzene (TCB), shaded as 

shown in C. 

1 

-. 

0 

- E 1.6- - C 

0 

.a 1.2- - 

e 

C 

C 

g 0.8- - C 

0 

0.4- - 

2 

20, I., I, 1,lV 

resuspension, especially during the winter months 

in the Great Lakes. GLERL has an on-going program in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior to 

measure and study the fluxes of new vs. resuspended particulate matter and associated contaminants, using sediment traps moored in vertical 

arrays in the water column (Fig. 3). By the end of 

FY 87 over 200 sediment samples were obtained 

from such traps. Analyses of samples to date have 

- revealed: 

& 80- 

C 

0 

W Extensive resuspension of contaminated sediments was found in all of the lakes. 

100J"""'ll" 

BaP 

Very high concentrations (parts per million 

range) of chlorinated organic contaminants were 

measured in trap material collected near the 

surface. 

W Initial calculations indicate that sediment recycling via resuspension is the major process controlling the long-term concentration of these contaminants in the lakes. 

.- Freely Dissolved 

W Time constants for removal of particle-associated 

contaminants are decades long due to the coupling 

of the processes of bioturbation, resuspension, 

and burial. 

In a related field program, sediment traps of 

different size and design used by GLERL and 

Canada's National Water Research Institute 

(NWRI) were deployed starting in FY 86 in tandem 

arrays in the northern and southern basins of Lake 

Michigan to determine relative collection efficiencies over a wide range of mass fluxes. The field 

- 

100 

- 

2 80- 

C 

0 .- 

Y 

3 60- 

Time (months) 

IItIlII1III 

TCB 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Lake Michigan Lake Huron Lake Superior 

I Mass Flux (g 1 m* 1 day) 

Figure 3. Sediment trap measured mass flux profiles for the stratified and unstratified periods for stations of 100 m 

total depth in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. Note that the scale for Lake Superior is smaller than for Michigan 

and Huron. Results extend earlier conclusions for Lake Michigan of a decoupling of surface waters from the influence 

of sediment resuspension during the period of thermal stratification and a large amount of sediment resuspension, 

strongly influencing lake water chemistry, during the unstratified period. 

work was completed in FY 87. This intercomparison will be used to relate the results of GLERL's 

studies in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior to 

NWRIrs results in Lakes Erie and Ontario, thus 

providing a comprehensive synoptic data base of 

particle fluxes in all five Great Lakes. 

A coupled Lakes Model to predict the long-term 

response of the Great Lakes to time-dependent 

contaminant loads was previously developed and 

analyzed for sensitivity to various environmental 

factors. However, that model assumed a vertically 

homogeneous water column (i.e., not seasonally 

stratified), and can incorporate sediment resuspension only as a rather crude approximation. Development of a stratified, single-lake contaminantfate model was begun in FY 86 and is continuing. 

This model will explicitly incorporate sediment 

resuspension as a parameter and make use of the 

sediment trap data noted above. 

Toxicokinetics Studies 

A second and apparently important process for remobilizing contaminants out of sediments involves 

the direct uptake of contaminant compounds by 

benthic invertebrates and the subsequent transfer 

of contaminants up the food chain to higher 

trophic levels. A fundamental question in the 

toxics issue is what fraction of sediment-associated 

contaminants is available to the biota in the Great 

Lakes. GLERL's toxicokinetics program has been 

studying the uptake, depuration, and biotransformation rates for various toxic organics in Great 

Lakes invertebrates. 

Previous work involving the accumulation of PAH 

from sediments by benthic invertebrates such as 

Pontoporeia hoyi (P. hoyi) showed that the process is 

complex and is affected by a number of parameters. Experimental work on the environmental 

factors that affect the toxicokinetics of xenobiotics 

in P. hoyi was completed. Analysis of the data 

indicates that organism mass (Fig. 4) is the most 

important physiological variable and temperature 

(Fig. 5) is the most important environmental variable for this organism. 

Experiments were initiated to examine the bioavailability and relative sensitivity of the predominant Great Lakes benthic invertebrates, P. hoyi and 

Mysis relicta, to a suite of well-documented toxic 

organics. The goal of these studies is the development of useful relationships that can aid in the 

assessment of contaminated environments. Remedial actions have proved to be extremely expensive, and reliable assessment tools are needed. 

Pentachlorophenol, carbaryl, and DDT are commonly used as "yardsticks" for these types of 

studies: 

Pentachlorophenol and carbaryl were found to 

have about the same range of toxicity to both of 

these organisms as has been observed for other 

amphipods. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 

Mass (mg wet weight) 

I I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 

Experimental Temperature (OC) 

DDT was found to be considerably less toxic to 

P. hoyi than has been observed for other amphipods and other crustaceans. This is possibly 

because P. hoyi have a high lipid content; and 

lipids store the compound, thereby making it unavailable for other reactions. 

The environment is plagued with multiple contaminants which, when present together, could 

change the response and sensitivity of organisms 

relative to single-contaminant exposure. Therefore, radiotracer experiments were conducted tb 

study the effects of sediment contaminant concentration on the bioaccumulation of these contaminants by benthic organisms. The experiments 

involved a control plus successively larger concenFigure 4. Reduction in the uptake rate 

with increasing mass of P. hoyi for tetrachlorobiphenyl and benzo(a)pyrene. 

Figure 5. An example of increasing uptake rate with increasing temperature - similar slopes are observed for tetrachlorobiphenyl and anthracene; Q,, for this 

process is 3.1. 

trations of a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons: 

When a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons 

was added to sediments, both toxicity and mortality occurred at even the lowest dose employed, 

which was within the range of concentrations 

already measured in Great Lakes' sediments. 

The rate of uptake of contaminant compounds 

was found to increase in the presence of the chlorinated hydrocarbons mixture, even at the lowest 

dose employed; since a well-known and classical 

response to stress is for organisms to show an 

increase in metabolic rate, these findings suggest 

that the presence of even small amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons place benthic organisms under 

stress. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Response of Stylodrilus heringianus to Endrin-Laden Sediments 

Reworking 

Response ' ECSo (Avoidance) 

Enzyme Respiration 

I 

I LCm (96 hr.) Systems I I 

71 

I li 4f 

1 10 100 1000 104 lo5 10s 

, 1, 107 

Concentration (ng/g) 

Based on measurements with the Gamma Scan Bioassay System II 

Figure 6. Response of Stylodrilus heringianus to Endrin dosed sediments for several endpoints. 

H A similar experiment to examine the kinetics of 

accumulation of a mixture of PAH was completed 

in FY 87, and data analysis is underway. 

The usual measure of the toxicity of a chemical 

compound to a particular organism is the concentration that is lethal to 50 percent of the test population, known as the LC50. However, LC50 experiments do not provide any indication of what concentration level starts to produce toxic effects. 

GLERL developed a procedure (gamma scan) to 

detect the initiation of toxicity to benthic organisms by measuring the rate of sediment reworking 

in a test cell under increasing concentrations of a 

particular toxic contaminant. The spread and 

movement of a thin layer of radioisotope-spiked 

sediment in laboratory test cells is monitored. The 

movement of the spiked material is related to the 

rate of bioturbation by selected organisms placed 

in each cell. The bioturbation rate is a reflection of 

the health of the animal and thus, can be a sensitive indicator of the onset of toxicity: 

Four long-term (40-50 days each) chronic toxicity tests were completed for the oligochaete worms 

Limnodrilus hoffmeis teri and S tylodrilus heringianus, 

using the pesticide Endrin. 

H From these experiments, repeatable sediment reworking rates were obtained for both species in 

contaminated and uncontaminated microcosms. 

H Additionally, two 96-h acute LC50s were performed. 

Significant decreases in the rate of sediment reworking were found at sediment contaminant concentrations 4-5 orders of magnitude less than the 

LC50 concentration (Fig. 6). 

H Worm dry-weights measured after the conclusion of the experiments were also found to be a 

good indicator of sublethal stress and reflective of 

reworking rates. 

H Work done in conjunction with an outside investigator used free amino acid pools as a taxonomic 

tool to differentiate five species of oligochaetes. 

Currently, potential changes in free amino acid 

pools are being examined as indicators of sublethal 

stress in S. heringianus. 

H Development and construction of an automated, 

microcomputer-controlled Gamma Scan hardware 

system was started in FY 87. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Ecosystem and Food Web 

Dynamics 

A n understanding of and an ability to 

predict the dynamics of Great Lakes ecosystems are necessary ingredients for making wise 

decisions concerning management of the lakes in 

relation to both water quality and living resources. 

Benthic organisms are often good, early indicators 

of long-term trends in water quality. Invertebrates 

are important prey for small fish, and their abundance and composition can affect total fish production. Planktonic phytoplankton (small floating 

plants) directly affect water quality and serve as 

the base of the aquatic food web. 

The complex interactions and cause-effect relationships between different components of the ecosystem and between levels of the food web must be 

understood in order to assess potential effects of 

human activities. A critical part of ecosystem 

dynamics involves the identification and study of 

the critical first-order processes that control the 

flow of nutrients and energy through the ecosystem and determine the composition and pattern of 

succession of biota in the lakes. These processes 

and their characteristics must be identified and 

quantified as parts of mathematical models. Such 

models then form the basis for testing hypotheses 

and identifying probable areas of impact of specific human activities and allow testing of proposed management approaches to dealing with 

natural resource problems. 

Ecosystem Modeling 

A major problem in developing and testing the effectiveness of ecosystem models is the limited 

amount of comprehensive long-term data available 

for aquatic ecosystems upon which model development could be based and tested. During FY 84 and 

85 GLERL took advantage of a 20-year data base 

from Lake Washington (near Seattle) to develop a 

generic heat-diffusion model for lakes, which was 

then adapted for Lake Michigan (Lake Michigan 

Heat Diffusion Model). During FY 86 this generic 

one-dimensional vertical heat-diffusion model, 

empirically parameterized in terms of the gradient 

Richardson number and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, was compared with the observed vertical 

thermal structure and total heat content in Lake 

Washington for the period 1963-1976. The comparison demonstrated that the model produces a 

good parameterization of bulk mixing processes. 

The Lake Michigan Heat Diffusion Model was then 

modified and used to simulate 1985 epilimnetic 

thermal structure with emphasis on die1 stratification. One laboratory and two field experiments 

were conducted during FY 86 to assess the effect of 

hourly changes in stratification on Lake Michigan 

phytoplankton. Analysis of the data indicated that 

an important suppression of photosynthesis occurs 

during afternoon stratification and that the effect 

may be due to ultraviolet radiation. The field and 

model results support the hypothesis that the wide 

range (very slow to fast) in epilimnetic mixing 

times in Lake Michigan strongly affects the fate 

and transport of seston and thus may also affect 

primary production and other light-sensitive 

processes. 

GLERL conducted a major Lagrangian ecosystem 

experiment in Lake Michigan during 1983 and 1984 

(Lake Michigan Ecosystem Experiment) to define 

and quantify biological and chemical processes 

causing dynamic short-term and seasonal ecological changes in Lake Michigan phytoplankton: 

Data from that field experiment were used to 

complete a long-term total-phosphorus model for 

Lake Michigan. The total-phosphorus simulations 

from the model compare well with observed 

values, and simulations of annual spring phytoplankton bloom conditions generally reproduce 

observations. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

A related model that simulates Lake Michigan's 

summer pelagic food web (phosphorus, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish) 

was also developed to evaluate the relative importance of nutrient loading, competition, and predation in controlling the seasonal dynamics of 

phytoplankton in offshore Lake Michigan. The 

model was calibrated against the concentrations 

and process rates observed during the Lake Michigan Ecosystem Experiment and then used to 

explore the hypothesis that Lake Michigan's 

summer food-web structure is sometimes controlled by fish dynamics. 

w The Lake Michigan ecosystem has been altered 

dramatically during the last decade. Summer zooplankton dominance changed from calanoid 

copepods (Diaptomus) to cladocerans (Daphnia), 

and filamentous blue-green algae were largely 

replaced by phytoflagellates. This occurred concurrently with reduced phosphorus load, phosphorus concentration, and abundance of alewife, 

the dominant zooplanktivore (Fig. 7). 

W Model simulations to evaluate the influence of 

gradients of both phosphorus load and alewife 

abundance on predation-competition interactions 

indicated that summer plankton composition and 

water clarity in Lake Michigan are controlled 

largely by predation. 

W It was shown that recent documented changes in 

fish communities have cascaded to affect the deep 

chlorophyll layer as well. 

Primary production rates during thermal stratification in the 1980s were similar to those reported 

in the 1970s. This indicates that even though 

major changes have been documented in the upper 

food web (fish) during this time period, these 

changes have not translated to affect the base of 

food web carbon production by phytoplankton. 

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of seasonal changes in lake characteristics and plankton 

abundances in Lake Michigan from spring (left) to autumn (right) for years after 1982. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Types of phytoplankton shifted from diatomdominance during May to phytoflagellate-dominance during July-August. The summer phytoplankton populations of the 1980s are distinctly 

different from those in the 1970s. Food web interactions caused by a changing zooplankton composition and nutrient supply changes are two possible causes for this difference which affects the 

efficiency of energy flow up the food web. 

H A deep chlorophyll layer developed after the 

onset of thermal stratification due to increased 

light penetration and availability of nutrients from 

the deep water. This deep chlorophyll layer may 

be a source of food for some Great Lakes grazers. Figure 8. Bacterial growth rates for 1983 (x), 1984 (dashed 

. Sedimentation was the most important mec.,a- lin;), and 1985 (solid-line) calculakd from TdR incorporation 

and empirical conversion factors. The shaded line includes all nism causing in spring' when cO1o- grotvth rates determined from TdR incorporation and a theoreti- nia' diatoms and cO~e~ods (Dia~tomus) cal conmysion factor (1.25 x 16 cells nmol-'). TdR=PH-mthyl] dominated the plankton. Grazing was the most thymidine. important loss during summer when phytoflagellates and Daphnia spp. dominated. 

Micro Food Webs 

Bacteria are an often ignored part of marine ecosystems. Yet previous studies have shown that 

bacterial production may account for a significant 

part of the total production in the Great Lakes. 

Thus, a more detailed knowledge of bacterial 

dynamics is necessary to quantify and understand 

the transfer of food and energy through the Great 

Lakes ecosystem. Analyses of the results of bacteria field experiments conducted during FY 85 were 

completed and preliminary findings were confirmed during FY 86 and FY 87: 

H Bacterial populations in the Great Lakes exhibited a decrease in activity and abundance with 

depth, and a consistent seasonal pattern in which 

production increased until the onset of stratification and slowly decreased thereafter, with a reasonable balance of growth and grazing rates except 

during the period (June) when bacteria abundance 

increased (Fig. 8). 

H Experiments to study the kinetics of the removal 

of low levels of primary amines by bacteria were 

completed. The results confirmed that although 

bacterial growth rates appear to be controlled by 

the amount of labile organic substrate available, 

grazing is a major factor in controlling bacterial 

abundance, and therefore total population uptake 

activity. 

The abundance, composition, and production of 

picoplankton were determined from March 

through November in Lakes Huron and Michigan. 

Picoplankton (< 3 microns) accounted for 44 

percent of the total primary production. These 

findings add to the growing evidence that the 

"micro food web" is important to Great Lakes 

plankton dynamics. 

Oxygen-based and '%-based primary productivity estimates were compared in Lakes Huron and 

Michigan to provide information about the accuracy of the two methods to measure this important 

energy-fixing process in Great Lakes food webs. 

The work suggests that 14C-based productivity 

measurements provide a reasonable estimate of 

lake productivity. 

Dissolved nitrogen transformations by the micro 

food web were examined using a new "light/dark" 

approach to estimate the release of free amino 

acids by phytoplankton and regeneration of 

ammonium by heterotrophs. Amino acids appear 

to be important intermediates to ammonium 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

NH4 Regeneration 

Excluding', 

r = 0.84 

a = -0.83 

b = 1.55 

0' 

-1. I I 1 I I I 

0 1-2 3 4 5 6 

Amino Acid Release (ng atom N L-I h-l) 

Figure 9. Comparison of ammonium regeneration to amino 

acid nitrogen release by phytoplankton in samples of epilimnetic Lake Michigan water collected during the 1986 field 

season. 

regeneration by the micro food web in Lake Michigan (Fig. 9). 

w Much of the nitrogen added to lake water as dissolved free amino acids was regenerated as ammonium rather than being incorporated into food web 

biomass. Thus, the micro food web may be more 

important for converting organic matter to inorganic nutrients than for accumulating biochemical 

energy into the upper food web. 

I Phosphorus-cycling experiments indicate that 

dissolved organic phosphorus released by phytoplankton can be readily used as a source of phosphorus by bacteria. 

Pelagic Feeding Dynamics 

The life cycle strategy of Diaptomus in Lake Michigan was studied by examining seasonal lipid (fat) 

concentrations and reproductive conditions of 

field animals. Lipid concentration in the animals 

remained high during most of the year, but decreased as a result of egg production in the spring. 

The high lipid content during summer months, 

when other zooplankton (cladocerans) are abundant, suggests that Diaptornus is not under competitive stress from the other zooplankton. 

GLERL scientists continued to use the new Microcinematography Laboratory established during 

FY 85. A previous study of the feeding mechanism 

employed the dominant herbivore in the upper 

Great Lakes, Diaptomus spp., revealed that a 

significant number of algal cells escaped even 

though they had been drawn within easy capture 

range of this copepod. This observation led to FY 

86 and FY 87 experiments to examine the effects of 

algal morphology as a defense mechanism against 

capture. Traditional feeding experiments were 

combined with high-speed microcinematographic 

studies. Information from these experiments provides us with a better understanding of zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions, leading toward 

better predictions of seasonal plankton succession: 

I A study of the effect of algal shape and size as 

defense mechanisms against predation by Diaptomus was completed. Except for very long species, algal length was generally not useful against 

predation by zooplankton. However, algae that 

were long in two directions (e.g. colonies of Asterionella) were not grazed readily by Diaptomus. 

Thus, algal morphology may affect the dynamics 

and efficiency of energy transfer between phytoplankton and zooplankton. 

I Rotifers are small zooplankton in the Great 

Lakes that may link the micro food web to large 

grazing zooplankton like Diaptomus. Mechanisms 

of Diaptomus predation on rotifers, and of rotifer 

escape mechanisms, were examined using highspeed microcinematography. This study demonstrated that Diaptomus can actively capture rotifers, but some rotifers have distinctive defense 

mechanisms against Diaptomus, such as paddles for 

quick escape or spines that open up to prevent 

attacks. 

Winter Under-Ice Ecology 

Information on the population dynamics of organisms living under the ice during winters in the 

Great Lakes is scant. Studies in other parts of the 

world show that significant biological activity can 

be present under marine ice. GLERL initiated a 

pilot study during FY 86 to evaluate the importance of under-ice ecology in the Great Lakes. 

A pre-ice cruise in late January, a trip on the ice in 

early March, and a post-ice cruise in April, 1986 

were made to determine how well copepods 

winter-over in ice-covered Grand Traverse Bay, a 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

190-m-deep fjord-like bay on Lake Michigan. 

Photosynthetically active radiation transmittance 

through various types of ice occurring in the bay 

was determined and an ice thickness time and 

space series was collected to analyze ice dynamics 

and radiation transmittance. Benthic samples were 

collected along a depth transect of the bay through 

the ice cover in March and again in April after the 

ice had melted. Inspection of March samples indicated that Grand Traverse Bay possesses a rich and 

diverse macroinvertebrate community in the 

winter: 

In contrast to small lakes, transmittance of light 

through the ice on Grand Traverse Bay was high. 

This was because snow, which radically lowers 

light transmittance, was prevented from building 

up on the ice by high winds, and in some cases, 

high temperatures and rain (Fig. 10). 

Phytoplankton growth was higher during ice 

cover than before. This bloom was related to 

water column stability caused by the ice cover as 

well as by the relatively high transmittance of the 

ice. 

Zooplankton took advantage of the under-ice 

bloom by feeding at high rates; during the 

bloom, the zooplankton reproduced. In reproducing they used up much of their stored lipids. 

a Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 

I Time (months) I 

Figure 10. Ice cover during February and March, 1986 did not 

greatly reduce surface transmittance (T) and solar radiation 

(Transmitted PAR) reaching the water column of Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. 

High light levels and high phytoplankton and 

zooplankton production may be common features 

of the under-ice ecology of other large lakes and 

bays. 

Benthic Ecology 

The Johnson Sea-Link I1 research submersible 

returned to the Great Lakes in both FY 86 and FY 

87. A GLERL scientist who had participated on 

the initial surveys in FY 85 again conducted 

studies using the submersible: 

A comparison of benthic samples was made to 

evaluate the sampling efficiency of PONAR grab 

samplers. Samples collected with the Johnson SeaLink I1 were compared with those collected using a 

PONAR grab sampler from the same locality. 

Abundances of all the major benthic groups were 

found to be underestimated from PONAR samples. 

Fish "exclosures" were constructed and placed at 

the bottom of Whitefish Bay (125 m depth) in Lake 

Superior to determine the significance of predation 

in regulating benthic populations. A dive with a 

submersible verified the successful placement of 

the exclosures. 

A new method using a computer digitizer and 

menu-driven software was developed to measure 

body length and gut fullness of the amphipod P. 

hoyi. This new method is more accurate and 

precise than earlier methods and provides a rapid 

and efficient way to transfer raw data to an online computer file. 

Sampling of benthic organisms for GLERL's wellestablished long-term trends study was continued 

in Lake Michigan and was expanded to include 

Saginaw Bay. This will allow development of an 

"integrated" picture of water-quality changes in 

the two locations, and will provide a basis for 

comparing "top-down" predation (Lake Michigan) 

from "bottom-up" nutrient effects (Saginaw Bay) 

on benthic populations. 

Studies to evaluate and quantify mechanisms of 

energy and nutrient transfers between the pelagic 

(near surface) and benthic (in/on bottom sediments) systems were continued. Emphasis was 

placed on the amphipod, P. hoyi, the most abundant benthic animal in the upper Great Lakes and 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

a favored food for fish: 

w A laboratory technique was developed to isolate 

and monitor the feeding activity of individual P. 

hoyi. This technique permitted calculation of individual gut-throughput rate. Reliable estimates of 

this parameter are needed to construct valid models of energy and organic contaminant cycling 

through P. hoyi populations. 

w Experiments were conducted to evaluate the 

feeding response of P. hoyi to a series of sediment 

trap materials collected seasonally from a depth of 

30 m at a 45 m deep station in southeastern Lake 

Michigan. The transfer of phytoplankton energy 

to P. hoyi after the spring diatom bloom appears to 

represent an important link in the transfer of 

energy from phytoplankton to fish. 

w Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of food removal on 

metabolic characteristics (fat content, nitrogen and 

phosphorus release rates) of P. hoyi. Animals 

survived approximately 6 months without food 

(Fig. 11). The ability of this animal to accumulate 

and store lipids in the spring and early summer 

and to live long periods without food helps explain why it thrives in the upper Great Lakes, 

where food input to the benthos is highly dependent on season. 

A new instrument for lipid-class analysis was set 

up. Samples were extracted and analyzed for 

several GLERL studies. This lipid-class information increases our understanding of biochemical 

energy transfers in the lakes. 

Time (months) 

MIJ,J,A,S,OINID, 

01, I I I I 1 

0 50 100 150 200 250 

Time (days) 

Figure 11. Lipid (fat) content of experimental and field Pontoporeia hoyi in 1986. Field animals were collected from Lake 

Michigan at various times through the year. Control and 

starved animals were collected in April and held in the laboratory in filtered lake water with and without natural sediments, 

respectively. 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

Water Movements and 

Temperature 

Winter Bottom Circulation 

in Lake Michigan 

Previous studies of the bottom boundary layer established the characteristics of a bottom Ekman 

layer in southern Lake Michigan, which produces 

veering of the near-bottom currents. Winter 

storms resuspend bottom sediments, causing a 

redistribution of materials deposited during the 

summer months, final deposition being determined by the overall winter circulation pattern 

and the Ekman dynamics of the bottom boundary 

layer. During the last week of April 1986, GLERL 

recovered several arrays of current meters moored 

near the bottom of Lake Michigan. The arrays had 

been deployed during November 1985 to measure 

the vertical profile of horizontal currents in the 

bottom boundary layer during the winter storm 

season. 

The bottom Ekman layer was found to be as 

thick as 40 m in water depths of 80 m to 100 m. 

Ekman flow in this layer, in combination with the 

prevailing cyclonic circulation of the lake, causes a 

convergence of bottom water, and thus intense 

upwelling, in the center of the lake. 

At a height of 1 m above the bottom, measured 

current speeds were in excess of 25 cm s-'. Bottom 

stresses caused by these currents were found to be 

sufficient to resuspend the fine-grained sediments 

that compose the bottom material at the measurement sites (Fig. 12). 

Lake Circulation and 

Numerical Models 

Accurate prediction of the movement of contami: 

nants, nutrients, and suspended sediments in the 

Great Lakes depends on the accuracy of numerical 

lake circulation models in predicting currents. 

During FY 86 an alternative to the traditional 

Veering 1985-'86 

All Data 

0 10 20 30 

I Angle (degrees) I 

Figure 12. Currents veer counter-clockwise as the lake bottom 

is approached through an Ekman layer. The veering shown in 

this figure was observed during two high speed current outbreaks that lasted for durations of7 and 20days. These measurements are compared with the average veering observed for a sixmonth-long current meter (C.M.) deployment in the winter of 

1985-1986. 

method of testing model accuracy was developed 

and applied to GLERL's Numerical Lake Circulation Model (PATHFINDER). The results revealed 

that the GLERL model shows significant skill in 

predicting particle trajectories over the course of a 

storm event. Quantitative bounds were established for the accuracy of trajectory predictions 

from the GLERL Numerical Lake Circulation 

Model. 

During FY 87, circulation studies were concentrated on Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. The Lake 

St. Clair work was in conjunction with the 

UGLCCS Program and is reported in that section. 

The circulation in the western basin of Lake Erie 

has a significant effect on the path of water from 

the Detroit River and, therefore, significant water 

quality implications: 

GLERL and the National Water Research Insti- 
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT 

tute of Canada (NWRI) made three deployments of 

six satellite-tracked drifters (three from GLERL 

and three from NWRI) near the mouth of the 

Detroit River in September and October of 1986 to 

compare predictions of circulation and particle trajectory models to the observed drifter tracks. 

Water Temperature 

Forecasting 

Knowledge of the temperature structure in the 

water column is a necessary prerequisite to many 

aquatic environmental studies. However, both 

theoretical and practical problems have hampered 

progress toward identifying numerical models 

useful for work in the Great Lakes. Therefore, 

nearly 200,000 observations on water temperature 

from Lakes Erie and Michigan were assembled and 

used to evaluate four mathematical models. The 

evaluations showed that: 

With careful calibrations, surface water temperatures can be simulated with nearly equal accuracy 

by any of the four models. 

Three of the four models were able to accurately 

track the sequence of break-up of the temperature 

structure following a late spring storm in Lake Erie 

(Fig. 13). 

Only two of the models examined were able to 

reproduce the energy levels indicated by the observations, which suggests that both models are satisfactory for simulating the mixing process. Merging the physics of these models with water quality 

models should improve the latter. 

Figure 13. Observed (solid 1ines)and modeled (dashed lines) 

spectra of entrainment from four different models of the thermal structure in Lake Erie.. Squared coherency and phase angle 

show the amount of similarity between modeled and observed 

value as a function of frequency. A squared coherency of 1.0 

and a phase angle of 0 would indicate perfect agreement. 

Lake Erie Entrainment Spectra 

Station 21 

Log of Variance (m / day)-2 

2 I I I I 

1 - 

0- 

r 1 I 1 

KLD Model 

I I 1 I 

2 I I I I 

K Model 

- 

I 1 I I - 

2 I I I I 

RT Model 

I I I 1 I 

0 2 4 6 8 10 

Frequency (cpd) 

0.5 

o RWG Model 

= 0 

6, 

b 0.5 

c KLD Model 

8 O 

0.5- K Model g 3 0-I0.5:h pddn *_I 

0 - I I I 

RT Model 

180 

h 0 

V) 

RWG Model 

6, g 1, 

6, 0 KLD Model E 

I? 180 

0 

2 O K Model 

6, 

180 

t 

a 0 RT Model 

0246610 

Frequency (cpd) 
M A R I N E E C O S Y S T E M ASSESSMENT 

Optimization, Uncertainty, and 

Risk Analysis Applied to 

Environmental Systems 

Contaminant Management 

Models 

Development of contaminant management plans 

that balance acceptable environmental risks 

against acceptable costs is a major goal of the 

Great Lakes community. Optimization, uncertainty, and risk analysis techniques are useful tools 

for achieving this goal, but have been used only 

sparingly to date. GLERL established a program 

in late FY 84 to explore the application of these 

techniques to improve the management strategies 

for Great Lakes natural resources. 

During FY 86 we completed a first-generation optimization model that takes uncertainty into consideration when determining the cost-effectiveness of 

a Present 

p 200 

Optimization Without 

Uncertainty 

I 

I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

Strategy Effectiveness (%) 

contaminant treatment strategies. Management of 

phosphorus loading was chosen as a test case 

because of the importance and cost of dealing with 

this problem; the availability of a large, reliable 

data base; and the existence of tested phosphorus 

mass-balance models for the lakes. The results 

showed that there is a range of goal-achievement 

vs. cost for consideration by resource managers. 

Strategies specified under the 1978 Water Quality 

Agreement between the United States and Canada 

are not likely to achieve more than 60 percent of 

the goal, whereas those strategies identified 

through the optimization model are less costly and 

more effective (Fig. 14). 

In FY 87 work in this area focused on the UGLCCS 

Program and is reported in that section. 

Figure 14. Cost versus effectiveness of achieving target phosphorus concentrations in all Great Lakes basins. Phosphorus 

management strategies tested under variable phosphorus loading and settling conditions included: "Present" (1978 Water 

Quality Agreement), "Proposed" (enhancements to the 1978 

agreement), and "Optimized" (optimal strategies identified 

with combined uncertainty and optimization model). The 

hatched dot represents the results of an optimization analysis 

that did not account for uncertainty in phosphorus loading and 

settling. 
UPPER GREAT LAKES 

CONNECTING CHANNELS 

T he UGLCCS is an international (United 

States-Canada) and interagency multi-year 

study of water quality and ecosystem dynamics in 

the upper Great Lakes' connecting channels. Study 

areas include the St. Marys River, the St. Clair 

River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River; all are 

designated by the International Joint Commisson 

as "Areas of Concern" in which environmental 

quality is degraded and beneficial uses of the 

water and biota are adversely affected. The goals 

of the study are (1) to determine the existing environmental condition of the study areas, (2) to 

identify and quantify the impacts of contaminant 

loading on ecosystems and human uses of the 

study areas, (3) to determine the adequacy of existing or proposed programs for ensuring or restoring beneficial uses, and (4) to recommend appropriate programs for protecting the study areas. 

Environmental Models of 

Lake St. Clair 

A conceptual ecosystem model was developed for 

Lake St. Clair for the purpose of understanding the 

dynamics of shallow (near-shore) systems, and 

how these dynamics affect the fate and transport 

of contaminants. The conceptual model was completed and provided a basis for constructing a 

model of ecological processes and their interactions with contaminants in Lake St. Clair. During 

FY 87 it was shown that submerged and emergent 

aquatic plants appear to be important contributors, 

both in amount and with time, to carbon flow 

through the lake food web. 

We completed development of a generic model to 

simulate contaminant fate in Lake St. Clair. The 

model was based on the EPA's chemical transport 

and fate model, TOXIWASP, which assumes 

chemical equilibrium between dissolved, particlebound, and biota-bound contaminant phases. 

TOXIWASP was modified and debugged to run on 

the GLERL VAX 11/780 and the Gaithersburg 

CYBER 205 computers. In the model, water movement was controlled by wind-induced flow fields 

generated by a Lake St. Clair hydrodynamic model 

developed by GLERL's Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group. The model was calibrated 

and then run against a known data set for PCBs in 

Lake St. Clair, (Fig. 15). 

The generic TOXIWASP-based model was the basis 

for work begun in FY 87 to test and compare equilibrium and kinetic approaches to modeling 

contaminant transport and fate (Fig. 16). The validity of the assumption of phase equilibrium, the 

basis of the TOXIWASP model, is of concern and 

needs to be evaluated. 

A prototype toxic contaminant fate and effects 

model was developed for plankton systems. The 

state-of-the-art framework developed in this 

model is being used to predict the effects of contaminants on plankton populations. Results from 

this model indicate that it may be unwise to 

attempt to model contaminant effects without also 

modeling contaminant fate. 

Phosphorus is an important nutrient, and, when 

anthropogenically enriched, a critical pollutant in 

the Great Lakes system. As part of the UGLCCS 

program, the cycling, source loads, and sinks of 

phosphorus in Lake St. Clair were studied. 

A total phosphorus mass balance budget for Lake 

St. Clair was completed. It was used to identify 

the relative importance of phosphorus loading 

sources (Huron > Diffuse Runoff >>> Atmospheric 

& Point), and to determine if Lake St. Clair is a net 

source or a net sink for phosphorus (Fig. 17). Over 

the six-year study period (1975-1980 inclusive), 

the mean external load (input) and the mean 

outflow (loss) were not statistically different. 

Assuming accurate estimates of inputs and losses, 
UGLCCS 

Figure 15. The contaminant fate model developed by the ESS group reasonably predicts the fate 

of PCBs in Lake St. Clair. 

we concluded that there is no apparent net source 

or sink for phosphorus in Lake St. Clair. 

Field and Laboratory 

Experiments 

GLERL scientists conducted microcosm experiments to determine how much phosphorus is 

released from Lake St. Clair sediments. In addition, a survey of mussel populations was completed, and measurements were made of phosphorus filtration, biodeposition, and excretion by 

mussels in Lake St. Clair. The abundance, biomass, and species composition were estirnatcd, 

and the age-structure and production of the most 

abundant species were determined. These data 

will provide information on the general "health" 

of the mussel population and will also allow us to 

estimate the impact of sediment release and 

mussel excretion on phoshorus cycling within the 

lake. 

Extensive coring was undertaken in Lake St. Clair 

during May and September, 1985 in collaboration 

with Canada Centre for Inland Waters. The operation resulted in acquisition of diver-collected 

sediment cores from an evenly spaced grid covering most of the fine grained sediments in the lake. 

Two cores were collected from each of 36 sites, 

sectioned in the field, and materials were divided 

between participating institutions for laboratory 

analysis. Results show a pronounced accumulation of 137Cs in areas of fine grained sediments, 

generally the central areas of the lake. Modeling of 

137Cs removal indicates a scdiment residence time 

of about 5 years. 

GLERL's previously developed Coupled Lakes 

Contaminant Fate Model was applied to estimate 

the timedependence of 137Cs loadings to Lake St. 

Clair and the connecting channels. The calculation 

showed that the dominant source in Lake St. Clair 

is inflow from Lake Huron, and that if all the lJ7Cs 

were retained in the system, a total of 471 Curies 

should be found in the sediment. We measured an 

integrated inventory of 37 Curies. Thus less than 

20 percent of the total loading of the radionuclide 

to the system appears to remain in bottom dcposits. This suggests that most particle-associated 

contaminants must migrate through Lake St. Clair 

and enter Lake Erie. 

Three week-long synoptic current surveys were 

conducted in Lake St. Clair during FY 85 to ob- 
UGLCCS 

1 .o 

0.8 

0 

0.6 

E 

% 0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 

lnltlal Cu concentratlon, pg ml -' IAl 

0.4 

E 

%, 0.2 

0.0 

1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 

Initial Cu concentratlon, pg ml-' 

Figure 16. Comparison of a combined fate and effects 

model (CFEM) with effects-only model (EOM) shows that 

marked differences may result in predicted algal biomass 

(gC m-3). Simulated algal biomass at 96 h for seven initial 

Cu concentrations and two pH levels are compared. Differences between the two models are more at pH 6.5 (Fig. 

A) than they are at pH 5.0 (Fig. B). At pH 6.5 and Cu 

concentrations less than 0.2 ug ml-', the EOM predicts 

greater biomass than CFEM does. Conversly, at Cu 

concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 ug ml-', the 

EOM predicts less biomass than the CFEM does. 

Circulation patterns in Lake St. Clair at threehour intervals were calculated with a two-dimensional numerical circulation model for the period 

May-November of 1985 using winds measured by 

the NWRI meteorological buoys and compared to 

measurements obtained from drifting buoys and 

from three synoptic ship surveys of currents in the 

lake. 

The currents in Lake St. Clair were found to be 

dominated by hydraulic flow, but wind-induced 

changes in the circulation pattern can change 

residence times from 2 days to more than 30 days. 

The average residence time is about 9 days. 

.During late FY 85 and early FY 86 GLERL and 

NWRI (Canada) performed an extensive joint field 

measurement program in Lake St. Clair to measure 

wave dissipation and the effect of waves on resuspension in shallow water (WAVEDISS '85: Wave 

Attenuation, Variability, and Energy Dissipation in 

Shallow Seas). The experiment ran from September to December, 1985 and resulted in the collection of nearly hourly measurements of significant 

wave height and wave period at three of the six 

towers. The other three towers recorded data only 

when the wind speed exceeded a preset threshold, 

usually set to 7 m/s, so that the data covered only 

serve and measure flow throughout the basin 

under calm and storm wind conditions. Analysis 

of this data set, involving reduction of the raw 

data to measured currents and comparison of the 

measured currents to circulation model predictions, was conducted during FY 86 and FY 87: 

Lake St. Clair average phosphorus loads and losses 

during the 1975-'80 period (metric tonnes per year) 

Atmosoheric. . . -- - - -. 

u. s. Oirect Erosion. Point Lake 1.621 Huron canadian 

Hydrologic Hydrologic 

Areas '''4 Areas 

St. CIair 

Net Loss - 15 

I Detroit ~iver outflow 3.148 I 

Figure 17. Phosphorus loads to Lake St. Clair were dominated by the outflow from Lake Huron and non-point loads 

from primarily agricultural areas. 
UGLCCS 

the periods of high wind and, therefore, high 

waves. Meteorological data consisting of hourly 

measurements of wind speed, wind direction, air 

temperature, and water temperature were obtained 

from several meteorological buoys in the lake. 

The meteorological data were used to drive the 

GLERL-Donelan Numerical Wave Prediction 

Model. This model has been used successfully to 

predict wave height and wave direction in Lakes 

Erie and Michigan. In the mathematical formulation, waves are assumed to obey the deep water 

dispersion relationship, and refraction and bottom 

dissipation are ignored. In addition to running the 

regular (deep water) GLERL-Donelan model, a 

modified (shallow water) version of the model was 

developed to account for the effects of finite water 

depth on wave propagation. 

The experimental data were used to drive both 

versions of the model. To our surprise, the deep 

water version provided quite acceptable estimates 

of wave height, even for the largest waves at the 

shallowest station (3-4 m of water). The shallow 

version of the model tended to underestimate the 

highest waves at all stations. Plans were made to 

examine why the deep water model worked so 

well in Lake St. Clair. One possibility that will be 

explored is that the wind momentum input function is oversimplified in the model and that if it 

were formulated more realistically, the deep water 

model would also tend to overestimate the highest 

waves. 
MARINE HAZARDS 

AND 

LAKE HYDROLOGYDetroit River Velocity Profile 

2.0 0 

45 

1.5 

90 - U) 

0 aJ 

S to 135 6 \ 

E Q) 

Y 0 

E 180 

.- 0 g 0.5 .- - 

Q, 

225 

> 2 .- 

n 

270 

0 

315 

- 0.5 360 

0 3 6 9 12 15 21 24 

Time (hours) 

Figure 18. The normal flow of the Detroit River is from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. However, under a 

combination of meteorological and ice conditions the flow can reverse. These flow reversals are interesting 

as hydraulic phenomena, but are more important because they disrupt the normal contaminant pathway. 

Flow reversals could transport contaminants that would ordinarilyflow into Lake Erie into Lake St. Clair 

instead, causing potential detrimental effects upon Lake St. Clair's ecosystem. The use of water gradient 

procedure in conjunction with computerized unsteady flow models are used to determine the occurrence of 

flow reversal-their frequency, magnitude, and duration--and prerequisite conditions. 

M arine Hazards and Lake Hydrology 

research focuses on (1) improving prediction of environmental phenomena associated with 

the National Weather Service (NWS) marine 

warning and forecasting services and the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers (COE) forecasting and 

regulation of Great Lakes water flow, and (2) 

providing better tools and methods for short- and 

long- term assessments of water resources of large 

lakes. GLERL research in these areas includes 

field and analytical investigations to develop simulation and prediction models of over-water wind 

and wind-waves, water surface oscillations, storm 

surges, and flooding; lake ice formation, growth, 

movement, and breakup; and hydrologic lake 

levels, water supplies and balance, water quantity 

management, and flows in the connecting channels 

(Fig. 18). GLERL staff work closely with colleagues 

at the forecasting and warning service agencies to 

assure that GLERL products meet the needs of the 

operational forecasters. Products released to the 

user community continue to be improved by 

GLERL researchers, either by fine-tuning or by the 

addition of new tools and capabilities. 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Surface Waves and 

Water-Level Fluctuations 

T he primary driving forces for water movements in the Great Lakes are the wind acting 

on the surface, the exchange of heat across the 

water-atmosphere boundary, and the hydraulic 

flow through the system. Wind-generated surface 

waves can be a significant hazard to ships and 

recreational boaters, and storms can produce rapid 

short-term elevations of water level in the shallower bodies of water such as western Lake Erie, 

Green Bay, and Saginaw Bay. The ability to 

predict wind-generated waves, storm surge, and 

seiches produced by storms is critical to the safety 

of marine users and shoreline property interests on 

the Great Lakes. 

Shallow-Water Wave 

Forecasting 

Some of the most heavily populated and most intensely used areas of the Great Lakes are also the 

shallowest (Lake St. Clair, Green Bay, Saginaw 

Bay, and western Lake Erie, for example). Although wave forecast methods for deep water are 

well-developed, shallow-water wave forecasting is 

still in its infancy. 

During late FY 85, GLERL initiated research on the 

effects of shallow water on wave dissipation and 

attenuation that includes both field experiments 

and development of applicable models. The first 

experiment was a joint effort during FY 85 and FY 

86 between GLERL and Canada's NWRI and Atmospheric Environment Service to study shallowwater wave processes in Lake St. Clair (Fig. 19). It 

was conducted as part of the UGLCCS program 

(see Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels 

Study). 

Another shallow-water wave measurement program was carried out in early FY 87 to further 

investigate the relative importance of shallowwater effects and island shadowing on wave 

generation and propagation in lakes. An instrument tower and a wave buoy were installed in 

western Lake Erie along with the regular NOAA - 

National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy (already 

there and deployed every year). Data were collected through November 1987, after which the 

instruments were retrieved before the winter 

freeze-up. 

Wave Height Studies 

and Models 

GLERL staff continued to support the use of the 

GLERL Interactive Wave Prediction Model by 

marine forecasters at the NWS Great Lakes 

Weather Service Forecast Offices (WSFOs). The 

model, housed on the GLERL computer, was 

accessed several hundred times by NWS forecasters during FY 86 and FY 87. 

NDBC has been deploying NOMAD buoys in the 

Great Lakes for surface wave and meteorological 

measurements since 1979. GLERL has been actively using these well-archived data in a variety 

of tasks since the implementation of NDBC buoy 

measurements: 

4 A wave climate synthesis system was developed 

for the Great Lakes. Long-term climate extremes 

of wave heights can be readily estimated from 

given long-term wind speed statistics where wave 

measurements are not available. 

It is known that long-term wave heights can be 

modeled by log-normal or Weibull distributions, 

and that wind speed can be represented by a Rayleigh distribution. GLERL scientists postulated the 

existence of joint distributions between wind 

speeds and wave heights and between wave 

heights and wave periods. Since wind data are 

generally obtainable, the existence of validated 

joint distribution models can lead directly from 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

wind statistics to wave statistics. During FY 87 

wind and wave measurements recorded from the 

eight NOMAD buoys during 1987-1984 were 

analyzed for long-term wind and wave statistics 

for use in testing the joint distribution postulate. 

A wave climate experiment was undertaken to 

measure waves in the western basin of Lake Erie 

with GLERL's satellitc-reporting Waverider buoy. 

The buoy reported wave measurements during 

September and October of 1986. The data collected 

from this experiment will be used in conjunction 

with shallow-water wave studies and for verification of wave prediction models. 

Applications of GLERL's 

Storm Surge Model 

At the rcquest of the Department of Natural 

Resources of Michigan and of Ohio, the Army 

COE, several Sea Grant Programs, and other 

agencies with responsibility for Great Lakes I 

shorelines, GLERL developed and distributed a 

PC-based computer program that can assist in 

planning for storm surges on the Great Lakes. For fi." 

a given mean lake level, wind speed, and wind 

direction, the program provides the maximal and 

minimal expected watcr lcvel elevations at selected points on the shoreline of the lakes. The 

program is being used extensively as a planning I 

tool for disaster preparedness and storm surge C 

pIanning. I ? 

Figure 19. A wan- tower used on Lake St. Clair during the 

GLERL-NWRI study on warn processes. Ice formed on the 

tower before it euas retrieved December 1986. ! 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Great Lakes Ice 

he seasonal ice and snow cover in the Great 

Lakes basin has a major effect on both thc 

economic and socia1 well-being of the corntnuni ty. 

It affects navigation, shoreline erosion and damage, hydropower generation, water supplies, fishcries, recreation, and local climate. Undcrstanding, simulating, and forecasting the ice and snow 

cover require improved information on the forrnation, growth, movcmcnt, and decay of the ice 

covcr; thc extent, thickness, and water equivalent 

of the snow cover; a better definition of the characteristics of the snow and ice covcr; and the development of numerical models depicting the proccsscs governing freeze-up, areal cxtcnt, thickncss, 

transport, and brcakup of the ice cover, and mctamorphosis and ablation oh the snow cover. 

Operational Ice Forecasts 

A menu-driven compu tcr algorithm was dcveloped during FY 85 for NWS to forecast ice conditions on the St. Marys River. The algorithm 

forccasts datc of ice formation, ice growth, and 

date of ice loss. During FY 86, procedures to 

access and run thc algorithm, data input rcquircmcnts, and forecast limitations wcrc demonstrated 

and documented. Access to and support of the algori thrn on GLERL's computer were provided to 

both NWS and the Army COE for use in making 

(experimental) operational forecasts during the 

1985-86 and 1986-87 winter seasons on thc Great 

Lakcs. 

During FY 87 we transferred cornputcr code to 

NWS Cleveland for making icc forccasts for the St. 

Marys River and four bay and harbor sites, and for 

analysis of freezing dcgrcc-days and thawing 

degree-days. NWS Cleveland and GLERL are now 

using the same convention for calculating dcgreedays, and NWS Cleveland can now au tomatc 

dcgrce-day calculations and makc opcra tional use 

of degree-days for ice forecasts. 

completed during FY 87. Two reports were publishcd which contain statistics for maximal thicknesses, growth and dissipation rates, ice cover 

durations, and average white and total ice 

amounts and ranges for each of the Great Lakcs as 

well as for selected individual stations in the 

network. 

Spectral Reflectance of 

Ice and Snow 

During FY 85, airborne measurements of spcctral 

reflectance in the visible and near-infrared region 

(400-1100 nm) from old snow, open water, and 

several ice types were made from an altitude of 

300 rn over Saginaw Bay. These measurements 

were corrcctcd for thc effects of atrnosphcric 

at tcnuation and path radiance by using a combination of existing standardization tcchniqucs involving light and dark secondary standards calibrated 

against a barium sulfate rcfcrcnce panel used as 

the primary standard (Fig. 20). 

Other studies that have used a barium sulfate 

panel for a primary standard havc assumed that it 

behaves Pike a perfect diffuse (Larnbertian). rcflcctor and therefore foll~ws Lambert's cosine law 

Nearshore Ice Thickness ~igurc 20. Barium sulfate punel mounted on fin-axis posiiiow. 

A study to analyze and report on The rotating boom, on which the detector is mounted, isshown at an 

statistics of a nearshorc icc thickness data base was angk appmximfely +2Q0 from normal to the pand. 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

(with constant illumination normal to the surface, 

the intensity or reflectance from a Lambertian 

surface varies as the cosine of the angle of view, 

but has a constant radiance of 1). During FY 86 the 

barium sulfate reference panel used by GLERL as 

the primary standard for the field calibrations was 

tested for Lambertian response at different 

incident angles and wavelengths. Deviations from 

a perfect Lambertian response were documented 

for most angles and at all wavelengths measured, 

leading to the conclusion that the airborne data 

must also be corrected for errors due to the imperfect Lambertian response of the reference panel. 

The FY 85 data were corrected for the non-Lambertian response of the primary reference panel, 

resulting in an average decrease in reflectance of 

8.3 percent in the visible band and 3.6 percent in 

the near-infrared band for the types of ice measured. 

During FY 87 a cooperative study was initiated 

with scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight 

Center to document and define the reflectance 

characteristics in the visible and near-infrared 

range for various types of Great Lakes ice and 

snow. A library of such measurements established 

for different ice and snow surface types could 

improve interpretation of satellite sensor data 

from these surfaces and would help to improve the 

estimation of hemispheric reflectance from satellite 

observations. The latter is a parameter needed for 

most climate and radiation budget models for the 

shortwave spectrum. 

A sphere-scanning spectroradiometer was used 

to determine the reflectance in three spectral bands 

of snow and three types of ice under clear skies. 

Data were obtained from early morning to late 

afternoon (approximately every 5" of solar zenith 

angle) and included reference panel diffuse sky irradiance and sun photometer data. The data will 

aid reflectance modeling and satellite interpretation efforts. 

Spectral Transmittance 

Through Ice 

A study to define the spectral transmittance of 

solar radiation through ice and snow in the visible 

and near-infrared ranges was initiated during 

FY 87: 

An underwater spectroradiometer was configured to operate under the ice and in the water 

column below the ice to a depth of 30 m. This is 

the first time this type of instrument system has 

been successfully deployed through freshwater ice; 

divers are often used in the Antarctic to take 

similar measurements. 

Data were collected through a wide variety of ice 

types. Small amounts of radiation penetrate to 

10-12 m even on overcast days and in relatively 

turbid waters. Spectral shifts in radiation intensity 

were observed at various depths, and radiation 

transmittance directly under various ice types did 

not appear to vary widely in spectral composition, 

although it did vary in intensity. 

Degree-Day Climatology of the 

Great Lakes Region 

An 81-year (1897-1977) degree-day climatology for 

the Great Lakes region was updated with the 

addition of data for 6 years (1978-1983). The 

cumulative frequency distribution of the seasonal 

maximal freezing degree-days at 25 stations for the 

base period 1897-1983 was used to revise a winter 

severity index developed in an earlier study. 

Winter severity class limits were developed for 

each of the Great Lakes. The period of the update 

is remarkable in that it contains some of the most 

severe and one of the mildest winters of the whole 

87-year base period. 

Effect of Climatic Change on 

Great Lakes Ice Cycles 

A new task was developed during FY 87 to analyze 

the effects of climatic change on Great Lakes ice 

cycles; partial funding for this work was provided 

by EPA: 

Lakes Erie and Superior were chosen as representative of the extremes in climate, water mass, 

and lake depth for the Great Lakes. Each lake was 

divided into basins representative of different heat 

storage capacities. 

w Basin mean ice concentration, air temperature, 

and freezing and thawing degree-days were 

calculated for three basins of Lake Erie and two 

basins of Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay over 20 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

winters from 1960 to 1979. 

Empirical models to simulate basin mean ice 

concentration are under development and evaluation. 

Thermal Structure of 

the Great Lakes 

Knowledge of the thermal structure of the Great 

Lakes in fall and winter is important to studies of 

ice formation, the effects of climate change on the 

Great Lakes, and the water balance of the Great 

Lakes: 

GLERL finished and published its description of 

the fall and winter thermal structure of Lake Superior. 

GLERL, in consultation with NWS, planned a 

program to collect Great Lakes temperature profile 

data at the suggestion of NOAA's National Ocean 

Service (NOS). NOS installed a Shipboard Environmental [Data] Acquisition System (SEAS) onboard a Great Lakes commercial vessel. Temperature profile data collected by SEAS are available in 

near-real time for operational use by NWS. 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Hydrologic Properties 

T he availability of adequate supplies of freshwater is potentially one of the country's most 

serious long-range problems. The Great ~akes, 

with a total combined surface area of 247,000 km2, 

contain 23,000 km3 of water, or approximately 95 

percent of the United States' fresh surface water. 

This water is used for navigation, drinking, industrial processes, hydropower, irrigation, transportation, and wildlife and fish habitats. Major changes 

in water quantity are caused by annual and seasonal variations in the water supply, consumptive 

use, and interbasin diversions. The usual measure 

of water quantity is the lake level of the individual 

lakes. Over the past 120 years the levels have 

fluctuated about 2 m, and the normal seasonal 

fluctuation has been 35-50 cm between winter 

minimum and summer maximum. Superimposed 

upon the natural fluctuations are a number of 

anthropogenic changes which have or could have 

major effects on Great Lakes water quantity. 

During 1985, high lake levels set records on Lakes 

Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie 

(Fig. 21). GLERLfs hydrologic research program is 

directed toward improving our knowledge of the 

hydrologic and hydraulic processes, improving 

methods of forecasting and simulating water 

supplies and lake levels, and improving large-river 

dynamic flow models. The research assists in 

water resource planning and management and in 

the solution of problems related to water supply, 

water quality, shore erosion, flooding, hydropower, navigation, and recreation. 

Rainfall-Runof f Modeling 

Deterministic forecasts (outlooks) of accumulated 

net basin water supply components are required in 

near-real time for use in regulating water levels of 

large lakes. The GLERL Large Basin Runoff Model 

was developed for the runoff component several 

years ago. This general model has been modified 

and refined to improve its application to the Great 

Lakes. To calibrate the model, each lake is divided 

into sub-basins that drain into that particular lake, 

and then all available historical data for all subbasins about the lake are used to perform the 

initial calibrations. Initial calibrations are complete for Lakes Ontario and Superior. During FY 

86 and FY 87: 

Daily meteorological data from 1954 through 

1985 over the Lake Erie basin were reduced with 

updated algorithms; data on the other Great Lake 

basins were updated through 1985. 

Final calibrations of the Large Basin Runoff 

Model were made for the 99 watersheds about 

Lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, completing the application to all 121 Great 

Lakes watersheds and 7 Lake Champlain watersheds; the distributed-parameter applications 

produced correlations for these basins of 0.93, 0.92, 

0.89, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. 

Automation of all calibration, climatic data reduction, and forecast procedures was completed so 

that GLERL's water supply technology can be 

applied to other large lake basins. 

GLERL's Hydrologic Response Model was 

evaluated and compared with the COE hydraulic 

routing model for determining channel flows in 

the unregulated portion of the Great Lakes system; 

our model produces equivalent results, but is 94 

percent faster than the COE approach. 

The Large Basin Runoff Model and its applications for the 106 upper Great Lakes watersheds 

above the Niagara River were integrated with estimates of over-lake precipitation and lake evaporation, the Lake Superior regulation plan, and the 

Hydrologic Response (channel routing) Model to 

make possible system-wide simulation of the 

upper Great Lakes water supplies, connecting 

channel flows, and lake levels. 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Lake Erie 

Monthly Water Levels 

(Calendar Years 1860-1986) 

172 

1880 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 

Period-Of-Record 

Figure 21. Monthly water levels for Lake Eriefrom 1860 - 1986. 

Water Supply Forecasting 

and Lake Level Simulations 

During FY 85, GLERL completed work to semiautomate a forecasting software package that uses 

the Large Basin Runoff Model, historical overlake 

precipitation, and lake evaporation estimates to 

predict Lake Superior water supplies in near-real 

time. The software may be used with GLERL's 

Great Lakes Hydrologic Response Model, developed several years ago, to forecast or simulate the 

hydrologic water balance through the Great Lakes 

system. It integrates the hydrologic components 

and simulates water routes through the system 

into the St. Lawrence River. The model provides 

the resulting lake levels for each of the Great Lakes 

and Lake St. Clair, and the flows in the connecting 

channels. During FY 86 and FY 87: 

An error analysis revealed that about 20 percent 

of the error in the GLERL forecasts derives from 

NWS weather outlooks. About half the remaining 

error results from modeling lake evaporation. 

The Hydrologic Response Model was modified, 

extensively documented, and recalibrated to 

reduce the error in modeled Lake Michigan-Huron 

levels. 

The applications were reinstalled for the Army 

COE, Detroit District, on its new Harris 800 computer, and GLERL's production of experimental 

forecasts was terminated. The COE in Detroit 

initiated a multi-year program to evaluate and 

compare Lake Superior forecasts made using the 

GLERL software package with forecasts made 

using existing operational methods. 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Wind set-up errors in computed mean lake levels 

were estimated from linearized hydrodynamic 

shallow-water equations applied to Lakes Erie and 

Superior for historical and current gauge networks; optimal network gauge selections were 

made from the 16 available Lake Erie gauges and 

the 10 available Lake Superior gauges to minimize 

set-up error in the estimated spatial mean lake 

level (Fig. 22). These networks are being used to 

improve our estimates of historical lake levels and 

attendant water balances. 

Testimony from pre-1914 IJC hearings was 

examined to determine the historical basis for the 

present IJC limits on Lake Superior levels and 

revealed that present limits were intended only as 

regulation goals. 

Development of a generic Thiessen weighting 

package was completed. The generic package is 

easily applied to different areas and to different 

types of data. It was installed on the Detroit 

COE's Harris 500, the Chicago COE's IBM-PC, the 

NWS Northeast River Forecast Center's (NERFC) 

Nova Eclipse, and the NWS Office of Hydrology's 

(OH) Airborne Gamma Radiation Snow Survey 

IBM/PC-AT. The Army COE, Detroit District, and 

the NWS NERFC use it to make near-real time 

areal estimates of snow water equivalents from 

aerial surveys of Lakes Superior and Champlain, 

respectively. The NWS OH Snow Survey Program 

uses the generic Thiessen weighting package for 

the Lake Superior and Lake Champlain basins and 

expects to use it for other areas where aerial snow 

surveys are conducted (Souris-Red-Rainy basin 

and St. Johns River basin). 

Lake Evaporation Modeling 

Lake evaporation models are needed for lake-level 

forecasts and simulations, but evaporation estimates are difficult because of data unavailability, 

process complexity, and lack of heat storage 

understanding. Model building has always been 

difficult because no direct observations of Great 

Lakes evaporation are possible for calibrating or 

verifying models. Model building, calibration, and 

verification are now possible with the advent of 

remotely sensed water surface temperatures for 

each of the Great Lakes. GLERL developed a 

model that considers both heat storage and evaporation to extrapolate water surface temperatures 

for determining evaporation: 

Based on advice from Environment Canada, 

GLERL revised its potential evaporation models. 

A first-order heat balance and heat storage 

function for Lake Superior was constructed and 

tested with NOAA's satellite data. 

18 -. 

G 

n 

E u, 3 32- 

z .= 

EZ 

=w 

.- €9- 6- 

co 

5 

0 

0 3 6 B 12 

Tolerable Root Mean Square Error (mm) i 

w The heat balance was used to determine and partially verify evaporation estimates by matching observed Lake Superior water surface temperatures; 

good agreement was obtained with observed temperatures, spring and fall turnover dates (when the 

lake water circulates vertically because of density 

changes), and evaporation (computed as a residual 

in a water balance for Lake Superior). 

Lake evaporation can now be estimated with confidence for other Great Lakes, since observed temperatures are available. The improved evaporation models can be merged with GLERL's near-real 

time forecast packages for the COE Lake Superior 

water level forecasts and the NWS Northeast River 

Figure 22. Number of existing Lake Erie water level gages Forecast Center Lake Champlain water supply 

required to limit error in the spatial-mean water level estimate. forecasts. 

Each number was computed by considering predicted wind setup errors resulting from the spatial-optimum choice of existing Lake Superior Water Balance 

gages for each network size. Choice of gages in this manner 

allows consideration of lake surface tilt from existing hydrody- Analysis of thermal corrections to Lake Superior's 

namical models. monthly change in storage, based on Expendable 
MARINE HAZARDS AND LAKE HYDROLOGY 

Bathythermograph transects made during 1976, 

revealed that the thermal component of change in 

lake storage is an important factor in the water 

balance of that lake. Thermal change in lake 

storage was largest during the period of thermal 

stratification (July, August, and September) when 

it accounted for more than 10 percent of the uncorrected change in storage. Thermal effects on net 

basin water supply (NBS) were found to be more 

than 100 percent of the uncorrected NBS in January, and between 12 percent and 70 percent of uncorrected NBS in February, July, August, and September of 1976. 

Development of corrections to the Lake Superior 

water balance, based on the thermal expansion and 

contraction of water, was extended through joint 

volumetric and mass balances to consider additional bathythermograph transects that became 

available last year. 

Seasonal Influences on 

River Flows 

The St. Clair and Detroit Rivers are major connecting channels between Lake St. Clair, Lakes Michigan-Huron, and Lake Erie, respectively. Ice 

buildup and jamming in the St. Clair River can 

have a significant effect on the seasonal cycle of 

water levels in the Great Lakes. Ice buildup 

reduces the channel capacity of the rivers and 

results in water storage in Lakes Michigan and 

Huron and reduced flows in the rivers, especially 

the St. Clair River. Reduced flow in the St. Clair 

River can have a significant effect on the level of 

Lake St. Clair. Wind set-up in Lake Erie can push 

water into the west end of the lake, which can 

result in a flow reduction and a short-term flow 

reversal in the Detroit River. The latter may 

provide a mechanism for the transport of contaminants from the Detroit River into Lake St. Clair. 

The St. Clair River Winter Flow Experiment was 

extended into the FY 87 winter season and was terminated after five consecutive years of winter flow 

data for the St. Clair River. Data over two consecutive winter seasons have also been collected 

for the Detroit River (Detroit River Winter Flow 

Experiment). The results of this multi-year experiment have demonstrated the feasibility of using in 

situ current meters to monitor winter flows. 

However, it was shown that electromagnetic 

current meters are not appropriate for such measurements, owing to the significant loss of sensitivity caused by frazil ice during the winter and by 

weeds during the summer and fall. Acoustic 

Doppler current meters, on the other hand, work 

well in spite of these conditions. The data were 

also used to evaluate the St. Clair-Detroit River 

flow transfer method, which was found to be very 

useful when one of the rivers is free of ice problems. 

During FY 86, historical data were examined for 

evidence of possible flow reversals in the Detroit 

River during 1900-1985. Eight possible occurrences were identified and selected for further 

analysis, including one major episode that occurred in April 1984 (when GLERL had meters in 

the river) and coincided with a massive St. Clair 

River ice jam. At this time there was a reverse 

flow into Lake St. Clair, with rates reaching a 

maximum of 2500 m3 s-' for several hours. A 

second major episode may have occurred during 

February 1939. From this study it would appear 

that the main condition under which a flow reversal occurs is a severe ice jam on the St. Clair River, 

coupled with a Lake Erie wind set-up. Thus, 

although flow reversals are relatively rare events, 

they may provide a mechanism for the transport of 

contaminants into Lake St. Clair. 
OUTREACH 

ACTIVITIES 

T he GLERL mission includes the development 

of environmental information, data, and 

service tools in support of user needs in government and private organizations. Identification of 

the environmental information required in association with GLERL's mission helps guide our research programs and is a vital activity of GLERL 

staff. Participation on boards, commissions, task 

forces, and committees is an essential part of this 

effort. An equally important role is played by the 

Publications Unit (see Facilities and Services, page 

43), which supports all aspects of publishing 

GLERL's products making GLERL publications 

available to those who need them, as well as answering information requests, and creating displays and general literature concerning GLERL's 

products and work. 

International and 

Interagency Participation 

Staff participation on boards, commissions, task 

forces, and committees provides a mechanism for 

defining new research initiatives, identifying user 

needs, and guiding the development of usable 

products. It helps to maintain staff involvement in 

programs concerned with environmental problems 

and keeps staff familiar with water- and landoriented resource development and management 

issues. 

Great Lakes Surveillance Work Group 

(P. Landrum, FY 87) 

Lake Michigan Task Force (B. Eadie) 

Lake Erie Task Force (J. Robbins, Consultant) 

Lake Huron Task Force (T. Nalepa, FY 87) 

Surveillance Design in Areas of Concern 

(D. Scavia, FY 86) 

Task Force on In-Place Sediment Contaminants, Workshop on Monitoring in Areas of 

Concern (B. Eadie, Co-chair, FY 86) 

Upper Connecting Channels Task Force 

(J. Derecki) 

Workshop on Atmospheric Input to the Great 

Lakes (B. Eadie, FY 87) 

Great Lakes Science Advisory Board 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Chair, N 87) 

Council of Great Lakes Research Managers 

(D. Reid, FY 87) 

Great Lakes Levels Task Force 

(F. Quinn, Chairman) 

Task Force on Great Lakes Modeling 

(D. Scavia, FY 86) 

Other interagency, professional society, and international activities: 

. American Geophysical Union 

Committee on Personal Computers 

(T. Croley, member) 

During FY 86 and FY 87 GLERL staff participated . ~4merican Institute of H~drolog~ 

as members (unless noted otherwise) of the follow- Michigan Section (T. Croley, President) 

ing International Joint Commission boards, committees, and task forces: American Meteorology Society 

Hydrology Committee (F. Quinn) 

International Great Lakes Technical Information 

Network Board (F. Quinn) American Society for Limnology and 

Hydrology Committee (T. Croley) Oceanography 

Systems Evaluation Committee (T. Croley) Board of Directors (D. Scavia) 

. International Great Lakes Levels and Flows ¤ Coordinating Committee for Great Lakes HyAdvisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair) draulic and Hydrologic Data Riverflow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

. Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Surveillance 

Work Group I Department of Commerce Consolidated Scienti- 
OUTREACH ACTIVITIES 

fic Computing System Technical Committee w NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New Bedford 

(G. Spalding) Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

Green Bay Study Mass Balance Study (USEPA) 

Field Operations Committee 

(N. Hawley, member) 

Management Committee (A. Beeton, member) 

Modeling Working Group 

(T. Fontaine, J. Saylor, members) 

Technical Advisory Committee 

(B. Eadie, P. Landrum, members) 

Huron River Watershed Council 

(D. Scavia, S. Tarapchak, Advisors) 

International Association for Great Lakes 

Research 

State of Michigan, Department of Natural 

Resources 

Great Lakes Information System, Technical 

Advisory Committee (E. Aubert, FY 86; 

A. Beeton, FY 87) 

Hazardous Waste Assessment Committee 

(B. Eadie, P. Landrum) 

Toxic Substances Control Commission 

(A. Beeton, Commissioner, FY 87) 

w Steering Committee for NSF-Sponsored Work 

shop on Complex Interactions in Lake Communities (D. Scavia, FY 86) 

Board of Directors (F. Quinn, Past-President, 

FY 86; D. Scavia, Secretary, FY 86; D. Third International Conference on Ecology and 

Schwab, Treasurer, FY 87; B. Eadie, member) Environmental Quality, Jerusalem, Israel 

Exhibits Committee, 30th Annual Conference (S. Tarapchak, Session Chairman) 

(M. Quigley, Co-chair) 

journal of Great Lakes Research 

(F. Quinn, Associate Editor) 

University Council on Water Resources 

(T. Croley) 

~echnical Committee (D. Scavia, Secretary) 

, University of Michigan 

Biological Station Executive Committee International Association for Hydrologic Re- (A. Beeton, member) search Sea Grant Research Advisory Committee Section on Water Resources Systems (J. Saylor, A. Bratkovich, FY 87, members) (T. Croley, U.S. Representative) 

International Association on Water Pollution Re- , Upper Great Lakes connecting Channel Study 

search and Control Specialist Technical Group (UGLCCS) 

on Systems Analysis in Water Quality Manage- Activities Integration Committee 

ment (T. Fontaine, member) (T. Fontaine) 

Biota Work Group (T. Nalepa) 

International Association of Theoretical and 

Applied Limnology 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

International Steering Committee, Conference 

on Biomanipulation of Natural and Artificial 

Freshwater Ecosystems (D. Scavia, FY 86) 

NOAA Estuarine Research and Planning Group 

Coupling of Primary and Secondary Production 

(D. Scavia, member) 

NOAA Lake Superior Submarine Committee 

(N. Hawley) 

Management committee (E-. Aubert, B. Eadie, 

FY 86; A. Beeton, FY 87) 

Modeling Task Force (T. Fontaine, Chair) 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control 

Work Group (W. Faust) 

Sediment Workgroup (J. Robbins, N. Hawley) 

Water Workgroup (P. Landrum) 

U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Group 

(F. Quinn, U.S. Co-Chair; R. Assel) 

U.S. Soil Conservation Service 

(A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) 
OUTREACH 

GLERL scientists also: 

- developed an Estuarine Research plan with 

other NOAA components (B. Eadie); 

- travelled to the Soviet Union as part of an 

official EPA-sponsored U.S.- U.S.S.R. Exchange 

Program for Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, Project on River Basin 

Water Quality, Planning and Management 

(P. Landrum); - served on six doctoral committees at The 

University of Michigan; - served as Adjunct Professors at The University 

of Michigan; 

- and conducted cooperative research and 

exchange visits with scientists from Bowling 

Green State University, Skidaway Institute of 

Oceanography, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, National Fisheries Center - Great 

Lakes. 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of 

GLERL staff is the attendance and participation in 

scientific and technical meetings. During FY 86 and 

FY 87 GLERL sponsored over 60 in-house seminars 

as part of the GLERL Informal Seminar Series, and 

165 presentations concerning GLERL work were 

made by our staff at public and professional meetings. We also co-hosted and Co-chaired the 30th 

Annual Conference of the International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, May, 1987, Ann Arbor, 

MI (B. Eadie, Co-Chair and M. Quigley, Exhibitors 

Coordinator), and participated in the planning of a 

symposium held at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the 

International Association on Water Pollution 

Research and Control in London, U.K. (T. Fontaine). 

Technology Transfers 

GLERL staff responded to approximately 2,100 requests for information during FY 86 and FY 87, and 

provided over 3,400 items to service those requests. 

Among the products that GLERL produces and distributes, many involve, to some degree, a transfer 

of technology as well as data. During FY 86 and FY 

87 GLERL's outreach of this nature involved the 

transfer of computer-based software providing improved techniques for resource forecasting and 

ACTIVITIES 

natural hazard preparedness: 

Storm Surge Planning Software 

Copies of this GLERL-developed software and 

advice on its proper application and limitations 

were provided to: 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

Ohio Department of Natural Resources 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources 

Wisconsin Sea Grant 

Toledo Edison Electric Co. 

Atmospheric Environment Service of 

Canada 

National Weather Service Forecast Offices 

(NWSFO), various 

Lake Superior Water Supply Model 

GLERL'S near-real time water supply outlook 

package was transferred to the Army Corps of 

Engineers, Detroit District, for use on Lake Superior. To accomplish this involved modifying the 

programs to work with COE's computer operating 

system and compilers, running the package to 

reconstruct the near-real time databases essential 

to the use of the package, and training Corps staff 

in use of the package. 

GLERL also transferred this package to the National Weather Service Northeast River Forecast 

Center (NERFC) for use on Lake Champlain. The 

effort was similar to the above, except that two 

GLERL scientists were sent to NERFC for 7 days to 

modify the programs on their Data General Nova 

Eclipse computer and to train their staff on-site. 

GLERL helped debug the NERFC system and 

modified the GLERL package at their request, to 

allow easy viewing of the most recent additions to 

their near-real time meteorologic data bases and to 

allow convenient override of climatic data in 

generating forecasts. GLERL also provided 

NERFC with materials for their meeting with the 

New York and Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation concerning the Large Basin 

Runoff Model, its application to Lake Champlain, 

and its potential for application to other large 

lakes. 
OUTREACH 

Areal Averaging of Point Measurements 

in Near-Real Time 

GLERL scientists developed a generic Thiessen 

weighting package that allows a user to apply it 

easily to different types of data. GLERL staff 

installed it on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Detroit District, Harris 500 computer; the National 

Weather Service Northeast River Forecast Center 

Data General Nova Eclipse; and both the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers North Central Division 

and the National Weather Service Office of Hydrology IBM/PC-ATs. This assistance included rewriting the package in several different languages, 

testing each on the target machine directly or via 

telecommunications, and then releasing each 

package with complete instructions. Modifications 

to suit differing agency requirements were made at 

the request of the agencies. The Detroit Corps and 

the NWS NERFC use this software to make nearreal time areal estimates of snow water equivalents 

from aerial surveys of Lakes Superior and Champlain, respectively. The Office of Hydrology Snow 

Survey Program uses it for the Lake Superior and 

Lake Champlain basins and expects to use it for 

other areas where aerial snow surveys are conducted (Souris-Red-Rainy basin and St. John's 

River basin). The Corp's North Central Division 

used the package for all Great Lake Basins for 

purposes of assessing different meteorological networks. 

Software to Unpack and Reformat 

NOAA Satellite Data 

A GLERL software package that reads NOAA 

AVHRR (HRPT or LAC) 5-channel digital satellite 

data, unpacks it, reformats it into band-interleaved-by-line (BIL) format, and reverses it (if 

necessary), was transferred to the following: 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Detroit District 

The University of Michigan 

(Remote Sensing Laboratory) 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Cold Regions Research and 

Engineering Laboratory 

ACTIVITIES 

be processed by systems designed primarily for 

use with LANDSAT satellite imagery. 

Ice Formation, Thickness, and Breakup 

Forecasting Techniques 

A menu-driven computer algorithm was developed for the National Weather Service (NWS) to 

forecast ice conditions on the St. Marys River. The 

algorithm forecasts date of ice formation, ice 

thickness, and date of ice loss based on work 

described in NOAA TM ERL GLERL-47. Procedures to access and run the algorithm on GLERLfs 

computer, as well as descriptions of the necessary 

input data and forecast limitations, were presented 

and demonstrated in a meeting at NWSFO Ann 

Arbor in October 1985. Modifications were made 

to the software during the fall of 1985 and the 

winter of 1986 to make the ice forecasting algorithm more useful in connection with operational 

ice forecasts. One such modification allowed NWS 

to change the way it updates the mean daily air 

temperature file used for making freeze-up forecasts. 

These recipients use the software to prepare 

NOAA (AVHRR) digital satellite data for use on 

their respective image processing systems. The 

software allows NOAA (AVHRR) satellite data to 
FACILITIES 

AND SERVICES 

I n January, 1987, after occupying what had 

been designated "temporary" quarters for 12 

years, GLERL moved into a new, modern research 

facility with over 24,600 square feet of usable 

space, including 19 laboratories totaling 4,100 sq. 

ft., 990 sq. ft. of conference rooms, a 1,250 sq. ft. 

library, and 1,220 sq. ft. for computer resources. 

In addition to general laboratory equipment, 

GLERL has a fully-equipped low-level radioisotope analysis laboratory, several gas chromatographs and liquid scintillation counters, a high pressure liquid chromatography system, a multichannel Coulter Counter, a full complement of 

growth chambers and incubators, stereo and inverted microscopes and a fully equipped multipurpose epifluorescence microscope. 

We also maintain and operate a High Speed Microcinematography Laboratory housed in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber. The 

combination of high-speed (500 frames per second) 

and precise control of the temperature between 1 

and 30°C allows advanced studies of the feeding 

behavior of zooplankton over the broad range of 

temperatures found in the natural Great Lakes environment. In addition, a separate Cold Room is 

maintained for conducting experiments and for 

growing biological cultures at low temperatures. 

Computer Facility 

The GLERL Computer Facility consists of a VAX 

11/780 system on-site and includes the capability 

of accessing either a mainframe computer (Cyber 

180/855) or a supercomputer (Cyber 2051, both 

located at the National Bureau of Standards in 

Gaithersburg, Maryland. GLERL is one of five 

remote nodes to that facility, which is known as 

the Department of Commerce Consolidated Scientific Computing System (CSCS). User terminals 

throughout GLERL's new facility are hardwired to 

a multiplexed digital switch that allows users to 

access the VAX system as well as either of the 

Cybers in Gaithersburg. 

Over 80 authorized accounts are supported for a 

variety of applications, including real-time data 

acquisition, data reduction, graphics, large scale 

modeling, statistical/mathematical analysis, telecommunications, and word processing. Off-site 

access to the system is available to authorized 

users through several modem-linked telephone 

lines, while on-site access is supported via graphics terminals, non-graphics interactive terminals, 

and desktop microcomputers. 

Library 

The GLERL library staff provides library and 

related services in support of GLERL's research 

activities. A program-oriented research collection 

is maintained, with special retrieval services 

available when the existing collection cannot meet 

the needs of individual researchers. Library 

services include reference, interlibrary loan, photocopying, acquisition, circulation, and online 

information retrieval for laboratory-affiliated 

personnel. The GLERL library is open to the public 

for reference use only. 

Collection holdings include 3,550 books, 4,180 

unbound periodical volumes, and 2,985 technical 

reports in the areas of climatology, hydrology, 

hydraulics, ice, limnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, oceanography, sedimentation, 

wave motion, contaminant organics and nutrients, 

with emphasis on the Great Lakes Basin. Access to 

the collection of technical reports is supported by 

an interactive online search capability. GLERL 

library staff expedite on-demand document retrieval and provide expanded reference capabilities on behalf of GLERL scientists through direct 

access arrangements with The University of Michigan libraries. 

The GLERL library is a member of the Michigan 

Library Consortium (MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network (WLLN), Federal Library 

and Information Network (FEDLINK), NOAA 

Library and Information Network (NLIN), and the 

Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC). 

The library receives over 200 periodical titles and 
FACILITIES AND SERVICES 

retrieves several hundred interlibrary loan requests each year. 

Marine Instrumentation 

Laboratory 

The Marine Instrumentation Laboratory (MIL) 

staff selects, calibrates, repairs, and when necessary, adapts or designs instruments to collect data 

in the lakes and their environs. The facility includes wood and machine shops, electronics 

design, fabrication, and repair shops; and houses 

both the Cold Room and the Microcinematography 

Laboratory. Engineers and technicians in this unit 

work closely with GLERL researchers to ensure 

that instruments are compatible with their needs. 

MIL staff also participate in field experimentsby 

providing support for the deployment and retrieval of field equipment, assistance with sample 

and data collections, and in-field maintenance or 

repair of equipment. 

During FY 86 and FY 87, MIL engineers and technicians also worked to improve real-time automated 

data return and assisted with the resolution of 

problems related to GLERL's move into a new 

facility. Among their accomplishments were 1) 

development and implementation of a unique 

building security system that uses an IBM-PC for 

its management and alarm reporting; 2) development of a property inventory system in DBase 111 

and transfer of that system to ERL in Boulder, CO; 

3) construction of a meterological station with 

satellite reporting capabilities; 4) successful negotiation with the manufacturer of our Doppler current profiler to provide a free enhancement of that 

products; new NOAA-series publications are automatically distributed according to these mailing 

lists. All new publications, including journal 

articles and books, are added to our six-month 

update listing of new publications, which keeps 

our users informed of GLERL's latest product 

releases. 

Research Vessel Shenehon 

The Shenehon is owned and operated by GLERL. It 

is based at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' boat 

yard at Grand Haven, Michigan and is the primary 

platform used in support of GLERL's open lake 

field investigations. The vessel is 65.6 feet long, 

with a 6.5-ft mean draft, a 600-nautical-mile 

cruising range, and a 10-knot cruising speed. 

Navigational equipment include a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two LORAN-C units, 

Sperry Auto Pilot, and a Raytheon Depth Sounder. 

A new LORAN-C system and a new 55-channel 

radiotelephone have been installed to improve the 

vessel's navigation and communication capabilities. 

The Shenehon is a designated NOAA weather reporting station. In FY 86 the National Ocean 

Service installed a Shipboard Environmental 

(Data) Acquisition System (SEAS) aboard the 

Shenehon. The system includes equipment to 

record, process, and plot water temperature data 

collected using Sippican Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) probes. This system, the first in 

the Great Lakes, provides increased capability to 

collect and transmit weather and water temperature data using satellite communications. 

instrument's capabilities, such that it can now be 

used to conduct shipboard measurements while An electro-hydraulic articulated crane is available 

under way. 

for deployment and retrieval of water and bottom 

sediment samplers and heavy instrument moorings. Electro-hydraulic winches handle hydro- Information Services - graphic wire and multiconductor cable for sample 

Publications Unit casts and in-situ measurements of water variables. 

An on-board laboratory is available for experi- The Publications Unit staff are responsible for pro- ments and sample processing. Scientific equip- viding and publications to the ment includes various-sized water samplers, rescientific staff, distributing GLERL publications, versing bottom samplers including 

and to requests lor publications and a box corer, and a 25 cm beam path transmissomeinformation; produce and ter coupled to an electronic bathythermograph. A 

mative fixed and portable displays concerning data acquisition system separate from the SEAS GLERL's work and/or important environmental records and plots data. The data are issues. The Publications Unit maintains and recorded in digital format. updates, eight mailing lists covering GLERL 
PERMANENT STAFF 

Full Time Part Time WAE 

Office of the Director 12 4 0 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 8 3 3 

Environmental Systems Studies Group 3 0 1 

Lake Hydrology Group 10 1 4 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 11 2 2 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 8 3 2 

TOTAL 52 13 12 

Office of the Director 

Aubert, E. J. -Director (retired June 1,1986) 

Quinn, F.H. - Acting Director (as of June 1,1986) 

Noble, P. - Secretary 

Reid, D.F. - Ass't to the Director 

Administration 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Dunivan, E.M. Lee, J.P. 

James, O.L. Townsend, G.H. 

Computer Facility 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

Del Proposto, D.J. Lefevre, J.T. 

Fenton, J.F. Shrum, A.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Information Services 

Reid, D.F. - Head 

Hannak, J.C. Hubbard, B.D. 

Environmental Systems Studies Group 

Fontaine, T.D., I11 - Head 

Darnell, C.M. - Secretary 

Hull, S.J. Lang, G.A. 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

Saylor, J.H. - Acting Head 

Darnell, C.M. - Secretary 

Clites, A.H. McCormick, M. J. 

Laba, S. J. Miller, G.S. 

Liu, P.C. Schwab, D. J. 

Lynn, E.W. 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo, H.K. - Head 

Booker, H.L. Miller, T.C. 

Dungan, J.E. Muzzi, R.W. 

Kistler, R.D. 

Lewis, C.A. 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

Gardner, W.S. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. -Secretary 

Babbitt, M.T. Malczyk, J.M. 

Chandler, J.F. Nalepa, T.F. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. Quigley, M.A. 

Gauvin, J.M. Scavia, D. 

Laird, G.A. Tarapchak, S.J. 

Liebig, J.R. Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Lake Hydrology Group 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.J. -Secretary 

Assel, RA. Kelley, R.N. 

Bolsenga, S.J. Leshkevich, G.A. 

Croley, T.E., 11 Makuch, L.L. 

Darr, K.A. Norton, D.C. 

Derecki, J.A. Poorman, G.M. 

Hartmann, H.C. 

Library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

Eadie, B. J. - Head 

Gray, M.J. - Secretary 

Bell, G.L. Lake, B.J. 

Faust, W.R. Landrum, P.F. 

Hawley, N. Morehead, N.R. 

Keilty, T.J. Robbins, J.A. 

RN Shenehon 

Morse, D.V. - Master Mate 

Bums, W.R. 

Grimes, J.E. 
PERMANENT STAFF 

Full Time Part Time WAE 

Office of the Director 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

Environmental Systems Studies Group 

Lake Hydrology Group 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

TOTAL 

Office of the Director 

Beeton, A.M. - Director (as of Nov. 1,1986) 

Noble, P.E. - Secretary 

Reid, D.F. - Ass't to the Director 

Administration 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lee, J.P. 

Townsend, G.H. 

Computer Facility 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

Del Proposto, D.J. Lefevre, J.T. 

Fenton, J.F. Shrum, A.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Information Services 

Reid, D.F. - Head 

Hannak, J.C. Hubbard, B.D. 

Environmental Systems Studies Group 

Fontaine, T.D. - Head 

Darnell, C.M. - Secretary 

Clites, A.H. 

Lang, G.A. 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

Saylor, J.H. - Acting Head 

Darnell, C.M. - Secretary 

Katt, G.A. McCormick, M. J. 

Laba, S.J. Miller, G.S. 

Liu, P.C. Muhr, G.C. 

Lynn, E.W. Schwab, D.J. 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo, H.K. - Head 

Booker, H.L. Miller, T.C. 

Dungan, J.E. Muzzi, R.W. 

Kistler, R.D. 

Lewis, C.A. 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

Gardner, W.S. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Babbitt, M.T. Nalepa, T.F. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. Quigley, M.A. 

Gauvin, J.M. Scavia, D. 

Laird, G.A. Tarapchak, S.J. 

Liebig, J.R. Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Malczyk, J.M. 

Lake Hydrology Group 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.J. -Secretary 

Assel, RA. Hunter, T.S. 

Bolsenga, S.J. Kelley, R.N. 

Brook, J.R. Leshkevich, G.A. 

Croley, T.E., I1 Makuch, L.L. 

Darr, K.A. Norton, D.C. Derecki, J.A. Poorman, G.M. 

Hartmann, H.C. 

Library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

Eadie, B.J. - Head 

MacTaggart, I.R. - Secretary 

Bell, G.L. Landrum, P.F. 

Chappell, J.L. Morehead, N.R. 

Faust, W.R. Rivera, M.P. 

Hawley, N. Robbins, J.A. 

Keilty, T.J. 

RN Shenehon 

Morse, D.V. - Master Mate 

Bums, W.R. 

Grimes, J.E. 
PUBLICATIONS 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes degree-day and winter 

severity index update: 1897-1983. NOAA DR ERL 

GLERL-29 (PB86-222437/XAB), 54 pp. (1986). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Evapotranspiration dynamics for 

large river basins. Proceedings, National Conference 

on Advances in Evapotranspiration, Chicago, IL, 

December 16-1 7,1985. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 423430 (1985). 

CROLN, T.E., 11. Understanding recent high Great 

Lakes water levels. Proceedings of the Great Lakes 

Symposium 'Those Magnificent Sweetwater Seas", 

10th Annual Conference of the National Marine 

Educators Association, John Carroll University, Cleveland, OH, August 6,1986. 60-77 (1986). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Areal 

averaging of point measurements in near real-time. 

Reprints from preprints, Second International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, 

Miami, FL, January 14-17,1986. American Meteorology Society, Boston, MA, 158-164 (1986). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Lake 

Superior water supply forecasting. Preprint Volume, 

Sixth Conference on Hydrorneteorology, Indianapolis, 

IN, Oct 29-Nov. 1,1985. American Meteorological 

Society, Boston, MA, (1985). 

DERECKI, J.A. Effect of channel changes in the St. 

Clair River during the present century. Ioumal of 

Great Lakes Research 11(3):201-207 (1985). 

DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Natural regulation 

of the Great Lakes by ice jams: A case study. Proceedings, Fourth Workshop on Hydraulics of River Ice, 

Montreal, Quebec, June 19-20,1986, k4.14.24 (1986). 

EADIE, B.J. Plenary Paper 1: Exposure Assessment: 

Computational Strategies. Report of the Workshop on 

Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, November 26-27, 

1985. National Water Research Institute, Canada 

Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, (1985). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., L. Sicko-Goad, D. SCAVIA, and 

E.F. Stoermer. Importance of picoplankton in Lake 

Superior. Canadian Ioumal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Scit~~e~ 43(1):235-240 (1986). 

FRANK A.P., P.F. LANDRUM, and B. J. EADIE. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon rates of uptake, depuration, and biotransformation by Lake Michigan Sfylodrilus Heringlanus. Chemosphere 15(3):317-330 (1986). 

FREZ, W.A., and P.F. LANDRUM. Species dependent 

uptake of PAH in Great Lakes invertebrates. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry, characterization, and carcinogenesis. Ninth International Symposium, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 291-304 (1986). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Technical Plan for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

76 pp. (1986). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Annual Report FY 1985. Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

48 pp. (1986). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Detailed Technical Plan for the Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 300 pp. (1986). 

HAWLEY, N., J.A. ROBBINS, and B.J. EADIE. The 

partitioning of 'beryllium in fresh water. Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta 50:1127-1131 (1986). 

Herdendorf, C.E., K. Knebusch, S.J. BOLSENGA, R. 

DeAngelis, and M. Brainard. Central Lake Erie 

recreational climate guide. Produced by the Ohio Sea 

Grant Program at The Ohio State University. 40 pp. 

(1986). 

Herdendorf, C.E., K. Knebusch, S.J. BOLSENGA, R. 

DeAngelis, and M. Brainard. Western Lake Erie 
FY 86 

PUBLICATIONS 

recreational climate guide. Produced by the Ohio Sea 

Grant Program at The Ohio State University. 40 pp. 

(1986). 

Krezoski, J.R., and J.A. ROBBINS. Vertical distribution 

of feeding and particle-selective transport of 13'Cs in 

lake sediments by Lumbriculid Oligochaetes. Joumal 

of Geophysical Research 90(C6):11,999-12,006 (1985). 

LAIRD, G.A., D. SCAVIA, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. 

Note algal organic carbon execretion in Lake Michigan. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 12(2):13&141(1986). 

LANG, G.A., and D. SCAVIA. Calculation of vertical 

diffusivity in Lake Washington based on long-term 

simulation of thermal structure. NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-59 (Pl386205515/XAB), 79 pp. (1986). 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Airborne measurements of the 

spectral refectance of freshwater ice. Proceedings, 3rd 

International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of 

Objects in Remote Sensing, Les Arcs, France, December 

1620,1985. 245-248 (1986). 

LIU, P.C. Testing parametric correlations for wind 

waves in the Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 11(4):478-491 (1985). 

McCORMICK, M.J., A.H. CLITES, and J.E. 

CAMPBELL. Water-tracking ability of satellite-tracked 

drifters in light winds. Marine Technology Society 

19(3):12-17 (1 986). 

MOREHEAD, N.R., B.J. EADIE, B. LAKE, P.F. LANDRUM, and D. BERNER. The sorption of PAH onto 

dissolved organic matter in Lake Michigan waters. 

Chemosphere 15(4):403-412 (1 986). 

NALEPA, T.F., and M.A. QUIGLEY. Distribution of 

epibenthic microcrustaceans in nearshore Lake Michigan. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 4(2):53-63 (1 985). 

QUIGLEY, M.A., and J.A. ROBBINS. Phosphorus 

release processes in nearshore southern Lake Michigan. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

43:1201-1207 (1986). 

QUINN, F.H. Causes and consequences of the record 

high 1985 Great Lakes water levels. Reprinted from the 

Preprint Volume of the Conference on Climate and 

Water Management-A critical era and conference on 

the human consequences of 1985's climate. Asheville, 

NC, August 4-7,1986. The American Meteorological 

Society, Boston, MA, 281-284 (1986). 

QUINN, F.H. Temporal effects of St. Clair River 

dredging on Lakes St. Clair and Erie water levels and 

connecting channel flow. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 11(3):400-403 (1985). 

QUINN, F.H. Implications of interbasin diversions, 

consumptive use, and the greenhouse effect on future 

Great Lakes water management. Preprint Volume, 

Sixth Conference on Hydrometeorology, Indianapolis, 

IN, Oct. 29-Nov 1,1985. American Meteorological 

Society, Boston, MA, 145-148 (1985). 

QUINN, F.H., and B. Guerra. Current perspectives on 

the Lake Erie water balance. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 12(2):109-116 (1986). 

Richardson, W.S., D.J. SCHWAB, Y.Y. Chao, and D.M. 

Wright. Lake Erie wave height forecasts generated by 

empirical and dynarnical methodscomparison and 

verification. NOAA TN OPC, 23 pp. (1986) 

ROBBINS, J.A. A model for particle-selective transport 

of tracers in sediments with conveyor belt deposit 

feeders. Journal of Geophysical Research 

91 (C7):854243558 (1986). 

ROBBINS, J.A. Sediments of Saginaw Bay, Lake 

Huron: Elemental composition and accumulation rates. 

A Final Report, Grant No. R8040686, Environmental 

Research Laboratory-Duluth, Office of Research and 

Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Duluth, MN, (1986). 

ROBBINS, J.A. The coupled lakes model for estimating 

the long-term response of the Great Lakes to timedependent loadings of particle-associated contaminants. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-57 (PB85-237154), 41 

pp. (1985). 

SCAVIA, D., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, M.S. Evans, D.J. 

Jude, and J.T. Lehman. Influence of salmonid predation and weather on long-term water quality trends in 

Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences 43(2):435-443 (1986). 

SCAVIA, D., G.A. LAIRD, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. 

Production of planktonic bacteria in Lake Michigan. 
PUBLICATIONS 

Limnology Oceanography 3(3):612426 (1986). in suspensions of heat-killed algae and an evaluation of 

the flow-cell method. Joumal of Plankton Research 

Schelske, C.L., E.F. Stoermer, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and 8(2):341-352 (1986). 

M. Haibach. Phosphorus enrichment, silica utilization 

and biogeochemical silica depletion in the Great Lakes. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

43(2):407-415 (1986), 

SCHWAB, D.J., J.R BENNETT, and E.W. LYNN. A 

two-dimensional lake wave prediction system. Entironmental Software 1(1):4-9 (1986). 

SCHWAB, D.J., and P.C. LIU. Intercomparison of 

wave measurements obtained from a nomad buoy and 

from a waverider buoy in Lake Erie. Proceedings, 

MTS IEEE Conference Oceans 1985. Ocean Engineering and the Environment, 1131-1137 (1986). 

Sicko-Goad, L., E.F. Stoermer, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Rejuvenation of Melosira Granulata (Bacilaariophyceae) resting cells from the anoxic sediments of 

Douglas Lake, Michigan. I. Light Microscopy and l'C 

Uptake. Joumal of Phycology 2222-28 (1986). 

Simon, T.J., C.R. Murthy, and J.E. CAMPBELL. Winter 

circulation in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes 

Resaarch 11(4):423-433 (1986). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Phosphate 

uptake by microorganisms in lake water: Deviations 

from simple MichaelisrMenten kinetics. Canadian 

Journal of Fisheries and -Aquatic Sciences 43(2):319-328 

(1986). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Perspectives in 

epilimnetic phosphorus cycling. Environmental 

Quality and Ecosystem Stability, Bar-Ilan University 

Press, Ramat-Gan, Israel 3A/B:245-255 (1986). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and C. Nalewajko. Introduction: 

Phosphorus-Plankton Dynamics Symposium. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

43(2):293-301(1986). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and C. Nalewajko. Synopsis: 

Phosphorus-Plankton Dynamics Symposium. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

43(2):41&419 (1986). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., G.A. LAIRD, J.R. LIEBIG, and 

W.S. GARDNER. Ammonium release by zooplankton 
FY 87 

PUBLICATIONS 

ASSEL, R.A. Fall and winter thermal structure of Lake DERECKI, J.A. Method used by Great Lakes EnvironSuperior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 12(4):251-262 mental Research Laboratory (NOAA) for determina- 

(1986). tion of flows (1979-1986). Lakes Michigan-Huron 

outflows, St. Clair and Detroit Rivers 1900-1986, CoASSEL, R.A. Technical Note: Thermal changes in Lake ordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic 

Superior storage in 1976. Journal of Hydraulic Engi- and Hydrologic Data, International Joint Commission, 

neering 113(9):1175-1181(1987). 17-23 (1987). 

BENNETT, J.R. The physics of sediment transport, DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Record St. Clair 

resuspension, and deposition. Hydrobiologia 149:s-12 River ice jam of 1984. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 

(1987). 112(12):1182-1194 (1986). 

BENNETT, J.A., and A.H. CLITES. Accuracy of DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Use of current 

trajectory calculation in a finitedifference circulation meters for continuous measurement of flows in large model. Journal of Computational Physics 68(2):272-282 rivers. Water ~eso~~~es Research 23(9):1751-1756 (1987). (1987). 

CAMPBELL, J.E., A.H. CLITES, and G.M. Greene. 

Measurements of ice motion in Lake Erie using satellite-tracked drifter buoys. NOAA DR ERL GLERL-30 

(PB87-186409/XAB), 22 pp. (1987). 

Carney, H.J., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Quantification 

of track and grain density autoradiography and 

evaluation of '4C loss on preservation. Journal of 

Plankton Research 9(1):41-50 (1987). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Minimizing long-term wind set-up 

errors in estimated mean Erie and Superior lake levels. 

NOAA TM ERL GLERL-64 (PB87-217253/XAB), 40 

pp. (1987). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. The Great Lakes large basin runoff 

model. Proceedings, Engineering Hydrology Symposium, Williamsburg, VA, August 3-7,1987. Hydrology 

Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 14-19 

(1987). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Wind set-up error in mean lake 

levels. Journal of Hydrology 92223-243 (1987). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Near-RealTime forecasting of large-lake water supplies; A user's 

manual. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-61 (PB87-178026/ 

XAB), 82 pp. (1987). 

EADIE, B.J., and J.A. ROBBINS. The role of particulate 

matter in the movement of contaminants in the Great 

Lakes. Advances in Chemistry Series No. 216, 

Sources and fates of aquatic pollutants. R.A Hites, and 

S.J. Eisenreich (eds.). American Chemical Society, 

319-364 (1986). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and D. SCAVIA. Dynamics of 

Lake Michigan phytoplankton: Primary production 

and growth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 44(3):499-508 (1987). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and D. SCAVIA. Dynamics of 

Lake Michigan phytoplankton: Recent changes in 

surface and deep communities. Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44(3):509-514 (1987). 

FONTAINE, T.D., 111, and B.M. Lesht. Contaminant 

management strategies for the Great Lakes: Optimal 

solutions under uncertain conditions. Journal of Great 

Lakes Research 13(2):178-192 (1987). 

FONTAINE, T.D., 111, and B.M. Lesht. Improving the 

effectiveness of environmental management decisions 

with optimization and uncertainty analysis techniques. 

In Systems Analysis in Water Quality Management, 

M.B. Beck (ed.). Pergamon Press, New York, 31-39 

(1987). 
PUBLICATIONS 

HARTMANN, H.C. An evaluation of Great Lakes Manny, B.A., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and W.S. GARDhydraulic routing models. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-66 NER. Acid rain stimulation of Lake Michigan phyto- 

(PB88-122700/XAB), 9 pp. (1987). planktongrowth. Journal of Great Lakes Research 

13(2):218-223 (1987). 

Horn W., C.H. Mortimer, and D.J. SCHWAB. Windinduced internal seiches in Lake Zurich observed and Matisoff, G., and J.A. ROBBINS. A model for biological 

modeled. Limnology and Oceanography mixing of sediments. Journal of Geological Education 

31(6):1232-1254 (1986). 35(3):144-149 (1987). 

LANDRUM, P.F., J.P. Giesy, J.T. Oris, and P.M. Allred. 

Photoinduced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to aquatic organisms. In Oil in Freshwater: 

Chemisty, Biology, Countermeasure Technology, J.H. 

Vandermeulen and S.E. Hrudey (4s.). Pergarnon 

Press, New York, 304-318 (1987). 

LANDRUM, P.F., S.R. Nihart, B.J. EADIE, and L. 

HERCHE. Reduction in bioavailability of organic 

contaminants to the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi by 

dissolved organic matter of sediment interstitial 

waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemisty 

6:11-20 (1987). 

LANG, G.A., and M.A. QUIGLEY. A method for using 

a CalComp Digitizer coupled with menudriven 

software to measure amphipod body length and gut 

fullness. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-62 (PB87-186920/ 

XAB), 18 pp. (1987). 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. A field calibration technique for 

airborne ice reflectance measurement. Proceedings, 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fifth Remote Sensing 

Symposium Volume 1, Remote Sensing Applications 

for Water Resources Management, Ann Arbor, MI, 

October 28-30,1985,70-77 (1986). 

LIU, P.C. Assessing wind wave spectrum representations in a shallow lake. Ocean Engineering 14(1):39-50 

(1987). 

LIU, P.C. Estimating long-term wave statistics from 

long-term wind statistics. Proceedings, 20th Coastal 

Engineering Conference, Coastal Engineer Research 

Council, Taipei, Taiwan, November 9-14,1986. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 512-521 

(1987). 

NALEPA, T.F. Long term changes in the macrobenthos 

of southern Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44(3):515-524 (1987). 

NALEPA, T.F., and M.A. QUIGLEY. Distribution of 

photosynthetic pigments in nearshore sediments of 

Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 

13(1):37-42 (1987). 

NALEPA, T.F., C.C. Remsen, and J. Val Klump. Note: 

Observations of hydra from a submersible at two 

deepwater sites in Lake Superior. Journal of Great 

Lakes Research 13(1):&4-87 (1987). 

SCAVIA, D., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Dynamics of 

Lake Michigan phytoplankton: Mechanisms controlling epilimnetic communities. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 13(2):103-120 (1987). 

SCHWAB, D.J. Great Lakes storm surge and seiche. 

Great Lakes Forecaster's Handbook. NOAA National 

Ocean Service, September, 1987, Section 10,lO pp. 

(1987). 

SCHWAB, D.J. Great Lakes wave prediction model. 

Great Lakes Forecaster's Handbook. NOAA National 

Ocean Service, September, 1987, Section 8,11 pp. 

(1987). 

SCHWAB, D.J., and E.W. LYNN. Great Lakes storm 

surge planning program (SSPP). NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-65 (PB88-119433/XAB), 9 pp. (1987). 

SCHWAB, D.J., E.W. LYNN, and G.E. SPALDING. 

User's manual for GLERL Data Access System (GDAS). 

NOAA TM ERL GLERL-63 (PB87-193926/XAB), 37 

pp. (1987). 

LIU, P.C., and D.J. SCHWAB. A comparison of meth- TARAPCHAK, S.J., and C. Nalewajko. A review: 

ods for estimating u* from given uZ and air-sea tem- Phosphorus-plankton dynamics and phosphorus 

perature differences. Journal of Geophysical Research cycling in aquatic systems. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-60 

92(C6):6488-6494 (1987). (PB87-174009/XAB), 51 pp. (1987). 
FY 87 

PUBLICATIONS 

White, D.S., P.C. Klahr, and J.A. ROBBINS. Effects of 

temperature and density on sediment reworking by 

Stylodrilus heringianus (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae). 

Iournal of Great Lakes Research 13(2):147-156 (1987). 
PRESENTATIONSASSEL, R.A. Standard operating procedure for large river basins. National Conference on Adaccess and analysis of St. Marys River interactive vances in Evapotranspiration. Sponsored by 

ice forecasting software. National Weather Service American Society of Agricultural Engineers, DeOctober 16,1985, Ann Arbor, MI. cember 17,1985, Chicago, IL. 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes Environmental Research CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. EvaluLaboratory ice research program 1985-86. 14th ation of Lake Superior supply forecasts. 29th 

Annual Meeting of the U.S./Canadian Ice Informa- Conference-International Association for Great 

tion Working Group, October 9,1985, Hyatt Re- Lakes Research, May 2629,1986, University of 

gency, Buffalo, NY. Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

BELL, G.L., and B.J. EADIE. Flux measurements of 

suspended materials in Lakes Huron and Superior, 

1984-1985. 29th Conference-International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, 

University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

BOLSENGA, S.J. Physical characteristics of Great 

Lakes snowcover. Advance Study Institute on the 

Chemical Dynamics of Seasonal Snowcovers, July 

14,1986, NATO Sponsored, Les Arcs, France. 

BOLSENGA, S.J. Development of a Lake Erie 

environmental and recreational atlas. 29th 

Conference-International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, May 2629,1986, University of 

Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

BOLSENGA, S.J. The Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory and its work on ice and snow. 

Lions Club, February 27,1986, Elk Rapids, MI. 

CLITES, A.H., and M.J. McCORMICK. Watertracking ability of surface drifters: comparison 

against moored current meters. 29th ConferenceInternational Association for Great Lakes Research, 

May 26-29,1986, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Understanding recent high Great 

Lakes water levels. "Those magnificent sweetwater seas," 10th Annual Conference National Marine 

Educators Association, August 6, 1986, Cleveland, 

OH. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Evapotranspiration dynamics for 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and HARTMANN, H.C. Areal 

averaging of point measurements in near real-time. 

Second International Conference of Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, American Meteorological Society, January 15, 1985, Miami, FL. 

CROLEY T.E., 11. Understanding recent high Great 

Lakes water levels. Great Lakes Symposium, 

August 6,1986, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Understanding recent high Lake 

Erie water levels. Annual Meeting of Council of 

Lake Erie Ports, June 18,1986, Sawmill Creek 

Lodge, Huron, OH. 

Melloh, R.A., B.E. Holbrook, T.E. CROLEY, and 

H.C. HARTMANN. Development of an operational 

hydrologic water supply forecasting model for 

Lake Superior. Fifth Remote Sensing Symposium, 

Sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

October 28-30,1985, University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Lake 

Superior water supply forecasting. Sixth Conference on Hydrometeorology on Hydrometeorological Problems and Opportunities, Sponsored by 

American Meteorology Society, October 29-November 1,1985, Indianapolis, IN. 

DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Use of current 

meters for continuous measurement of flows in 

large rivers. American Geophysical Union Fall 
FY 86 

PRESENTATIONS 

Meeting 1985, December 9-13, 1985, San Francisco, 

CA. 

DERECKI, J.A. Vertical velocity profiles in the St. 

Clair River. 29th Conference-International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 26-29, 1986, 

University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Natural regulation of the Great Lakes by ice jams: A case study. 

Fourth Workshop on Hydraulics of River Ice, 

Sponsored by Service Hydraulique, June 19-20, 

1986, Montreal, Quebec. 

EADIE, B.J. Computation strategies for hazard 

assessment. IJC workshop on Great Lakes Hazard 

Assessment Strategies, October 2-4,1985, Burlington, ON. 

EADIE, B.J. The role of partitioning and resuspension in the cycling of trace organics in the Great 

Lakes. Symposium on Modern Chemical Limnology, National Meeting of the American Chemical 

Society, September 8-11, 1985, Chicago, IL. 

EADIE, B.J. A theoretical approach to hazard 

assessment. Chemical hazard assessment in the 

Great Lakes, Sponsored by the International Joint 

Commission, November 26,1985, Centre for Inland 

Waters, Burlington, ON. 

EADIE, B.J. and B. Oliver. Contaminant analysis in 

water. Areas of Concern Workshop, Sponsored by 

International Joint Commission, November 8,1985, 

Detroit Metropolitan Airport, MI. 

EADIE, B.J., D.A. Berner, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Three-phase partitioning of hydrophobic organic 

compounds in Great Lakes waters. Sixth Annual 

Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 10-13,1985, St. 

Louis, MO. 

EADIE, B.J., P.F. LANDRUM, and T.F. NALEPA. 

Toxic contaminants and benthic organisms in the 

Great Lakes: Cycling, fate and effects, World 

Large Lake Conference, May 17-21,1986, Mackinac 

Island, MI. 

Conference-International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, University of 

Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. Phytoplankton dynamics and 

primary production in Lake Michigan, 1982-1984. 

29th Conference-International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, May 26,1986, Toronto, ON. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. Phytoplankton dynamics in 

Lake Michigan. Department of Biological Sciences, 

February 27,1986, University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and D. SCAVIA. The Lake 

Michigan deep chlorophyll layer. Summer Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, June 23, 1986, University of Rhode 

Island, Kingston. 

FAUST, W.R., B.J. EADIE, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Existence of a seasonal cycle of PAH concentration 

in the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. Symposium on 

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, October 

21-23,1985, Columbus, OH. 

FONTAINE, T.D. Risk, uncertainty and optimization techniques for determining optimal Great 

Lakes phosphorus management strategies. Eastern 

Simulation Conference, Environmental Models for 

Decision Makers, March 10-12, 1986, Norfolk, VA. 

FONTAINE, T.D. A combined risk, uncertainty, 

and optimization model for determining costeffective contaminant management strategies for 

the Great Lakes. International Society for Ecological Modeling, Aug 11-1 5,1986, Syracuse, NY. 

FONTAINE, T.D. Risk, uncertainty and optimization techniques for determining optimal Great 

Lakes phosphorus management strategies. American Society of Civil Engineers, October 24, 1985, 

Detroit, MI. 

FREZ, W.A. The influence of food type on the toxicokinetics of aquatic animals. Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, November 10-13, 1985, St. Louis, MO. 

EADIE, B.J., N.R. MOREHEAD, and P.F. LAN- FREZ, W.A., P.F. LANDRUM, and C.R. KLEMM. 

DRUM. Three-phase partitioning of organic con- The relative clearance of organic contaminants and 

taminants in Great Lakes waters. 29th oxygen in Great Lakes invertebrates-or Winkler re- 
PRESENTATIONS 

visited. Spring Meeting of the Great Lakes Regional Chapter of SETAC, April 18,1986, Michigan 

State University, East Lansing. 

GARDNER, W.S. Ammonium excretion and nitrogen transformations in Lake Michigan sediments. 

Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, December 12, 1985, Hickory Corners, MI. 

GARDNER, W.S. Pelagic/benthic energy fluxes in 

Lake Michigan. NOAA OAR Science Seminars, 

June, 1986, Rockville, MD. 

GARDNER, W.S., and G.A. LAIRD. Evidence for 

predator control of bacterial populations in Lake 

Michigan, Annual Spring ASLO Meeting, June 23, 

1986, Kingston, RI. 

GARDNER, J.M. MALCZYK, and T.F. NALEPA. 

Ammonium excretion and denitrification rates in 

sediments from two sites in southeastern Lake 

Michigan. AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting, 

January 16,1986, New Orleans, LA. 

Gauthier, R.L., R.A. Melloh, T.E. CROLEY, 11, and 

H.C. HARTMANN. Application of multi-sensor 

observations to Great Lakes hydrologic forecast 

models. 1985 American Society of Civil Engineers 

Annual Convention, October 21-25,1985, Detroit, 

MI. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Great Lakes water levels: A 

hydrologic perspective. Annual Meeting of the 

State Employees Professional Society of Michigan, 

August 15,1986, Mt. Pleasant, MI. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Perspectives on the recent high 

Lake Michigan water levels. Fourth Annual Symposium on the Great Lakes, August 14,1986, 

Spring Lake, MI. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Evapotranspiration dynamics 

for large river basins. National Conference on Advances in Evapotranspiration, Sponsored by the 

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December 17,1985, Chicago, IL. 

HAWLEY, N., and B. Lesht, Sediment resuspension and transport in Lake St. Clair. American 

Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, December 8, 

1986, San Francisco, CA. 

KEILTY, T.J., P.F LANDRUM, and D.S. White. 

Sublethal responses to endrin in sediment by 

Stylodrilus heringianus as measured by a 137- 

cesium marker layer technique. Sixth Annual 

Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 10-13,1985, St. 

Louis, MO. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Modeling the accumulation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Pontoporeia 

hoyi. Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels 

Study Modeling Workshop, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, December 34,1985, 

Ann Arbor, MI. 

LANDRUM, P.F., S.R. Nihart, and B.J. EADIE. 

Predicting the role of natural dissolved organic 

matter in the bioavailability of organic contaminants to aquatic organisms. Sixth Annual Meeting 

of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, November 10-13, 1985, St. Louis, MO. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and J.P. Giesy. Pharmacokinetics 

of organic xenobiotics. Sixth Annual meeting of the 

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 10,1985, St. Louis, MO. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Airborne measurements of the 

spectral reflectance of freshwater ice. Third International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of 

Objects in Remote Sensing, Sponsored by the 

Working Group 3 of Commission VII of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote 

Sensing, December 18,1985, Les Arcs, France. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Airborne measurements of the 

spectral reflectance of freshwater ice. Third International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of 

Objects in Remote Sensing, Sponsored by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote 

Sensing, December 16,1985, Saint Maurice, France. 

HAWLEY, N., L.R. HERCHE, and B. LAKE. Cate- LESHKEVICH, G.A. A field calibration technique 

gorical data analysis of suspended sediment size for airborne ice reflectance measurement. Fifth Redistributions. American Geophysical Union Fall mote Sensing Symposium, Sponsored by the U.S. 

Meeting, December 7-18,1985, San Francisco, CA. Army Corps of Engineers, October 28-30,1985, 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 
FY 86 

PRESENTATIONS 

LIU, P.C. Estimating long term wave statistics 

from long term wind statistics. 20th International 

Coastal Engineering Conference, Sponsored by the 

Coastal Engineering Research Conne., American 

Society of Civil Engineering, November 9-14, 1985, 

Taipei, Taiwan. 

LIU, P.C., and D.J. SCHWAB. Estimating sea 

surface friction velocity from wind speed and airsea temperature differences. Sixth Conference on 

Ocean Atmosphere Interaction of the American 

Meteorological Society, January 13-17,1986, 

Miami, FL. 

McCORMICK, M. J. Water-tracking ability of 

surface drifters: Comparison against dye-labelled 

water. 29th Conference-International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

McCORMICK, M.J., R.P. Canale, and G.A. MEADOWS. Simulations of temperature profiles in 

inland seas. Ocean Sciences Meeting, Sponsored 

by the American Geophysical Union, January 

13-17,1986, New Orleans, LA. 

NALEPA, T.F. The view from a submersible: 

Video highlights from the bottom of Lake Superior. 

Biological Lecture Series, Eastern Michigan University, October 16, 1985, Ypsilanti. 

NALEPA, T.F. Long-term changes in the benthos of 

southern Lake Michigan: Eutrophication and fish 

predation. 50th Annual Meeting of ASLO, June 23, 

1986. University of Rhode Island, Kingston. 

NALEPA, T.F. Long term trends in the macrobenthos of southern Lake Michigan: Change in water 

quality or fish predation? International Joint Commission Food Web Workshop, December 4,1985, 

Ann Arbor, MI. 

NALEPA, T.F. The view from a submersible: 

Video highlights from the bottom of Lake Superior. 

Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, February 5, 

1986, Burlington, ON. 

QUIGLEY, M.A. Silica and phosphorus fluxes from 

the sediments of Lake Michigan. Annual Meeting, 

American Society of Limnology & Oceanography, 

June 25,1986, at the University of Rhode Island, 

Kingston. 

QUINN, F.H. Implications of interbasin diversions, consumptive use and the greenhouse effect 

on future Great Lakes water management, Sixth 

Conference on Hydrometeorology on Hydrometeorological Problems and Opportunities, Sponsored 

by the American Meteorology Society, October 

29-November 1, 1985, Indianapolis, IN. 

QUINN, F.H.. Causes and consequences of the 

record high 1985 Great Lakes water levels. American Meteorological Society, August 6-7, 1986, 

Asheville, NC. 

QUINN, F.H. Lake levels to remain high. Council 

of Great Lakes Governors, May 20-22,1986. 

Mackinac Island, MI. 

QUINN, F.H. Lake level trends. State & Provincial Legislative Caucus on Great Lakes Diversion & 

Lake Levels, Sponsored by The Center for the 

Great Lakes & New York Legislature, May 15-16, 

1986, Albany, NY. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes high levels - Spring 

1986. Public Meeting, April 9, 1986. Dunkirk, NY. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes high levels - Spring 

1986. Dunkirk High School, Sponsored by Corps 

of Engineers, April 13,1986, Dunkirk, NY. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes high levels - Spring 

1986. Michigan Natural Resources Commission 

Meeting, April 9, 1986, Monroe, MI. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes high water levels - 

Spring 1986. Center for Environmental Study, 

April 11, 1986, Allendale, MI. 

QUINN, F.H. Detroit River flow reversals. 29th 

Conference-International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, University of 

Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

QUINN, F.H. Southeastern Great Lakes high water 

levels. Seminar, Sponsored by Southeastern 

Michigan Counsel of Governments (SEMCOG), 

March 21, 1986, Detroit, MI. 

QUINN, F.H. Symposium on Lake Michigan water 

levels. March 15, 1986, Village of Wilmette, IL. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water level fluctuations. 
PRESENTATIONS 

Sponsored by the International Joint Commission, Conference-International Association for Great 

January 25,1986, Knife River Yacht Club, Minnea- Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, University of 

polis, MN. Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

QUINN, F.H. Mechanics of Great Lakes water level 

fluctuations. Sponsored by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, January 29-30,1986, 

Higgins Lake, MI. 

SAYLOR, J.H.. Temperature structure and the currents of Lake Michigan. Great Lakes Offshore 

Fishing Club, April 1, 1986, Lansing, MI. 

SAYLOR, J.H. and G.S. MILLER. Studies of current 

velocity in the bottom boundary layer in Lake 

Michigan. 29th Conference-International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 26-29,1986, 

University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Current velocity 

profiles across a bottom Ekman layer in Lake 

Michigan. Ocean Sciences Meeting, Sponsored by 

the American Geophysical Union, January 13-17, 

1986, New Orleans, LA. 

SCAVIA, D. Dynamics and controls of carbon flow 

in Lake Michigan's food web. OAR Science Seminar Series, June 13,1986, Rockville MD. 

SCAVIA, D. Report of the "bottom-up group": 

Control of Lake Michigan water quality. International Joint Commission Food Web Workshop, 

December 6,1985, Ann Arbor, MI. 

SCAVIA, D. Food web controls of Lake Michigan's 

water quality. University of Michigan, February 

17,1986, Ann Arbor. 

SCAVIA, D. Recent changes in Lake Michigan's 

water quality. International Joint Commission 

Food Web Workshop, December 4,1985, Ann 

Arbor, MI. 

SCAVIA, D.. Lake Michigan bacteria dynamics and 

controls. Joint AGU-Ocean Sciences and ASLO 

Meeting, December 9,1986, San Francisco, CA. 

SCAVIA, D. and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL Phytoplankton loss rates in Lake Michigan. Annual Spring 

ASLO Meeting, June 25,1986, Kingston, RI. 

SCHWAB, D.J. Wave research on the Great Lakes. 

Ann Arbor Power Squadron, January 6,1986, Ann 

Arbor, MI. 

SCHWAB, D.J. Intercomparison of wave measurements obtained from a NOMAD buoy and from a 

Waverider buoy in Lake Erie. Oceans '85-Joint 

Marine Technology Society-Institute for Electrical 

and Electronics Engineers Conference and Exposition, November 12-14,1985, San Diego, CA. 

SCHWAB, D.J., and A.H. CLITES. The effect of 

wind-induced circulation on retention time in Lake 

St. Clair. 29th Conference-International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 2629,1986, 

University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Perspectives in epilimnetic phosphorus cycling. Third 

International Conference: Environmental Quality 

& Ecosystem Stability, Sponsored by the Environmental Secretariat, June 4, 1986, Jerusalem, Israel. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., B.J. EADIE, J.R. LIEBIG, 

S.R. TARAPCHAK, and R.M. Glover. Interaction 

between calcite whitings and plankton in Lake 

Michigan. Annual Meeting of American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, June 25,1986, 

University of Rhode Island, Kingston. 

SCHWAB, D.J. 1986. The Effect of wind-induced 

circulation on retention time in Lake St. Clair. 29th 
ASSEL, R.A. Physical problems in the Great Lakes. 

1987 Annual Meeting of the American Association for 

the Advancement of Science, February 14,1987, 

Chicago, IL. 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory Ice Research Program 1986-87. 15th 

Annual U.S./Canada Ice Information Work Group 

Meeting, Sponsored by U.S./Canadian Ice Information 

Work Group/Environment Canada, Ice Branch, 

October 30,1986, Ottawa, ON. 

ASSEL, R.A. Thermal changes in Lake Superior 

storage - A 1976 case study. 30th Conference - International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 

11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

BEETON, A.M., and M.G. Fox. Phosphorus concentration trends in the Saline River watershed, USA. XXIII 

Socictas Internationalis Limnologiac Congress, Sponsored by the New Zealand Limnological Society and 

Royal Society of New Zealand, February 10,1987, 

Hamil ton, New Zealand. 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Photosynthetically active radiation incident on Traverse Bay 

winter vs. summer, a case study. 30th ConferenceInternational Association for Great Lakes Research, 

May 11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Wind set-up error in mean lake 

levels. 30th Conference-International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, May 11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, 

MI. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. The Great Lakes large basin runoff 

model. Engineering Hydrology Symposium, Sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Surface Water Hydrology Committee, August 3-5, 

1987, Williamsburg, VA. 

EADIE, B.J. Behavior of trace contaminants in the 

Great Lakes. University of Michigan Environmental 

Sciences Seminar, November 14,1986, Dearborn. 

EADIE, B.J., J.A. ROBBINS, N. HAWLM, and J. Val 

Klump. Distribution coefficients of Be7 and Cs-137 in 

Great Lakes waters. 1986 Fall Meeting of the American 

Geophysical Union, December 1-5,1986, San Francisco, 

CA. 

EADIE, B.J., N.R. MOREHEAD, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Three-phase partitioning of hydrophobic organic 

compounds in Great Lakes waters. National Meeting 

of American Chemical Society, April 7,1987, Denver, 

co. 

EADIE, B.J. Mass and chemical fluxes in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Consequences of seasonal sediment 

resuspension. Symposium, Functional and Structural 

Properties 'of Large Lakes, Limnological Institute, 

University of Konstanz, September 15,1987, Konstanz, 

West Germany. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. Autotrophic Picoplankton in 

Lakes Huron and Michigan. 30th Conference-International Association for Great Lakes Research, May 14, 

1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. Primary productivity in the 

Great Lakes: 0, and '"C comparisons. 50th Annual 

Meeting of American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Sponsored by the University of Wisconsin, 

June 17,1987, Madison. 

GARDNER, W.S. Pontoporeia hoyi, an apparent direct 

trophic link between spring diatoms and fish in Lake 

Michigan. Symposium, Functional and Structural 

Properties of Large Lakes, Limnological Institute, 

University of Konstanz, September 15,1987, Konstanz, 

West Germany. 

GARDNER, W.S. Light/dark bottle incubations to 

estimate release rates of dissolved free amino acids by 

phytoplankton. 50th Annual Meeting of American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 

Sponsored by the University of Wisconsin, June 14-18, 

1987, Madison. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Great Lakes water fluctuations. 

Ontario Shoreline Management Council, June 25,1987, 

Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 
PRESENTATIONS 

HARTMANN, H.C. Understanding Great Lakes water 

level fluctuations. Great Lakes Committee Meeting on 

Diversion, Great Lakes Water Levels, and Water Level 

Regulation, Sponsored by the Great Lakes and Water 

Resources Planning Commission, State of Michigan, 

October 8,1986, Lansing. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Historic perspective on recent 

high Great Lakes levels. 1986 Annual Meeting, Sponsored by Lake Macatawa Shoreline Corporation, 

September 11,1986, Holland, MI. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Understanding water level 

fluctuations on the Great Lakes. Soil Conservation 

Society of America (Ontario Chapter) Seminar, November 26,1986, St. Catharines, ON. 

HARTMANN, H.C. An overview of Great Lakes 

hydrology and the recent high water levels. 1987 

Science Convocation: Water Resources, Sponsored by 

the Genesee Intermediate School District, February 26, 

1987, University of Michigan. 

HARTMANN, H.C., and T.E. CROLEY, 11. Near realtime runoff forecasting for large basins. 1986 Fall 

Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, December 8,1986, San Francisco, CA. 

HARTMANN, H.C., and T.E. CROLEY, 11. Probabilistic forecasts of continued high Great Lakes water 

levels. Engineering Hydrology Symposium, American 

Society of Civil Engineers, Surface Water Hydrology 

Committee, August 3-5,1987, Williamsburg, VA. 

HARTMANN, H.C., and T.E. CROLEY, 11. Operational 

water supply forecasting for the Laurentian Great 

Lakes. The 1987 American Society of Civil Engineers 

Water Resources Manning and Management Division 

Specialty Conference on Modeling, Monitoring, and 

Managing water resources systems, March 18,1987, 

Kansas City, MO. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Great Lakes Hydrology. Ann 

Arbor Exchange Club monthly meeting, July 23,1987, 

Ann Arbor, MI. 

HERCHE, L.R., and S. J. TARAPCHAK. 

Orthophosphate uptake kinetics by phytoplankton. A 

model and experimental design. 30th ConferenceInternational Association of Great Lakes Research, May 

11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

LAIRD, G.A. Dynamics of Lake Michigan phytoplankton: Relationship to silica fluxes. 30th ConferenceInternational Association of Great Lakes Research, May 

14,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

LANDRUM, P.F., T.D. FONTAINE, B.J. EADIE, and 

W.R. FAUST. Prediction and uncertainty: Field 

validation of a laboratory derived toxicokinetics model. 

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

Eighth Annual Meeting, November 10,1987, 

Pensacola, FL. 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, and T.F. NALEPA. 

Bioavailability and effects of organic toxicants to Great 

Lakes benthos. 1987 American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting, February 14-19, 

1987, Chicago, IL. 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, S. Nihart, and M. Reinhold. Confirmation of the reverse-phase measure of 

xenobiotic partitioning to dissolved organic matter by 

toxicokinetic studies. National Meeting of American 

Chemical Society, April 8,1987, Denver, CO. 

LANDRUM, P.F., T. Jodon, and P. Baumann. Aryl 

hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in a population of 

Brown Bullhead (Idalurus Nebulosus) environmentally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Fourth International Symposium on Responses of 

Marine Organisms to Pollutants, Sponsored by Woods 

Hole Oceanographic Institution, April 22,1987, Woods 

Hole, MA. 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, T.D. FONTAINE, and 

W.R. FAUST. Prediction and uncertainty of the 

accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

Pontoporeia hoyi: Field validation of a laboratory 

derived toxicokinetics model. 11 th Symposium on 

Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, Sponsored by the American Society for Testing Materials, 

May 1&12,1987, Cincinnati, OH. 

LANG, G.A. A general model for understanding and 

predicting contaminant behavior in Lake St. Clair. 30th 

ConferenceInternational Association of Great Lakes 

Research, May, 11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Machine classification of Great 

Lakes ice types from NOAA AVHRR digital data. 

North American NOAA Polar Orbiters Users Meeting, 

Sponsored by NOAA National Geophysical Data 
FY 87 

PRESENTATIONS 

Center, University of Colorado, NOAA Environmental QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels: An analysis. 

Research Laboratory, July 15,1987, Boulder, CO. Great Lakes Program, State University of New York, 

December 1,1986, SUNY-Buffalo. 

LIU, P.C. Estimating long term wave statistics from 

long term wind statistics. 20th International Coastal QUINN, F.H. Lake Michigan water levels perspective. 

Engineering Conference, Sponsored by the American Congressional briefing, Sponsored by the Wisconsin 

Society of Civil Engineers, November 9-14,1986, Congressional Delegation, January 21,1987, WashingTaipei, Taiwan. ton, DC. 

LIU, P.C. Empirical observations of equilibrium range 

and wind-wave spectra. XIX General Assembly of the 

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 

August 10-21,1987, Vancouver, BC. 

McCORMICK, M.J. An intercomparison of mixed layer 

forecasting models. Distinguished lecture series of the 

Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, May 

64,1987, Bay St. Louis, MS. 

McCORMICK, M.J. An intercomparison of several 

surface mixed layer models. Seminar, Oregon State 

University, August 7,1987, Cowallis. 

McCORMICK, M.J. Mixed layer modeling of tideless 

seas. XD( General Assembly of the International Union 

of Geodesy and Geophysics, August 12-21,1987, 

Vancouver, BC. 

QUIGLEY, M.A. Sediment throughput rate in the 

deposit-feeding amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Thirtyfifth (1987) Annual Meeting, North American Benthological Society, Sponsored by the University of Maine, 

June 5,1987, Orono. 

QUINN, F.H. Prospects for Great Lakes water levels. 

Annual Meeting of the International Shipmasters 

Association, January 30,1987, Cleveland, OH. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes response to climatic variations. Coastal Engineering for the Great Lakes, 

University of Wisconsin, Sea Grant Institute, February 

24,1987, Madison. 

QUINN, F.H. High water in the Great Lakes. Annual 

Meeting of the National Passenger Vessel Owners 

Association, March 7,1987, Chicago, IL. 

QUINN, F.H. Current perspectives on Great Lakes 

water levels. Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 17, 

1987, Chicago, IL. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels. Lake Levels 

Symposium, September 10,1987, Chicago, IL. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Radionuclide transport in the Great 

Lakes. 1986 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical 

Union, December 1-5,1986, San Francisco, CA. 

QUINN, F.H. Current Great Lakes levels. Water ROBBINS, J.A. The long-term fate of contaminants in 

Levels Symposium, Sponsored by the Center for the the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Symposium, The AmeriGreat Lakes and Senator Paul Simon, October 10,1986, can Association for the Advancement of Science 

Chicago, IL. Meeting, February 15,1987, Chicago, IL. 

QUINN, F.H. Lake Erie water levels. Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, October 15,1986, 

Watewille, OH. 

QUINN, F.H. Current perspectives on the Great Lakes 

water levels. Great Lakes Water Levels, October 22, 

1986, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON. 

QUINN, F.H. The why and how of current lake level 

conditions, Lake Michigan '86. The New Shoreline . 

Dilemma, Sponsored by the Johnson Foundation, Lake 

Michigan Federation, November 24-25,1986, 

Racine, WI. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Transport process time-scales inferred 

from radiotracers in the North American Great Lakes. 

Symposium, Functional and Structural Properties of 

Large Lakes, Limnological Institute, University of 

Konstanz, September 15,1987, Konstanz, west Germany. 

SAYLOR, J.H. Nearbottom current speeds during 

winter in Lake Michigan. 30th ConferenceInternational Association for Great Lakes Research, May 

11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, MI. 
PRESENTATIONS 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Dynamics of a 

bottom Ekman layer in Lake Michigan. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, XIXth 

General Assembly, August 9-22,1987, Vancouver, BC. 

SCAVIA, D. Bacterioplankton in Lake Michigan: 

Dynamics, controls, and significance to carbon flux. 

Sponsored by the Institute for Ecosystem Studies, 

January 23,1987, Millbrook, NY. 

SCAVIA, D. Dynamics of Lake Michigan plankton: A 

model evaluation of nutrient loading, competition and 

predation. 50th Annual Meeting of American Society 

of Limnology and Oceanography, Sponsored by the 

University of Wisconsin, June 17,1987, Madison. 

SCAVIA, D. From picoplankton to fish: Complex 

interactions in the Great Lakes. Workshop on Complex 

Interactions in Aquatic Communities, The National 

Science Foundation, March 23,1987, Notre Dame, IN. 

SCAVIA, D. Lake Michigan bacteria dynamics and 

controls. 1986 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, December 9,1986, San Francisco, CA. 

SCAVIA, D. Lake Michigan bacteria dynamics and 

controls. The National Water Research Institute, 

November 11,1986, Burlington, ON. 

SCAVIA, D. Lake Michigan bacteria dynamics and 

controls. Seminar Series, University of Waterloo, 

February 6,1987, Waterloo, ON. 

SCAVIA, D. Lake Michigan bacteria dynamics and 

production. 30th Conference-International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, May 14,1987, Ann Arbor, 

MI. 

SCAVIA, D. Non-toxic trends in the Great Lakes 

ecosystems. Symposium, American Society for the 

Advancement of Science, February 16,1987, Chicago, 

IL. 

SCAVIA, D. Phytoplankton and zooplankton species 

shifts in Lake Michigan: A model evaluation of nutrient loading and competition. Ecosystem Research 

Center Seminar Series, Cornell University, September 

30,1987, Ithaca, IVY. 

SCAVIA, D. The effects of vertebrate zooplanktivory 

on ecosystem structure: The Lake Michigan experience. Seminar Series, Kellogg Biological Station, 

Michigan State University, April 30,1987, Hickory 

Corners, MI. 

SCAVIA, D. The effects of vertebrate zooplanktivory 

on ecosystem structure: The Lake Michigan experience. Foodweb 11, the International Joint Commission, 

February 25,1987, Burlington, ON. 

STEHLY, G.R., and W.L. Hayton. Errors in the use of 

the accelerated bioconcentration test. American 

Standards and Testing Materials 11th Symposium on 

Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, May 11, 

1987, Cincinnati, OH. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Crucial environmental issues: 

Philosophical analogies between aquatic phosphorus 

research and vascular surgical procedures. Seminar 

Series of Net Force Niagara, Brock University Environmental Science Seminar Series, November 19,1986, St. 

Catharines, ON. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Perspectives in aquatic phosphorus 

dynamics and cycling. Biology Department Brock 

University, November 20,1986, St. Catharines, ON. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Competition between algae and 

bacteria for orthophosphorus in aquatic systems: An 

hypothesis. 30th Conference-International Association 

of Great Lakes Research, May 11-18,1987, Ann Arbor, 

MI. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Does Rigler's Radiobioassay 

Method estimate maximum possible orthophosphate 

concentrations in lake water? 50th Annual Meeting of 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 

University of Wisconsin, June 14-18,1987, Madison. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Lake Michigan 

phosphorus-phytoplankton dynamics. A test of the 

Schelske-Stoenner Hypothesis and community structure analysis. 50th Annual Meeting of American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, University of 

Wisconsin, June 14-18,1987, Madison. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Colorimetric measurements of SRP. 

National Water Research Institute Workshop on utility 

of SRP measurements in Great Lakes surveillance, 

Canada Center for Inland Waters, March 24,1987, 

Burlington, ON. 
FY 87 

PRESENTATIONS 

Vallentyne, J.R., and A.M. BEETON. The ecosystem 

approach to managing human uses and abuses of 

natural resources in the Great Lakes basin. XXIII 

Societas Internationalis Limnologiac Congress, Sponsored by the New Zealand Limnological Society and 

Royal Society of New Zealand, February 14,1987, 

Hamil ton, New Zealand. 

Williamson, C.E., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Carnivorous suspension-feeding in Diaptomus: Prey 

defenses and the avoidance of cannibalism. Zooplankton Behavior Symposium, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, April 13,1987, Savannah, GA. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., G.A. Paffenhofer, and J.R. 

LIEBIG. Diaptomus vs. net plankton: Roles of algal 

size and morphology in grazing avoidance. Zooplankton Behavior Symposium, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, April 13,1987, Savannah, GA. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., S.J. BOLSENGA, G.L. 

FAHNENSTIEL, J.R. LIEBIG, and W.S. GARDNER. A 

preliminary study of plankton ecology in an icecovered freshwater fjord. 50th Annual American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Meeting, 

University of Wisconsin, June 18,1987, Madison. 

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1989-657-442/30