SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 

METHOD 5.3 

DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM 

STATIONARY SOURCES USING AN IN-STACK FILTER 

OFFICE OF OPERATIONS 

TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION 

OCTOBER 2005 
”¤Ãÿ—‹ ÎÚÌ 

‹¤Ã¤Œ”×“flÃ×—“ —⁄ –flŒÃ×›À‘flÃ¤ ”flÃÃ¤Œ ¤”×ÕÕ×—“Õ ⁄Œ—” 

ÕÃflÃ×—“flŒ« Õ—ÀŒ›¤Õ ÀÕ×“Ÿ fl“ ×“ÛÕÃfl›’ ⁄×‘Ã¤Œ 

Ãflfi‘¤ —⁄ ›—“Ã¤“ÃÕ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2

ÔÚ —TMaÆTM·a©

ÔÚÔ –Æ·21⁄2·°¥a 

ÔÚÓ fl°°¥·1⁄2øæ·¥· ̈ß 

ÓÚ ⁄·a¥o –Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÓÚÔ Õø3°¥·21 fl°°øÆø ̈ ́­ 

ÓÚÓ Õø3°¥·21 Œaø1a2 ̈­ 

ÓÚÌ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ ‹a ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2­ 

ÓÚÏ Ÿø­ ±¥ ́3a ”a ̈aÆ › ̧a1⁄2μÓÚÎ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 

ÓÚÍ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ –Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÓÚÈ Õø3°¥·21 ÃÆø·2 —°aÆø ̈·±2 

ÓÚË ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ±o –aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ×­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 

ÓÚÁ Õø3°¥a ÿø2o¥·21 

ÓÚÔð ›ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2­ 
ÌÚ ‘øæ±Æø ̈±Æß –Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÌÚÔ fl°°øÆø ̈ ́­ 

ÌÚÓ Œaø1a2 ̈­ 

ÌÚÌ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 

ÌÚÏ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o Õø3°¥a ›±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÃÆø·2 

ÌÚÎ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ 

ÌÚÍ Õø3°¥a Œa1⁄2±TMaÆß 

ÌÚÈ Õø3°¥a fl2ø¥ß­·­ 

ÌÚË ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o Œa°±Æ ̈·21 

ÌÚÁ ›ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2­ 

ÏÚ ¤21·2aaÆ·21 ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o Œa°±Æ ̈·21

ÏÚÔ ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 
”¤Ãÿ—‹ ÎÚÌ 

‹¤Ã¤Œ”×“flÃ×—“ —⁄ –flŒÃ×›À‘flÃ¤ ”flÃÃ¤Œ ¤”×ÕÕ×—“Õ ⁄Œ—” 

ÕÃflÃ×—“flŒ« Õ—ÀŒ›¤Õ ÀÕ×“Ÿ fl“ ×“ÛÕÃfl›’ ⁄×‘Ã¤Œ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ô ±o Ï 

ÔÚ —TMaÆTM·a©

ÔÚÔ –Æ·21⁄2·°¥a 

 

fl ­ø3°¥a ·­ ©· ̈ ̧oÆø©2 ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2ø¥¥ß oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 

­± ́Æ1⁄2a  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ ø ­ø3°¥a  ̈Æø·2 æß ø 3a ̈aÆ·21 

­ß­ ̈a3Ú ⁄·¥ ̈aÆøæ¥a °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ ·­ 

1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ±2 ø 1¥ø­­ o·æaÆ o·¥ ̈aÆ μa° ̈ ·2­·oa  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø1⁄2μÚ ›±2oa2­·æ¥a­ ø2o °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a­ °ø­­·21 

 ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ øÆa 1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ·2 ·3°·21aÆ­ 

1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2·21 oa·±2·¶ao ©ø ̈aÆÚ Ã ̧a ·3°·21aÆ­ øÆa 

1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2ao ·2 ø2 ·1⁄2a æø ̈ ̧  ̈± 3ø·2 ̈ø·2 ø ­ø3°¥ao 

1ø­  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ±o ø°°Æ±®·3ø ̈a¥ß ÔÎ±›  ̄Íð±⁄ ̃Ú fl 

­a°øÆø ̈a  ̈Æø·2 o±Æ ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 ø1⁄2·o 3·­ ̈ 3øß æa 

ÆaØ ́·Æao  ̄­aa æa¥±© ̃Ú 

Ã ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø­­ ·­ oao·2ao ø­  ̈ ̧a ­ ́3 

±o  ̈ ̧a 3ø­­ 1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æaÙ o·¥ ̈aÆÙ ø2o 

·3°·21aÆ­ øo ̈aÆ Æa3±TMø¥ ±o  ́21⁄2±3æ·2ao ©ø ̈aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 

5.3 - 1 
±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 a® ̈Æø1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 ø1⁄2·o 

1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈ao oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ­a°øÆø ̈a ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 ø1⁄2·o  ̈Æø·2 

 ̄·o ÆaØ ́·Æao ̃Ú Ã ̧a ­±¥·o °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ 3ø­­ 

·­ oao·2ao ø­  ̈ ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ 3ø­­ 

3·2 ́­ a® ̈Æø1⁄2 ̈øæ¥a ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 

ø1⁄2·oÚ 

fl2 øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ 

3ø­­ ·­ ø¥¥±©ao o±Æ ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 ø1⁄2·o o±Æ3ao oÆ±3 

Æaø1⁄2 ̈·±2­ æa ̈©aa2 Õ—Ó ø2o Õ—Ì ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a 

 ̈Æø·2 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­Ú ... ̧a2 ø33±2·ø ·­ ·2¶a1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± 

a2 ̧ø21⁄2a  ̈ ̧a aoo·1⁄2·a21⁄2ß ±o ø 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ oaTM·1⁄2aÙ ø 

­a1⁄2±2o øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈ ·­ ø¥¥±©ao o±Æ  ̈± ̈ø¥ ­ ́¥oø ̈aÚ 

Ã ̧·­ øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈ ·­ ø¥¥±©ao o±Æ o¥ ́·o 1⁄2ø ̈ø¥ß ̈·1⁄2 

1⁄2Æø1⁄2μ·21  ́2· ̈­ ±2¥ßÚ 

fia1⁄2ø ́­a ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±3°¥a®· ̈ß ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o  ̈a­ ̈aÆ­ 

3 ́­ ̈ æa  ̈Æø·2ao ø2o a®°aÆ·a21⁄2ao ·2  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈ 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­Ú 

ÔÚÓ fl°°¥·1⁄2øæ·¥· ̈ß 

 

Ã ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o 3aø­ ́Æa­ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a a3·­­·±2­ oÆ±3 

­ ̈ø ̈·±2øÆß ­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ù a®1⁄2a° ̈ © ̧a2 oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 

1⁄2±3°¥·ø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ “a© Õ± ́Æ1⁄2a –aÆo±Æ3ø21⁄2a Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

× ̈ o±a­ 2± ̈ ø°°¥ß  ̈± ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2 ¥·Ø ́·o 

5.3 - 2 
oÆ±°¥a ̈­Ù ±Æ ­ø ̈ ́Æø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ ©ø ̈aÆ TMø°±ÆÙ ±Æ © ̧aÆa 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ·­ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ÓðÏ±›  ̄Ïðð±⁄ ̃Ú 

×2 øoo· ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o ­ ̧± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa  ́­ao ·o 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ±¶a1⁄2 ̈ao 1⁄2Æ±­­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2ø¥ øÆaø ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa 

a® ̈a2­·±2Ûo·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß 1⁄2±TMaÆ­ 3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2 

Î °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ 1⁄2Æ±­­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2ø¥ øÆaø  ̄­aa 

⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÔ ̃Ú Ã ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o ·­ Æa1⁄2±33a2oao o±Æ 

 ̈a­ ̈·21 1⁄2a3a2 ̈ °¥ø2 ̈­ ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ ­± ́Æ1⁄2a­ a3· ̈ ̈·21 

 ̧·1 ̧¥ß  ̧ß1Æ±­1⁄2±°·1⁄2 °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆÚ 

5.3 - 3 
”¤Ãÿ—‹ ÎÚÌ 

‹¤Ã¤Œ”×“flÃ×—“ —⁄ –flŒÃ×›À‘flÃ¤ ”flÃÃ¤Œ ¤”×ÕÕ×—“Õ ⁄Œ—” 

ÕÃflÃ×—“flŒ« Õ—ÀŒ›¤Õ ÀÕ×“Ÿ fl“ ×“ÛÕÃfl›’ ⁄×‘Ã¤Œ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ó ±o Ï 

ÓÚ ⁄·a¥o –Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÓÚÔ Õø3°¥·21 fl°°øÆø ̈ ́­ 

 ÓÚÔÚÔ Õø3°¥·21 ÃÆø·2 

 

fl ­1⁄2 ̧a3ø ̈·1⁄2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21  ̈Æø·2  ́­ao ·2 

 ̈ ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o ·­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÓÚ Ã ̧a 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa o±Æ  ̈ ̧a °Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ø3°¥a 1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈Æø·2 ·­ 1·TMa2 ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o 

ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÓÚÔÚ Ã ̧a ­ø3°¥·21  ̈Æø·2 

1⁄2±2­·­ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a o±¥¥±©·21 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­Ê 

 øÚ –Æ±æa “±¶¶¥a 

Ã ̧a 2±¶¶¥a 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ÌÔÍ 

­ ̈ø·2¥a­­ ­ ̈aa¥ ±Æ 1¥ø­­Ù ©· ̈ ̧ ø 

­ ̧øÆ°Ù  ̈ø°aÆao ¥aøo·21 ao1aÚ Ã ̧a 

 ̈ø°aÆ ø21¥a ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ‰Ìð± ø2o ±2  ̈ ̧a 

5.3 - 4 
± ́ ̈­·oaÙ  ̈± °Æa­aÆTMa ø 1⁄2±2­ ̈ø2 ̈ 

·2 ̈aÆ2ø¥ o·ø3a ̈aÆÚ Ã ̧a ­ ̈ø·2¥a­­ 

­ ̈aa¥ 2±¶¶¥a ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 1⁄2±2­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ao 

oÆ±3 ­aø3¥a­­  ̈ ́æ·21Ú — ̈ ̧aÆ 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥­ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ©·¥¥ 2± ̈ æa 1⁄2±ÆÆ±oao æß  ̈ ̧a 

­ø3°¥ao 1ø­a­ ±Æ ·2 ̈aÆoaÆa ©· ̈ ̧ ­ø3°¥a 

Æa1⁄2±TMaÆß 3øß æa  ́­aoÚ 

fl Æø21a ±o 2±¶¶¥a ­·¶a­ ­ ́· ̈øæ¥a o±Æ 

·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 ­ø3°¥·21 ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2 ·21⁄2Æa3a2 ̈­ ±o ðÚÔÍ 1⁄23 

 ̄ÔÒÔÍ ·2Ú ̃Ù aÚ1Ú ðÚÌÓ  ̈± ÔÚÓÈ 1⁄23  ̄ÔÒË 

 ̈± ÔÒÓ ·2Ú ̃ ±Æ ¥øÆ1aÆ ·o  ̧·1 ̧aÆ TM±¥ ́3a 

­ø3°¥·21  ̈Æø·2­ øÆa  ́­aoÚ ¤ø1⁄2 ̧ 2±¶¶¥a 

3 ́­ ̈ æa 1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈ao ø1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21  ̈± 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÔÚ 

æÚ ⁄·¥ ̈aÆ ÿ±¥oaÆ 

À­a ø æ±Æ±­·¥·1⁄2ø ̈a 1¥ø­­ o·¥ ̈aÆ 

 ̧±¥oaÆÙ ©· ̈ ̧ ø Ãao¥±2Ù Ãao¥±2Û1⁄2±ø ̈ao 

­ ̈ø·2¥a­­ ­ ̈aa¥Ù ±Æ ­ ̈ø·2¥a­­ ­ ̈aa¥ 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ø2o ø ­·¥·1⁄2±2a Æ ́ææaÆ 1ø­μa ̈Ú 

Ÿø­μa ̈ 3øoa ±o ± ̈ ̧aÆ 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ 

­ ̈ø·2¥a­­ ­ ̈aa¥Ù Ãao¥±2Ù ±Æ · ̈±2 3øß 

5.3 - 5 
æa  ́­ao ·o  ̈ ̧aß o± 2± ̈ Æaø1⁄2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ ±Æ ­ø3°¥ao 1ø­a­Ú 

⁄Æ· ̈ ̈ao 1¥ø­­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈­ øÆa 

 ́2­ø ̈·­oø1⁄2 ̈±Æß o±Æ °±­ ̈Ûo·¥ ̈aÆ 

ø2ø¥ß­·­Ú Ã ̧a  ̧±¥oaÆ oa­·12 °Æ±TM·oaø °±­· ̈·TMa ­aø¥ ø1ø·2­ ̈ ¥aøμø1a oÆ±3 

 ̈ ̧a ± ́ ̈­·oa ±Æ øÆ± ́2o  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆÚ 

1⁄2Ú –Æ±æa ‘·2aÆ 

... ̧a2aTMaÆ °Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥Ù  ́­a æ±Æ±­·¥·1⁄2ø ̈a 

±Æ Ø ́øÆ ̈¶ 1¥ø­­ °Æ±æa ¥·2aÆ­Ú ”a ̈ø¥ 

¥·2aÆ­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ ÌÔÍ ­ ̈ø·2¥a­­Ù ×21⁄2±2a¥Ù 

×21⁄2±¥±ß ËÓÎÙ ±Æ ± ̈ ̧aÆ 1⁄2±ÆÆ±­·±2 

Æa­·­ ̈ø2 ̈ 3a ̈ø¥­ 3øoa ±o ­aø3¥a­­ 

 ̈ ́æ·21 3øß æa  ́­ao © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ±o ø1⁄2·o °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ·­ 

¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Ô 31Ò3Ì ø ̈ °Æ±æa 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­ 

±Æ Õ—Ó ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Óð °°3Ú 

oÚ –· ̈± ̈ Ã ́æa 

À­a ø2 ÕÛ ̈ß°a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æaÙ ø­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao 

·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÚÔ ±o ”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÙ ±Æ ± ̈ ̧aÆ 

oaTM·1⁄2a ø°°Æ±TMao æß  ̈ ̧a ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa 

—oo·1⁄2aÆÚ fl ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

5.3 - 6 
°Æ±æaÙ ø­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÓÙ  ̈± 

ø¥¥±© 1⁄2±2­ ̈ø2 ̈ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ 

1ø­ TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ßÚ ×o  ̈ ̧·­ ·­ 2± ̈ 

°Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ­aa › ̧ø° ̈aÆ »Ù ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±2 

⁄¥ ́a ⁄ø1⁄2 ̈±ÆÚ 

Ã ̧a ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈  ̄ ̧·1 ̧ °Æa­­ ́Æa ̃ ±°a2·21 

°¥ø2a ±o  ̈ ̧a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa 3 ́­ ̈ æa aTMa2 

©· ̈ ̧ ±Æ øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a a2 ̈Æß °¥ø2a 

 ̄­aa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔ ̃ o ́Æ·21 ­ø3°¥·21Ú Ã ̧a 

ÕÛ ̈ß°a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa ø­­a3æ¥ß 3 ́­ ̈  ̧øTMa ø 

μ2±©2 1⁄2±aoo·1⁄2·a2 ̈Ù ø­ oa ̈aÆ3·2ao ·2 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÚ 

aÚ ‹·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ –Æa­­ ́Æa Ÿø ́1a 

 

À­a ø2 ·21⁄2¥·2ao 3ø2±3a ̈aÆ ±Æ 

aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ oaTM·1⁄2aÙ ø­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÙ o±Æ ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøo 

Æaøo·21­Ù ø2o ø ­a°øÆø ̈a 3ø2±3a ̈aÆ o±Æ 

±Æ·o·1⁄2a o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ °Æa­­ ́Æa 

Æaøo·21­Ú 

oÚ ×3°·21aÆ ÃÆø·2 

5.3 - 7 
Ã ̧a  ̈Æø·2 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈­ ±o o± ́Æ ŸÆaa2æ ́Æ1Û

Õ3· ̈ ̧ oa­·12 ·3°·21aÆ­ 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈ao ·2 

­aÆ·a­ ©· ̈ ̧ ¥aøμÛoÆaa 1Æ± ́2o 1¥ø­­ 

o· ̈ ̈·21­Ù ±Æ ø2ß ­·3·¥øÆ ¥aøμÛoÆaa 

2±2Û1⁄2±2 ̈ø3·2ø ̈·21 o· ̈ ̈·21­Ú Ã ̧a o·Æ­ ̈ 

ø2o ­a1⁄2±2o ·3°·21aÆ­ 3 ́­ ̈ æa ±o  ̈ ̧a 

ŸÆaa2æ ́Æ1ÛÕ3· ̈ ̧ oa­·12 ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈·°Ú Ã ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo ø2o o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ 

·3°·21aÆ­ 3 ́­ ̈ æa ±o  ̈ ̧a ŸÆaa2æ ́Æ1Û

Õ3· ̈ ̧ oa­·12Ù 3±o·o·ao æß Æa°¥ø1⁄2·21 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈·° ©· ̈ ̧ ÔÚÌ 1⁄23  ̄ÔÒÓ ·2Ú ̃ ×‹ 1¥ø­­ 

 ̈ ́æa a® ̈a2o·21  ̈± øæ± ́ ̈ ÔÚÌ 1⁄23  ̄ÔÒÓ 

·2Ú ̃ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a æ± ̈ ̈±3 ±o  ̈ ̧a o¥ø­μÚ 

fl1⁄21⁄2a° ̈øæ¥a 3±o·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa  ̈ ̧a 

o±¥¥±©·21Ê  ́­·21 o¥a®·æ¥a 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ­Ù  ́­·21 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥­ 

± ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 1¥ø­­Ù ±Æ  ́­·21 o¥a®·æ¥a 

TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ¥·2a­  ̈± 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ  ̈Æø·2Ú 

Ã ̧a o·Æ­ ̈ ø2o ­a1⁄2±2o ·3°·21aÆ­ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2 

Ôðð 3¥ ±o oa·±2·¶ao ©ø ̈aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo 

·­ a3° ̈ß ø2o  ̈ ̧a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2­ ø 

μ2±©2 ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±o ­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥Ù ±Æ 

aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ oa­·1⁄21⁄2ø2 ̈Ú –¥ø1⁄2a ø 

5.3 - 8 
 ̈ ̧aÆ3±3a ̈aÆ 1⁄2ø°øæ¥a ±o 3aø­ ́Æ·21 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa  ̈± ©· ̈ ̧·2 Ô±›  ̄Ó±⁄ ̃ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

± ́ ̈¥a ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ ·3°·21aÆ  ̈± 

3±2· ̈±Æ ± ́ ̈¥a ̈ 1ø­  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÚ 

×2­ ̈aøo ±o  ́­·21 ­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥  ̈ ̧a 

3±·­ ̈ ́Æa ¥aøTM·21  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo ·3°·21aÆ 

3øß æa 3aø­ ́Æao æß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ø2o °Æa­­ ́Æa ø ̈  ̈ ̧a a®· ̈ 

±o  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ  ̈Æø·2 ø2o  ́­·21 

‹ø¥ ̈±2 ̆­ ¥ø© ±o °øÆ ̈·ø¥ °Æa­­ ́Æa­Ú 

¤TMa2 ·o ±2a  ́­a­ 3aø2­ ± ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a ø3± ́2 ̈ ±o 

3±·­ ̈ ́Æa ¥aøTM·21  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ  ̈Æø·2Ù 

­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥Ù ±Æ aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 

 ́­ao æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ ­ß­ ̈a3 ø2o 

° ́3°  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ 3±·­ ̈ ́Æa 1⁄2±2oa2­ø ̈·±2 

·2  ̈ ̧a ° ́3° ø2o 3a ̈aÆ·21 oaTM·1⁄2a­Ú 

1Ú ”a ̈aÆ·21 Õß­ ̈a3 

Ã ̧a 3a ̈aÆ·21 ­ß­ ̈a3 ·21⁄2¥ ́oa­ TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 

1ø ́1aÙ ¥aøμÛoÆaa ° ́3°Ù  ̈ ̧aÆ3±3a ̈aÆ­ 

1⁄2ø°øæ¥a ±o 3aø­ ́Æ·21  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa  ̈± 

©· ̈ ̧·2 Ì±›  ̄ÎÚÏ±⁄ ̃Ù oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ 

5.3 - 9 
1⁄2ø°øæ¥a ±o 3aø­ ́Æ·21 TM±¥ ́3a  ̈± ©· ̈ ̧·2 

Ó °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ù ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao aØ ́·°3a2 ̈Ù ø­ 

­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÓÚ fl2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧aÆ3±3a ̈aÆ­ ø2o oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ­ 

·­ ø2 aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÛ 

1⁄2±3°a2­ø ̈ao oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆÚ ... ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 

3a ̈aÆ·21 ­ß­ ̈a3 ·­  ́­ao ·2 1⁄2±2¶ ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 

©· ̈ ̧ ø –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æaÙ  ̈ ̧a ­ß­ ̈a3 ­ ̧ø¥¥ 

ø¥¥±© o±Æ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ­ ±o ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 

­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈a­Ú 

ÓÚÔÚÓ fiøÆ±3a ̈aÆ 

 fl 3aÆ1⁄2 ́ÆßÙ ø2aÆ±·oÙ ±Æ ± ̈ ̧aÆ æøÆ±3a ̈aÆ 

1⁄2ø°øæ¥a ±o 3aø­ ́Æ·21 ø ̈3±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 °Æa­­ ́Æa 

 ̈± ©· ̈ ̧·2 ÓÚÎ 33  ̄ðÚÔ ·2Ú ̃ ÿ1 3øß æa  ́­aoÚ 

fl¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧a æøÆ±3a ̈Æ·1⁄2 Æaøo·21 3øß 

æa ±æ ̈ø·2ao oÆ±3 ø 2aøÆæß “ø ̈·±2ø¥ ...aø ̈ ̧aÆ 

ÕaÆTM·1⁄2a ­ ̈ø ̈·±2Ú ŒaØ ́a­ ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø ̈·±2 

TMø¥ ́a  ̄© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ·­  ̈ ̧a øæ­±¥ ́ ̈a æøÆ±3a ̈Æ·1⁄2 

°Æa­­ ́Æa ̃ ø2o øo¶ ́­ ̈ o±Æ a¥aTMø ̈·±2 

o·ooaÆa21⁄2a æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a “...Õ ­ ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

­ø3°¥·21 °±·2 ̈ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a Æø ̈a ±o 3·2 ́­ ÓÚÎ 33 

 ̄ðÚÔ ·2Ú ̃ ÿ1 °aÆ Ìð 3  ̄Ôðð o ̈ ̃ a¥aTMø ̈·±2 

·21⁄2Æaø­a ±Æ °¥ ́­  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈ o±Æ 

a¥aTMø ̈·±2 oa1⁄2Æaø­aÚ 

5.3 - 10 
ÓÚÔÚÌ Ãa3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ‹a ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2 ¤Ø ́·°3a2 ̈ 

À­a  ̈ ̧a  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ­a2­±Æ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÚ –ÆaoaÆøæ¥ß  ̈ ̧a  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

­a2­±Æ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa °aÆ3ø2a2 ̈¥ß ø ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧ao  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa ±Æ ­ø3°¥·21 °Æ±æa ­±  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈·° ±o  ̈ ̧a ­a2­±Æ a® ̈a2o­ æaß±2o  ̈ ̧a 

¥aøo·21 ao1a ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ­ ̧aø ̈ ̧ ø2o 

 ̈± ́1⁄2 ̧a­ 2± 3a ̈ø¥Ú fl¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧a 

­a2­±Æ 3øß æa ø ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧ao ¶ ́­ ̈ °Æ·±Æ  ̈±  ́­a 

·2  ̈ ̧a o·a¥oÚ ×o  ̈ ̧a  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ­a2­±Æ 

·­ ø ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧ao ·2  ̈ ̧a o·a¥oÙ °¥ø1⁄2a · ̈ ·2 ø2 

·2 ̈aÆoaÆa21⁄2aÛoÆaa øÆÆø21a3a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÕÛ ̈ß°a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa ±°a2·21­  ̄­aa 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔ ̃Ú fl­ ø2± ̈ ̧aÆ ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMaÙ ·o ø 

o·ooaÆa21⁄2a ±o 2± ̈ 3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2 Ô °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ·2 

 ̈ ̧a øTMaÆø1a TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß 3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ ø2o 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈·21 ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ o¥±© Æø ̈a 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2 

©± ́¥o æa ·2 ̈Æ±o ́1⁄2aoÙ  ̈ ̧a  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

1ø ́1a 2aao 2± ̈ æa ø ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ±Æ 

–· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æaÚ 

ÓÚÔÚÏ Õ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 fl1⁄2·o ‹a ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2 ¤Ø ́·°3a2 ̈ 

Õø3a ø­ ”a ̈ ̧±o ÍÚÔÚ ×o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2a­­ ·­ 

­ ̈aøoß ­ ̈ø ̈a ø2o ­ ́¥o ́Æ·1⁄2 ø1⁄2·o ·­ ¥a­­ 

5.3 - 11 
 ̈ ̧ø2 Ôð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°¥·1⁄2øæ¥a Æ ́¥aÙ 1⁄2±21⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ø3°¥·21 ·­ 

2± ̈ ÆaØ ́·ÆaoÚ 

ÓÚÔÚÎ Ÿø­ ”±¥a1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ...a·1 ̧ ̈ ‹a ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2 

¤Ø ́·°3a2 ̈ 

Õø3a ø­ ”a ̈ ̧±o ÌÚÔÚ ›±21⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

oa ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2 ·­ 2± ̈ ÆaØ ́·Æao © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±1⁄2a­­ ·­ ­ ̈aøoß ­ ̈ø ̈a ø2o  ̈ ̧a 3±¥a1⁄2 ́¥øÆ 

©a·1 ̧ ̈ TMøÆ·a­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Ó °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ú 

ÓÚÓ Õø3°¥·21 Œaø1a2 ̈­ 

øÚ ⁄·¥ ̈aÆŸ¥ø­­ o·æaÆ o·¥ ̈aÆ­Ù ©· ̈ ̧± ́ ̈ ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 æ·2oaÆÚ 

Ã ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ­ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ÁÁÚÁÎ °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ 

aoo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̄‰ ðÚðÎ °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ °a2a ̈Æø ̈·±2 ̃ ±2 

ðÚÌÛ3·1⁄2Æ±2 o·±1⁄2 ̈ß¥ ° ̧ ̈ ̧ø¥ø ̈a ­3±μa °øÆ ̈·1⁄2¥a­Ú 

Ã ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ aoo·1⁄2·a21⁄2ß  ̈a­ ̈ 3 ́­ ̈ æa 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao 

·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ flÕÃ” Õ ̈ø2oøÆo ”a ̈ ̧±o 

‹ÛÓÁËÍÛÈÔ ±Æ  ́­a oø ̈ø oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ­ ́°°¥·aÆ ̆­ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ °Æ±1Æø3Ú ‘±© ­±o· ́3 o·¥ ̈aÆøÆa Æa1⁄2±33a2oao © ̧a2 Õ—Ó ·­ °Æa­a2 ̈Ú 

 

5.3 - 12 
æÚ Õ·¥·1⁄2ø Ÿa¥ 

×2o·1⁄2ø ̈·21Û ̈ß°aÙ Í  ̈± ÔÍ 3a­ ̧Ú À­a 2a© 

­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥ ø­ Æa1⁄2a·TMaoÚ ×o °ÆaTM·± ́­¥ß  ́­aoÙ 

oÆß ø ̈ ÔÈÎ±›  ̄ÌÎð±⁄ ̃ o±Æ Ó  ̧± ́Æ­Ú 

1⁄2Ú ...ø ̈aÆ 

‹a·±2·¶aoÙ o·­ ̈·¥¥ao ©ø ̈aÆ  ̈± 1⁄2±2o±Æ3  ̈± flÕÃ” 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ‹ÔÔÁÌÛÈÈ ±Æ ‹ÔÔÁÌÛÁÔÙ Ãß°a ÌÚ 

fl ̈  ̈ ̧a ±° ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧a3·­ ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a ’”2—Ï  ̈a­ ̈ 

o±Æ ±®·o·¶øæ¥a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ 3øß æa a¥·3·2ø ̈ao © ̧a2 

 ̧·1 ̧ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ±o ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ øÆa 2± ̈ 

a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± æa °Æa­a2 ̈Ú ŒaoaÆa21⁄2a  ̈± ©ø ̈aÆ 

 ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧·­ 3a ̈ ̧±o ·3°¥·a­ oa·±2·¶aoÙ 

o·­ ̈·¥¥ao ©ø ̈aÆÚ 

Œ ́2 æ¥ø2μ­ °Æ·±Æ  ̈± o·a¥o  ́­a  ̈± a¥·3·2ø ̈a ø 

 ̧·1 ̧ æ¥ø2μ ±2  ̈a­ ̈ ­ø3°¥a­Ú 

oÚ ›Æ ́­ ̧ao ×1⁄2a ±Æ ‹Æß ×1⁄2a –a¥¥a ̈­ 

aÚ Õ ̈±°1⁄2±1⁄2μ ŸÆaø­a 

Õ ̈±°1⁄2±1⁄2μ 1Æaø­a ·­ 2± ̈ Æa1⁄2±33a2oao ø2o 2± ̈ 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆß ·o ­1⁄2Æa©Û±2 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈±Æ­ ©· ̈ ̧ Ãao¥±2 

5.3 - 13 
­¥aaTMa­ ±Æ ­·3·¥øÆ øÆa  ́­aoÚ fl1⁄2a ̈±2aÛ

·2­±¥ ́æ¥aÙ  ̧aø ̈Û­ ̈øæ¥a ­·¥·1⁄2±2a 1Æaø­a 3øß æa 

 ́­aoÚ — ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ß°a­ ±o 1Æaø­a 3øß æa  ́­aoÙ 

­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±TMø¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa 

—oo·1⁄2aÆÚ 

ÓÚÌ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ ‹a ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2­ 

Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 ­· ̈a ø2o  ̈ ̧a 3·2·3 ́3 2 ́3æaÆ 

±o ­ø3°¥·21 °±·2 ̈­ ø1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21  ̈± ”a ̈ ̧±o ÔÚÔÚ ×o 

· ̈ ·­ 2± ̈ °±­­·æ¥a  ̈± o±¥¥±© ”a ̈ ̧±o ÔÚÔÙ ±Æ 3±Æa 

 ̈ ̧ø2 ±2a ­ø3°¥a ­· ̈a 3 ́­ ̈ æa  ̈a­ ̈aoÙ ­aa › ̧ø° ̈aÆ 

»Ú ‹a ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ °Æa­­ ́ÆaÙ  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøo­  ́­·21 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÚ 

‹a ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a 3±·­ ̈ ́Æa 1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈Ù  ́­·21 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÏÚÔ 

±Æ · ̈ ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMaÙ  ̈± 3øμa ­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈a 

­a ̈ ̈·21­Ú 

‹a ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ 1ø­ oÆß 3±¥a1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ©a·1 ̧ ̈Ù øoa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÌÚÔÚ ×o ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈ao ­ø3°¥·21 

 ̄”a ̈ ̧±o ÌÚÔ ̃ ·­  ́­ao o±Æ 3±¥a1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ©a·1 ̧ ̈ 

oa ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2Ù  ̈øμa  ̈ ̧a ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈ao æø1 ­ø3°¥a 

 ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥  ̈·3a ±o  ̈ ̧a °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 

­ø3°¥a Æ ́2Ù  ́2¥a­­  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧a TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß 

3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ ø2o Æa­ ́¥ ̈·21 ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ o¥±© Æø ̈a 

5.3 - 14 
1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Ô °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ú ×2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2ø­a 

 ̈øμa  ̈ ̧a ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈ao ­ø3°¥a ·33ao·ø ̈a¥ß æao±ÆaÙ 

øo ̈aÆÙ ±Æ o±Æ ø ­ ̧±Æ ̈aÆ  ̈·3a o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ­ø3°¥a Æ ́2Ú 

Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈ ø 2±¶¶¥a ­·¶a æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o 

TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøo­Ù ­±  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ 2± ̈ 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß  ̈± 

1⁄2 ̧ø21a  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a ­·¶a  ̈± 3ø·2 ̈ø·2 ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 

­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈a­Ú ‹± 2± ̈ 1⁄2 ̧ø21a  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a ­·¶a 

o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a Æ ́2Ú › ̧±±­a  ̈ ̧a o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ °Æa­­ ́Æa 

1ø ́1a ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøoa21⁄2± ́2 ̈aÆao  ̄­aa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔ ̃Ú 

Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈ ø °Æ±æa ¥a21 ̈ ̧ ­ ́· ̈øæ¥a o±Æ ­ø3°¥·21 ø¥¥ 

 ̈ÆøTMaÆ­a °±·2 ̈­Ú ›±2­·oaÆ ­ø3°¥·21 ¥øÆ1a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μoÆ±3 ±°°±­· ̈a ­·oa­  ̄o± ́Æ ­ø3°¥·21 °±Æ ̈  ̧±¥a­ ̃  ̈± 

Æao ́1⁄2a °Æ±æa ¥a21 ̈ ̧­Ú 

Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈ ø  ̈± ̈ø¥ ­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3a aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ±Æ 1Æaø ̈aÆ 

 ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 3·2·3 ́3  ̈± ̈ø¥ ­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3a ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈ °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 ·2o ́­ ̈ÆßÚ 

Ã ̧a ­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3a °aÆ °±·2 ̈ 3 ́­ ̈ 2± ̈ æa ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 

Ó 3·2 ́ ̈a­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ ­ø3°¥a TM±¥ ́3a  ̈øμa2 

 ̄1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­ ̃ 3 ́­ ̈ 2± ̈ æa 

¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Ìð o ̈ÌÚ 

5.3 - 15 
Ã± øTM±·o  ̈·3aμaa°·21 aÆÆ±Æ­Ù  ̈ ̧a 2 ́3æaÆ ±o 

3·2 ́ ̈a­ ­ø3°¥ao ø ̈ aø1⁄2 ̧ °±·2 ̈ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ø2 

·2 ̈a1aÆ ±Æ ø2 ·2 ̈a1aÆ °¥ ́­ ±2aÛ ̧ø¥o 3·2 ́ ̈aÚ Ã ̧a 

­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3a ­ ̧± ́¥o æa  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a ø ̈ aø1⁄2 ̧ °±·2 ̈Ú 

×2 ­±3a 1⁄2·Æ1⁄2 ́3­ ̈ø21⁄2a­Ù aÚ1Ú æø ̈1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2ß1⁄2¥a­Ù · ̈ 3øß 

æa 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß  ̈± ­ø3°¥a o±Æ ­ ̧±Æ ̈aÆ  ̈·3a­ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ÆøTMaÆ­a °±·2 ̈­Ù Æa­ ́¥ ̈·21 ·2 ­3ø¥¥aÆ 1ø­ ­ø3°¥a 

TM±¥ ́3a­Ú ×2  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2ø­a­Ù  ̈a­ ̈  ̈©± ±Æ 3±Æa 

1⁄2ß1⁄2¥a­Ú 

”øμa ø °Æ±¶a1⁄2 ̈aoÛøÆaø 3±oa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa 

a® ̈a2­·±2Ûo·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆ ø­­a3æ¥ßÙ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a –· ̈± ̈ 

 ̈ ́æa oø1⁄2a ±°a2·21­ °±­· ̈·±2ao ø¥±21  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2a2 ̈aÆ¥·2a ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μÙ ø­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa 

ÎÚÌÛÔÚ ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 1⁄2Æ±­­Û­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

æ¥±1⁄2μø1a ø­ ­ ̧±©2Ú ×o  ̈ ̧a æ¥±1⁄2μø1a a®1⁄2aao­ Î 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a o ́1⁄2 ̈ 1⁄2Æ±­­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2ø¥ øÆaøÙ a· ̈ ̧aÆ 

 ̄Ô ̃  ́­a ø ­ ́· ̈øæ¥a ± ́ ̈Û±oÛ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ o·¥ ̈Æø ̈·±2 3a ̈ ̧±o 

·2­ ̈aøo ±o ·2Û­ ̈ø1⁄2μ o·¥ ̈Æø ̈·±2Â ±Æ  ̄Ó ̃  ́­a ø 

­°a1⁄2·ø¥ ·2Û­ ̈ø1⁄2μ øÆÆø21a3a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ­a°øÆø ̈a 

­ø3°¥·21 ø2o TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß 3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ ­· ̈a­Ú 

ÓÚÏ Ÿø­ ±¥ ́3a ”a ̈aÆ › ̧a1⁄2μ­ 

 

 › ̧a1⁄2μ  ̈ ̧a 3a ̈aÆ ø1ø·2­ ̈  ̈ ̧a ÿ‡ ±Æ·o·1⁄2a 

1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2 ±æ ̈ø·2ao ·2 › ̧ø° ̈aÆ ××× ©· ̈ ̧± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a 

5.3 - 16 
°Æ±æaÙ o·¥ ̈aÆÙ ø2o  ̈Æø·2 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈aoÚ fl °Æa ̈a­ ̈ 

1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ·­ Æa1⁄2±33a2oaoÚ fl °±­ ̈  ̈a­ ̈ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ·­ 

3ø2oø ̈±ÆßÚ 

 › ̧a1⁄2μ 1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 3a ̈aÆ·21 ­ß­ ̈a3 æß 

°aÆo±Æ3·21 1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2 Æ ́2­ ø ̈  ̈ ̧Æaa o·ooaÆa2 ̈ 

o¥±© Æø ̈a­Ú Õa ̈ o¥±© Æø ̈a­ ø ̈ ðÚÏ ›⁄” ı Ôð 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ù ðÚÈÎ ›⁄” ı Ôð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ù ø2o ÔÚð ›⁄” ı Ôð 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ú Ã ̧a 1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2 ©·¥¥ æa  ́­ao  ̈± 

1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ÿ‡ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a­a  ̈ ̧Æaa o¥±© Æø ̈a­Ù © ̧aÆa 

 ÿ‡ ·­ 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈ao ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

 Ã3—Ó

 ÿ‡ „ ðÚðÌÔÁ ÿ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 

 –æøÆ  ̄«Ó 3

ÓflÓ ̃ 

 © ̧aÆaÊ 

 ÿ‡ „ flTMaÆø1a °Æa­­ ́Æa o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ ø1⁄2Æ±­­ 

  ̈ ̧a ±Æ·o·1⁄2a 3a ̈aÆÙ ·2Ú ÿÓ— ø ̈ ðÚÈÎ 

­1⁄2o3  ̄ÎÓË±⁄Ù ÓÁÚÁÓ ·2Ú ÿ1 ̃ 

 Ã3 „ flæ­±¥ ́ ̈a øTMaÆø1a oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ 

  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÙ ±Œ 

 –æøÆ „ fiøÆ±3a ̈Æ·1⁄2 °Æa­­ ́ÆaÙ ·2Ú ÿ1 

 — „ Ã± ̈ø¥ ­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3aÙ 3·2 

5.3 - 17 
 « „ ‹Æß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ 1⁄2ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2 oø1⁄2 ̈±ÆÙ 

 o·3a2­·±2¥a­­Ù ±æ ̈ø·2ao oÆ±3 

 › ̧ø° ̈aÆ ××× 

 ÿ „ –Æa­­ ́Æa o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ ø1⁄2Æ±­­  ̈ ̧a 

±Æ·o·1⁄2aÙ ·2Ú ÿÓ— 

 3 „ ±¥ ́3a ±o 1ø­ ­ø3°¥a ø­ 3aø­ ́Æao æß 

 oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆÙ o1⁄2o 

ðÚðÌÔÁ „  ̄ðÚðÎÍÈ ·2Ú ÿ1Ò±Œ ̃ ®  ̄ðÚÈÎ 1⁄2o3 ̃Ó

fl „ ÔÙ ·o 3a ̈aÆ ·­ 2± ̈  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

1⁄2±3°a2­ø ̈ao 

 Ã3 

 „ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 

›±3°a2­ø ̈ao Ãa3°Ú  ̄±Œ ̃ 

·o  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 1⁄2±3°a2­ø ̈ao 

×o  ̈ ̧a 3aø­ ́Æao ÿ‡ o·ooaÆ­ æß 3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2 ı Ì 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ø1⁄2 ̈ ́ø¥ ÿ‡ ±æ ̈ø·2ao ·2 › ̧ø° ̈aÆ 

×××Ù  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈­ øÆa TM±·oaoÚ 

5.3 - 18 
fl¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa aÚ1Ú  ́­·21 ø2 ±Æ·o·1⁄2a 3a ̈aÆ 

©· ̈ ̧ ø μ2±©2 ’Ûoø1⁄2 ̈±Æ 3øß æa  ́­aoÙ ­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±TMø¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —oo·1⁄2aÚ 

ÓÚÎ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 

Õa ̈  ́°  ̈ ̧a  ̈Æø·2 ø­ ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÓÚ 

”øÆμ  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ©· ̈ ̧  ̧aø ̈ÛÆa­·­ ̈ø2 ̈  ̈ø°a ±Æ æß 

­±3a ± ̈ ̧aÆ 3a ̈ ̧±o  ̈± oa2± ̈a  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°aÆ o·­ ̈ø21⁄2a 

 ̈± ·2­aÆ ̈  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ ±Æ o ́1⁄2 ̈ o±Æ 

aø1⁄2 ̧ ­ø3°¥·21 °±·2 ̈Ú 

–¥ø1⁄2a 1⁄2Æ ́­ ̧ao ·1⁄2a ±Æ oÆß ·1⁄2a °a¥¥a ̈­ øÆ± ́2o  ̈ ̧a 

·3°·21aÆ­Ú 

ÓÚÍ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μÓÚÍÚÔ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ 

flo ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21  ̈Æø·2  ̧ø­ æaa2 

ø­­a3æ¥aoÙ °¥ ́1  ̈ ̧a ·2¥a ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa 

2±¶¶¥a ©· ̈ ̧ ø 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥ øæ¥a  ̈± ©· ̈ ̧­ ̈ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÚ ×2­aÆ ̈  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ 

 ̧±¥oaÆ ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ ø2o ©ø· ̈ 

ø°°Æ±®·3ø ̈a¥ß Î 3·2 ́ ̈a­Ù ±Æ ¥±21aÆ ·o 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆßÙ  ̈± ø¥¥±©  ̈ ̧a ­ß­ ̈a3  ̈± 1⁄2±3a  ̈± 

5.3 - 19 
aØ ́·¥·æÆ· ́3 ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ 1ø­ 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÚ Ã ́Æ2 ±2  ̈ ̧a ° ́3° ø2o oÆø© ø 

TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ±o ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ÌËð 33  ̄ÔÎ ·2Ú ̃ ÿ1Â ø 

¥±©aÆ TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 3øß æa  ́­ao ·o · ̈ ·­ 2± ̈ 

a®1⁄2aaoao o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈Ú ‹a ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a 

¥aøμø1a Æø ̈aÚ fl ¥aøμø1a Æø ̈a ·2 a®1⁄2a­­ ±o 

a· ̈ ̧aÆ Ï °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a øTMaÆø1a ­ø3°¥·21 

Æø ̈a ±Æ ðÚðððÎÈ 3Ì 3·2 ́ ̈a  ̄ðÚðÓ 1⁄2o3 ̃Ù ·­ 

 ́2ø1⁄21⁄2a° ̈øæ¥aÚ 

Õ ̈øÆ ̈  ̈ ̧a ° ́3° ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a æß°ø­­ TMø¥TMa o ́¥¥ß 

±°a2 ø2o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±øÆ­a øo¶ ́­ ̈ TMø¥TMa 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a¥ß 1⁄2¥±­aoÚ –øÆ ̈·ø¥¥ß ±°a2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±øÆ­a øo¶ ́­ ̈ TMø¥TMa ø2o ­¥±©¥ß 1⁄2¥±­a  ̈ ̧a 

æß°ø­­ TMø¥TMa  ́2 ̈·¥  ̈ ̧a oa­·Æao TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ·­ 

Æaø1⁄2 ̧aoÚ ‹± 2± ̈ ÆaTMaÆ­a o·Æa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 

æß°ø­­ TMø¥TMaÚ ×o  ̈ ̧a oa­·Æao TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ·­ 

a®1⁄2aaoaoÙ a· ̈ ̧aÆ ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­  ̧·1 ̧aÆ 

TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ±Æ a2o  ̈ ̧a ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ø­ ­ ̧±©2 

æa¥±© ø2o ­ ̈øÆ ̈ ±TMaÆÚ 

... ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ·­ 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈aoÙ ­¥±©¥ß 

Æa3±TMa  ̈ ̧a °¥ ́1 oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ·2¥a ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±æa 2±¶¶¥a ø2o ·33ao·ø ̈a¥ß  ̈ ́Æ2 ±oo  ̈ ̧a 

TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ° ́3°Ú Ã ̧·­ °ÆaTMa2 ̈­ ©ø ̈aÆ oÆ±3 

æa·21 o±Æ1⁄2ao æø1⁄2μ©øÆo ø2o μaa°­ ­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥ 

5.3 - 20 
oÆ±3 æa·21 a2 ̈Æø·2ao æø1⁄2μ©øÆoÚ –aÆo±Æ3 

¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ±o –· ̈± ̈ ¥·2a­  ̄­aa ”a ̈ ̧±o 

ÓÚÔ ̃Ú 

ÓÚÍÚÓ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ ‹ ́Æ·21 Õø3°¥a Œ ́2 

×o ø 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈ 1⁄2 ̧ø21a  ̄aÚ1Ú o·¥ ̈aÆ 

ø­­a3æ¥ß ±Æ ·3°·21aÆ ̃ æa1⁄2±3a­ 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß 

o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 Æ ́2Ù 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ ø ¥aøμ 

1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ·33ao·ø ̈a¥ß æao±Æa  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧ø21a ·­ 

3øoaÚ À­a  ̈ ̧a °Æa ̈a­ ̈ ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÙ æ ́ ̈  ́­a ø TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ±Æ 

1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 3ø®·3 ́3 TMø¥ ́a Æa1⁄2±Æoao  ́° 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °±·2 ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈Ú 

×o  ̈ ̧a ¥aøμø1a Æø ̈a ·­ ·­ 2± ̈ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

a· ̈ ̧aÆ ðÚðððÎÈ 3ÌÒ3·2  ̄ðÚðÓ 1⁄2o3 ̃ ±Æ Ï 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a øTMaÆø1a ­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈aÙ  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ øÆa ø1⁄21⁄2a° ̈øæ¥aÙ ø2o 2± 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈·±2 

 ̧ø­  ̈± æa ø°°¥·ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ TM±¥ ́3a ±o 

oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆaoÚ ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ ·o ¥aøμø1a 

Æø ̈a a®1⁄2aao­ a· ̈ ̧aÆ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a ¥·3· ̈­Ù  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈a­ ̈aÆ 3 ́­ ̈ a· ̈ ̧aÆ Æa1⁄2±Æo  ̈ ̧a ¥aøμø1a Æø ̈a 

ø2o 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a TM±¥ ́3a ø­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 

› ̧ø° ̈aÆ »Ù ±Æ TM±·o  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 Æ ́2Ú 

5.3 - 21 
×33ao·ø ̈a¥ß øo ̈aÆ 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈ 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­Ù 

°aÆo±Æ3 °Æa ̈a­ ̈ ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μÚ 

ÓÚÍÚÌ –±­ ̈ Ãa­ ̈ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ 

fl ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ·­ 3ø2oø ̈±Æß ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2 ±o aø1⁄2 ̧ ­ø3°¥·21 Æ ́2Ú ⁄±¥¥±© 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÍÚÔÙ 

ø ̈ ø TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ±Æ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 

3ø®·3 ́3 TMø¥ ́a Æaø1⁄2 ̧ao o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 

Æ ́2Ú ›±3°øÆa  ̈ ̧a ¥aøμø1a Æø ̈a  ̈± ¥·3· ̈­ 

·2o·1⁄2ø ̈ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÍÚÓ ø2o o±¥¥±©  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa oa­1⁄2Æ·æao  ̈ ̧aÆaÚ 

ÓÚÈ Õø3°¥·21 ÃÆø·2 —°aÆø ̈·±2 

‹ ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 Æ ́2Ù 3ø·2 ̈ø·2 ø2 ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 

­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈a ©· ̈ ̧·2 Ôð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o  ̈Æ ́a 

·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2Ú ”ø·2 ̈ø·2 ·1⁄2a ·2  ̈ ̧a ·1⁄2a æø ̈ ̧Ú 

⁄±Æ aø1⁄2 ̧ Æ ́2Ù Æa1⁄2±Æo  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø ÆaØ ́·Æao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

oø ̈ø ­ ̧aa ̈ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÌÚ fia ­ ́Æa  ̈± 

Æa1⁄2±Æo  ̈ ̧a ·2· ̈·ø¥ oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ Æaøo·21Ú Œa1⁄2±Æo 

 ̈ ̧a oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ Æaøo·21­ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a æa1·22·21 ø2o 

a2o ±o aø1⁄2 ̧ ­ø3°¥·21  ̈·3a ·21⁄2Æa3a2 ̈Ù © ̧a2 1⁄2 ̧ø21a5.3 - 22 
·2 o¥±© Æø ̈a­ øÆa 3øoaÙ æao±Æa ø2o øo ̈aÆ aø1⁄2 ̧ 

¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μÙ ø2o © ̧a2 ­ø3°¥·21 ·­  ̧ø¥ ̈aoÚ 

Œa1⁄2±Æo ± ̈ ̧aÆ oø ̈ø ÆaØ ́·Æao æß  ̈ ̧a ­ ̧aa ̈ ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa 

ÎÚÌÛÌ ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ±21⁄2a o±Æ aø1⁄2 ̧ ­ø3°¥a °±·2 ̈ o ́Æ·21 

aø1⁄2 ̧  ̈·3a ·21⁄2Æa3a2 ̈Ú Ãøμa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ Æaøo·21­ 

© ̧a2 ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­  ̄Óð °aÆ 1⁄2a2 ̈ TMøÆ·ø ̈·±2 

·2 TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøo Æaøo·21­ ̃ ÆaØ ́·Æa øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈­ ·2 

o¥±© Æø ̈aÚ 

‘aTMa¥ ø2o ¶aÆ±  ̈ ̧a 3ø2±3a ̈aÆ ø2o 3øμa °aÆ·±o·1⁄2 

1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ­ o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a  ̈ÆøTMaÆ­aÙ æa1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a 3ø2±3a ̈aÆ 

¥aTMa¥ ø2o ¶aÆ± 3øß oÆ·o ̈ o ́a  ̈± TM·æÆø ̈·±2­ ø2o 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­Ú 

‹ ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a °aÆ·±o æao±Æa ­ø3°¥·21Ù  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a 1⁄2ø2 

æa °±·2 ̈ao o±©2­ ̈Æaø3Ú ›¥aø2  ̈ ̧a °±Æ ̈ ̧±¥a­ °Æ·±Æ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈ Æ ́2  ̈± 3·2·3·¶a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧ø21⁄2a ±o 

1⁄2±2 ̈ø3·2ø ̈·±2Ú Ã± æa1·2 ­ø3°¥·21Ù Æa3±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

2±¶¶¥a 1⁄2ø° ø2o TMaÆ·oß  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a –· ̈± ̈  ̈ ́æa ø2o 

°Æ±æa a® ̈a2­·±2 øÆa °Æ±°aÆ¥ß °±­· ̈·±2aoÚ 

 

 –±­· ̈·±2  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a ø ̈  ̈ ̧a o·Æ­ ̈  ̈ÆøTMaÆ­a °±·2 ̈ 

ø2o Æ± ̈ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a  ́2 ̈·¥  ̈ ̧a  ̈·° ·­ °±·2 ̈·21 

o·Æa1⁄2 ̈¥ß ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1ø­ ­ ̈Æaø3 æao±Æa  ̈ ́Æ2·21 ø2 

 ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21 ° ́3°Ú ×33ao·ø ̈a¥ß ­ ̈øÆ ̈  ̈ ̧a ° ́3° 

ø2o øo¶ ́­ ̈  ̈ ̧a o¥±©  ̈± ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­Ú 

5.3 - 23 
À­a 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈±Æ­ ±Æ 2±3±1Æø° ̧­  ̈± a®°ao· ̈a 

øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 ­ø3°¥·21 Æø ̈aÚ 

... ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ ·­  ́2oaÆ ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 2a1ø ̈·TMa 

°Æa­­ ́Æa  ̄ ̧a·1 ̧ ̈ ±o ©ø ̈aÆ ·2 ·3°·21aÆ ­ ̈a3 ̃Ù  ̈øμa 

1⁄2øÆa  ̈± 1⁄2¥±­a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±øÆ­a øo¶ ́­ ̈ TMø¥TMa æao±Æa 

·2­aÆ ̈·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ 

©ø ̈aÆ oÆ±3 æø1⁄2μ·21 ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆÚ ×o 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆß  ̈ ̧a ° ́3° 3øß æa  ̈ ́Æ2ao ±2 ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±øÆ­a øo¶ ́­ ̈ TMø¥TMa 1⁄2¥±­aoÚ 

... ̧a2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ·­ ·2 °±­· ̈·±2Ù æ¥±1⁄2μ ±oo  ̈ ̧a 

±°a2·21­ øÆ± ́2o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ø2o °±Æ ̈ ̧±¥a  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ 

 ́2Æa°Æa­a2 ̈ø ̈·TMa o·¥ ́ ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 1ø­ ­ ̈Æaø3Ú 

×o 2aaoaoÙ ­ ̈øÆ ̈  ̈ ̧a ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ— ­ø3°¥a  ̈Æø·2 

o±¥¥±©·21 °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÍÚÔÚ 

ÃÆøTMaÆ­a  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ 1⁄2Æ±­­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ø­ ÆaØ ́·Æao æß 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÔÚÔÚ fia 1⁄2øÆao ́¥  ̈± øTM±·o æ ́3°·21  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±æa 2±¶¶¥a ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ ©ø¥¥­ © ̧a2 ­ø3°¥·21 

2aøÆ  ̈ ̧a ©ø¥¥­ ±Æ © ̧a2 3±TM·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ 

 ̈ ̧a °±Æ ̈ ̧±¥a­Ú Ã ̧·­ 3·2·3·¶a­  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧ø21⁄2a ±o 

a® ̈Æø1⁄2 ̈·21 ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ oa°±­· ̈­Ú 

5.3 - 24 
‹ ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a  ̈a­ ̈ Æ ́2Ù øoo 3±Æa ·1⁄2a  ̈± 3ø·2 ̈ø·2 ø 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ÔÎ±›  ̄Íð±⁄ ̃ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±2oa2­aÆÒ­·¥·1⁄2ø 1a¥ ± ́ ̈¥a ̈Ú fl¥­± °aÆ·±o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß 

1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ø2o ¶aÆ± ±o  ̈ ̧a 3ø2±3a ̈aÆÚ “± ̈a 

ø2o ·2TMa­ ̈·1ø ̈a ø2ß 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­ ·2 ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

±Æ TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß °Æa­­ ́Æa ±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧±­a 3aø­ ́Æao o ́Æ·21 

°ÆaTM·± ́­  ̈a­ ̈­ ±Æ  ̈ÆøTMaÆ­a­Ú › ̧ø21a­ 1⁄2ø2 3aø2 

oø·¥ ́Æa ±o ­ø3°¥·21 aØ ́·°3a2 ̈ ±Æ ø 1⁄2 ̧ø21a ·2  ̈ ̧a 

­± ́Æ1⁄2aÚ 

×o  ̈ ̧a °Æa­­ ́Æa oÆ±° ±o  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ æa1⁄2±3a­  ̈±± 

 ̧·1 ̧Ù 3øμ·21 ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 ­ø3°¥·21 o·oo·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈  ̈± 

3ø·2 ̈ø·2Ù  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ 3øß æa Æa°¥ø1⁄2ao o ́Æ·21 ø 

­ø3°¥a Æ ́2Ú À­a ø2± ̈ ̧aÆ 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a o·¥ ̈aÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß 

Æø ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ø ̈ ̈a3° ̈  ̈± 1⁄2 ̧ø21a  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ · ̈­a¥oÚ 

fiao±Æa ø 2a© o·¥ ̈aÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß ·­ ·2­ ̈ø¥¥aoÙ 

1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ ø ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ  ̄­aa Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÍÚÓ ̃Ú 

Ã ̧a  ̈± ̈ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧a 

­ ́33ø ̈·±2 ±o ø¥¥ o·¥ ̈aÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß 1⁄2ø ̈1⁄2 ̧a­Ú À­a ø 

­·21¥a  ̈Æø·2 o±Æ  ̈ ̧a a2 ̈·Æa ­ø3°¥a Æ ́2Ù a®1⁄2a° ̈ 

1⁄2ø­a­ © ̧a2 ­ø3°¥·21 ·­ ÆaØ ́·Æao ·2  ̈©± ±Æ 3±Æa 

o ́1⁄2 ̈­ ±Æ ø ̈  ̈©± ±Æ 3±Æa ¥±1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a 

o ́1⁄2 ̈Ù ±Æ © ̧a2 aØ ́·°3a2 ̈ oø·¥ ́Æa 2a1⁄2a­­· ̈ø ̈a­ ø 

1⁄2 ̧ø21a ±o  ̈Æø·2­Ú ... ̧a2  ̈©± ±Æ 3±Æa  ̈Æø·2­ øÆa 

 ́­aoÙ °aÆo±Æ3 ­a°øÆø ̈a ø2ø¥ß­a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a oÆ±2 ̈Û ̧ø¥o 

5.3 - 25 
ø2o ·3°·21aÆ 1⁄2ø ̈1⁄2 ̧a­ oÆ±3 aø1⁄2 ̧  ̈Æø·2 3 ́­ ̈ æa 

°aÆo±Æ3aoÚ 

fl ̈  ̈ ̧a a2o ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a Æ ́2Ù  ̈ ́Æ2 ±oo  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±øÆ­a 

øo¶ ́­ ̈ TMø¥TMaÙ Æa3±TMa  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ø2o 2±¶¶¥a oÆ±3 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μÙ  ̈ ́Æ2 ±oo  ̈ ̧a ° ́3°Ù Æa1⁄2±Æo  ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ 

oÆß 1ø­ 3a ̈aÆ Æaøo·21Ù ø2o 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ ø °±­ ̈  ̈a­ ̈ 

¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ ø­ ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÍÚÌÚ 

fl¥­±Ù ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ –· ̈± ̈ ¥·2a­ ø­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÓÚÔÚ Ã ̧a ¥·2a­ 3 ́­ ̈ °ø­­  ̈ ̧·­ ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μ 

 ̈± TMø¥·oø ̈a  ̈ ̧a TMa¥±1⁄2· ̈ß  ̧aøo oø ̈øÚ ›ø¥·æÆø ̈a 

 ̈ ̧a 3a ̈aÆ ø­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÏÚ 

ÓÚË ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ±o –aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ×­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2 

›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ·­±μ·2a ̈·1⁄2  ́­·21  ̈ ̧a aØ ́ø ̈·±2 

­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÌÛÎ  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2a © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a 

Æ ́2 ©ø­ TMø¥·o ±Æ ø2± ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈a­ ̈ Æ ́2 ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 3øoaÚ 

ÓÚÁ Õø3°¥a ÿø2o¥·21 

–Æ±°aÆ 1⁄2¥aø2Û ́° °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa æa1·2­ ø­ ­±±2 ø­  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±æa ·­ Æa3±TMao oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø1⁄2μ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a a2o ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ø3°¥·21 °aÆ·±oÚ 

5.3 - 26 
fl¥¥±©  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa  ̈± 1⁄2±±¥Ú ... ̧a2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa 1⁄2ø2 æa 

­øoa¥ß  ̧ø2o¥aoÙ ©·°a ±oo ø¥¥ a® ̈aÆ2ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 

3ø ̈ ̈aÆ 2aøÆ  ̈ ̧a  ̈·° ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa 2±¶¶¥a ø2o °¥ø1⁄2a 

ø 1⁄2ø° ±TMaÆ · ̈  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ ¥±­·21 ±Æ 1ø·2·21 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆÚ ‹± 2± ̈ 1⁄2ø° ±oo  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa  ̈·° 

 ̈·1 ̧ ̈¥ß © ̧·¥a  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥·21  ̈Æø·2 ·­ 1⁄2±±¥·21 o±©2Ú 

Ã ̧·­ ©± ́¥o 1⁄2Æaø ̈a ø TMø1⁄2 ́ ́3 ·2  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆÙ 

oÆø©·21 ©ø ̈aÆ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ­ ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆÚ 

fiao±Æa 3±TM·21  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a  ̈Æø·2  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2¥aø2Û ́° 

­· ̈aÙ Æa3±TMa  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a  ̈Æø·2Ù 

©·°a ±oo ø2ß ­ ̈±°1⁄2±1⁄2μ 1Æaø­aÙ ø2o 1⁄2ø°  ̈ ̧a ±°a2 

± ́ ̈¥a ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æaÚ fia 1⁄2øÆao ́¥ 2± ̈  ̈± ¥±­a ø2ß 

1⁄2±2oa2­ø ̈a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3·1 ̧ ̈ æa °Æa­a2 ̈Ú Œa3±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

 ́3æ·¥·1⁄2ø¥ 1⁄2±Æo oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ¥ø­ ̈ ·3°·21aÆ ø2o 1⁄2ø°  ̈ ̧a 

·3°·21aÆÚ ×o ø o¥a®·æ¥a ¥·2a ·­  ́­ao æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a 

o·Æ­ ̈ ·3°·21aÆ ø2o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æaÙ o·­1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥·2a 

ø ̈  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æa ø2o ¥a ̈ ø2ß 1⁄2±2oa2­ao ©ø ̈aÆ ±Æ 

¥·Ø ́·o oÆø·2 ·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ·3°·21aÆ­ ±Æ 1⁄2±2oa2­aÆÚ 

flo ̈aÆ ©·°·21 ±oo ø2ß ­ ̈±°1⁄2±1⁄2μ 1Æaø­aÙ 1⁄2ø° ±oo  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±æa ± ́ ̈¥a ̈ ø2o ·3°·21aÆ ·2¥a ̈Ú ¤· ̈ ̧aÆ 1Æ± ́2oÛ

1¥ø­­ ­ ̈±°°aÆ­Ù °¥ø­ ̈·1⁄2 1⁄2ø°­Ù ±Æ ­aÆ ́3 1⁄2ø°­ 3øß 

æa  ́­ao  ̈± 1⁄2¥±­a  ̈ ̧a­a ±°a2·21­Ú 

ÃÆø2­oaÆ  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æaÙ o·¥ ̈aÆÙ ø2o ·3°·21aÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2¥aø2Û ́° øÆaøÚ Ã ̧·­ øÆaø ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 1⁄2¥aø2 

5.3 - 27 
ø2o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ao oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ©·2o  ̈± Æao ́1⁄2a 1⁄2 ̧ø21⁄2a­ ±o 

1⁄2±2 ̈ø3·2ø ̈·21 ±Æ ¥±­·21  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥aÚ × ̈ ·­ 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ø3°¥a Æa1⁄2±TMaÆß æa °aÆo±Æ3ao ·2 

ø 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao ¥øæ±Æø ̈±Æß a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈Ú 

ÓÚÔð ›ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2­ 

 Õaa › ̧ø° ̈aÆ ×××Ú

5.3 - 28 
”¤Ãÿ—‹ ÎÚÌ 

‹¤Ã¤Œ”×“flÃ×—“ —⁄ –flŒÃ×›À‘flÃ¤ ”flÃÃ¤Œ ¤”×ÕÕ×—“Õ ⁄Œ—” 

ÕÃflÃ×—“flŒ« Õ—ÀŒ›¤Õ ÀÕ×“Ÿ fl“ ×“ÛÕÃfl›’ ⁄×‘Ã¤Œ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ì ±o Ï 

ÌÚ ‘øæ±Æø ̈±Æß –Æ±1⁄2ao ́ÆaÌÚÔ fl°°øÆø ̈ ́­ 

ÌÚÔÚÔ Õø3°¥·21 ÃÆø·2 

Õaa Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÔÚ 

 ÌÚÔÚÓ Õø3°¥a Œa1⁄2±TMaÆß 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÔÚÓÚ 

ÌÚÔÚÌ fl2ø¥ß­·­ ±o –øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ”ø ̈ ̈aÆ 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÔÚÌÚ 

ÌÚÔÚÏ fl1⁄2·o ø2o Õ ́¥oø ̈a fl2ø¥ß­·­ 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÔÚÏÚ 

5.3 - 29 
ÌÚÓ Œaø1a2 ̈­ 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÓÚ 

ÌÚÌ –Æa ̈a­ ̈ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÌÚ 

ÌÚÏ –Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o Õø3°¥a ›±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÃÆø·2 

fl­­a3æ¥a  ̈ ̧a  ̈Æø·2 ø­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ⁄·1 ́Æa ÎÚÓÛÔÚ 

⁄±¥¥±©  ̈ ̧a ¥±øo·21 ø2o 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈·±2 °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æao± ́2o ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÌÚ 

ÌÚÎ ‘aøμ › ̧a1⁄2μ 

Ã ̧a ­ø3°¥a 1⁄2±¥¥a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈Æø·2 3øß æa ¥aøμ 1⁄2 ̧a1⁄2μao 

·2  ̈ ̧a ¥øæ±Æø ̈±Æß øo ̈aÆ ø­­a3æ¥ß o±¥¥±©·21  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ o± ́2o ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÓÚÎÚ 

ÌÚÍ Õø3°¥a Œa1⁄2±TMaÆß 

Œa1⁄2±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧a ­ø3°¥a ·2  ̈ ̧Æaa oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2­Ê 

o·¥ ̈aÆÙ °Æao·¥ ̈aÆÙ ø2o °±­ ̈Ûo·¥ ̈aÆÚ 

5.3 - 30 
ÌÚÍÚÔ –Æao·¥ ̈aÆ ⁄Æø1⁄2 ̈·±2 

Ã ̧·­ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧a 2±¶¶¥a ø2o oÆ±2 ̈  ̧ø¥o ±o 

 ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆÚ Œa1⁄2±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧·­ oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2 

 ́­·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÌÚÍÚÓÙ ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÚ 

ÌÚÍÚÓ ⁄·¥ ̈aÆ ⁄Æø1⁄2 ̈·±2 

Œa1⁄2±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ  ́­·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ 

± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÍÚÔÙ ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÚ 

ÌÚÍÚÌ –±­ ̈Û⁄·¥ ̈aÆ 

Ã ̧·­ 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a æø1⁄2μ  ̧ø¥o ±o  ̈ ̧a 

o·¥ ̈aÆ  ̧±¥oaÆÙ  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æaÙ o·Æ­ ̈  ̈ ̧Æaa 

·3°·21aÆ­ ø2o ø2ß 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈±Æ­Ú ”aø­ ́Æa  ̈ ̧a 

3±·­ ̈ ́Æa 1ø·2  ́­·21 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÏÚÔÙ ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧·­ oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2  ́­·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ 

± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÍÚÓ ø2o ÌÚÍÚÌÙ 

”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÚ 

ÌÚÈ Õø3°¥a fl2ø¥ß­·­ 

5.3 - 31 
Ã ̧a  ̈ ̧Æaa oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2­ øÆa ø2ø¥ß¶ao ­a°øÆø ̈a¥ß  ́­·21 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ ± ́ ̈¥·2ao ·2 Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ÌÚÈÙ ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÚ 

ÌÚÈÚÔ –Æao·¥ ̈aÆ 

fl2ø¥ß¶a  ̈ ̧a °Æao·¥ ̈aÆ oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ  ̈± ̈ø¥ 

Æa­·o ́a ©a·1 ̧ ̈Ù ø1⁄2·o 1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈ ø2oÙ ­ ́¥oø ̈a 

1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈Ú —Æ1ø2·1⁄2 a® ̈Æø1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·­ 2± ̈ 

°aÆo±Æ3ao ±2  ̈ ̧·­ oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2 æa1⁄2ø ́­a ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 

1⁄2±3°± ́2o­ o± 2± ̈ 2±Æ3ø¥¥ß oa°±­· ̈ ±2 

 ̧aø ̈ao  ̈Æø·2 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­Ú 

ÌÚÈÚÓ ⁄·¥ ̈aÆ 

...a·1 ̧  ̈ ̧a o·¥ ̈aÆ  ̈± 1⁄2±2­ ̈ø2 ̈ ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ø2o 

ø2ø¥ß¶a o±Æ ø1⁄2·o ø2o ­ ́¥oø ̈a ·o 2a1⁄2a­­øÆßÚ 

ÌÚÈÚÌ –±­ ̈Û⁄·¥ ̈aÆ 

fl2ø¥ß¶a  ̈ ̧a °±­ ̈Ûo·¥ ̈aÆ 1⁄2ø ̈1⁄2 ̧ o±Æ ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 

Æa­·o ́a  ̄·o ÆaØ ́·Æao ̃Ù øØ ́a± ́­ ±Æ  ̈± ̈ø¥ 

Æa­·o ́aÙ ø1⁄2·o ø2o ­ ́¥oø ̈aÚ 

“—Ã¤Ê Ã ̧·­ oÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2 Æa°Æa­a2 ̈­ 

 ̨1⁄2±2oa2­øæ¥a ̨ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a­ ·ÚaÚ 1⁄2±3°± ́2o­ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2±2oa2­a ø ̈ ø3æ·a2 ̈ 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­ ø2o 

5.3 - 32 
°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a­ ‰ðÚÌ 3·1⁄2Æ±2­ ·2 o·ø3a ̈aÆÚ 

⁄·¥ ̈Æø ̈·±2 o±Æ ·2­±¥ ́æ¥a­ ·­ 2± ̈ 2±Æ3ø¥¥ß 

ÆaØ ́·Æao æao±Æa ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 a® ̈Æø1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ­·21⁄2a 

 ̈ ̧a  ́°Ûo·¥ ̈aÆ 1⁄2ø ̈1⁄2 ̧a­ 3±­ ̈ ·2­±¥ ́æ¥a 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a­Ú 

ÌÚË ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o Œa°±Æ ̈·21 

›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ øÆa 1⁄2øÆÆ·ao ± ́ ̈ ø­ ·2 ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÚ 

Œa­ ́¥ ̈­ øÆa Æa°±Æ ̈ao ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

Ã± ̈ø¥ ×3°·21aÆ ±¥ ́3aÙ 3¥  ̄1 ̃ 

×3°·21aÆ Ÿø·2Ù 3¥  ̄1 ̃ 

Õ·¥·1⁄2ø Ÿa¥ Ÿø·2Ù 3¥  ̄1 ̃ 

–ÆaÛ⁄·¥ ̈aÆ Œa1⁄2±TMaÆao ±¥ ́3aÙ 3¥  ̄1 ̃ 

 Œa­·o ́aÙ 31 

 fl1⁄2·oÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

 Õ ́¥oø ̈aÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

⁄·¥ ̈aÆ ›ø ̈1⁄2 ̧Ù 31 

 fl1⁄2·oÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

 Õ ́¥oø ̈aÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

–±­ ̈Û⁄·¥ ̈aÆ Œa1⁄2±TMaÆao ±¥ ́3aÙ 3¥  ̄1 ̃ 

—Æ1ø2·1⁄2 Œa­·o ́aÙ 31 

flØ ́a± ́­  ̄±Æ Ã± ̈ø¥ ̃ Œa­·o ́aÙ 31 

 fl1⁄2·oÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

 Õ ́¥oø ̈aÙ ø­ ÿÓÕ—ÏÚÓÿÓ—Ù 31 

5.3 - 33 
ÌÚÁ ›ø¥·æÆø ̈·±2­ 

Õaa ”a ̈ ̧±o ÎÚÔÙ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÁ 

5.3 - 34 
”¤Ãÿ—‹ ÎÚÌ 

‹¤Ã¤Œ”×“flÃ×—“ —⁄ –flŒÃ×›À‘flÃ¤ ”flÃÃ¤Œ ¤”×ÕÕ×—“Õ ⁄Œ—” 

ÕÃflÃ×—“flŒ« Õ—ÀŒ›¤Õ ÀÕ×“Ÿ fl“ ×“ÛÕÃfl›’ ⁄×‘Ã¤Œ 

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ï ±o Ï 

ÏÚ ¤21·2aaÆ·21 ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o Œa°±Æ ̈·21 

ÏÚÔ ›ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

›øÆÆß ± ́ ̈ 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ù Æa ̈ø·2·21 ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ±2a 

oa1⁄2·3ø¥ o·1 ́Æa 3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ø1⁄2Ø ́·Æao 

oø ̈øÚ Œ± ́2o ±oo o·1 ́Æa­ øo ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ 

1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2Ú — ̈ ̧aÆ o±Æ3­ ±o  ̈ ̧a aØ ́ø ̈·±2­ 3øß æa 

 ́­ao ø­ ¥±21 ø­  ̈ ̧aß 1·TMa aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­Ú 

Õaa ⁄·1 ́Æa­ ÎÚÌÛÏ ø2o ÎÚÌÛÎ 

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