OPERATION OF THE TRADE

51st Report

USITC PUBLICATION 3336

AUGUST 2000

Prepared in Conformity With

Section 163(c) of the

Trade Act of 1974

THE YEAR IN TRADE:

AGREEMENTS PROGRAM

DURING 1999

Investigation No. 332-412
Stephen Koplan, Chairman

Deanna Tanner Okun, Vice Chairman

Lynn M. Bragg

Marcia E. Miller

Jennifer A. Hillman

Thelma J. Askey

Address all communications to

Secretary to the Commission

United States International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

COMMISSIONERS

U.S. International Trade Commission

Robert A. Rogowsky

Director of Operations

Robert B. Koopman

Director, Office of Economics

www.usitc.gov
This report was principally prepared by

Country and Regional Analysis Division

Arona M. Butcher, Chief

Thomas Jennings, Project Leader

Michael Barry Victoria Chomo

Magdolna Kornis James Stamps

Diane Manifold Edward C. Wilson

Walker A. Pollard S. Michael Youssef

Office of the General Counsel

William W. Gearhart

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade Agreements

Terry O’Brien

Daniel Shepherdson

Office of Unfair Import Investigations

Jeffrey Whieldon

Office of Investigations

Kimberlie Freund

William Greene

Douglas Newman

Office of Information Systems

Barbara V. Bobbitt

With the assistance of Student Interns

Brian Bovio

Benjamin Williams

Souphala Chomisisengphet

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Patricia M. Thomas, Secretarial Services

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CONTENTS

Page

Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Purpose and organization of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Summary of 1999 trade agreements activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

World Trade Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Regional trade initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

North American Free Trade Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Free Trade Area of the Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Bilateral trade relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Trends in electronic commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Administration of U.S. trade laws and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

International economic environment and world trade in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

International economic environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

U.S. balance of payments position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

U.S. merchandise trade in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

World trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 2. Selected Trade Activities in the WTO and the OECD

in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

World Trade Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Seattle Ministerial Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1999 ministerial preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Seattle working groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Implementation and rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Market access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Singapore agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Systemic issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Post- Seattle developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Selected WTO activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Director-General selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Work programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Information technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Singapore working groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Electronic commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Trade facilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Dispute settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Panel reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
vi

CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 2. Selected Trade Activities in the WTO and the OECD

in 1999—Cont’d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Retaliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Accessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Accession negotiations with China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Plurilateral agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Technical assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Jones Act review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Convention on Combating Bribery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Trade and labor standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Competition policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

E- commerce guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Regulatory reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Shipbuilding developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter 3. Regional Trade Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

North American Free Trade Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

U.S. trade with NAFTA partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Annual meeting of the Free Trade Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

NAFTA upheld in U.S. Federal Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Third round of accerated tariff eliminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Side agreements on environment and labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Dispute settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

APEC support for the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Individual action plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Other APEC activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Future meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Free Trade Area of the Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Structure and venue of FTAA negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chairmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Negotiating groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Trade Negotiations Committee and Tripartite Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Status of the negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Business facilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Civil society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Electronic commerce in regional trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Multilateral issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 4. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

1999 developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
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CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 4. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners—Cont’d . . . . . . . . . 49

Pacific Coast salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

1999 developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

China-Canada WTO negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Electronic commerce in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Bananas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

1999 Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Compensation arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Retaliation authorized and subsequent consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

November 1999 EU proposed banana regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

December 1999 Caribbean counterproposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Meat hormone ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Electronic commerce in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Antidumping practices affecting U.S. agricultural exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Cross- border trucking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Autos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Japan-China WTO agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Electronic commerce in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

The U.S.-China Bilateral WTO Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Agreement on U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Remaining issues for China’s accession to the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Permanent normal trade relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Electronic commerce in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Other trade developments and agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Implementation of the U.S.-Taiwan bilateral WTO agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Status of Taiwan’s WTO bid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Electronic commerce in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Beef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Other issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Airport procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Electronic commerce in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Solid wood packaging material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Biotechnology: genetically modified soybeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 5. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Import relief laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Safeguard actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Adjustment assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
viii

CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 5. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations—Cont’d 79

Assistance to workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

NAFTA transitional assistance to workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Assistance to firms and industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Laws against unfair trade practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Section 301 investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Super 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Special 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Antidumping investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Countervailing duty investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Section 337 investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Other import adminstration laws and program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Tariff preference programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Generalized System of Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Andean Trade Preference Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

National security import restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Agricultural Adjustment Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

U.S. textile and apparel trade program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

The Uruguay Round Agreement on Textiles and Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

U.S. quota activity in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Quota actions with WTO countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Quota actions with non-WTO Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Market Access Agreement with China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Outward Processing Program for Macedonia and Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Textile and apparel related legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

African Growth and Opportunity Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

United States-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Rules of origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Fine wool fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

U.S. textile and apparel trade in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Major U.S. trade sanctions activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Figures

1- 1. Selected trade events, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1- 2. U.S. merchandise trade with the world, by product sectors, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1- 3. U.S. merchandise exports, imports, and trade balance with major trading partners, 1999 . . . . . 17

Tables

1- 1. Comparative economic indicators of the United States and specified major trading partners,

1999- 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1- 2. U.S. trade and current account balances, 1998-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2- 1. WTO membership in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2- 2. WTO accession working parties in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2- 3. Signatories to the WTO Plurilateral Trade Agreements in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2- 4. OECD membership in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3- 1. U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4- 1. Summary of United States-China bilateral WTO agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ix

CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables—Cont’d

4- 2. WTO Working Party on the Accession of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4- 3. WTO Working Party on the Accession of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan,

Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5- 1. Results of petitions filed under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, FY 1998

and FY 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5- 2. Benefits and services provided under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, FY 1998

and FY 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5- 3. Results of petitions filed under the NAFTA Transitional Adjustment Assistance

program, FY 1998 and FY 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

5- 4. Benefits and services provided under the NAFTA Transitional Adjustment

Assistance program, FY 1998 and FY 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

5- 5. Summary of section 301 investigations active during 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

5- 6. Results of antidumping duty investigations, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

5- 7. Results of countervailing duty investigations, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

5- 8. Antidumping duty orders revoked in 1999, as of Jan. 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

5- 9. Countervailing duty orders revoked in 1999, as of Jan. 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

5- 10. U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

5- 11. U.S. imports for consumption and imports under the GSP from leading beneficiaries

and total, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

5- 12. U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5- 13. U.S. imports for consumption from Andean countries, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5- 14. Trading partners with which the United States has textile and apparel quotas, as of

Mar. 23, 2000, and U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from these countries in 1999 . . . . . 99

5- 15. Summary of major U.S. trade sanctions operative in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Appendices

A. Statistical tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

A- 1. U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A- 2. Leading exports to Canada, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

A- 3. Leading imports from Canada, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

A- 4. U.S. merchandise trade with the European Union, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . 113

A- 5. Leading exports to the European Union, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

A- 6. Leading imports from the European Union, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

A- 7. U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

A- 8. Leading exports to Mexico, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

A- 9. Leading imports from Mexico, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

A- 10. U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

A- 11. Leading exports to Japan, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A- 12. Leading imports from Japan, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

A- 13. U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

A- 14. Leading exports to China, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

A- 15. Leading imports from China, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

A- 16. U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

A- 17. Leading exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

A- 18. Leading imports from Taiwan, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

A- 19. U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

A- 20. Leading exports to Korea, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
x

CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Appendices—Cont’d

A- 21. Leading imports from Korea, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

A- 22. U.S. merchandise trade with Brazil, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

A- 23. Leading exports to Brazil, by Schedule B numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

A- 24. Leading imports from Brazil, by HTS numbers, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

A- 25 Preliminary and final phase antidumping cases active in 1999, filed under authority of

title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by USITC investigation number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

A- 26. Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

A- 27. Preliminary and final phase countervailing cases active in 1999, filed under authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by USITC investigation number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

A- 28. Countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . 143

A- 29. Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the

authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by dates of institution . 145

A- 30. U.S. International Trade Commission Sec. 337 investigations completed in 1999 or pending . 153

A- 31. Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

A- 32. U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP- duty-free imports, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

A- 33. U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import categories

under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) sections, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

A- 34. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

A- 35. U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 1995- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

A- 36. U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

A- 37. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 1997- 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

B. Request letter from Ways and Means Committee, U.S. House of

Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
xi

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations

and Acronyms

ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Nations

AD Antidumping

AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act

APEC Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing

ATPA Andean Trade Preference Act

BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty

CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement

CVD Countervailing Duty

DSB Dispute Settlement Body

EU European Union

FTA Free Trade Agreement

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

FY Fiscal Year

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GSP Generalized System of Preferences

HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule

IAP Individual Action Plans

IFTA Israel Free Trade Agreement

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

ITA Information Technology Agreement

LDC Least Developed Countries

LTFV Less Than Fair Value

MFA Multifiber Arrangement

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NTM Nontariff Measure

PNTR Permanent Normal Trade Relations

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SECOFI Secretaria de Comercio y Fomento Industrial (Mexican Secretariat

of Commerce and Industrial Development)

SITC Standard Industrial Trade Classification

SMC Singapore Ministerial Conference

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance

TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Agreement

TRIMs Trade-Related Investment Measures
xii

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations

and Acronyms—Cont’d

TRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

TRQ Tariff Rate Quota

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

URA Uruguay Round Agreements

URAA Uruguay Round Agreements Act

USITA International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

USITC U.S. International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WTO World Trade Organization
1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Purpose and Organization

of the Report

This report—the 51st in a series—is one of the

principal means by which the U.S. International Trade

Commission (USITC or the Commission) provides

Congress with factual information on trade policy and

its administration in the 1999 calendar year and for

some events in early 2000. Previous reports were

submitted to the U.S. Congress under section 163(c) of

the Trade Act of 1974 and its predecessor legislation.

1

This particular report was prepared at the request of the

Ways and Means Committee of the U.S. House of

Representatives.

2 The annual USITC report on the

operation of the U.S. trade agreements program also

serves as a historical record of the major trade-related

activities of the United States to be used as a general

reference by government officials and others with an

interest in U.S. trade relations. The trade agreements

program includes “all activities consisting of, or related

to, the administration of international agreements

which primarily concern trade and which are

concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the

President by the Constitution” and congressional

legislation.

3 Regional or other trade agreements

activities without U.S. participation are not covered in

this report.

4

1 Section 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (Public Law

93-618, 88 Stat. 1978) states that “the International Trade

Commission shall submit to the Congress at least once a

year, a factual report on the operation of the trade

agreements program.”

2 Following receipt of the request letter, a copy of which

is in appendix B of this report, the Commission instituted

investigation 332-412 on March 21, 2000. Notice of the

investigation appeared in the Federal Register

(65 F.R. 16634).

3 Executive Order No. 11846, March 25, 1975.

4 However, because of the significance of the potential

accession of China to the WTO as part of 1999 trade

developments, information on bilateral accession agreements

between China and the principal trading partners of the

United States are included in the coverage in this 51st report,

where possible.

Chapter 1 summarizes selected trade events and

trade agreements activities during the year and

provides an overview of the 1999 economic

environment. Chapter 2 focuses on the 1999 activities

of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD). Chapter 3 discusses

developments in major regional forums. Chapter 4

focuses on bilateral trade agreements concluded during

the year, as well as other selected activities between the

United States and its major trading partners—Canada,

the European Union (EU), Mexico, Japan, China,

Taiwan, Korea, and Brazil. Chapter 5 discusses the

administration of U.S. trade laws, regulations, and

programs. The final section of the report contains a

statistical appendix.

Summary of 1999 Trade

Agreements Activities

U.S. trade agreements activities for 1999 included

the signing of new trade and investment framework

agreements (TIFAs), other sectoral agreements, and the

settling or adjudication of various trade disputes.

Highlights of key trade agreements activities, some of

which are described later in more detail, are presented

in figure 1-1.

World Trade Organization

Although no new round of multilateral trade

negotiations was launched in 1999, a number of new

developments and events within the WTO and its

various subsidiary bodies helped to shape agendas for

current and future negotiations, while a number of

trade actions revealed the changing and increasingly

complex nature of trade disputes. Many of the

discussions about the potential for a new round of

multilateral trade negotiations focused on the need for

an agreement on agriculture, while another overarching

issue—the adequacy of the WTO’s internal

decisionmaking process—arose among WTO working
2

Figure 1-1

Selected trade events, 1999

January

January 1

January 2

January 7

January 10

The EU implements measures that perpetuate discriminatory aspects of the banana regime

identified by a World Trade Organization panel and appellate body as being “WTO

inconsistent.” The United States formally notifies the WTO Dispute Settlement Body of its

intention to exercise its right to suspend concessions in accordance with WTO procedures to

the EU on certain products covering trade of about $520 million.

President Clinton releases a report to Congress on the Administration’s Comprehensive Trade

and Development Policy toward Africa. This report provides a detailed overview of new U.S.

Government initiatives designed to support trade and economic development in Sub-Saharan

Africa.

The United States and Cambodia reach a three-year bilateral textile agreement.

United States Trade Representative, Charlene Barshefsky announces President Clinton’s

decision to reinstitute Super 301 by executive order.

February

February 15

February 18

February 19

February 22

February 26

The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International

Business Transactions enters into force.

Vice President Gore and South African Deputy President Mbeki preside over the signing of a

trade and investment framework agreement between the United States and South Africa—the

first such agreement ever concluded with a sub-Saharan African country.

In an out-of-cycle review, the USTR removes Hong Kong from the Special 301 watch list, due

to increased protection of intellectual property rights within the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region.

A WTO appellate body report upholds and expands initial panel findings against Japanese

testing requirements for agricultural products.

USTR Charlene Barshefsky and the Minister of Trade and Industry of Ghana sign a TIFA,

effective immediately.

March

March 1 The WTO Financial Services Agreement, enters into force, allowing U.S. suppliers of banking,

securities, insurance, and financial data services open access to global financial services

markets.

March 3

March 10

March 15

The Office of the USTR announces that the U.S. Customs Service will begin “withholding

liquidation” on, selected products from the EU, valued at over $500 million, consistent with

U.S. rights under the WTO agreements. This is the first step in retaliatory measures taken

against the EU’s banana regime.

The United States and El Salvador sign a bilateral investment treaty.

USTR and the Ambassador of Jordan sign a TIFA, effective immediately.

USTR designates the Gateway Industrial Park along the border between Israel and Jordan as

the second qualifying industrial zone from which goods can enter the United States duty free.

March 16 The United States hosts the first U.S.-Africa Ministerial in Washington D.C. President Clinton

and members of his cabinet meets with 83 ministers from 46 sub-Saharan African nations and

others to consider the future of the U.S.-African Partnership in the 21st century.
3

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1999

March

March 23 The United States wins a WTO case challenging Canadian dairy practices. A WTO panel

decision determines that Canada’s dairy programs are inconsistent with its WTO obligations.

April

April 1

April 7

April 10

April 19

April 23

April 30

The Office of the USTR releases the 14th annual U.S. report on foreign trade barriers, The

1999 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers.

A dispute settlement panel of the WTO issues a report determining that India’s quantitative

restrictions on imports violate its WTO obligations.

The USTR and the Chinese Minister for Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation sign the

Agreement on U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation, lifting long-standing prohibitions on the

export of U.S. citrus, grain, beef, and poultry to China.

The WTO authorizes the United States to suspend concessions covering trade in an amount

of $191.4 million because of the injury to U.S. economic interests caused by the European

Union’s failure to implement a WTO-consistent banana regime.

Canada hosts the annual North American Free Trade Agreement Commission meeting in

Ottawa.

In the Special 301 Annual Review, the USTR identifies 57 trading partners that deny adequate

and effective protection of intellectual property or deny fair and equitable market access to

U.S. artists and industries that rely on intellectual property protection.

May

May 1

May 3

The United States, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia announce a U.S.-North Africa economic

partnership in a move to increase regional integration, promote structural reforms, and expand

bilateral trade and investment flows.

The Second Joint Status Report under the U.S.-Japan Enhanced Initiative on Deregulation

and Competition Policy secures Japanese commitments to further deregulation.

May 14

May 25

The EU misses the deadline imposed by the WTO to remove its ban on meat from animals

treated with growth-promoting hormones. As a result, the United States formally notifies the

DSB of the WTO of its intention to suspend trade concessions to the EU on certain products

covering trade of about $202 million. The value of the proposed suspension represents an

estimate of the annual harm to U.S. exports resulting from the EU’s failure to lift its ban on

imports of U.S. meat.

The USTR announces renewed investigations into the nature and consequences of efforts on

the part of the Government of Mexico to limit the importation and purchases of high fructose

corn syrup—a sweetener largely used in soft drinks and other food products.

The United States wins a WTO case challenging Australian subsidies for automotive leather.

A dispute settlement panel of the WTO issues a report finding that a A$30 million grant

provided by Australia to its only exporter of automotive leather violates Australia’s WTO

obligations.

May 26 The United States and Canada resolve outstanding differences relating to Canada’s magazine

trade practices and its legislation—Bill C-55. The agreement addresses concerns that led the

United States to file and win a WTO case, and includes commitments from Canada in the

areas of investment, tax, and market access for U.S. periodicals carrying advertisements

directed primarily to the Canadian market.

June

June 3 The United States and Canada reach a comprehensive agreement on Pacific salmon. This

agreement establishes new, conservation-based fishing regimes under the 1985 Pacific

Salmon treaty to protect and rebuild salmon stocks while ensuring fair harvest opportunities

for fishermen of both countries.
4

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1999

June

June 10 The United States, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the European Commission announce the Joint

Statement on Semiconductors designed to ensure fair and open global trade in

semiconductors.

July

July 1

July 16

July 19

July 20

July 26

The USTR Charlene Barshefsky and the Egyptian Minister of Economy sign a TIFA, effective

immediately.

The United States joins 21 other major trading nations in eliminating tariffs on 642

pharmaceutical items, including products for the treatment of breast cancer, AIDS, diabetes,

asthma, and Parkinson’s disease. The new tariff cuts build on an agreement concluded

during the Uruguay Round in which the participants committed to eliminate tariffs on an initial

package of over 6,000 pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates.

The House of Representatives passes the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).

A federal court rules that NAFTA may be considered a treaty, which does not require the

approval of a two-thirds majority in the Senate, giving the President authority to implement

NAFTA.

The United States and EU sign veterinary agreement, which establishes a mechanism for

recognizing the equivalence of U.S. and EU sanitary measures affecting trade in live animals

and animal products.

The WTO rules against the United States involving the foreign sales corporation provisions of

U.S. tax law.

The WTO authorizes the U.S. to impose punitive duties on EU imports worth $116.8 million in

response to the EU’s failure to lift its ban on hormone-treated meat.

August

August 23

August 26

The Appellate Body report of the WTO confirms that India’s quantitative restrictions on imports

violate its WTO obligations.

The United States and Canada agree to a settlement resolving U.S. complaints over a major

timber pricing reduction that British Columbia put into effect last year. The United States

considered the price reduction to be a violation of the 1996 U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber

Agreement of NAFTA.

September

September 17 The USTR signs textile agreements with Romania and Macedonia, two “front-line” border

states that suffered economic damage during the Kosovo conflict.

The United States and South Africa come to an understanding about South Africa’s urgent

need to provide better, more affordable health care to AIDS patients while ensuring that

intellectual property rights are protected.

September 29

September 30

The USTR and the Turkish Minister of Industry and Trade sign a TIFA, effective immediately.

The USTR and the Bahraini Minister of Finance and National Economy sign a bilateral

investment treaty.

The USTR and the Albanian Minister of Economic Cooperation and Trade confirm conclusion

of bilateral negotiations for the terms of Albania’s accession to the WTO.
5

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1999

October

October 7

October 12

October 13

October 18

October 28

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency issues a directive that amends Canadian regulations

on how to import U.S. hogs. USTR and the U.S. Department of Agriculture announce that

Canada has opened its market to U.S. hogs.

President Clinton submits the Third Report on the Operation of the Caribbean Basin

Economic Recovery Act to Congress. USTR says that the report indicates that the initiative

has benefitted both the countries of the region and the United States.

A WTO appellate body decision sustains the U.S. allegation that Canada’s “Special Milk

Classes” schemes are inconsistent with its WTO obligations and constitute export subsidies.

The USTR designates the Al-Kerak Industrial Estate, Ad-Dulayl Industrial Park, and

Al-Tajamouat Industrial City as three additional “qualifying industrial zones” (QIZ) in Jordan

from which goods can enter the United States duty free.

The United States and Egypt inaugurate the U.S.-Egypt TIFA, effective immediately.

The USTR appeals to the Appellate Body, the dispute settlement panel decision involving the

foreign sales corporation provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.

November

November 1

November 2

November 3

November 4

November 5

November 15

“Geneva Week” begins in preparation for the WTO conference to be held at the end of

November. The purpose of Geneva Week is to help WTO members and observers who do

not have a permanent delegation in Geneva prepare for the third Ministerial Conference of the

WTO.

USTR announces allocation of the raw cane sugar tariff-rate quota for 1999-2000.

The Senate passes legislation including the AGOA, already passed by the House;

enhancement of the Caribbean Basin Initiative; as well as renewal of the Generalized System

of Preferences and Trade Adjustment Assistance for displaced American workers.

USTR announces the successful conclusion of the Fifth Free Trade Area for the Americas

Trade Ministers meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ministers directed their negotiators to

develop draft texts of chapters that will comprise the FTAA agreement.

The USTR announces resolution of the NAFTA dispute with Canada over Ontario’s

discriminatory regulations concerning sport fishing and tourism services.

The USTR and the National Economic Council Director announce the successful completion

of bilateral talks on China’s accession to the WTO.

November 26

November 30

The WTO Third Ministerial Conference convenes in Seattle. The conference was intended to

launch a new round of multilateral trade negotiations to open markets in agriculture, industrial

goods, and services. Additional goals include setting a work program to deliver results on an

ongoing basis, as well as agreeing on institutional reforms that would make the WTO more

transparent, accessible, and responsive to WTO members and their citizens.

The WTO Director-General and the United Nations Environment Program Executive-Director

pledge to take a range of actions to foster cooperation between the WTO and the UNEP. This

will include sharing information and participating in each others’ meetings.

Demonstrations disrupt the WTO conference in Seattle.
6

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1999

December

December 1

December 4

December 10

December 17

December 22

The USTR and the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

announce their intention to develop a cooperative approach on health-related intellectual

property matters to ensure that the application of U.S. trade law related to intellectual property

remains sufficiently flexible to respond to legitimate public health crises. USTR additionally

removes the Republic of South Africa from the Special 301 watch list.

The Third Ministerial Conference of the WTO is suspended, with the USTR assuring that the

work will continue.

The USTR removes Jordan from the Special 301 watch list due to recent steps taken by the

Jordanian Government to protect intellectual property rights.

The WTO General Council approves Jordan’s terms for WTO accession. Jordan will

undertake these commitments upon its accession to the WTO.

A dispute settlement panel of the WTO rejects a complaint by the EU against the United

States, upholding the WTO-consistency of Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974

Source: USITC staff.

groups and WTO members at the Third Ministerial

Conference in Seattle from November 30 to December

3, 1999. Many developing country members in

particular were critical of decisionmaking processes

that they say fail to give them an adequate voice.

Developing countries also voiced their concerns, both

at the Seattle conference and among working groups,

about their ability to implement WTO obligations

within mandated timeframes, about market access, and

about the potential for an expanded social agenda that

is linked to trade obligations. Because some countries

indicate they are struggling with current WTO

commitments, they are reluctant to undertake a new

round of negotiations until their present obligations can

be fulfilled.

Persistent disagreement over these issues and the

scope of a new trade round prevented members from

narrowing their differences before and at the

conference. With the added distraction of tens of

thousand of anti-WTO demonstrators protesting in

Seattle throughout the week of the ministerial, the

conference chair suspended the meeting on

December 3. The anti-WTO demonstrators also

focused some attention on the WTO decisionmaking

processes, although the scope of their complaints was

much broader.

Despite these complications, consultations between

the WTO Director-General and member countries

resulted in negotiations that began early in 2000 on

agriculture and services. WTO members also decided

to continue discussions on other issues raised in

Seattle.

The WTO also continued its steady progress in

broadening the organization’s membership base. On

November 15, 1999, just before the Seattle conference,

China and the United States announced their bilateral

terms for China’s accession to the WTO. China has

concluded market-access accords with 35 of 37

members who expressed an interest in such

negotiations. However, as of July 2000, China had not

yet reached similar bilateral agreements with 2 other

interested WTO members. Nor has the U.S. Congress

yet agreed to grant China permanent normal trade

relations.

Several major trade disputes also played out at

length during 1999, primarily between the EU and the

United States. For the first time within the WTO

framework, two of these disputes resulted in requests

for authorization to retaliate and to suspend

concessions as compensation for failure of a member

to comply with WTO rules. Prominent among the 1999

trade disputes was a challenge to the EU trade regime

in bananas, and another on EU import measures for

hormone-treated beef.

Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development

The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of

Foreign Public Officials in International Business

Transactions entered into force in February 1999. The

convention was adopted in 1997 with 34 signatories,

20 of which have so far ratified the convention. In

1999, the OECD Secretariat was asked to update its
7

1996 report on trade, employment, and laborstandards.

The OECD continued to review the national laws and

regulations of individual members regarding an overall

1997 report to ministers on regulatory reform. In 1999,

the OECD continued to assess individual members’

national laws and regulations on the subject of

regulatory reform, examining Denmark, Korea, Spain,

and Hungary.

Regional Trade Initiatives

North American Free Trade

Agreement

Following a challenge by organized labor, the

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was

upheld as constitutional in an Alabama federal court. A

federal judge ruled that the executive branch has the

authority to implement trading agreements under the

Foreign Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. As

the agreement was being challenged, however,

activities focused on the agreement’s accomplishments

and remaining challenges. The North American Free

Trade Commission released a Fifth Anniversary

commemorative brochure highlighting the benefits of

the NAFTA. The Office of the United States Trade

Representative called for petitions to begin the third

round of accelerated tariff eliminations. The North

American Commission for Environmental Cooperation

allocated nearly $1 million in grants for 28

environmental projects, and released the results of

three environmental and energy studies funded in

1997. The NAFTA Secretariat received 10 new cases

in 1999 under Chapter 19 for dispute settlement of

government agency determinations on antidumping

and countervailing duties and four new investor-state

dispute settlement cases were filed under Chapter 11.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

During 1999, the Asia-Pacific Economic

Cooperation (APEC) forum continued to focus its

efforts on trade liberalization and also showed strong

support for the WTO. At their meeting in September

1999 and at the WTO meeting scheduled shortly

thereafter, APEC leaders noted the importance of

ensuring full implementation of existing agreements

and agreed to several issues for the new round. Also

during 1999, APEC ministers agreed that progress has

been made on countries’ Individual Action Plans

(IAPs). The United States was among the five

countries that had submitted their IAP for peer review.

APEC also agreed on several steps in the area of

e-commerce.

Free Trade Area of the Americas

Negotiations for the Free Trade Area of the

Americas (FTAA) continued during 1999. At the

November 1999 fifth FTAA ministerial meeting in

Toronto, the FTAA trade ministers reviewed the work

of the nine negotiating groups. For that meeting, the

negotiating groups had prepared annotated outlines of

the issues to be addressed in the negotiations. These

outlines ultimately are to be formulated as chapters of

the final FTAA agreement. Ministers at the fifth

ministerial also announced several measures effective

January 1, 2000 to facilitate business travel and to

streamline customs procedures for certain business

shipments within the Western Hemisphere.

Bilateral Trade Relations

Canada

During the second year of essentially duty-free

trade between the world’s largest trading partners,

trade relations ran smoothly for the most part.

Reciprocal duty-free status between the United States

and Canada was accomplished on January 1, 1998 with

the attainment of the final stage of duty reductions

between the two countries.

With a volume of trade of approximately $1 billion

a day, commercial relations between these NAFTA

partners strengthened in 1999. U.S. exports to Canada

increased by 5.8 percent between 1998 and 1999, while

imports from Canada grew even more (13.5 percent) as

the bilateral merchandise deficit increased to

$52.5 billion.

In addition to rising trade volumes, two

long-standing disputes with Canada also were resolved

in 1999. One major irritant in U.S.-Canada trade

relations–unresolved since 1997–concerned a WTO

decision in a case involving Canadian magazines. In

1997, a WTO dispute settlement panel and later a

WTO Appellate Body ruling, upheld the U.S. position

that Canadian practices in the area of magazine

publishing and advertising were contrary to WTO

policies. The issue was satisfactorily resolved in 1999

by Canadian passage of a bill regulating foreign

publishers and by a separate bilateral agreement on the

issue.

The issue of bilateral allocations of benefits and

costs of the Pacific salmon fishery was another irritant

in the U.S.-Canada trading relationship. While the

issue reached the height of public attention in 1997

with the seizure of several U.S.-flag fishing vessels and
8

a blockade of a U.S.-flag ferry by British Columbia

fishing vessels, the basic differences remained

unresolved. A bilateral accord, the Pacific Salmon

Treaty, was reached in 1999. The agreement addresses

the management, conservation, sharing, and future

endowment of stock enhancement initiatives in the

fishery region of the Pacific northwest.

European Union

In 1999, U.S.-EU relations were marked by both

cooperation and confrontation with the EU and with its

individual member states. The United States and the

EU agreed to launch negotiations on mutual

recognition agreements (MRA) in new service sectors

(insurance, engineering, and architecture), an

additional MRA annex for marine safety, and an

agreement on the mutual acceptance of calibration

certificates. The United States continued to press for

EU compliance with WTO dispute settlement rulings

on bananas and beef and to resolve other bilateral trade

problems.

5 The EU and the United States also agreed

under the New Transatlantic Agenda (TEP), begun in

1995, to establish a project to examine the regulatory

processes for the use of biotechnology. They agreed to

attempt development of common guidelines for

cooperation in the regulation of biotechnology—an

area increasingly seen by the business community as

affecting the further deepening of transatlantic

commercial ties. Also, the U.S.-EU leaders agreed at

the June 1999 US-EU Summit to use the TEP

mechanism to carry out part of a joint effort to

identify—and hopefully defuse—potential trade

problems at an early stage, before they become irritants

to the bilateral economic relationship.

Mexico

Mexico remained a major user of antidumping

measures, notably against U.S. agricultural products.

During 1999, antidumping duties Mexico imposed on

imports of high-fructose corn syrup from the United

States—a sugar substitute—had been the subject of

dispute settlement proceedings both under provisions

of NAFTA and WTO. The NAFTA panel had reached

no determination by year end, either in this case or in

Mexico’s antidumping proceedings against imports of

U.S. beef and beef offal. In October 1999, Mexico

issued an affirmative final determination concerning

live hogs from the United States, imposing

compensatory duties.

In addition, during 1999, the United States

continued to press Mexican authoritiesto improve their

enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR)

protection, and phase out anticompetitive practices in

the area of telecommunication services.

5 USTR, 1999 Annual Report, pg. 236.

In 1999, U.S. restrictions continued that require

Mexican trucks to stay within a 20-mile commercial

zone inside the U.S. border. Because of concerns about

safety on U.S. roads, congressional opposition

hardened against allowing Mexican trucks to circulate

in the entire United States, beginning January 1, 2000,

as provided for in NAFTA. Concerns about safety gave

rise to the “Foreign Motor Vehicle Penalties and

Disqualifications” section of the “Motor Carrier Safety

Improvement Act of 1999,” which imposes steep fines

on safety violations by foreign carriers. Also during the

year, the U.S. Department of Transportation embarked

on a program of improving safety inspection at the

border with Mexico to curtail the safety risk of

Mexican trucks that are allowed to enter the United

States.

Japan

According to USTR,

6

the Administration reviewed

three new agreements with Japan in 1999, in addition

to the 38 agreements concluded since 1993.

7 The

ageements cover both sectoral and structural topics.

One of the major market-opening efforts has been the

United States-Japan Framework for a New Economic

Partnership. During 1999, the United States continued

to monitor its bilateral agreements with Japan,

especially those covering flat glass, telecommunications, deregulation, insurance, construction, and

foreign direct investment. The United States continued

to monitor steel import levels and initiated a bilateral

dialogue with Japan to address structural problems and

anticompetitive practices in this sector. Two of the

sectors that garnered the most attention were autos and

insurance. Autos account for a large percent of the U.S.

trade deficit with Japan and insurance has been a

leading U.S. negotiating priority since the signing of

two agreements in 1994 and 1996.

China

The highlight of U.S.-China trade relations in 1999

was the November 15 conclusion of a comprehensive

bilateral WTO accession agreement for China.

8 China

committed to the reduction of both tariff and nontariff

barriers to U.S. exports of industrial goods, agricultural

products, and services. China also agreed to specific

rules addressing import surges, dumping and subsidies

6 According to the American Chamber of Commerce in

Japan, there are a total of 63 bilateral agreements between

the two countries. American Chamber of Commerce in

Japan, Making Trade Talks Work, March 2000, p. 9.

7 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 211,

8 During 1999, at the request of USTR, the Commission

completed an investigation, Assessment of the Economic

Effects on the United States of China’s Accession to the

WTO, USITC Publication 3229, Sept. 1999.
9

practices, and ending the application of export

performance, local content, offsets, technology

transfer, and similar requirements on imports and

investment.

9 This agreement was a major development

in China’s 13-year campaign to join the WTO.

Several other developments in the U.S.-China trade

relationship in 1999 included Premier Zhu Rongji’s

April 8 offer on the bilateral WTO accession treaty in

Washington D.C., the April 10 United States-China

Agreement on Agricultural Cooperation, and an April

sanitary and phytosanitary agreement on bovine

embryos.

10 On June 3, 1999, President Clinton notified

Congress of his decision to waive for China the

Jackson-Vanik Amendment, giving China a one-year

renewal of its normal trade relations (NTR) trade status

with the United States. Parallel to its campaign to

support WTO membership for China, the

administration is pursuing legislation to permanently

terminate Jackson-Vanik’s application to China, and to

authorize the President to give exports from China

permanent NTR treatment on the same basis as other

WTO members.

11 Also in 1999, the United States and

China held informal consultations to determine a

schedule and agenda for upcoming annual meetings

under the 1989 and 1995 Bilateral Agreements on

International Trade in Commercial Space Launch

Services.

12

Taiwan

During 1999, the Separate Customs Territory of

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu completed

virtually all substantive discussions with WTO

members, including the United States, regarding its

accession to the WTO. In addition, implementation of

a 1998 bilateral agreement with the United States

continued, while further developments included the

lifting of bans on chicken, pork belly, and pork offal;

agreements on the importation of motorcycles of more

than 700 cc; liberalization of Taiwan’s wire line

telecommunications markets; and certification of U.S.

meat imports.

13 Taiwan also agreed to the application

of internationally approved minimum residue levelsfor

pesticides, the extension of tariff reductions on

9 USITC, Assessment of the Economic Effects on the

United States of China’s Accession to the WTO.

10 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 211-213.

11 Ibid., p. 211.

12 Ibid., p. 215.

13 See USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999

Annual Report of the President of the United States on the

Trade Agreements Program, p. 207 on wire line

telecommunicatoins, and p. 381, on meat imports.

15 agricultural products, and a waiver on tariffs for 15

aircraft components as a part of its bid to join the WTO

Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft.

14

Further, Taiwan continued its two-year phase-out

of clinical trials as part of the registration process for

new drugs; signed a March 1999 mutual recognition

agreement designed to eliminate duplicate testing

ofinformation technology equipment; and as a part of

its commitment to join the Agreement on Government

Procurement, Taiwan’s new Government Procurement

Law went into partial effect in May 1999.

15

In early

1999, as an amendment to its Securities and Exchange

Law, Taiwan removed more restrictions on foreign

employment and ownership of securities firms.

In February 1999, Taiwan issued a new directive

requiring only the use of legal software by government

offices. As of July 1, 1999, all optical media products

produced in Taiwan, including CDs, VCDs,

CD-ROMs, and DVDs, must bear source identification

codes. At the same time, the Taiwan Bureau of

Standards, Meteorology and Inspection was authorized

to perform random factory visits to ensure

compliance.

16 Finally, on June 10, 1999, the United

States, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and the European

Commission announced a new Joint Statement on

Semiconductors designed to ensure fair and open

global trade in semiconductors. The statement follows

the 1996 bilateral United States-Japan Joint Statement

on Semiconductors, which expired July 31, 1999.

Korea

U.S.-Korean trade relations were again calm in

1999, reflecting the continued relaxation of trade

frictions in recent years. One bilateral trade issue

involving the United States and Korea in 1999 stood

out above the others. In April, the United States

requested a WTO dispute settlement panel regarding

Korea’s imports of beef, and the panel was established

in May. The United States alleges a regulatory scheme

that discriminates against imported beef by, among

other things, confining sales of imported beef to

specialized stores, limiting the manner of its display,

and otherwise constraining the opportunities for the

sale of imported beef.

14 USTR, “U.S. and Taiwan Reach Agreement on

Pesticide Standards,” press release 99-65, July 27, 1999.

Also see: USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999

Annual Report of the President of the United States on the

Trade Agreements Program, p. 207. For aircraft component

tariffs see USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 380.

15 Ibid., p. 384.

16 Ibid., p. 383.
10

Brazil

A sharp devaluation of the Brazilian currency set

the stage for an export-led economic recovery that by

yearend 1999 enabled Brazil to resume economic

growth, improve its foreign trade balance, and restore

international investor confidence. Also during 1999,

Brazil continued to integrate its economy with its

Southern Common Market (Mercosur) partners

Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Concern about the potential introduction of the

Asian long-horned beetle via infested solid wood

packaging materials (SWPM) led Brazil to introduce a

new phytosanitary measure that, effective January 5,

2000, required shipments crated in SWPM to be

accompanied by phytosanitary certificates upon arrival

in Brazil. This Brazilian phytosanitary measure created

some difficulties for U.S. exporters in early 2000.

However, the matter was satisfactorily resolved when,

on April 14, 2000, the United States was removed from

the list of countries required to comply with Brazil’s

SWPM regulations.

Despite Brazil’s 1998 approval of Roundup

ReadyR genetically modified soybeans in 1998, that

approval was withdrawn in response to an injunction

issued by a Brazilian federal judge in June 1999. The

injunction prohibits both the commercial sale of

genetically modified soybeans in Brazil as well as

commercial-scale planting of genetically modified

soybean seeds pursuant to a complaint that

environmental impact studies on the impact of

genetically modified soybeans be conducted in Brazil.

The Brazilian Government has not reauthorized

genetically modified soybeans for use on the Brazilian

market, while the issue remains in Brazilian courts.

Trends in Electronic Commerce

Throughout 1999, electronic commerce continued

to emerge as a burgeoning market and a subject for

some debate on whether Internet regulation is needed.

E-commerce policies vary among the United States’

largest trading partners. Canada and the United States

have similar levels of development in electronic

commerce and few barriers to trade, while Japanese

e-commerce development lags behind that of the

United States. Discussions are ongoing internally

within nations and between the United States and

various trading partners on issues of privacy, tariffs, tax

treatment, consumer protection, and intellectual

property protection in e-commerce.

Administration of U.S. Trade

Laws and Regulations

The following developments in U.S. trade

programs occurred during the year:

S The Commission completed three safeguard

investigationsin1999–onlambmeat,steelwire

rod, and welded line pipe. By the end of the

year, the United States had global safeguard

measures in place on imports of wheat gluten

and lamb meat, while remedy recommendations on two additional products–steel

wire rod and welded line pipe—were pending

before the President. They have since been

imposed.

S The Department of Labor instituted 2,500

investigationsfortradeadjustmentassistanceto

workersin FY1999, a significant increase from

the number instituted in FY 1998. In addition,

979 petitions were filed under the U.S.

NAFTA-related transitional adjustment assistance program for workers. This figure

represents a 20 percent increase over the

number of such filings in the previous fiscal

year. The Department of Commerce certified

173 firms as eligible to apply for trade

adjustment assistance during FY 1999, a slight

increase over the number in FY 1998.

S Following final affirmative determinations by

the Commission and the Department of

Commerce, 17 new antidumping duty orders

were issued in 1999. Following final

affirmative determinations by the Commission

and the Department of Commerce, six new

countervailing duty orders were imposed in

1999.

S The Commission’s section 337 caseload

continued to be dominated by investigations

involvingcomplextechnologies,particularlyin

thecomputerfield.TheCommissionconcluded

13investigationsundersection337during1999

and issued exclusion orders in three of those

investigations. Two investigations were

terminated on the basis of consent orders and

one investigationwasterminatedonthe basisof

a settlement agreement.

S USTRinitiatedone section301 investigationin

1999. This case addressed alleged discriminationagainstU.S.lodges and fishingguides

by Canadian measures in the boundary waters

between Minnesota and Ontario. In addition,
11

further developments occurred in a number of

investigations initiated prior to 1999. These

included U.S. actions against the EU in cases

involvingbeefhormonesandbananas.Bilateral

consultations led to the termination of a

previously initiated 301 investigation into

certain magazines from Canada.

S The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences

(GSP) expired on June 30, 1999, but was

renewed retroactively through September 30,

2001, with legislation signed by the President

on December 17, 1999. In June 1999, Gabon

and Mongolia were designated as beneficiary

countries under the GSP, and Mauritania was

restored as a GSP beneficiary.

S The United States signed three new textile

agreements in 1999. The agreement with

Cambodia limitsimports of certain apparel for

three years and for the first time in a U.S.

bilateraltextile agreement, commitsCambodia

to improving labor conditions in its textile and

apparel sector. The other two agreements, with

Macedonia and Romania, set up outward

processing programs that allow for quota-free

imports of wool apparel from these countries

provided the garments are assembled from

fabric made in the United States. In 1999, the

United States issued one call for consultations

withBelarustoestablisha newquota onimports

of glass fiber fabric. In November 1999, the

UnitedStatessignedamarket accessagreement

with China that, among other things, obligates

theUnitedStatestophase out quotas onimports

of Chinese textiles and apparel as ofJanuary 1,

2005, should China join the WTO.

S The United States continued to impose

economic sanctions on a numberof countriesin

1999. In June 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals

upheld a District Court finding that sanctions

imposed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts against Burma were unconstitutional.

Also during 1999, the United States amended

the economic sanctionsagainstIran, Libya, and

Sudan to liberalize the licensing policy for

commercial sales of U.S. agricultural

commodities and products, medicine, and

medical equipment.

The International Economic

Environment and World

Trade in 1999

International Economic

Environment

In 1999, world economic growth strengthened, led

by fast recoveries in most of the Asian economies hit

by financial crises, a turnaround in Japan’s economy,

shallower than expected downturns in Russian and

Brazilian economic growth, a firming of economic

activity in much of Western Europe, and the continued

strong economic growth in the United States.

Economic growth in the industrial world was

underpinned by low rates of inflation, low interest

rates, improved fiscal positions, and prudent monetary

and fiscal policies.

World merchandise trade volume grew at 4.9

percent,

17 compared with 3.7 percent the previous year.

The strengthening of economic growth in Europe, the

improvement in the financial and exchange markets

conditions in Asia, Japan, and Russia, and the strong

economic growth in the United States were the major

factors boosting world trade. In addition, the reduction

in financial market tensions supported growth in

several emerging markets, some of which were helped

by rising commodity prices, including oil.

World real output is estimated to have grown by 3

percent in 1999, following a 2.5 percent annual growth

rate in 1998.

18 As in the past, prudent monetary

policies and commitments to reduce budget deficits in

a number of countries, including the United States,

Canada, and among EU members, have played a major

role in keeping inflation low and inducing stable rates

of economic expansion. Table 1-1 shows economic

indicators of the United States and selected U.S.

trading partners for 1999 as well as prospects for 2000.

During 1999, the U.S. economy continued to

expand strongly, growing to near full capacity as real

output expanded buoyantly. The strength of business

investment, notably in information technology, coupled

with impressive productivity gains, has boosted output.

Real GDP grew in 1999 by 4.1 percent,

19

following an

17 OECD, OECD, Economic Outlook, “Summary of

projections,” p viii.

18 International Monetary Fund, World Economic

Outlook, Oct. 1999, Annex, table 2.2, p. 169.

19 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, Gross Domestic Product Fourth Quarter and Year

1999, BEA 99-12.
Table 1-1

Comparative economic indicators of the United States and specified major trading partners, 1999-2000

Real GDP Inflation rates1

Unemployment

rates2

Governments’

budget balances3

Merchandise tra

balanc

Country 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 20

Percent change from previous period Percent of GDP Billion dollars 

G-7 countries:

United States . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.1 1.4 1.9 4.2 4.2 1.6 2.0 -347.1 -413Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.0 1.5 2.0 7.8 7.7 1.5 1.2 21.0 22Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.4 -.6 -.5 4.7 4.7 -7.3 -7.1 130.1 140Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.3 9.0 8.7 -1.9 -1.1 79.7 86United Kingdom . . . . . . . 1.7 2.7 2.0 2.6 6.1 6.0 -.4 -.6 -48.8 -52France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.0 .6 1.1 11.1 10.3 -2.4 -1.8 20.1 19Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 2.4 1.6 1.6 11.6 11.2 -2.4 -1.6 16.6 15European Union . . . . . . . 2.1 2.8 1.5 1.7 9.4 8.8 -1.4 -1.0 85.6 77Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.3 16.0 11.0 2.8 2.8 -2.9 -1.8 -5.3 -6

Total OECD . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 6.7 6.4 -1.0 -1.5 -122.6 182

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.8 -2.8 -1.0 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.1 1.4 1.3 3.0 2.7 -.5 -.5 9.8 14Republic of Korea . . . . . . . 9.0 6.5 -.5 2.3 6.0 5.5 -.4 .1 31.5 25Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4.0 -3.0 .0 6.1 5.4 -3.0 -1.2 -20.0 20Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.5 1.3 .3 4.3 4.2 -5.4 -3.8 (5) Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 5.0 .0 2.5 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.5 2.8 2.6 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 

1 GDP deflator, private consumption deflators and/or retail prices percent change from previous year. 2 Percentage of total labor force.3 Financial balances as a percentage of nominal GDP. 4 Surplus (+) deficit (-) as a percentage of GDP. 5 Not available.

Note.—Data for 1999 and 2000 are projections of the IMF and OECD; however, GDP, inflation, unemployment rates and merchandthe United States are actual.Source: OECD, OECD Economic Outlook, vol. 66, Dec. 1999; International Monetary Fund, World Economic.Outlook, Oct. 1999, athe U.S. Department of Commerce.
13

annual rate of growth of 4.3 percent in 1998. U.S.

inflation reached its lowest level in years in 1999.

Unemployment dipped to an annual average of 4.2

percent, the lowest level in nearly 20 years.

20

In addition, favorable conditions in U.S. financial

markets bolstered growth. Long-term interest rates

were their lowest in many years. The stock market,

with the exception of a few downturns, registered

all-time highs, and credit remained readily available to

investors. This combination of strong growth and low

inflation reflected, among other things, favorable

influences of a strong dollar, but was also attributable

to more durable changes in the product market and the

flexibility of the U.S. labor market. As in past years,

gains in competitiveness in labor and product markets

and more rapid technology-driven gains in efficiency

have supported strong economic growth and low

inflation.

In 1999, domestic demand was the major source of

U.S. economic growth. The spillover from the Asian

financial crisis and the weak growth of other trading

partners was felt most on the U.S. trade and the U.S.

current account balances. Both trade and current

account deficits increased substantially in 1999.

21

In short, the recent impressive performance of the

U.S. economy is, in large part, testimony to policies

that include the turnaround in the fiscal balance from

deficit to surplus, and the agile management of

monetary conditions by the Federal Reserve in

achieving and maintaining low inflation and in helping

to maintain stable growth and to calm global financial

turbulence.

Major U.S. trading partners also experienced

stronger rates of output growth than in the previous

year. In Canada, real output grew in 1999 at an

annualrate of 3.7 percent following a 3.1 percent

growth rate in 1998. Canada’s economic growth in

1999 was supported by buoyant domestic demand and

ongoing growth in the United States. Canada’s rebound

in terms of trade has narrowed the external deficit.

Meanwhile, the budget surplus was maintained. Tight

fiscal policies and relaxed monetary policy lowered

long-term interest rates, thus encouraging domestic

investment and boosting domestic demand. Foreign

demand for Canada’s exports rose in large part due to

both strong growth in the United States and also to

depreciation of the Canadian dollar. Canada’s trade

surplus increased, and the current account deficit

decreased. The strong U.S. expansion has contributed

20 U.S. Department of Labor, The Unemployment

Situation, USDL 00163, June 2000.

21 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter

and Year 1999, BEA 99-07, and U.S. Department of

Commerce, Official Trade Statistics.

importantly to Canada’s recent robust growth and

declining external deficits.

In the EU, output growth strengthened, labor

market conditions improved, and inflation rates

generally remained subdued. These conditions set the

stage in 1999 for the launching of the Euro, the

common currency adopted by 11 EU members. In

1999, real output grew by 2.1 percent in the EU as a

whole with different rates of growth in individual

member countries.

22 The unemployment rate in the EU

averaged 9.4 percent.

23

Economic growth in a number of EU countries has

been gathering momentum. Improvement in consumer

and investor confidence bolstered domestic demand,

partially offsetting some declines in exports to Asian

countries and boosting domestic economic growth.

Foreign exchange markets remained generally stable in

1999, and reductions of fiscal deficits have been

achieved in most, if not all, of the EU members.

However, the rigidity of EU labor markets may have

increased labor costs and may have served to dampen

employment growth.

In Japan, economic growth accelerated in 1999

from the previous year due to a rise in domestic

demand encouraged by intensive public sector

investment and expanding housing construction

projects. After several quarters of decline, the economy

grew at an annual rate of 1.4 percent due to direct and

indirect effects of various government measures that

boosted investment and housing. In addition, the

stabilization of the banking system and the drop in

bankruptcies through the expansion of government

guarantees has resulted in improved consumer and

investor confidence. Moreover, the rapid recovery in

Asian trading partners increased Japan’s exports, thus

eliminating the inventory overhang that curtailed both

output and growth.

Growth prospects in developing and emerging

economies in 1999 were mixed. Economic activity

continued to slow in Latin America and the Caribbean,

especially in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.

In South America, political uncertainties in Venezuela

and Colombia, Ecuador’s default on Brady bonds, and

trade tensions within Mercosur induced by Argentina’s

recession and widespread poor economic performance

have all contributed to a significant deterioration of

investor sentiment towards the region.

24 High U.S.

interest rates and concerns over future rate rises created

a level of unease in world financial markets. Expensive

credit and receding capital inflows have exacerbated

cyclical slowdowns in several Latin American

22 OECD, OECD Economic Outlook 66, Dec.99, Annex,

table 1, p. 195.

23 Ibid., table 21, p. 211.

24 Ibid., p. 127.
14

countries. With the exception of Brazil, where the

slowdown was mild and some recovery is taking place,

a number of South American countries – Argentina,

Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador–are going through

severe recessions.

25

In Brazil, GDP growth was based

on a record grain harvest. Inflation rose by 7.1 percent.

The trade deficit declined mainly due to plummeting

imports, while export performance was poor. But the

improvement in the trade balance narrowed Brazil’s

current account deficit.

In Mexico, economic conditions improved as a

result of strong exports and industrial production and a

recent pickup in private consumption, but also due to

strong growth among Mexico’s trading partners in

North America. However, the general slowdown in

overall economic activity seems to have reduced

imports and stopped the deterioration of the deficit on

the current account and the slide in the foreign value of

the peso.

In the Pacific Rim, economic activity gathered

strength. According to OECD published reports, real

GDP growth was positive on an annual basis through

the region. The strongest rebounds occurred in

Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Growth recovery

also has accelerated in the Philippines and Hong Kong.

Export growth, sparked by a revival in world demand

for electronics products, provided a substantial impetus

to regional recoveries, especially in Malaysia, the

Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore. According to

OECD published data, growth rates for China slowed

to an annual rate of 7.1 percent in 1999 from 7.8

percent the previous year. Estimated growth rates in

1999 for some other countries were: Indonesia (-0.5

percent), Korea (9.0 percent), Thailand (3.8 percent),

Malaysia (4.5 percent), Philippines (3.2 percent), and

Hong Kong (0.0 percent).

26

U.S. Balance of Payments

Position

The U.S. current account deficit (the combined

balances on trade in goods, services, and income and

net unilateral current transfers) increased by 53.6

percent from $220.6 billion in 1998 to $338.9 billion in

1999 (see table 1-2).

27 The deficits on merchandise

trade and investment income were partially offset by

the surplus on services. The U.S. deficit on income

from foreign investment grew in 1999 as payments on

foreign assets in the United States surpassed receipts

from U.S. assets abroad. Net inflows of foreign capital

into the United States rose to $378.2 billion in 1999

from $209.8 billion in 1998.

25 Ibid., p. 134

26 Ibid., p. 130

27 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter

and Year 1999, BEA 99-07

The U.S. surplus on services trade declined to

$79.6 billion in 1999. U.S. exports of services in 1999

totaled $277.1 billion dollars; services imports

increased to $197.5 billion. The U.S. deficit on goods

and services grew by 62.9 percent to $267.6 billion in

1999 from $164.3 billion in 1998.

U.S. Merchandise Trade in

1999

In 1999, the United States ranked as the world’s

largest merchandise exporter and importer, followed by

Germany and Japan. U.S. merchandise exports (based

on U.S. Census data) were $642.2 billion in 1999,

imports were $1,017.4 billion. The U.S. merchandise

trade deficit with the world was $375.2 billion in 1999.

The majority of U.S. exports consisted of

manufactured goods, which accounted for 72.8 percent

of total U.S. exports in 1999. Chemicals accounted for

11 percent of exports and all other goods for 16.2

percent. The majority of U.S. imports were

manufactured goods (75.8 percent), chemicals (6.3

percent), and all other goods (17.9 percent), figure 1-2.

Figure 1-3 shows U.S. merchandise exports,

imports, and trade balances with major trading

partners. Leading U.S. exports to and imports from

these major U.S. trading partners are highlighted in the

appendix tables A-1 through A-24. In 1999, U.S. trade

with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

countries accounted for about 32.2 percent of total U.S.

exports and imports. Of the $375.2 billion total trade

deficit in 1999, NAFTA partners accounted for $80.1

billion, of which Canada accounted for $52.5 billion

and Mexico accounted for $27.6 billion.

The U.S. trade deficit with Japan was $76.6 billion,

followed by China at $68.9 billion, the EU at $52.4

billion, Taiwan at $17.4 billion, and Korea at $9.1

billion. The U.S. trade deficit with Japan and China

combined totaled $145.5 billion or about 38.8 percent

of the total U.S. trade deficit on goods.

World Trade

The United States ranked as the world’s largest

merchandise exporter in 1999, followed by Germany

and Japan. World trade in goods and services grew at a

faster rate than did world output in 1999. According to

OECD forecasts, the volume of world trade in goods

and services is estimated to have grown by 4.9 percent

in 1999.

28 Trade growth in 1999 outstripped the 3

percent growth in world output projected by the

OECD.

28 OECD,OECD Economic Outlook 66, Summary

of forecasts, p. viii.
15

Table 1-2

U.S. trade and current account balances, 1998- 99

(Billion dollars)

Item 1998 1999

Merchandise exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670.3 +683.0

Merchandise imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -917.2 -1030.2

Balance on merchandise trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -246.9 -347.1

Services exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7 277.1

Services imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -181.0 -197.5

Balance on services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.7 79.6

Balance on goods and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -164.3 -267.6

Income receipts on U.S. assets abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +258.3 +273.9

Income payments on foreign assets in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . -270.5 -298.7

Balance on investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12.2 -24.8

Balance on goods, services, and income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -176.5 -292.3

Unilateral transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -44.1 -46.6

Balance on current account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -220.6 -338.9

U.S. assets abroad, net, outflow (--) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -292.8 -372.6

Foreign assets in the United States, net, inflow (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +502.6 +750.8

Net capital inflows (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +209.8 +378.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. International Transactions, Fourth

Quarter and Year 1999, BEA 99-06. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. Figures are on balance

of payments basis. Exports of goods are adjusted for timing, valuation, and coverage to balance of payments basis, excluding exports under U.S. military agency sales. Exports of services include some goods that cannot be

separately identified from services.
16

Other

Figure 1-2

U.S. merchandise trade with the world, by product sectors, 1999

U.S. Exports

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add up to the totals shown. Exports are domestic exports, f.a.s. Imports

are imports for consumption, customs value.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Manufactures

Food

Chemicals

Other

Food

U.S. Imports

Fuel/raw materials

Chemicals

Manufactures

Fuel/raw materials

(Billion dollars)

4

$467.6

(

(72.8%)

$35.5 (5.5%)

$43.6 (6.8%)

$70.5 (11.0%)

$771.4 (75.8%)

$47.2 (4.6%)

$91.3 (9.0%)

$43.2 (4.3%)

$64.3 (6.3%)

$25.0 (3.9%)
Major trading partners

Billion dollars

Canada $145.7 $198.2 $-52.5

EU (15) 142.0 194.4 -52.4

Japan 54.3 131.0 -76.6

Mexico 81.4 109.0 -27.6

China 12.6 81.5 -68.9

Taiwan 17.6 35.1 -17.4

Korea 22.0 31.2 -9.1

Brazil 12.3 11.3 1.1

World 642.2 1,017.4 -375.2

Exports Imports Trade balance

Exports

Imports

Trade Balance

--400

--200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Canada EU 15 Japan Mexico China Taiwan Korea Brazil World

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce statistics.

Billion dollars

17

Figure 1-3

U.S. merchandise exports, imports, and trade balance with major trading partners, 1999

19

CHAPTER 2

Selected Trade Activities in the WTO and

OECD in 1999

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) held its

Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle, Washington,

from November 30 to December 3, 1999. With

preparations and proposals for the conference having

started in September 1998, it was widely expected that

the ministerial meeting would launch a new round of

multilateral trade negotiations over the next several

years to further liberalize world trade among the 135

WTO members and other participants.

1 However,

persistent disagreement over the scope of a new trade

round prevented the narrowing of differences before

and at the conference. With the added distraction of

tens of thousands of anti-WTO demonstrators

protesting in Seattle throughout the week of the

ministerial, the conference chair suspended the

ministerial meeting on December 3. Following

consultations between the WTO Director-General and

members, a decision was made in early 2000 to begin

negotiations on agriculture and services, while

continuing discussions on other issues raised before

and at Seattle.

Shortly preceding the events in Seattle,

negotiations between China and the United States

concluded on November 15, 1999, when the two sides

agreed to bilateral terms for China’s accession to the

WTO.

2 However, as of July 2000, China had not yet

reached similar bilateral agreements with two other

1 For more detail, see Edward Wilson, USITC,

“Preparation for future WTO trade negotiations,”

International Economic Review, USITC Publication 3217,

May/June 1999; Edward Wilson, “WTO trade negotiation

proposals tabled,” International Economic Review, USITC

Publication 3254, Sep./Oct./Nov. 1999.

2 For more detail, see Michael Barry, USITC, “China

reaches a WTO agreement with the United States,”

International Economic Review, USITC Publication 3276,

Feb./March 2000.

interested WTO members.

3 Nor had the U.S. Congress

yet agreed to grant China permanent mostfavored-nation (MFN) status—known in the United

States as “normal trade relations”—scheduling debate

over this issue for late May 2000.

4

Several major trade disputes played out at length

during 1999, primarily between the EU and the United

States, advancing for the first time within the WTO

framework to requests for authorization to retaliate

against a trading partner’s failure to comply with WTO

obligations and official authorization to suspend

concessions as compensation for lack of compliance

with WTO rules. Prominent in 1999 were trade

disputes over the EU trade regime in bananas, EU

import measures regarding hormone-treated beef, as

well as U.S. tax treatment of “foreign sales

corporations.”

5

A dispute of another sort also added to the

turbulence in the WTO during 1999 when members

failed to reach consensus over the selection of a new

WTO director-general. This protracted disagreement

continued into July 1999, leaving the organization with

only acting leadership, until a compromise was finally

reached to install two candidates in succession, a

resolution that left many delegations polarized largely

along developed versus developing country lines.

3 The summing up by the chairman of the WTO

Working Party on the Accession of China, held July 27,

2000, mentioned that “On bilaterals, China has now

concluded market-access accords with some 35 WTO

members, out of the 37 members expressing an interest in

negotiating on market-access in goods and services.” See

“Summing Up by the Chairman,” Meeting of the Working

Party on the Accession of China, July 27, 2000, found at

Intranet address http://www.insidetrade.com, retrieved

Aug. 2, 2000.

4 The U.S. House of Representatives voted May 24,

2000 to extend permanent normal trade relations status to

China by a vote of 237 in favor, 197 against. The U.S.

Senate is slated to take up the legislation later.

5 For additional detail on WTO disputes with major U.S.

trading partners, see also chapter 4.
20

Seattle Ministerial Conference

1999 Ministerial Preparations

From November 1998, WTO members submitted

proposals outlining possible subjects for multilateral

trade negotiations that go beyond the core agenda of

agriculture and services negotiations mandated by

provisions—collectively known as the “built-in”

agenda—embedded in the Uruguay Round

Agreements. The built-in agenda also calls for the

opening of intellectual property negotiations on

additional protection for geographical indications for

wines and spirits under TRIPs Article 23:4.

Although this core agenda calls for negotiations on

agriculture and services, WTO members debated

whether to include additional issues in the new trade

round, and if so, what they should be. Government

procurement issues fall into both camps; negotiations

required for some, whereas others are being proposed

for inclusion in a new trade round. Whereas the

Uruguay Round Agreements contain embedded

provisions that mandate multilateral negotiations

among all WTO members on agriculture and services,

the WTO plurilateral Agreement on Government

Procurement includes its own built-in provision

(Article XXIV:7) that also mandates negotiations to

improve and expand the agreement, but among its 12

signatories. These plurilateral negotiations are required

among the signatories to the WTO Agreement on

Government Procurement, but multilateral negotiations

among all WTO members for a WTO agreement on

transparency in government procurement are not

mandated. The latter are only proposed for upcoming

trade negotiations.

In broad terms, developed-country and

transition-economy members have shown interest in

liberalization of not only the core agenda items of

agriculture and services but additional subjects as well,

such as tariff negotiations. In contrast, a range of

developing countries—including Colombia, Egypt,

Guatemala, Jamaica, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,

and Uganda—echoed caution during these preparations

about even launching a new round of trade

negotiations. A number of developing country

members let it be known that they are simply unwilling

to take on further commitments until their present

obligations are more certainly under control. A more

adamant group considers that implementation of the

current Uruguay Round Agreements has been

inadequate in many respects, and that negotiation of

any new subjects should await the full implementation

of already existing agreements. For example, India in

particular has expressed the view that the Uruguay

Round Agreements have failed in areas such as special

and differential treatment for developing countries,

alleging these GATT/WTO principles are not honored.

India cites other areas in which implementation in

favor of developing countries has gone unfulfilled,

such as Uruguay Round Agreements concerning

textiles, balance-of-payments, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, subsidies, and services.

6

Seattle Working Groups

The WTO Third Ministerial Conference at Seattle

was administered by the Committee of the Whole. This

committee in turn delegated specific subject areas to

five ministerial working groups: Agriculture,

Implementation and Rules, Market Access, Singapore

Agenda and Other Issues, and Systemic Issues.

7 The

negotiations began with a heavily bracketed

compendium text that portrayed the failure of WTO

members to narrow their differences over the scope of

the new round.

Ministers began their Seattle deliberations in

earnest on December 1 and continued through

December 3. As no consensus documents emerged

from the Seattle conference, the following accounts of

Seattle working group discussions rely on a number of

unpublished Ministerial Conference documents as well

as the public summaries issued by the WTO for each of

the three working days of the conference.

8

6 See U.S. Department of State telegram, “WTO General

Council in Special Session - Meeting of 24-25 September

1998,” message reference No. Geneva 6219, Sept. 29, 1998,

par. 9-10.

7 WTO, Statement by WTO Director-General Mike

Moore, press release, PRESS/160, Dec. 7, 1999, found at

Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/new/press160.htm,

retrieved Jan. 20, 2000; and WTO, “Chairperson Outlines

Organization of Informal Working Sessions,” press release,

PRESS/158, Nov. 30, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/new/press158.htm, retrieved

Jan. 20, 2000.

8 WTO, “Ministers start negotiating Seattle

Declaration,” WTO Briefing Note (Summary of December 1

meetings), found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary_

_01.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999; World Trade Organization,

“Ministers consider new and revised texts,” WTO Briefing

Note (Summary of December 2 meetings), found at Internet

address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary

_02.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999; and World Trade

Organization, “3 December - The final day and what

happens next,” WTO Briefing Note (Summary of December

3 meetings ), found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary

_03.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999.
21

Agriculture

The major topics under discussion in the

agriculture working group included–

S a timetable for agriculture negotiations;

S provisions in favor of developing countries;

S integration of agricultural products into WTO

rules on a par with industrial products;

S market-access issues;

S further subsidy reductions and possible

elimination of export subsidies;

S domestic support issues; and

S nontrade concerns (multifunctionality).

Two basic camps emerged during agriculture

discussions. One group–including the self-styled “fair

trader” Cairns Group countries and the United States—

tended to favor the complete integration of agricultural

trade into the multilateral trading system on terms

equal with industrial products, total elimination of

export subsidies, using only policies that do not distort

trade to support nontrade objectives, and substantial

increases in market access.

9 Another group—which

included the EU, Japan, and Korea—emphasized that

agriculture is different from industrial products and so

cannot be subject to the same rules. This camp could

not accept the elimination of export subsidies, and also

stressed the need to take into account the

multifunctionality of agriculture, that is, that the

agricultural sector provides more than simply

agricultural products but also contributes to nontrade

concerns such as environmental stability, food security,

regional development, and so forth.

On December 3, the final day of the conference,

negotiations were reduced largely to discussions

between the United States and the EU over agricultural

export subsidies. Earlier indications that EU

negotiators might agree to establish a WTO working

group to examine agricultural biotechnology issues as

sought by the United States, in exchange for U.S.

9 The Cairns Group was formed in the mid-1980s from

14 agricultural exporting nations that consider themselves

“fair traders” in agriculture. The include Argentina,

Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Indonesia,

Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand,

and Uruguay. Since then, Paraguay has joined to comprise

15 Cairns Group members.

support to conclude stalled Biosafety Protocol

negotiations under the United Nations’ Convention on

Biological Diversity, were reversed on the final day

once EU ministers from member states voiced strong

opposition to any such working group.

10 Continued

pressure that the final text reflect the possible

elimination—rather than solely the reduction—of

export subsidies proved to be an implacable sticking

point with the EU as discussions came to an end on

December 3.

11

Implementation and rules

On the first day of talks, the group covering

implementation discussed a number of requests by

developing countriesfor an extension of their transition

deadlines for implementing WTO obligations

negotiated under the Uruguay Round, in particular

under the WTO Agreements on Trade-Related

Investment Measures (TRIMs), Customs Valuation,

and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights (TRIPs). The group considered different

approaches to such requests, such as a blanket

extension versus a case-by-case approach. Beyond

discussions of transition period implementation,

developing countries sought to redress what many view

as imbalances embedded in the multilateral trade rules

that favor developed country members—particularly

regarding antidumping measures, subsidies, and

textiles.

The United States expressed flexibility about

extending transition deadlines for developing countries

to carry out WTO obligations—in particular those

under the Agreements on Agriculture, Sanitary and

Phytosanitary Measures, TRIMs, Customs Valuation,

and Rules of Origin. In the working group, the EU

sought to clarify provisions of several WTO

agreements such as those on technical barriers to trade,

investment measures, antidumping, and subsidies, as

well as WTO provisions on state trading enterprises,

regional trade agreements, and trade and the

10 Negotiations on the biosafety protocol concluded

when more than 130 countries adopted the Cartagena

Protocol on Biosafety on January 29, 2000, in Montreal,

Canada. See U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Oceans

and Internationational Enviromental and Scientific Affairs,

“Biosafety Protocol,” found at Internet address

http://www.state.gov/www/global/oes/montreal_2000-01_ind

ex.html, retrieved July 3, 2000. See also, Inside Washington

Publishers, “EU lays out conditions for creation of WTO

working group on biotech,” Inside US Trade, Dec. 2, 1999,

found at Intranet address http://www.insidetrade.com,

retrieved Jan. 19, 2000.

11 For more detail, see Jonathan Coleman, USITC,

“Agriculture in the WTO: The Seattle Ministerial and

Beyond,” Industry Trade and Technology Review, USITC

publication 3293, Mar. 2000.
22

environment (a process that appeared to call for

reopening negotiation of already concluded WTO

agreements). Japan also focused on clarifying

provisions of the antidumping agreement in particular,

to stop what Japan considered to be abuse of that

agreement. The EU and United States also put forward

on the first day a market-access package where the four

quadrilateral or “quad” members of the world

economy—Canada, the EU, Japan, and the United

States—would provide duty-free access for imports

from the least-developed countries (LDCs).

However, efforts failed to bridge the differences

between those seeking talks on WTO agreements on

textiles, antidumping, and subsidies, and those

opposed—primarily the United States. A major

sticking point for the United States was language

whereby the rules of the antidumping agreement would

be reviewed “and where necessary amended.”

Alternatively, developing country members voiced

serious concerns about the implementation of the

Uruguay Round Agreements, particularly regarding

agriculture, sanitary and phytosanitary measures,

textiles, technical barriers to trade, TRIMs,

antidumping, customs valuation, subsidies, safeguards,

services, and intellectual property rights, all of which

they considered were being implemented in favor of

the developed country members.

12

Market access

The Working Group on Market Access consulted

with delegations on the following major topics–product

coverage;

S tariff reduction goals;

S tariff reduction methods;

S plurilateral initiatives for tariff elimination;

S nontariff measures; and

S provisions in favor of developing countries.

In goods negotiations, participants considered

overarching issues such as whether the negotiations’

12 Unpublished Ministerial Conference document,

Working Group on Implementation, Rules, LDCs and

Technical Assistance, “Implementation of Existing

Agreements and Decisions,” “Annex: Possible Decisions at

Seattle on Implementation,” “WTO Rules,” “Action in

Favour of Least-Developed Countries,” and “Technical

Cooperation,” collectively the “chairman’s text,” Dec. 3,

1999.

coverage would be comprehensive (all nonagricultural

products) or whether exclusions would be permitted.

Another issue was the overall goal of market-access

negotiations; this included whether to seek substantial

tariff reduction, effective increase in market access, a

numeric goal like a 33 percent reduction in tariffs, or

some other target. Additional matters focused on

methodologies for tariff reduction, where a number of

delegations sought a common approach to substitute

for the difficulties in the Uruguay Round’s

request/offer approach that made comparison of tariff

reduction proposals difficult. Other delegations sought

to ensure that a combination of approaches was

permitted that did not prevent interested participants

from undertaking deeper tariff reductions or tariff

elimination on a plurilateral basis. These plurilateral

tariff elimination initiatives are commonly dubbed

“zero-for-zero” initiatives. The Accelerated Tariff

Liberalization initiative is one current example,

endorsed in 1998 by ministers of the Asia-Pacific

Economic Cooperation forum and brought to the WTO

in an effort to garner wider multilateral adoption.

13

Tariff-cutting methodology was considered in

relation to its likely impact on tariff peaks and tariff

escalation. Nontariff measures also were discussed,

ranging widely over issues such as antidumping

measures, customs valuation, rules of origin, import

licensing, subsidies, safeguard measures, and others.

14

The group considered provisions favoring developing

countries, with the chairman indicating that

market-access negotiations would be guided by the

existing principle of special and differential treatment.

The market-access proposal for zero duty rates on

exports from least developed countries was raised in

this group as well.

13 The Accelerated Tariff Liberalization initiative covers

nine sectors--chemicals, energy goods and services,

environmental goods and services, fish, forestry and paper

products, gems and jewelry, medical equipment,

telecommunications (through a mutual recognition

agreement), and toys.

14 WTO, “Ministers start negotiating Seattle

Declaration,” WTO Briefing Note (Summary of December 1

meetings), found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary_

_01.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999; World Trade Organization,

“Ministers consider new and revised texts,” WTO Briefing

Note (Summary of December 2 meetings ), found at Internet

address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary

_02.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999; and World Trade

Organization, “3 December - The final day and what

happens next,” WTO Briefing Note (Summary of December

3 meetings ), found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/seattle/english/about_e/summary

_03.htm, retrieved Dec. 15, 1999.
23

In services negotiations, talks on market access

were less controversial, with the chairman reaching a

consensus text on December 2, 1999.

15 The group

favored comprehensive coverage (that is, no service

sectors excluded automatically); bilateral, plurilateral,

and multilateral approaches to negotiations, including

request/offer; and supplementary horizontal or sectoral

commitments as needed.

16 A negotiating timeframe

was considered, with requests from participants

proposed for completion by November 1, 2000, and

final offers to be completed by November 1, 2001. The

group agreed that special attention will be paid to

service sectors and modes of supply of particular

interest to developing countries. In addition, the group

developed a timeframe for unfinished work remaining

from the Uruguay Round Agreements. The Working

Party on Domestic Regulation, Working Party on

GATS Rules, and the Committee on Specific

Commitments will aim to complete their work by the

Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference, to be convened

about December 2001. However, negotiations under

GATS Article X (Emergency Safeguard Measures) will

conclude by December 15, 2000, as agreed previously

by the Council on Trade in Services in June 1999. The

market access working group agreed that new services

negotiations will consider the review of GATS Article

II (Exemptions) to be undertaken by the Council on

Trade in Services as well as its review of the Annex on

Air Transport Services. The group agreed that credit

will be given for autonomous liberalization already

undertaken in any service sector.

Singapore agenda

The Working Group on the Singapore Agenda and

Other Issues focused on two major issues–investment

and competition policy. Competition policy drew some

interest from working group members. The EU sought

discussion on investment, the United States focused on

transparency in government procurement, and Japan

focused on antidumping practices.

15 Unpublished Ministerial Conference document,

Working Group on Market Access, “Note from the

Chairman,” Dec. 3, 1999; “Chairman’s proposal - Market

Access Negotiations on Non-Agricultural Products,” Dec. 3,

1999, 3:00 a.m. draft; “Services,” Dec. 2, 1999, 7 p.m. draft;

and “New Chairman’s Proposal on Market Access;” see

Inside Washington Publishers, “Draft Declaration Elements

Under Consideration in the Green Room Negotiations Dec. 3

- Market Access Draft,” Inside US Trade, Dec. 3, 1999,

found at Intranet address http://www.insidetrade.com,

retrieved Jan. 19, 2000.

16 For more detail, see, Christopher Melly, USITC,

“Renewed Services Trade Negotiations in the WTO,”

Industry Trade and Technology Review, USITC publication

3271, Dec. 1999.

If members were not prepared to begin

negotiations on either investment or competition policy

at the upcoming negotiations, the chair suggested they

focus on developing elements pertaining to these

subjects for incorporation into investment or

competition agreements negotiated at some future

date—at the Fourth Ministerial Session that might be

held December 2001 or another time. At Seattle, the

EU wasinterested in launching negotiations, especially

on competition policy. By contrast, others such as the

United States expressed the view that these issues were

not yet ready for negotiation and proposed that the

Working Group on Investment and the Working Group

on Competition Policy continue to analyze these issues

to seek a broader consensus.

Members’ various proposals came together into a

document on trade and investment that indicated

further analysis on foreign direct investment would

consider the following elements—

S thepreservationofhostgovernment abilities’to

regulate the activity of investors in their

territory;

S the transparency,stability, and predictability of

domestic investment regimes;

S a positive list approach

17

for access to

investment opportunities in members’

territories;

S dispute-settlement provisions that exclude

investor-state provisions;

S the specific needs of developing countries; and

S the relationship between multilateral, plurilateral, and bilateral rules and agreements on

investment.

The working group also addressed intellectual

property rights, government procurement, trade

facilitation, and economic policy coherence, and the

need for new working groups to cover additional

issues. On intellectual property, the group discussed

geographical indications—the registered titles that

mark a good as possessing a given quality, reputation,

or other characteristic that is essentially attributable to

17 A positive list approach in negotiations indicates that

a country makes commitments only for those items (sectors,

companies, agencies, etc.) actively or positively placed on

the list in question. By contrast, a negative list begins with

all elements of a group– e.g., companies in an industry,

sectors in an economy– to which exceptions are lodged by

placing items on a list that will be exempt from whatever

rules would otherwise apply.
24

a product’s geographical origin.

18 On government

procurement, a draft initiative was compiled that would

launch efforts to conclude an agreement on

transparency in government procurement of goods and

services by the Fourth Session of the WTO Ministerial

Conference. On trade facilitation, many developing

countries were reluctant to negotiate new rules for

customs valuation and import licensing because of

their January 1, 2000 transition deadlines for

implementing similar agreements and negotiating new

rules where further negotiations might affect efforts to

extend those deadlines. On the subject of coherence of

policymaking among multilateral economic

institutions, as well as proposals for new working

groups on additional issues, the group assembled a

partial draft text that might establish a working forum

to examine the linkages among trade, globalization,

development, and labor issues, coordinated through

relevant international organizations.

19

Although not attending the ministerial meeting,

President Clinton came to Seattle to support efforts to

establish a WTO working group to examine the

relation between trade and core labor standards, which

generally refer to freedom of association, the right to

organize and bargain collectively, prohibition of forced

labor, elimination of child labor, and nondiscrimination

in employment. On December 2, the President ratified

International Labor Organization Convention 182,

“Convention Concerning the Prohibition and

Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst

Forms of Child Labor” on behalf of the United

States.

20

However, many developing countries have been

adamant that labor standards discussions have no place

in trade negotiations of any sort, and openly suspect

the developed countries of protectionist motives in

seeking to use the WTO dispute-settlement system as a

means to invalidate developing countries’ comparative

advantage in lower labor costs. President Clinton said

in an interview during his Seattle visit that he thought

the WTO should develop core labor standards, that

18 The TRIPs Agreement confers additional protection

on geographical indications that identify wines or spirits

(Article 23--Additional Protection for Geographical

Indications for Wines and Spirits), and delegations in the

working group sought to extend this type of protection to

other products as well.

19 For more detail on procurement, see this chapter’s

section on the WTO Work Program.

20 U.S. Department of State, “Ratification of ILO

Convention on Worst Forms of Child Labor,” background

paper, WTO Third Ministerial Conference, Seattle, WA,

December 2, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.state.gov/www/issues/economic/991202_fsdos

_bkilo.html, retrieved July 3, 2000.

they should be part of every trade agreement, and

thathe would favor a system in which sanctions are

applied for violating provisions of a trade agreement.

21

Later, Presidential advisors said the press should not

misunderstand these remarks as meaning that the

United States wants a system in which core labor

standards are used “as a facade or guise to do anything

that would be protectionist or harmful to developing

countries.”

22

Systemic issues

The Working Group on Systemic Issues discussed–

S transparency of WTO documents;

S organizational transparency and streamlined

decisionmaking for the WTO;

S improving information flow; and

S public understanding of andparticipation inthe

WTO.

The United States proposed that the WTO establish

more formal channels of communication with

nongovernmental organizations and also proposed the

consideration of a WTO advisory body—modeled

perhaps along the lines of the Consultative Group of 18

that acted for some years as a steering committee for

activities under the General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) regime that preceded the WTO.

However, a number of delegations questioned the role

of such nongovernmental bodies in an

intergovernmental organization, countering instead that

the WTO should remain a government-to-government

organization.

21 Michael Paulson, correspondent for the Seattle

Post-Intelligencer newspaper, “Transcript of interview with

President Clinton,” Dec. 1, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.seattlep-i.com/national/trans01.shtml, retrieved

Feb. 18, 2000. The transcript reports President Clinton as

saying “I think that what we ought to do first of all (is) to

adopt the United States’s position on having a working group

on labor within the WTO, and then that working group

should develop these core labor standards, and then they

ought to be a part of every trade agreement, and ultimately I

would favor a system in which sanctions would come for

violating any provision of a trade agreement, but we’ve got

to do this in steps.”

22 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary,

“Press Briefing by Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman and

National Economic Advisor Gene Sperling on Signing of

ILO Convention,” The ”W” Hotel, Seattle, Washington, Dec.

2, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.pub.whitehouse.gov, retrieved July 3, 2000.
25

The prime concern in this working group—as well

as at the Seattle conference more broadly—was the

issue of the WTO’s internal decisionmaking process.

At Seattle, many developing country members in

particular were critical of the “Green Room” process–

so-called because of the color of a former conference

room at WTO headquarters in Geneva where select

delegations would typically meet to draft compromise

language permitting final agreement on the subject at

hand. Whereas developed country members are

included in essentially all such meetings, the Green

Room process typically excludes most developing

country members and, thus, their views.

This selective participation may be unsurprising as

the consultative process was devised originally for the

industrialized countries that established the GATT.

However, the sheer expansion in membership—from

23 GATT contracting parties in 1948 to 137 WTO

members in 2000—has come to mean that

approximately three-quarters, or more than 100 WTO

members, are developing countries. An additional 31

states were in various stages of accession at the end of

1999. As a consequence, many of these developing

countries articulated the view at Seattle that the Green

Room process is antiquated and fails to take into

account their development perspective, even though

they are expected to abide by whatever compromises

emerge from such negotiations.

Post-Seattle Developments

Following the Seattle conference, WTO

Director-General Mike Moore undertook weeks of

consultations with WTO members, resulting in

members agreeing at the General Council meeting in

February 2000 to move forward with the negotiations

mandated under the built-in agenda, namely on

agriculture and services. The Agriculture Committee

held its first organizational meeting in March 2000 and

the Services Council held its first meeting April 2000,

respectively.

23

23 WTO, “WTO services and agriculture negotiations:

meetings set for February and March,” press release,

PRESS/167, Feb. 7, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/new/press167.htm, retrieved Feb. 8,

2000; “Agriculture negotiations - 23–24 March 2000 - Talks

reach swift agreement on $phase 1’,” press release,

PRESS/172, Mar. 27, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/new/Press172.htm, retrieved June 9,

2000; “Services Council adopts negotiating timetable for this

year,” press release [unnumbered, undated], issued Apr. 17,

2000, http://www.wto.org/wto/new/Services2.htm, retrieved

June 9, 2000.

Two additional areas of negotiations are also

included under the built-in agenda—intellectual

property and government procurement. TRIPs Article

23 (Additional Protection for Geographical Indications

for Wines and Spirits) says in Art. 23.4 “In order to

facilitate the protection of geographical indications for

wines, negotiations shall be undertaken in the Council

for TRIPs concerning the establishment of a

multilateral system of notification and registration of

geographical indications for wines eligible for

protection in those Members participating in the

system.”

The plurilateral WTO Agreement on Government

Procurement (1994) entered into force on Jan. 1, 1996.

Under Article XXIV:7(b), its signatories are to

undertake further negotiations “not later than the end

of the third year from the date of its entry into force” to

improve and extend the Agreement. In 1997,

signatories began a review of the Agreement’s

structure as the opening measure to these negotiations.

In October 1999, the signatories reported to the WTO

General Council progress made in this review process,

saying they would again take up consideration of their

overall work program and the timetable for completing

negotiations at their subsequent meetings beginning in

March 2000.

Selected WTO Activities

Director-General Selection

In 1999, the protracted debate continued over the

successor to the first WTO Director-General, Renato

Ruggiero, whose single term, four-year appointment

expired at the end of April 1999.

24 Over two and one

half months later, member governments of the WTO

still could not reach agreement on which of the two

leading candidates was to serve a single, four year term

as WTO director-general. Consequently, on July 22,

1999, WTO member governments reached a consensus

that the two should serve consecutively, each for a

three-year term. Thus, Mike Moore, former prime

minister of New Zealand, was selected to be WTO

Director-General from September 1, 1999 through

24 WTO, “WTO member governments agree on

director-general succession,” press release, PRESS/131, July

22, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/press/dgpr.htm, retrieved March 16,

2000; and WTO, “Ruggiero urges calm, unity in DG

selection process,” press release, unnumbered, May 4, 1999,

found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/press/dgcalm1.htm, retrieved

March 16, 2000. For more detail regarding 1998 efforts to

select a new WTO director-general see USITC, The Year in

Trade: OTAP, 1998, USITC publication 3192, p. 29.
26

August 31, 2002, following which Dr. Supachai

Panitchpakdi, former deputy prime minister of

Thailand, was selected to serve from September 1,

2002 through August 31, 2005. Neither will be eligible

for an extension in office nor for reappointment as

director-general. Member governments also stressed

that this “unprecedented” term-sharing arrangement

did not constitute a precedent for future appointments.

Considering the difficulties this time in selecting

appointments for the director-general post, as well as

the protracted debate over the appointment of Mr.

Ruggiero to the post initially in 1995, WTO members

agreed to work toward establishing “a comprehensive

set of rules and procedures for such appointments.”

25

Work Programs

In addition to mandated negotiations and reviews

under the built-in agenda, members are examining

additional subjects under the WTO work program. At

the WTO First Ministerial Conference, held in

December 1996 in Singapore, members agreed to

negotiate an Information Technology Agreement; to

hold a high-level meeting on how to improve the

provision of technical assistance to the least developed

country members; and to begin an examination of how

multilateral trade rules interact with the areas of

competition policy, investment, and transparency in

government procurement.

26

Information technology

In 1996, 28 participants launched the Information

Technology Agreement (ITA) at the Singapore

Ministerial Conference.

27 By March 1997, the ITA had

garnered 39 participants and entered into force on July

1, 1997.

28 The aim of the ITA is to eliminate tariffs by

2000 on approximately 95 percent of world trade in

information technology products.

29 The information

25 Ibid.; WTO, PRESS/131.

26 For more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1996, USITC publication 3024, pp. 15-27.

27 World Trade Organization, Committee of Participants

on the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology

Products, Status of Implementation - Note by the Secretariat

- Revision, G/IT/1/Rev.13, March 14, 2000, found at Internet

address http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved

March 20, 2000.

28 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, Mar. 2000, pp. 74-76.

29 Participants continued to lower tariffs on ITA

products in 1999, and for the majority of participants, 1999

marked the final year where tariffs would be charged on

these products.

technology (IT) sector accounts for roughly $1 trillion

in global production and $600 billion in trade flows.

30

In 1998, ITA participants agreed to negotiate

additional product coverage under the agreement and

implement these results beginning in 1999.

31

Participants developed a draft list of some 20 products

to be annexed to the proposed agreement–dubbed ITA

II–with complete elimination of customs duties on

these items scheduled for January 1, 2002.

32 After

suspension and resumption of negotiations during

1998, the committee agreed to resume negotiations in

1999 when 35 participants indicated they could accept

the ITA II draft. However, a few participants indicated

that they could not consider the product additions or

that they needed more time.

33

In 1999, the Committee continued to assist

participants in considering differences in classifying IT

products, and ensuring that nontariff

measures—particularly product standards—do not

impede the free flow of IT products. The Committee

convened an informal meeting of experts in October

1999 to review a wide range of classification

differences regarding IT products, particularly

semiconductor manufacturing and test equipment.

Participants agreed to continue discussions in 2000

regarding these classification issues.

34

Also in 1999, the Committee conducted a survey of

participants’ current regulations and conformity

assessment requirements for IT products. Additional

work on this subject is expected, based on the survey

results as well as on papers to be submitted by certain

participants that draw on national experiences in this

area.

35

30 USTR, “U.S. Ready to Lead in ‘ITA II’ Negotiations

to Expand Sweeping Information Technology Trade

Agreement,” press release 98-07, Jan. 27, 1998, p. 2.

31 For further detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1996, USITC publication 3024, April 1997, pp.

20-23; The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1997, USITC publication

3103, May 1998, p. 25; and USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1999, USITC publication 3192, May 1999, pp. 22-23.

32 WTO, “Final ITA II package to be considered on 11

December,” Nov. 27, 1998, press release [unnumbered],

found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news98_e/itaprx.htm,

retrieved June 29, 2000.

33 For more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1998, USITC publication 3192, pp. 22-23.

34 World Trade Organization, Committee of Participants

on the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology

Products, Overview of Divergences of Classification of

Attachment B Items - Note by the Secretariat - Revision,

G/IT/2/Add.1/Rev.1, July 29, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved Mar.

20, 2000; United States Trade Representative, 2000 Trade

Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual Report, Washington DC,

Mar. 3, 2000, pp. 74-76.

35 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, Mar. 2000, pp. 74-76.
27

In July 1999, the Committee held an information

technology symposium that consisted of panel

discussions of the IT sector’s future dynamism, its role

in promoting economic growth and development, and

the value of applying information technology. As of

March 10, 2000, the ITA had 36 participants—

covering 52 members, states, or separate customs

territories in the process of acceding to the WTO.

36

Singapore working groups

The WTO First Ministerial Conference in 1996 in

Singapore set up a number of working groups to

examine the interrelationship between trade and

investment, competition policy, and transparency in

government procurement. The working groups on trade

and investment and trade competition policy were

established for an initial two-year period and have

since had their mandates renewed.

On the basis of 1999 discussions, the Working

Group on Trade and Investment proposes in 2000 to

examine: (1) existing international instruments, their

similarities and differences; (2) possible bilateral,

regional, and multilateral rules on investment; (3) the

rights and obligations of home and host countries, and

of investors and their host countries; and (4) the

relation between international cooperation on

investment and competition policies through current as

well as possible future instruments.

In 1999, the Working Group on the Interaction

between Trade and Competition Policy focused on the

relation between competition policy and WTO trade

principles of most-favored-nation treatment, national

treatment, and transparency; ways to promote

cooperation among members, particularly technical

cooperation; how competition policy contributes to

WTO objectives such as the promotion of international

trade; and other issues raised in discussions regarding

the interaction of trade and competition policy.

36 There are 27 participants that have formally submitted

their ITA documentation: Australia, Canada, Chinese Hong

Kong, Chinese Macau, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, the EU,

El Salvador, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea,

Malaysia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines,

Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Switzerland,

Thailand, Turkey, and the United States. A further nine are

considered participants without having submitted formal

documentation, either because their tariff documentation has

been included in accession documentation (Estonia, Kyrgyz

Republic, and Latvia) or a participant is not a WTO member

and thus implements its tariff reductions autonomously

(Albania, Taiwan, Croatia, Georgia, Jordan, and Lithuania).

Formal documentation for Estonia and Poland is pending

domestic ratification, whereas Panama has not yet submitted

its documentation.

The Working Group on Transparency in

Government Procurement has held extensive

discussions concerning transparency-related provisions

in existing international instruments on government

procurement and national procedures and practices,

based on its mandate “to conduct a study on

transparency in government procurement practices ...

and, based on this study, to develop elements for

inclusion in an appropriate agreement.”

37 Discussions

in the group have been divided between examination of

the transparency of procedures involved in government

procurement and negotiating actual market-access

commitments for government procurement.

Delegations opposed to negotiating a WTO agreement

on transparency in government procurement—such as

Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, and Malaysia—have

resisted what they view as efforts by the chairman and

other delegations to move beyond the working group’s

mandate of studying the issue to a new phase of

negotiating such an agreement.

38

In September 1999, however, the chairman

responded to such criticism by saying the working

group could not evade its charge to develop the

elements of an appropriate agreement.

39 But at Seattle,

ministers compiled a draft initiative based on the

working group’s efforts that would have launched

negotiations to reach an agreement on transparency in

government procurement covering both goods and

services with intended completion by the WTO Fourth

Ministerial Conference tentatively proposed for

December 2001. This initiative is pending, however, as

no consensus documents emerged from the Seattle

conference.

Electronic commerce

The Declaration on Global Electronic Commerce

was adopted May 20, 1998 at the WTO Second

Ministerial Conference.

40 The work program is to

37 World Trade Organization, Ministerial Conference,

Singapore Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN/(96)/DEC,

Dec. 13, 1996, par. 21.

38 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Meetings of the

WTO Working Group on Transparency in Government

Procurement,” message reference No. 006713, prepared by

the U.S. Mission, Geneva, Oct. 20, 1998.

39 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Constructive

discussions in the WTO Working Group on Transparency in

Government Procurement,” message reference No. 001915,

prepared by the U.S. Mission, Geneva, Mar. 16, 1999;

“Results of Geneva informals on a WTO Agreement on

Transparency in Government Procurement,” message

reference No. 007194, prepared by the U.S. Mission,

Geneva, Sep. 22, 1999.

40 WTO, Ministerial Conference, Declaration on Global

Electronic Commerce, Adopted on 20 May 1998,

WT/MIN(98)/DEC/2, Geneva, 25 May 1998, found at

Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ecom/e_mindec1.htm, retrieved

March 20, 2000.
28

examine all trade-related issues relating to global

e-commerce, taking into account the economic,

financial, and development needs of developing

countries, as well as recognizing work being

undertaken in other international fora such as the

OECD.

The work program calls for the WTO General

Council to produce a progress report on e-commerce

for the Fourth Ministerial Conference. To assist, the

work program mandates that the Council for Trade in

Goods,

41 Council for Trade in Services,42

the TRIPs

Council,

43 and the Committee for Trade and

Development

44 examine and report on aspects of

electronic commerce relevant to their respective

Uruguay Round Agreements and areas of

competence.

45

The work program called for the General Council

to conduct an interim review of progress by March

1999. Detailed discussion in the General Council was

deferred until its October 1999 meeting, where most

41 The Council for Trade in Goods is to examine the

relation of e-commerce to market access for e-commerce

products; customs valuation; import licensing procedures;

customs and other duties pertinent to GATT Article II;

technical standards; rules of origin; and classification issues.

42 The Council for Trade in Services is to examine the

treatment of e-commerce within the GATS legal framework,

focusing on issues of the scope of GATS--including modes

of supply--as it relates to e-commerce; most-favored-nation

treatment; transparency; increasing participation of

developing countries; domestic regulation, standards, and

recognition; competition; protection of privacy and public

morals and the prevention of fraud; market-access

commitments on electronic supply of services, including

basic and value-added telecommunications services and

distribution services; national treatment; access to and use of

public telecommunications transport networks and services;

customs duties; and classification issues.

43 The Council for TRIPs is to examine intellectual

property issues arising in connection with electronic

commerce, such as the protection and enforcement of

copyright and related rights; the protection and enforcement

of trademarks; and new technologies and access to

technology.

44 The Committee on Trade and Development is to

examine the development implications of e-commerce. The

Committee is to consider the effects of e-commerce on

developing countries, on their trade and economic prospects,

particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises; their

increased use of e-commerce (particularly of electronically

delivered products) through improved infrastructure, transfer

of technology, and movement of natural persons; their better

integration into the multilateral trading system with the aid

of information technology; the impact on traditional

distribution channels for physical goods in these countries;

and the financial implications of e-commerce for these

countries.

45 World Trade Organization, Work Programme on

Electronic Commerce - Adopted by the General Council on

25 September 1998, WT/L/274, Sept. 30, 1998, found at

Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/ public.html,

retrieved March 20, 2000.

delegations seemed to agree with the U.S. view on

continuing a moratorium on the duty-free transmission

of electronic commerce.

46 Nonetheless, most countries

considered this conclusion premature and requested

more time to study the matter.

The General Council conducted an interim review

in 1999 of progress made on the work program on

electronic commerce. It agreed to forward reports from

subsidiary WTO bodies to ministers at the Third

Ministerial Conference and to return to the issue after

the Seattle conference.

47

The report from the Council for Trade in Goods

found that most aspects of electronic commerce can

only be meaningfully addressed once electronic

transmissions are determined to be goods, services, or

some hybrid of the two. However, they recognize that

the work program assigns to the General Council final

determination for such “trade-related issues of

cross-cutting nature” as characterization of electronic

transmissions.

48

The Council for Trade in Services reported on

progress made toward common understandings on

e-commerce issues, as well as different viewpoints,

specified in its mandate. Delegations agreed largely

that the GATS applies to all services and thus to the

electronic delivery of services, and that GATS

provisions, such as most-favored-nation and national

treatment, also apply to services supplied through

electronic means. However, they cautioned explicitly

that the issue of like services–that is, whether services

delivered by electronic means are equivalent to

services delivered by other means—was critical and

was one of the most complex legal issues in the GATT

or GATS. They also recognized the need to strike a

balance regarding domestic regulation of e-commerce

services, both to allow members the right to regulate

such services but not to create unnecessary trade

barriers.

The TRIPs Council reported general consensusthat

trade conducted electronically generally embodied a

high intellectual property content, and that many of the

complex intellectual property issues stemming from

46 U.S. Department of State telegram, “WTO General

Council - October 6, 1999,” message reference No. 007727,

prepared by the U.S. Mission, Geneva, Oct. 14, 1999, par. 6.

47 World Trade Organization, General Council, Draft

Annual Report (1999), WT/GC/W/345, 26 October 1999.

48 World Trade Organization, Council for Trade in

Goods, Work Program on Electronic Commerce -

Information provided to the General Council, G/C/W/158,

July 26, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ecom/e_ctg.htm, retrieved March 24,

2000.
29

e-commerce were under study at the World Intellectual

Property Organization.

49

The Committee on Trade and Development asked

the WTO Secretariat to prepare a background note on

development implications of electronic commerce to

assist with its interim report to the General Council on

e-commerce.

50 The Secretariat background paper

addressed a number of e-commerce issues, such as

substitution for traditional trade flows; benefits to

developing country consumers and producers; physical

and human infrastructure requirements; the effects of

e-commerce on education and training, employment,

movement of natural persons, investment, transfer of

technology; and revenue and legal issues. The paper

pointed to progress made already in applying electronic

methods to customs and port services. It concludes that

creating a capacity to make use of e-commerce

opportunities should be a priority for developing

countries.

51

Trade facilitation

Under its mandate from the December 1996

Singapore Ministerial Declaration, the WTO Council

for Trade in Goods (CTG) has been examining how to

simplify trade procedures, a task known as “trade

facilitation.”

52 The CTG held discussions on this issue

in 1997 and 1998 and it began a work program that

continued in 1999. The work program began with

import and export procedures and requirements,

including customs, border-crossing problems, and the

Kyoto Convention, in September 1998. Work began on

physical movement of consignments (transport and

transit); and payments, insurance, and other financial

requirements that affect the movement of goods in

December 1998. Examination of the importance of

49 World Trade Organization, Council for Trade-Related

Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Work Program on

Electronic Commerce - Progress Report to the General

Council, IP/C/18, July 30, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ecom/e_trips.htm, retrieved March

24, 2000.

50 World Trade Organization, Committee on Trade and

Development, Report (1998) of the Committee on Trade and

Development, WT/COMTD/15, Nov. 30, 1998, found at

Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/ecom/e_ctd.htm,

retrieved March 24, 2000.

51 World Trade Organization, Committee on Trade and

Development, Development Implications of Electronic

Commerce - Note by the Secretariat, WT/COMTD/W/51, 23

Nov. 1998, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/search97cgi/s97_cgi, retrieved

March 24, 2000.

52 World Trade Organization, Ministerial Conference,

Singapore Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN/(96)/DEC,

Dec. 13, 1996, par. 21.

electronic facilities for international trade; the

simplification of trade procedures regarding technical

cooperation and development issues; and WTO

Agreementsrelated to trade facilitation began in March

1999. Evaluation of work done to assess the scope for

WTO rules in the area of trade facilitation started in

June 1999.

53

Dispute Settlement

The WTO website provides a timely source for the

status of past and pending dispute cases and case

decisions. It may be found at http://www.wto.org/wto/

dispute/bulletin.htm.

Panel reports

In 1999, WTO dispute panels issued 16 reports

covering 13 distinct issues. In 1999, another 24 panels

were established by the Dispute Settlement Body

(DSB) on 22 separate matters. As major traders

frequently involved in WTO dispute settlement, the

United States was cited as complainant in three and

defendant in four of the 16 panel reports issued,

whereas the EU was a complainant in six and a

defendant in none of these 16 panel reports. Half of the

EU’s six complaints were lodged in the last quarter of

1999 against U.S. actions. Of the 24 newly established

panels, the United States is complainant in five and

defendant in 11, whereas the EU is complainant in 10

and defendant in one.

The U.S. complaints focused on Indian import

quotas on agricultural, manufactured, and textile

goods; Canadian import measures on milk; and

Australian subsidies on automotive leather. The United

States was defendant in cases involving its

antidumping measures against certain Korean

semiconductors, tax treatment for foreign sales

corporations, section 301 trade legislation under the

Trade Act of 1974, and countervailing duties on

imports of hot-rolled carbon steel from the United

Kingdom.

54

Appeals

In 1999, 11 appeals reports were issued, covering

roughly seven distinct matters. The United States

brought four of these cases and defended against none.

53 World Trade Organization, Council for Trade in

Goods, Trade Facilitation - Status Report by the Council for

Trade in Goods, G/L/333, Oct. 18,1999, found at Internet

address http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved

March 27, 2000.

54 The panel report concerning U.S. tax treatment for

foreign sales corporations was issued in October 1999; the

Appellate Body report was issued in late February 2000.
30

The United States appealed the panel decisions

regarding Korean taxes on alcoholic beverages,

Japanese measures affecting agricultural products,

Indian import quotas, and Canadian import measures

on milk.

Arbitration

WTO members are increasingly likely to challenge

panel reports in recent years and the number of

arbitration panels in the dispute-settlement process is

growing. In 1999, the scope of panel disputes also

widened. Members challenged not only the appropriate

implementation period for panel recommendations but

also the amount of compensation for failure to

implement recommendations. For example, this wider

scope was evident in arbitration panel findings on

Korean taxes on alcoholic beverages brought by the

EU and the United States and another on an Australian

ban against Canadian salmon.

Retaliation

In 1999, for the first time under the WTO

framework, a complainant in a dispute sought the right

to retaliate, that is, requested authorization to suspend

concessions under the Dispute Settlement

Understanding. Following EU failure to implement

panel recommendations in the EU banana dispute by

the arbitrated deadline of January 1, 1999, the United

States, as one of the complainants, requested WTO

authorization on January 14, 1999 to suspend

concessions to the EU for failure to implement the

panel recommendations. After intervening action, an

arbitration panel determined on April 9, 1999 that the

appropriate level of concessions for suspension was

$191.4 million. On April 19, 1999, the DSB authorized

the United States to suspend concessions in this

amount.

55

Following another EU failure to implement panel

recommendations before the deadline of May 13, 1999

concerning EU trade measures on hormone-treated

meat and meat products, Canada and the United States

both requested WTO authorization to suspend

concessions to the EU for failure to implement. On

July 12, 1999, an arbitration panel determined that the

appropriate amount of concessions for suspension was

US$116.8 million for the United States and C$11.3

million for Canada. On July 26, 1999, the DSB

55 For more detail on the U.S.-EU banana dispute, see

chapter 4.

authorized the United States and Canada to suspend

concessions in these amounts.

56

In a third retaliation case, Canada requested

authorization from the DSB on July 28, 1999 to

suspend concessions to Australia in retaliation against

Australia’s import ban of salmon from Canada,

following Australia’s failure to implement the panel’s

recommendations by its July 6, 1999 deadline. The

DSB referred the Canadian request for suspension of

concessions to arbitration.

Membership

Accessions

In 1999, two Baltic states became members of the

WTO. Although Latvia completed accession

negotiations with WTO members near the end of 1998,

it formally acceded on February 10, 1999. Estonia

acceded on November 13, 1999, bringing total WTO

membership to 135. Table 2-1 lists WTO membership

in 1999. Another 31 states were in various stages of

accession at the end of 1999. Table 2-2 lists countries

in the process of accession—WTO accession working

parties—underway in 1999. Membership in the

Agreement on Government Procurement remained

unchanged in 1999, while Latvia became a signatory to

the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft. Table 2-3

lists signatories to WTO Plurilateral Trade Agreements

in 1999.

Accession negotiations with China

More than actual accessions, developments in 1999

focused on progress made in bilateral accession

negotiations between China and the United States on

China’s bid to join the WTO. On November 15, 1999,

China and United States concluded bilateral talks

regarding China’s accession to the WTO.

57 The

agreement addresses market access for trade in

agricultural and industrial goods, as well as for trade in

services. It contains provisions addressing import

surges and unfair trade practices within the U.S.

territory and covers fair treatment for businesses

operating in China. The agreement also limits

requirements on technology transfer, offsets, and

export performance. Although the conclusion of

bilateral negotiations with the United States was a

major step for China in its accession process, China

had not concluded similar bilateral negotiations with

56 For more detail on the U.S.-EU beef hormone

dispute, see chapter 4.

57 USTR, “U.S., China sign historic trade agreement,”

press release 99-95, Nov. 15, 1999.
31

Table 2-1

WTO Membership in 1999

Angola Germany Nicaragua

Antigua and Barbuda Ghana Niger

Argentina Greece Nigeria

Australia Grenada Norway

Austria Guatemala Pakistan

Bahrain Guinea Panama

Bangladesh Guinea Bissau Papua New Guinea

Barbados Guyana Paraguay

Belgium Haiti Peru

Belize Honduras Philippines

Benin Hong Kong, China Poland

Bolivia Hungary Portugal

Botswana Iceland Qatar

Brazil India Romania

Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Rwanda

Bulgaria Ireland Saint Kitts

Burkina Faso Israel Saint Lucia

Burundi Italy Saint Vincent

Cameroon Jamaica Senegal

Canada Japan Sierra Leone

Central African Republic Kenya Singapore

Chad Korea Slovak Republic

Chile Kuwait Slovenia

Colombia Kyrgyz Republic Solomon Islands

Congo, Democratic Republic Latvia South Africa

Congo, Republic of Lesotho Spain

Costa Rica Liechtenstein Sri Lanka

Côte d’Ivoire Luxembourg Suriname

Cuba Macau, China Swaziland

Cyprus Madagascar Sweden

Czech Republic Malawi Switzerland

Denmark Malaysia Tanzania

Djibouti Maldives Thailand

Dominica Mali Togo

Dominican Republic Malta Trinidad and Tobago

Ecuador Mauritania Tunisia

Egypt Mauritius Turkey

El Salvador Mexico Uganda

Estonia Mongolia United Arab Emirates

European Communities Morocco United Kingdom

Fiji Mozambique United States

Finland Myanmar Uruguay

France Namibia Venezuela

Gabon Netherlands Antilles Zambia

Gambia New Zealand Zimbabwe

Total members: 135

Source: WTO, “Members,” found at Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/about/organsn6.htm, retrieved April 18,

2000.
32

Table 2-2

WTO accession working parties in 1999

Albania Croatia Oman

Algeria Ethiopia* Russia

Andorra Georgia Samoa

Armenia Holy See (Vatican)* Saudi Arabia

Azerbaijan Jordan Seychelles

Belarus Kazakstan Sudan

Bhutan* Laos Tonga

Bosnia and Herzegovina Lebanon Ukraine

Cambodia Lithuania Uzbekistan

Cape Verde* Macedonia Vanuatu

China Moldova Vietnam

Chinese Taipei Nepal Yemen*

Total accession candidates: 31

*WTO observer status is granted to accession candidates, except for those five marked with an asterisk which have

chosen not to apply for WTO Membership at present. Except for the Holy See, observers must start accession

negotiations within 5 years of becoming observers.

Source: WTO, “Members,” found at Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/about/organsn6.htm, retrieved April 18,

2000.

Table 2-3

Signatories to WTO Plurilateral Trade Agreements in 1999

Agreement on Government Procurement

Aruba Israel Norway

Canada Japan Singapore

European Union* Korea Switzerland

Hong Kong, China Liechtenstein United States

Total signatories: 12

*The Commission for the European Communities acts as the signatory to the Agreement on Government

Procurement for the 15 member states of the European Union.

Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft

Bulgaria United States Ireland

Canada European Union** Italy

Egypt Austria Luxembourg

Japan Belgium Netherlands

Latvia Denmark Portugal

Macau, China France Spain

Norway Germany Sweden

Romania Greece United Kingdom

Switzerland

Total signatories: 25

**The Commission for the European Communities is signatory to the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, along with

14 member states of the European Union, currently excluding Finland.

Source: World Trade Organization, Report (1999) of the Committee on Government Procurement, GPA/30, Oct. 21,

1999; and Report (1999) of the Committee on Trade in Civil Aircraft, WT/L/340, Dec. 20 1999, and WT/L/340/Corr.1,

Jan. 24, 2000, found at Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved Apr. 18, 2000.
33

10 other countries by the end of 1999. China-EU

negotiations, for example, continued into 2000.

58

Plurilateral Agreements

In addition to the multilateral trade agreementsthat

are binding on all WTO members, two plurilateral

trade agreements also administered under the WTO

framework provide additional rights to signatories of

those plurilateral agreements. One is the Agreement on

Government Procurement, the other the Agreement on

Trade in Civil Aircraft (table 2-3).

The WTO Agreement on Government Procurement

entered into force on January 1, 1996. In 1999, it had

12 signatories: Aruba, Canada, European Union,

59

Hong Kong China, Israel, Japan, Korea, Liechtenstein,

Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United

States.

60

In May 1999, the United States requested a

dispute-settlement panel under the agreement to

examine Korea’s obligations regarding procurement

practices of the Korean Airport Construction Authority

and other entities involved in the procurement of

airport construction in Korea. These practices concern

qualifications for the prime contractor and domestic

partner, as well as lack of challenge procedures. A

dispute panel on this issue was established June 16,

1999, with the EU and Japan as third parties.

61

The GATT Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft

entered into force on January 1, 1980. In 1999, Latvia

became a signatory to the agreement, bringing its

membership to 25. Members now include Bulgaria,

Canada, Egypt, Japan, Latvia, Macau China, Norway,

Romania, Switzerland, United States, and the EC

Commission, plus Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France,

Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United

Kingdom. The Commission for the European

Communities acts as the signatory to the agreement for

the European Union, and 14 of the 15 EU member

states are individual signatories.

The agreement eliminates and binds at zero all

customs duties and other charges on imports of civil

aircraft products and repairs, protects the right of free

selection of civil aircraft suppliers based solely on

58 For more detail on negotiations surrounding China’s

WTO accession, see chapter 4.

59 The Commission for the European Communities acts

as the signatory to the agreement for the 15 member states of

the European Union.

60 WTO, Annual Report 1999, 1999, Geneva,

pp. 100-101.

61 For more detail on Korea, see chapter 4.

commercial and technical factors, and regulates

participation in civil aircraft programs. Signatories

have so far been unsuccessful in transferring the

balance of rights and obligations under the 1980 GATT

Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft to an official,

legal version of a WTO Agreement on Trade in Civil

Aircraft. On April 29, 1999, the chairman circulated a

draft “Protocol Rectifying the Agreement on Trade in

Civil Aircraft,” which signatories discussed in July

1999 and agreed to consider further.

62

Technical Assistance

In recent years, the regular WTO budget for

technical cooperation and training activities has been

supplemented by additional funds contributed by some

WTO members, which have been placed into a fund

called the WTO Trust Fund for Technical Cooperation

and Training. With the growing importance of

technical cooperation activities, the WTO

Director-General has proposed that WTO members

adopt as part of the regular budget an overall figure of

Swiss francs 10 million ($6.66 million) to support

technical assistance projects, which is approximately

the amount required to meet current demand for these

activities. This proposal would phase in such assistance

over a three-year period beginning in 2000.

In the interim, a number of WTO members

63

established the Global Trust Fund for WTO Technical

Cooperation (GTF), which opened to receive voluntary

financial contributions from July 1, 1999. The

objectives of the GTF are based on the “Guidelines and

Implementation Modalities,” adopted by the WTO

Committee on Trade and Development, which aim to

improve management and implementation of WTO

technical cooperation, complement the regular WTO

budget, and enable the WTO Secretariat to deliver

technical assistance in a flexible, timely, and pertinent

manner.

64 During 1999, several countries made

contributions to the WTO Trust Fund and its successor,

the WTO Global Trust Fund. In March 1999, Sweden

contributed Swiss francs 1 million ($0.67 million), and

in November 1999 Norway gave Norwegian kroner 2

million ($0.26 million).

65

62 WTO, Annual Report 1999, 1999, Geneva, pp.

100-101.

63 The founding members of the GTF are Denmark, the

EU, Finland, Hong Kong China, the Netherlands, Norway,

Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

64 WTO, Annual Report 1999, 1999, Geneva, pp.

102-105.

65 Contributions continued into 2000. In January 2000,

Germany donated German marks 1 million ($0.55 million)

and Norway donated another Norwegian kroner 4.8 million

($0.62 million), followed by Denmark which contributed

U.S. dollars 1 million in February 2000. See WTO, “Sweden

hands over SwF 1 million contribution to WTO technical
34

Jones Act Review

In July 1999, the WTO General Council began its

review of the exemption in paragraph 3 of GATT 1994

for U.S. maritime legislation that preceded the WTO

and GATT, the so-called Jones Act.

66

In October 1999,

the discussion continued in the General Council, with

the United States maintaining that it had met all of the

requirements for the exemption, in contrast to a large

number of delegations taking issue with the U.S.

position and calling for substantive justification of the

Jones Act restrictions on economic or national security

grounds.

67 The General Council continued its review

into February 2000.

Organization for Economic

Cooperation and

Development

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) provides a forum in which the

world’s industrialized countries can discuss common

approaches to social as well as economic issues that

they confront. Under the OECD work program,

multi-year examinations allow OECD members to

reach consensus on policy approaches to economic

issues that might then move to negotiations in, broader

65—Continued

cooperation activities,” press release, PRESS/126, March 17,

1999; “Germany donates DM 1 million to WTO technical

assistance fund,” press release, PRESS/127, March 19, 1999;

“Norway makes contribution to WTO’s global trust fund,”

press release, PRESS/145, Nov. 4, 1999; “Germany

contributes to WTO’s global trust fund,” press release,

PRESS/162, Jan. 25, 2000; “Norway makes another

contribution to WTO’s global trust fund,” press release,

PRESS/164, Jan. 28, 2000; and “Denmark makes 1 million

dollar contribution to WTO’s global trust fund,” press

release, PRESS/168, Feb. 8, 2000. Approximate U.S. dollar

equivalents are given in parentheses, averaging 1999

quarterly exchange rates (period average) taken from the

International Monetary Fund, International Financial

Statistics, Feb. 2000. Currencies in the euro area, such as the

German mark, require an additional conversion from their

euro conversion rates fixed on Dec. 31, 1998, available at

Internet address http://www.ecb.int/.

66 The U.S. Merchant Marine Act of 1920, section 27,

(Jones Act) requires that only vessels built and documented

in the United States and owned by U.S. citizens may engage

in cabotage, i.e., point-to-point travel within U.S. waters. For

more detail, see U.S. Department of State telegram, “US

cabotage practices,” message reference No. State 050660,

prepared by the U.S. Department of State, Washington DC,

Mar. 19, 1999.

67 U.S. Department of State telegram, “WTO General

Council - July 15, 1999,” message reference No. Geneva

005532, prepared by the U.S. Mission, Geneva, July 19,

1999.

fora—such as the WTO, the World Intellectual

Property Organization, or elsewhere to develop

multilateral rules to help govern such issues.

Following a flurry of accessions in recent

years—Mexico (1994), the Czech Republic (1995),

and Korea (1999), Hungary (1996), and Poland

(1996)—OECD membership increased from 24 in

1993 to 29 in 1996. Currently, the Slovak Republic is

discussing terms of membership, and Argentina and

Russia have formally applied for membership in the

organization. Table 2-4 lists OECD members in 1999.

Convention on Combating

Bribery

In ongoing efforts to remove distortions that

bribery and corruption have on transactions in the

international economy, the OECD adopted the

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public

Officials in International Business Transactions in

1997.

68 This convention entered into force in February

1999. The convention was adopted by the 29 OECD

members plus five nonmembers (Argentina, Brazil,

Bulgaria, Chile, and the Slovak Republic). Of these 34

signatories, 20 had ratified the convention as of

February 2000. The convention requires signatories to

make bribery of foreign public officials a criminal

offense, to impose significant fines on those bribing

such officials, and to apply stricter accounting

procedures to help reveal such illegal payments.

69

Trade and Labor Standards

During the closing negotiations of the Uruguay

Round in 1993 that established the WTO, the United

States and several other countries sought to introduce

the issue of trade and labor standards into the future

WTO work program. Although they were unsuccessful

in adopting trade and labor standards under the WTO

work program, the United States and other countries

succeeded in adopting the issue for examination under

the OECD work program in 1994.

In 1996, the OECD released a report entitled

“Trade, Employment and Labor Standards” that

examined the relation between core labor standards,

trade, and economic development. Subsequently, in

May 1999, the OECD Trade Committee requested the

OECD Secretariat to update the report, which is

expected in 2000. The update would review

68 For more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1997, USITC publication 3103, May 1998, pp. 51-53.

69 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, March 2000, pp. 160-165.
35

Table 2-4

OECD Membership in 1999

Australia Hungary Poland

Austria Iceland Portugal

Belgium Ireland Spain

Canada Italy Sweden

Czech Republic Japan Switzerland

Denmark Korea The Netherlands

Finland Luxembourg Turkey

France Mexico United Kingdom

Germany New Zealand United States

Greece Norway

Total members: 29

Source: OECD, “About OECD - Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.oecd.org/about/general/member-countries.htm, retrieved May 10, 2000.

developments and summarize relevant economic

literature since the 1996 report. The 1996 report

examined five core labor standards: freedom of

association, right to collective bargaining,

non-discrimination in employment, elimination of

exploitative forms of child labor, and prohibition of

forced labor. It concluded that trade liberalization and

core labor standards were mutually reinforcing and

refuted the view that adherence to labor standards

affects economic performance negatively.

Competition Policy

The OECD Joint Group on Trade and Competition

was established in 1996 to increase the coherence

between trade and competition policies by

strengthening the work carried out separately by both

the Trade Committee Working Party and the

Competition Law and Policy Committee. In 1998, the

Joint Group’s mandate was extended for another two

years. In 1999, the Joint Group continued work,

focusing on: similarities and differences between trade

and competition policies, identification of any core

principles or minimum standards for competition laws,

and whether bilateral or multilateral approaches

improve cooperation and policy coherence when

addressing anticompetitive practices that have an

international dimension. In June 1999, the OECD held

a Conference on Trade and Competition to exchange

views of the Joint Group’s work with nonmember

countries, business, trade unions, and other

nongovernmental organizations.

70

70 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, March 2000.

E-Commerce Guidelines

In December 1999, OECD member states approved

the Recommendation of the OECD Council

Concerning Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the

Context of Electronic Commerce. The guidelines are

designed to help ensure that consumers enjoy

transparent and effective protection that is not less than

the level of protection that they have in other areas of

commerce, such as in-person purchases at stores or

orders by catalog.

71

Beginning in April 1998, the OECD Committee on

Consumer Policy began to develop a set of general

guidelines to protect consumers participating in

electronic commerce, with the goal of avoiding the

creation of additional barriers to trade.

72 The purpose

of the guidelines is to provide a framework as well as a

set of principles regarding the core characteristics

71 OECD, Recommendation of the OECD Council

Concerning Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the

Context of Electronic Commerce, Dec. 9, 1999, found at

Internet address

http://www.oecd.org/media/release/nw99-121a.htm, retrieved

July 12, 2000; “OECD Governments Agree on Consumer

Protection Guidelines for E-Commerce,” press release, Dec.

9, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.oecd.org/media/release/nw99-121a.htm, retrieved

July 12, 2000.

72 The committee’s work built on previous work found

in the following OECD provisions: the Recommendation of

the Council concerning Guidelines Governing the Protection

of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data of 23

September 1980 [C(80)58(Final)]; Recommendation of the

Council concerning Guidelines for the Security of

Information Systems of 26-27 November 1992

[C(92)188/FINAL)], and the OECD Recommendation

concerning Guidelines on Cryptography Policy of 27 March

1997 [C(97)62/FINAL]; Ministerial Declaration on the

Protection of Privacy on Global Networks of 8-9 October

1998 [C(98)177 (Annex 1)]; Ministerial Declaration on

Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce

of 8-9 October 1998 [C(98)177 (Annex 2)]; and the

Ministerial Declaration on Authentication for Electronic

Commerce of 8-9 October 1998 [(C98)177 (Annex 3)].
36

of effective consumer protection for electronic

commerce, so as to assist: (1) governments in

formulating effective consumer protection and

enforcement regulations and policies regarding

e-commerce; (2) business and consumer associations

assessing self-regulatory schemes regarding

e-commerce; and (3) individual businesses and

consumers engaged in e-commerce.

The guidelines are non-binding, but reflect existing

legal protections available to consumers in more

traditional forms of commerce. They set out their

intended scope, general principles involved,

implementation of the guidelines, and the need for

global cooperation in this field.

The guidelines’ general principles call for

transparency and effective protection; call for fair

business, advertising, and marketing practices; clear

information about an on-line’s business identity, the

goods or services on offer, and terms and conditions of

a transaction; a transparent process for the

confirmation of transactions; secure payment

mechanisms; fair, timely and affordable dispute

resolution and redress; privacy protection; and

consumer and business education.

Implementation of the guidelines is aimed at

encouraging private sector initiatives that include

participation by consumer representatives in

developing self-regulatory mechanisms; encouraging

private sector leadership to develop technology that

protects consumers; promoting the widespread use of

the guidelines; and facilitating consumers’ ability to

access consumer information including how to file

complaints related to electronic commerce. The

Committee on Consumer Policy will continue to

cooperate with business and consumer representatives

to ensure that the Guidelines are implemented

effectively and help educate online consumers and

business about their rights and responsibilities online.

Regulatory Reform

In 1997, the OECD released a report discussing

how regulatory reform could enhance an economy’s

capacity to adapt, innovate, and respond better to

consumer needs, stimulate economic growth, and

maximize opportunities presented by technological

change and globalization. Member countries agreed in

1998 on a framework for country reviews to assess

progress made on regulatory reform in such sectors as

electricity and telecommunications. The first set of

reviews were launched in 1998, assessing Japan,

Mexico, the Netherlands, and the United States. The

second set was launched in 1999, examining Denmark,

Hungary, Korea, and Spain. A third set of reviews is

planned for 2000: Canada, Greece, Ireland, and Italy.

73

Shipbuilding Developments

The OECD Council Working Party on

Shipbuilding in July 1994 concluded the Agreement

Respecting Normal Competitive Conditions in the

Commercial Shipbuilding and Repair Industry. The

agreement called on participating governments to

eliminate subsidies and other trade-distorting practices

in the shipbuilding sector.

74 The EU, Japan, Korea,

Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States

signed this ad referendum text on December 21, 1994,

which was then referred to national legislative bodies

for ratification.

75 These countries account for about 80

percent of world commercial shipbuilding.

The agreement was intended to enter into force on

January 1, 1996, following ratification by

signatories.

76 Whereas the othersignatories ratified the

agreement—the EU, Korea, and Norway in December

1995 and Japan in May 1996—the U.S. Congress

failed to enact the necessary legislation.

77 Although the

U.S. House passed implementing legislation (H.R.

2754), the U.S. Senate adjourned in October 1996

without passing a counterpart bill.

Congressional efforts to introduce shipbuilding

legislation continued from 1997 through 1999, but

without success. Although most U.S. shipbuilders,

their suppliers, ship operators, and state and municipal

authorities support the agreement along with the

administration, six large defense-oriented builders,

their trade association (the American Shipbuilders

Association), and three labor unions have opposed it.

78

In October 1998, discussions in the working party

raised the possibility of applying the OECD

Shipbuilding Agreement among the four signatories

that had ratified it, using a protocol that would leave

open the possibility for eventual U.S. ratification.

79

73 Ibid.

74 For more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1994, USITC Publication 2894, July 1995, pp. 61-63.

75 Finland and Sweden became EU member states in

January 1995.

76 For more detail, see Kathleen S. Lahey, USITC,

“World shipbuilding and the status of the OECD agreement

to eliminate subsidies,” Industry, Trade, and Technology

Review, USITC Publication 3004, Oct. 1996.

77 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, March 2000, pp. 160-165.

78 U.S. Department of State telegram, “U.S. position on

the OECD shipbuilding agreement,” message reference No.

State 029257, prepared by U.S. Secretary of State,

Washington DC, Feb. 18, 1997; “OECD shipbuilding

guidance for 3/19 meeting,” message reference No. State

049205, Washington DC, March 18, 1999.

79 U.S. Department of State telegram, “OECD

shipbuilding agreement - Germans change course,” message

reference No. Paris 004987, prepared by U.S. Mission to the

OECD, March 5, 1999.
37

In March 1999, however, the EU reversed its

position, having lost support from a majority of EU

member states due to falling prices and lack of demand

for shipbuilding.

80

In May 1999, the working party

met to consider the status of the agreement along with

the current trend toward low prices and sharply falling

demand in the shipbuilding sector. The chairman

reported that the U.S. administration continued to

express its strong commitment to passing ratifying

legislation for the OECD Shipbuilding Agreement.

81

80 U.S. Department of State telegram, “OECD

shipbuilding agreement - change in offing,” message

reference No. Paris 006794, prepared by U.S. Mission to the

OECD, March 25, 1999.

81 OECD, “World shipbuilding industry faces

over-capacity, falling prices,” press release (99-56), June 2,

1999, Paris, found at Internet address

http://www.oecd.org/news_and_events/release/nw99-56a.

htm, retrieved April 20, 2000.

In December 1999, the working party met again to

consider the worsening situation that has led to a

severe crisis in the world’s shipbuilding industry. The

chairman stated that members regretted that the OECD

Shipbuilding Agreement had not come into force and

recommended that OECD members adhere to

principles, most recently reaffirmed by all member

countries in 1994, of the Revised General Guidelines

for Government Policies in the Shipbuilding Industry

that urge governments not to extricate companies from

difficulties caused by actions undertaken by

shipbuilders themselves.

82

82 OECD, “Statement by the Chairman of the Council

Working Party on Shipbuilding of the OECD on the meeting

held on 16-17 December 1999,” found at Inside Washington

Publishers, “OECD shipbuilding committee reports on its

review of market and policy,” Inside US Trade, Dec. 17,

1999, found at Intranet address http://www.insidetrade.com,

retrieved Apr. 21, 2000.

39

CHAPTER 3

Regional Trade Activities

Regional trade activities were an important

component of U.S. trade policy during 1999. The

United States participated in activities related to the

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum,

and to ongoing discussions to initiate the Free Trade

Area of the Americas (FTAA).

North American Free

Trade Agreement

The North American Free Trade Agreement among

the governments of Mexico, Canada, and the United

States was implemented January 1, 1994. It contains 22

chapters and 10 annexes, as well as two trilateral

side-agreements on environmental and labor issues and

two bilateral side agreements between Mexico and the

United States.

1

It was the first free trade agreement

between developed countries and a developing country.

The United States is the largest NAFTA economy,

accounting for approximately 86 percent of North

America’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Mexico

and Canada each contribute approximately 7 percent of

NAFTA GDP, although Mexico has more than twice

the labor force of Canada. The United States supplies

the largest share of the NAFTA labor force,

approximately 70 percent.

U.S. Trade with NAFTA

Partners

Trade between the three NAFTA partners grew 63

percent during the first five years of NAFTA,

according to a report issued by the U.S.-Mexico

Business Council.

2 Canada continues to be the United

States’ number one trading partner and Mexico has

ousted Japan as the United States’ second largest

trading partner. The value of trade turnover (exports

1 NAFTA Secretariat, found at Internet address

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org, retrieved March 2, 2000.

2 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 20-23, Jan. 28, 1999.

plus imports) between the United States and its

NAFTA partners grew at a rate of 17 percent between

1997 and 1999 (table 3-1). U.S. trade with NAFTA

partners was $456.1 billion in 1997, rising to $534.4 in

1999. U.S. imports from NAFTA partners accounted

for 30 percent of total U.S. merchandise imports in

1999. Exports to NAFTA partners accounted for 35

percent of total U.S. exports in 1999.

The United States exported $81.4 billion in goods

to Mexico in 1999, accounting for 13 percent of total

U.S. exports (table 3-1). The United States imported

$109 billion in goods from Mexico in 1999, accounting

for 11 percent of total U.S. imports. The value of U.S.

trade with Mexico has been steadily growing, but

growth in U.S. imports has outpaced growth in U.S.

exports. U.S. imports from Mexico grew at a rate of 28

percent between 1997 and 1999, while growth in U.S.

exports to Mexico was 19 percent over the same

period.

Mexico’s financial problems have contributed to a

U.S. trade deficit with Mexico. A year after NAFTA

implementation, the Mexican peso was devalued and

the Mexican economy experienced a recession.

3

Mexico faced additional economic and financial

shocks during the late 1990s, such as a greater than 50

percent decrease in the export price of oil, the Asian

financial crisis, and the float of the Brazilian currency.

The shock of the Mexican peso crisis, external

financial shocks, and a very strong U.S. economy were

all factors in the continuing trade deficit with Mexico,

which began in 1995.

Canada imported $145.7 billion of goods from the

United States in 1999 (table 3-1). Canada exported

$198.2 billion of goods to the United States in 1999.

Trade with Canada represents approximately 19

3 Currency devaluations and economic recessions have

the effect of slowing growth in consumption expenditures

and imports. The peso was devalued by 50 percent relative to

the U.S. dollar in December 1994 and January 1995, making

imports from Mexico relatively less expensive for U.S.

consumers. The loss in value of the peso reduced the

purchasing power of Mexican consumers and made U.S.

products relatively more expensive than Mexican-made

products.
40

Table 3-1

U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 1997-99

(Billion dollars)

Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balance Two-way trade

1997 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 134.8 167.9 -33.1 302.7

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 85.0 -16.6 153.4

Canada and Mexico 203.2 252.9 -49.7 456.1

1998 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 137.8 174.7 -36.9 312.5

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.4 93.0 -17.6 168.4

Canada and Mexico 213.1 267.7 -54.6 480.8

1999 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 145.7 198.2 -52.5 344.0

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 109.0 -27.6 190.4

Canada and Mexico 227.1 307.3 -80.1 534.4

Note.— Because of rounding, figures may not add totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

percent of total U.S. imports and 23 percent of total

U.S. exports in 1999. The United States maintains a

trade deficit with Canada, and although the deficit with

Canada has been growing, both economies have

enjoyed increasing trade volumes. U.S. exports to

Canada increased by 8 percent and U.S. imports from

Canada increased 18 percent between 1997 and 1999.

In manufactured goods, much of U.S. trade with its

NAFTA partners consists of U.S. exports of

components and machinery and imports of assembled

or semifinished goods. A significant portion of the U.S.

trade deficits with Canada and Mexico consists of the

value added in these countries to U.S.-origin parts used

in the production of goods destined for the U.S.

market. U.S. imports in the energy sector also

contributed to the expansion in the U.S. trade deficit

with its NAFTA partners in 1999, with the United

States importing petroleum, natural gas, and

hydroelectric energy from Canada and petroleum from

Mexico.

Annual Meeting of the Free

Trade Commission

The North American Free Trade Commission held

its annual meeting of the Trade Ministers in Ottawa,

Canada on April 23, 1999. To commemorate the Fifth

Anniversary of the NAFTA, the Commission released a

brochure highlighting economic benefits attributed to

the agreement. The Commission illustrated the overall

growth in employment in the three member states

during the first five NAFTA years: 1.3 million jobs in

Canada, 2.2 million jobs in Mexico, and 12.8 million

jobs in the United States.

4 The Commission discussed

chapter 11 investor-state dispute settlement, land

transportation issues, and the openness of the NAFTA

work program. In the area of border facilitation, the

Commission released a report on Trade in Goods under

article 316.3 of the NAFTA that addresses movement

of goods at the borders; to consider adding actuaries to

the list of professionals under the NAFTA temporary

entry provisions; and urged that work on technical

rectifications to the NAFTA rules of origin be

completed by the working group as soon as possible.

The Commission agreed to establish working groups

on Agricultural Grading and Marketing, and

Tariff-Rate-Quota Administration, under to article

2001.3(a) of the NAFTA. The Commission noted a

decision by the Committee on Sanitary and

Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) to recognize eight new

technical working groups (animal health; plant health;

dairy, fruits, vegetables and processed food; meat,

poultry and egg inspection; pesticides; food additives

and contaminants; fish and fishery products; veterinary

drugs and feeds). In the area of Alternate Dispute

Resolution, the Commission endorsed trilateral work

towards establishing a voluntary, industry-driven,

private-commercial dispute resolution system for

certain perishable agricultural products and the

establishment of five industry-led working groups that

will implement the dispute resolution system.

4 “Joint Statement of the Ministers” and Appendix,

April 23, 1999, obtained from the Office of the NAFTA and

Inter-American Affairs, International Trade Administration,

U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
41

NAFTA Upheld in U.S. Federal

Court

The constitutionality of the NAFTA was

challenged by the United Steelworkers of America, the

Made in the USA Foundation, and three individuals. In

a case filed in federal court in Alabama on July 13,

1998, the plaintiffs argued that the NAFTA falls under

the Treaty Clause of the Constitution, which requires a

two-thirds majority approval of Congress. NAFTA was

approved in the Congress in 1993 by a 234-to-200 vote

in the House of Representatives and a 61-to-38 vote in

the Senate.

5 On July 19, 1999 Federal Judge Robert B.

Propst of the Northern District Court of Alabama ruled

that the Foreign Commerce Clause allows the

Executive Branch to negotiate and implement trading

agreements that regulate foreign commerce. Therefore,

Congressional approval by a simple majority is

sufficient for an executive agreement such as the

NAFTA to meet the requirements of the U.S.

Constitution.

6

Third Round of Accelerated

Tariff Eliminations

A majority of North American tariffs were

eliminated upon implementation of the NAFTA on

January 1, 1994. The United States and Canada

completed tariff reductions as of January 1, 1998, and

the United States and Mexico will eliminate most of

their bilateral tariffs by January 1, 2003.

7 Remaining

bilateral tariffs on some sensitive goods are scheduled

for elimination by 2008. In addition to the scheduled

tariff reductions, the NAFTA allows negotiations for

possible accelerated tariff elimination. The United

States Trade Representative (USTR) invited U.S.

producers to submit petitions for the third round of

accelerated tariff eliminations by July 1, 1999.

8

Producers from at least two NAFTA countries must

submit petitions to their respective governments for a

particular tariff subheading under the Harmonized

Tariff Schedule (HTS) of the United States to be

considered for accelerated elimination, unless the

equivalent HTS subheading is already duty free under

most favored nation treatment or NAFTA by the two

nonpetitioning countries. The NAFTA partners

5 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 15, pp. 1-2, July 29, 1999.

6 NAFTA Works, vol. 4, issue 7, pp. 1 and 3, July 1999.

7 Americas Trade, Sept. 9, 1999, found at Internet site

http://www.insidetrade.com/sec-cgi/, retrieved April 19,

2000.

8 Federal Register, vol. 64, no. 102, May 27, 1999.

negotiate on petition requests to determine which

proposed HTS tariff subheadings meet the criteria for

accelerated tariff elimination. Following the

negotiations, a list of the goods concerned are

submitted by the USTR to the U.S. Congress for a

60-day negative clearance. The cleared duty changes

are implemented in the United States by Presidential

proclamation under the NAFTA Implementation Act of

1993. Two rounds of accelerated tariff eliminations

under the NAFTA have been completed, the first round

was implemented on July 1, 1997, and the second

round was implemented on August 1, 1998.

9

Remaining accelerated tariff elimination rounds for the

United States are bilateral negotiations with Mexico, as

Canada and the United States have completed bilateral

tariff reductions.

Side Agreements on

Environment and Labor

The NAFTA includes two trilateral side

agreements for environmental and labor issues, the

North American Agreement on Environmental

Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American

Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC),

respectively.

North American Agreement on

Environmental Cooperation

The NAAEC is administered by the Commission

for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) located in

Montreal, Canada, and consisting of the three NAFTA

member environmental ministers.

10

In 1999, the CEC

released the results of three studies launched in 1997

on the environmental impacts of the NAFTA. The

studies established methodology for measuring

environmental impacts in the agriculture and energy

sectors.

11 One study examined the impact of increased

Mexican imports of U. S. corn on small farmers in

Mexico. Another study examined cattle feedlots in the

United States and Canada. The third study was a

trilateral examination of privatization in the electricity

generating industry. In 1999, the CEC allocated

$993,545 in grants to 28 environmental projects.

12

9 Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 91, May 12, 1997.

Federal Register, vol. 63, no. 112, June 11, 1998.

10 Full text of the environmental side agreement may be

found at Internet site www.sice.oas.org/tradee.asp#NAFTA.

11 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 10-11, April 8,

1999.

12 Commission for Environmental Cooperation, found at

Internet address http://www.cec.org/grants, retrieved April

12, 2000.
42

The grants covered all four CEC program areas with 28

percent of funds going to projects on environment,

economy and trade; 51 percent to conservation of

biological diversity; 14 percent to pollution and health;

and 7 percent allocated to projects on law and Policy.

Three of the 1999 funded projects are trilateral and 14

projects are bilateral (Mexico-United States and

Canada-United States).

Discussions were held in 1999 about the possibility

of altering the process under which citizens and other

interested parties within the three countries may file

written environmental complaints against their

governments with the North American Commission for

Environmental Cooperation under article 14 of the

NAAEC and the process by which these complaints are

handled under article 15 of the agreement.

13 Future

issues on implementing articles 14 and 15 will be

referred to the Council’s Joint Public Advisory

Committee.

The confidentiality clause of the NAAEC has been

invoked by the Government of Mexico in a case filed

with the CEC. The case was filed in 1998 against the

Government of Mexico by citizens groups in the

United States and Mexico, regarding hazardous waste

left behind by a U.S.-owned lead-smelting plant

operating in Tijuana, Mexico. Thisis the first case filed

with the CEC in which Article 39 of the NAAEC has

been invoked. The confidentiality clause is intended to

protect information if it would disclose business

proprietary information, government decision making,

or hinder environmental law enforcement.

14

Other NAFTA-related institutions sponsored

infrastructure projects for the U.S.-Mexican border

13 See Joint Public Advisory Committee to the North

American Commission for Environmental Cooperation,

“JPAC Bulletin: JPAC to Ensure Public Involvement in CEC

Citizen Submission Process,” Montreal, Quebec, release

issued June 27, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www.cec.org/news/annnounce/Data.cfm?varlan=

english&vardate=60&unique_no=274, retrieved July 13,

2000; Council, North American Commission for

Environmental Cooperation, “Final Communique: CEC

Council Session in Dallas June 2000,” found at Internet

address

http://www.cec.org/news/annnounce/Data.cfm?varlan=engli

sh&vardate=60&unique_no=272, retrieved July 13, 2000;

and Carla Sbert, legal officer, submissions on enforcement

matters unit, Secretariat, North American Commission for

Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Quebec, July 13,

2000. The CEC’s Council, which consists of the

environmental ministers of the three NAFTA parties,

resolved the issue in June 2000 after nongovernmental

organizations and the public showed significant support for

maintaining the current process that is detailed in the

environmental side accord.

14 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 3-4, June 17,

1999.

region in 1999. Plans for a $20 million wastewater

project were unveiled at the third United States-Mexico

Border Infrastructure Conference held June 2-3, 1999

in Tijuana, Mexico. The project will be partially

financed through the North American Development

Bank (Nadbank). The binational project will improve

water quality entering the Pacific Ocean near the

United States-Mexican border. The Nadbank and its

sister institution, the Border Environment Cooperation

Commission, were established by a binational side

agreement between Mexico and the United States. The

Nadbank provides funds for projects certified by the

Cooperation Commission, and the Nadbank also assists

in obtaining project funds for border communitiesfrom

other sources.

15

Environmental groups sent a letter to

environmental ministers attending the annual CEC

ministerial meeting in Banff, Canada, June 27-29,

1999. The groups were requesting review of

procedures for safeguarding national sovereignty of

environmental laws under the NAAEC. Concern arose

over an investor-state dispute filed by the Methanex

Corporation of Canada against the United States

protesting California legislation banning the use of a

gasoline additive, MTBE.

16 Article 10(6) of the

NAAEC requires the environmental ministers of the

NAFTA member states to cooperate with the trade

ministers of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission in

providing assistance between parties in dispute over

NAFTA environmental issues. The Methanex

Corporation petition is the first investor-state dispute

filed under chapter 11 of NAFTA to grab public

attention on potential conflicts between chapter 11 and

environmental mandates under the NAAEC.

North American Agreement on

Labor Cooperation

The North American Agreement on Labor

Cooperation (NAALC) was enacted to improve labor

conditions in North America through trilateral

cooperation by providing a mechanism for resolving

labor disputes and by preventing distortions in labor

markets as a result of the agreement.

17 The NAALC

15 McFadyen, J. “NAFTA supplemental agreements:

four year review,” Institute for International Economics,

Working paper 98-4, 1998, found at Internet address

http://www.iie.com/, retrieved August 11, 1999.

16 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 13, pp. 4-6, July 1 1999.

17 McFadyen, J. “NAFTA supplemental agreements:

four year review”, Institute for International Economics,

Working paper 98-4, 1998, found at Internet site

http://www.iie.com/, retrieved August 11, 1999. A full text of

the labor side agreement may be found at Internet site

http://www.sice.oas.org.
43

established the Commission for Labor Cooperation,

which is governed by the labor ministers from the three

member countries.

18 Each member government

established a National Administrative Office (NAO)

within its labor ministry.

The Canadian NAO completed an investigation

into worker conditions at a brake assembly plant in

Mexico. In a report released on March 12, 1999, the

Government of Mexico was cited for possible violation

of the NAALC. The complaint was filed by

nongovernmental agencies in Canada and the United

States in regard to Mexican workers’ labor rights

violations, and health and safety at the plant. Under the

NAALC, violations of labor rights can be addressed in

ministerial consultations. In October 1998, the labor

ministers of Mexico, Canada, and the United States

met for consultations on this case. The first half of the

Canadian NAO report was released on December 11,

1998, citing the Mexican government for failing to

uphold its labor laws on freedom of association, private

labor elections, and protection of independent union

members.

19 The second half of the report, released this

year, includes safety and health violations, which can

lead to sanctions. The NAOs have the authority to

impose sanctions, not to exceed $20 million, and an

additional amount not to exceed .007 percent of total

trade in goods and services between the disputing

parties.

20

The AFL-CIO called upon the U.S. government to

change the labor provisions under the NAFTA. The

AFL-CIO requested that labor standards disputes have

the same weight in the NAFTA as business dispute

settlement provisions.

21 The AFL-CIO asserts that

trade and investment agreementslead to reduced wages

and deteriorating working conditions in the United

States.

22

The NAFTA labor side agreement has also come

under fire from a management advocacy group. The

petition filed at the Canadian NAO complained that the

U.S. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) is in

violation of Article 1.b and Annex 1.9, as well as

Articles 2, 3, and 5 of the NAFTA labor side

18 Commission for Labor Cooperation, North American

Agreement on Labor Cooperation, found at Internet address

http://www.naalc.org, retrieved August 8, 1999.

19 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 8-9, Jan. 28 1999.

20 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 10-11, March 25,

1999.

21 Primarily at issue is the bilateral cross-border trucking

agreement between the United States and Mexico. Other

aspects of the trucking dispute are discussed in chapter 4 of

this report.

22 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 16, Feb. 25, 1999.

agreement. The issue revolves around a claim by the

Labor Policy Association that the NLRA prohibits

nonunion workers from participating in workermanagement organizations. A similar labor case was

submitted to the U.S. NAO under Article 2 of the

NAALC by unions and nongovernmental agencies in

Mexico, Canada, and the United States on behalf of

Canadian rural postal workers. The petitioners claim

that the Canadian Post Corporation Act is in violation

of the Canadian Labour Code. The case was rejected

by the U.S. NAO on February 1, 1999, on the grounds

that the NAALC is in place to ensure enforcement of

national labor laws, not to change them.

23 The

petitioners submitted an appeal to the U.S. NAO

dismissal of the case.

24

Dispute Settlement

The NAFTA Secretariat maintains nationalsections

in each of the member countries and administers

NAFTA provisions for dispute settlement under

chapters 14 (financial sector), 19 (commercial

disputes), and 20 (other general disputes) of the

agreement, as well as certain responsibilities under

chapter 11(investor-state disputes).

25 For example,

under chapter 19, final antidumping and countervailing

duty determinations made by government agencies

26

in each member country may be appealed by private

parties to their national sections of the NAFTA

Secretariat. For a dispute settlement, a binational panel

is formed consisting of five members, two from each

country involved in the dispute, and one determined by

mutual agreement.

27 There have been complaints by

U.S. companies of time delays in appointing panels in

some appeals, resulting in criticism of the NAFTA

dispute settlement mechanism.

28

23 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 20-21, April 22,

1999.

24 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 9-11, March 11,

1999.

25 NAFTA Secretariat, found at Internet address

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org, retrieved March 2, 2000.

26 In the United States, antidumping and countervailing

duty determinations are made by the U.S. Department of

Commerce, and injury determinations are made by the U.S.

International Trade Commission. In Canada, final

antidumping and countervailing duty determinations are

made by Revenue Canada (Customs and Excise) and injury

determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade

Tribunal. In Mexico, antidumping, countervailing duty, and

injury determinations are made by the Secretaria de

Comercio y Fomento Industrial (SECOFI).

27 Americas Trade, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 10-12, Jan. 14,

1999.

28 Americas Trade, Sept. 9, 1999, found at Internet site

http://www.insidetrade.com/sec-cgi/, retrieved April 19,

2000.
44

The NAFTA Secretariat received 10 new cases of

commercial disputes under chapter 19 in 1999.

29 One

case seeks a review of an injury determination by the

Canadian International Trade Tribunal on certain

hot-rolled carbon steel plate originating in or exported

from Mexico. Two cases were submitted for review of

antidumping determinations by the Secretaria de

Comercio y Fomento Industrial (SECOFI) in Mexico

concerning imports of hot rolled steel sheet originating

in the United States and imports of rolled steel plate

originating in the United States. Both of the Mexican

antidumping cases were terminated with no decision

issued by the binational panel of experts. Seven cases

were submitted in 1999 to review United States

antidumping and countervailing determinations. Four

of the cases were U.S. antidumping determinations by

the Department of Commerce on certain

corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from

Canada, certain cut-to-length carbon steel plate from

Canada, gray portland cement and clinker from

Mexico, and porcelain-on-steel cookware from

Mexico. Three chapter 19 cases reviewing U.S.

determinations were terminated in 1999 with no

decision issued. One of these addressed U.S.

countervailing duties on live cattle from Canada; one

regarded a U.S. injury determination on live cattle

from Canada; and another addressed a U.S.

determination of sale at less than fair value of stainless

steel round wire from Canada.

NAFTA chapter 11 allows investors to pursue

claims against a NAFTA government for breach of

investment obligations. Three investor-state dispute

cases were filed in 1997, two in 1998, and four in

1999.

30 Two of the 1999 Chapter 11 submissions were

filed against the United States by Canadian investors.

One dispute involved $50 million

31 and another

involved approximately $970 million.

32 U.S. investors

filed a claim against the Mexican government for $50

million

33 and against the Canadian government for

approximately $500 million.

34 For the first time since

NAFTA implementation, a chapter 11 case was

29 NAFTA Secretariat, found at Internet address

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org, retrieved March 2, 2000.

30 This information was obtained from the Office of

NAFTA and Inter-American Affairs, International Trade

Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,

DC., March 6, 2000.

31 Mondev International Ltd. (Canada) versus the United

States. The claim was submitted on Sept. 20, 1999.

32 Methanex (Canada) versus the United States. The

claim was submitted in December 1999.

33 Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa (United States) versus

Government of Mexico. The claim was submitted on

May 27, 1999.

34 Pope and Talbot (United States) versus Canada. The

claim was submitted in March 1999.

determined by an international arbitration panel, which

was constituted on July 9, 1997 and reached its

decision on November 1, 1999.

35 The panel returned a

unanimous decision for no damages. The U.S. plaintiff

had claimed a $14 million investment loss when a

Mexican municipal government nullified a waste

collection concession to the company.

36 The

international panel stated that “NAFTA does not ...

allow investors to seek international arbitration for

mere contractual breaches.”

37 The NAFTA Secretariat

cannot require member governments to change

domestic laws; but, it can force reparation payments

for laws that result in violations of NAFTA.

38

Chapter 20 dispute settlement cases filed with the

NAFTA Secretariat to review U.S. agency

determinations include broomcorn brooms exported

from Mexico, NAFTA cross-border trucking and

investment, and cross-border bus services.

39 Chapter

20 dispute settlement cases filed against Canadian

agency determinations include salmon fishing rights

and Canadian magazine trade regulations.

40

Asia-Pacific

Economic Cooperation

During 1999, APEC continued to focus its efforts

on trade liberalization and showing support for the

WTO. Seven ministerial meetings were held during

1999. New Zealand held the chairmanship of APEC

and hosted the eleventh annual APEC Ministerial and

Leaders’ meeting in Auckland in September 1999.

APEC Support for the WTO

With the WTO Ministeral scheduled shortly after

their September meeting, APEC leaders gave strong

support to the launching of a new WTO round of

multilateral trade negotiations. APEC leaders noted the

importance of ensuring full implementation of existing

35 NAFTA Works, vol. 4, issue 11, p. 3, November 1999.

36 Robert Azinian and others (United States) versus

Government of Mexico. The claim was submitted on March

24, 1997. The nullification of the concession has

discouraged further U.S. investment in both solid waste and

waste water treatment facilities in Mexico. ITC staff

interview with Paul Ganster, Director, Institute for Regional

Studies of the Californias, San Diego State University, May

7, 2000.

37 NAFTA Works, vol. 4, issue 11, p. 3, November 1999.

38 Information obtained from the Services and

Investment Division, Office of Industries, U.S. International

Trade Commission, Washington, D.C.

39 NAFTA Secretariat, found at Internet site

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org, retrieved March 3, 2000.

40 Some individual dispute settlement cases are

discussed in chapter 4 of this report, in the sections on

Mexico and Canada.
45

agreements. They also agreed that the new round

should include comprehensive market access

negotiations on industrial tariffs and that it should lead

to timely and effective improvements in market access.

APEC leaders also urged that a new round provide

enough scope to review and strengthen rules and

disciplines, have a balanced and sufficiently

broad-based agenda, and that negotiations be

concluded within three years.

41 The leaders supported

the abolition of agricultural export subsidies and

unjustifiable export prohibitions and restrictions.

Support was also expressed for early progress in the

accession negotiations to the WTO, notably for

China.

42 APEC leaders agreed to extend the current

moratorium on customs duties on electronic commerce

and to finalize the details and begin implementation of

a completed agreement on the eight accelerated tariff

liberalization sectors on a provisional basis.

43 APEC

ministers agreed that liberalization should be pursued

in upcoming WTO negotiations in five other

sectors—fertilizer, civil aircraft, rubber, oilseeds, and

food.

44

Individual Action Plans

APEC continued its work on Individual Action

Plans (IAPs) by implementing a 1998 agreement to

review overall progress of the IAPs in 1999.

45 At the

Auckland Ministerial, APEC ministers reaffirmed the

central role of the IAPs in APEC’s trade liberalization,

facilitation and reform process. APEC ministers agreed

that the 1999 review showed that progress had

occurred on the IAPs in each of the areas covered

under the Osaka Action Agenda. As part of these

improvements, 18 members implemented significant

tariff reductions, 12 made improvements in reducing

41 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration,”

Auckland, New Zealand, Sept. 13, 1999 and USTR,

“Statement of United States Trade Representative Charlene

Barshefsky at the Conclusion of the APEC Ministerial

Sessions in Auckland, New Zealand, “ press release no.

99-73, Sept. 10, 1999.

42 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration,”

Auckland, New Zealand, Sept. 13, 1999.

43 The eight sectors are chemicals, forest products,

medical equipment and scientific instruments, environmental

goods, energy, fish, gems and jewelry, and toys. USTR,

“Statement of United States Trade Representative Charlene

Barshefsky at the Conclusion of the APEC Ministerial

Sessions in Auckland, New Zealand,” press release no.

99-73, Sept. 10, 1999.

44 USTR, “APEC Advances Global Trade

Liberalization,” press release no. 99-53, June 30, 1999.

45 For background information on the IAPs, see USITC,

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1995, USITC publication 2971,

August 1996, pp. 37-38 and USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1996, USITC publication 3024, April 1997,

pp. 75-78.

non-tariff measures; 17 liberalized their investment

regimes; and 18 reported improvements in competition

policy and deregulation.

46

Despite the progress made, APEC ministers also

agreed that the IAPs could be improved in terms of

transparency, by developing: 1) guidelines for

members to meet Bogor Declaration

47 goals, and 2) a

means by which the Osaka Action Agenda guidelines

could be better defined.

48 APEC ministers directed the

Committee on Trade and Investment to take a leading

role in conducting the work program on the IAPs in

conjunction with the review of the Collective Action

Plans.

During 1999, the United States, Australia, Brunei

Darussalam, Japan, and the Philippines submitted IAPs

for peer review by other APEC members. Five APEC

members, including Indonesia, Mexico, Peru,

Singapore, and Thailand, offered to submit their IAPs

for peer review during 2000.

49

Other APEC Activities

APEC leaders endorsed the work of the finance

ministers and encouraged their work in enhanced

supervision of financial markets, in developing

domestic bond markets, and in developing and

applying agreed corporate governance principles. All

of these efforts were viewed as important in light of the

recent financial crisis in Asia. The APEC finance

ministers were instructed to pursue greater links with

other APEC fora.

50 APEC economic ministers had

agreed to a road map that sets out future work by

APEC to strengthen markets in the region. Both the

ministers and the leaders agreed to individual and

collective implementation of the “APEC Principles to

Enhance Competition and Regulatory Reform.”

51

In the area of economic and technical cooperation,

APEC ministers agreed to strengthen APEC’s efforts

by establishing an Ecotech Clearing House to enhance

information flows and welcomed numerous other

initiatives in this area.

52

46 APEC, “Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Joint

Statement,” Auckland, New Zealand, Sept. 9-10, 1999.

47 For information on the Bogor Declaration, see

USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC publication

2894, July 1995, pp. 35-39.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration,”

Auckland, New Zealand, Sept. 13, 1999.

51 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration,”

Auckland, New Zealand, Sept. 13, 1999 and “Eleventh

APEC Ministerial Meeting,” Auckland, New Zealand,

Sept. 9-10, 1999.

52 “Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting,” Auckland,

New Zealand, Sept. 9-10, 1999.
46

With regard to e-commerce, APEC ministers also

encouraged economies to take advantage of the

self-assessment tool for e-commerce, directed officials

from member economies to develop effective data and

indicators of e-commerce uptake, instructed officials

from member economies to initiate work on consumer

protection, and directed officials to develop an

APEC-wide plan to support use of e-commerce by

small and medium enterprises. Ministers instructed

officials to increase their efforts to achieve the targets

stipulated in the Blueprint for Action on Electronic

Commerce.

53

Future Meetings

The 12th APEC Ministerial and Eighth Leaders’

meetings will be held in Brunei Darussalam in

November 2000. China will host the 13th Ministerial

meeting; Mexico the 14th meeting; Thailand the 15th

meeting and Chile the 16th meeting.

54

Free Trade Area

of the Americas

At the December 1994 First Summit of the

Americas in Miami, Florida (the Miami Summit), the

34 democratically elected heads of state of the Western

Hemisphere committed to form a Free Trade Area of

the Americas (FTAA) and to complete negotiations for

the agreement by 2005. The leaders at the Miami

Summit also committed to achieve substantial progress

toward building the FTAA by 2000.

55

There are three key components of the FTAA

process. They are:

S The tradeministersoftheWesternHemisphere,

who have developed the overall work plan for

the FTAA;

53 Ibid. For additional explanation, see USITC, The Year

in Trade: OTAP, 1998, USITC publication 3192, May 1999

p. 48.

54 Ibid.

55 The commitments made at the Miami Summit were

published in the Declaration of Principles and Plan of

Action, reprinted in Business America, December 1994,

pp. 10-13. The complete text is also posted at the official

FTAA website, found at Internet address

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/EnglishVersion/view_e.htm. This

series of reports has summarized key events related to the

FTAA.

S The 12 FTAA Working Groups established by

the trade ministers that are gathering and

compiling information on the current status of

trading relations in the Hemisphere. These

groups have been transformed into nine

negotiating groups.

S The vice ministers of trade of the Western

Hemisphere, who coordinate the efforts of the

negotiating groups and make policy

recommendations to the trade ministers.

After nearly four years of preliminary discussions

and preparatory work addressing such issues as the

compatibility of the FTAA with existing or new

subregional economic groupings, the role of input from

labor, and the phasing and scope of the negotiations,

the heads of state of the Western Hemisphere

announced the commencement of formal negotiations

for the FTAA in Santiago, Chile, at the Second Summit

of the Americas (Santiago Summit) in April 1998.

56

Structure and Venue of FTAA

Negotiations

Chairmanship

The structure of the FTAA negotiations was

established at the fourth meeting of the Hemisphere’s

trade ministers in March 1998 at San José, Costa

Rica.

57

It was agreed that the overall FTAA process

was to have a chairman and vicechairman, with the

chairmanship rotating among different countries every

18 months, or at the conclusion of each ministerial

meeting. The countries (chairman/vicechairman) so

designated and the respective periods of their

designation are Canada/Argentina (May 1, 1998–

October 31, 1999); Argentina/Ecuador (November 1,

1999–April 30, 2001); Ecuador/Chile (May 1,

2001–October 31, 2002); and Brazil–United States

joint chairmen with no vice-chairman (November 1,

2002–December 31, 2004, or until the conclusion of

the negotiations).

56 The complete text of the Santiago Summit Joint

Declaration is posted at the official FTAA website, found at

Internet address

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/EnglishVersion/view_e.htm.

57 The complete text of the Declaration of Ministers of

the San Jose Ministerial is posted at the official FTAA

Website, found at Internet address

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ministerials/costa_e.asp, retrieved

on July 12, 2000.
47

Negotiating Groups

The fourth ministerial meeting established nine

FTAA negotiating groups where substantive talks will

occur.

58 The negotiating groups will address

(1) market access; (2) investment; (3) services;

(4) government procurement; (5) dispute settlement;

(6) agriculture; (7) intellectual property rights;

(8) subsidies, antidumping, and countervailing duties;

and (9) competition policy. The meetings of the

negotiating groups are to rotate among the following

three locations: Miami, United States (May 1,

1998–February 28, 2001); Panama City, Panama

(March 1, 2001–February 28, 2003); and Mexico City,

Mexico (March 1, 2003–December 31, 2004, or until

the conclusion of the negotiations).

In addition to the negotiating groups, the fourth

ministerial meeting also established three special

committees to address specific issues of interest to the

FTAA countries. A committee on civil society is to

seek the views of all segments of society, such as

business, labor, consumers, environmental interests,

academics, and others. A joint private-public-sector

committee on electronic commerce is to recommend

ways to expand the Hemisphere’s electronic

marketplace. A consultative group chaired by Jamaica

is to work to ensure the full participation of smaller

economies in the FTAA process.

Trade Negotiations Committee and

Tripartite Committee

The fourth ministerial meeting established a Trade

Negotiations Committee (TNC) at the vice-ministerial

level to oversee the FTAA negotiations.

59 The TNC is

to guide the work of the negotiating groups, decide on

the overall architecture of the agreement and

institutional issues, and ensure the full participation of

all the countries in the FTAA process.

The Tripartite Committee—comprising the InterAmerican Development Bank, the Organization of

American States, and the United Nations Economic

Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean—

provides analytical, technical, and financial support for

the FTAA process. The Tripartite Committee manages

the FTAA Internet website,

60 coordinates technical

assistance, and maintains a calendar of deadlines

established by the negotiating groups for inputs from

delegations.

58 Ibid.

59 Ibid.

60 The FTAA website is found at:

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/default.asp.

Status of the Negotiations

At the fifth ministerial meeting, held in Toronto in

November 1999, the trade ministers reviewed the work

of the negotiating groups. For that meeting, the nine

negotiating groups had prepared annotated outlines of

the issues ultimately to be addressed in the

negotiations. These outlines ultimately are to be

formulated as chapters of the final FTAA agreement.

In their joint declaration at the conclusion of the

fifth ministerial meeting, the ministers directed the

negotiating groups to prepare and deliver to the TNC,

based on their annotated outlines, draft text of their

respective chapters, in time for the next ministerial

meeting to be held April 2001 in Argentina.

61 The

draft text is to be “comprehensive in scope” and is to

contain the text on which consensus was reached as

well as, within brackets, text on which consensus could

not be reached. The ministers also directed the TNC to

examine the ways in which the differences in the levels

of development and size of the economies in the

Hemisphere could be treated in the FTAA negotiations.

To prepare for the April 2001 ministerial meeting, the

TNC was directed to hold at least three meetings

before April 30, 2001; the first of those meetings was

held in Guatemala in April 2000.

Business Facilitation

Since the formal launch of FTAA negotiations,

ministers have strived to achieve tangible and periodic

results from the FTAA process to prevent any loss in

momentum of the negotiations. Maintaining

momentum for the FTAA process is important because

a number of factors have been at work to slow that

momentum. For example, some FTAA participants

believe that the United States will not make its best

negotiating offers until fast-track authority is approved.

In addition, there were concerns that political and

economic shocks in several Latin American countries

might derail the FTAA process. Some of these shocks

included Chile’s 1998 economic recession; Ecuador’s

protracted economic downturn, removal of the

President, and military coups; and Brazil’s late 1998

economic crisis followed by a currency devaluation.

One area that has received significant attention is

that of “business facilitation”—measures to expedite

and facilitate trade and investment, including

information gathering and dissemination and customs

harmonization. It is envisioned that such measures will

61 The complete text of the Declaration of Ministers of

the Toronto Ministerial is posted at the official FTAA

website, found at Internet address

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ministerials/minis_e.asp, retrieved

on July 12, 2000.
48

reduce transaction costs and create a more consistent

and predictable business environment. Ministers

agreed at the fifth ministerial to implement a number

of specific business facilitation measures effective

January 1, 2000. Among those measures, the ministers

agreed to—

S establish new or streamline existing customs

procedures for the entry of and suspension of

duties on goods related to business travel;

S institute procedures to expedite express

shipments;

S establish simplified procedures for low-value

shipments;

S harmonize commodity description and coding

systems; and

S establish a code of conduct for customs

officials.

62

Civil Society

One significant unresolved issue in the FTAA

process is how to involve nongovernmental labor and

environmental interests (civil society) and to gain their

support for the negotiations. At the fifth ministerial, the

ministers reaffirmed their commitment to the principle

of transparency in the negotiating process and to

conduct negotiations in such a manner as to broaden

public understanding and support for the FTAA. The

62 Ibid.

ministers established a Committee of Government

Representatives on the Participation of Civil Society to

obtain input from nongovernmental groups on trade

matters relevant to the FTAA through written

submissions.

63

Electronic Commerce in Regional

Trade

At the fifth ministerial, the Joint

Government-Private Sector Committee of Experts on

Electronic Commerce was directed to continue its work

to develop recommendations on broadening the

benefits of e-commerce. It was decided that the

committee retain its status as a non-negotiating group.

The committee has met on several occasions and has

considered such issues as consumer protection, privacy

protection, implications of e-commerce for domestic

taxation, implications for small and medium-size

businesses, criminal and civil responsibilities, and

digital security, encryption, and authentication.

64

Multilateral Issues

Ministers at the fifth ministerial reaffirmed their

commitment to a global rules-based trading system

under the WTO. They stated their objective of reaching

an agreement, during the next WTO Multilateral

Negotiations on Agriculture, on the elimination of

export subsidies on agricultural products. They also

agreed to work towards the creation of disciplines on

trade-distorting practices and measures in the next

WTO negotiations on agriculture.

65

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Ibid.
49

CHAPTER 4

U.S. Relations With Major

Trading Partners

This chapter reviews bilateral trade relations and

issues with eight major U.S. trading partners during

1999: Canada, the European Union, Mexico, Japan,

China, Taiwan, Korea, and Brazil. Appendix tables A-1

to A-24 provide detailed information on U.S. trade

with these partners.

Canada

The trading relationship between the United States

and Canada is governed by NAFTA. The bilateral

phase out of duties was completed on January 1, 1998.

This provided duty-free status for the majority of

goods originating in the United States and Canada.

1

U.S. trade with Canada increased in 1999. U.S.

exports, totaling $145.7 billion, increased $8 billion

from 1998, while U.S. imports from Canada totaled

$198.2 billion, an increase of $24 billion from 1998.

The merchandise trade deficit with Canada increased

by over $15 billion from 1998 to 1999 to $52.5 billion.

U.S.-Canadian trade data are shown in tables A-1, A-2,

and A-3.

The volume of trade between the two countries

makes it the largest trading relationship in the world.

Even a free trade agreement, however, will not resolve

all bilateral trade difficulties; a certain number of

issues will inevitably receive substantial attention and

be considered significant. Among such issues in 1999

were the continuing dispute involving United States

1 Duty-free status exists for most bilaterally traded

goods, except for certain supply-managed products in

Canada and dairy, sugar, peanuts, and cotton in the United

States. The U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) was

signed in 1988 and allowed for successive duty reductions

over a 10-year period. It entered into force in January 1989.

January 1, 1994, marked the entry into force of the North

American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The timetable

for duty reductions and most of the terms of the CFTA were

incorporated into NAFTA.

split-run magazines sold in Canada,

2 previously

adjudicated through the dispute-settlement mechanism

of the WTO, and the issue of Pacific salmon.

3

Magazines

The issue of split-run magazines—U.S.

publications with a Canadian version, printed in the

United States for distribution and sale in Canada, such

as Sports Illustrated Canada—has been a bilateral

concern for some time following a United States

complaint to the WTO in 1996, and a ruling in favor of

the United States in 1997.

4 At issue was the amount of

advertising space within the Canadian versions of these

publications that could be aimed primarily at the

Canadian market and whether Canadian tax law

discriminated against foreign publishers; also under

dispute were Canadian foreign investment rules for the

periodicals industry.

Canadian officials announced in July 1998 detailed

actions that would bring their policy on periodicalsinto

conformity with the WTO ruling. The legislation to

enact the needed changes was Bill C-55, the Foreign

Publishers Advertising Services Act (FPASA),

introduced into the House of Commons in October

1998. The United States opposed the legislation,

claiming that it perpetuated the previous law.

5 The

measure was scheduled to be considered by the

Canadian Parliament in February 1999.

6

2 For an-in-depth description of previous events in

United States - Canadian trade relations, see USITC, The

Year in Trade: Operation of the Trade Agreements Program

(OTAP), 1998, 50

th report, USITC publication 3192, May

1999, pp. 57-61.

3 “Split-run magazines are periodicals sold both in

Canada and abroad, in which the Canadian editions contain

advertisements directed at a Canadian audience.” USTR,

“United States Prevails in WTO Case Challenging Canada’s

Measures Restricting Magazine Exports,” press release

97-22, Mar. 14, 1997.

4 For an in-depth description, see USITC, The Year in

Trade: OTAP, 50

th report, USITC publication 3192, May

1999, pp. 58.

5 Ibid.

6 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Magazine Bill

Will Not Pass in 1998,” message reference No. 4334,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, Dec. 3, 1998.
50

1999 Developments

In January 1999, Canadian Heritage Minister

Sheila Copps invited the U.S. Ambassador to Canada

to forward proposals for a resolution of the magazine

dispute. Ambassador Gordon proposed that the two

governments engage in “good faith discussions”

regarding the C-55 legislation.

7 On January 29, the

United States and Canada held talks,

8 and in early

February the Canadian House of Commons delayed

debate on Bill C-55 until March 11, 1999. This,

coupled with the February 10 amendment to C-55 by

Minister Copps allowing implementation of C-55 to be

delayed after passage, permitted negotiations to

continue without the immediate threat of C-55

implementation.

9

On March 15, 1999, the Canadian House of

Commons passed Bill C-55, the Foreign Publishers

Advertising Services Act. Despite the passage,

Heritage Minister Copps said that she would be willing

to propose amendments to the bill in the Senate if a

bilateral agreement with the United States wasreached.

She added that she would only propose C-55

amendments that “respected the basis of the bill,”

adding that changes “must hinge on the concept of

majority Canadian content.”

10

The bill then went on to the Senate for first and

second readings and was ultimately sent to The Senate

Committee on Transport and Communications for

review.

On May 11, Minister Copps testified that if

bilateral talks could establish an agreement with the

United States, she would introduce appropriate

amendments before Parliament. She acknowledged to

the press that U.S. negotiators had provided useful

ideas and hinted that the two sides were close to an

agreement.

11 The committee delayed clause-by-clause

consideration

12 of the bill in order to receive testimony

from the Trade Minister. It was assumed at the time

7 Washington Trade Daily, January 26, 1999.

8 “Magazines: Canada, U.S. Exchange Proposals in Start

of Talks Over Magazine Advertising Dispute,” BNA

International Trade Daily, Bureau of National Affairs, art.

No. 60321003, February 1, 1999.

9 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bill C-55 on

Split-Run Magazines: Update,” message reference No.

00544, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, Feb. 16, 1999.

10 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Split-Run

Magazines Bill Passes House of Commons,” message

reference No. 000888, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa,

March 16, 1999.

11 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Magazines:

Heritage Minister Hints at Resolution,” message reference

No. 01627, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, May 1999.

12 Clause-by-clause consideration is the phase in which

amendments to bill may be proposed.

that the delay was a good faith effort by Canada to

allow more time to settle the dispute over C-55

bilaterally.

13

On May 26, the Canadian and United States

governments reached an agreement on the split-run

magazine dispute. “Under terms of the agreement, U.S.

magazines exported to Canada will be able to carry 12

percent of total ad space with advertising aimed

primarily at the Canadian market-something C-55 as

originally proposed would have prohibited entirely,”

the Office of the USTR noted.

14 This 12 percent, or

de minimis level, would increase after 18 months to 15

percent, and would increase again to 18 percent after

36 months.

Canada also has agreed to modify its Income Tax

Act so as not to discriminate against foreign publishers.

Before this agreement, companies operating in Canada

were not allowed to take the standard business

deduction if they advertised in foreign-owned

publications. Under the bilateral agreement, Canada

will remove any nationality requirement for the

standard business deduction within one year.

Furthermore, Canadian advertisers will be allowed to

place advertisements in any magazine, whether it is

Canadian or split-run. Canadian advertisers also will be

allowed to take a tax deduction of 50 percent for

advertising costs in publications with zero to 79

percent original Canadian editorial content. Advertisers

will be able to take a tax deduction of 100 percent of

advertising costs in publications with more than 80

percent original Canadian editorial content.

15 This

concept of original editorial content is significant

because split-runs will have Canadian content in

addition to, or in place of, the original foreign content.

Canada also agreed to relax its foreign investment

regulations concerning the periodicalsindustry. Canada

will allow 51 percent foreign ownership in a business,

up from 25 percent, within 90 days and will permit

foreign investors to own 100 percent of a periodical

publishing business after one year. Under the

agreement, Canada will set up a fund to help its

domestic magazine industry compete with new foreign

competition and will continue its postal subsidy in a

modified form. In return, the United States has agreed

to not take any additional action under the WTO, or

under NAFTA or section 301.

16 The agreement does

provide, however, for annual discussions at the request

13 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Magazines:

Heritage Minister Hints at Resolution,” message reference

No. 01627, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, May 1999.

14 USTR, “United States and Canada Resolve

‘Periodical’ Differences,” press release 99-46, May 26,

1999.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.
51

of either Canada or the United States and allows either

side to withdraw from the agreement with 90 days’

notice. In this event, conditions may return to what

they were before the agreement took effect.

17 FPASA

received royal assent in Canada on June 17 and entered

into force between the United States and Canada on

July 1. The final development in the magazine story for

1999 took place on December 16 when Minister Copps

announced the inception of a magazine subsidy

program authorized in the May agreement. The fund

would provide C$150 million to the magazine industry

spread over three years, subject to subsequent renewal.

The fund would be accessible only to Canadian-owned

and controlled magazines that had a minimum of 80

percent Canadian content.

18

Pacific Coast Salmon

The United States Pacific salmon fishery is based

in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Idaho, and

Oregon) and Alaska. It is situated mostly in the Pacific

Ocean, but also encompasses the Columbia, Snake, and

other rivers.

19 The fishery is shared with Canada, and

is supported in part by salmon runs from the Fraser and

other river systems in British Columbia and the Yukon.

The bulk of the Pacific salmon fishery consists of five

species: chinook or king, sockeye or red, pink, chum,

and coho or silver.

20 Several subspecies of salmon are

classified by the United States as “endangered” or

“threatened” under the Endangered Species Act (16

U.S.C. 1531-1543, Public Law 93-205), which is

administered in part by the National Marine Fisheries

Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

21 The

17 For more details on the agreement, see the

Government of Canada news release, “Ottawa and

Washington Agree on Access to the Canadian Advertising

Services Market,” found at Internet address

http://www.pch.gc.ca/bin/news.dll/View?Lang=E&Code=9N

R029E, retrieved on February 3, 2000.

18 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Magazines: GOC

Announces Subsidy fund,” message reference No. 04485,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, Dec. 17, 1999.

19 The term “ fishery” refers to the harvesting of fish,

not the spawning.

20 The respective scientific names are: Oncorhynchus

tshawytscha, O. nerka, O. gorbuscha, O. keta, and O.

kisutch. Minor salmon species and western bouts of the same

genus are not included here; nor is Atlantic salmon, which in

the Pacific Northwest is raised on farms, not harvested by

fishing vessels.

21 For example, Snake River coho has been determined

to be extinct; Snake River sockeye and chinook are listed as

“endangered”; and coho salmon at the Oregon/California

border are listed as “threatened.” The term “endangered”

means “any species which is in danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of its range,” while

“threatened” signifies less immediate danger of extinction

than “endangered.” These listings mean that it is unlawful to

kill or harm individuals of these populations, with exceptions

to be made in accordance with existing state fishery

conservation plans. See 16 U.S.C. 1532(6).

shared cross-border nature of the fisheries has made

salmon a long-standing concern between the United

States and Canada.

The Pacific Salmon Treaty was created in 1985

after 15 years of negotiations to provide a guideline for

conservation, prevent overfishing, and to provide an

equitable harvest of salmon stocks through strict limits

to ensure that salmon takings by the two countries were

balanced. The treaty also created a binational Pacific

Salmon Commission to regulate salmon fishing within

200 miles of the coast, but the treaty did not contain a

dispute resolution mechanism.

22 The treaty was

effective for the early years of the agreement, “but

became outmoded after 1992, when the original fishing

arrangements expired.”

23 Until the new agreement

was reached, the Pacific salmon issue was handled on a

year-to-year basis. Separate rounds of negotiations for

a new agreement through 1997 all proved

unsuccessful. In 1998, the Strangway and Ruckelshaus

report was issued to the Prime Minister of Canada and

to the President of the United States. The report

suggested a new approach to treaty negotiations, and

following the recommendations of the report, Canada

and the United States resumed talks and were

successful in negotiating a new agreement.

24

1999 Developments

On June 3, 1999, an agreement was reached by

U.S. and Canadian negotiators on the long-standing

conflict over Pacific salmon and the Pacific Salmon

Treaty.

25 The agreement was formally approved by the

22 The Pacific Salmon Commission is divided into two

national sections, with commissioners appointed by each

nation. Enabling legislation in the United States prescribes

that the U.S. section have one member from Alaska, one

from Oregon or Washington, one representing treaty tribes,

and one nonvoting federal official. The Canadian section is

led by the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans and

includes representatives from First Nations, recreational and

commercial fisheries, as well as the British Columbia

provincial government. The treaty also established several

scientific and technical committees that provide the

Commission with essential data on the stocks and fisheries.

See Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and

International Trade, “The Pacific Salmon Treaty: An

Overview,” found at Internet address

http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/english/foreignp/environ/.

23 Backgrounder, “A History of the Pacific Salmon

Treaty,” found at Internet address

http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/COMMUNIC/BACKGROU/1999/

hq29(113)_e.htm, dated June 3, 1999, retrieved February 29,

2000.

24 For more detailed information on the background of

the Pacific Salmon dispute, see USITC, The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 49

th report, USITC publication 3103, May 1998,

pp. 89-92.

25 USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 49th report, USITC

publication 3103, May 1998, pp. 89-92.
52

United States and Canadian governments on June 30,

1999. It covers the next 10-to-12 years, depending on

the fishery, and will establish two bilaterally-managed

regional funds as well as allow for flexibility so that

during salmon-abundant years a larger catch will be

allowed and in less abundant years a smaller catch will

be allowed. This concept of abundance-based

management is new and is the key difference from the

1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty. The bulk of the agreement

is contained in revised versions of chapters 1-6 of

annex IV of the Pacific Salmon Treaty.

26

Chapter 1 on transboundary rivers “specifies

arrangements for sockeye, coho, chinook, and pink

salmon management for several rivers that flow from

Canada to the Pacific Ocean through the Alaskan

panhandle, including the Stikine, Taku and Alsek

rivers.”

27 Chapter 2 on northern British Colombia and

Southeast Alaska addresses the management,

conservation, and fair sharing of sockeye and pink

salmon fisheries. This agreement also differs from the

expired one in that it is abundance based which permits

varied harvests depending on the stock in a particular

year.

28

Chapter 3, deals with conservation of the chinook

salmon, of which several varieties have been put on the

endangered species list. The chinook has been a center

point during negotiations because it travels through

many fisheries in Canada and the United States and

falls under many different regulations thus making it

hard to determine which country the harvest belongs

to. The new agreement also will be centered on

abundance-based quotas but will require reductions in

harvesting on the part of both the United States and

Canada. Chapter 4 on Fraser River sockeye and pink

salmon, requires the United States to cut back on its

share of Fraser River sockeye; this will be phased in

over the next three years, bringing the United States

catch down to 16.5 percent of the total harvest.

29

Chapter 5 on coho salmon provides a blueprint and

biological criteria for a conservation-based regime for

border-area fisheries in southern British Columbia and

Washington state. The details are to be worked out and

implemented during 2000 with the goal of limiting

exploitation rates to sustainable levels.

30 Chapter 6 on

26 For full text of the Pacific Salmon Treaty see,

Fisheries and Oceans Canada, “Pacific Salmon Treaty,”

found at Internet address

http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pst-tsp/agree/toc_e.htm.

27 U.S. Department of State press statement, “United

States Announces Agreement with Canada on Pacific

Salmon,” found at Internet address

http://secretary.state.gov/www/briefings/statements/1999/ps9

90603.html, dated June 3, 1999, retrieved July 28, 1999.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

southern British Columbia and Washington state chum

salmon, makes only minor changes to the 1985 treaty

and will have little effect on the distribution of

catches.

31

In addition to the abundance-based management

programs, the agreement also calls for the creation of

two Pacific Salmon Treaty Endowment Funds—$65

million for the south and $75 million for the northern

Pacific area. These funds are to be managed by the

United States and Canada and to be funded by the

United States over the next four years. So far, the U.S.

Congress has approved a $20 million expenditure for

the endowment funds.

32 The funds will be used to

invest in habitat, stock enhancement, science and

salmon management initiatives in both countries. The

agreement also calls for the establishment of a bilateral

Panel on Transboundary Rivers and a Committee on

Scientific Cooperation.

33

The governors of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon

have all embraced the treaty, as have astribal leadersin

the region. However, the Premier of British Columbia,

said that Alaska did not concede enough in the

agreement.

34

China-Canada WTO

Negotiations

Canada and China reached a bilateral agreement on

WTO accession on November 26, 1999. This

agreement will be incorporated with other bilateral

agreements China has reached to form the multilateral

agreement that will enter into force when China enters

the WTO.

35 The agreement between Canada and

China, Canada’s fourth largest trading partner, will

reduce tariffs and nontariff barriers on Chinese imports

of Canadian goods and services. The average tariffs on

goods will decrease from 12.5 percent to 5.2 percent

within an average of 2.5 years from the time that China

accedes to the WTO. In the agriculture sector China

agreed to significantly improve access for imports of

canola, canola oil, wheat, barley, malt, feed peas,

31 Ibid.

32 For a full text of the new Pacific Salmon Agreement

and more background information, see the Canadian

Minister of Fisheries and Oceans web-site at

http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pst-tsp/main_e.htm.

33 Salmon Facts, “Canada, US Reach Comprehensive

Agreement on Pacific Salmon,” found at Internet address

http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/geo/usa/salmon_june-e.asp,

dated June, 1999, retrieved February 29, 2000.

34 Ibid.

35 Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and

International Trade, “China’s Accession to the World Trade

Organization,” found at Internet address

http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/tna-nac/sagit-gcsce(old)/chinawto-e.htm, retrieved April 4, 2000.
53

alfalfa pellets, North American ginseng and whiskey.

36

Canadian industrial goods will be granted greater

access as a result of the agreement. Canadian officials

estimated that the average tariff for Canadian industrial

products, including paper products, chemicals and

aerospace products, will fall from 10.3 percent to 4.5

percent over an average of 2.8 years.

37

In addition,

China will enter into the Information Technology

Agreement (ITA) and will abolish all tariffs on

ITA-covered goods. China also will allow improved

market access for foreign services as well as

investment in joint ventures in the service sector. The

services covered in the agreement include

telecommunications, banking, insurance, securities,

professional/engineering/consulting services, and

distribution services throughout China.

38

Electronic Commerce

in Canada

Canada and the United States have similar levels of

development in electronic commerce and few barriers

exist to U.S. e-commerce in Canada. The major issue

in this sector during 1999 was a decision by the

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications

Commission to not attempt to regulate the Internet.

39

European Union

In 1999, the United States experienced a trade

deficit of $52.4 billion with the EU, which represented

an increase of $17.7 billion from the U.S. trade deficit

of $34.7 billion in 1998. U.S. merchandise exports to

the 15 member states of the EU were more than $142

billion, an increase of 1.3 percent from the level of

U.S. exports to the EU in 1998. U.S. imports from the

EU were $194.4 billion, an increase of almost 11.2

percent from the level of imports in 1998. U.S.-EU

trade data are shown in tables A-4 through A-6. The

stock of U.S. foreign direct investment in the EU

amounted to almost $433.7 billion in 1998, a greater

than 16 percent rise from 1997.

36 Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and

International Trade, news release, “Canada and China Sign

Historic Bilateral WTO Agreement,” found at Internet

address http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ input/publication.asp?

FileSpec=/Min_Pub_Docs/102853.htm, retrieved April 18,

2000.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, 2000, p. 36.

Bananas

Background

40

On July 1, 1993, the European Union imposed a

banana import system that granted preferential

treatment to bananas from domestic producers and

from former European colonies in Africa, the

Caribbean, and the Pacific (ACP nations). The EU

banana regime imposed duty and quota restrictions on

imports of bananas from non-ACP nations, largely in

Latin America, whose bananas historically were

distributed in Europe mainly by U.S. companies such

as Chiquita Brands International and Dole Foods. In

1994, the EU blocked adoption of a GATT

dispute-panel report that found that the EU banana

regime in giving preferential treatment to some

countries violated its GATT obligations.

In February 1996, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras,

Mexico, and the United States requested a WTO

dispute-settlement panel to examine the EU regime for

the importation, sale, and distribution of bananas. The

panel report, issued in May 1997, found that the EU

banana import regime and its licensing procedures

were inconsistent with the GATT 1994. The appeals

report issued in September 1997 adjusted and upheld

the panel findings and found that certain aspects of the

EU licensing regime for bananas violated GATT

Article X and the WTO Import Licensing Agreement.

Both reports were adopted September 25, 1997.

Following binding arbitration over the implementation

period for these report recommendations, an

arbitrator’s report was issued in January 1998, granting

the EU a 15-month period ending January 1, 1999, in

which to comply with the DSB rulings.

In January 1998, the EC Commission

41 proposed a

modified banana regime that it claimed would be WTO

consistent and would honor the EU’s commitments to

the ACP nations under the Fourth Lomé Convention.

Despite U.S. efforts to convince the EU that the

proposal still used two separate criteria to allocate

shares of its banana market to Latin American and

ACP nations–which therefore continued to violate

GATT Article XIII—the modified banana regime was

approved by the EC Agriculture Council in June 1998,

and a new licensing arrangement for bananas was

adopted in October 1998.

42 The EU announced in

November 1998 that it had adopted these measures to

40 For more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP

- 1998, USITC Publication 3192, May 1999, pp. 53-55.

41 The Commission for the European Communities (EC

Commission) is the legal signatory in trade matters for EU

members. As a consequence, the abbreviation “EC” rather

than “EU” is used for institutional matters related to legal

aspects of trade.

42 EC Commission Regulation No. 2362/98 of Oct. 28,

1998, Official Journal, L Series 293, Oct. 31, 1998.
54

implement the September 1997 recommendations of

the DSB.

On December 15, 1998, the EU requested the

establishment of a panel under article 21.5 of the DSU

to determine if the implementing measures of the EU

conform to WTO rules.

43 Three days later, Ecuador

requested reestablishment of the original panel to

examine whether the EU measures were in fact

consistent with EU obligations under GATT 1994. On

December 21, 1998, the USTR announced a list of EU

products that would face prohibitive tariff duties of 100

percent ad valorem should the EU fail to implement a

WTO-consistent banana regime by January 1, 1999.

44

1999 Developments

At its meeting on January 12, 1999, the DSB

agreed to reconvene the original panel to examine the

requests by both the EU and Ecuador. The panel was to

rule within 90 days whether the EU reforms of its

banana import regime were consistent with the 1997

DSB rulings. However, on January 14, 1999, the

United States requested authorization from the DSB to

suspend concessions to the EU in the amount of $520

million, citing article 22.2 of the Dispute Settlement

Understanding that allows a complainant to request

authorization to retaliate 20 days after the

implementation deadline expires.

45 The $520 million

estimate represented the annual economic loss of U.S.

exports and profits for U.S. suppliers engaged in the

distribution and sale of bananas as a result of the EU

failure to comply with the DSB rulings.

46 On January

21, 1999, the EU questioned the U.S. right to seek

authority for retaliation under article 22 in the absence

of a panel ruling required under article 21.5 showing

that a member has failed to comply with its WTO

obligations.

47

43 WTO, “Overview of the State-of-Play of WTO

Disputes,” April 18, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www. wto.org/wto/dispute/bulletin.htm, retrieved

May 15, 2000.

44 USTR, “USTR Announces List of European Products

Subject to Increased Tariffs,” press release 98-113, Dec. 21,

1998. The list of products included pecorino cheese, sweet

biscuits, bath preparations, candles, plastic plates and sheets,

handbags, wallets, felt paper, folding cartons, greeting cards,

lithographs, cashmere sweaters, bed linen, batteries, coffee

and tea makers, and chandeliers.

45 WTO, “European Communities - Regime for the

Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,”

WT/DS27/43, Jan. 14, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved

May 15, 2000.

46 USTR, “United States to Apply its WTO Retaliatory

Rights in Bananas Case,” press release 99-01, Jan. 14, 1999.

47 Delegation of the European Commission to the

United States, “European Union takes new initiative on

bananas,” press release No. 2/99, Jan. 21, 1999, found at

Internet address

http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1999/1999002.htm,

retrieved May 15, 2000.

On January 29, 1999, the DSB met to consider the

EU-requested arbitration to challenge the retaliatory

amount requested by the United States.

48 The DSB

chairman referred the issue of the amount of

compensation to the original panel for arbitration under

article 22.6 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding,

which calls for the appropriate retaliatory amount to be

determined within 60 days after the implementation

deadline expires. As a result, the U.S. request to

suspend concessions was deferred until March 3,

1999.

49

Compensation arbitration

In considering whether there was nullification or

impairment of U.S. benefits under the revised EU

banana import regime, the arbitrators focused on issues

under GATT article XIII and GATS article XIII. GATT

article XIII was examined with respect to the two

separate criteria to allocate market share between Latin

American and ACP countries. The GATs issue

involved quotas. The EU had established a quota of

857,000 tonnes

50

for ACP nations and had allocated

shares under this quota system. Discussion of GATS

issues also focused on license allocation procedures

and on licenses for “newcomers.” On March 2, 1999,

the arbitrators announced that they had been unable to

rule within the allotted timeframe because they

required additional information from the parties on the

harm caused by the EU banana regime to U.S.

exports.

51

48 The DSB meeting scheduled for Jan. 25, 1999 was

postponed when several WTO members (Cote d’Ivoire,

Dominica, and St. Lucia) refused to accept the proposed

agenda that included the U.S. retaliation request, which they

regarded as illegal. See WTO, “EC, US accept Ruggiero

compromise on banana dispute,” press release [unnumbered,

undated], issued Feb. 2, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/new/dsweb.htm, retrieved May 15,

2000.

49 The DSB chairman also directed the parties to

proceed immediately to consultations under article 4 of the

Dispute Settlement Understanding in an effort to reach a

negotiated solution to the dispute, but in formal consultations

on February 12, 1999, the United States and the EU made no

progress. See WTO, “Statement by DSB Chairman,” press

release [unnumbered, undated], issued Jan. 29, 1999, found

at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/new/lo010299.htm, retrieved

May 15, 2000.

50 A metric ton of 1000 kilograms is often abbreviated

“tonne” to distinguish it from a “short” ton of 2,000 pounds.

The abbreviation “mmt” is often used to indication “million

metric tons.”

51 WTO, “European Communities – regime for the

importation, sale and distribution of bananas - Arbitration

under Article 22.6 of the DSU - Communication from the

Arbitrators,” WT/DS27/48, Mar. 2, 1999, found at Internet

address http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved

May 17, 2000.
55

The USTR announced on March 3, 1999 that,

effective immediately, the U.S. Customs Service would

begin withholding liquidation on imports valued at

$520 million of selected products from the EC.

52 The

EU claimed the U.S. action was unacceptable and

unlawful without WTO authorization and demanded

consultations with the United States in the WTO.

53 On

March 8, 1999, the WTO Director-General issued a

statement calling on the United States and the EU to

find mutually agreed upon solutions in bilateral

consultations under article 4 of the Dispute Settlement

Understanding.

54

On April 6, 1999, the arbitrators’ report was issued

to the EU and the United States, ruling that the EU

followed a WTO-inconsistent regime for import, sale,

and distribution of bananas.

55 The arbitrators found

the level of nullification and impairment to U.S.

exports to be $191.4 million. This was significantly

less than the initial U.S. calculation of $520 million,

because the arbitrators’ figure excluded the U.S.

estimation of lost profits to U.S. companies.

56 On

April 7, 1999, the EU announced that it would comply

with the WTO rulings and asked the United States to

conform immediately with the WTO decision to reduce

the level of the suspension of concessions from $520

million to $191.4 million.

57 The EU reserved its right

of appeal.

58

52 USTR argued that the United States already had

delayed suspending tariff concessions for 30 days as a result

of the EU request for arbitration; and must now impose a

contingent liability of 100 percent duty on affected products

as of March 3, 1999. The United States refrained from

collecting higher duties until the release of the arbitrators’

final decision. See USTR, “United States Takes Customs

Action on European Imports,” press release 99-17, March 3,

1999.

53 Delegation of the European Commission to the

United States, “Sir Leon Brittan statement on U.S. customs

measures on European imports: banana dispute,” press

release No. 5/99, March 3, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1999/1999005.htm,

retrieved May 15, 2000.

54 WTO, “Statement by the Director-General - General

Council, March 8,1999,” press release [unnumbered], found

at Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/press/dgstat8.htm,

retrieved May 15, 2000.

55 WTO, “European Communities - Regime for the

importation, sale and distribution of bananas - Recourse to

arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6

of the DSU - Decision by the Arbitrators,” WT/DS27/ARB,

Apr. 9, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf/ep/public.html, retrieved May

17, 2000. The report was circulated to the parties on April 6,

1999 and to other WTO Members beginning April 9, 1999.

56 USTR, “WTO Finds EU Banana Regime Hurts U.S.

Trade,” press release 99-31, April 6, 1999.

57 Delegation of the European Commission to the

United States, “EU reacts to WTO banana dispute report,”

press release No. 17/99, April 7, 1999, found at Internet

address

http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1999/1999017.htm,

retrieved May 15, 2000.

58 Ibid.

On May 11, 1999, the EU requested the

establishment of a panel pursuant to Article 6 of the

DSU. In its panel request, the EU claimed that the U.S.

decision to withhold liquidation on imports from the

EC of the list of products and to impose a contingent

liability for 100 percent duties on each individual

importation of affected products was in flagrant breach

of Articles 3, 21, 22 and 23 of the DSU and Articles I,

II, VIII and XI of GATT 1994. On June 16, 1999, the

DSB established a Panel pursuant to Article 6 of the

DSU. Dominica, Ecuador, India, Jamaica, Japan, and

St. Lucia, reserved their rights to participate in the

Panel proceedings as third parties. The Panel had

substantive meetings with the parties on December 16

and 17, 1999, and February 9, 2000.

59

Retaliation authorized and subsequent

consultations

On April 9, 1999, the United States requested that

the DSB authorize suspension of concessions to the EU

equivalent to the level $191.4 million of nullification

and impairment

60 and that day announced its final list

of products to be subject to the retaliatory tariff.

61 On

April 19, 1999, the DSB authorized the United States

to suspend concessions to the EU as requested,

62

following which the USTR published a final list of

products from certain EU members on which 100

percent ad valorem duties would apply, retroactive to

March 3, 1999.

63

59 WTO, “United States–Import Measures on Certain

Products From the European Communities,” Report of the

Panel, WT/DS165/R, Jul. 17, 2000, pp. 2-3, found at internet

address

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/distab_e.htm#r

165. On July 17, 2000, the Panel concluded that the United

States did not abide by Articles 3.7, 3.8, 21.5, 22.6, 23.1, and

23.2(a) of the DSU and Articles I, II1(a), II1(b), and XI of

the GATT. The Panel recommended that the DSB request the

United States to bring its measure into conformity with its

obligations under the WTO Agreement. Ibid., p. 52.

60 WTO, “Overview of the State-of-Play of WTO

Disputes,” April 18, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www. wto.org/wto/dispute/bulletin.htm, retrieved

May 15, 2000.

61 The USTR final list of products subject to punitive

tariff includes: bath preparations, handbags, felt papers,

paper card board, folding cartons, lithographs on paper or

paper board, bed linens, lead-acid storage batteries,

electrothermic coffee or tea makers. See USTR, “USTR

Announces Final Product List in Bananas Dispute,” press

release 99-35, April 9, 1999.

62 USTR, “WTO Authorizes US Retaliation,” press

release 99-38, April 19, 1999.

63 USTR, “Implementation of WTO Recommendations

Concerning the EC’s Regime for the Importation, Sale, and

Distribution of Bananas,” 64 FR 12092, April 19, 1999.
56

Following the arbitrator’s report, the EC

Commission set about to develop various approaches

that might bring its banana import regime into

conformity with its WTO obligations, which all EU

members states could support. Whereas a substantial

number of EU member states favored a single-tariff

solution, few favored the current tariff level of 75

euro/tonne, several wanted a substantially higher tariff

level, and some flatly rejected the single-tariff

approach.

64

November 1999 EU proposed banana

regime

In November 1999, the European Commission

adopted a proposal to modify its common market

organization for bananas, aimed at making the banana

regime consistent with the WTO, the Lomé

Convention, and with the interests of EU producers and

consumers. The EU proposal adopted a two-step

approach: Phase 1, which called for a transitional tariff

rate quota (TRQ); followed by Phase 2, which

automatically established a tariff-only system by

January 1, 2006 at the latest.

65

Phase 1 included the current quota of 2.2 million

tons (bound in the GATT Uruguay Round), plus the

autonomous quota of 353,000 tons (established

following the 1995 EU accession of Austria, Finland,

and Sweden), open to all suppliers, both charged a

tariff of 75 euro/tonne. Under Phase 1, a new third

quota of 850,000 tons would be established, open to all

suppliers, at a tariff level that would fill the TRQ. ACP

suppliers would receive a preference of up to 275

euro/tonne under this third TRQ.

The new third quota would be open at a level of

duty to be determined by a tendering procedure,

whereby the allocation of quota shares is met through a

“striking price” system.

66 This system would be the

lowest bid at which the quota can be filled, which

would then be applied to all suppliers for the quantity

that they bid.

Phase 2 of a tariff-only regime would

automatically enter into force at the latest on January 1,

64 U.S. Department of State telegram, “June 29 banana

discussions with Commission,” message reference No.

012259, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 8, 1999.

65 EU Commission, “Commission proposes to modify

the EU’s Banana Regime,” press release IP/99/828, Brussels,

Nov. 10, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.europa.eu.int/rapid/, retrieved May 18, 2000.

66 EU Commission, “2250th Council meeting -

AGRICULTURE - Brussels, 20 March 2000,” press release

Conseil/00/74, Brussels, Mar. 20, 2000, found at Internet

address http://www.europa.eu.int/rapid/, retrieved May 18,

2000.

2006, following the transition period. The level of the

flat-tariff would be negotiated under GATT article

XXVIII. ACP suppliers would be given an appropriate

tariff preference, based on the present WTO waiver for

generalized systems of preference, such as the EU’s

Lomé Convention.

67

In March 2000, the EC Commission told the

Council that it is holding negotiations with interested

third countries on the details of the proposed

transitional arrangement. If it proves impossible to

reach a universally acceptable agreement with these

third parties, the Commission said it will withdraw its

current proposal and ask the Council for a mandate to

negotiate the immediate introduction of a tariff-only

system.

68

The United States rejected the EC Commission’s

announced two-tier tariff rate quota approach as not

being consistent with WTO rules, although in

consultations with the EU the United States had

discussed tariff rate quota regimes considered

WTO-consistent.

69 During these 1999 consultations,

the United States expressed concern about various EU

proposals. Specifically, the United States was

concerned about proposals to halve the Latin American

tariff but retain the current regime, auctioning schemes

that discriminate against U.S. companies, and a

number of aspects about the Commission’s licensing

procedures. The United States has not flatly rejected

any further transition period, but considers the six

years that the EU regime has already been in effect as

entrenching EU domestic interests even more firmly.

Thus, the United States believes that the transition

should not be drawn out.

70

December 1999 Caribbean

counterproposal

71

On December 1, 1999, the prime minister of

Dominica presented to the EU a proposal on behalf of

67 EU Commission, “2218th Council meetingAGRICULTURE - Brussels, 15 November 1999,” press

release Conseil/99/345, Brussels, Nov. 15, 1999, found at

Internet address http://www.europa.eu.int/rapid/, retrieved

May 18, 2000.

68 EU Commission, “2250th Council meeting -

AGRICULTURE - Brussels, 20 March 2000,” press release

Conseil/00/74, Brussels, Mar. 20, 2000, found at Internet

address http://www.europa.eu.int/rapid/, retrieved May 18,

2000.

69 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bananas:

Demarch on EU report,” message reference No. State

171260, Sep. 13, 1999.

70 Ibid.

71 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bananas: US

supports Caribbean,” message reference No. State 239477,

Dec. 21, 1999.
57

the Caribbean countries.

72 The United States endorsed

the Caribbean banana proposal as a WTO-consistent

solution that meets key EU objectives.

The key elements of the Caribbean banana

proposal involve a two-tier tariff-rate quota system as a

transition period to a negotiated tariff-only banana

import regime. The first tier quantity would be

established initially at 2.7 million tonnes. The tariff

rate would be equal for both Latin American and ACP

bananas. There would be no country-specific

allocations. Whenever a new country accedes to the

EU, the first-tier quota would be increased

automatically by that country’s recent imports.

The second-tier quota would be established

initially at 850,000 tonnes. The tariff rate would be 115

euro/tonne for all Latin American bananas. ACP

bananas would enter duty-free. ACP bananas from the

most vulnerable countries would receive an additional

margin of preference. The total combined quota of 3.55

million tonnes is not expected to reduce prices

currently prevailing on the EU market.

72 For purposes of the bananas case, this represents the

Windward Islands, Jamaica, and Belize.

Most of the first-tier import licenses (96.5 percent)

would be distributed to operators based on their

average annual pre-1993 trade volume. A few first-tier

import licenses (3.5 percent) would be distributed to

newcomers. Most of the second-tier import licenses

(96.5 percent) would be distributed to operators based

on their average annual trade volume during a base

period of 1995-1997. A few second-tier import licenses

(3.5 percent) would be distributed to newcomers.

Import licenses in both quotas could be used to import

bananas from any source.

The two-tier quota arrangement would be the basis

for a transition to a tariff-only system. The period of

transition and the methodology for continuous

progressive movement toward a tariff-only system

would be the subject of negotiations.

The EU and Caribbean proposals differ in three

major issues—tariff levels, licensing reference periods,

and license eligibility. The EU proposal contains

substantially higher tariff rates, seeks a recent reference

period under the more restrictive 1993 banana regime,

and would make new banana suppliers eligible for

licenses. The following table sets out key elements for

the two competing proposals at the end of 1999.

November 1999 EU Proposal

Transitional Tariff Quota S Current quota: 2.200 mmt, at 75 euro/tonne tariff

S Current supplemental quota: 0.353 mmt, at 75 euro/tonne tariff

S ACP suppliers preference: at 0 euro/tonne tariff

S New third quota: 0.850 mmt, (at variable tariff)

S Tariff varies to fill quota

S ACP suppliers preference: margin up to 275 euro/tonne

S Quota allocation through tendering procedure (striking price):

= lowest bid taken at which quota can be filled

= then applied to all suppliers for the quantities they have bid to supply.

Tariff-only System S Single tariff rate to be negotiated consistent with GATT article XXVIII

S Entry into force no later than January 1, 2006

S ACP countries to receive appropriate tariff preference under WTO waiver for EU

generalized system of preferences under the Lomé Convention.

December 1999 Caribbean Counterproposal

First-Tier Tariff Quota S Total quota: 2.700 mmt

S Tariff rate: equal tariff for ACP and Latin bananas

S Quota allocation: not country-specific

S Import licensing:

= 3.5 percent of first-tier quota allocated to newcomers

= 96.5 percent of first-tier quota allocated to traditional suppliers

= based on a pre-1993 reference period of average import volume
58

December 1999 Caribbean Counterproposal—Continued

Second-Tier Tariff Quota S Total quota: 0.850 mmt

S Tariff rate:

= ACP bananas (0 euro/tonne)

= ACP bananas from vulnerable economies (additional preference)

= Latin bananas (115 euro/tonne)

S mport licensing:

= 3.5 percent of second tier quota allocated to newcomers

= 96.5 percent of second tier quota allocated to qualified operators

= based on a 1995-1997 reference period of average import volume

Tariff-only System S Progressive movement toward a tariff-only system to be the subject of negotiations,

focusing on the period of transition and methodology

Meat Hormone Ban

The European Union continued its ban on imports

of beef from cattle treated by hormone-growth

promoters in 1999. For more than a decade, the EU ban

has effectively cut off U.S. exports of hormone-treated

beef. The United States continued to maintain that

cattle treated with approved growth hormones posed no

health risks to EU consumers and that the EU had so

far failed to provide sufficient evidence to validate its

claim that residue of hormone-growth promoters

contained in U.S. beef posed a health risk.

A 1997 WTO dispute settlement panel report and a

subsequent appellate report issued in January 1998

both concluded that the EU 1998 ban on imports of

meat and meat products from cattle treated with

growth-promoting hormones was inconsistent with the

provisions of the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and

Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures. A WTO panel

examining the EU ban on behalf of Canada made a

similar finding.

73 The EU requested four years in

which to comply with the WTO findings – two years to

conduct additional risk assessments to determine

whether the hormone-treated meat is safe, and two

years to modify its measures to reflect the findings of

the new risk assessment. However, a WTO arbitrator

determined that “it would not be proper to include in

the reasonable period of time ... an initial phase of

scientific studies” and therefore granted the EU 15

months, until May 13, 1999 to comply.

74

As the deadline approached, U.S. and EU officials

discussed possible solutions. The United States

proposed labeling U.S. beef in conjunction with lifting

the ban. However, the EU responded that it wanted to

complete additional risk assessments before it

73 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 95.

74 Joanne Guth, “European Union Hormone Ban: WTO

Authorizes U.S. Retaliation,” International Economic

Review, USITC, May/June 1999.

committed to removing the ban. The EU has requested

17 risk assessment studies that were not completed by

the end of 1999. In addition, the United States and the

EU have disagreed on appropriate labeling. U.S.

officials have proposed labeling U.S. exports of meat

as sourced from the United States, whereas the EU

prefers a label that indicates that the meat has been

treated with growth-promoting hormones. Moreover,

lifting the ban and adopting labeling regulations would

require the EU to implement new legislative.

On March 22, 1999, the USTR published a notice

in the Federal Register listing products on which 100

percent duties could be imposed in retaliation should

the EU fail to meet its WTO obligations by the May

13, 1999 deadline. The list covered over $900 million

of EU products, including primarily food items such as

meat, Roquefort cheese, and tomatoes. On May 5,

1999, the EU announced that an independent

committee of European scientists had issued

preliminary findings showing that there were

significant health risks linked to beef growth

hormones. Ambassador Hugo Paemen, the EU chief

envoy to the United States, stated that based on these

findings, the EU “is not in a position to lift the ban,”

and it remains in place.

The EU took no action to implement the DSB

recommendations and rulings by the May 13, 1999

deadline, citing a need to perform additional risk

assessments. Accordingly, on May 17, 1999, the

United States exercised its WTO rights by requesting

authorization to suspend tariff concessions on EU

goods with an annual trade value equivalent to annual

lost exports of U.S. beef. The value of the retaliation

represents an estimate of the annual harm to U.S.

exports resulting from the EU’s failure to lift its ban on

imports of U.S. meat.

75 The United States sought

WTO authorization to suspend concessions on EU

products at a level of EU trade equivalent to lost U.S.

75 USTR, “WTO Finds U.S. Trade Damaged by EU

Beef Import Ban,” press release 99-58, July 12, 1999.
59

exports, which the United States estimated at $202

million. The EU alleged that the cost to U.S. exports

was only $53 million and requested WTO arbitration.

On July 12, the WTO arbitrators determined the

damage to be $116.8 million.

76 The DSB authorized

the United States to suspend such concessions on July

26, 1999, and the United States did so on July 29,

1999. On July 19, the United States Trade

Representative announced the final list of products that

the United States would impose 100 percent ad

valorem duty. The imposition of those duties was

effective for goods entered or withdrawn from their

warehouses, on or after July 29, 1999.

77

Electronic Commerce in the

European Union

In Western Europe the use of e-commerce is

expected to grow significantly in the coming years as

more European households are connected to the

Internet (currently only 12 percent of EU residents

have home access) and confidence in electronic

commerce grows.

78 During 1999, European legislative

and programmatic work intensified. In November

1999, EU institutionsfinalized a directive on electronic

signatures. The directive sets out a framework for legal

recognition of electronic signatures and includes

mechanisms for cooperation with non-EU countries on

76 Ibid.

77 USTR, “USTR Announces Final Product List in Beef

Hormone Dispute,” press release 99-60, July 19, 1999. The

products from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden within the list

included: meat of bovine animals, fresh or frozen; meat of

swine (pork); edible offal of bovine animals; Roquefort

cheese; onions, other than onion sets or pearls not over 16

mm in diameter, and shallots; truffles; dried carrots; prepared

or preserved liver of goose; prepared or preserved liver of

any animal other than of goose; rusks, toasted bread and

similar toasted products; juices of any other single fruit;

roasted chicory and other roasted coffee substitutes and

extracts, essences and concentrates; prepared mustard.

Products from France, Germany and Italy included:

tomatoes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or

acetic acid. Products of Germany: guts, bladders and

stomachs of animals (other than fish); soups and broths; yarn

(other than sewing thread) containing 85 percent or more by

weight of artificial staple fibers, singles, not put up for retail

sale. Products of France: fatty substances derived from wool

grease (including lanolin); chocolate and other cocoa

preparations in blocks, slabs or bars, filled, not in bulk;

lingonberry and raspberry jams; hams, shoulders and cuts

thereof with bone in, salted, in brine, dried or smoked;

products suitable for use as glue or adhesives not exceeding

1 kg, put up for retail sale.

78 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimates Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 122.

the basis of mutual recognition.

79 The EU also

isnearing agreement on a directive addressing the legal

aspects related to electronic commerce. This directive

is designed to ensure that electronic commerce benefits

from the internal market principles of free movement

of services and freedom of establishment. It covers

only providers established in the EU. The proposed

directive would establish harmonized rulesin a number

of areas such as liability of intermediaries (e.g.,

Internet service providers), transparency provisions for

commercial communications, and electronic contracts.

Mexico

While economic relations were generally cordial,

trade disputes between the United States and Mexico

continued in 1999. The United States remained

concerned about certain Mexican practices, such as

continuing barriers to U.S. exports. These include

improper use of antidumping measuresin certain cases,

inadequate enforcement of intellectual property rights;

and anticompetitive practices in the area of

telecommunications.

Mexico consolidated its position during the year as

the second-largest U.S. trading partner after Canada,

and before Japan. U.S.-Mexican trade data are shown

in tables A-10, A-11, and A-12. Two-way trade with

the United States resulted in a record surplus for

Mexico. U.S. exports to Mexico also reached record

levels, rising $6 billion (8 percent) to nearly $81.4

billion. However, U.S. imports from Mexico rose even

faster, by $16 billion (17 percent), to a record $109

billion. Since the United States accounts for 88 percent

of Mexico’s exports and 74 percent of its imports, the

widening Mexican surplus with the United States

largely counterbalanced Mexico’s trade deficit with the

rest of the world. This deficit amounted in 1999 to $5.4

billion, almost one-third less than in 1998.

80

The reduction of Mexico’s trade deficit was also

helped by soaring petroleum prices, especially in the

second half of the year.

81

In addition, the easing of

economic crises in several countries of the world, and

the Government of Mexico’s prudent fiscal and

monetary policies strengthened the Mexican economy.

Growth of the GDP at 3.6 percent, exceeded the target

rate of 3 percent.

82

79 U.S. Department of State telegram, “European Union

National Trade Estimates Report -Year 2000,” message

reference No 1130, prepared by USEU Brussels, Brussels,

Feb. 22, 2000.

80 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Mexico’s Trade

by Country in 1999,” message reference No. 01964,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, March 22, 2000.

81 The average price for Mexican crude exports in 1999

was $15.61 per barrel, compared with $10.16 per barrel in

1998.

82 Mexico’s Ministry of Finance.
60

U.S. concerns with Mexico’s trade-related actions

during the year included the manner in which Mexico

implemented its TRQ obligations, including

restrictions on U.S. dry-bean exports. U.S. authorities

also noted that the “discriminatory and capricious

enforcement” of Mexico’s labeling and sanitary and

phytosanitary standards interfered with U.S. exports of

several agricultural goods, including grains, seed

products, potatoes, apples, poultry, citrus from Florida,

and table eggs.

83

During 1999, the United States continued to press

Mexican authorities to improve their enforcement of

intellectual property rights protection. In accordance

with their antipiracy campaign announced in

November 1998, the Mexican Government conducted

raids and seizures throughout 1999. In May, Mexico

also increased criminal penalties for certain copyright

and trademark violations and reclassified copyright and

trademark piracy as a felony. Despite these efforts,

Mexican copyright piracy remains a major problem for

the United States. Estimates of U.S. industry losses

from such piracy continue to increase.

84

Anticompetitive practices in Mexico’s

telecommunication services also remained a subject of

bilateral disputes in 1999. According to U.S.

authorities, several aspects of Mexico’s

telecommunications market inflate the cost of

international communications in Mexico. Even though

Mexico legally ended the monopoly of Teléfonos de

Mexico (TELMEX) in providing commercial,

long-distance telecommunication services in 1996,

TELMEX maintained a de facto monopoly in some

areas, notably in denying use of certain essential

facilities to its competitors.

85

In its annual review of

certain foreign countries’ compliance with

telecommunications trade agreements,

86 USTR stated

on April 4, 1999, that “The USTR is seriously

concerned with the telecommunications regulatory

environment in Mexico.”

87 USTR then initiated an

out-of-cycle review of Mexico’s telecommunications

83 USTR, “The 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers” found at

http://www.ustr.gov/reports/nte/2000/mexico.pdf , retrieved

on April 5, 2000.

84 Ibid.

85 USTR, “Out-of-Cycle Review Highlights Progress on

Current Telecommunications Arrangements in Mexico and

Concern Regarding End-of-year Policy Decisions,” Press

Release 99-67, July 29, 1999, p. 24, and USTR, “USTR

Releases 2000 Inventory of Trade Barriers,” Press Release

00-23, March 31, 2000, pp. 24-25.

86 USTR reviews compliance annually under Section

1377 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of

1988.

87 USTR, “Annual Review of Telecommunications

Trade Agreements Highlights Concerns Regarding Mexico,

South Africa, and Other Countries,” Press Release 00-25,

April 4, 1999.

trade, stating in July that an improved implementation

of Mexico’s WTO commitments is likely to be found

when the review is concluded.

88

A notable accomplishment in Mexico’s quest to

reduce its long-standing economic dependence on the

United States was a free trade accord with the

European Union in November 1999.

89 This FTA is the

most important trade agreement Mexico has concluded

since NAFTA. Besides Israel, Mexico is presently the

only country to have free access to both the United

States and Europe—the world’s two largest markets.

90

By year-end 1999, Mexico had not completed

economic accession negotiations with China. Such

negotiations were continuing in early 2000.

Mexico’s antidumping practices that affect certain

U.S. agricultural exports and continuing U.S.

restrictions on the movement of Mexican trucks on

U.S. roads are two issues discussed at some detail in

the next sections.

Antidumping Practices Affecting

U.S. Agricultural Exports

Mexico remained a major user of antidumping

measures, notably against agricultural imports. During

1999, Mexico’s antidumping duties on imports of

high-fructose corn syrup from the United States were

the subject of dispute-settlement proceedings under

provisions of NAFTA and the WTO. The NAFTA

panel did not make a determination by year’s end, and

it was not until February 24, 2000 that the WTO

formally adopted its own panel’s ruling in this matter.

The WTO found that Mexico had a right under WTO

rules to initiate a dumping investigation into

high-fructose corn syrup imports from the United

States, but concluded that the investigation was not

carried out in accordance with the WTO Antidumping

Agreement. Mexico declined to appeal the ruling, and

thus is expected to implement it soon.

91

88 USTR, “Out-of-Cycle Review Highlights Progress on

Current Telecommunications Arrangements in Mexico and

Concern Regarding End-of-year Policy Decisions,” Press

Release 99-67, July 29, 1999.

89 The agreement was approved by the European

Commission in January 2000, and by the European

Parliament in March. Also in March, it was ratified by the

Mexican Senate.

90 The EU-Mexico trade agreement will take effect on

July 1, 2000. The accord will be discussed in the next annual

Year-in-Trade report, which will cover developments in the

year 2000.

91 USTR, “WTO Adopts Panel Finding Against

Mexican Measure on High-Fructose Corn Syrup,” press

Release 00-14, Feb. 28, 2000. See also “WTO Adopts

Ruling on Corn Syrup After U.S., Mexico Decline to

Appeal,” International Trade Reporter, Bureau of National

Affairs, March 2, 2000, and April 13, 2000.
61

The dispute in the WTO was triggered by U.S.

protests against a final SECOFI determination in

January 1998 that high-fructose corn syrup imports

from the United States had been sold at less than fair

value. SECOFI found at the time that such imports

were threatening the Mexican sugar industry with

material injury, and imposed final antidumping duties

ranging from $63.75 to $100.60 per metric ton on

commercial product HFCS 42 and $55.37 to $175.50

per metric ton on commercial product HFCS 55.

92

This antidumping case, in aiming to restrict U.S.

access to Mexico’s artificial sweetener market, was

thought to reflect the Mexico’s quest to bring forward a

scheduled increase in the tariff rate quota of Mexican

sugar to the U.S. sugar market.

93 Under NAFTA,

Mexico was allowed to ship only 25,000 tons of raw or

refined sugar to the United States during FY 1999, as is

also the case for FY 2000. Starting with FY 2001

however, the TRQ for sugar will increase tenfold, to

250,000 tons.

Other important Mexican antidumping actions

affected other U.S. agricultural products, including

cattle, beef, beef offal, and hogs for slaughter.

94 The

case against imports of beef and beef offals continued

in 1999, but no final determination was made.

95

However, SECOFI issued a final determination

concerning live hogs from the United States in October

1999, finding less-than-fair-value U.S. sales, as well as

a threat of injury to the Mexican swine industry from

such imports. SECOFI imposed compensatory duties

of $0.351 per kilogram on live hogs, in addition to the

prevailing (in quota) import tariff of 8 percent,

applicable to live hog imports from NAFTA

countries.

96

Cross-border Trucking

At the time of this writing, the United States

continues to restrict the use of Mexican-registered

92 For details the high-fructose corn syrup antidumping

case, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1998, USITC

publication 3192, May 1999, pp. 67-68.

93 Ibid.

94 U.S. Department of Agriculture, GAIN Report

#MX9144, Oct. 22, 1999.

95 See U.S. Department of Agriculture, GAIN Report

#MX0013, Feb. 1, 2000. On April 28, 2000, SECOFI

imposed final antidumping duties of 36 cents per pound on

U.S. meat products.

96 Mexico’s Diario Oficial, Oct. 20, 1999, and U.S.

Department of Agriculture, GAIN Report #MX0013, Feb. 1,

2000. For details on Mexican antidumping cases of these

meat products, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1998,

USITC publication 3192, May 1999, pp. 68-70. In June

2000, a U.S. beef producer has requested that a NAFTA

resolution panel review the Mexican duties imposed against

certain cuts of beef.

trucks that limit their movement to a 20-mile

commercial zone inside the U.S. border.

97 The U.S.

Government was expected to open its border to

Mexican trucks to the entire United States on the first

day of 2000, when all national limits to land

transportation in North America were to end under

NAFTA.

98

U.S. opposition to opening roads to Mexican trucks

continued to mount in 1999, with the Teamsters Union

being the most vocal. One issue raised was that the

number of U.S. border officials available to inspect

Mexican trucks seeking entry was insufficient. An

audit by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)

in 1999 found that too few U.S. inspections of Mexican

trucks were being conducted at border crossings

relative to the volume of traffic, and that a large

portion of those trucks that had been inspected had

failed. Because trucks that presented themselves for

inspection but did not get inspected are nonetheless

allowed to cross the border, the DOT report indicated

that a significant number of Mexican trucks that fail to

comply with U.S. safety standards might be circulating

on U.S. roads.

99

In May 1999, 253 members of the U.S. House of

Representatives addressed a letter to President Clinton,

stating that “Until the United States and Mexico agree

on comprehensive safety standards, establish and test

effective enforcement programs, and staff border

facilities with full-time inspectors, current safeguards

must remain firmly in place.”

100 On December 9,

President Clinton signed the Motor Carrier Safety

Improvement Act of 1999 to strengthen the

enforcement of federal and state highway safety laws

in the United States.

101 Title II, sec. 219 of this Act

provides for foreign motor vehicle penalties and

disqualifications, imposing fines on foreign carriers of

up to $10,000 for one incident of safety violation and

97 Access to the border commercial zone was provided

for in a pre-NAFTA bilateral arrangement. See “NAFTA

Roundup,” North American Free Trade & Investment

Report,” Jan. 15, 2000, p. 11. Regarding current provisions,

see also U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Highway Administration, NAFTA Transportation Provisions

- Trucks, (found at

http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/nafta/naftatrans.htm

on Apr. 4, 2000.

98 Chapter 12, annex 1212.

99 USITC, The Economic Effects of U.S. Imports

Restraints, Second Update 1999, Investigation No. 332-325,

USITC publication 3201, May 1999, p. 107, which cited

American Trucking Associations, Transport Topics: “Audit:

Poor Truck Inspections at Border,” Jan. 4, 1999.

100 U.S. House of Representatives, letter to President

Clinton, May 24, 1999, reported as “253 Members Oppose

U.S.-Mexico Trans-border Trucking,” in the Washington

Trade Daily, June 25, 1999.

101 PL 106-159.
62

fines of up to $25,000 and temporary or permanent

disqualification from operating a commercial vehicle

in the United States for a pattern of violations.

For its part, DOT embarked on a program of

improving safety inspections at the border with

Mexico. In 1999 alone, DOT added 27 new inspectors

along the Texas and Arizona borders.

102 Nonetheless,

DOT believes that a much greater inspection presence

is still needed because of the large number of Mexican

trucks that wish to enter the United States, many of

which, DOT believes, do not comply with U.S.

standards. Testifying on March 2, 2000 before the

Transportation Subcommittee of the House

Appropriations Committee, the DOT Inspector General

said that 39 percent of Mexican trucks inspected at the

border fail to meet U.S. safety standards, but he said

that to conduct a sufficient number of border

inspections, at least 126 inspectors would be

needed.

103

Free U.S.-Mexican cross-border trucking is an

important dimension in trade relations between the two

countries because over 80 percent of bilateral trade is

transported over highways. The relatively long

transition period between the implementation of most

NAFTA provisions in 1994 and the trucking provision

in 2000 was originally believed to be necessary for

reconciling differences between lower Mexican and

higher U.S. truck safety standards. NAFTA originally

provided that Mexican vehicles and their drivers would

have complied with all U.S. safety standards by the

time U.S. restrictions were scheduled to be lifted in

2000.

U.S. postponement of granting access to Mexican

trucks on January 1, 2000, was preceded by a U.S.

decision not to implement an interim accord under

NAFTA that would have permitted Mexican trucksfree

access beyond the current 20-mile zone to the entirety

of the U.S. border states-California, Arizona, New

Mexico, and Texas at the end of 1995.

104 However, on

December 18, 1995, DOT announced that it would not

permit free cross-border trucking in these states as

scheduled, because of problems alleged about the

safety of Mexican trucks on U.S. roads. DOT indicated

at the time that further consultations were necessary

between U.S. and Mexican officials.

105

102 U.S. Department of State telegram, “XXVI meeting

of the U.S.-Mexico Binational Group on Bridges and Border

Crossings, El Paso, Oct. 25-28,” message reference

No.001652, Washington D.C., Jan. 5, 2000, p.5.

103 Transcript of this hearing, p. 4, and “Transportation:

DOT Official Calls for More Inspectors to Examine Trucks

at U.S.-Mexican Border,” International Trade Daily, Bureau

of National Affairs, March 6, 2000, p. 10.

104 See also USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1995,

USITC publication 2971, August 1996, p 57.

105 Ibid.

Bilateral consultations on truck safety began in

January 1996, and technical discussions among safety

officials have continued without reaching a satisfactory

solution to date. Mexican officials argued that their

country’s safety inspection system was already

consistent with that of the United States. In September

1998, SECOFI formally requested the establishment of

a NAFTA panel under chapter 20 provisions to resolve

the then nearly three-year old dispute. The panel is still

actively considering the case at the time of this writing.

Mexico has also responded by not allowing

U.S.-registered trucks to pass beyond its border

commercial zone, and by tying the issuance of permits

for foreign-owned express package delivery services

by trucks with large (53-foot) trailers to U.S.

implementation of the NAFTA trucking agreement.

Japan

During 1999, the United States continued to

monitor its bilateral agreements with Japan, including

those covering flat glass, telecommunications,

deregulation, insurance, construction, and foreign

direct investment.

106 The United States continued to

monitor steel import levels and initiated a bilateral

dialogue with Japan to address structural problems and

anticompetitive practices in this sector. Two of the

sectors that garnered the most attention were autos and

insurance. Autos account for a large percent of the U.S.

trade deficit with Japan and insurance has been a

leading U.S. negotiating priority since the signing of

two agreements in 1994 and 1996.

U.S. trade with Japan increased in 2000. U.S.

exports to Japan decreased from $54.8 billion in 1998

to $54.3 billion in 1999. U.S. imports from Japan

increased from $121.3 billion in 1998 to $131.0 billion

in 1999. The merchandise trade deficit with Japan

increased from $176.1 billion in 1998 to $185.3 billion

in 1999 (table A-10). In 1999, leading export items to

Japan were airplanes, semiconductor circuits, parts of

airplanes or helicopters, and cigarettes (table A-11).

The leading imports from Japan in 1999 were motor

vehicles, computer units, computer parts, and

semiconductor circuits (table A-12).

Autos

During 1999, the United States continued to

monitor progress under the 1995 U.S.-Japan

106 According to the American Chamber of Commerce

in Japan, there are 63 bilateral agreements between the

United States and Japan. American Chamber of Commerce

in Japan, Making Trade Talks Work, March 2000, p. 9.
63

automotive agreement.

107 The agreement was

intended to address some of the difficulties

experienced by U.S. firms in accessing Japan’s vehicle

distribution system by eliminating regulations in the

automobile aftermarket in Japan and improving

opportunities for U.S. original equipment parts

suppliers in Japan and with Japanese transplants in the

United States. The agreement included 17 objective

criteria to evaluate progress in these three areas.

108 At

the time of the agreement, Japanese auto producers

announced plans to increase their purchases of foreign

auto parts in Japan and to expand the production of

vehicles and major components in the United States.

109

Import penetration of foreign passenger vehicles

into the Japanese market from the “Big Three”

110 U.S.

auto producers declined by 20 percent in 1999

compared to 1998. Many Japanese automotive

companies were forced to undertake restructuring to

cope with the economic recession in Japan.

111

According to U.S. officials, one of the main problems

for U.S. auto manufacturers is access to Japan’s auto

distribution network. Japanese dealers continue to be

reluctant to carry foreign-made autos for fear of

jeopardizing their relationships with Japanese

manufacturers.

112

In addition, the economic recession

in Japan has made it more difficult for foreign vehicle

manufacturers to add new dealerships. U.S. auto

companiesrestructured their operationsin Japan during

1999 by consolidating or closing less-profitable

dealerships.

113

Exports of U.S.-made auto partsto Japan decreased

by 11.5 percent during 1999. In addition, aftermarket

parts sales to Japanese auto companies in the United

States and to Japanese auto companies in Japan remain

low.

114 The decline in U.S. auto parts exports to Japan

reflected inadequate steps taken to deregulate the auto

parts aftermarket and also reflected the effects of

107 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2000, p. 232.

108 Ibid.

109 Ibid.

110 The “Big Three” includes DaimlerChrysler, Ford,

and General Motors.

111 U.S. Department of Commerce and USTR, “Report

to President William Jefferson Clinton of the Interagency

Enforcement Team Regarding the U.S.-Japan Agreement on

Autos and Auto Parts,” June 3, 1999, found at Internet

address http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/auto/japan.html, retrieved

March. 17, 2000.

112 Ibid.

113 Ibid.

114 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2000, p. 232.

Japan’s recession.

115 Despite progress by Japanese

producers in implementing their voluntary global

business plans, in 1999 the United States continued to

urge Japan to take additional market opening and

deregulatory measures. The United States proposed

that Japan streamline new vehicle registration and

consider ways to make incentives offered by Japanese

entities more useful to foreign companies. In addition,

the United States made several proposals on standards

including the elimination of regulatory requirements

for the “shaken” inspection system,

116 and steps to

make the system more open.

117

The United States and Japan held their fourth

annual review of the Automotive Agreement in

Vancouver, British Columbia in October 1999. The

United States expressed its concerns about inadequate

implementation of the agreement’s objectives. The two

countries discussed new proposals for achieving

progress in deregulation, competition enhancement,

and standards issues, and informal meetings were held

during November 1999 to follow-up on U.S.

requests.

118

Insurance

The Japanese insurance market is composed of

three sectors: traditional life insurance, nonlife

insurance, and a third sector that includes personal

accident, cancer, and hospitalization insurance. The

first two sectors account for 95 percent of the market.

Foreign insurance providers have been most successful

in the remaining 5 percent of the market.

During 1999, the United States and Japan

conducted reviews of their 1994 and 1996 bilateral

insurance agreements.

119 Under the 1996 agreement,

Japan had agreed that five criteria were to be met

before the start of a two and one-half year period

before liberalization of the smaller, third sector of the

115 U.S. Department of Commerce and USTR, “Report

to President William Jefferson Clinton of the Interagency

Enforcement Team Regarding the U.S.-Japan Agreement on

Autos and Auto Parts,” June 3, 1999, found at Internet

address http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/auto/japan.html, retrieved

March 17, 2000.

116 “Shaken” is the Japanese term for inspection system.

117 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2000, p. 233. For additional

information regarding U.S. requests in the automotive parts

sector, see USITC, The Year In Trade: OTAP 1998, USITC

Publication 3192, May 1999, p. 62.

118 Ibid.

119 For background information on the 1994 and 1996

agreements, see, USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994,

USITC pub. 2894, pp. 81 and 82 and USITC, The Year in

Trade: OTAP 1996, USITC publication 3024, pp. 97 and 98,

respectively.
64

market. Japan had agreed to not allow liberalization of

the third sector of the market “as long as a substantial

portion of the life and nonlife areas is not

deregulated.

120

In 1998, there was disagreement

between the United States and Japan as to whether

Japan had met the five specific criteria for

liberalization of the primary sectors.

121

In April 1999, bilateral consultations were held on

the two insurance agreements. The consultations

included an assessment of Japan’s implementation of

the agreements, issues relating to product approval,

resources and technology, the Policyholder Protection

Organization, rating organizations, and administrative

and regulatory changes in Japan’s insurance sector.

While the market share for U.S. insurance companies

has increased during the past two years, the United

States expressed concerns about Japan’s

implementation of key provisions of the insurance

agreements related to rating organizations’ activities

and potential radical changes occurring in the third

sector. These changes include sales practices involving

group personal accidental insurance and sales of third

sector products by Japanese firms. The United States

also indicated that it was concerned about the conduct

of product approvals, including the transparency of that

process.

122

Another insurance development occurred in

October 1999 when the United States included a list of

requests to Japan under the Enhanced Initiative on

Deregulation and Competition Policy. The U. S. list

included a significant increase in personnel for the

financial supervisory staff to work on the expanded

flow of insurance product applications; the adoption of

a modernized and streamlined product approval

system; and additional financial supervisory efforts to

conduct all communications with the companies that it

regulates in a fair and transparent manner, as called for

in the Administrative Procedures Law. In addition to

these requests, the United States expressed serious

concerns about Japanese plans to expand the role of the

postal insurance system into product lines offered by

private insurers.

123 The next set of consultations

occurred during March 2000.

120 USTR, “United States-Japan Bilateral Insurance

Agreement,” press release no. 98-61, July, 1998.

121 American Chamber of Commerce in Japan, “ACCJ

Viewpoint: Insurance Industry Issues: Proposal for

Solutions,” found at Internet address

http://www.accj.or.jp/News/viewNews.asp?XID=1372,

retrieved on March 2000.

122 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report, March 2000, p. 226.

123 Ibid.

Japan-China WTO Agreement

On July 9, 1999, Japan and China concluded a

bilateral agreement on China’s accession to the

WTO.

124 The 1999 agreement covering services,

coupled with a 1997 agreement on goods, completed

Japan and China’s bilateral negotiations, subject to

technical verification before submission to the WTO

Secretariat. The agreement was satisfactory in areas of

particular interest to Japan, including

telecommunications, construction, distribution,

professional and financial services, and the monitoring

of transport. However, Japan expressed hope that

China would make further liberalization efforts in

telecommunications and distribution services during

the next round of WTO negotiations.

125

Electronic Commerce in Japan

The development of the Internet and e-commerce

lags in Japan compared to other developed countries,

although the Japanese government predicts rapidly

rising demand for these services. Only 11 percent of

Japanese homes were connected to the Internet in

1999, compared to 37 percent in the United States. The

Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications plans to

conduct a census in FY 2000 to determine more

precisely how many people are using the Internet. The

Ministry has predicted that the number of people using

the Internet in Japan could reach 58 million, or 46

percent of the population, by FY 2005. Some of the

reasons for the lower numbers of Internet users in

Japan are the high cost of accessing the Internet, and

market access barriers in the telecommunications

market. The United States and Japan have held

discussions on e-commerce issues since 1998,

including the development of regulatory frameworks,

privacy, tariffs, tax treatment, consumer protection,

intellectual property protection, and other topics.

126

China

U.S. trade relations with China in 1999 were

highlighted by negotiations for China’s membership in

the WTO. Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji traveled to the

United States, and on April 8 presented an offer to the

government of the United States. No agreement was

124 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Japan and

China Complete WTO Bilateral Agreement,” message

reference no. 005667, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Tokyo,

July 9, 1999.

125 “Text:Japan-China Joint Statement”, Inside U.S.

Trade, July 16, 1999.

126 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2000, pp. 230-231.
65

reached on this offer, and negotiations slowed for

several months. On November 15, 1999, U.S. Trade

Representative Charlene Barshefsky and Chinese Trade

Minister Shi Guangsheng signed a bilateral trade

agreement that would form a major part of China’s

accession to the WTO. In May 2000, the U.S. House of

Representatives approved the agreement with passage

of permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) with

China, and the U.S. Senate is currently considering

similar legislation. This section summarizes trade

relations with China in 1999, and outlines the

provisions of U.S.-China bilateral trade negotiations in

1999. Since the issue of China’s accession to the WTO

was one of the major unfolding events of the year, this

section also will briefly describe the status of bilateral

accession negotiations at year end and steps remaining

before China can become a member of the WTO.

The U.S.-China Bilateral WTO

Agreement

President Clinton visited China in June 1998, and

Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji traveled to the United

States in April 1999. During Rongji’s visit, the Chinese

reportedly offered a range of concessions in its bid to

gain entry to the WTO. Specific provisions included

trade barrier and market access issues in agriculture,

automobiles, banking, chemicals, direct sales, the film

industry, insurance, information technology,

telecommunications, tourism, and other areas.

127 The

Chinese presented an offer to the United States for

WTO accession, though President Clinton was not

prepared to sign an agreement. Although a full bilateral

WTO agreement was not signed in April, on April 8,

1999 U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky

announced “broad progress toward an expansive

market access agreement with China.”

128 The market

access commitments locked in on April 8 included

“China’s full participation in the three global

agreements negotiated in the WTO since the Uruguay

Round: the Information Technology Agreement, the

Basic Telecommunications Services Agreement, and

the Financial Services Agreement. In addition, China

agreed to participate in the APEC Sectoral

Liberalization Initiative.”

129

On November 15, 1999, the U.S. Trade

Representative and the National Economic Council

Director announced the successful completion of

127 Orbis Publications, China Watch, April 15, 1999.

128 USTR, “Statement of Ambassador Charlene

Barshefsky Regarding Broad Market Access Gains Resulting

from China WTO Negotiations,” press release 99-34, April

8, 1999.

129 Ibid.

bilateral talks on China’s accession to the WTO. In a

joint statement, Barshefsky and Sperling said, “We are

glad that after 13 years of negotiation, China and the

United States have agreed upon a strong, commercially

viable WTO agreement for China.”

130

Table 4-1 presents a summary of the November 15

agreement. The summary is based on a USTR release

of mutually agreed protocol provisions, antidumping

and subsidies methodology, product-specific

safeguards, state-owned enterprises, agriculture,

industrial products, tariffs, quotas and licenses,

distribution rights, services, grandfathering,

telecommunications, insurance, banking, securities,

professional services, motion pictures, and textiles.

131

Agreement on U.S.-China

Agricultural Cooperation

On April 10, 1999, U.S. Trade Representative

Barshefsky and Chinese Minister for Foreign Trade

and Economic Cooperation Shi Guangsheng

announced the signing of an agricultural agreement

that would lift long-standing prohibitions on the export

of U.S. citrus, grain, beef, and poultry to China. The

agreement includes specific measures to lift the ban on

exports of citrus from Arizona, California, Florida, and

Texas. China also agreed to recognize the U.S.

certification system for meat and poultry, a move that

will allow U.S. products immediate access to all

segments of the Chinese market. Finally, the agreement

lifts China’s 26-year-old ban on the import of U.S.

wheat and other grains from the Pacific Northwest. In

signing the agreement, China acknowledged that the

parasiteTCK smuck does not pose a risk to China’s

domestic wheat production, and will allow the import

of U.S. wheat and and other grain at or below a

specific tolerance for TCK (30,000 spores per 50

grams).

132 At year end, steps were already underway

to ensure compliance with the agreement and

strengthen the U.S.-China agricultural trading

relationship.

133

130 USTR, “U.S., China Sign Historic Trade

Agreement,” press release 99-95, November 15, 1999.

131 USTR, Summary of U.S.-China Bilateral WTO

Agreement, released February 2, 2000.

132 USTR, “U.S., China Sign Bilateral Agriculture

Agreement,” press release 99-36, April 10, 1999.

133 In compliance with the agricultural agreement, in

January 2000, a team of Chinese quarantine specialists

completed the first preprogram initiation inspection of

citrus-producing regions in Arizona, California, Florida, and

Texas. On March 22, 2000, China issued new rules

governing the importation of U.S. citrus, meat, and wheat.

By April 3, 2000, the U.S. Trade Representative and the U.S.

Secretary of Agriculture announced the first direct shipment
66

Table 4-1

Summary of United States- China Bilateral WTO Agreement

Sector/Provision Details of Agreement

Protocol provisions Commitments in China’s WTO Protocol and Working Party Report establish rights and

obligations enforceable through WTO dispute settlement procedures. We have agreed

on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import

surges, technology transfer requirements, offsets, and practices of state--owned and

state--invested enterprises. These rules are of special importance to U.S. workers and

business.

China has agreed to implement the TRIMs Agreement upon accession, eliminate and

cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local

content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and

only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or

other knowhow in accordance with the WTO agreements on protection of intellectual

property rights and trade--related investment measures.

These provisions also will help protect American firms against forced technology transfers. China has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals,

import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of

any kind, including local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in China.

Antidumping and

subsidies

methodology

The agreed protocol provisions ensure that American firms and workers will have

strong protection against unfair trade practices, including dumping and subsidies. The

United States and China agreed to maintain the current antidumping methodology

(treating China as a nonmarket economy) in future antidumping cases. This provision

will remain in force for 15 years after China’s accession to the WTO. Moreover, when

the United States applies its countervailing duty law to China, it will be able to take the

special characteristics of China’s economy into account when identifying and measuring any subsidy benefit that may exist.

Product--specific

safeguard

The agreed provisions for the protocol package also ensure that American domestic

firms and workers will have strong protection against rapid increases of imports.

The Product--Specific Safeguard provision sets up a special mechanism to address

increased imports that cause or threaten to cause market disruption to a U.S. industry.

This mechanism, which is in addition to other WTO safeguards provisions, differs from

traditional safeguard measures. It permits the United States to address imports solely

from China that are a significant cause of material injury through measures such as

import restrictions. Moreover, the United States will be able to apply restraints unilaterally based on legal standards that differ from those in the WTO Safeguards Agreement. This could permit action in more cases. The Product--Specific Safeguard will

remain in force for 12 years after China accedes to the WTO.

State--owned and

state--invested

enterprises

The Protocol addresses important issues related to the Chinese government’s involvement in the economy. China has agreed to ensure that state--owned and state--invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide

U.S. firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on nondiscriminatory terms and conditions.

China has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions, either directly or indirectly except in a WTO consistent manner.

Purchases of goods or services by these state--owned and state--invested enterprises

do not constitute government procurement and thus are subject to WTO rules.

The status of state--owned and state--invested enterprises under the WTO Agreement

on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures has been clarified.
67

Table 4-1—Continued

Summary of United States- China Bilateral WTO Agreement

Sector/Provision Details of Agreement

Agriculture The Agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for U.S. exports across

a broad range of commodities.

Significant cuts in Chinese tariffs will be completed by January 2004. Overall average

for agricultural products will be 17.5 percent and for U.S. priority products 14 percent

(down from 31 percent).

A tariff rate quota system is established for imports of bulk commodities, e.g., wheat,

corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the TRQ for private traders.

Specific rules on how the TRQ will operate and increased transparency in the process

will help ensure that imports occur. Significant and growing quota quantities are subject to tariffs averaging between 1 percent and 3 percent.

The tariff rate quota system is immediately eliminated for barley, peanut oil, sunflower--

seed oil, cottonseed oil, and is phased out for soybean oil.

The right is established to import and distribute products without going through a

state--trading enterprise or middleman.

Export subsidies on agricultural products are eliminated.

China also has agreed to the elimination of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) barriers

that are not based on scientific evidence

Industrial products China would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to U.S. exports, such

as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in China, as well as barriers

such as quotas and licenses on U.S. products.

Tariffs Tariffs cut from an average of 24.6 percent to an average of 9.4 percent overall and

7.1 percent on U.S. priority products.

China will participate in the Information Technology Agreement and eliminate all tariffs

on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors,

computer equipment, and other high--technology products.

In the auto sector, China will cut tariffs from the current 80 percent to 100 percent level

to 25 percent by mid--2006, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.

Auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10 percent by mid--2006.

In the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12 percent to 18

percent on wood and 15 percent to 25 percent on paper, down to levels generally between 5 percent and 7.5 percent.

China will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. Under that initiative, tariffs will be at zero, 5.5 percent and 6.5 percent for products in each category.

Elimination of quotas

and licenses

WTO rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. China has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phaseins limited to 5 years.

China will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top U.S. priorities (e.g.,

optic fiber cable). It will phase out remaining quotas, generally by 2002, but no later

than 2005.

Quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15 percent annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.

Auto quotas will be phased out by 2005. In the interim, the base--level quota will be $6

billion (the level prior to China’s auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15 percent

annually until elimination.
68

Table 4-1—Continued

Summary of United States- China Bilateral WTO Agreement

Sector/Provision Details of Agreement

Right to import and

distribute

Trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for U.S. manufacturers and

agricultural exporters. At present, China severely restricts trading rights (the right to

import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. Under the

Agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over

three years. China also will open up sectors related to distribution services, such as

repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking, and air courier services.

Services China has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computerrelated services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. China will

also participate in the Basic Telecommunications and Financial Services Agreements.

Grandfathering China will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time

of China’s accession for U.S. services companies currently operating in China. This

will protect existing American businesses operating under contractual or shareholder

agreements or licenses from new restrictions as China phases in their commitments

Distribution and

related services

China generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they

make in China, or from controlling their own distribution networks. Under the Agreement, China has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout China in 3 years. In addition, China has

agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and

repair, storage and warehousing, packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in 3 to 4 years.

Telecommunications China now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. For the first

time, China has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses.

China will also participate in the Basic Telecommunications Agreement.

China has agreed to implement the procompetitive regulatory principles embodied in

the Basic Telecommunications Agreement, including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority, and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology

they choose to provide telecommunications services.

China will phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value--added services in

two years, mobile voice and data services in 5 years, and domestic and international

services in 6 years.

China will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value--added and paging services

two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data

services five years after accession, and 49 percent foreign equity for domestic and

international services 6 years after accession.

Insurance China agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic--needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.

China will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. Internal

branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.

China will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health,

and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. Foreign property and casualty

firms will be able to insure large--scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon

accession.

China agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. Life insurers may also

choose their own joint venture partners. For nonlife, China will allow branching or 51

percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. Reinsurance is completely open upon accession at 100 percent with no restrictions.
69

Table 4-1—Continued

Summary of United States- China Bilateral WTO Agreement

Sector/Provision Details of Agreement

Banking Currently, foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with Chinese

clients, although a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients.

China imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.

China has committed to full market access in 5 years for foreign banks.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese individuals

from 5 years after accession.

Foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as Chinese banks within

designated geographic areas.

Both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in 5 years.

Nonbank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.

Securities China will permit minority foreign--owned joint ventures to engage in fund management

on the same terms as Chinese firms. By 3 years after accession, foreign ownership of

these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. As the scope of business

expands for Chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the

same expansion in scope of business. In addition, 33 percent foreign--owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in

international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.

Professional services China has made strong commitments on professional services in law, accounting,

management consulting, tax consulting, architecture, engineering, urban planning,

medical and dental services, and computer and related services. China’s commitments

will lead to greater market access opportunities and increased certainty for American

companies doing business in China.

Motion pictures,

videos, sound

recordings

China will allow 20 films to be imported on a revenue--sharing basis in each of the

three years after accession. U.S. firms can form joint ventures to distribute videos,

software entertainment, and sound recordings and to own and operate cinemas.

Textiles China’s protocol package will include a provision drawn from the 1997 bilateral textiles

agreement, which permits U.S. companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. This textile safeguard will remain in effect until

December 31, 2008, which is 4 years after the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing expires.

Source: USTR, Summary of U.S.- China Bilateral WTO Agreement.

133-Continued

of U.S. meat to China, an air shipment from San Francisco

bound for Shanghai. In the weeks prior, China also bought

its first shipment of wheat from the Pacific Northwest, and

shipments of citrus sailed from ports in Florida and

California. Secretary Glickman said the shipments

“demonstrate the tangible benefits of increased trade with

China,” and that he “hopes and expects these shipments are

only the first of many more sales to come. “ See USTR,

2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual Report of the

President of the United States on the Trade Agreements

Program, p. 211. And USTR, “First Direct Shipment of U.S.

Meat Departs for China,” press release 00-24, April 3, 2000.

Remaining Issues for China’s

Accession to the WTO

To become a member of the WTO, China must

complete three phases of the accession process—

negotiation, WTO approval, and implementation. In

the negotiation phase, multilateral and bilateral

negotiations rules require China to complete

negotiations on how it will implement WTO rules,

finish documenting its commitments in its protocol and
70

working party reports, and complete negotiations with

all country members of its WTO working party. Table

4-2 presents the country members of the China WTO

working party.

134

At a meeting of the China-WTO working party on

March 21, 2000, the Chairman reported that out of the

37 WTO country members expressing interests in

negotiating with China on market-access in goods and

services, only 10 had not completed such negotiations.

These 10 members included the European Union,

Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, the Kyrgyz Republic,

Latvia, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, and Switzerland.

135

In addition, China is still negotiating specific terms for

how it will adhere to the obligations and

responsibilities of WTO membership. These

multilateral negotiations should end with the

acceptance of two documents—the protocol, which

contains the terms of accession and commitments

affirming China’s adherence to WTO guidelines and

principles, and the working party report, which

provides a narrative on the results of the negotiations

and specific commitments made by China about how it

will meet WTO requirements.

136

In the WTO approval phase, the WTO General

Council must accept China’s accession package.

137

134 World Trade Organization, “Working Party on the

Accession of China,” document WT/ACC/CHN/Rev.1,

November 15, 1996. Found at Internet address

http://wto.org. Retrieved March 10, 2000.

135 WTO, “Meeting of the Working Party on the

Acession of China: Summing Up by the Chairman,” March

21, 2000.

136 U.S. General Accounting Office, Report to

Congressional Committees, World Trade Organization:

China’s Membership Status and Normal Trade Relations

Issues, March 2000, p. 9.

137 Before the approval phase, each member must

decide whether or not to invoke the nonapplication clause of

article XIII of the agreement establishing the WTO. This

clause permits either a WTO member or an incoming

member to refuse to apply WTO commitments to one

another, and does not require any reason for the action. In

the past, the United States has always invoked

Then in the implementation phase, China must

complete all domestic requirements outlined in its

accession package, and implement the agreements it

has signed. Thirty days after China formally notifies

the WTO of such implementation, it becomes a full

member of the organization.

138

Permanent Normal Trade

Relations

U.S. trade relations with China are currently based

on the bilateral trade agreement on trade relations that

first took effect on February 1, 1980. The 1980

agreement is subject to automatic renewal at three-year

intervals. The most recent three-year renewal was on

February 1, 1998, and the next renewal of the

agreement will be in February, 2001.

China’s receipt of NTR tariff treatment is currently

renewed on an annual basis. To maintain NTR

treatment, the President must waive section 402 of the

1974 Trade Act, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. The

President notified Congress of his decision to waive

Jackson-Vanik on June 2, 2000. The administration is

currently pursuing enactment of legislation that would

terminate application of Jackson-Vanik to China and

authorize the President to grant permanent normal

trade relation (PNTR) to China.

139 On May 24, 2000,

137-Continued

nonapplication when it had not given countries permanent

normal trade relations before these countries joined the WTO

or the GATT. U.S. General Accounting Office, Report to

Congressional Committees, World Trade Organization:

China’s Membership Status and Normal Trade Relations

Issues, March 2000, p. 16-17.

138 U.S. General Accounting Office, Report to

Congressional Committees, World Trade Organization:

China’s Membership Status and Normal Trade Relations

Issues, March 2000, p. 11.

139 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 211.

Table 4-2

WTO Working Party on the Accession of China

Argentina Egypt Malaysia Slovak Republic

Australia European Community Mexico Slovenia

Bangladesh Hong Kong Myanmar Sri Lanka

Bolivia Hungary New Zealand Switzerland

Brazil India Norway Thailand

Canada Indonesia Pakistan Tunisia

Chile Israel Peru Turkey

Columbia Jamaica Philippines United States

Cuba Japan Poland Uruguay

Czech Republic Korea Romania Venezuela

Ecuador Kuwait Singapore Zimbabwe

Source: WTO “Working Party on the Accession of China.” Nov. 15, 1996.
71

the U.S. House of Representatives approved PNTR for

China by a vote of 237-197.

140 Similar legislation is

presently being considered in the U.S. Senate.

141

Electronic Commerce in China

While the Chinese government recognizes the

potential of electronic commerce to promote exports

and increase competitiveness, the industry is still in its

infancy. The number of people with access to the

Internet has increased from approximately 2 million in

1998 to 9 million in 1999, and it is projected to exceed

20 million in 2000. At the present, electronic

commerce sales and contracts are not legally binding.

The lack of legal certainty and the government’s

concern for security issues are challenges for the

development of e-commerce in China.

142

Other Trade Developments and

Agreements

There were several developmentsin the U.S.-China

trade relationship during 1999. These included Zhu

Rongji’s April 8 offer in Washington, the U.S.-China

Agreement on Agricultural Cooperation on April 10,

and a sanitary and phytosanitary agreement on bovine

embryos, also signed in April.

143 After these April

initiatives, however, the General Accounting Office

noted that trade negotiations between the United States

and China were “affected by overall U.S.-China

relations, including the May 1999 accidental bombing

by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the

Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia; U.S.

concerns regarding human rights, proliferation of

weapons of mass destruction, and espionage; and

cross-strait tensions between Taiwan and China.”

144

On November 15, 1999, the United States and

China concluded the comprehensive bilateral WTO

accession agreement. China committed to reduce both

tariff and nontariff barriers to U.S. exports of industria

goods, agricultural products, and services. China

agreed to specific rules to address import surges,

antidumping and subsidies practices, and to end the

140 Washington Post, Chinese Leader Telephones

Thanks for Trade Bill Vote, May 29, 2000.

141 Inside U.S. Trade, Lott Sees Deliberate Approach to

China, Faces Conflicting Pressures, June 9, 2000.

142 For more information, see: USTR, 2000 National

Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 51.

143 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 211-213.

144 U.S. General Accounting Office, Report to

Congressional Committees, World Trade Organization:

China’s Membership Status and Normal Trade Relations

Issues, March 2000, p. 7.

application of export performance, local content,

offsets, technology transfer, and similar requirements

on imports and investment.

145

Other trade developments included informal

consultations in November 1999 to determine a

schedule and agenda for upcoming annual meetings

under the 1989 and 1995 Bilateral Agreements on

International Trade in Commercial Space Launch

Services.

146

In addition, the 1999 Agreement on

U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation began to take

effect. Following this agreement, the first Chinese

preprogram initiation inspection of citrus-producing

regions in Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas was

completed in January 2000.

147 China announced new

rules governing the importation of U.S. citrus, meat,

and wheat on March 22, 2000. The first direct

shipment of U.S. meat to China left San Francisco on a

plane bound for Shanghai on April 2.

148

During 1992-99, U.S. exports to China have

increased almost 77 percent, despite a 7.9 percent

export decline in 1999. U.S. exports to China are

dominated by higher-valued capital goods and

industrial supplies, which account for about 85 percent

of U.S. exports to China. The 1999 decline, in part,

reflected a slowdown in China’s domestic economy.

Much of the export decline was in two major

sectors—aircraft and machinery. Exports to China in

these categories decreased by 20 percent in 1999.

149

China continued to be a growing supplier of U.S.

goods imports. Purchases from China increased 14.9

percent in 1999, but accounted for only 8 percent of

total U.S. goods imports in 1999. The increase in U.S.

imports from China is accompanied by a shift of some

types of low-skill production processes from other

parts of Asia to China. U.S. imports from China are

primarily low value-added consumer goods such as

toys, footwear, apparel, and some areas of consumer

electronics. Consumer goods account for almost 70

percent of U.S. imports from China.

150 Statistical

information on U.S.-China trade is continued in tables

A-13 to A-15.

145 Ibid.

146 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 215

147 Ibid., p. 212

148 USTR, “First Direct Shipment of U.S. Meat Departs

for China,” press release 00-24, April 3, 2000.

149 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 41.

150 Ibid.
72

Taiwan

During 1999, Taiwan completed virtually all

substantive discussions with members of the WTO,

including the United States, regarding its accession.

The WTO Working Party held two meetings in 1999 to

review details of Taiwan’s Working Party Report,

market-access schedules, and new trade regulations–in

particular arrangements regarding liberalization of its

agricultural markets. In addition to Taiwan starting

implementation of a 1998 bilateral agreement with the

United States, other developments included the lifting

of Taiwanese bans on imports of chicken, pork belly,

and pork offal; agreements on the importation of

motorcycles of more than 700 cc, liberalization of

Taiwan’s wire-line telecommunications markets,

151

and certification of U.S. meat imports.

152 Taiwan also

agreed to the application of internationally approved

minimum residue levelsfor pesticides,

153

the extension

of tariff reductions on 15 agricultural products, and a

waiver on tariffs for 15 aircraft components as a part of

its bid to join the WTO Agreement on Trade in Civil

Aircraft.

154

Further, Taiwan continued its two-year phaseout of

clinical trials as part of the registration process for new

drugs; signed on to a March 1999 mutual recognition

agreement designed to eliminate duplicate testing of

information technology equipment. As a part of its

commitment to join the Agreement on Government

Procurement, Taiwan’s new Government Procurement

Law went into partial effect in May 1999.

155

As an amendment to its Securities and Exchange

Law, in early 1999 Taiwan removed more restrictions

on the foreign employment and ownership of securities

firms. The limit on foreign ownership in listed

companies was raised from 30 percent to 50 percent.

For qualified foreign institutional investors, restrictions

on capital flows were removed, although they are still

subject to limits on portfolio investment.

156

In 1999, 43 percent of all imports seized by U.S.

customs came from Taiwan, making it the largest

151 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 207.

152 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 381

153 USTR, “U.S. and Taiwan Reach Agreement on

Pesticide Standards,” press release 99-65, July 27, 1999.

Also see: USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999

Annual Report of the President of the United States on the

Trade Agreements Program, p. 207.

154 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 380.

155 Ibid., p. 384.

156 Ibid.

source of counterfeit goods in the world during that

year. The United States is particularly concerned about

inadequate Taiwanese enforcement against counterfeit

U.S. software, video games, and other optical media.

To address these concerns, Taiwan issued a new

directive requiring the use of legal software by

Taiwanese government offices in February 1999. As of

July 1, 1999, Taiwan also required all optical media

products produced in Taiwan, including CDs, VCDs,

CD-ROMs, and DVDs, to bear source identification

codes. At the same time, the Taiwan Bureau of

Standards, Meteorology and Inspection was authorized

to perform random factory visits to ensure

compliance.

157

Finally, on June 10, 1999, the United States,

Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and the European Commission

announced a new, multilateral Joint Statement on

Semiconductors designed to ensure fair and open

global trade in semiconductors. The statement follows

the 1996 bilateral United States-Japan Joint Statement

on Semiconductors, which expired July 31, 1999.

Under this agreement, industry leaders will continue to

meet at the World Semiconductor Council to discuss

and engage in cooperation concerning global issues

such as standardization, environmental concerns,

worker health and safety, intellectual property rights,

trade and investment liberalization, and worldwide

market development. Key provisions on competition

include a commitment by all parties to barrier-free

trade in semiconductors in markets worldwide, the

principle that competitiveness of companies and their

products and not the intervention of governments

should be the key determinant of industrial success,

and that trade should conform to principles outlined in

GATT and WTO.

158

Implementation of the

U.S.-Taiwan Bilateral WTO

Agreement

As a part of its WTO accession bid, Taiwan signed

and is beginning implementation of a bilateral

agreement with the United States. The agreement was

signed in February 1998, and includes many provisions

that have been in addressed by Taiwan in both 1998

and 1999.

157 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 383.

158 USTR, “United States, Japan, European Union,

Korea, and Taiwan Announce New Accord on

Semiconductor Trade Practicies,” press release 99-50, June

10, 1999.
73

Highlights of the bilateral agreement include

commitments by Taiwan to:

S reduce its overall tariff rates below 5 percent;

S reduce tariffs and discriminatory taxes on

imported automobiles;

S open trade in a full range of products, including

chemicals, medical equipment, furniture, toys,

steel, paper, construction and agricultural

equipment, wood, civil aircraft, and distilled

spirits;

S improveaccessfortelecommunicationsservice

providers so that foreign companies can hold

controllinginterestandreduceexcessivelyhigh

interconnection charges for new telecommunications companies;

S accede totheWTO’sGovernmentProcurement

Agreement and establish new arbitration

procedures for resolving disputes involving

major projects undertaken by Taiwanese

authorities;

S remove import bans on pork, chicken, variety

meats, and rice, as well as provide immediate

access for most of these products.

159

Implementation of many of these commitments

continued in 1999, but full implementation will occur

after Taiwan becomes a full WTO member.

160

159 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 207-208.

160 As a specialized United Nations agency, the GATT

acknowledged UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 of

October 25, 1971, recognizing only one China. Although

some GATT members considering Chinese Taipei’s

(Taiwan’s) application interpreted this resolution to mean

that Chinese Taipei should not accede to the GATT before

the People’s Republic of China, other members did not

agree. Nonetheless, both sides agreed to establish the

Working Party on the Accession of Chinese Tapei in 1992.

Status of Taiwan’s WTO Bid

Although China was one of the founding members

of the WTO’s predecessor organization—GATT,

–Taiwan lost its membership following the communist

takeover of the Chinese mainland. Taiwan returned to

the GATT as an observer in 1965, but was forced out

again in 1972, shortly after the Chinese mainland

replaced it in the United Nations. In 1987, Taiwan

began seeking reentry to the GATT, and in 1990 filed a

formal application for membership under the name of

the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu,

Kinmen and Matsu. On September 29, 1992, the GATT

established a working party to examine Taiwan’s

Foreign Trade Memorandum and to draft a protocol of

accession. Meanwhile, the GATT offered Taiwan

observer status, which allowed it to participate in

related meetings before becoming a full member. On

January 1, 1995, the WTO was established to replace

the GATT, and Taiwan was granted observer status on

January 31, 1995. On December 1, 1995, Taiwan

switched its membership application from the GATT to

the WTO.

161

Bilateral consultation with all member states is one

prerequisite for entry to the WTO. Table 4-3 presents

the 43-member working party on the accession of the

separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen,

and Matsu.

162 As of the end of 1999, Taiwan had

161 Government of Taiwan, The Republic of China

Yearbook 1999. Found at Internet address

http://www.gio.gov.tw, retrieved on April 14, 2000.

162 World Trade Organization, “Working Party on the

Accession of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan,

Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu,” document WT/ACC/TPKM/6,

March 11, 1997, found at Internet address http://wto.org,

retrieved April 14, 2000.

Table 4-3

WTO Working Party on the Accession of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu,

Kinmen, and Matsu

Argentina Egypt Madagascar Senegal

Australia El Salvador Malaysia Singapore

Bangladesh European Union Mexico Slovak Republic

Bolivia Guatemala Mongolia South Africa

Brazil Honduras New Zealand Sri Lanka

Canada Hong Kong Norway Switzerland

Chile Hungary Pakistan Thailand

Colombia India Peru Turkey

Costa Rica Indonesia Philippines United States

Czech Republic Japan Poland Uruguay

Ecuador Korea Romania

Source: WTO “Working Party on the Accession of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen,

and Matsu.” Mar. 11, 1997.
74

reached bilateral agreements with all Working Party

members. Although the United States had completed

its review of China’s accession package, other WTO

members continued to work on verification and

rectification of Taiwan’s documents.

163

Electronic Commerce in Taiwan

Taiwan supports international efforts to facilitate

global electronic commerce, and in 1998 unveiled

electronic commerce policy guidelines that emphasize

the primacy of the private sector in electronic

commerce development. In practice, however,

Taiwan’s approach to electronic commerce is still

evolving. In 1998, Taiwan authorities proposed an

amendment to the Taiwan Telecommunications Law

that would have required time-consuming inspections

and approval of all hardware and software encryption

modules. The amendment was deleted from the

legislation, which was approved that October. In the

area of software sales, imports through traditional

channels are subject to import duties up to 1.3 percent.

However, assessment of duties for software sold and

downloaded over the Internet is still under discussion

and no conclusion has yet been reached. In the area of

online banking, securities transactions, and other

transactions, Taiwan is deliberating whether to

establish a compulsory security standard controlling all

transactions. The Ministry of Finance announced on

December 24 that it is now considering allowing

competing security standards in Taiwan.

164 Electronic

commerce was discussed during Assistant U.S. Trade

Representative Joseph Papovich’s visit to Taiwan in

November, 1999.

165

Korea

U.S.-Korean trade relations were again calm in

1999, reflecting the continued relaxation of trade

frictions in recent years. Korea has made progress in

liberalizing both its domestic economy and trade

regime. The Korean economic crisis that began in 1997

and continued into 1998 spurred some liberalizations

and also diverted attention and energy away from trade

frictions. President Kim Dae-jung, inaugurated in early

1998, has been more favorably inclined toward reform

163 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 207.

164 USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 386.

165 U.S. Department of State Telegram, “Short But

Useful IPR Talks with Taiwan,” message reference number

03346, prepared by AIT, Nov. 23, 1999.

than previous presidents. Also, the International

Monetary Fund rescue package has called for

liberalizations as a condition of its loans. Korea’s

economy rebounded in 1999 from the slump that began

in late 1997, growing 10.7 percent in 1999, after

declining 6.7 percent in 1998.

166

One bilateral trade issue involving the United

States and Korea in 1999 stood out above the others. In

April, the United States requested a WTO

dispute-settlement panel regarding Korea’s imports of

beef. Lesser issues included a U.S. request for a WTO

dispute-settlement panel regarding procurement of

airport construction in Korea and monitoring of the

1998 U.S.-Korea Memorandum of Understanding

dealing with Korean practices that discourage imports

of U.S. automobiles.

Korea and China concluded a bilateral agreement

on China’s accession to the WTO in August 1997.

167

Beef

In 1997, Korean imports of beef were below its

annual minimum market access quota of 167,000

metric tons. In 1998, Korea imported only 53 percent

of its 187,000 metric ton commitment.

168 Meetings

between the two governments in September and

November 1998 and January 1999 failed to reach

agreement on a plan to establish a market-driven beef

import system in Korea. The United States then

requested WTO dispute settlement consultations on

February 1, 1999. No settlement was reached in

consultations held in March. The United States then

requested the formation of a WTO dispute- settlement

panel, which was established in May. Australia also

filed a complaint, which was added to U.S complaint

before the dispute-settlement panel. The first meeting

of the combined panel was held in December 1999,

and Canada and New Zealand became third parties to

the process.

169

Background

Korean beef imports have been governed by three

agreements between Korea and the United States

negotiated in 1990 and 1993.

170 These agreements

166 Florence Lowe-Lee, “Economic Trends,” Korea

Insight, Korea Economic Institute of America, March 2000.

167 U.S. Department of State telegram, “China’s WTO

Accession: ROK-China Bilateral Agreement,” message

reference No. 5209, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Seoul,

Sept. 3, 1997.

168 Korean commitments and existing bilateral

agreements are discussed in the following section.

169 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 202.

170 Australia and New Zealand were also parties to the

1990 agreement and the first of the two 1993 agreements.
75

stemmed from a 1989 GATT panel ruling that found

that Korea could no longer justify restrictions on

imports of beef on balance-of-payments grounds.

These restrictions had a long history and consisted of a

virtual ban on beef imports in the years leading up to

the GATT panel ruling.

171 These agreements

established a simultaneous buy/sell system to phase out

Korean government involvement in the importation of

beef.

172 The second of the 1993 agreements, which

was part of the Uruguay Round negotiations,

established the expansion of the quota to 225,000

metric tons and an end to mandatory markups by

importing entities in 2000, with an end to the quota and

involvement by the state-trading entity in 2001. In

addition, the agreement calls for “complete private

sector autonomy regarding product quantity, price,

quality, and supplier” in 2001, and “no government

restrictions on product utilization.”

173 The U.S. and

Korean Governments have met quarterly to review

Korea’s implementation of the two 1993 accords on

imports of foreign beef.

Under the regime that evolved after the

agreements, all imports of beef are made through the

Livestock Products Marketing Organization, the

state-trading entity, and approximately 10 “super

groups” such as restaurants, meat processors, or retail

stores that control distribution of imported beef to

segments of the Korean market. Retail sale of imported

beef is only allowed in specially designated stores that,

with few exceptions, are not allowed to sell Korean

beef. The Korean contention is that the separate retail

stores are necessary to prevent the fraudulent sale of

imported beef as Hanwoo (Korean) beef. Importing

entities charged markups over the import price to their

customers, as mandated by the Korean Government,

although the markups were to be lowered over time

and phased out by 2000.

174

171 USITC, Operation of the Trade Agreements

Program: 40th Report, 1988, USITC publication 2208, July

1989, p. 129.

172 U.S. Department of State telegram, “WTO Dispute

Settlement Body Mtg 28 Apr 1999: Instructions,” message

reference No. 80945, prepared by U.S. Department of State,

Washington, DC, May 3, 1999, “Record of Understanding

between Korea and the United States on Agricultural Market

Access in the Uruguay Round,” Dec. 13, 1993 and U.S.

Department of State telegram, “Disharmony in Korea’s

Trade Policy Apparatus,” message reference No. 2737,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Seoul, May 13, 1999.

173 USTR, 1997 National Trade Estimate Report on

Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 235.

174 “Record of Understanding between Korea and the

United States on Agricultural Market Access in the Uruguay

Round,” Dec. 13, 1993.

Korean imports of beef regularly exceeded the

announced quota levels through 1996.

175 There was a

small shortfall in 1997, followed by a much larger one

in 1998. In 1998, Korea significantly expanded its

domestic support to cattle producers in reaction to the

economic downturn. Subsequently, the United States

initiated a series of meetingsto discuss market-oriented

reforms in the beef import regime to offset Korea’s

failure to meet its minimum quota commitments,

176

culminating in the establishment of the

dispute-settlement panel in May 1999.

177

In its complaint against Korea before the WTO

dispute-settlement panel, the United States alleges a

regulatory scheme that discriminates against imported

beef by, among other things, confining sales of

imported beef to specialized stores, limiting the

manner of its display, and otherwise constraining the

opportunities for the sale of imported beef. The United

States also alleges that Korea provides domestic

support to the cattle industry in Korea in amounts that

cause Korea to exceed its aggregate measure ofsupport

as reflected in Korea’s WTO schedule. The United

States contends that these restrictions apply only to

imported beef, thereby denying national treatment to

beef imports, and that the support to the domestic

industry amounts to domestic subsidies that contravene

the WTO Agreement on Agriculture.

178

Other Issues

Airport Procurement

On June 16, 1999, the WTO Dispute Settlement

Body established a panel at the request of the United

175 WTO, “Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh,

Chilled, and Frozen Beef: Report of the Panel,”

WT/DS161/R, WT/DS169/R, July 31, 2000, p. 49.

176 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Instructions for

U.S. Delegation to the WTO Committee on Agriculture,

March 25-26, Geneva,” message reference No. 52844,

prepared by U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC,

Mar. 23, 1999.

177 Korean beef imports rebounded significantly in

1999. U.S. exports of beef to Korea were higher in 1999 than

in any previous year in the 1990s–double the 1998 figure

and 16 percent higher than the previous peak in 1995.

178 WTO, “Overview of the State-of-play of WTO

Disputes,” found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/dispute/bulletin.htm, retrieved

Apr. 26, 2000.

On July 31, 2000, the dispute settlement panel

circulated its report, which concluded that Korea’s import

regime for beef discriminates against imports from the

United States and other foreign suppliers, and that the

excessive amount of subsidies that Korea provides to its

cattle industry violates its reduction commitments on

domestic support. USTR, “WTO Panel Finds that Korea

Maintains WTO-Inconsistent Restrictions on U.S. Beef

Imports,” press release 00-58, Aug. 2, 2000.
76

States to consider a complaint about certain

procurement practices of the Korean Airport

Construction Authority. The complaint stems from

allegations of U.S. firms that the construction authority

and successor organizations have discriminated against

foreign firms interested in bidding for airport

construction projects. The United States contends that

during negotiations on Korea’s accession to the WTO

Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), Korea

assured that airport procurement would be conducted

by GPA-covered entities. The Korean Government

contends that the construction authority is a privately

financed entity not covered by its GPA

commitments.

179 The dispute-settlement panel was

formed on September 8, 1999, and held meetings in

October and November 1999.

180

Automobiles

In October 1998, the United States and Korea

signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

ending a section 301 investigation by the United States

on “certain acts, policies, and practices ot the

Government of the Republic of Korea that pose

barriers to imports of U.S. autos into the Korean

market.”

181 The United States continues to monitor

the 1998 MOU with Korea on automobiles, having the

first formal review of Korea’s implementation in April

1999 and detailed consultations in December 1999.

The U.S. Government feels that many specific

provisions of the MOU are on track, but remains

concerned about the lack of substantial increases in

market access for foreign motor vehicles in Korea.

182

Electronic Commerce in Korea

Korea has an Electronic Commerce Basic Law and

an Electronic Signatures Law that went into effect on

July 1, 1999. These laws encourage private sector

development of electronic commerce in Korea and

179 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, pp. 200-201 and U.S. Department of

State telegram, “DUSTR Fisher’s Meetings in Seoul:

Government Procurement,” message reference No. 1041,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Seoul, Feb. 18, 1999.

180 On May 1, 2000, the dispute settlement panel

circulated its report, which rejected the U.S. complaint.

WTO, “Korea–Measures Affecting Government

Procurement: Report of the Panel,” WT/DS163/R,

May 1, 2000.

181 62 F.R. 55843. For background, see USITC, The

Year in Trade, OTAP 1998, USITC publication 3192,

pp. 78-80.

182 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, pp. 196-197 and U.S. Department of

State telegram, “US-ROK Motor Vehicle consultations,

December 8-9, 1999,” message reference No. 86, prepared

by U.S. Embassy, Seoul, Jan 5, 2000.

codify authorization of electronic signatures as legally

binding on consumers and businesses. In 2000, the

Korean Government anticipates enactment of

additional laws to support electronic commerce,

including laws covering the security of electronic

payment systems.

183

Brazil

Following a year of economic turmoil and eroding

investor confidence in the country’s economic policies,

the Brazilian Government sharply devalued its

currency and adopted a floating exchange rate regime

in January 1999. That devaluation, which made

Brazilian goods more competitive in world markets, set

the stage for an export-led economic recovery that by

year end 1999 enabled Brazil to resume economic

growth, improve its foreign trade balance, and restore

international investor confidence.

184

Increased exports

to the United States, especially exports of civil aircraft,

coffee, and automobile parts, contributed significantly

to Brazil’s improved trade performance, and the United

States was Brazil’s most important export market in

1999. U.S. exports to Brazil totaled $12.3 billion in

1999, a decline of $2 billion from 1998, while U.S.

imports from Brazil totaled nearly $11.3 billion, an

increase of more than $1 billion from 1998.

U.S.-Brazilian trade data are shown in tables A-22

through A-24.

Brazil is the largest economy participating in the

Southern Common Market (Mercosur). Formed in

1991,

185 Mercosur is a South American customs union

(a free trade area with a common external tariff) whose

other members are Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

The Mercosur customs union became operative

January 1, 1995. Bolivia and Chile are associate

members of Mercosur—they participate in the

Mercosur free trade area, but not in the Mercosur

common external tariff arrangement. The four

Mercosur customs union partners have participated in

international fora such as the WTO and the

negotiations for the Free Trade Areas of the Americas

jointly based on common Mercosur positions.

186

183 USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual

Report of the President of the United States on the Trade

Agreements Program, p. 271.

184 U.S. Department of State telegram, “U.S. Was

Brazil’s Star Export Market in 1999,” message reference No.

00414, prepared by U.S. Embassy Brasilia, Feb. 3, 2000.

185 Mercosur was notified to the WTO in 1992, and

currently is being examined by the WTO Committee on

Regional Trade Agreements. WTO, “Regional Integration

and the Multilateral Trading System,” found at

http://www.wto.org/wto/develop/regional.htm retrieved April

28, 2000.

186 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Common

Mercosur WTO Positions,” message reference No. 02328,

prepared by U.S. Embassy Montevideo, Nov. 23, 1999.
77

Mercosur launched trade negotiations with the EU in

early 2000, and the two trade blocs hope to conclude

an EU-Mercosur free trade agreement some time after

2001.

187

Solid Wood Packaging Material

On November 5, 1999, the Brazilian Government

published a new measure that requires all imported

shipments crated in wood or containing solid wood

packaging materials

188 originating from the United

States, China, Japan, North Korea, and South Korea be

accompanied by phytosanitary certificates stating that

the wood packaging materials has been treated by heat

or fumigation. The stated purpose of this requirement

is to avoid the potential introduction of the Asian

long-horned beetle (Anaplophora glabripennis) into

Brazil via infected packaging materials. Consequently,

effective January 5, 2000, wood-containing packages

without the required phytosanitary certificate are to be

fumigated or incinerated upon arrival in Brazil.

189

This Brazilian phytosanitary measure created some

difficulties for U.S. exporters in early 2000. However,

the matter was satisfactorily resolved when, on April

14, 2000, the United States was removed from the list

of countries required to comply with Brazil’s solid

wood packaging materials regulations.

190

This new phytosanitary requirement affects all

products from designated proscribed countries shipped

to Brazil.

191 The Brazilian Government initially had

requested that U.S.-origin solid wood packing material

be fumigated in the United States by a private company

and be endorsed by the Animal and Plant Health

Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of

187 U.S. Department of State telegram, “EU Trade

Agreements Manual,” message reference No. 05823,

prepared by U.S. Mission to the EU, Brussels, Sept. 21,

1999, and U.S. Department of State telegram, “EU:

Ministerial with Mercosur, Chile, and Bolivia,” message

reference No. 00727, prepared by U.S. Embassy Lisbon,

Feb. 25, 2000.

188 Plywood, particle boards, wood resin materials, and

other processed wood materials are not listed in the Brazilian

regulation as solid wood packaging material, and therefore

are exempt. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid Wood

Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 7, 2000.

189 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Draft 2000

National Trade Estimate: Brazil,” message reference No.

00319, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Brazil, Jan. 28, 2000.

190 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid Wood

Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 28, 2000.

191 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Ambassador

Harrington’s Call on Agriculture Minister Pratini de

Morais,” message reference No. 00930, prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Brasilia, March 20, 2000.

Agriculture with a U.S. phytosanitary certificate

issued. But the inspection service does not issue

phytosanitary certificates for these packaging

materials.

192 Therefore, U.S. shipments with the

packaging materials were to be held at the Brazilian

port-of-entry at the importer’s expense until the

shipments were repackaged in Brazil.

193

In March

2000, to alleviate growing congestion at Brazilian ports

due to the new regulation, the Brazilian Government

issued revised instructions authorizing shipments to

continue to their final Brazilian destination and for

packaging materials not in compliance to be destroyed

at that location.

194

U.S. officials negotiated with the Brazilian

Government to review the requirement and to provide

assurances that U.S.-origin solid wood packaging

materials poses no pest risk. The Asian beetle is

confined to quarantined areas in Chicago and New

York, and the U.S. measures prevent the spread of the

beetle to other parts of the United States and ensure

that the beetle is not associated with U.S.-origin solid

wood packaging materails.

195, 196 Based on these

negotiations, Brazilian authorities committed to

removing the United States from the group of countries

subject to mitigation for the Asian long-horned beetle.

However, Brazil is to reinstate the use of phytosanitary

certificates if either the current U.S. infestation of the

Asian long-horned beetle spreads beyond Illinois and

New York, or if Brazilian officials detect the beetle in a

future U.S. shipment.

197

192 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid Wood

Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 7, 2000.

193 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid Wood

Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at Internet address

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 7, 2000.

194 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Ambassador’s

Call on Brazilian Finance Minister Malan,” message

reference No. 01267, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Brasilia,

Apr. 14, 2000.

195 The U.S. Department of Agriculture manages a

quarantine and eradication program for the Asian beetle in

the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid

Wood Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at Internet

address http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 7, 2000.

196 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Ambassador

Harrington’s Call on Agriculture Minister Pratini de

Morais,” message reference No. 00930, prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Brasilia, March 20, 2000.

197 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Solid Wood

Packaging Materials to Brazil,” found at Internet address

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/swp/SWPBrazil.html,

retrieved April 28, 2000.
78

Biotechnology: Genetically

Modified Soybeans

Brazil has an approval process for genetically

modified agricultural products that resulted in the

approval of Roundup ReadyR soybeans

198

in 1998

from a U.S. producer. However, the Brazilian

Government subsequently withdrew its approval in

response to an injunction issued by a Brazilian federal

judge on June 21, 1999.

199 The request for the

injunction was made by Greenpeace, a Brazilian

consumer protection advocacy group, and a Brazilian

government agency,

200 citing the need for

198 RoundupR is an herbicide commonly used to kill

weeds. Roundup ReadyR soybeans are genetically modified

to be tolerant of RoundupR herbicide. Information found at

Monsanto Company, “Technology Overview,” found at

Internet address

http://www.roundupready.com/soybeans/rrtechnology.htm,

retrieved April 7, 2000.

199 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Judicial Action

and NGOs Threaten GMO Soybean Season,” message

reference No. 02302, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Brasilia,

June 24, 1999.

200 Despite the fact that Brazil’s Ministry of the

Environment approved the sale of the genetically modified

environmental impact studies of the genetically

modified soybeans.

201 The injunction, which

Monsanto Company and several Brazilian government

ministries are appealing, prohibits both the commercial

sale in Brazil and commercial-scale planting of

genetically modified soybean seeds. One Brazilian

concern may be that the country remain a zone free of

genetically modified soybeans in order to maintain its

access to the European Union soybean market.

202 To

date, the Brazilian Government has yet to reapprove

genetically modified soybeans for use on the Brazilian

market, while the issue remains in Brazilian courts.

200—Continued

soybeans, a subordinate agency of that ministry, the

Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Natural

Resources, was a co-petitioner in filing for the injunction.

201 At the time of the original approval request, the

requirement for an environmental impact study in Brazil was

waived because Monsanto Company presented studies

conducted in the United States. The injunction obliges

Monsanto and its local Brazilian subsidiary, Monsoy, to

prepare an environmental impact report specifically for

Brazil.

202 Ibid.
79

CHAPTER 5

Administration of U.S. Trade Laws

and Regulations

This chapter surveys activities related to the

administration of U.S. trade laws during 1999. It

covers: the import relief laws; the unfair trade laws;

certain other trade provisions, including the U.S.

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA),

the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), section 232

of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 on impairment of

national security, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act

on interference with programs of the U.S. Department

of Agriculture; programs affecting textile and apparel

imports; and U.S. trade sanctions.

Import Relief Laws

The United States has enacted several safeguard

laws, as well as a trade adjustment assistance program.

The U.S. global action safeguard law, which is based

on Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Uruguay Round

Agreement on Safeguards, is set forth in sections

201-204 of the Trade Act of 1974.

1 U.S. bilateral

action safeguard laws are set forth in section 406 of the

Trade Act of 1974 (market disruption from imports

from Communist countries)

2 and sections 301-304 of

the North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Implementation Act.

3 The trade adjustment assistance

provisions are set forth starting with section 221 of the

Trade Act of 1974.

4

Safeguard Actions

During 1999, the Commission completed three

safeguard investigations, on lamb meat, steel wire rod,

and welded line pipe, all under the U.S. global

safeguard law; no investigations were pending at year

1 19 U.S.C. 2251 et seq.

2 19 U.S.C. 2436.

3 19 U.S.C. 3351 et seq.

4 19 U.S.C. 2271 et seq.

end. At the end of 1999, the United States had two

global safeguard measures in place on imports of

wheat gluten and lamb meat, both of which were the

subject of review by WTO dispute settlement panels.

Commission remedy recommendations with respect to

two additional imported products, steel wire rod and

welded line pipe, were pending before the President at

year end. During 1999, the Commission prepared a

mid-term monitoring report with respect to

developments in the domestic wheat gluten industry.

5

The Commission submitted its report to the

President in the lamb meat investigation in April

1999.

6 The six Commissioners unanimously found that

the domestic lamb meat industry was threatened with

serious injury, and a plurality of three Commissioners

recommended that the President impose a remedy in

the form of a tariff-rate quota. In July 1999 the

President imposed a tariff-rate quota on imports of

lamb meat for a period of 3 years and 1 day, but in an

amount different from that recommended by the

Commissioners.

7 The Commission submitted its report

to the President in its steel wire rod investigation in

July 1999.

8 The Commissioners were equally divided

in their injury vote;

9

the three Commissioners making

an affirmative determination recommended that the

President increase duties on the imported product. As

of year end, the President had not acted on the

Commission’s report.

10 The Commission submitted its

5 Inv. No. TA-204-2, Wheat Gluten (Dec. 1999).

6 Inv. No. TA-201-68, Lamb Meat (Apr. 1999).

7 Proclamation 7208 of July 7, 1999, as modified by

Proclamation 7214 of July 30, 1999.

8 Inv. No. TA-201-69, Certain Steel Wire Rod (July

1999).

9 Under U.S. law (sec. 330(d)(1) of the Tariff Act of

1930, 19 U.S.C. 1330(d)(1)), when the Commissioners are

equally divided in their injury determination, the President

may choose the determination of either group of

Commissioners as the determination of the Commission.

10 In February 2000, the President announced that he

was considering the determination of Commissioners voting

in the affirmative as the determination of the Commission,

and that he was imposing a remedy in the form of a

tariff-rate quota on imports of steel wire rod for a period of 3

years and 1 day. Proclamation 7273 of February 16, 2000.
80

report to the President on welded line pipe in

December 1999.

11 The Commission made an

affirmative determination by a vote of 5-1, and

recommended that the President impose a tariff-rate

quota on imports of welded line pipe. The

Commission’srecommendation was pending before the

President at year end.

12

In June 1999, the European Communities

requested establishment of a WTO dispute settlement

panel to review the U.S. safeguard measure on wheat

gluten. The panel was established in July 1999, and by

year end 1999 the panel had received the first written

submissions from the parties and held the first round of

oral arguments.

13

In October 1999, New Zealand and

Australia requested establishment of a WTO panel to

review the U.S. safeguard measure on lamb meat. The

panel for lamb meat was established in November

1999, and the process of selecting panelists was

underway at year end 1999.

14

Adjustment Assistance

The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program,

set forth with section 221 of the Trade Act of 1974,

authorizes the Secretaries of Commerce and Labor to

provide trade adjustment assistance to firms and

workers, who are adversely affected by increased

imports. Initially authorized under the Trade Expansion

Act of 1962, the current program is scheduled to expire

on September 30, 2001. In 1993, a new subchapter was

added to the TAA provisions to provide transitional

assistance to workers separated, or threatened to be

separated, from their employment as a result of

increased imports from, or shifts in production to,

Canada or Mexico under the NAFTA.

15

The TAA system of readjustment allowances to

individual workers is administered by the U.S.

Department of Labor through its Employment and

Training Administration in the form of monetary

11 Inv. No. TA-201-70, Circular Welded Carbon Quality

Line Pipe (Dec. 1999).

12 In February 2000, the President announced that he

was imposing higher tariffs on imports of welded line pipe

for a period of 3 years and 1 day, but was excluding from the

higher tariffs the first 9000 tons entered per year from each

supplying country. Proclamation 7274 of February 18, 2000.

13 United States – Definitive Safeguard Measures on

Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities,

(WT/DS 166). The panel is scheduled to issue its final report

in July 2000.

14 United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of

Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia (WT/DS 177

and 178). The panel is scheduled to issue its final report in

November 2000.

15 Sec. 250 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2331),

as augmented by sec. 502 of the NAFTA Implementation

Act.

benefits for direct trade readjustment allowances and

service benefits that include allocations for job search,

relocation, and training. Industrywide technical

consultation provided through Department of

Commerce-sponsored programs is designed to restore

the economic viability of U.S. industries adversely

affected by international import competition.

16

Assistance to Workers

The Department of Labor instituted 2,583

investigations during fiscal year (FY) 1999 (October 1,

1998, through September 30, 1999) on the basis of

petitions filed for trade adjustment assistance.

Petitioners for TAA assistance represented a broad

spectrum of manufacturing industries. The FY 1999

figure represents an increase from the 1,442 TAA

petitions instituted in FY 1998. The results of the TAA

investigations completed in FY 1999, including those

in progress from the previous fiscal year, are shown in

table 5-1.

The number of completed TAA cases, including

partial certifications and denied, terminated, or

withdrawn petitions, increased from 1,390 cases in FY

1998 to 2,515 cases in FY 1999. As shown in table 5-1,

there were 157,810 workers certified in FY 1999, an

increase from the number certified in FY 1998. For

workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA, the

Secretary of Labor must determine that workers in a

firm have become, or are threatened to become, totally

or partially separated; that the firm’s sales or

production have decreased absolutely; and that

increases in like or directly competitive imported

products contributed importantly to the total or partial

separation and to the decline in the firm’s sales or

production. Workers certified for TAA are provided

with a certification of eligibility and may apply for

TAA benefits at the nearest office of the State

Employment Security Agency.

Table 5-2 presents data on benefits and services

provided under the TAA program. Expenditures for FY

1999 increased to $195.7 million from $151.8 million

in FY 1998. In addition, there was an increase in the

number of workers applying for such benefits (from

24,175 new recipients in FY 1998 to 33,000 recipients

in FY 1999. The Department of Labor also provided

training, job search, and relocation allowances valued

at $94.3 million in FY 1999, a decrease from $96.7

million allocated during FY 1998, while, the numbers

of workers utilizing these services increased from FY

1998 to FY 1999.

16 Sections 251 through 264 of the TAA.
81

Table 5-1

Results of petitions filed under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, FY 1998 and FY 1999

Number of investigations

or petitions Number of workers

Item FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 1998 FY 1999

Completed certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 1,618 99,547 155,878

Partial certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 192 1,932

Petitions denied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 758 41,162 79,379

Petitions terminated or withdrawn . . . . . . . . 77 131 1,715 2,083

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,390 2,515 142,616 239,272

Source: Preliminary (January 2000) data maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training

Administration, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance.

Table 5-2

Benefits and services provided under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, FY 1998 and

FY 1999

Estimated number of participants

Item FY 1998 FY 1999

Trade readjustment allowance benefits

Number of new recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,175 33,000

Total expenditures (million dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.8 195.7

Training, job search, and relocation services

Number entering training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,675 25,000

Number receiving a job search allowance . . . . . . . . . . 243 250

Number receiving a relocation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . 330 400

Total allocations to States (million dollars) . . . . . . . . 96.7 94.3

Source: Preliminary (January 2000) data maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training

Administration, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance.

NAFTA Transitional Assistance to

Workers

The NAFTA Implementation Act

17 established the

Transitional Adjustment Assistance program (NAFTATAA). That program, which began operation

January 1, 1994, provides training, job search, and

relocation assistance to workers in companies affected

by imports from Canada or Mexico or by shifts of U.S.

production to those countries.

18 Data for FY 1999 from

17 NAFTA Implementation Act, Title V, NAFTA

Transitional Adjustment Assistance and Other Provisions,

Public Law No. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057, sec. 501-507

(Dec. 8, 1993).

18 Petitioners may apply for and, if eligible, be certified

under both the TAA and NAFTA-TAA programs. However,

such dual-certified workers are only permitted to receive

benefits from either the TAA program or the NAFTA-TAA

program and must indicate their preferred program.

the Department of Labor indicate that 979 petitions

were filed for assistance under the NAFTA-TAA

program, compared with 812 such filings in FY 1998.

Petition activity under the program in FY 1998 and FY

1999 is summarized in table 5-3. As shown, there were

516 completed certifications in FY 1999, covering

68,467 workers.

FY 1999 figures show that there were 1,800 new

recipients of NAFTA-TAA assistance, a decrease from

the 2,066 workers that entered the program in FY 1998

(table 5-4). There was, however, an increase in the

number of workers entering training - 4,400 workers in

FY 1999, compared with 3,888 workers in FY 1998.

The Department of Labor provided direct benefits to

workers of $14.0 million in FY 1999, a decrease from

$17.6 million in FY 1998, but expenditures for
82

Table 5-3

Results of petitions filed under the NAFTA Transitional Adjustment Assistance program,

FY 1998 and FY 1999

Estimated number of

investigations or petitions

Estimated number

of workers

Item FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 1998 FY 1999

Petitions filed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 979 88,033 118,033

Worker groups certified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 516 53,572 68,467

Petitions denied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 379 35,833 45,436

Petitions terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 39 (

1) (1)

1 Not available.

Source: Preliminary (January 2000) data maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training

Administration, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance.

Table 5-4

Benefits and services provided under the NAFTA Transitional Adjustment Assistance program,

FY 1998 and FY 1999

Item

Estimated number of participants

Item FY 1998 FY 1999

Trade readjustment allowance benefits

Number of new recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,066 1,800

Total expenditures (million dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 14.0

Training, job search, and relocation services

Number entering training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,888 4,400

Number receiving a job search allowance . . . . . . . . . . . 46 60

Number receiving a relocation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 370

Total allocations to States (million dollars) . . . . . . . . . 30.0 36.8

Source: Preliminary (January 2000) data maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training

Administration, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance.

training, job search, and relocation services increased

to $36.8 million in FY 1999 from $30.0 million in FY

1998.

Assistance to Firms and

Industries

19

The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Economic

Development Administration (EDA) certified 173

firms as eligible to apply for trade adjustment

assistance during FY 1999. This figure represents a

slight increase from the 167 firms certified in the

previous fiscal year. To be certified as eligible to apply

for trade adjustment assistance, a firm must show that

increased imports of articles like, or directly

19 Information obtained from the Planning and

Development Assistance Division, Economic Development

Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The trade

adjustment assistance program was extended through June

30, 1999, under the Omnibus Appropriations Bill for FY

1999.

competitive with, those produced by the firm

contributed importantly to declines in its sales,

production, or both, and to the separation, or threat of

separation, of a significant portion of the firm’s

workers. Following certification, a firm may apply for

technical assistance to develop and implement its

economic recovery strategy.

The EDA administers its technical assistance

programs through a nationwide network of 12 Trade

Adjustment Assistance Centers (TAACs). The TAACs

are nonprofit, nongovernment organizations

established to help firms qualify for, and receive

assistance in, adjusting to import competition.

Technical services are provided to certified firms

through TAAC staffs and independent consultants

under contract with TAACs. Typical technical services

include assistance in marketing (e.g., the design of new

brochures and websites), identifying appropriate

management information system hardware and

software, and developing and completing quality
83

assurance programs. The TAACs’ funding for technical

services to firms adversely affected by international

import competition was $9.5 million during FY 1999,

unchanged from the amount awarded in FY 1998.

In addition to trade adjustment assistance for firms,

the EDA also provided $1.5 million in FY 1999 in

defense conversion funding to the TAACs, unchanged

from the amount provided in FY 1998. These

expenditures assist trade-injured firms in areas that

have also experienced economic dislocations from

defense expenditure cutbacks.

The Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 also

provided $5 million in FY 1999 to assist the Alaskan

salmon fishing industry, which was suffering economic

losses due to low fish runs in certain areas of Alaska,

reduced export sales due to the Asian financial crisis,

and reduced domestic sales due to increased

competition from foreign farmed salmon. In FY 1999,

EDA awarded a $200,000 grant to the Alaska Seafood

Marketing Institute to prepare a strategic marketing

plan for the Alaskan salmon fishing industry. The

remaining funds are expected to be awarded to

implement the technical assistance tasks outlined in the

strategic marketing plan.

Laws Against Unfair

Trade Practices

Several actions were taken in 1999 pursuant to

U.S. laws against unfair trade practices. The U.S.

Department of Commerce (Commerce) issued 19 new

antidumping orders and six new countervailing duty

orders during 1999, following completion of

investigations by Commerce and the Commission.

During 1999, the Commission completed three

investigations under section 337 of the Tariff Act of

1930 involving allegations of patent, trademark, or

copyright infringement or other unfair methods of

competition. The Commission issued three exclusion

orders prohibiting the importation of merchandise.

Finally, the USTR was involved in a number of actions

directed against unfair trade practices.

20

Section 301 Investigations

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (the Trade

Act) is the principal U.S. statute for addressing foreign

unfair practices affecting U.S. exports of goods or

services.

21 Section 301 may be used to enforce U.S.

rights under bilateral and multilateral trade agreements

and may also be used to respond to unreasonable,

20 The section immediately following addresses such

actions, and an overview is presented in table 5-5.

21 See sections 301-309 of the Trade Act of 1974, as

amended (19 U.S.C. 2411-2419).

unjustifiable, or discriminatory foreign government

practices that burden or restrict U.S. commerce.

Interested persons may petition the USTR to

investigate a foreign government policy or practice, or

the USTR may self-initiate an investigation.

If the investigation involves a trade agreement and

consultations do not result in a settlement, section 303

of the Trade Act requires the USTR to use the dispute

settlement procedures that are available under the

subject agreement. If the matter is not resolved by the

conclusion of the investigation, section 304 of the

Trade Act requires the USTR to determine whether the

practices in question deny U.S. rights under a trade

agreement or whether they are unjustifiable,

unreasonable, or discriminatory, and burden or restrict

U.S. commerce. If the practices are determined to

violate a trade agreement or to be unjustifiable, the

USTR must take action. If the practices are determined

to be unreasonable or discriminatory, and to burden or

restrict U.S. commerce, the USTR must determine

whether action is appropriate and, if so, what action to

take. The time period for making these determinations

varies according to the type of practices alleged.

In 1999, the principal developments under the

section 301 law concerned the imposition of additional

duties on certain imports from the European Union

following WTO dispute settlement proceedings

regarding the EU’s banana import regime and the EU’s

beef hormone ban.

22

In each instance, the WTO

Dispute Settlement Body authorized the United States

to suspend the application of tariff concessions granted

to the EU and its Member States. Accordingly, the

United States imposed additional 100 percent ad

valorem duties on certain imports from the European

Union.

23 The EU subsequently challenged one aspect

of the suspension of concessions in the banana case

before the WTO, and that challenge is ongoing.

24 The

issue in the case concerns the U.S. decision on

March 3, 1999 to suspend liquidation and to increase

the bonding requirement on certain imports from the

EU prior to the final WTO ruling affirming that the EU

banana regime is WTO-inconsistent.

In a related development in 1999, the EU also

challenged the section 301 statute itself before the

WTO, alleging that the U.S. statute is inconsistent with

U.S. obligations under the Dispute Settlement

Understanding and GATT 1994.

25 Specifically, the EU

alleged that the U.S. statute contains strict timetables

that require the United States to make unilateral

determinations about alleged WTO violations by other

WTO members prior to the completion of the dispute

22 For more detail about these two cases, see Chapter 2

of this report.

23 See 64 Federal Register 19209, Apr. 19, 1999, and 64

Federal Register 40638, July 27, 1999.

24 See 64 Federal Register 57689, Oct. 26, 1999.

25 See 64 Federal Register 14037, Mar. 23, 1999.
84

settlement process at the WTO. In December 1999, the

WTO rejected the EU allegations and ruled that the

section 301 statute is WTO-consistent.

26

The USTR initiated one new section 301

investigation in 1999 which concerned certain

measures and practices undertaken by Canada and the

Province of Ontario regarding sports fishing and

tourism services in the border waters between Ontario

and Minnesota that allegedly discriminate against U.S.

lodges and fishing guides.

27 The investigation was

terminated in November 1999 following bilateral

consultations in which Canada and Ontario agreed to

lift the discriminatory practices.

28 An ongoing 301

investigation concerning so-called “split run”

magazines in Canada was also terminated in 1999

following bilateral consultations in which Canada

agreed to address U.S. concerns.

29 A number of other

active 301 investigations are the subject of ongoing

WTO dispute settlement proceedings.

30 Table 5-5

contains a listing of active 301 cases.

Super 301

The “super 301” law directs the USTR to review

trade expansion priorities each year and to identify

so-called “priority foreign country practices” which, if

eliminated, are likely to have the most potential to

increase U.S. exports.

31 The identification of a

“priority foreign country practice” would trigger the

initiation of a section 301 investigation with specified

procedures and timetables. The “super 301” law was

originally enacted in the Omnibus Trade and

Competitiveness Act of 1988.

32

It expired in 1990, but

was modified and renewed by several subsequent

Executive Orders and by the Uruguay Round

Agreements Act.

33

26 See USTR, Press Release 99-102, Dec. 22, 1999.

27 See USTR, Press Release 99-68, July 29, 1999.

28 See USTR, Press Release 99-94, Nov. 4, 1999.

29 See USTR, Press Release 99-46, May 26, 1999 and,

for more detail, see USITC, The Year in Trade, OTAP 1999,

pp. 4-2 to 4-5.

30 See USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999

Annual Report, pp. 287.

31 See section 310 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended

(19 U.S.C. 2420).

32 See section 1302 of the Omnibus Trade and

Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Pub. L. 100-418; 102 Stat.

1176).

33 See Executive Order 12901 of March 3, 1994, 59

Federal Register 10727, as amended by Executive Order

12973 of September 27, 1995, 60 Federal Register 51665,

and see section 314(f) of the Uruguay Round Agreements

Act (Pub. L. 103-465).

In 1999, President Clinton issued an Executive

Order that extended the “super 301” authority for three

years.

34

In the 1999 “super 301” report, the USTR did

not identify any “priority foreign country practices,”

but it did identify the following overall trade expansion

priorities: (1) launching a new round of global trade

negotiations; (2) ensuring that WTO Members fully

implement existing commitments; (3) enforcing U.S.

rights under existing trade agreements and U.S. laws;

and, (4) integrating China and other economies into the

world trading system.

35

In addition, the “super 301”

report announced the initiation of seven WTO dispute

settlement cases.

Special 301

The “special 301” law provides that, each year, the

USTR shall identify countries that deny adequate and

effective protection of intellectual property rights(IPR)

or that deny fair and equitable market access for

persons who rely on intellectual property protection.

36

A country may be found to be denying adequate and

effective IPR protection even if it is in full compliance

with its obligations under the WTO TRIPS Agreement.

In addition, the “special 301” law directs the USTR to

identify so-called “priority foreign countries.” Such

countries have the weakest IPR protection which

results in the greatest adverse impact (actual or

potential) on the relevant U.S. products. The

identification of a “priority foreign country” would

trigger the initiation of a section 301 investigation with

specified procedures and timetables.

In the annual “special 301” review process, the

USTR has adopted a policy of naming countries to the

so-called “watch list” or to the “priority watch list” if

the countries’ IPR laws and practices do not provide

adequate and effective IPR protection, but the

deficiencies do not warrant identification of the

countries as “priority foreign countries.” The “priority

watch list” is for countries with significant IPR

problems that warrant close monitoring and bilateral

consultation. A country that is identified on the

“priority watch list” may make progress and be

downgraded to the “watch list” or removed from any

listing; alternatively, a country that fails to make

progress may be elevated from the “watch list” to the

“priority watch list” or from the “priority watch list” to

the list of “priority foreign countries.”

34 See Executive Order 13116 of March 31, 1999, 64

Federal Register 16333, Apr. 5, 1999.

35 USTR, “Identification of Trade Expansion Priorities,”

Press Release 99-40, Apr. 30, 1999, .

36 See section 182 of the Trade Act of 1974, as added by

section 1303 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

of 1988 (Pub. L. 100-418; 102 Stat. 1179), as amended (19

U.S.C. 2242).
85

Table 5-5

Summary of section 301 investigations active during 1999

Docket No. Summary and actions occurring during course of investigation

Docket No. 301-62 European Union and the Meat Hormone Directive

In 1987, the President announced his intention to impose prohibitive duties on certain

imports from the European Union in response to the adoption and implementation of the

Meat Hormone Directive which banned imports of meat produced from animals treated

with growth hormones. Following a long series of bilateral consultations during the

ensuing years, USTR eventually resorted to the WTO dispute settlement process. In

1997, the WTO found that the EU’s ban was inconsistent with its WTO obligations.

Subsequent bilateral consultations regarding the implementation of the recommendations

of the WTO panel report were ongoing in 1998. By 1999, when the EU had not

implemented the WTO recommendations, the United States requested and received

authorization from the WTO to retaliate against imports from the European Union.

1

Docket No.

301-100

(see also 301-94)

European Union and the Banana Import Regime

In September 1994, Chiquita Brands International Inc. and the Hawaii Banana Industry

Association filed a section 301 petition alleging that various acts, policies and practices of

the European Union with respect to the importation, sale and distribution of bananas were

discriminatory. USTR initiated a 301 investigation in October 1994. In September 1995,

USTR terminated the initial 301 investigation and initiated a second, expanded 301

investigation of the European Union’s banana import regime. Following a series of

bilateral and multilateral consultations during the ensuing years, USTR eventually

resorted to the WTO dispute settlement process. In 1997, the WTO found that the EU’s

banana import regime was inconsistent with its obligations under the WTO. Subsequent

bilateral and multilateral consultations regarding the implementation of the

recommendations of the WTO panel report were ongoing in 1998. By 1999, when the EU

had not implemented the WTO recommendations and conformed its banana import

regime with its obligations under the WTO, the United States requested and received

authorization from the WTO to retaliate against imports from the European Union.

2

Docket No. 301-107 Australia and Subsidies Affecting Leather

In 1996, the Coalition Against Australian Leather Subsidies filed a section 301 petition

alleging that the Government of Australia granted subsidies to the automotive leather

industry that violate the Subsidies Agreement, and USTR initiated a 301 investigation.

Following a series of bilateral consultations during the ensuing years, USTR eventually

resorted to the WTO dispute settlement process, and in May 1999, the WTO found that the

Australian subsidies violate Australia’s WTO obligations.

3 Bilateral consultations regarding

the implementation of the recommendations of the WTO panel report were ongoing in

1999.

Docket No. 301-118 Mexico and Practices Affecting High Fructose Corn Syrup

On April 2, 1998, the Corn Refiners Association, Inc. filed a section 301 petition alleging

that the Government of Mexico denies fair and equitable market opportunities for U.S.

exporters of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) by facilitating an agreement between the

Mexican sugar industry and Mexican soft drink bottlers to limit the use of HFCS. A

section 301 investigation was initiated in May 1998, and in May 1999, USTR announced

that it would continue consultations with the Government of Mexico with the aim of

securing fair and equitable market access for U.S. HFCS producers.

4 In a related

development before the WTO, USTR successfully challenged Mexico’s imposition of

antidumping duties on imports of U.S. HFCS.

5

Docket No. 301-119 Canada and Practices Affecting Tourism and Sport Fishing

On March 15, 1999, the Border Waters Coalition Against Discrimination in Services Trade

filed a section 301 petition alleging that certain acts, policies and practices of the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario discriminate against U.S. providers of tourism services. A section 301 investigation was initiated in April 1999, and in July 1999,

USTR requested consultations pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement.

6

In November 1999, USTR announced that the Province of Ontario had agreed to eliminate the discriminatory measures.

7

See footnotes at end of table.
86

Table 5-5—Continued

Summary of section 301 investigations active during 1999

1 For more detail about the WTO case, pp. 58-59 of this report.

2 For more detail about the WTO case, see pp. 53-58 of this report.

3 See USTR, Press Release 99--45, May 25, 1999.

4 See USTR, Press Release 99--44, May 14, 1999, and 64 Federal Register 28860, May 27, 1999.

5 For more detail about the WTO case, see pp. 60-61 of this report.

6 See USTR, Press Release 99--68, July 29, 1999.

7 See USTR, Press Release 99--94, Nov. 5, 1999.

Source: Compiled by USITC from: USTR, 2000 Trade Policy Agenda and 1999 Annual Report, pages 284- 287;

USTR, Report to Congress on Section 301 Developments Required by Section 309(a)(3) of the Trade Act of 1974

(June 1996 -- January 1998); and USTR, Section 301 Table of Cases, available at http://www.ustr.gov/reports/301report/act301.htm.

In the 1999 “special 301” review, the USTR

identified three priority IPR issues: (1) full and

effective implementation of WTO TRIPS obligations;

(2) the elimination of pirate production of optical

media, such as CDs, VCDs, DVDs and CD-ROMs;

and, (3) the elimination of the use of pirate software by

ministries of foreign governments.

37 The USTR also

announced that the United States would initiate WTO

consultations with Argentina, Canada and the

European Union regarding IPR issues. Overall, the

USTR identified fifty-seven countries that deny

adequate and effective IPR protection, but no countries

were identified as “priority foreign countries.” Sixteen

countries were placed on the “priority watch list,” and

thirty-seven countries were placed on the “watch list.”

The USTR noted that China and Paraguay were the

subject of formal monitoring to ensure that each

country complies with previous commitments made

under a bilateral IPR agreement. In addition, the USTR

announced that special, out-of-cycle reviews would be

conducted of the IPR regimes in nine countries and that

a special review of the progress of all developing

countries in fully and effectively implementing their

TRIPS obligations would be initiated in December

1999. One final noteworthy development in 1999 was

that the Administration “announced their intention to

develop a cooperative approach on health-related

intellectual property matters to ensure that the

application of U.S. trade law related to intellectual

property remains sufficiently flexible to respond to [a]

legitimate public health crisis.”

38 This new policy was

a response to the global AIDS crisis.

37 See USTR, “USTR Announces Results of Special 301

Annual Review,” Press Release 99-41, Apr. 30, 1999.

38 See USTR, “The Protection of Intellectual Property

and Health Policy,” Press Release 99-97, Dec. 1, 1999.

Antidumping Investigations

The present antidumping law is contained in title

VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended.

39 The

antidumping law provides relief in the form of special

additional duties that are intended to offset margins of

dumping. Antidumping duties are imposed when 1) the

Department of Commerce (the administering authority)

has determined that imports are being, or are likely to

be, sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United

States, and 2) the Commission has determined that a

U.S. industry is materially injured or threatened with

material injury or that the establishment of an industry

in the United States is materially retarded by reason of

such imports. Most investigations are conducted on the

basis of a petition filed with Commerce and the

Commission by, or on behalf of, a U.S. industry.

In general, imports are considered to be sold at

LTFV when the U.S. price (i.e., the purchase price or

the exporter’s sales price, as adjusted) is less than the

foreign market value, which is usually the

home-market price or, in certain cases, the price in a

third country, or a constructed value, calculated as set

out by statute.

40 The antidumping duty is designed to

equal the difference between the U.S. price and the

foreign-market value. The duty specified in an

antidumping duty order reflects the dumping margin

found by Commerce during its period of investigation.

This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports

if no request for annual reviews is received by

Commerce. If a request is received, Commerce will

calculate the antidumping duties for that year for each

entry.

39 19 U.S.C. 1673 et seq.

40 19 U.S.C. 1677b; 19 CFR part 353, subpart D.
87

Commerce and the Commission each conduct

preliminary and final antidumping investigations in

making their separate determinations.

41

In 1999, the

Commission completed 45 preliminary and 39 final

antidumping injury investigations.

42 Antidumping

duties were imposed as a result of affirmative

Commission and Commerce determinations in 19 of

the 39 final investigations on products from 14

different countries. The antidumping duty orders put

into effect in 1999 are shown in the following

tabulation (in alphabetical order by country). Details of

all antidumping actions and orders, including

suspension agreements

43

in effect in 1999, are

presented in tables A-25 and A-26. Table 5-6

summarizes the number of antidumping investigations

during 1997-99.

44

41 Upon the filing of a petition, the Commission has 45

days to make a determination of whether there is a

reasonable indication of material injury or threat of material

injury to an industry or of a material retardation of the

establishment of an industry. This is known as the

preliminary phase of the investigation. If this determination

is affirmative, Commerce continues its investigation and

makes preliminary and final determinations concerning

whether the imported article is being, or is likely to be, sold

at LTFV. If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping

determination, the Commission has 45 days to make its final

injury determination. If the Commission’s reasonable

indication or preliminary phase determination is negative,

both the Commission and Commerce terminate further

investigation.

42 The figures in this section do not include

court-remanded investigations on which new votes were

taken or investigations terminated before a determination

was reached.

43 An antidumping investigation may be suspended

through an agreement before a final determination by the

U.S. Department of Commerce. An investigation may be

suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the

imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either

to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports of the

merchandise to the United States within six months. In

extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may be

suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to completely

eliminate the injurious effect of the imports. A suspended

investigation is reinstituted should LTFV sales recur. See 19

U.S.C. 1673(c).

44 When a petition alleges dumping or subsidies for

more than one like product and/or by more than one country,

separate investigations generally are instituted for imports of

each product from each country and each such investigation

may be given a separate number. For this reason, the

numbers of investigations instituted and determinations

made may exceed the number of petitions filed. Moreover,

an investigation based on a petition filed in one calendar

year may not be completed until the next year. Thus, the

number of petitions filed may not correspond closely to the

number of determinations made; further, the numbers set

forth in this tabulation do not include determinations made

following court-ordered remands.

Country Item

Belgium Stainless steel plate in coils

Canada Stainless steel plate in coils

China Preserved mushrooms

France Stainless steel sheet and strip

Germany Stainless steel sheet and strip

India Preserved mushrooms

Indonesia Preserved mushrooms

Indonesia Extruded rubber thread

Italy Stainless steel plate in coils

Italy Stainless steel sheet and strip

Japan Hot-rolled carbon steel flat

products

Japan Stainless steel sheet and strip

Korea Stainless steel plate in coils

Korea Stainless steel sheet and strip

Mexico Stainless steel sheet and strip

South Africa Stainless steel plate in coils

Taiwan Stainless steel plate in coils

Taiwan Stainless steel sheet and strip

United Kingdom Stainless steel sheet and strip

Countervailing Duty

Investigations

The U.S. countervailing duty law is set forth in title

VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended. It provides

for the levying of special additional duties to offset

foreign subsidies on products imported into the United

States.

45

In general, procedures for such investigations

are similar to those under the antidumping law.

Petitions are filed with Commerce (the administering

authority) and with the Commission. Before a

countervailing duty order can be issued, Commerce

must find a countervailable subsidy, and the

Commission must make an affirmative determination

of material injury, threat of material injury, or material

retardation by reason of the subsidized imports.

Six new countervailing duty orders were imposed

in 1999 as a result of investigations involving both

Commerce and the Commission. In 1999, the

Commission completed 12 preliminary and eight final

injury investigations.

46 Details of countervailing duty

45 A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed

directly or indirectly by any country, dependency, colony,

province, or other political subdivision on the manufacture,

production, or export of products. See 19 U.S.C. 1677(5),and

1677-1(a).

46 The figures in this section do not include

court-remanded cases on which new votes were taken or

investigations terminated before a determination was

reached.
88

Table 5-6

Results of antidumping duty investigations, 1997-99

Antidumping duty investigations 1997 1998 1999

Investigations instituted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 36 61

Preliminary Commission determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 10

Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 33 35

Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4

Final Commerce determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0

Affirmative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 38

Suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0

Final Commission determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 18

Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9 21

Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0

Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Commission.

actions and outstanding orders, including suspension

agreements

47

in effect in 1999, are presented in tables

A-27 and A-28. Table 5-7 summarizes the number and

type of countervailing duty investigations during

1997-99.

48 The countervailing duty orders put into

effect in 1999 are shown in the following tabulation (in

alphabetical order by country):

Country Item

Belgium Stainless steel plate in coils

France Stainless steel sheet and strip

Italy Stainless steel plate in coils

Italy Stainless steel sheet and strip

Korea Stainless steel sheet and strip

South Africa Stainless steel plate in coils

47 A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended

through an agreement before a final determination by

Commerce if the subsidizing country or exporters accounting

for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under

investigation agree to eliminate the subsidy, to completely

offset the net subsidy, or to cease exports of the merchandise

to the United States within six months or extraordinary

circumstances are present and the government or exporters

agree to completely eliminate the injurious effect of the

imports of the merchandise under investigation. A suspended

investigation is reinstituted if subsidization recurs. See 19

U.S.C. 1671(c).

48 Because a petition will sometimes name more than

one product and/or country and because each product and

country named is designated as a separate investigation

when proceedings are formally instituted, the number of

investigations instituted and determinations made generally

exceeds the number of petitions filed.

Reviews of Outstanding

Antidumping and

Countervailing Duty Orders

Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires

Commerce, if requested, to conduct annual reviews of

outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty

orders to determine the amount of any net subsidy or

dumping margin and to determine compliance with

suspension agreements. Section 751 also authorizes

Commerce and the Commission, as appropriate, to

review certain outstanding determinations and

agreements after receiving information or a petition

that shows changed circumstances. In these

circumstances, the party seeking revocation or

modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty

order or suspension agreement has the burden of

persuading Commerce and the Commission that

circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant

review and revocation. Based on either of these

reviews, Commerce may revoke a countervailing duty

or antidumping duty order in whole or in part or

terminate or resume a suspended investigation. The

Commission completed 4 changed circumstances

investigations under section 751(b) in 1999.

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended

section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to require both

Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset

reviews of outstanding orders 5 years after their

publication to determine whether revocation of an

order would be likely to lead to continuation or

recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy
89

Table 5-7

Results of countervailing duty investigations, 1997-99

Countervailing duty investigations 1997 1998 1999

Investigations instituted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 12 16

Preliminary Commission determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 4

Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10 8

Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4

Final Commerce determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4

Affirmative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 12

Final Commission determinations:

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 1

Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 7

Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Commission.

and material injury.

49 Special rules apply to the

conduct of sunset reviews of transition orders (orders

in effect on January 1, 1995, the date on which the

WTO Agreement entered into force for the United

States). During 1999, Commerce and the Commission

instituted 208 full or expedited sunset reviews of

existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders.

In 1999, Commerce and the Commission completed 55

full or expedited sunset reviews, resulting in 14 orders

being revoked and 41 orders being extended for five

additional years (see table A-29). Another 40 sunset

reviews (31 of which had been instituted in 1999) were

terminated by Commerce and the Commission without

conducting either a full or expedited review; these

outstanding AD or CVD reviews were terminated

because a domestic industry did not petition to retain

the AD or CVD order (see tables 5-8 and 5-9).

Section 337 Investigations

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended,

authorizes the Commission, on the basis of a complaint

or on its own initiative, to conduct investigations on

certain import trade practices.

50 Section 337 declares

unlawful the importation, sale for importation, or the

sale within the United States after importation of

articles that infringe a valid and enforceable U.S.

patent, registered trademark, registered copyright, or

registered mask work, for which a domestic industry

exists or is in the process of being established.

51

49 19 U.S.C. 1675(c).

50 19 U.S.C. 1337.

51 Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair

methods of competition and unfair import acts, or in the sale

of imported articles, the threat or effect of which is to

destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry, to prevent

the establishment of an industry, or to restrain or monopolize

trade and commerce in the United States. Examples of other

unfair acts are misappropriation of trade secrets, common

law trademark infringement, misappropriation of trade dress,

If the Commission determines that a violation

exists, it can issue an order excluding the subject

imports from entry into the United States, or order the

violating parties to cease and desist from engaging in

the unlawful practices.

52 The President may

disapprove a Commission order within 60 days of its

issuance for policy reasons.

In 1999, as in previous years, most of the

complaints filed with the Commission under section

337 alleged infringement of U.S. patents by imported

merchandise. In 1999, there were also two new

investigations based on registered trademark

infringement. The Commission completed a total of 13

investigations under section 337 in 1999, including a

formal enforcement proceeding relating to a previously

concluded investigation. As in recent years, the section

337 caseload was highlighted by investigations

involving complex technologies, particularly in the

computer field. Significant among these were

investigations involving CD-ROM controllers, video

graphics display controllers, various types of memory

chips and related integrated circuit devices, and

processes for semiconductor fabrication. In addition,

several section 337 investigations involved other

sophisticated technologies, including excimer laser

systems for vision correction surgery, rare-earth

51—Continued

false advertising, and false designation of origin. Unfair

practices that involve the importation of dumped or

subsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping

or countervailing duty provisions, not under section 337.

52 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are

conducted before an administrative law judge under the

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. The

administrative law judge conducts an evidentiary hearing

and makes an initial determination. The Commission may

adopt the determination by deciding not to review it, or it

may choose to review it. If the Commission finds a violation,

it must determine the appropriate remedy, the amount of any

bond to be collected while its determination is under review

by the President, and whether public interest considerations

preclude the issuance of a remedy.
90Ta

ble5-8

Antidumpingdutyordersrevoked in1999,asofJan. 1,2000

Effectivedateof

Countryandcommodityoriginal action

Armenia: Solid u

rea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Australia: Canned

Bartlettpears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/23/73

Austria: Railwa

ytrackmaintenanceequipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/17/78

Azerbaijan: Solid ure

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Brazil: Ferro

silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/14/94

Hot--rolled leadandbismuthcarbonsteel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Canada: Red ra

spberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/24/85

Sugarandsyrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/09/80

Racingplates(aluminumhorseshoes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/27/74

Elemental sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/17/73

Steel jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/13/66

Chile: Fre

shcutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/20/87

China: Ferro

silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/11/93

Tungstenoreconcentrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/21/91

Colombia: Fresh c

utflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/18/87

Ecuador: Fresh c

utflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/18/87

Finland: Rayon

staplefiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/21/79

France: Hot--rolle

d leadandbismuthcarbonsteel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Largepowertransformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/72

Georgia: Solid u

rea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Germany: Hot--rolle

d leadandbismuthcarbonsteel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Bariumcarbonate,precipitated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/25/81

Animal glueand inediblegelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/22/77 Israel: Industrial phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/87 Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87 Italy: Brass fire protection equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/01/85 Large power transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/72 Japan: Benzyl paraben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/13/91 Laser light--scattering instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/19/90 Telephone systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/11/89 Microdisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/03/89 Nitrile rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/16/88 Cellular mobile telephones and subassemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/19/85 Calcium hypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/18/85 High powered microwave amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/20/82 Impression fabric of manmade fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/25/78 Acrylic sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/30/76 Steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/15/73 Synthetic methionine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/73 Roller chain other than bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/12/73 Bicycle speedometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/ 22/72 Large power transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/72 Fishnetting of manmade fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/09/72 Television receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/10/71 Kazakstan: Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/07/93 Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87
91

Table 5-8—Continued

Antidumping duty orders revoked in 1999, as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Kenya:

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/23/87

Korea:

Carbon steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/26/93

Telephone systems and subassemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/07/90

Color television receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/30/84

Kyrgyzstan:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Latvia:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Mexico:

Carbon steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/25/93

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/23/87

Moldova:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

New Zealand:

Fresh kiwifruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/02/92

Brazing copper wire and rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/04/85

Russia:

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/24/93

South Africa:

Brazing copper wire and rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/29/86

Spain:

Potassium permanganate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/19/84

Sweden:

Seamless stainless steel hollow products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/03/87

Stainless steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/08/73

Taiwan:

Telephone systems and subassemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/11/89

Color television receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/30/84

Ukraine:

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/07/93

United Kingdom:

Hot--rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Venezuela:

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/24/93

Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Commission from data maintained by the International Trade

Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

magnets used in electronic products, condensers used

in automobile air conditioners, conductive coated

abrasives used in industrial applications, and amino

fluoro ketone compounds used in basic medical and

pharmaceutical research. Other section 337

investigations active during 1999 concerned agricultural tractors, beer products, disposable cameras,

lumbar supports used in automobile seats, compact

multipurpose tools, lavatory faucets, and cigarettes and

related packaging.

Three exclusion orders were issued during 1999.

Several investigations were terminated by the

Commission without determining whether section 337

had been violated. Generally, these terminations were

based on a settlement agreement or consent order. At

the close of 1999, there were 10 section 337

investigations pending at the Commission, including

two advisory opinion proceedings, a reconsideration

proceeding, and a bond forfeiture proceeding.

Commission activities involving section 337 actions in

1999 are presented in table A-30.

As of December 31, 1999, a total of 50 outstanding

exclusion orders based on violations of section 337

were in effect, including 29 of these orders involving

unexpired patents. Table A-31 lists the investigations

in which these exclusion orders were issued.
92

Table 5- 9

Countervailing duty orders revoked in 1999, as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Brazil:

Hot--rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Agricultural tillage tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/22/85

Cotton yarn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/15/77

Castor oil products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/16/76

Canada:

Live swine and fresh chilled & frozen pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/15/85

Chile:

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/19/87

France:

Hot--rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Germany:

Hot--rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

India:

Certain iron--metal castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/16/80

Israel:

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Netherlands:

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/12/87

Peru:

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/23/87

Sweden:

Rayon staple fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/79

Turkey:

Welded carbon steel pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/07/86

United Kingdom:

Hot--rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/93

Venezuela:

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/10/93

Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Commission from data maintained by the International Trade

Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other Import

Administration Laws

and Programs

Tariff Preference Programs

Generalized System of Preferences

The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences(GSP)

program authorizes the President to grant duty-free

access to the U.S. market for certain products that are

imported from designated developing countries and

territories. It has been enhanced to allow duty-free

treatment for certain products when imported only

from countries designated as least-developed

beneficiary developing countries. The program is

authorized by title V of the Trade Act of 1974, as

amended (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). The GSP program

expired on June 30, 1999, and was extended

retroactively through September 30, 2001, by Public

Law 106-170 signed by the President on December 17,

1999. By offering unilateral tariff preferences, the GSP

program reflects the U.S. commitment to three broad

goals: to promote economic development in

developing and transitioning economies through

increased trade, rather than foreign aid; to reinforce

U.S. trade policy objectives by encouraging

beneficiaries to open their markets, comply more fully

with international trading rules, and assume greater

responsibility for the international trading system; and

to help maintain U.S. international competitiveness by

lowering costs for U.S. business and lowering prices

for American consumers.

Countries are designated as “beneficiary

developing countries” under the program by the

President. The President cannot designate certain

developed countries named in the statute and also may

not designate countries that afford preferential

treatment to the products of a developed country, that

has, or is likely to have, a significant adverse effect on

U. S. commerce or countries that do not afford

adequate protection to intellectual property rights or

internationally recognized worker rights to their

workers.

53 The President also designates the articles

53 19 U.S.C. 2462(b).
93

that are eligible for duty-free treatment, but may not

designate articles that he determines to be

“import-sensitive” in the context of the GSP. Certain

articles (like, footwear, textiles, and apparel) are

designated by statute as “import-sensitive” and thus not

eligible for duty-free treatment under the GSP

program.

54 The statute also provides for graduation of

countries from the program when they become

high-income countries and for removal of eligibility of

articles, or articlesfrom certain countries, under certain

conditions.

Each year (unless otherwise specified in a Federal

Register notice), the Trade Policy Staff Committee

conducts a review process in which products can be

added to, or removed from, the GSP program or in

which a beneficiary’s compliance with the eligibility

requirements can be reviewed. On December 23, 1999,

the TPSC in a Federal Register notice (64 F.R. 72136)

announced the petitions on products accepted for the

annual GSP review for 1999. The USTR requested the

Commission to provide advice concerning possible

modifications to the GSP for the products in the 1999

Annual GSP Review.

In June 1999, the President proclaimed certain

modifications to the GSP implementing decisions. The

modifications provided for the redefinition of a

regional association within the GSP system to include

Cambodia as part of the Association of South East

Asian Nations. Members of a regional association may

accumulate their value-added contributions on GSP

imports, making it easier for these countries to meet

the 35 percent value-added requirement of the GSP

rule of origin. Modifications also resulted in granting

of de minimis waivers for certain articles and

restoration to preferential treatment of eligible articles

from certain beneficiary countries as well as the

exclusion of specified articles from certain beneficiary

countries from eligibility for preferential treatment

under GSP when shipments exceeded the competitive

need limits for calendar year 1998. Modifications also

included the addition of Gabon and Mongolia as

eligible countries under the GSP, the restoration of

Mauritania as a GSP and a least developed beneficiary

developing country, and the correction of the named

GSP designation for Congo and Zaire to Brazzaville

and Kinshasa. Finally, modifications included the

granting of waivers of the competitive need limits for

nine Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) subheadings

for certain countries.

Several other actions were taken under the GSP in

1999. In January 1999, the Trade Policy Staff

54 19 U.S. C. 2463.

Committee initiated a review to consider the

designation of Mongolia as a beneficiary developing

country under the GSP. Also in January 1999, the

Committee announced: the acceptance of a petition to

review the status of India for its alleged failure to

provide equitable and reasonable access to its soda ash

market; and that petitions concerning the enforcement

of internationally recognized worker rights in

Guatemala and Cambodia were not accepted for

review. In April 1999, the USTR solicited comments

related to the reinstatement of Mauritania as a

beneficiary developing country under the GSP. In

December 1999, USTR restored duty-free treatment

under the GSP for one article from South Africa and

gave two articles duty-free treatment for all beneficiary

developing countries.

A total of $13.6 billion in duty-free imports entered

under the GSP program in 1999,

55 accounting for more

than 10.3 percent of total U.S. imports from GSP

beneficiaries and 1.3 percent of total U.S. imports

(table 5-10). Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary

in 1999, followed by Thailand, Brazil, Indonesia, and

India (table 5-11). Appendix table A-32 shows the top

20 GSP products or product categories in 1999, and

table A-33 shows the overall sectoral distribution of

GSP benefits.

Caribbean Basin Economic

Recovery Act

Eligible imports from 24 countries and territories

in the Caribbean and Central America entered the

United States free of duty or at reduced duties under

the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

(CBERA) during 1999.

56 CBERA has been operative

since January 1, 1984, and, as amended, the Act

currently has no statutory expiration date.

57

55 The U.S. GSP program expired on June 30, 1999, and

was extended retroactively through September 30, 2001 by

legislation signed by the President on December 17, 1999.

Because of the lapse of GSP benefits, articles otherwise

eligible for GSP duty-free entry were subject to ordinary

MFN duties during the period of GSP lapse unless another

valid preferential tariff benefit, such as that provided by the

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act or the Andean

Trade Preference Act was claimed and accorded. Duties paid

on articles otherwise eligible for GSP duty-free entry during

the GSP lapse period were eligible to be refunded once the

program again became operative. Procedures for such

refunds were announced in a notice issued by the U.S.

Customs Service, “Procedures If the Generalized System of

Preferences Program Expires,” 64 F.R. 34847.

56 The 24 countries designated for CBERA benefits are

listed in table A-35.

57 See Public Law 98-67, title II, 97 Stat. 384, 19 U.S.C.

2701 et seq. Relatively minor amendments were made to

CBERA by Public Laws 98-573, 99-514, 99-570, and

100-418. CBERA was significantly expanded by the

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Expansion Act of

1990, Public Law 101-382, title II, 104 Stat. 629, 19 U.S.C.

2101 note.
94

Table 5-10

U.S. imports for consumption

1 from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 1999

(Million dollars)

All GSP

beneficiaries World

Total imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,069 1,014,545

Total GSP-eligible products

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,797 485,713

Non-LDBC eligible products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,443 267,883

LDBC eligible products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,354 217,831

Total duty-free under GSP3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,574 13,574

Duty-free under non-LDBDC GSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,420 11,420

Duty-free under GSP-LDBDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,155 2,155

Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from duty-free

treatment under the GSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,223 472,139

GSP program exclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,537 4,537

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,686 467,602

Noneligible products imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,272 528,832

1 Customs-value basis; excludes imports into the Virgin Islands.

2 Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles under

GSP. Non-LDBC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of “free” appears in the Special rate column of

the HTS followed by the symbols “A” or “A*” in parenthesis. The symbol “A” indicates that all beneficiary countries

are eligible for duty-free treatment for all articles in the designated provisions and the symbol “A*” indicates that

certain beneficiary countries, specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS, are not eligible for duty-free treatment with

respect to any article provided for in the designated provision. LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate

of duty of “free” appears in the Special rate column of the HTS followed by the symbol “A+” in parenthesis. The

symbol “A+” indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries are eligible for duty-free treatment

for all articles in the designated provisions. For a variety of reasons, all imports from beneficiary countries under

HTS provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP treatment do not always receive duty-free entry under the GSP.

3 Nearly $107 million of trade was reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1999 as receiving preferential duty-free treatment under GSP program, when in fact it was duty-free under normal trade relations (NTR).

The trade was excluded.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

CBERA is the trade-related component of the

Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI).

58 President Reagan

launched CBI in 1982 to promote export-led economic

growth and economic diversification in the countriesin

the Caribbean Basin.

59

A wide range of Caribbean products is eligible for

duty-free entry under CBERA. Excluded by statute

from duty-free entry, however, are canned tuna,

petroleum and petroleum derivatives, certain footwear,

some watches and watch parts, and most textiles and

apparel. Certain agricultural products, including sugar,

dairy products, cotton, peanuts, and beef, may receive

duty-free entry subject to U.S. quotas and/or health

requirements. Other restrictions apply to ethyl alcohol

produced from non-Caribbean feedstock. Handbags,

58 For a more detailed description of the CBERA,

including country and product eligibility, see USITC,

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act: Impact on the

United States, Fourteenth Report, 1998, USITC publication

3234, Sept. 1999.

59 President, “Address Before the Permanent Council of

the Organization of American States,” Weekly Compilation

of Presidential Documents, Mar. 1, 1982, # 217-223.

luggage, flat goods (such as wallets, change purses,

and eyeglass cases), work gloves, and leather wearing

apparel are not eligible for CBERA duty-free entry.

However, CBERA duty levels on these articles were

reduced by a total of 20 percent, but not more than 2.5

percent of value added, beginning January 1, 1992, in

five equal installments.

Total U.S. imports from CBERA beneficiary

countries in 1999 were almost $19.4 billion. Imports

under CBERA preferences were valued at 13.6 percent

of the total (table 5-12). The leading items afforded

duty-free entry under CBERA in 1999 were cigars and

other tobacco products, gold and platinum jewelry,

sugar, and pineapples (table A-34). In 1999, four

countries–the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica,

Guatemala, and Trinidad and Tobago–accounted for

more than 75 percent of all U.S. imports under the

CBERA preference program (table A-35).

60

60 Section 213(a) of CBERA (19 U.S.C. 2703(a))

establishes criteria, or rules of origin, to determine which

articles are eligible for duty-free treatment under the Act.
Table 5-11

U.S. imports for consumption and imports under the GSP from leading beneficiaries and total, 1999

(Million dollars)

Import

Rank Beneficiary

Total

imports GSP-elig

1 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,229 22 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,291 33 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,254 24 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,388 15 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,061 16 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,378 17 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,277 8 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,191 9 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,705 10 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,823 

Top 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,598 15

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,069 22

1 Nearly $107 million of trade was reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1999 of receiving preferential duty-free tre

program, when in fact it was duty-free under normal trade relations (NTR). This trade is excluded.Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data. Excludes Virgin Island trade. The import data represent U.S. general imports of all ticles covered by the formal MFA-that is, articles of cotton, wool, manmade fibers, vegetable fibers, and silk blends.Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
96

Table 5-12

U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 1997-99

Item 1997 1998 1999

Total imports from CBERA countries (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . 16,572,402.4 17,124,281.1 19,364,762.4

Total under CBERA preferences (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . . . . 3,207,842.4 3,224,563.9 2,637,199.7

Percent of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 18.8 13.6

Note.—Value of imports under CBERA has been reduced by the the value of MFN duty-free imports and ineligible

items that were misreported as entering under the program.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Decreased trade under the CBERA program can be

attributed in part to Hurricane Mitch, but also due to

the elimination of tariffs for some products, which

allowed freer trade without the CBERA program.

Andean Trade Preference Act

Eligible imports from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,

and Peru entered the United States free of duty under

the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) during

1999.

61 ATPA has been operative since December 4,

1991 and is scheduled to expire on December 4,

2001.

62 ATPA is the trade-related component of the

Andean Trade Initiative. To combat the production of

illegal narcotics in the Andean region, President Bush

launched the initiative in 1990 to help beneficiaries

promote export-oriented industries.

63

ATPA benefits were modeled after CBERA, but

some limits are linked to GSP. A wide range of Andean

products are eligible for duty-free entry.

64 ATPA

61 For a more detailed description of the ATPA,

including country and product eligibility, see USITC,

Andean Trade Preference Act: Impact on the U.S., Sixth

Report, 1998, publication 3234, Sept. 1999.

62 19 U.S.C. 3202

63 President, “Remarks Following Discussions With

President Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of Ecuador,” Weekly

Compilation of Presidential Documents, July 23, 1990,

pp. 1140-1143.

64 Section 204(a) of ATPA (19 U.S.C. 3203(a))

establishes rules of origin to determine which articles are

eligible for duty-free treatment under the Act.

excludes from duty-free entry the same list of articles

excluded under CBERA— handbags, luggage, flat

goods (such as wallets, change purses, and eyeglass

cases), work gloves, and leather wearing apparel are

not eligible for ATPA duty-free entry. However, ATPA

duties on these articles were reduced by a total of 20

percent, but not more than 2.5 percent ad valorem,

beginning January 1, 1992, in five equal annual

installments.

Total U.S. imports from the four Andean countries

totaled $9.8 billion in 1999. Imports under ATPA

preferences (shown by country in table A-36) were

valued at $1.75 billion, or 18 percent of the total (table

5-13). The leading items afforded duty-free entry under

ATPA in 1999 were refined copper cathodes, fresh cut

roses, pigments dispersed in nonaqueous media, and

fresh cut chrysanthemums, standard carnations,

anthuriums, and orchids (table A-37).

U.S. imports from the four ATPA countries rose 18

percent in 1999, with a 6 percent increase under

ATPA-covered products. U.S. imports from Colombia,

the major beneficiary, increased 32 percent overall and

12 percent under the agreement. Petroleum led

Colombia’s growth in total U.S. imports, followed by

organic chemicals. Petroleum also is Colombia’s

largest export category. U.S. pigment imports from

Colombia, which more than tripled, led ATPA growth

and comprised Colombia’s second largest export

category under ATPA, after fresh cut flowers.

Table 5-13

U.S. imports for consumption from Andean countries, 1997-99

Item 1997 1998 1999

Total imports from Andean countries (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . 8,673,563.8 8,361,036.4 9,830,216.6

Total under ATPA preferences (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,855.1 1,645,196.5 1,750,278.9

Percent of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 19.7 17.8

Note.—Value of imports under ATPA has been reduced by the value of MFN duty-free imports and ineligible items

that were misreported as entering under the program.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
97

Total U.S. imports from Ecuador increased 4

percent, led by petroleum, and under ATPA U.S.

imports from Ecuador rose by nearly 12 percent, led by

tuna, skipjack, and roses. Total U.S. imports from

Bolivia rose nearly 2 percent, but Bolivian imports

under ATPA decreased 12 percent due to major

decreases in the value of gold and platinum chains.

U.S. imports from Peru fell overall by 3 percent and

under ATPA by 0.2 percent. The decrease under ATPA

can be attributed to decreases in imports of precious

metals, while the total decrease was affected by

petroleum and coffee. The decline in 1999 imports

from Peru could be the result of unusually high imports

from that country in 1998. Data for 1999 reflect a

return to a more typical import level for Peru.

65

National Security Import

Restrictions

Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962

authorizes the President, on the basis of a formal

investigation and report by the Secretary of Commerce,

to impose restrictions on imports that threaten to

impair the national security of the United States.

66

Among the most important criteria considered by the

Department of Commerce are:

S requirements of the defense and essential

civilian sectors;

S maximum domestic production capacity;

S quantity, quality, and availability of imports;

S impact of foreign competition on the economic

welfare of the essential domestic industry; and

S other factors relevant to the unique

circumstances of the specific case.

The President has 90 days to decide on appropriate

action after receipt of the secretary’s findings. The

section 232 authority to adjust imports has been used

sparingly in the past. It has most notably been

employed in connection with the imposition of quotas,

fees, or economic sanctions on imports of petroleum

products. In 1999, one such investigation was initiated

by the Department of Commerce.

67 While Commerce

65 Compiled from the official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Commerce.

66 19 U.S.C. 1862.

67 Federal Register, (64F.R. 23820), May 4, 1999,

pp. 23820-21.

found that petroleum imports do threaten to impair

U.S. national security, the Department did not

recommend that the President use his Section 232

authority to adjust imports. It concluded that ongoing

programs and activities were more appropriate to

improving U.S. national security than an import

adjustment.

68

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Under section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment

Act (7 U.S.C. 624), the President may impose import

fees or quantitative limitations to restrict imports that

render ineffective or materially interfere with the

operation of any U.S. Department of Agriculture

program. The President acts on the basis of a

Commission investigation and report, although he may

take emergency action pending receipt of that report.

Following advice of the Secretary of Agriculture and

the Commission investigation, the President may

modify, suspend, or terminate import restrictions

because of changed circumstances. However, there

were no investigations conducted or actions in effect

under section 22 during 1999.

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act prohibits the

imposition of quantitative limitations or fees on articles

that are the product of a WTO member. The

prohibition applies to all articles except wheat as of

January 1, 1995.

69

U.S. Textile and Apparel

Trade Program

The Uruguay Round Agreement

on Textiles and Clothing

The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC)

entered into force as part of the WTO agreements in

1995 and created special interim rules for trade in

textiles and apparel (sector goods). The ATC replaced

the 1974 Multifiber Arrangement, which was

negotiated under the GATT and which permitted the

68 U.S. Deparment of Commerce, “The Effect on the

National Security of Imports of Crude Oil and Refined

Petroleum Products,” p. ES-9, found at Internet address

http://www.bxa.doc.gov/pdf/Sec.2320il/199.pdf, retrieved

July 24, 2000.

69 With the exception of the tariff rate quotas in effect

on wheat, fees and quantitative limitations on agricultural

products under section 22 (subsection f) were converted to

bound tariffs and tariff rate quotas under a process known as

tariffication. Tariffs may not be raised above a bound level

without compensating affected parties. The special tariff rate

quotas on wheat expired in September 1995.
98

use of quotas without compensation.

70 Under the ATC,

WTO countries with Multifiber Arrangement quotas in

place–the United States, European Union, Canada, and

Norway–are to eliminate the quotas and integrate

sector goods into the GATT regime over a 10-year

transition period ending on January 1, 2005. As sector

goods are integrated into the GATT regime, they

become subject to the same GATT rules as trade in

other sectors.

Quota elimination under the ATC involves the

integration of articles into the GATT regime, including

the removal of quotas on those goods, and the

acceleration of growth rates for quotas on articles not

yet integrated into the GATT regime during the

transition period (“growth-on-growth” provision).

WTO countries were to integrate at least 16 percent of

their sector trade into the GATT regime in 1995 and an

additional 17 percent in 1998 based on their respective

1990 import volumes. They are to integrate at least

another 18 percent in 2002 and the remainder on

January 1, 2005.

71 Under the growth-on-growth

provision, importing countries were to increase

existing quota growth rates for major WTO suppliers

by 16 percent in 1995 and by another 25 percent in

1998; they are to increase the growth rates by another

27 percent in 2002.

72 For the 22 small WTO suppliers

(countries accounting for 1.2 percent or less of an

importing country’s total quotas in 1991), quota growth

rates advanced by one stage—they increased by 25

percent in 1995 and by 27 percent in 1998.

The ATC also allows WTO countries during the

10-year transition period to set new quotas on imports

of sector goods not yet integrated into the GATT

70 The MFA, a multilateral agreement governing most

world trade in sector goods during 1974-94, provided a

general framework and guiding principles for bilateral

agreements between textile importing and exporting

countries for the purpose of setting quotas or for unilateral

action by an importing country. The MFA was established to

deal with market disruption in tariff and apparel trade in

developed countries, while permitting developing countries

to share in expanded export opportunities.

71 The WTO reported that almost none of the articles

integrated by the developed countries in 1995 were subject

to quota and that the articles integrated in 1995 and 1998

were relatively less value-added items such as yarn and

fabric, rather than finished apparel. WTO, Comprehensive

Report of the Textiles Monitoring Body to the Council for

Trade in Goods on the Implementation of the Agreement on

Textiles and Clothing During the First Stage of the

Integration Process, document G/L/179 (97-3288), July 31,

1997, paras. 15 and 70, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/ddf, retrieved Jan. 28, 1998.

72 The acceleration of quota growth rates is based on

rates specified in the bilateral MFA agreements in place on

December 31, 1994. The base growth rates vary by country

and article, but ranged from less than 1 percent to 7 percent.

Assuming a 6-percent base rate for a major supplier, the

annual quota growth rate would be 6.96 percent during

1995-97, 8.7 percent during 1998-2001, and 11.05 percent

during 2002-04.

regime by applying a “transitional safeguard” when

imports cause or threaten serious damage to a domestic

industry. These quotas may remain in place for up to 3

years or until the article is integrated into the GATT

regime.

U.S. Quota Activity in 1999

The United States currently has quotas on textiles

and apparel from 48 countries, which together

accounted for 84 percent of the total value of U.S.

sector imports in 1999. U.S. quotas are being phased

out for Mexico under NAFTA and the other 37 WTO

countries under the ATC (table 5-14). The 10

non-WTO members subject to quotas, led by China

and Taiwan, are ineligible for ATC benefits.

73

Quota Actions with WTO

Countries

The Committee for the Implementation of Textile

Agreements (CITA), an interagency group that

administers the U.S. textile and apparel trade

agreements program, requested consultations with

Pakistan in December 1998 for the purpose of

establishing a quota on its shipments of combed cotton

yarn.

74 Following unsuccessful consultations with

Pakistan, CITA established a quota of 5,262,665

kilograms on the Pakistani yarn for the 12-month

period beginning on March 17, 1999. According to

CITA, imports of combed cotton yarn from Pakistan

had risen significantly, and the U.S. industry had

experienced declining production and shipments,

downward pricing pressures, a substantial increase in

inventories, deteriorating financial performance, two

mill closures, and job losses. In March 2000, the

United States extended the quota for another year,

increasing it by 6 percent to 5,578,425 kilograms.

The WTO Textiles Monitoring Body, which

supervises the implementation of the ATC provisions,

recommended that the United States rescind the quota

on cotton yarn from Pakistan. The United States

73 Imports of sector goods from non-WTO countries are

subject to quotas imposed by the President under section 204

of the Agricultural Act of 1956 (7 U.S.C. 1854), which

provides the President with the basic statutory authority to

enter into agreements with foreign governments to limit their

exports of sector goods to the United States.

74 Information on Pakistan is from Federal Register

notices of CITA, “Establishment of an Import Limit for

Certain Cotton Textile Products Produced or Manufactured

in Pakistan” (64 F.R. 12290), Mar. 12, 1999; “Request for

Public Comments on Bilateral Textile Consultations with the

Government of Pakistan” (63 F.R. 72288), Dec. 31, 1998;

and “Establishment of an Import Limit for Certain Cotton

Textile Products Produced or Manufactured in Pakistan”

(65 F.R. 14544), Mar. 14, 2000.
99

Table 5-14

Trading partners with which the United States has textile and apparel quotas, as of

Mar. 23, 2000, and U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from these partners in 1999

(Million dollars)

Parnters Imports

WTO members subject to the ATC

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,754

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,385

Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363

Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,164

Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,465

Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,959

Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Macau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,047

Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Myanmar (Burma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,475

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,156

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Slovak Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,887

Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,470

Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,074

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,183

United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,726

Non-WTO members subject to section 204 of the Agricultural Act of 1956

Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,129

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,709

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,071

WTO member subject to the North American Free-Trade Agreement

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,621

Note.—The import data represent U.S. general imports of all textile and apparel articles covered by the former

MFA—that is, articles of cotton, wool, manmade fibers, vegetable fibers, and silk blends.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Office of Textiles and Apparel.
100

informed the Textiles Monitoring Body that it was

unable to comply with it’s recommendation.

75 Pakistan

has asked the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to set up

a panel to rule on the U.S. quota.

76

The United States reached agreement with Turkey

in April 1998 to set a new quota on cotton and

manmade fiber underwear from Turkey for the period

from June 1, 1998, through December 31, 2002, and to

increase Turkey’s quotas for certain knit shirts of

cotton and manmade fibers and wool apparel fabrics.

77

The Textiles Monitoring Body reviewed the new U.S.

quota on underwear from Turkey and in March 2000

announced that the new limit “had not been

demonstrated to be in conformity with the provisions

of the ATC.”

78

Quota Actions with non-WTO

Members

In January 1999, the United States and Cambodia

signed a three-year textile agreement that provides for

12 quotas on selected apparel articles from Cambodia.

Under the agreement, Cambodia also agreed to

improve cooperation and information sharing to

prevent illegal textile transshipments and to increase

market access in Cambodia for U.S. exporters. In

addition, for the first time in a U.S. bilateral textile

agreement, the United States obtained a commitment

from Cambodia to improve labor conditions in its

textile and apparel sector. If the United States

determines that Cambodia’s labor conditions comply

with international labor standards by December 1 of

each agreement year, U.S. quotas could be increased by

14 percent for the following agreement year, in

addition to the annual quota growth rate of 6 percent.

79

On May 4, 2000, the United States announced that it

would grant Cambodia a 5-percent quota increase for

75 WTO, Textiles Monitoring Body, Fifty-Sixth Meeting

of the TMB, Note by the Chairman, document G/TMB/19

(99-2684), June 29, 1999, found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org, retrieved Mar. 22, 2000.

76 WTO, TMB, “Overview of the State-of-play of WTO

Disputes,” found at Internet address

http://www.wto.org/wto/dispute/bulletin.htm#_

Toc472401424, retrieved on May 9, 2000.

77 CITA, “Establishing and Increasing Import Limits for

Certain Cotton, Wool, and Man-Made Fiber Textile Products

Produced or Manufactured in Turkey,” Federal Register

(63 F.R. 27923), May 21, 1998, p. 27923.

78 WTO, Textiles Monitoring Body, Report of the

Sixty-First Meeting, document G/TMB/R/60 (00-0349),

Jan. 28, 2000, found at Internet address http://www.wto.org,

retrieved Mar. 23, 2000.

79 USTR official, telephone conversation with USITC

staff, Feb. 16, 1999.

2000 because Cambodia signed a signed a labor pact

with the International Labor Organization.

80

CITA requested consultations with Belarus in

September 1999 for the purpose of setting a quota on

its shipments of glass fiber fabric.

81 According to

CITA, imports of such fabric from Belarus rose from

456,093 square meters in the 12-month period ending

May 1998 to 6,480,552 square meters in the 12-month

period ending May 1999. Following unsuccessful

consultations with Belarus, the United States set a

quota of 6,480,552 square meters on its shipments for

the 12-month period beginning September 17, 1999. In

February 2000, the two countries agreed on a new limit

of 11,500,000 square meters for calendar year 2000. In

addition, a sublimit of 1,000,000 square meters was

created for glass fiber fabric weighing 185 grams or

less per square meter.

Market Access Agreement with

China

In November 1999, the United States signed a

market access agreement with China which, among

other things, incorporated textile provisions from a

Memorandum of Understanding between the two

countries dated February 1, 1997. These provisions

state that should China accede to the WTO, the United

States is obligated to phase out quotas on imports of

Chinese textiles and apparel as of January 1, 2005, the

same date as that for other WTO members. However,

the agreement allows the United States to apply

selective safeguards (quotas) on imports of sector

goods from China for 4 additional years beyond the

termination of textile quotas for WTO members (i.e.,

from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2008). The

agreement also states that no safeguards established

during the four-year period will remain in effect

beyond one year, without reapplication, unless both

countries agree. In addition to the textile-specific

safeguard, the agreement also provides for a

product-specific safeguard that would allow the United

States to apply a safeguard measure on imports of

80 U.S. Department of State telegram, “U.S. Announces

Quota Increase After Cambodia Signs ILO Monitoring

Agreement,” message reference No. 000860, May 5, 2000,

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Phnom Penh.

81 Information on Belarus is from Federal Register

notices of CITA, “Request for Public Comments on Bilateral

Textile Consultations with the Government of Belarus,”

(64 F.R. 51962) Sept. 21, 1999; “Establishment of an Import

Limit for Certain Man-Made Fiber Textile Products

Produced or Manufactured in Belarus,” (64 F.R. 71982)

Dec. 22, 1999; and “Settlement of a Call and Establishment

of an Import Limit for Certain Man-Made Fiber Textile

Products Produced or Manufactured in Belarus,” (65 F.R.

15315) March 22, 2000.
101

Chinese goods for 12 years following China’s

accession to the WTO.

Outward Processing Program for

Macedonia and Romania

In September 1999, the United States signed textile

agreements with Macedonia and Romania under an

Outward Processing Program for Textiles and Apparel,

marking the first time that the program has been

extended to countries outside the Western Hemisphere.

Under the agreements, which took effect on January 1,

2000, U.S. imports of wool apparel from Macedonia

and Romania will be eligible to enter quota free,

provided that the garments are assembled from fabrics

made in the United States. USTR said the agreements

with Romania and Macedonia were intended to

promote “economic development in two countries

whose economies were adversely affected by the

conflict in Kosovo, while enhancing export growth of

[U.S.] domestic wool fabric producers.”

82

In 1999,

U.S. imports of wool apparel totaled $29 million for

Macedonia and $17 million for Romania.

Textile and Apparel Related

Legislation

In May 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Trade

and Development Act of 2000, which grants expanded

trade benefits to 48 eligible countries in sub-Saharan

Africa under title I, the African Growth and

Opportunity Act, and 24 Caribbean Basin Economic

Recovery Act (CBERA) beneficiary countries under

title II, the United States-Caribbean Basin Trade

Partnership Act. Chief among the trade benefits in the

legislation is preferential treatment for certain textiles

and apparel from sub-Saharan African and CBERA

countries. The legislation also suspends or reduces

U.S. tariffs on imports of worsted wool fabrics and

their inputs in an effort to improve the competitiveness

of the U.S. tailored clothing industry and, as part of an

accord with the European Union, changes the rules of

origin for certain textile articles.

82 Office of the United States Trade Representative,

“United States Signs Textile Agreements with Macedonia

and Romania,” press release No. 99-75, Sept. 17, 1999. For

detailed information on the agreements, see CITA,

“Implementation and Enforcement of the Outward

Processing Program for Textiles and Apparel,” Federal

Register (64 F.R. 69746) Dec. 14, 1999.

African Growth and

Opportunity Act

The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

grants duty-free benefits under the Generalized System

of Preferences to imports of qualifying apparel from

eligible sub-Saharan African countries for 8 years

beginning October 1, 2000. It also eliminates existing

U.S. quotas on imports of textiles and apparel from

sub-Saharan African countries, and allows imports of

such goods from all such countries to enter free of

quota during the eight-year period.

83 The only

countries now subject to such quotas are Kenya and

Mauritius. The AGOA grants preferential treatment

(duty- and quota-free benefits) to sub-Saharan African

countries contingent upon their adoption of

enforcement measures to prevent unlawful

transshipments of textiles and apparel from third

countries.

The AGOA grants unlimited preferential treatment

to apparel from sub-Saharan African countries made of

fabrics produced in the United States of U.S. yarns. If

the U.S. fabrics used in the production of such apparel

are cut into garment parts in these countries rather than

the United States, the garments must also be sewn

together with U.S. thread. Sub-Saharan African

countries also receive unlimited preferential treatment

for knit-to-shape sweaters in chief weight of cashmere

or containing 50 percent or more by weight of wool

measuring 18.5 microns in diameter or finer (merino

wool); apparel wholly assembled from fabric or yarn

not available in commercial quantities in the United

States;

84 and handloomed, handmade, and folklore

articles.

The AGOA also grants preferential treatment to a

specified amount of imports of sub-Saharan African

apparel made from fabrics that are produced in those

countries of their own or U.S. yarns (regional fabrics).

Imports of sub-Saharan African apparel made of

regional fabrics will be subject to an annual cap

beginning on October 1, 2000, equal to 1.5 percent of

the total quantity of U.S. apparel imports in the

preceding 12-month period, and rising in each of the

seven succeeding one-year periodsin equal increments,

to 3.5 percent in the final one-year period beginning on

83 As noted earlier, the United States will eliminate

quotas on textiles and apparel from all WTO countries as of

January 1, 2005. Imports of textiles and apparel from

non-WTO countries will continue to be subject to control

under section 204 of the Agricultural Act of 1956.

84 Apparel articles assembled from fabric or yarn not

available in commercial quantities in the United States are

identified in annex 401 of NAFTA (e.g., apparel of silk or

linen fabric, velveteen or fine-wale corduroy cotton fabric,

and hand-woven Harris Tweed wool fabric).
102

October 1, 2007.

85 A special rule allows apparel

entered under the cap from lesser developed

sub-Saharan African countries to be made of

third-country fabrics for the first 4 years, through

September 30, 2004.

86 Apparel of regional or

third-country fabrics subject to the cap are subject to a

“surge mechanism,” under which the U.S. Secretary of

Commerce may suspend duty-free treatment on any

such article whenever the Secretary determines that the

article is being imported in such increased quantities as

to threaten or cause serious damage to the U.S.

industry.

The AGOA eliminates existing U.S. quotas on

textiles and apparel from Kenya and Mauritius within

30 days after these countries adopt an effective visa

system to prevent the transshipment of textiles and

apparel from third countries and the use of counterfeit

documents relating to importation of the articles into

the United States. This requirement for an effective

visa system applies to other sub-Saharan African

countries if they are to receive the preferential

treatment. The AGOA also requires sub-Saharan

African countries to enact legislation or promulgate

regulations that would permit the U.S. Customs

Service verification teams to have the access necessary

to investigate alleged transshipments, and contains

criteria regarding production and export recordkeeping requirements, country-of-origin documentation, and penalties for exporters who engage in

transshipments.

United States-Caribbean Basin

Trade Partnership Act

The United States-Caribbean Basin Trade

Partnership Act (the Act) allows imports of qualifying

apparel from CBERA countries to enter free of duty

and quota during a transition period beginning on

October 1, 2000, and ending on the earlier of

September 30, 2008, or the date on which the FTAA,

or a similar free trade agreement between the United

States and CBERA beneficiary countries, enters into

force. The preferential treatment (duty- and quota-free

benefits) is essentially equivalent to that granted to

similar goods of NAFTA partner Mexico, which

85 Assuming that all U.S. imports of sub-Saharan

African apparel in calendar year 1999 entered under the cap,

these countries would have fill 60 percent of the cap of 212

million square meter equivalents (SMEs), based on total

apparel imports of 14.1 billion SMEs and 128.2 million

SMEs from sub-Saharan Africa.

86 The AGOA defines a lesser developed sub-Saharan

African country as one that had a per capita gross national

product of less than $1,500 in 1998, as measured by the

World Bank. All but six of these countries (Botswana,

Gabon, Mauritius, Namibia, Seychelles, and South Africa)

meet the definition of a lesser developed country.

competes with CBERA countries for apparel assembly

work from U.S. firms. The Act grants unlimited

preferential treatment to CBERA apparel assembled

from fabrics made in the United States of U.S. yarns. If

the U.S. fabrics used in the production of such apparel

are cut into garment parts in CBERA countries rather

than the United States, the apparel must also be sewn

together with U.S. thread. Unlimited preferential

treatment is also granted to CBERA textile luggage

assembled from U.S. fabrics made of U.S. yarns.

The Act also grants preferential treatment for

limited amounts of knit apparel articles other than

socks that are made of fabrics knitted in CBERA

countries (regional knit fabrics), provided that the

fabrics are produced of U.S. yarns. Knit apparel

eligible for the preferential treatment includes

garments cut and assembled from knit fabrics or

knit-to-shape directly from yarns (sweaters). For

apparel made of regional knit fabrics, the Act grants

preferential treatment to not more than 4.2 million

dozen outerwear T-shirts and 250 million square meter

equivalent (SMEs) of other qualifying knit apparel, for

the one-year period beginning on October 1, 2000.

Both caps are to be increased by a compound growth

rate of 16 percent in each succeeding one-year period

through September 30, 2004, and they will remain at

those levels in each one-year period thereafter through

September 30, 2008.

The Act provides preferential treatment separately

for brassieres from CBERA countries. For the one-year

period beginning on October 1, 2001, and in each of

the six succeeding one-year periods, brassieres of a

firm controlling production will be eligible for

preferential treatment only if the aggregate cost of the

U.S. fabric components used in its brassiere production

during the preceding one-year period is at least 75

percent of the aggregate declared customs value of the

fabric contained in all of the firm’s brassieres that are

entered during that period. If the U.S. Customs Service

finds that a firm has not satisfied this requirement, then

the firm’s brassieres will be ineligible for preferential

treatment during any succeeding one-year period until

the aggregate cost of the U.S. fabric components used

in its brassiere production is at least 85 percent of the

aggregate declared customs value of the fabric

contained in all of the firm’s brassieres that are entered

during the preceding one-year period.

The Act also grants preferential treatment to

apparel assembled from fibers, fabric, or yarn not

widely available in commercial quantitiesin the United

States or CBERA countries, as specified in annex 401

of NAFTA (e.g., apparel made of velveteen or

fine-wale corduroy cotton fabric, hand-woven Harris

tweed wool fabric, and silk or linen fabric). The Act

also grants preferential treatment to CBERA

handloomed, handmade, and folklore articles.
103

Rules of Origin

Section 405 of the Trade and Development Act of

2000 changes the rules of origin for certain dyed and

printed fabrics and flat goods (e.g., bed sheets and

scarves) made of these fabrics. Under the current rules

of origin, which were implemented on July 1, 1996, as

required by section 334 of the Uruguay Round

Agreements Act, the country of origin for fabrics and

flat goods is the country in which the base fabric was

made, regardless of any further finishing operations

performed in other countries. The legislation restores

the rules of origin in effect before July 1996 for

nonwool fabrics and flat goods, which permitted the

processes of dyeing and printing to confer origin, when

accompanied by two or more finishing operations.

The Clinton administration requested the rules

change in order to implement the terms of an August

1999 agreement with the European Union settling a

dispute over the rules. In May 1997, the EU filed a

request with the WTO for consultations with the

United States, claiming that the rules adversely

affected its exports of dyed and printed fabrics and flat

goods to the U.S. market. The EU stated that as a result

of the U.S. rules change, its exports of these articles

had lost their quota-free access to the U.S. market, and

EU exporters had to comply with any U.S. quota or

visa requirements applicable to the country of origin of

the base fabric. In addition, EU silk accessories such as

scarves had to be marked as a product of the country in

which the base fabric was formed (mainly China),

rather than as a product of the EU country in which the

fabric was printed, dyed, and otherwise finished (e.g.,

Italy or France), as was the usual case under the

previous rules.

Fine Wool Fabrics

Title V of the Trade and Development Act of 2000

reduces U.S. tariffs on worsted wool fabrics for use in

making tailored clothing and suspends the tariffs on

fine wool yarns, fibers, and tops for 3 years beginning

on January 1, 2001. The tariff changes are intended to

improve the competitiveness of the U.S. tailored

clothing industry relative to its counterpart in Canada,

whose lower fabric duties have enabled the industry

there to greatly expand its exports of men’s suits to the

U.S. market under NAFTA. Title V creates two tariff

rate quotas for the purpose of granting duty reductions

to a specified amount of worsted wool fabrics certified

by the importer as suitable for use in making men’s or

boys’ suits, suit-type jackets, and trousers.

87 One TRQ

87 The fabrics are classifiable under HTS subheadings

5111.11.70, 5111.19.60, 5112.11.20, and 5112.19.90.

will permit 2.5 million SMEs of fabrics having average

fiber diameters greater than 18.5 microns to enter each

year at 19.3 percent ad valorem, the same rate as that

for men’s and boys’ suit-type jackets made of worsted

wool fabrics.

88 The other TRQ will allow 1.5 million

SMEs of fabrics having average fiber diameters of 18.5

microns or less (the lower the number, the finer the

fabric) to enter each year at 6 percent ad valorem, the

same rate as Canada’s on the finer fabrics.

89

Imports in

excess of the TRQ limits will be subject to the normal

trade relations rate (28.3 percent in 2001). Title V also

suspends the tariffs on wool yarns, fibers, and tops

having average fiber diameters of 18.5 microns or

less.

90

Title V authorizes the President to take action to

ensure that the TRQs are allocated fairly to firms that

make men’s and boys’ worsted wool tailored clothing

in the United States and that apply for an allocation

based on the amount of worsted wool suits made

during the prior calendar year. The President has the

authority to modify the TRQ limits in response to

requests from U.S. producers of men’s and boys’

worsted wool tailored clothing, subject to a review of

U.S. market conditions, but by not more than 1.0

million SMEs in any of the 3 years. Title V also

provides for the establishment of a trust fund for wool

research, development, and promotion and for a partial

refund of duties paid by specified U.S. manufacturers

on imports of the wool fabrics, yarns, fibers, and tops,

without regard to micron level, in each of the years

2000, 2001, and 2002.

Since implementation of the United States-Canada

Free Trade Agreement in 1989,

91 U.S. imports of

men’s and boys’ wool suits from Canada have grown

by sixfold, to 1.3 million suits valued at $157 million

in 1999. NAFTA contains a tariff preference level that

permits specified amounts of wool apparel from

88 The 19.3 percent rate will be subject to the same

staged duty reductions as those agreed to by the United

States in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade

negotiations for men’s and boys’ wool suit-type jackets

(HTS subheading 6203.31.00). The tariff on these items will

be reduced to 18.8 percent in 2001, 18.4 percent in 2002,

and 18 percent in 2003, the last year of the temporary duty

reductions for the fabrics.

89 The President is authorized to reduce the 6 percent

rate, as necessary, to equalize the rate with that of Canada.

90 The duty suspension applies to wool yarns under HTS

subheading 5107.10.00 (normal trade relations rate of 6.9

percent ad valorem in 2001) and to wool fibers and tops

under headings 5101.11 - 5101.30, 5103.10, 5103.20,

5104.00, 5105.21, and 5105.29. Wool tops are used in the

manufacture of worsted yarn and are a loose, untwisted rope

of fibers that have been combed to straighten the fibers and

remove the short fibers.

91 In 1994, the CFTA was suspended and its duty

phaseout schedules were incorporated into NAFTA.
104

Canada to enter the United States free of duty even

though the garments do not meet the NAFTA rules of

origin (e.g., the suits are made of European fabric).

92

U.S. Textile and Apparel Trade

in 1999

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 1999

increased by 10 percent, or 2.7 billion SMEs, over the

1998 level, to 28.6 billion SMEs valued at $64

billion.

93 The import growth in 1999 was widespread

on a product basis, with apparel and other madeup and

miscellaneous textiles accounting for three-fourths of

the increase and intermediate inputs such as yarns and

fabrics accounting for the remainder. Apparel is the

principal import, accounting for almost 50 percent

(14.1 million SMEs) of the import quantity but 80

percent ($51 billion) of the import value in 1999.

Geographically, almost one-half of the 1999

increase in U.S. textile and apparel imports came from

countries in the Western Hemisphere benefiting from

preferential market access, namely NAFTA partners

Mexico and Canada, and CBERA countries. The

NAFTA partners expanded their textile and apparel

shipments by 16 percent in 1999, to 4.1 billion SMEs

($8.6 billion) for Mexico and 2.8 billion SMEs ($3.1

billion) for Canada, solidifying their positions as the

largest foreign suppliers with import shares of 14.5 for

Mexico and 9.9 percent for Canada. CBERA shipments

rose by 11 percent to 3.6 billion SMEs ($8.9 billion),

or 12.5 percent of sector imports.

The CBERA countries and Mexico supplied 40

percent of U.S. apparel imports in 1999, mainly

competing with one another for assembly work from

U.S. firms. Competition between the CBERA countries

and Mexico has changed since the implementation of

NAFTA in 1994, with NAFTA tariff preferences

contributing to the faster growth in U.S. apparel

imports from Mexico than from the CBERA countries.

Whereas garments sewn in Mexico from fabric made

and cut in the United States enter free of duty and

quota under NAFTA, similar CBERA goods enter

under preferential quotas but are still subject to duty on

92 The NAFTA rule of origin for apparel is basically a

yarn forward rule, which requires that the goods be made in

a NAFTA country from the yarn-formation stage forward in

order to receive preferential treatment—that is, the goods

must be made in North America of North American fabric

that was made of North American yarn.

93 The trade data in this section represent imports of

goods subject to U.S. textile trade agreements, as published

in the Major Shippers Report of the U.S. Department of

Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel. The data are

available at Internet address

http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/msrpoint.htm.

the value added offshore.

94 As such, Mexico’s share of

U.S. apparel imports by quantity rose from 4.3 percent

in 1993, the year before NAFTA entered into force, to

16.4 percent in 1999, while the CBERA share grew

from 18.4 to 24.2 percent. To remedy this situation,

legislation was again introduced in the U.S. Congress

in 1999 to provide NAFTA-like treatment for

qualifying apparel goods and other articles exempted

from duty-free entry under the CBERA.

95

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from Asia in

1999 rose by 7 percent over the 1998 level to 14.0

billion SMEs ($33.6 billion). The increase was only

half the of 14 percent gain in 1998, when the effects of

the Asian financial crisis of mid-1997 to early 1998

spurred East Asian countries to boost exports to earn

much needed foreign exchange. In 1999, the lingering

effects of the East Asian crisis were still evident.

Nevertheless, U.S. and other foreign suppliers adjusted

their prices downward to compete with East Asian

exports.

96 U.S. textile and apparel imports from

ASEAN countries, for example, continued to rise in

1999, increasing by 10 percent to 3.6 billion SMEs

($8.3 billion), following a 23 percent gain in 1998.

U.S. imports of sector goods from China, the single

largest Asian supplier to the U.S. market, increased by

5 percent in 1999 to 2 billion SMEs ($6.4 billion),

following a decline of 7 percent the previous year.

Growth in cotton yarn and fabric imports contributed

to a large share of the overall increase in 1999. The

turnaround in U.S. imports from China is attributed to

several factors, including the deregulation of cotton

prices, which resulted in cutting cotton prices by more

than one-half from their high in 1997; lower

production costs following completion of major

portions of China’s structural reform of state-owned

enterprises in the cotton textile sector; increased

value-added tax rebates for textile exports; and

increased direct distribution of export quotas to

profitable companies.

97

94 The effective trade-weighted duty on U.S. imports of

CBERA apparel entered under the production-sharing

provision 9802.00.80 averages 6 percent ad valorem.

95 See the Textile and Related Legislation section.

96 See, for example, American Textile Manufacturers

Institute, “Year-End Trade Figures Show Asian Crisis

Continues To Effect U.S. Textile Industry,” news release,

Feb. 23, 2000, and “Low Cost Imports Still Staggering

Industry,” Southern Textile News, June 7, 1999, p. 12.

97 U.S. Department of State telegram, “SOE Reform:

China Textile Industry Leads the Way,” message reference

No. 002711, Mar. 24, 2000 and U.S. Department of State

telegram “China Textile Industry: A Grim Year of the Rabbit

Ahead,” No. 003352, Apr. 9, 1999, both prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Beijing.
105

Major U.S. Trade

Sanctions Activities

The United States imposes trade sanctions against

specific foreign countries under several statutory

authorities.

98 Many of the sanctions are administered

and enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control

of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

99 A few

specifically targeted trade controls are administered

and enforced by other agencies, including the Bureau

98 The basic authorizing statutes are the Trading with the

Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1-44); International Emergency

Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. sec. 1701-06); Iraqi

Sanctions Act (Public Law 101-513, 104 Stat. 2047-55);

United Nations Participation Act (22 U.S.C. 287(c));

International Security and Development Cooperation Act (22

U.S.C. 2349 aa-9); The Cuban Democracy Act (22 U.S.C.

6001-10); the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act

of 1996 (Public Law 104-114); the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-132);

and the United Nations Participation Act (22 U.S.C. 287(c)).

99 The Office of Foreign Assets Control acts under

Presidential wartime and national emergency powers, as well

as authority granted by specific legislation, to impose

controls on transactions and to freeze assets under U.S.

jurisdiction. U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of

Foreign Assets Control, “Mission,” found at Internet address

http://www.treas.gov/ofac, retrieved May 2, 2000.

of Export Administration of the U.S. Department of

Commerce, the Office of Defense Trade Controls of

the U.S. Department of State, and the U.S. Customs

Service of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

In this report, the term “trade sanction” applies to

actions undertaken to restrict or prohibit U.S. trade

(including nonmilitary exports, imports, government

procurement, and trade finance) with designated hostile

or pariah countries to enhance U.S. foreign policy or

national security objectives. U.S. trade sanctions are

covered under many statutes. Some of the U.S.

sanctions are multilateral undertakings under United

Nations resolutions and carried out in close

cooperation with other governments. Other sanctions

are unilateral U.S. actions. Table 5-15 lists major U.S.

trade sanctions against specific countries operative

during 1999. Also during 1999, the USITC conducted

an investigation requested by the House Ways and

Means Committee on the impact of U.S. economic

sanctions with respect to India and Pakistan.

100

100 USITC, Overview and Analysis of the Economic

Impact of U.S. Economic Sanctions With Respect to India

and Pakistan, USITC Publication 3236, September 1999.
106

Table 5-15

Summary of major U.S. trade sanctions operative in 1999

1

Country Sanctions

Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . No trade restrictions. New investment in Burma by U.S. persons prohibited. Several U.S.

states and municipalities apply selective purchasing/contracting measures against companies that do business with Burma.

A WTO dispute-settlement panel was established in October 1998 following a complaint

filed by the EU (WT/DS88/1) in 1997 concerning the selective procurement measures

enacted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In November 1998, the United States

District Court in Massachusetts found the Commonwealth’s Burma law unconstitutional

and enjoined Massachusetts from enforcing it. The U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the District Court ruling in June 1999. In October 1999, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear

the case (Natsios v. National Foreign Trade Council) during 2000. The WTO panel suspended its proceedings in February 1999 at the request of the WTO complainants. Since

the WTO panel was not requested to resume its work, the panel’s authority lapsed as of

February 11, 2000.

Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanctions prohibit most trade, investment, and financial dealings with Cuba unless licensed by the Bureau of Export Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Vessels carrying goods or passengers to or from Cuba or carrying goods in which Cuba or

a Cuban national has any interest are prohibited from entering U.S. ports. Cuban assets

in the United States are blocked.

On July 8, 1999, the European Union filed a WTO complaint against the United States

(WT/DS176/1) with respect to section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act. The complaint alleges that the U.S. law has the consequence of making impermissible the registration or renewal in the United States of a trademark if the trademark was previously abandoned by a trademark owner whose business and assets have been confiscated under

Cuban law. This issue pertains to a dispute over trademark rights to the Havana Club

brand of rum between the U.S. Barcardi & Co. and a French-Cuban joint venture established by Pernod-Ricard and the Cuban Government. The EU contends that section 211

of the U.S. Omnibus Appropriations Act is not in conformity with U.S. obligations under the

TRIPs Agreement and the Paris Convention. In February 2000, a U.S. appeals court

upheld Bacardi’s right to use the Havana Club label in the United States.

India and Pakistan . . The United States imposed economic sanctions against India and Pakistan in 1998 after

those countries detonated nuclear explosive devices. Certain components of those sanctions have been waived;

2 other sanctions remain in place, including restrictions on trade

with specific Indian and Pakistani government, military, and business entities and subsidiaries involved in nuclear or missile activities unless licensed by the Bureau of Export Administration.

Iran

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, investment, and financial dealings with Iran by U.S. persons, wherever located,

generally are prohibited unless licensed by Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S.

Department of the Treasury. On March 17, 2000, the Secretary of State announced that

sanctions would be eased to allow U.S. persons to purchase and import carpets and food

products such as dried fruits, nuts, and caviar from Iran.

4

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virtually all other trade, investment, and financial dealings with Iraq are prohibited, except

trade provided for under UN Security Council Resolution 986 of 1995 permitting Iraq to

sell specific quantities of oil and to purchase specific humanitarian goods. All assets of

the Iraqi government subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked.

Libya

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . Virtually all trade, whether direct or through third countries, and investment activities with

Libya by U.S. persons, are prohibited unless licensed by the Office of Foreign Assets

Control. Also prohibited are transactions that ultimately benefit Libya, including brokering

third-country sales of Libyan crude oil or transportation for Libyan cargo. Certain U.S.

sales to Libya are permitted, including the sale of parts and components to third countries

where the U.S. goods will be “substantially transformed” into new and different articles of

commerce prior to shipment to Libya, as well as the sale of goods that come to rest in the

inventory of a third-country distributor whose sales are not predominantly to Libya. All

assets of the Libya government subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked.

See footnotes at end of table.
107

Table 5-15—Continued

Summary of major U.S. trade sanctions operative in 1999

Country Sanctions

North Korea . . . . . . . Most trade, investment, and financial dealings with North Korea by U.S. persons prohibited since 1950. On Sept. 17, 1999, the President announced he was easing some of the

economic sanctions in place against North Korea. Among other things, the new policy

authorizes imports of most North Korean origin goods and raw materials, exports of most

non-sensitive goods and financial services, and the resumption of investment by U.S. persons.

5

Sudan

3 . . . . . . . . . . . Virtually all trade, whether direct or through third countries, with Sudan by U.S. persons is

prohibited unless licensed. All assets of Sudan subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked.

Financial transactions that pose a risk of furthering terrorist acts in the United States are

prohibited.

Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No trade sanctions. Sanctions prohibit financial transactions that pose a risk of furthering

terrorist acts in the United States.

Yugoslavia and

Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sanctions prohibit most trade, investment, and financial dealings with the Governments of

the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and the Republic of Serbia.

The Government of the Republic of Montenegro is excluded from the U.S. sanctions.

1 Information in this table on U.S. economic sanctions was compiled primarily from Office of Foreign Assets

Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, found at Internet address http://www.treas.gov/ofac, retrieved

May 4, 2000. Information on WTO complaints was obtained from WTO, “Overview of the state-of-play of WTO

disputes,” Apr. 18, 2000, found at Internet address http://www.wto.org/wto/dispute/bulletin.htm retrieved May 10,

2000.

2 President, Presidential Determination No. 2000-4, Oct. 27, 1999 (64 F.R. 60649).

3 The United States amended the economic sanctions against Iran, Libya, and Sudan effective July 27, 1999.

The changes liberalized the licensing policy for commercial sales of U.S. agricultural commodities and products,

medicine, and medical equipment. While licenses from the Office of Foreign Assets Control are still required for

exports to those countries, the licensing policy was changed to facilitate sales to Iran, Libya, and Sudan, and to

give U.S. producers and exporters an opportunity to compete in those markets. See OFAC, “Sudanese Sanctions

Regulations; Libyan Sanctions Regulations; Iranian Transactions Regulations: Licensing of Commercial Sales of

Agricultural Commodities and Products, Medicine, and Medical Equipment,” Federal Register (64 F.R. 41784),

Aug. 2, 1999, p. 41784.

4 Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, Press Briefing on American-Iranian Relations, March 17,

2000.

5 Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, Fact Sheet: Easing Sanctions Against North Korea, Sept 17,

1999.

APPENDIX A

Statistical Tables
Table A-1

U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,925,162 6,191 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,653 342 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,282,685 3,953 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,280,104 2,354 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,703 205 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,712,646 13,246 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,730,028 19,397 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,658,380 75,118 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,334,655 14,149 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,345,590 2,83

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,793,606 137,76

U.S. impo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,413,214 7,761 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814,940 812 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,950,346 11,053 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,882,257 14,654 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379,240 425 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,510,738 9,466 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,305,567 28,927 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,064,695 77,298 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,301,342 11,759 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,258,672 12,53

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,881,010 174,68

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-2

Leading exports to Canada, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,298,707 4,6

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,706,272 4,68708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,708,625 3,68407.34 Spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines for propulsion of vehicles except railway or

tramway stock, over 1,000 cc cylinder capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,578,791 3,1

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,932,783 3,6

8704.31 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with spark-ignition internal combustion

piston engine, gvw not over 5 metric tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,372,856 2,2

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,096,184 2,28542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,142,948 2,08409.91 Parts for use with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines (including rotary

engines) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,296,249 1,6

9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,966,754 1,6

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055,431 1,18473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,341,975 1,2

8708.39 Brakes and servo-brakes and parts thereof n.e.s.o.i., for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064,624 1,09032.89 Automatic regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excluding thermostats,

manostats and hydraulic types) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019,438 1,0

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49 n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,332,160 1,38803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864,745 1,03004.90 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc. (excluding vaccines, etc., coated bandages

etc. and pharmaceutical goods) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590,673 6

9401.90 Parts of seats (except parts of medical, dental, barber, and similar seats) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . 684,297 78408.20 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-diesel), for the

propulsion of vehicles except railway or tramway stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673,287 7

7606.12 Aluminum alloy rectangular (including square) plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick . . 830,697 84901.99 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802,992 78471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672,135 7

8708.50 Drive axles with differential for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568,223 58517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489,230 5

8481.80 Taps, cocks, valves, and similar appliances for pipes, vats or the like, including

thermostatically controlled valves n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597,382 6

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,687,460 43,1All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,106,145 94,6Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,793,606 137,7

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i. stands for “not elsewhere specified or Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-3

Leading imports from Canada, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,880,796 22,565

9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,076,681 7,698

8704.31 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with spark-ignition internal combustion piston

engine, gvw not over 5 metric tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,065,416 5,434

4407.10 Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, etc.,

over 6 mm (.236 in.) thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,598,640 5,922

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,461,001 5,948

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,423,720 5,5602711.21 Natural gas, gaseous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068,629 5,1848708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,164,471 2,8789999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628,019 2,3494801.00 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,488,032 3,5178407.34 Spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines for propulsion of vehicles except railway or

tramway stock, over 1,000 cc cylinder capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,958,517 2,300

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,832,276 1,9448473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,267,445 2,389

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,656,051 1,8752710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products therefrom,

n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more of these oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,385,893 1,737

8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,196,435 1,606

8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,044,459 2,0778517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948,040 979

4703.21 Chemical woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, semibleached or

bleached, coniferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,649,436 1,453

4410.11 Waferboard, including oriented strand board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595,008 1,0314802.60 Paper and paperboard n.e.s.o.i., over 10% (wt.) of fibers obtained by mechanical process,

uncoated, in rolls or sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,154,359 1,261

7601.20 Aluminum alloys, unwrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,410,338 1,3508517.50 Electrical telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620,337 776

2716.00 Electrical energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978,160 1,0387108.12 Gold, nonmonetary, unwrought n.e.s.o.i .(other than powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691,546 1,393

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,243,705 90,277All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,637,305 84,407Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,881,010 174,685

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-4

U.S. merchandise trade with the European Union, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. export

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,614,150 4,251 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,351,538 2,412 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,291,558 6,363 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,456,632 1,804 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,573 245 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,407,726 18,686 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,005,187 9,077 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,945,637 73,128 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,532,031 17,309 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,905,124 6,93

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,751,156 140,21

U.S. import

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,028,922 3,241 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,861,157 4,192 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,505,497 1,643 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,928,611 3,014 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432,936 365 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,117,040 26,126 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,237,368 22,517 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,790,369 80,578 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,384,989 24,219 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,603,294 8,98

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,890,182 174,88

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-5

Leading exports to the European Union, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1996 8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . 6,688,338 9,08473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,364,918 6,

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,147,083 4,9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments

to Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,286,232 3,

8411.91 Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,742,081 3,8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,222,838 2,8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,155,643 2,8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534,338 1,3004.90 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc. (excluding vaccines, etc., coated bandages etc.

and pharmaceutical goods) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693,502 1,

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652,794 1,9018.90 Instruments and appliances for medical, surgical or veterinary sciences n.e.s.o.i.,

and parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,314,483 1,

8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544,324 

3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, other than pharmaceutical preparations of

heading 3002 or 3006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,123,945 1,

7108.12 Gold, nonmonetary, unwrought n.e.s.o.i. (other than powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220,238 2,08703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,212,767 1,

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050,358 1,01201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,315,842 1,8471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,255,030 1,0

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49 n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698,529 8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,895 

8411.99 Parts of gas turbines n.e.s.o.i. (other than parts for turbojets or turbopropellers) . . . . . . . . . . . 924,996 8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,570 

2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,519,246 1,8517.50 Electrical telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line for digital line systems,

n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651,343 

9018.19 Electro-diagnostic apparatus (and apparatus for functional exploratory examination or for

checking physiological parameters) n.e.s.o.i., and parts, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660,540 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,613,871 52,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,137,285 87,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,751,156 140,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i., stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-6

Leading imports from the European Union, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,798,303 9,649

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,498,240 8,097

9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,184,338 5,818

3004.90 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc. (excluding vaccines, etc., coated bandages etc. and

pharmaceutical goods) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,286,826 3,990

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . 1,199,956 2,4732934.90 Heterocyclic compounds n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,831,811 2,2878411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,129,231 3,0428411.91 Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,196,328 3,8489999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,520,043 2,2369701.10 Paintings, drawings and pastels, hand executed works of art, framed or not framed . . . . . . . . 1,789,277 2,0688473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,830,449 2,042

2710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products therefrom,

n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more of these oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,602,523 2,201

2933.90 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836,836 1,2928803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,769,462 2,0117102.39 Diamonds, nonindustrial, worked, including polished or drilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,745,816 1,8547113.19 Jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal other than silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308,948 1,4738802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174,422 1,278

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130,924 1,2098542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,298,515 1,3332204.21 Wine of fresh grapes (other than sparkling wine) and grape must with fermentation

prevented, etc. by adding alcohol, containers of not over 2 liters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961,493 1,084

9706.00 Antiques of an age exceeding one hundred years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828,131 9078471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024,050 1,0892203.00 Beer made from malt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805,467 8966403.99 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition leather and uppers of leather

n.e.s.o.i., not covering the ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,051 895

3004.39 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc., containing hormones or other steriods used primarily

as hormones, but not containing antibiotics n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,987 671

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,995,427 63,757Total other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,894,755 111,123Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,890,182 174,8881

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i., stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled form official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-7

U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,027,572 3,7921 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,971 622 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,939,317 3,0593 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988,424 1,7704 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373,912 4595 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,233,736 6,7646 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,118,864 10,5327 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,483,224 36,0168 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,153,822 9,3189 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,013,377 3,593

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,393,219 75,369

U.S. impor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,909,317 4,3131 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698,343 8362 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,990 9073 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,829,476 4,8694 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,301 305 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,791,399 1,7256 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,552,053 7,4207 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,899,121 53,1158 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,916,290 15,7709 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,389,504 4,028

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,004,793 93,017

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-8

Leading exports to Mexico, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low-value export shipments; compiled low-value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,465,472 2,

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,658,078 1,2710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products

therefrom, n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more of these oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,413,561 1,

3926.90 Articles of plastics n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,049,673 1,8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533,609 1,8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742,338 

8540.11 Cathode-ray television picture tubes, color, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes . . . . . 1,082,988 1,8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931,677 1,

8538.90 Parts for electrical apparatus for electrical circuits, boards, panels etc. for electric

control or distribution of electricity n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855,770 

7326.90 Articles of iron or steel n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592,281 8542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761,959 8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542,128 8536.90 Electrical apparatus for switching, protecting or making connections to or in electrical

circuits, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 v n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507,364 

8534.00 Printed circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618,090 9809.002 Export transactions valued not more than $10,000, not identified by kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,539 8503.00 Parts of electric motors, generators, generating sets and rotary converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449,923 8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,600 

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909,354 4819.10 Cartons, boxes and cases of corrugated paper and paperboard used in offices, shops,

or the like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468,896 

9401.90 Parts of seats (except parts of medical, dental, barber and similar seats) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . 565,191 1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328,754 8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349,653 

8408.20 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-diesel), for the

propulsion of vehicles except railway or tramway stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,113 

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346,879 8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,922 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,223,815 21,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,169,405 53,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,393,219 75,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports. 2 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number summarizing trade not identified by kind.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i. stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-9

Leading imports from Mexico, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,601,248 5,9

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,565,114 3,88528.12 Reception apparatus for color television, whether or not incorporating radiobroadcast

receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,810,572 3,6

8544.30 Insulated ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for vehicles, aircraft and ships . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,579,345 3,69801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,433,200 2,7

8704.31 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with spark-ignition internal combustion piston

engine, gvw not over 5 metric tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,292,556 2,7

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,677,954 3,0

8471.60 Automatic data processing input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in the

same housing n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,104,529 1,8

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic or

optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293,941 1,6

9401.90 Parts of seats (except parts of medical, dentist’, barbers’ and similar seats) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . 1,171,271 1,48525.10 Transmission apparatus for radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . 717,490 1,18407.34 Spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines for propulsion of vehicles except railway or

tramway stock, over 1,000 cc cylinder capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,470,243 1,5

8471.30 Portable digtl automatic data processing machines, weight not more than 10 kg, consisting of

at least a central processing unit, keyboard & a display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,659,449 1,2

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton, not knitted or

crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938,319 1,2

8527.21 Radiobroadcast receivers for motor vehicles, combined with sound recording or reproducing

apparatus, not capable of operating without outside power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102,366 1,1

9999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583,062 86204.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton, not knitted

or crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728,087 1,0

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,497 18529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868,475 8

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815,072 98708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715,002 69032.89 Automatic regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excluding thermostats,

manostats and hydraulic types) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582,830 8

6109.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops and similar garments of cotton, knitted or crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482,797 68704.21 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with compression-ignition internal combustion

piston engine (diesel), gvw not over 5 metric tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,074,222 5

8501.40 Ac motors n.e.s.o.i., single-phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514,629 6

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,791,270 43,9All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,213,522 49,0Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,004,793 93,0

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i” stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-10

U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,514,173 8,0631 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,062,838 2,1442 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,262,177 3,8973 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898,572 7164 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,577 955 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,319,129 5,4596 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,591,184 2,8847 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,414,387 22,7428 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,776,285 7,6779 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157,174 1,164

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,091,495 54,845

U.S. impor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356,146 3361 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,516 502 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,199 2283 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246,181 2344 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,437 175 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,041,013 6,0706 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,501,610 8,8477 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,635,437 90,5728 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,865,148 11,8799 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,547,669 3,077

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,480,356 121,313

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-11

Leading exports to Japan, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . 2,482,343 3,08542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,577,737 1,8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295,123 1,2402.20 Cigarettes containing tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,549,304 1,8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,005,979 1,

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,914,567 1,1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128,280 0201.30 Meat of bovine animals, boneless, fresh or chilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701,821 4403.20 Coniferous wood in the rough, whether or not stripped of bark or sapwood or roughly

squared, not treated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,096,828 

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733,244 8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721,094 8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659,651 9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711,626 

0202.30 Meat of bovine animals, boneless, frozen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597,187 2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds; alloys and

other products containing enriched uranium or plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804,457 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895,454 

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,546 

8529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886,725 1,

1001.90 Wheat (other than durum wheat), and meslin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573,526 9018.90 Instruments and appliances for medical, surgical or veterinary sciences n.e.s.o.i., and

parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459,348 

8411.91 Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395,810 9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and accessories

therof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,931 

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49 n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511,256 9801.10 Value of repairs or alterations of previously imported articles, repaired or altered prior to

exportation from United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,725 

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456,325 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,009,886 21,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,081,609 33,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,091,495 54,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i., stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-12

Leading imports from Japan, by HTS numbers, 1997-99 (1,000 dollars)HTS No. Description 1997 8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,143,181 20,

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,463,492 7,

8471.60 Automatic data processing input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in the

same housing n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,654,108 4,

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic or

optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,377,691 3,

8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor (mos technology) circuits . . . 5,334,621 3,8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,896,917 3,9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,559,969 1,

8525.40 Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,626,635 1,9504.10 Video games of a kind used with a television receiver, and parts and accessories thereof . . . . . 2,327,577 2,8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,490,963 1,8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such apparatus

for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689,682 

9999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791,688 1,08803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209,272 1,8407.34 Spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines for propulsion of vehicles except railway or

tramway stock, over 1,000 cc cylinder capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515,373 

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698,672 9009.90 Parts and accessories of photocopying apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952,142 8409.91 Parts for use with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines (including rotary engines),

n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733,994 

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,182,415 8429.52 Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders with 360 degree revolving superstructure,

self-propelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617,658 

8703.22 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc but not over 1,500 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487,981 

3004.90 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc. (excluding vaccines, etc., coated bandages etc.

and pharmaceutical goods) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,139 

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy,

radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,756 

9102.11 Wrist watches, battery powered, with cases of materials (except of or clad with precious metal)

nesoi, with mechanical display only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647,578 

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506,900 9009.12 Electrostatic photocopying apparatus operating by reproducing the original image via an

intermediate onto the copy (indirect process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554,346 1,

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,049,750 62,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,430,606 58,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,480,356 121,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i” stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-13

U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396,593 4831 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,677 122 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636,719 1,0693 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,044 1274 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169,069 3205 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,928,933 1,9666 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801,654 8507 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,385,836 8,0078 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826,925 8659 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,031 204

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,533,479 13,908

U.S. impo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728,995 7301 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,904 212 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481,495 5203 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390,659 3604 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,465 8

5 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,290,242 1,478

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,762,918 6,9367 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,366,754 21,3118 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,416,085 38,7039 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,409 742

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,995,926 70,815

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-14

Leading exports to China, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . 1,769,198 3,3100.001 Fertilizers (exports only; includes crude fertilizers from other areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,049,662 1,08542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor (mos technology)

circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,928 

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410,960 8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,188 8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,434 

8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,484 

8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,623 8471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,015 

8404.10 Auxiliary plant for use with steam or other vapor generating boilers, super-heated water

boilers and central heating boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,526 

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,459 8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,967 4804.11 Kraftliner, uncoated, unbleached, in rolls or sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,053 4101.21 Hides and skins of bovine animals, whole n.e.s.o.i., fresh or wet salted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,109 8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,796 8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,781 

8529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,199 

9880.002 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,126 

3907.40 Polycarbonates, in primary forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,746 7404.00 Copper waste and scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,068 4703.21 Chemical woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, semibleached or

bleached, coniferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,518 

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,705 4810.32 Kraft paper and paperboard (not for writing, etc.), over 95% wood fiber by chemical

process, over 150 g/m2, clay coated, bleached, in rolls or sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,920 

9010.90 Parts and accessories of apparatus and equipment for photographic (including

cinematographic) laboratories n.e.s.o.i., negatoscopes and projection screens . . . . . . . . . . 96 

9801.10 Value of repairs or alterations of previously imported articles, repaired or altered prior to

exportation from United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,318 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,091,879 6,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,441,600 7,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,533,479 13,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number aggregating certain fertilizer products to prevent disclosure. 2 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i stands for “not elsewhere specified or Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-15

Leading imports from China, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,848,810 2,322

6403.99 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition leather and uppers of

leather n.e.s.o.i., not covering the ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,338,496 2,866

8471.60 Automatic data processing input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in

the same housing n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092,629 1,659

6402.99 Footwear, with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics n.e.s.o.i., not covering the

ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,570,037 2,012

9503.90 Toys and parts and accessories thereof n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,831,389 1,9929503.41 Stuffed toys, representing animals or non-human creatures, and parts and accessories

thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,585,199 1,954

8517.11 Line telephone sets with cordless handsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622,226 1,0169503.49 Toys (except stuffed) representing animals or non-human creatures (for example, robots

and monsters) and parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622,284 766

9505.10 Articles for christmas festivities and parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821,458 1,0636403.91 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition leather and uppers of

leather n.e.s.o.i., covering the ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,779 1,270

9502.10 Dolls, whether or not dressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,155,177 1,1558504.40 Electrical static converters; power supplies for adp machines or units of 8471 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691,208 8408471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816,562 9506110.90 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles of textile materials n.e.s.o.i.,

knitted or crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685,176 732

8527.13 Radiobroadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power,

combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879,467 984

9403.60 Wooden furniture n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389,799 5504202.92 Container bags, boxes, cases and satchels n.e.s.o.i., with outer surface of sheeting of

plastics or of textile materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741,464 714

9504.90 Game machines except coin- or token-operated; games played on boards; mah-jong and

dominoes; poker chips and dice; bowling equipment; games n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592,807 652

8527.31 Radiobroadcast receivers n.e.s.o.i., combined with sound recording or reproducing

apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469,190 658

4203.10 Articles of apparel, of leather or composition leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646,094 5979503.70 Toys, put up in sets or outfits, and parts and accessories thereof n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544,235 5318519.99 Sound reproducing apparatus, other than cassette type n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405,143 5559405.40 Electric lamps and lighting fittings n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,050 2699999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,313 4256404.19 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber or plastics and uppers of textile materials,

n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349,734 466

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,541,727 27,010All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,454,199 43,804Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,995,926 70,815

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-16

U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568,005 1,141 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,585 112 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,561,341 1,013 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,845 184 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,012 35 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,424,310 1,946 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028,466 847 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,799,262 9,618 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686,710 1,699 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399,323 33

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,882,858 16,92

U.S. impo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294,733 321 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,279 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,392 123 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,203 5 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425,052 466 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,095,465 4,227 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,447,233 20,498 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,518,447 6,599 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556,416 73

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,474,286 32,98

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-17

Leading exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174,156 1,8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711,246 8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735,550 

8542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445,324 1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692,643 8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . 766,506 1,8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492,454 1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649,244 8456.91 Machines tools for dry etching patterns on semiconductor materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376,312 8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391,344 

9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments

to Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,981 

9030.82 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking semiconductor wafers or

devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,656 

8479.90 Parts of machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . 194,677 2902.50 Styrene (vinylbenzene; phenylethylene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,050 4101.21 Hides and skins of bovine animals, whole n.e.s.o.i., fresh or wet salted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,691 9031.41 Optical instruments for inspecting semiconductor wafers or devices or for inspecting

photomasks or reticles used in manufacturing semiconductor devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,610 

1001.90 Wheat (other than durum wheat), and meslin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,714 9030.89 Instruments and apparatus n.e.s.o.i., without a recording device for measuring or

checking electrical quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,390 

8464.20 Grinding or polishing machines for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos-cement

or like mineral materials or for cold working glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,361 

2903.15 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,920 3824.90 Chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries n.e.s.o.i.;

residual products of the chemical or allied industries, n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,586 

8542.90 Parts for electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,683 8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,648 

9801.10 Value of repairs or alterations of previously imported articles, repaired or altered prior to

exportation from united states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,519 

2710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products

therefrom n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,991 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,971,256 7,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911,602 9,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,882,858 16,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i., stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-18

Leading imports from Taiwan, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8473.30 Parts and accessories for autom,atic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc., nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,434,286 4,655

8471.30 Portable digtl automatic data processing machines, weight not more than 10 kg,

consisting of at least a central processing unit, keyboard & a display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304,980 1,466

8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,008,173 1,8048471.60 Automatic data processing input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in

the same housing n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,623,974 2,089

8542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800,817 8728525.10 Transmission apparatus for radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or

television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495,956 606

8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424,876 4748534.00 Printed circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585,612 5409801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309,192 393

8504.40 Electrical static converters; power supplies for adp machines or units of 8471 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460,506 4029999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,740 3236110.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles of manmade fibers, knitted or

crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341,919 376

8517.50 Electrical telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,318 363

8712.00 Bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles), not motorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,414 3577318.15 Threaded screws and bolts n.e.s.o.i., with or without their nuts or washers, of iron

or steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,579 315

8414.51 Fans, table, floor, wall, window, ceiling or roof, with self-contained electric motor of an

output not exceeding 125 w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,398 235

8523.90 Prepared magnetic media, unrecorded n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,854 608481.80 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, vats or the like, including

thermostatically controlled valves n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,698 245

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465,554 4408465.91 Sawing machines for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, hard plastics or similar hard

materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,091 191

7318.14 Self-tapping screws, threaded, of iron or steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,016 2409403.60 Wooden furniture n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,833 2169403.20 Metal furniture n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,955 2008708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,243 1839506.91 Articles and equipment for general physical exercise, gymnastics or athletics; n.e.s.o.i.;

parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,498 223

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,061,483 17,279All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,412,804 15,705Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,474,286 32,984

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-19

U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,597,285 1,2841 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,278 652 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,514,443 1,5643 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664,539 3234 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,894 835 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,481,135 1,6416 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,588 7627 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,693,838 8,5708 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,214,149 1,3489 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463,292 333

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,287,441 15,978

U.S. impor

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,844 1271 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,134 122 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,622 1763 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,147 1084 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,608 15 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563,952 6946 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,486,930 3,4137 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,567,136 14,8608 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,484,240 3,8309 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446,397 476

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,939,009 23,700

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-20

Leading exports to Korea, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,853,313 2,8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . 1,375,270 8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527,299 1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450,431 8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722,910 8542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,894 8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof,

magnetic or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478,362 

4101.21 Hides and skins of bovine animals, whole n.e.s.o.i., fresh or wet salted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460,665 8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,014 

0202.30 Meat of bovine animals, boneless, frozen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,776 8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315,609 2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,503 1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,331 8471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,797 

9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,401 

1001.90 Wheat (other than durum wheat), and meslin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,028 8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,343 8411.91 Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,588 8479.90 Parts of machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . 340,088 8542.14 Electronic monolithic digital interfrated circuits obtained by bipolar technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,178 8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,085 

9030.39 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking voltage, current, resistance or power,

without a recording device (excluding multimeters) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,618 

8542.19 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits, digital n.e.s.o.i., including obtained by a

combination of bipolar and mos technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,277 

8529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,786 

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,079 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,087,645 7,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,199,796 8,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,287,441 15,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i. stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-21

Leading imports from Korea, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,258,762 4,6698703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,453,573 1,568

8471.60 Automatic data processing input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in

the same housing n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,399,141 837

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,915,474 1,579

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,659 672

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49 n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 28471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622,029 6468516.50 Microwave ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359,567 4478542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419,072 3349801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,335 379

6110.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles of manmade fibers, knitted or

crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,096 359

8471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,133 137

8703.22 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston

engine, cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc but not over 1,500 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446,449 122

2710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products therefrom,

n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more of these oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,309 90

8529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,974 146

8525.40 Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,535 606205.30 Men’s or boys’ shirts of manmade fibers, not knitted or crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,505 1168521.10 Video recording or reproducing apparatus (whether or not incorporating a video tuner),

magnetic tape-type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,103 152

8534.00 Printed circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,519 1338415.10 Air conditioning machines, window or wall types, self-contained, comprising a motor-driven

fan and elements for changing the temperature and humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,376 81

4011.10 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars (including station wagons

and racing cars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,879 146

9999.951 Estimated imports of low valued transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,996 854011.20 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on buses or trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,141 1096201.93 Men’s or boys’ anoraks, ski-jackets, windbreakers and similar articles of manmade fibers,

not knitted or crocheted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,499 193

8523.13 Magnetic tapes, unrecorded, of a width exceeding 6.5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,541 116

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,932,040 13,190All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,006,969 10,510Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,939,009 23,700

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued imports.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-22

U.S. merchandise trade with Brazil, by SITC numbers (revision 3), 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

SITCsectionNo. Description 1997 

U.S. expo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,208 341 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,231 12 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549,665 323 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513,206 404 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,359 15 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,702,443 2,746 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065,116 907 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,172,684 7,948 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454,387 1,279 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302,754 31

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,001,054 14,29

U.S. impo

0 Food and live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118,421 1,081 Beverages and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,447 72 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819,600 873 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,460 254 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,350 25 Chemicals and related products n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443,084 466 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,275,733 2,237 Machinery and transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,447,289 3,078 Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,475,742 1,369 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513,900 48

Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,510,027 9,95

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-23

Leading exports to Brazil, by Schedule B numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1997 8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic

or optical readers, transcribing machines, etc. n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818,912 

8529.90 Parts (except antennas and reflectors) for use with radio transmission, radar, radio

navigational aid, reception and television apparatus n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395,461 

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for radiotelephony,

radiotelegraphy, radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295,963 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,030 8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,114 8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft nesoi, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,915 8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,479 9880.001 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments; compiled low value shipments to

Canada; and shipments not identified by kind to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246,802 

8411.91 Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,316 2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328,210 3004.90 Medicaments, in measured doses, etc. (Excluding vaccines, etc., coated bandages etc.

and pharmaceutical goods) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,223 

8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephony or telegraphy, including parts of such

apparatus for carrier-current line systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,281 

8471.49 Digital automatic data processing machines and units thereof presented in the form of

systems n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244,177 

3808.30 Herbicides, antisprouting products and plant-growth regulators, put up in forms or packings

for retail sale or as preparations or articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,190 

8542.30 Electronic monolithic integrated circuits n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,315 8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,919 3100.002 Fertilizers (exports only; includes crude fertilizers from other areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174,590 8542.13 Electronic monolithic digital integrated metal oxide semiconductor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,735 8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,210 

7606.12 Aluminum alloy rectangular (including square) plates, sheets and strip, over

0.2 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,378 

8411.99 Parts of gas turbines n.e.s.o.i. (other than parts for turbojets or turbopropellers) . . . . . . . . . . 24,658 2931.00 Organo-inorganic compounds n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,160 8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,888 8471.80 Automatic data processing units n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,360 8542.90 Parts for electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,595 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,766,880 5,All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,234,174 9,Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,001,054 14,

1 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number estimating low-valued exports. 2 Special “Census Use Only” reporting number aggregating certain fertilizer products to prevent disclosure.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i. stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled form official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-24

Leading imports from Brazil, by HTS numbers, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft n.e.s.o.i., of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg but not

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265,913 782

6403.99 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition leather and uppers of leather,

n.e.s.o.i., not covering the ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858,461 775

0901.11 Coffee, not roasted, not decaffeinated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450,081 3667207.12 Semifinished products of iron or nonalloy steel, under 0.25% (wt.) carbon, rectangular cross

section, width not less than twice the thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407,106 331

9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in value or condition; imports of

animals exported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,495 154

4703.29 Chemical woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, semibleached or

bleached, nonconiferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255,167 289

7108.12 Gold, nonmonetary, unwrought n.e.s.o.i. (other than powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,746 3112710.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and products therefrom,

n.e.s.o.i., containing 70% (by weight) or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,063 251

7201.10 Nonalloy pig iron containing 0.5% (wt.) or less phosphorus, in primary forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244,386 3168409.99 Parts for use with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . 211,276 2408414.30 Compressors used in refrigerating equipment (including air conditioning) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,994 2092009.11 Orange juice, frozen, whether or not sweetened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,962 1338527.21 Radiobroadcast receivers for motor vehicles, combined with sound recording or

reproducing apparatus, not capable of operating without outside power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247,281 211

2401.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/stripped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,486 714407.10 Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed,

etc., over 6 mm (.236 in.) thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,240 112

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,325 1111602.50 Meat or meat offal of bovine animals, prepared or preserved n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,753 1014011.20 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on buses or trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,370 804011.10 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars (including station wagons

and racing cars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,101 72

8409.91 Parts for use with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines (including rotary

engines) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,569 101

8483.10 Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,756 880801.32 Cashew nuts, fresh or dried, shelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,327 906403.91 Footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition leather and uppers of leather,

n.e.s.o.i., covering the ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,729 101

8708.70 Road wheels and parts and accessories thereof for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,564 658708.39 Brakes and servo-brakes and parts thereof n.e.s.o.i., for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,547 81

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,967,702 5,454All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,542,325 4,498Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,510,027 9,952

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-25

Preliminary and final phase antidumping cases active in 1999, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1investigation number

(Affirmative (A); Negative/Negligible (N); Discontinued (D))

USITCInvestigationNo. Product

.Countyof origin

Date ofinstitution

PreliminaryUSITC ITA1

FinalITA USITC 

731-TA-539-A Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazakhstan . . . . 01/19/99 A A A N 731-TA-566 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-567 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-568 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Kazakhstan . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-569 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Russia . . . . . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-570 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Ukraine . . . . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-641 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . 05/21/99 A A A N 731-TA-777 Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . 01/06/98 A A A A 731-TA-778 Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India . . . . . . . . . . 01/06/98 A A A A 731-TA-779 Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 01/06/98 A A A A 731-TA-781 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-782 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . India . . . . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-783 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-784 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-785 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain . . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-786 Stainless steel round wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan . . . . . . . . 03/27/98 A A A N 731-TA-787 Extruded rubber thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-788 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium . . . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-789 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Canada . . . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-790 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-791 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-792 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-793 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan . . . . . . . . 03/31/98 A A A A 731-TA-794 Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . 04/01/98 A A A N 731-TA-795 Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 04/01/98 A A A N 731-TA-796 Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber . . . . Mexico . . . . . . . . 04/01/98 A A A N 731-TA-797 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-798 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-799 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-800 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-801 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-802 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Mexico . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-803 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan . . . . . . . . 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-804 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom 06/10/98 A A A A 731-TA-805 Elastic steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . India . . . . . . . . . . 08/18/98 A A A N 731-TA-806 Hot-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . 09/30/98 A A A A 731-TA-807 Hot-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 09/30/98 A A A A 731-TA-808 Hot-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia . . . . . . . . 09/30/98 A A A A See footnotes at end of table.
Table A-25- Continued

Preliminary and final phase antidumping cases active in 1999, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1investigation number

(Affirmative (A); Negative/Negligible (N); Discontinued (D))

USITCInvestigationNo. Product

.Countyof origin

Date ofinstitution

PreliminaryUSITC ITA1

FinalITA USITC 

731-TA-811 DRAMs of one megabit and above . . . . . Taiwan 10/22/98 A A A N 731-TA-812 Live cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 11/12/98 A A A (4) 731-TA-813 Live cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexico 11/12/98 N (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-814 Creatine monohydrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/12/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-815 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Czech Republic 02/16/99 N5 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-816 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . France 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-817 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . India 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-818 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Indonesia 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-819 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Italy 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-820 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Japan 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-821 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Korea 02/16/99 A A A (4) 731-TA-822 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Macedonia 02/16/99 N5 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-823 Aperture masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 02/24/99 N (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-824 Aperture masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 02/24/99 N5 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-825 Polyester staple fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 04/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-826 Polyester staple fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 04/02/99 A N (4) (4) 731-TA-827 Nitrile rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 05/27/99 N (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-828 Bulk acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) . . . . . . . China 05/28/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-829 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-830 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-831 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 06/02/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-832 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia 06/02/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-833 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-834 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-835 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slovakia 06/02/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-836 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-837 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 06/02/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-838 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thailand 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-839 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey 06/02/99 A (4) (4) (4) 731-TA-840 Cold-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela 06/02/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-841 Non-frozen concentrated apple juice . . . China 06/07/99 A A (4) (4) 731-TA-842 Crude petroleum oil products . . . . . . . . . . Iraq 06/29/99 D6 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-843 Crude petroleum oil products . . . . . . . . . . Mexico 06/29/99 D6 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-844 Crude petroleum oil products . . . . . . . . . . Saudi Arabia 06/29/99 D6 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-845 Crude petroleum oil products . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela 06/29/99 D6 (3) (3) (3) 731-TA-846 Seamless carbon and alloy steel

standard, line, and pressure pipeand tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czech Republic 06/30/99 A (4) (4) (4) 

See footnotes at end of table.
T

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ble

A-2

5- C

o

ntin

u

e

d

Prelimin

ary

a

n

d fin

al p

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a

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e

a

ntid

u

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pin

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a

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e

s

a

ctiv

e in 19

9

9, file

d

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er a

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ority

of title

VII of th

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ariff A

ct of 1

in

v

e

stig

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n

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er

(Affirmative (A); Negative/Negligible (N); Discontinued (D))

USITCInvestigationN

o. Product

.C

ounty

of origin

Date ofinstitution

PreliminaryUSITC ITA1

FinalITA USITC

731-TA-8

47 Seamless carbon and alloy steel

standard, line, and pressure, pipeand tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 0

6/30/9

9

A

A (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

4

8 Seamless carbon and alloy steel

standard, line, and pressure pipeand tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexico . . . . . . . . 0

6/30/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

4

9 Seamless carbon and alloy steel

standard, line, and pressure pipeand tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R

o

mania . . . . . . 0

6/30/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

5

0 Seamless carbon and alloy steel

standard, line, and pressure pipe

and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . .

0

6/30/9

9

A

A (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

51 Synthetic indigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . 0

6/30/9

9

A

A (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

5

2 Structural steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . . 07/07/9

9

N (

3) (

3) (

3) 

731-TA-8

53 Structural steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 07/07/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

5

4 Structural steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 07/07/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

5

5 Structural steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain . . . . . . . . . 07/07/9

9

N (

3) (

3) (

3) 

731-TA-8

5

6

A

m

m

onium nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia . . . . . . . . 07/23/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

57 Paintbrushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . 0

8/0

2/9

9

N (

3) (

3) (

3) 

731-TA-8

5

8 Paintbrushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 0

8/0

2/9

9

N (

3) (

3) (

3) 

731-TA-8

5

9

Circular seamless stainless steel

hollo

w products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 10/2

6/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

60 Tin- and chro

mium-coated steel

sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan . . . . . . . . . 10/2

8/9

9

A (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

61 Expandable polystyrene resins . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 11/2

2/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

6

2 Expandable polystyrene resins . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 11/2

2/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

63 Citric acid and sodium citrate . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . 12/15/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

6

4 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe

fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . . 12/2

9/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

6

5 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe

fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 12/2

9/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

6

6 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe

fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malaysia . . . . . . 12/2

9/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

731-TA-8

67 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe

fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philippines . . . . . 12/2

9/9

9 (

4) (

4) (

4) (

4) 

1 International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of C

o

m

merce.

2 For cases in which the final action was taken by the ITA, the date sho

wn is the Federal Register notice date of that action. 

final action was taken by the USITC, the date of the USITC notification of C

o

m

merce is sho

wn.

3 N

ot applicable because the investigation was terminated/discontinued.

4 The investigation is ongoing.5 The investigation was terminated because imports were found to be negligible.6 The investigation was discontinued because the Department of C

o

m

merce did not inititiate.

Source: C

o

mpiled by staff of the U.S. International Trade C

o

m

mission.
137

Table A-26

Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Argentina:

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/11/95

Seamless line and pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/03/95

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/26/91

Rectangular tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/26/89

Barbed wire and barbless wire strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/13/85

Carbon steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/23/84

Australia:

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Bangladesh:

Cotton shop towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/20/92

Belarus:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Industrial phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/20/87

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/13/79

Brazil:

Seamless line and pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/03/95

Stainless steel bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/21/95

Silicomanganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/22/94

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/28/94

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/02/92

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/31/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Frozen concentrated orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/05/87

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/12/87

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/17/86

Malleable cast iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/86

Iron construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/09/86

Canada:

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Pure and alloy magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/31/92

New steel rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/89

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/88

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/12/87

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/16/86

Iron construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/05/86

Chile:

Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/02/98

Fresh Atlantic salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/30/98

China:

Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/99

Collated roofing nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/19/97

Crawfish tail meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/97

Persulfates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/07/97

Brake rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/17/97

Melamine institutional dinnerware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/25/97

Polyvinyl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/14/96

Manganese metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/06/96

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/21/95

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/12/95

Glycine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/29/95

Coumarin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/09/95

Cased pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/28/94

Silicomanganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/22/94

Paper clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/25/94

Fresh garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/16/94

Sebacic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/94

Helical spring lock washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/19/93

Compact ductile iron waterworks fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/07/93
138

Table A-26–Continued

Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

China–Continued:

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/92

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/06/92

Chrome-plated lug nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/20/91

Sparklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/18/91

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/10/91

Sulfur chemicals (sodium thiosulfate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/91

Heavy forged hand tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/15/87

Porcelain-on-steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/02/86

Petroleum wax candles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/28/86

Iron construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/09/86

Paint brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/14/86

Barium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/17/84

Chloropicrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/22/84

Potassium permanganate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/31/84

Cotton shop towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/04/83

Greig polyester cotton print cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/16/83

Estonia:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Finland:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

France:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Calcium aluminate flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/13/94

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/28/94

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/10/83

Sorbitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/09/82

Anhydrous sodium metasilicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/81

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/13/79

Germany:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Large newspaper printing presses and components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/04/96

Seamless line and pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/03/95

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Sulfur chemicals (sodium thiosulfate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Industrial belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/89

Antrifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/13/79

Greece:

Electrolytic manganese dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/17/89

Hungary:

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/19/87

India:

Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/99

Stainless steel bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/21/95

Stainless steel flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/09/94

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/01/93

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/02/93

Welded carbon steel pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/12/86

Indonesia:

Extruded rubber thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Preserved mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/99

Melamine institutional dinnerware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/25/97

Iran:

Raw pistachios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/17/86
139

Table A-26–Continued

Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Italy:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Stainless steellate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Certain pasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/24/96

Oil country tubular goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/11/95

Seamless line and pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/03/95

Grain-oriented electric steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/12/94

Industrial belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/89

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/30/88

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Pressure sensitive tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/21/77

Japan:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/29/99

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Vector supercomputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/24/97

Gas tubro-compressor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/16/97

Large newspaper printing presses and components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/04/96

Clad steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/02/96

Polyvinyl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/14/96

Oil country tubular goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/11/95

Stainless steel bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/21/95

Grain-oriented electric steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/10/94

Defrost timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/02/94

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Electric cutting tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/12/93

EL flat panel displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/04/91

Gray portland cement and cement clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/10/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Mechanical transfer presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/16/90

Drafting machines and parts thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/29/89

Industrial belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/89

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Electrolytic manganese dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/17/89

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/24/88

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/12/88

Forklift trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/07/88

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/25/88

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/88

Tapered roller bearings over 4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/06/87

Malleable cast-iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/06/87

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/10/87

Steel wire strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/08/78

Melamine in crystal form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/02/77

Tapered roller bearings 4 inches and under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/08/76

Polychloroprene rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/06/73

Korea:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/11/95

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

DRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/10/93

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/23/93

Welded stainless steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/30/92

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/02/92

PET film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/05/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/88

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/20/87

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/12/87

Malleable cast iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/23/86
140

Table A-26–Continued

Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Lithuania:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Malaysia:

Extruded rubber thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/07/92

Mexico:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/11/95

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/02/92

Gray portland cement and cement clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/30/90

Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/02/86

Netherlands:

Aramid fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/24/94

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/12/88

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/12/91

Poland:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Romania:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/19/87

Russia:

Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/95

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/12/95

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Singapore:

Industrial belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/14/89

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/88

Small diameter standard and rectangular pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/13/86

South Africa:

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/21/95

Spain:

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Stainless steel bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/02/95

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Sweden:

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Taiwan:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/21/99

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Static random access memory semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/16/98

Collated roofing nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/19/97

Melamine institutional dinnerware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/25/97

Polyvinyl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/14/96

Forged stainless steel flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/09/94

Helical spring lockwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/28/93

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/16/93

Welded stainless steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/30/92

Circular welded non-alloy pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/02/92

Chrome plated lug nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/20/91

Light-walled rectangular welded carbon steel pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/27/89

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/20/87

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/17/86

Porcelain-on-steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/02/86

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/18/86

Malleable cast iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/23/86

Circular pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/07/84

Carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/13/79
141

Table A-26–Continued

Antidumping orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Tajikistan:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Thailand:

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/25/95

Canned pineapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/18/95

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/06/92

Malleable cast iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/20/87

Welded carbon pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/11/86

Turkey:

Steel concrete reinforcing bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/17/97

Certain pasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/24/96

Aspirin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/25/87

Welded carbon pipe and tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/86

Turkmenistan:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Ukraine:

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/12/95

Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/30/93

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

United Kingdom:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/27/99

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/93

Sulfur chemicals (sodium thiosulfate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/19/91

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/10/90

Antifriction bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/89

Uzbekistan:

Solid urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/14/87

Venezuela:

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/02/92

Yugoslavia:

Industrial nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/16/90

Suspension agreements in effect:

China:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/24/97

Honey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/16/95

Japan:

Sodium azide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/07/97

Color negative photo paper and chemical components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/12/94

Kazakstan:

Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/16/92

Mexico:

Fresh tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/01/96

Netherlands:

Color negative photo paper and chemical components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/12/94

Russia:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/24/97

Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/16/92

South Africa:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/24/97

Ukraine:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/24/97

Silicomanganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/31/94

Uzbekistan:

Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/16/92

Venezuela:

Gray portland cement and cement clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/27/92

Source: Compiled by staff of the U.S. International Trade Commission from data maintained by the U.S. Department

of Commerce (International Trade Administration).
T

a

ble

A-2

7

Prelimin

ary

a

n

d fin

al p

h

a

s

e

c

o

u

nterv

ailin

g

d

uty

c

a

s

e

s

a

ctiv

e in 19

9

9, file

d

u

n

d

er a

uth

ority

of title

VII of th

e

T

ariff A

in

v

e

stig

atio

n

n

u

m

b

er

(Affirmative (A); Negative/Negligible (N); Discontinued (D))

USITCInvestigationN

o. Product

.C

ounty

of origin

Date ofinstitution

PreliminaryUSITC ITA1

FinalITA USITC

303-TA-23 Ferrosilicon (reconsideration) . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . 0

5/21/9

9

N

701-TA-375 Extruded rubber thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 03/31/9

8

A

N

N (

3) 

701-TA-376 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium . . . . . . . 03/31/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-377 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 03/31/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-378 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 03/31/9

8

A

N

N (

3) 

701-TA-379 Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . . 03/31/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-38

0 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . 0

6/10/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-381 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 0

6/10/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-38

2 Stainless steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 0

6/10/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-383 Elastic steel sheet & strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . India . . . . . . . . . . 0

8/18/9

8

A

N

N (

3) 

701-TA-38

4

H

ot-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . 0

9/30/9

8

A

A

A

A

701-TA-38

6 Live cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada . . . . . . . 11/12/9

8

A

N

N (

3) 

701-TA-387 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

A

A

A (

4) 

701-TA-38

8

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . India . . . . . . . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

A

A

A (

4) 

701-TA-38

9

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

A

A

A (

4) 

701-TA-39

0

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

A

A

A (

4) 

(Affirmative (A); Negative/Negligible (N); Discontinued (D))

701-TA-391 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

A

A

A (

4) 

701-TA-39

2

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . Macedonia . . . . 0

2/16/9

9

N5 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-393 C

old-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . 0

6/0

2/9

9

A

A (

4) (

4) 

701-TA-39

4

C

old-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indonesia . . . . . 0

6/0

2/9

9

N5 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-39

5

C

old-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thailand . . . . . . 0

6/0

2/9

9

N5 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-39

6

C

old-rolled steel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . 0

6/0

2/9

9

N5 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-397 Crude petroleum

oil products . . . . . . . . . . Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . 0

6/2

9/9

9

D6 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-39

8

Crude petroleum

oil products . . . . . . . . . . Mexico . . . . . . . . 0

6/2

9/9

9

D6 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-39

9

Crude petroleum

oil products . . . . . . . . . . Saudi Arabia . . . 0

6/2

9/9

9

D6 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-4

00

Crude petroleum

oil products . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . 0

6/2

9/9

9

D6 (

3) (

3) (

3) 

701-TA-4

01 Structural steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea . . . . . . . . . 07/07/9

9

A

N (

4) (

4) 

1 International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of C

o

m

merce.

2 For cases in which the ITA to

ok final action, the date sho

wn is the Federal Register notice date of that action. For cases in 

action, the date of USITC notification to the Department of C

o

m

merce is sho

wn.

3 N

ot applicable because the investigation was terminated/discontinued.

4 The investigation is ongoing.5 The investigation was terminated because imports were found to be negligible.6 The investigation was discontinued because the Department of C

o

m

merce did not inititiate.

Source: C

o

mpiled by staff of the U.S. International Trade C

o

m

mission.
143

Table A-28

Countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/11/99

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Brazil:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/08/87

Iron construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/15/86

Canada:

Pure and alloy magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/31/92

New steel rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/22/89

European Union:

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/31/78

France:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/06/99

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/06/87

Germany:

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

India:

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/02/93

Iran:

Roasted pistachios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/07/86

Raw pistachios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/11/86

Israel:

Industrial phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/19/87

Italy:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/06/99

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/11/99

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/15/98

Pasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/24/96

Oil country tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/10/95

Seamless line and pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/08/95

Grain-oriented electric steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06/07/94

Korea:

Stainless steel sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/06/99

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/20/87

Mexico:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Porcelain-on-steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/12/86

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04/12/91

Pakistan:

Cotton shop towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/09/84

South Africa:

Stainless steel plate in coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05/11/99

Spain:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/03/83

Sweden:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11/85

Taiwan:

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01/20/87

Turkey:

Pasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07/24/96

United Kingdom:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08/17/93
144

Table A-28–Continued

Countervailing duty orders and suspension agreements in effect as of Jan. 1, 2000

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action

Argentina:

Carbon wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09/27/82

Venezuela:

Gray portland cement and cement clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03/17/92

Source: Compiled by staff of the U.S. International Trade Commission from data maintained by the International

Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
145

Table A-29

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by dates of institution

Institution

date Product

1

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

07/06/98 Roller chain (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 04/12/73 Order revoked,

effective 04/01/97

08/03/98 Elemental sulfur (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 12/17/73 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

08/03/98 Melamine (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 02/02/77 Order effective for 5

years after 09/01/99

08/03/98 Polychloroprene rubber (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 12/06/73 Order effective for 5

years after 08/06/99

08/03/98 Stainless steel plate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden 06/08/73 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

08/03/98 Synthetic methionine (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 07/10/73 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

09/01/98 Pressure sensitive plastic tape (AD) . . . . . . Italy 10/21/77 Order effective for 5

years after 02/17/99

09/01/98 Prestressed concrete steel wire

strand (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Japan 12/08/78 Order effective for 5

years after 02/03/99

10/01/98 Anhydrous sodium metasilicate (AD) . . . . . France 01/07/81 Order effective for 5

years after 10/21/99

10/01/98 Barium chloride (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 10/17/84 Order effective for 5

years after 03/10/99

10/01/98 Sorbitol (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 04/09/82 Order effective for 5

years after 03/17/99

10/01/98 Sugar (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium 06/13/79 Order effective for 5

years after 10/28/99

10/01/98 Sugar (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EU 07/31/78 Order effective for 5

years after 10/28/99

10/01/98 Sugar (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 06/13/79 Order effective for 5

years after 10/28/99

10/01/98 Sugar (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 06/13/79 Order effective for 5

years after 10/28/99

10/01/98 Sugar & syrups (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 04/09/80 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

11/02/98 Carbon steel wire rod (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina 11/23/84 Ongoing

11/02/98 Carbon steel wire rod (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina 09/27/82 Ongoing

11/02/98 Chloropicrin (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 03/22/84 Order effective for 5

years after 04/14/99

11/02/98 Greige polyester cotton printcloth (AD) . . . . China 09/16/83 Order effective for 5

years after 04/26/99

11/02/98 Heavy iron construction castings (CVD) . . . Brazil 05/15/86 Order effective for 5

years after 11/12/99

11/02/98 Iron construction castings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 05/09/86 Order effective for 5

years after 11/12/99

11/02/98 Iron construction castings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Canada 03/05/86 Order effective for 5

years after 11/12/99

11/02/98 Iron construction castings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . China 05/09/86 Order effective for 5

years after 11/12/99

11/02/98 Iron metal castings (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India 10/16/80 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

11/02/98 Potassium permanganate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . China 01/31/84 Order effective for 5

years after 11/24/99

11/02/98 Potassium permanganate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Spain 01/19/84 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00
146

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

1

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

12/01/98 Barbed wire & barbless wire strand (AD) . . Argentina 11/13/85 Order effective for 5

years after 05/12/99

12/01/98 Frozen concentrated orange juice (AD) . . . Brazil 05/05/87 Order effective for 5

years after 05/28/99

12/01/98 Live swine (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 08/15/85 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

12/01/98 Sebacic acid (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 07/14/94 Order effective for 5

years after 05/26/99

01/04/99 Carbon steel wire rope (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexico 03/25/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

01/04/99 Carbon steel wire rope (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 03/26/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

01/04/99 Cotton shop towels (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bangladesh 03/20/92 Ongoing

01/04/99 Cotton shop towels (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 10/04/83 Ongoing

01/04/99 Cotton shop towels (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pakistan 03/09/84 Ongoing

01/04/99 Cotton shop towels (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peru 09/12/84 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

01/04/99 Malleable cast iron pipe fittings (AD) . . . . . . Brazil 05/21/86 Ongoing

01/04/99 Malleable cast iron pipe fittings (AD) . . . . . . Korea 05/23/86 Ongoing

01/04/99 Malleable cast iron pipe fittings (AD) . . . . . . Taiwan 05/23/86 Ongoing

01/04/99 Malleable cast iron pipe fittings (AD) . . . . . . Japan 07/06/87 Ongoing

01/04/99 Malleable cast iron pipe fittings (AD) . . . . . . Thailand 08/20/87 Ongoing

01/04/99 Natural bristle paint brushes (AD) . . . . . . . . China 02/14/86 Order effective for 5

years after 06/10/99

01/04/99 Petroleum wax candles (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . China 08/28/86 Order effective for 5

years after 09/23/99

01/04/99 Steel wire rope (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 10/15/73 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 01/08/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 01/12/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 01/12/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 03/06/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 03/06/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 03/06/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy 03/06/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 08/12/88 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 01/12/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands 08/12/88 Ongoing

02/01/99 Brass sheet and strip (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden 03/06/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware (AD) . . . . . China 12/02/86 Ongoing

02/01/99 Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware (AD) . . . . . Mexico 12/02/86 Ongoing

02/01/99 Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware (CVD) . . . Mexico 12/12/86 Ongoing

02/01/99 Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware (AD) . . . . . Taiwan 12/02/86 Ongoing

02/01/99 Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking . .

ware (AD)

Korea 01/20/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking . .

ware (CVD)

Korea 01/20/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking . .

ware (AD)

Taiwan 01/20/87 Ongoing

02/01/99 Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking . .

ware (CVD)

Taiwan 01/20/87 Ongoing

03/01/99 Aspirin (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey 08/25/87 Order effective for 5

years after 08/20/99
147

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

1

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

03/01/99 Color picture tubes (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 01/07/88 Ongoing

03/01/99 Color picture tubes (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 01/07/88 Ongoing

03/01/99 Color picture tubes (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 01/07/88 Ongoing

03/01/99 Color picture tubes (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore 01/07/88 Ongoing

03/01/99 Industrial phosphoric acid (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Belgium 08/20/87 Ongoing

03/01/99 Industrial phosphoric acid (CVD) . . . . . . . . . Israel 08/19/87 Ongoing

03/01/99 Industrial phosphoric acid (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Israel 08/19/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Armenia 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azerbaijan 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belarus 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estonia 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazakhstan 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kyrgyzstan 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latvia 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithuania 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moldova 07/14/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romania 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tajikistan 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkmenistan 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukraine 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

03/01/99 Solid urea (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uzbekistan 07/14/87 Order effective for 5

years after 11/17/99

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romania 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Ball bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . France 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . Italy 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden 05/15/89 Ongoing
148

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

04/01/99 Cylindrical roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Internal combustion industrial forklift . . . . . .

trucks (AD)

Japan 06/07/88 Ongoing

04/01/99 Nitrile rubber (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 06/16/88 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

04/01/99 Potassium chloride (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 01/19/88 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

04/01/99 Spherical plain bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . France 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Spherical plain bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Spherical plain bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 05/15/89 Ongoing

04/01/99 Tapered roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . China 06/15/87 Ongoing

04/01/99 Tapered roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Hungary 06/19/87 Ongoing

04/01/99 Tapered roller bearings (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Romania 06/19/87 Ongoing

04/01/99 Tapered roller bearings, 4 Inches . . . . . . . .

& under (AD)

Japan 08/08/76 Ongoing

04/01/99 Tapered roller bearings, over 4 Inches . . . .

(AD)

Japan 10/06/87 Ongoing

05/03/99 3.5” Microdisks (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 04/03/89 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

05/03/99 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings (AD) . . Brazil 12/17/86 Order effective for 5

years after 01/06/00

05/03/99 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings (AD) . . China 07/06/92 Order effective for 5

years after 01/06/00

05/03/99 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings (AD) . . Japan 02/10/87 Order effective for 5

years after 01/06/00

05/03/99 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings (AD) . . Taiwan 12/17/86 Order effective for 5

years after 01/06/00

05/03/99 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings (AD) . . Thailand 07/06/92 Order effective for 5

years after 01/06/00

05/03/99 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe (AD) . . Brazil 11/02/92 Ongoing

05/03/99 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe (AD) . . Korea 11/02/92 Ongoing

05/03/99 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe (AD) . . Mexico 11/02/92 Ongoing

05/03/99 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe (AD) . . Taiwan 11/02/92 Ongoing

05/03/99 Circular welded nonalloy steel pipe (AD) . . Venezuela 11/02/92 Ongoing

05/03/99 Electrolytic manganese dioxide (AD) . . . . . Greece 04/17/89 Ongoing

05/03/99 Electrolytic manganese dioxide (AD) . . . . . Japan 04/17/89 Ongoing

05/03/99 Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin . . . .

(AD)

Italy 08/30/88 Order effective for 5

years after 01/03/00

05/03/99 Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin . . . .

(AD)

Japan 08/24/88 Order effective for 5

years after 01/03/00

05/03/99 Light-walled rectangular tube (AD) . . . . . . . Argentina 05/26/89 Ongoing

05/03/99 Light-walled rectangular tube (AD) . . . . . . . Taiwan 03/27/89 Ongoing

05/03/99 Oil Country tubular goods (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Canada 06/16/86 Ongoing

05/03/99 Oil Country tubular goods (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Israel 03/06/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

05/03/99 Oil Country tubular goods (CVD) . . . . . . . . . Israel 03/06/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

05/03/99 Oil Country tubular goods (AD) . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 06/16/86 Ongoing

05/03/99 Small diameter carbon steel pipe & tube . .

(AD)

Taiwan 05/07/84 Ongoing

05/03/99 Small diameter standard & rectangular . . . .

pipe & tube (AD)

Singapore 11/13/86 Ongoing
149

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of December 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

05/03/99 Welded carbon steel line pipe (CVD) . . . . . Turkey 03/07/86 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

05/03/99 Welded carbon steel pipe & tube (AD) . . . . India 05/12/86 Ongoing

05/03/99 Welded carbon steel pipe & tube (AD) . . . . Thailand 03/11/86 Ongoing

05/03/99 Welded carbon steel pipe & tube (AD) . . . . Turkey 05/15/86 Ongoing

05/03/99 Welded carbon steel standard pipe . . . . . . .

(CVD)

Turkey 03/07/86 Ongoing

06/01/99 Benzyl paraben (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 02/13/91 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

06/01/99 Drafting machine (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 12/29/89 Order effective for 5

years after 11/24/99

06/01/99 Industrial belts (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 06/14/89 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial belts except synchronous . . . . . .

& V (AD)

Germany 06/14/89 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . France 08/10/83 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom 07/10/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial nitrocellulose (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yugoslavia 10/16/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial synchronous & V belts (AD) . . . . Italy 06/14/89 Ongoing

06/01/99 Industrial V belts (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore 06/14/89 Ongoing

06/01/99 Mechanical transfer presses (AD) . . . . . . . . Japan 02/16/90 Ongoing

06/01/99 Multiangle laser light-scattering . . . . . . . . . .

instruments (AD)

Japan 11/19/90 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

06/01/99 Small business telephone systems . . . . . .

(AD)

Japan 12/11/89 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

06/01/99 Small business telephone systems . . . . . .

(AD)

Korea 02/07/90 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

06/01/99 Small business telephone systems . . . . . .

(AD)

Taiwan 12/11/89 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

06/01/99 Steel rails (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 09/15/89 Ongoing

06/01/99 Steel rails (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 09/22/89 Ongoing

07/01/99 Axes & adzes (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Bars & wedges (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Fresh & chilled atlantic salmon (AD) . . . . . . Norway 04/12/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Fresh & chilled atlantic salmon (CVD) . . . . Norway 04/12/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Hammers & sledges (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Picks & mattocks (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (AD) . . . . Korea 06/05/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Sodium thiosulfate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Sodium thiosulfate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Sodium thiosulfate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom 02/19/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Sparklers (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 06/18/91 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . .

(AD)

Japan 03/25/88 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . .

(AD)

Korea 02/23/93 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . .

(AD)

Taiwan 06/16/93 Ongoing
150

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

1

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

07/01/99 Stainless steel hollow roducts (AD) . . . . . . . Sweden 12/03/87 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

07/01/99 Stainless steel wire rod (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 01/28/94 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel wire rod (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . France 01/28/94 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel wire rod (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . India 12/01/93 Ongoing

07/01/99 Stainless steel wire rod (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . Spain 01/03/83 Ongoing

07/01/99 Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel . . . . . .

pipe (AD)

Korea 12/30/92 Ongoing

07/01/99 Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel . . . . . .

pipe (AD)

Taiwan 12/30/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Alloy magnesium (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 08/31/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Chrome-plated lug nuts (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . China 09/20/91 Ongoing

08/02/99 Chrome-plated lug nuts (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 09/20/91 Ongoing

08/02/99 Electroluminescent flat panel displays . . . .

(AD)

Japan 09/04/91 Ongoing

08/02/99 Extruded rubber thread (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Malaysia 10/07/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Fresh kiwifruit (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Zealand 06/02/92 Order revoked,

effective 06/01/97

08/02/99 Gray portland cement & clinker (AD) . . . . . . Japan 05/10/91 Ongoing

08/02/99 Gray portland cement & clinker (AD) . . . . . . Mexico 08/30/90 Ongoing

08/02/99 Gray portland cement & clinker (AD) . . . . . . Venezuela 02/27/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Gray portland cement & clinker (CVD) . . . . Venezuela 03/17/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Pure magnesium (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 08/31/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Pure magnesium (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 08/31/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Tungsten ore concentrates (AD) . . . . . . . . . China 11/21/91 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

08/02/99 Uranium (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kyrgyzstan 10/16/92 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

08/02/99 Uranium (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia 10/16/92 Ongoing

08/02/99 Uranium (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukraine 08/30/93 Ongoing

08/02/99 Uranium (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uzbekistan 10/16/92 Ongoing

09/01/99 Carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 06/13/79 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(AD)

Germany 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(CVD)

Germany 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(AD)

Korea 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(CVD)

Korea 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(AD)

Netherlands 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products . . . . .

(CVD)

Sweden 10/11/85 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

Australia 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

Canada 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

France 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (CVD)

France 08/17/93 Ongoing
151

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of December 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

Germany 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (CVD)

Germany 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

Japan 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (AD)

Korea 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat . . . . . .

products (CVD)

Korea 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Belgium 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Belgium 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Brazil 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Brazil 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Canada 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Finland 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Germany 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Germany 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Mexico 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Mexico 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Poland 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Romania 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Spain 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Spain 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . Sweden 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . Sweden 08/17/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (AD) . . . . . United Kingdom 08/19/93 Ongoing

09/01/99 Cut-to-length carbon steel plate (CVD) . . . . United Kingdom 08/17/93 Ongoing

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (AD)

Brazil 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (CVD)

Brazil 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (AD)

France 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (CVD)

France 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (AD)

Germany 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/00

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (CVD)

Germany 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/98

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (AD)

United Kingdom 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/95

10/01/99 Hot-rolled lead/bismuth carbon steel . . . . . .

products (CVD)

United Kingdom 03/22/93 Order revoked,

effective 01/01/95

10/01/99 Sulfanilic acid (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 08/19/92 Ongoing

10/01/99 Sulfanilic acid (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India 03/02/93 Ongoing

10/01/99 Sulfanilic acid (CVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India 03/02/93 Ongoing

11/01/99 Compact ductile iron waterworks fittings . . .

(AD)

China 09/07/93 Ongoing

11/01/99 DRAMs of 1 megabit & above (AD) . . . . . . . Korea 05/10/93 Ongoing

11/01/99 Helical spring lock washers (AD) . . . . . . . . . China 10/19/93 Ongoing

11/01/99 Helical spring lock washers (AD) . . . . . . . . . Taiwan 06/28/93 Ongoing
152

Table A-29–Continued

Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders conducted under the authority

of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as of Dec. 31, 1999, by date of institution

Institution

date Product

1

Country of

origin

Order

date Status

11/01/99 Professional electric cutting tools (AD) . . . . Japan 07/12/93 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicomanganese (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 12/22/94 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicomanganese (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 12/22/94 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicomanganese (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukraine 10/31/94 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicon metal (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina 09/26/91 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicon metal (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil 07/31/91 Ongoing

11/01/99 Silicon metal (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 06/10/91 Ongoing

12/01/99 Aramid Fiber (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands 06/24/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Cased pencil (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 12/28/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Color negative photo paper & . . . . . . . . . . .

chemicals (AD)

Japan 08/12/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Color negative photo paper & . . . . . . . . . . .

chemicals (AD)

Netherlands 08/12/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Defrost timers (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan 03/02/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Forged stainless steel flanges (AD) . . . . . . India 02/09/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Forged stainless steel flanges (AD) . . . . . . Taiwan 02/09/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Fresh garlic (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 11/16/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Grain-oriented silicon electrical steel . . . . .

(AD)

Italy 08/12/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Grain-oriented silicon electrical steel . . . . .

(CVD)

Italy 06/07/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Grain-oriented silicon electrical steel . . . . .

(AD)

Japan 06/10/94 Ongoing

12/01/99 Paper clips (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China 11/25/94 Ongoing

1 AD = Antidumping; CVD = countervailing duty

Source: Prepared by staff of the U.S. International Trade Commission.
153

Table A-30

U.S. International Trade Commission Sec. 337 investigations completed or pending in 1999

Status of Commission

investigation Article Country

1 determination

Completed:

337-TA-380 Certain agricultural tractors Japan Formal enforcement

under 50 power take-off proceeding terminated;

horsepower Commission imposed a civil

penalty in the amount of

$2,320,000, and sanctions in the

amount of $22,410.85.

337-TA-403 Certain acesulfame potassium People’s Republic Terminated based on a

and blends and products of China finding of no violation.

containing same

337-TA-406 Certain lens-fitted film packages People’s Issued general exclusion

Republic of order and cease and

China, Hong desist orders.

Kong, Korea

337-TA-409 Certain CD-ROM controllers Taiwan Terminated based on a

and products containing same II finding of no violation;

motion for monetary

sanctions denied.

337-TA-411 Certain organic photoconductor Japan, Germany, Terminated based on

drums and products containing Hong Kong, Thailand, withdrawal of complaint.

the same Taiwan

337-TA-412 Certain video graphics display Canada Terminated based on a

controllers finding of no violation.

337-TA-413 Certain rare-earth magnets Taiwan, People’s Issued general exclusion

and magnetic materials and articles Republic of China order and cease and desist

containing same orders.

337-TA-415 Certain mechanical lumbar supports Canada, Germany, Terminated based on a

and products containing same Austria finding of no violation.

337-TA-416 Certain compact multipurpose tools People’s Republic Issued general exclusion

of China, Taiwan order.

337-TA-417 Certain code hopping remote Mexico Terminated based on a

control systems including settlement agreement.

components and integrated

circuits used therein

337-TA-418 Certain rodent bait stations United Kingdom Terminated based on

and components thereof withdrawal of complaint.

337-TA-420 Certain beer products Czech Republic Terminated based on a consent

order.

337-TA-423 Certain conductive coated abrasives Finland Terminated based on a consent

order.

Pending:

337-TA-334 Certain condensers, parts thereof Japan Advisory opinion

and products containing same proceeding pending before

including air conditioners for the ALJ.

automobiles

337-TA-383 Certain hardware logic France Advisory opinion

emulation systems and proceeding pending before

components thereof the ALJ.

See footnote at end of table.
154

Table A-30—Continued

U.S. International Trade Commission Sec. 337 investigations completed or pending in 1999

Status of Commission

investigation Article Country

1 determination

Pending:—Continued

337-TA-395 Certain EPROM, EEPROM, flash Taiwan, Japan Reconsideration

memory, and flash microcontroller proceeding pending

semiconductor devices and products before the ALJ.

containing same

337-TA-406 Certain lens-fitted film packages People’s Bond forteiture

Republic of proceeding pending

China, Hong before the ALJ.

Kong, Korea

337-TA-414 Certain semiconductor Taiwan Pending before the

memory devices and Commission.

products containing same

337-TA-419 Certain excimer laser Japan Pending before the

systems for vision correction Commission.

surgery and components

thereof and methods for

performing same

337-TA-421 Certain enhanced DRAM Japan Pending before the

devices containing embedded Commission.

cache memory registers,

components thereof, and

products containing same

337-TA-422 Certain two handle centerset Taiwan, People’s Pending before the ALJ.

faucets and escutcheons, and Republic of China

components thereof

337-TA-424 Certain cigarettes and packaging No foreign Pending before the ALJ.

thereof Respondent

337-TA-425 Certain amino fluoro ketone Switzerland Pending before the ALJ.

compounds

1 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation.

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Office of Unfair Import Investigations.
155

Table A-31

Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1999

Investigation Date patent

No. Article Country

1 expires2

337-TA-55 Certain novelty glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong Nonpatent

337-TA-69 Certain airtight cast-iron stoves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan, Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-87 Certain coin-operated audio-visual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

games and components thereof

337-TA-105 Certain coin-operated audio-visual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

games and components thereof

337-TA-112 Certain cube puzzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan, Japan, Canada Nonpatent

337-TA-114 Certain miniature plug-in blade fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-118 Certain sneakers with fabric uppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korea Nonpatent

and rubber soles

337-TA-137 Certain heavy-duty staple gun tackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan, Hong Kong, Nonpatent

Korea

337-TA-152 Certain plastic food storage containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-167 Certain single handle faucets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-170 Certain bag closure clips Israel 08/25/00

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

05/26/01

3

337-TA-174 Certain woodworking machines South Africa, Taiwan 09/17/01

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

337-TA-195 Certain cloisonne jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-197 Certain compound action metal cutting snips . . . . . . . . Taiwan Nonpatent

and components thereof

337-TA-228 Certain fans with brushless DC motors Japan 09/30/02

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

337-TA-229 Certain nut jewelry and parts thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philippines, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-231 Certain soft sculpture dolls, popularly known . . . . . . . . No foreign respondents Nonpatent

as “Cabbage Patch Kids,” related literature,

and packaging therefor

337-TA-240 Certain laser inscribed diamonds and the Israel 12/23/00

3 . . . . . . . . . .

method of inscription thereof

337-TA-242 Certain dynamic random access memories, . . . . . . . . Japan, Korea 08/06/02

components thereof, and products containing 09/24/02

same

337-TA-254 Certain small aluminum flashlights and Hong Kong, Taiwan 06/06/04

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

components thereof

337-TA-266 Certain reclosable plastic bags and tubing . . . . . . . . . . Singapore, Taiwan, Nonpatent

Korea, Thailand,

Hong Kong

337-TA-276 Certain erasable programmable read only . . . . . . . . . . Korea 12/23/00

memories, components thereof, products 06/17/02

2

containing such memories and processes for 06/07/05

3

making such memories

337-TA-279 Certain plastic light duty screw anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan Nonpatent

See footnotes at end of table.
156

Table A-31—Continued

Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1999

Investigation Date patent

No. Article Country

1 expires2

337-TA-285 Certain chemiluminescent compositions and France Nonpatent

components thereof and methods of using, and

products incorporating, the same

337-TA-287 Certain strip lights Taiwan Nonpatent

04/07/00

3

337-TA-293 Certain crystalline cefadroxil Italy, Spain, 03/12/02

monohydrate Switzerland

337-TA-295 Certain novelty teleidoscopes Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-308 Certain key blanks for keys of high security Korea 01/13/04

cylinder locks 06/19/05

3

337-TA-314 Certain battery-powered ride-on toy vehicles Taiwan 09/22/01

and components thereof 01/31/03

12/06/03

3

01/27/04

09/22/06

3

337-TA-319 Certain automotive fuel caps and radiator Taiwan Nonpatent

caps and related packaging and 06/22/06

3

promotional materials 07/22/06

3

337-TA-320 Certain rotary printing apparatus using heated France, Spain 04/30/04

3

ink composition, components thereof, and

systems containing said apparatus and

components

337-TA-321 Certain soft drinks and their containers Colombia Nonpatent

337-TA-324 Certain acid-washed denim garments and Hong Kong, Taiwan, 10/22/06

3

accessories Brazil, Chile

337-TA-333 Certain woodworking accessories Taiwan 03/02/08

3

337-TA-334 Certain condensers, parts thereof and products Japan 03/12/08

containing same, including air conditioners

for automobiles

337-TA-337 Certain integrated circuit telecommunication Taiwan 05/18/01

chips and products containing same,

including dialing apparatus

337-TA-344 Certain cutting tools for flexible plastic Taiwan 08/01/00

3

conduit and components thereof

337-TA-354 Certain tape dispensers Hong Kong, Taiwan 04/07/01

337-TA-360 Certain devices for connecting computers Taiwan 02/13/07

via telephone lines

337-TA-365 Certain audible alarm devices for divers Taiwan 08/21/07

3

10/12/08

3

337-TA-372 Certain neodymium-iron-boron magnets, magnet People’s Republic 05/20/05

3

alloys, and articles containing same of China, Hong Kong,

Taiwan

337-TA-374 Certain electrical connectors and products Taiwan 01/22/08

containing same

337-TA-376 Certain variable speed wind turbines and Germany 02/01/11

3

components thereof

See footnotes at end of table.
157

Table A-31—Continued

Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1999

Investigation Date patent

No. Article Country

1 expires2

337-TA-378 Certain Asian-style Kamaboko fish cakes Japan Nonpatent

337-TA-380 Certain agricultural tractors under 50 Japan Nonpatent

power take-off horsepower

337-TA-383 Certain hardware logic emulation France 10/05/08

systems and components thereof 10/05/08

10/05/08

04/28/09

04/28/09

337-TA-391 Certain toothbrushes and the packaging thereof People’s Republic of 08/04/06

China, Taiwan

337-TA-406 Certain lens-fitted film packages People’s Republic of 05/23/06

China, Hong Kong, 08/08/06

Korea 11/28/06

09/04/07

09/04/07

11/27/07

04/05/08

11/05/08

03/07/09

08/10/10

08/13/10

11/01/11

01/10/12

04/18/12

07/25/12

337-TA-413 Certain rare-earth magnets and People’s Republic 01/29/02

magnetic material and articles of China, Taiwan 07/22/03

containing same 07/22/03

02/07/06

07/25/06

06/07/15

337-TA-416 Certain compact multipurpose tools People’s Republic of 07/01/11

China, Taiwan 10/21/11

10/21/11

10/21/11

1 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation.

2 Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigation.

3 Patent term extended under 35 U.S.C. 154(c).

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Office of Unfair Import Investigations.
Table A-32

U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports, 1999

(1,000 dollars)

HTSRank

HTSNo. Description

Total U.S.

imports for

consumption GS

1 2709.00.20 petroleumoils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I.

or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,969,997 

2 7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver except necklaces

and clasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,071,372 

3 7202.41.00 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,530 4 8708.99.67 Parts n.e.s.o.i. for power trains, for tractors and motor vehicles, including special

purpose vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,064,512 

5 8708.70.45 Road wheels for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794,950 6 8527.21.10 Radio-tape player combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,680,028 7 2909.19.14 Methyl tertiary-butyl ether. (MTBE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896,869 8 7606.12.30 Aluminum alloy, plates/sheets/strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm, rectangular

(including square), not clad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867,667 

9 1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424,960 10 7113.19.29 Gold necklaces and neck chains, other than rope or mixed link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912,063 11 7403.11.00 Cathodes and sections of cathodes, of refined copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,210,743 12 7615.19.30 Aluminum, cooking and kitchen ware, other than cast, enameled or glazed or

containing nonstick interior finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,904 

13 8708.60.80 Non-driving axles and parts thereof, for motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,634 14 8544.30.00 Ignition wiring sets, other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, aircraft or ships . . . . . . . 4,867,650 15 4823.59.40 Paper and paperboard of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic

purposes n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,888 

16 7323.93.00 Stainless steel table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof . . . . . . . . . . . 512,721 17 2905.11.20 Methanol (methyl alcohol) n.e.s.o.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,840 18 8708.99.80 Parts and accessories n.e.s.o.i. of motor vehicles n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,489,484 19 4414.00.00 Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors, or similar objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,130 20 8708.91.50 Radiators, for motor vehicles, excluding tractors suitable for agricultural use . . . . . . . . . 424,293 

Total, above items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,853,237 Total, all GSP items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014,545,366 2

Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data. Figures do not include Virgin Island imports. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands fofied or included.”Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-33

U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import categories under the Harmonize(HTS) sections, 1999

(Million dollars)

Impor

HTSsection Description

Total U.S.

imports for

consumption GSP-eli

I Live animals; animal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,218 II Vegetable products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,547 III Animal and vegetable fats, oils, and waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,389 IV Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits; tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,585 1V Mineral products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,433 2VI Chemical products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,689 1VII Plastics and rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,993 1VIII Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins; saddlery; handbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,265 IX Wood; charcoal; cork; straw and other plaiting materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,448 X Wood pulp; paper and paperboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,331 XI Textiles and textile articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,412 XII Footwear, headgear, umbrellas; artificial flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,412 XIII Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramic and glass articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,688 XIV Pearls, precious or semi-precious stones; imitation jewellery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,399 1XV Base metals and articles of base metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,127 2XVI Machinery and appliances; electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308,192 5XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels, transport equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,891 1XVIII Optical, photographic, medical, and musical instruments; clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,790 XIX Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 XX Miscellaneous manufactured articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,304 XXI Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,902 XXII Special classification provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,821 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014,545 22

1 Nearly $107 million of trade was reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1999 of receiving preferential duty-free tre

program, when in fact it was duty-free under normal trade relations. This trade is excluded.Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data. Figures do not include Virgin Island imports.Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-34

U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 2402.10.80 Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, each valued 23 cents or over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330,704 3077113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver, except

necklaces and clasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,028 170

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280,714 2130804.30.40 Pineapples, fresh or dried, not reduced in size, in crates or other packages . . . . . . . . 72,621 682905.11.20 Methanol (Methyl alcohol) n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,596 571701.11.20 Other sugar to be used for the production (other than distillation) of polyhydric

alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,476 47

7213.91.30 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, not tempered or treated, of iron or nonalloy steel . . . . . . . . . 62,478 590807.19.20 Cantaloupes, fresh, if entered during the periods from January 1 through July 31 . . . 65,044 558536.20.00 Automatic circuit breakers, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,358 578516.31.00 Electrothermic hair dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,346 398538.90.80 Terminals, electrical splices and couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,304 362207.10.60 Undenatured ethyl alcohol for nonbeverage purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,058 333903.11.00 Polystyrene, expandable, in primary forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 154016.93.50 Nonautomotive gaskets, washers, and seals of vulcanized rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,928 316210.10.50 Other nonwoven disposable apparel designed for use in hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,052 258533.40.80 Electrical variable resistors, other than wirewound, including rheostats and

potentiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,209 20

2009.11.00 Frozen concentrated orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,925 398536.50.90 Switches n.e.s.o.i. for switching or making connections to or in electrical

circuits, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,750 30

0807.19.70 Other melons nesoi, fresh, if entered during the period from December 1, in any

year, to the following May 31, inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,105 30

0710.80.97 Vegetables n.e.s.o.i. uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water,

frozen, reduced in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,221 21

0202.30.50 Bovine meat cuts, boneless, not processed, frozen, descr in add. US note 3 to

Ch. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,633 18

4202.21.90 Handbags, with or without shoulder strap or without handle, with outer

surface of leather, composition or patent leather, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,699 16

8536.49.00 Relays for switching, protecting or making connections to or in electrical circuits,

for a voltage exceeding 60 but not exceeding 1,000 volts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,461 24

3926.90.98 Other articles of plastic n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,827 182203.00.00 Beer made from malt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,065 20

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,552,857 1,459All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,654,986 1,764Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,207,842 3,224

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals show. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i.” stands for “not elsewhere specified oSource: Compiled form official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
161

Table A-35

U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 1995-99

(1,000 dollars)

Rank Source 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1 Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . 845,356 932,413 1,136,523 1,294,533 820,270

2 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527,716 657,127 746,354 756,579 683,013

3 Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,467 279,768 270,268 268,869 285,349

4 Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . 144,248 184,895 226,244 186,219 217,857

5 Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,840 207,289 263,814 236,073 180,152

6 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,330 95,965 74,515 102,178 89,593

7 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,550 91,254 81,799 50,206 59,051

8 Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,855 20,765 25,132 34,914 56,018

9 Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,543 116,007 135,340 72,694 50,556

10 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,357 51,352 81,064 77,453 45,962

11 St. Kitts-Nevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,776 19,241 24,636 25,428 25,617

12 Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,043 23,089 24,983 20,392 24,632

13 Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,676 24,760 34,710 19,706 23,057

14 Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,522 30,223 31,194 28,167 21,914

15 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,409 32,285 28,512 24,617 14,706

16 Grenada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 1,007 4,071 8,242 11,486

17 Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 2,204 1,557 1,858 9,497

18 St. Lucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,503 7,129 5,263 7,802 9,249

19 St. Vincent and Grenadines . . . . 2,527 3,580 2,373 3,532 7,195

20 Netherlands Antilles . . . . . . . . . . . 4,468 4,357 3,862 2,775 1,612

21 British Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . 12 631 262 333 364

22 Antigua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,683 1,615 522 214 22

23 Aruba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 138 166 1,779 19

24 Montserrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,488 3,962 4,679 - 6

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,261,407 2,791,055 3,207,842 3,224,564 2,637,200

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
162

Table A-36

U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

Rank Source 1997 1998 1999

1 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605,472 709,889 797,305

2 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460,992 632,676 631,180

3 Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,437 233,002 260,301

4 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,955 69,630 61,492

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,855 1,645,196 1,750,279

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table A-37

U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 1997-99

(1,000 dollars)

HTS No. Description 1997 7403.11.00 Cathodes and sections of cathodes of refined copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,790 2000603.10.60 Roses, fresh cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,116 1953212.90.00 Pigments dispersed in nonaqueous media, in liquid or paste form, used in making

paints; dyes & coloring matter packaged for retail sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,923 39

0603.10.70 Chrysanthemums, standard carnations, anthuriums and orchids, fresh cut . . . . . . . . . 147,786 1471604.14.40 Tunas and skipjack, not in airtight containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,261 460603.10.80 Cut flowers and flower buds suitable for bouquets or ornamental purposes,

fresh cut, n.e.s.o. i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,825 70

7113.19.10 Rope and chain for jewelry, of precious metal, except silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,014 667113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal, except silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,254 642843.30.00 Gold compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,366 487901.11.00 Zinc (o/than alloy), unwrought, containing o/99.99% by weight of zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,858 240603.10.30 Miniature (spray) carnations, fresh cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,801 373921.12.11 Nonadhesive plates, sheets, film, foil, strip, cellular, of polymers of vinyl chloride,

with man-made textile fibers, over 70% plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,957 31

0709.20.90 Asparagus, n.e.s.o.i., fresh or chilled not reduced in size, not entered

Sept 15-Nov 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,804 23

7113.19.29 Gold necklaces and neck chains (other than rope or mixed links) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,117 247905.00.00 Zinc, plates, sheets, strip and foil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,894 160804.50.40 Guavas, mangoes, and mangosteens, fresh, if entered September 1 through

May 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,238 8

4421.90.98 Articles of wood, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,752 140709.20.10 Asparagus, fresh or chilled, not reduced in size, if entered September 15 to

November 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,749 7

7113.19.21 Gold rope necklaces and neck chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,676 51701.11.20 Cane sugar, raw, in solid form, to be used for certain polyhydric alcohols . . . . . . . . . . 231 10703.10.40 Onions, other than onion sets or pearl onions not over 16 mm in diameter, and

shallots, fresh or chilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,301 3

4418.20.80 Doors and their frames and threshold, of wood, other than French doors . . . . . . . . . . . 5,118 69602.00.10 Unhardened gelatin, worked and articles thereof, excluding that covered in

HTS 3505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,730 11

4202.91.00 Cases, bags and containers n.e.s.o.i., with outer surface of leather, of

composition leather or patent leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,747 13

7115.90.30 Gold (including metal clad with gold) articles (other than jewelry or goldsmiths’

wares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,855 57

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012,164 1,166All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,692 478Total, all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,855 1,645

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals show. The abbreviation n.e.s.o.i. stands for “not elsewhere specified or Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

APPENDIX B

Request Letter
166
OMB No.: 3117- 0188

ITC READER SATISFACTION SURVEY

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