OPERATION OF THE TRADE




		










	

THE YEAR IN TRADE:

AGREEMENTS PROGRAM

DURING 1995
Address all communications to

Secretary to the Commission

United States International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

COMMISSIONERS

Carol T. Crawford

David B. Rohr, Chairman

Don E. Newquist

Peter S. Watson

Janet A. Nuzum

U.S. International Trade Commission

Lynn M. Bragg

Robert A. Rogowsky

Director of Operations
This report was principally prepared by

Office of Economics

 Robert A. Rogowsky, Acting Director

Trade Reports Division

Constance A. Hamilton, Acting Chief and Project Leader

Kim S. Frankena Walker Pollard

Paul R. Gibson James Stamps

Thomas Jennings Edward C. Wilson

Magdolna Kornis Michael S. Youssef

Diane Manifold

Office of the General Counsel

William W. Gearhart

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade Agreements

Daniel Shepherdson

Office of Unfair Import Investigations

T. Spence Chubb

Office of Industries

William Green

Linda Shelton

With the assistance of

Dean Moore, Information Specialist

Jessica Heflin, Intern

Seta Pillsbury, Intern

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Cecelia N. Allen, Secretarial Services

v

CONTENTS



Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Purpose and organization of the report 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Summary of 1995 trade agreements activities 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The 1995 economic environment 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Chapter 2. Selected Trade Activities in the World Trade 

Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development During 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

World Trade Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Dispute settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

WTO disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Disputes under pre-1995 procedures 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appeals body formed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Reformulated gasoline dispute 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Accessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Plurilateral Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Agreement on Government Procurement 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

International Dairy Agreement 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

International Bovine Meat Agreement 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Services negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Financial services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Movement of natural persons 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Basic telecommunications services 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Maritime transport services 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Professional services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Investment negotiations begin 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Other new trade agenda issues 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Trade and environment 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Trade and competition policy 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Trade and labor standards 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Czech Republic accedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 3. Regional Trade Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

NAFTA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Mexico’s second year under the NAFTA 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Trade with the United States 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

U.S. exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

U.S. imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Production sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Canada’s second year under the NAFTA 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Trade with the United States 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Canadian-Mexican trade flow 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

NAFTA accession negotiations 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Free Trade Area of the Americas 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
vi

CONTENTS—Continued



Chapter 3—Continued

APEC’s Osaka action agenda 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1995 Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

The new Trans-Atlantic agenda 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

U.S.-EU commercial relations 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

December 3 Madrid summit and the new Trans-Atlantic agenda 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Next steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 4. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

U.S.-Canadian softwood lumber agreement 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Canadian rail subsidy terminated 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Role of Canadian wheat board 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Cultural protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Country Music Television 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Borders Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Bananas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Enlargement and U.S. compensation 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Autos and auto parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Investment and buyer-supplier relationships 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Financial services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Trucking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Small parcel deliveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Intellectual property rights protection and enforcement 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Agreement on international trade in commercial space launch services 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Market access agreement 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Tariffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Government procurement 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wildlife trade sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Intellectual property rights 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Beef and pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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CONTENTS—Continued



Chapter 5. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Import relief laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Safeguard actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Adjustment assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Assistance to workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

NAFTA-related assistance to workers 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Assistance to firms and industries 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Laws against unfair trade practices 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Antidumping investigations 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Countervailing-duty investigations 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing-duty orders 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Section 337 investigations 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Other import administration laws and programs 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tariff preference programs 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Generalized System of Preferences 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Andean Trade Preference Act 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

National security import restrictions 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Agricultural Adjustment Act 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

U.S. textile and apparel trade program 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Uruguay Round Agreement on Textiles and Clothing 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

U.S. actions under the ATC in 1995 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Other trade agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

U.S. trade in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

New rules of origin for textiles and apparel 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures

1-1. Selected trade events, 1995 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1-2. U.S. merchandise trade with the world, by product sectors, 1995 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1-3. U.S. merchandise exports, imports, and trade balance with major trading partners, 1995 10 . . . . . . . . . . 

3-1. U.S. trade with Mexico: exports, imports, and trade balance, 1991-95 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-2. U.S. trade with Mexico: exports, by product sectors, 1995 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-3 U.S. trade with Canada: exports, imports, and trade balance, 1991-95 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-4. U.S. trade with Canada: exports, by product sectors, 1995 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-5. Canada-Mexico, merchandise trade, 1994-95 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-6. Major APEC developments 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4-1. Selected agricultural products subject to high tariffs in Taiwan 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-1. U.S. imports of textiles and apparel covered by the MFA, by major suppliers, 1990

and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Tables

1-1. Comparative economic indicators of the United States and major trading partners,

1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2-1. WTO dispute settlement in 1995 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2-2. WTO members (as of Feb. 22, 1996) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2-3. Countries seeking membership through WTO Working Parties on accession 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2-4. Signatories to the Agreement on Government Procurement 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-1. Analysis of maquiladora trade, 1990-95 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-1. Summary of activity on sec. 301 investigations during 1995 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
viii

CONTENTS—Continued



Tables—Continued

5-2. U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 1995 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-3. U.S. imports for consumption under the GSP from leading beneficiaries, and total, 1995 79 . . . . . . . . . 

5-4. U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 1993-95 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-5. U.S. imports for consumption from Andean countries, 1993-95 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-6. Countries with which the United States has textile and apparel quotas, as of June 15, 1996,

and U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from these countries in 1995 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-7. Safeguard actions initiated by the United States under the ATC in 1995 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix

Statistical tables

A-1. U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-2. Leading exports to Canada, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-3. Leading imports from Canada, by HTS items, 1993-95 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-4. U.S. merchandise trade with the European Union, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 97 . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-5. Leading exports to the European Union, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-6. Leading imports from the European Union, by HTS items, 1993-95 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-7. U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-8. Leading exports to Japan, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-9. Leading imports from Japan, by HTS items, 1993-95 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-10. U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-11. Leading exports to Mexico, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-12. Leading imports from Mexico, by HTS items, 1993-95 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-13. U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-14. Leading exports to China, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-15. Leading imports from China, by HTS items, 1993-95 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-16. U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-17. Leading exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-18. Leading imports from Taiwan, by HTS items, 1993-95 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-19. U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-20. Leading exports to Korea, by Schedule B number, 1993-95 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-21. Leading imports from Korea, by HTS items, 1993-95 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-22. Antidumping actions reported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping

Practices during 1995 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-23. Countervailing duty actions reported by signatories to the WTO Committee on

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures during 1995 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-24. Antidumping cases active in 1995, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act

of 1930, by final outcomes and by USITC investigation number 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-25. Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995 128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-26. Countervailing cases active in 1995, filed under authority of section 303 or title VII of

the Tariff Act of 1930, by final outcomes and by USITC investigation number 134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-27. Countervailing-duty orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-28. Section 337 investigations completed by the U.S. International Trade Commission

during 1995 and those pending on Dec. 31, 1995 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-29. Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1995 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-30. U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP-duty-free imports, 1995 141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-31. U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import

categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS), 1995 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
ix

CONTENTS—Continued



Appendix—Continued

Statistical tables—Continued

A-32. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 1994-95 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-33. U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA, by country, 1991-95 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-34. U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA, by country, 1993-95 145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A-35. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 1994-1995 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
x

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations

and Acronyms

ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific

AD Antidumping

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing

ATPA Andean Trade Preference Act

CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

CFTA United States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement

CVD Countervailing Duty

EU European Union

FTA Free-Trade Agreement

FY Fiscal Year

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GSP Generalized System of Preferences

HTS Harmonized Tariff System

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

ITA International Trade Administration

MFA Multifiber Arrangement

MFN Most Favored Nation

NAFTA North American Free-Trade Agreement

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SITC Standard Industrial Trade Classification

TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance

TRIMs Trade-Related Investment Measures

TRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

URA Uruguay Round Agreements

URAA Uruguay Round Agreements Act

USITC U.S. International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WTO World Trade Organization
1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Organization

of the Report

This report is the 47th in a series to be submitted to

the U.S. Congress under section 163(b) of the Trade

Act of 1974 and its predecessor legislation.1 It is one

of the principal means by which the U.S. International

Trade Commission (USITC or the Commission)

provides Congress with factual information on trade

policy and its administration. The report also serves as

a historical record of the major trade-related activities

of the United States to be used as a general reference

by government officials and others with an interest in

U.S. trade relations. The trade agreements program

includes “all activities consisting of, or related to, the

administration of international agreements which

primarily concern trade and which are concluded

pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the

Constitution” and congressional legislation.2

Chapter 1 summarizes selected trade events and

trade agreements activities that occurred during the

year. This chapter also provides an overview of the

1995 economic environment. Chapter 2 focuses on the

1995 activities of the World Trade Organization

(WTO) and the Organization for Cooperation and

Economic Development (OECD). Chapter 3 discusses

developments in regional fora, including the Asia

Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, the

North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and

the new Trans-Atlantic agenda. Chapter 4 focuses on

bilateral trade agreements concluded during the year,

as well as other selected activities, between the United

States and its major trading partners: Canada, China,

the European Union (EU), Japan, Korea, Mexico, and

Taiwan. Chapter 5 discusses the administration of U.S.

trade laws, regulations, and programs. The report

covers the 1995 calendar year, and, occasionally, early

1996 events. The report also has a statistical appendix.

Summary of 1995 Trade

Agreements Activities

The year 1995 marked the beginning of a new era

for the multilateral trading system. The Uruguay

Round Trade Agreements (URA) entered into force on

January 1, creating the WTO. A year later, on

December 31, 1995, the institution known as the

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

ceased to exist. During 1995, transition from the

GATT Secretariat to the WTO proceeded fairly

smoothly as the new organization’s institutional

framework was put in place. A dispute settlement

mechanism complete with appeals body was

established. The URA called for negotiations in three

major service sectors to be extended beyond the

Uruguay Round conclusion. To that end, substantive

negotiations took place in financial services,

telecommunications, and in maritime transport services

during 1995. The financial services negotiations ended

with an interim accord reached on July 28, to be

reconsidered by yearend 1997. The telecommunications and maritime transport negotiations continued

through 1995, with scheduled completion dates in

1996. Also on the multilateral front—and in the spirit

of the URA—member countries of the OECD agreed

in May to launch negotiations aimed at reaching a

multilateral agreement on investment by 1997.

Regionalism’s momentum continued during 1995,

as shown by such events as: (1) enlargement of the EU

on January 1 and a further widening of the EU network

of association partnerships and cooperative agreements, (2) entry into force of the Common Market of

the Southern Cone (MERCOSUR), (3) adoption of a

joint declaration setting out initial principles for

achievement of a Free Trade Area of the Americas, (4)

adoption by the APEC economies of the Osaka Action

Agenda to achieve free and open trade and investment

in the Asian-Pacific region, and (5) proposals for
2

strengthening the U.S.-EU trade and economic

relationship that were proffered by both sides, which

led to conclusion of a new Trans-Atlantic agenda.

During the year, the Clinton administration promoted

the use of regional agreements as important steps

toward achieving global free trade, and, in particular,

emphasized regional goals in the Asia-Pacific and

Latin America regions.3

As in previous years, the United States’ 1995

bilateral agenda covered a wide variety of topics. A

number of new agreements were reached on market

access. For example, an accord with Japan was

reached on autos and auto parts that addressed such

concerns as: (1) access to Japanese dealerships for

U.S. automakers, (2) deregulation of Japan’s auto

repair parts market, and (3) sales of original foreign

parts to Japanese automakers both in the United States

and in Japan. The United States and Japan also signed

an accord that addressed issues related to foreign direct

investment in both countries and to buyer-supplier

relationships. An intellectual property rights (IPR)

agreement with China was signed. The agreement

contains commitments by China to address piracy

throughout the country, makes long-term changes to

ensure effective IPR enforcement, and provides U.S.

rights holders with enhanced access to the Chinese

market.4 The United States and Korea agreed on a

consultative mechanism concerning steel, a

memorandum of understanding (MOU) on market

access for cigarettes was signed, and a MOU to

increase market access for foreign passenger vehicles

in Korea was also signed. The latter includes

provisions on Korea’s auto tax system, standards and

certification, advertising, auto financing, and consumer

perceptions. A bilateral agreement with Korea

regarding shelf-life for frozen sausage was also signed

in 1995. That agreement ended a dispute that began

when the U.S. meat industry filed a section 301

petition concerning Korea’s practice of governmentmandated expiration dates for frozen meat products.

Under the accord, Korea agreed to implement a

manufacturer-based system by 1996.

Other accomplishments during the year included a

financial services agreement signed with Japan, an

agreement with the EU that compensates the United

States for the effects of EU enlargement, and

resolution of a dispute regarding Mexico’s labeling and

inspection requirements for tires. Several areas of

disagreement were not resolved. For example, the EU

import regime for bananas remained a contentious

bilateral issue in 1995. ”Cultural” issues with Canada

were also a source of bilateral discord. (See figure 1-1

for selected trade events during 1995.)

Some of the highlights related to the administration

of U.S. trade laws, regulations, and programs in 1995

are listed below:

• At yearend, there were no remedy actions in

effect under safeguard laws (sections 201 and

406 of the Trade Act of 1974, and section 302 of

the NAFTA Implementation Act) and no

investigations in progress. The USITC did

conduct one investigation (fresh winter

tomatoes) under section 201 and made a

negative provisional relief determination.

Commerce did not initiate any investigations

under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of

1962 (national security). The level of

investigative activity in 1995 under antidumping and countervailing duty laws and section

337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 was slightly higher

than in 1994.

• The URA amended section 22 of the

Agricultural Adjustment Act to prohibit the

imposition of quantitative limitations or fees

under section 22 on articles that are the product

of a WTO member. The amendment became

effective with respect to all products except

wheat. Section 22 fees on wheat were permitted

to be imposed through September 11, 1995 (in

recognition of the MOU between the United

States and Canada) and then were terminated.

This was the only section 22 action in effect

during 1995.

• Under the NAFTA-related trade adjustment

assistance program, data covering fiscal year

1995 indicate that 31,526 workers were

certified as eligible to receive benefits.

• Duty-free imports under tariff preference

programs accounted for the following

proportion of total U.S. imports (by value): the

Generalized System of Preferences, 2 percent;

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act, 1.7

percent; and the Andean Trade Preference Act,

0.9 percent.

• On January 1, 1995, the URA replaced the

Multifiber Arrangement with the Agreement on

Textiles and Clothing (ATC). The United States

initiated 21 safeguard actions under the ATC in

1995. Of these, 10 were rescinded, 8 led to the

negotiation of new 3-year quotas, and 3 led to

the imposition of unilateral quotas.
3

Figure 1-1

Selected trade events, 1995

JANUARY

Jan. 1 The new World Trade Organization (WTO) comes into existence with 81 members.

Austria, Finland and Sweden become members of the European Union.

U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) issues a “Special 301” list of Chinese imports that could

be subject to sanctions if improvement is not made in China’s protection of intellectual

property rights.

MERCOSUR countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) implement a customs

union.

Jan. 5 Round of China-WTO accession talks ends unsuccessfully.

United States and India reach a textiles agreement that allows U.S. exports of textiles,

clothing, yarns, and industrial fabrics to India for the first time.

Jan. 11 United States and Japan reach a financial services pact that will allow foreign investment

advisers access to Japan’s large pension fund market and will ease restrictions on

corporate pension fund management, investment trusts, and cross border securities

transactions.

Jan. 31 President Clinton uses executive authority to provide $20 billion financial aid loan package

to stabilize Mexico’s economy and restore investor confidence following Mexico’s ”peso

crisis.”

FEBRUARY

Feb. 1 Association accords between the EU and Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania and

Slovakia come into effect. The accords are a first step to their eventual EU membership.

Feb. 8 Armenia is granted GSP by the United States. Brazil and the Bahamas are graduated from

the program.

Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan agree to establish a customs union.

Feb. 26 United States and China reach a landmark agreement on intellectual property protection

rights.

MARCH

Mar. 13 USTR Kantor signs an agreement with China to extend the agreement on satellite launch

services for another 7 years.

Mar. 26 The Schengen agreement to establish a frontier-free Europe comes into force. Border

controls are abolished between France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,

Spain, and Portugal.1

Mar. 29 Korea formally applies to become the 26th member of the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD). Accession is planned for 1996.

United States and Korea reach a telecom agreement.

Mar. 31 The Japanese Government outlines a 5-year plan for trade deregulation that includes 1,091

proposals addressing distribution, customs and transportation and further cuts in red tape.

APRIL

Apr. 30 USTR puts seven countries on a priority watch list for failure to adequately protect U.S.

copyrights, patents and trademarks: Brazil, Greece, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, India,

Korea and the EU.

Figure continued on next page.
4

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1995

MAY

May 1 President Clinton bars all trade by U.S. companies with Iran.

JUNE

June 5 President Clinton recommends renewal of most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment for China

for another year.

June 7 United States, Canada, and Mexico launch formal negotiations with Chile for Chilean

accession to NAFTA.

June 16 United States and Japan reach a broad agreement on ways to promote direct investment in

Japan by foreign businesses, proposing tax incentives and low-interest loans by

governmental financial institutions.

June 20 WTO starts consultations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to

bolster policy coordination among the three organizations.

June 30 Summit of the Americas trade ministerial meeting at Denver, CO. Western Hemisphere

trade leaders approve a declaration outlining a work plan for creating a hemispheric

free-trade zone by 2005.

June 30 United States lifts wildlife trade restrictions on Taiwan. Sanctions were imposed in 1994 in

response to the Taiwan commercial trade in rhinoceros and tiger parts.

JULY

July l United States and Japan reach an agreement on autos and auto parts. Japan agrees to

increase imports of U.S. autos and auto parts but refuses numerical targets.

July 3 USTR announces that it will investigate alleged exclusionary business practices for

consumer photographic film and paper in Japan.

July 12 The House of Representatives passes legislation granting MFN trading status to Cambodia

and Bulgaria.

President Clinton announces the normalization of diplomatic and trade relations with

Vietnam.

July 17 United States and Korea agree on a regular steel trade consultative mechanism to discuss

key economic trends and data concerning steel and pipe and tube products.

July 20 U.S.-Japanese accord is signed to promote foreign direct investment and to address issues

related to buyer-supplier relationships in both the United States and Japan.

United States and Korea sign an agreement on shelf-life for frozen sausage under which

Korea will implement a manufacturer-based system by 1996.

July 31 The U.S. GSP program expires and is not renewed.

AUGUST

Aug. 2 Vietnam becomes a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Aug. 16 Russia stiffens copyright law by making failure to comply with requirements of the law

subject to hefty fines and by requiring pirated material to be confiscated and destroyed.

SEPTEMBER

Sept. 1 Ten-year anniversary of the U.S.-Israel Free-Trade Area Agreement.

Sept. 6 The United States and Korea reach an agreement on market access for U.S. cigarettes.

Figure continued on next page.
5

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1995

September—Continued

Members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) —Poland, Hungary,

Slovakia and the Czech Republic—agree to admit Slovenia and to further liberalize trade,

remove barriers to capital flows and form joint ventures in their countries’ service sectors.

Sept. 27 President Clinton signs executive order extending the Super 301 provisions in U.S. trade

law. The dispute settlement body of WTO sets up an independent dispute panel to rule on

complaints by the United States, EU, and Canada, that Japanese liquor taxes discriminate

against imports.

Sept. 29 United States and Korea resolve auto dispute. Korea agrees to liberalize standards and

certification practices, reduce taxes that discriminate against imported vehicles, permit

foreign advertisers equal access to television advertising time, allow foreign majority

ownership of auto retail financing entities and improve consumer perception of auto imports.

Sept. 30 United States files a complaint with WTO against the EU for restricting banana imports.

OCTOBER

Oct. l United States and Canada file complaints with WTO over the EU grain import regime.

Oct. 3 Korea and Argentina agree to expand cooperation in trade, investment and other sectors as

part of an agenda to improve bilateral relations.

Oct. 6 President Clinton lifts export controls on a broad array of powerful computers.

United States strengthens enforcement of trade embargo against Cuba.

Oct. 10 The United States and China begin trade talks centering on IPR and market access.

The Helms-Burton bill is introduced in the House to tighten the trade embargo against Cuba

and would impose economic penalties against countries and companies that do business

with Cuba.

Oct. 11 Cuba is admitted as a founding member of the Association of Caribbean States—an

economic bloc of 24 countries that includes Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Central

American countries, the Caricom members, the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

Oct. 12 EU blocks a request from the United States for the establishment of a WTO panel to

examine a complaint that the EU’s imposition of duties on imports of U.S. grains violates

global trade rules.

Oct. 13 U.S., Canadian, and Mexican officials finalize regional environmental initiatives and discuss

initiatives designed to improve the flow of environmental information across NAFTA borders.

Oct. 24 USTR proposes that the United States launch a joint study with the EU to address existing

trade barriers and identify future opportunities to bolster U.S.-EU trade.

NOVEMBER

Nov. 3 Japan’s electronics industry calls for the termination of a nearly 10-year old semiconductor

trade agreement with the United States.

Nov. 8 By a vote of 289 to 134, the House approves lifting the 22-year ban on exports of Alaskan

oil.

EU representatives begin exploratory talks in Havana on a possible future economic

cooperation accord between the EU and Cuba.

Nov. 17 Iran, facing a financial crisis, opens its oil industry to foreign investment for the first time

since the 1979 Islamic revolution.

Figure continued on next page.
6

Figure 1-1—Continued

Selected trade events, 1995

NOVEMBER—Continued

Nov. 19 APEC leaders adopt the Osaka Action Agenda, a blueprint to guide the implementation of

free trade in the Asia Pacific region.

Nov. 20 China pledges to cut tariffs on 4,000 items and end quotas in 1996.

Nov. 30 USTR announces an agreement with the EU regarding enlargement compensation and EU

grain import policies.

DECEMBER

Dec. 3 New Trans-Atlantic agenda announced by President Clinton and leaders of the EU.

Dec. 4 The Czech Republic joins the OECD.

Dec. 18 Citing safety concerns, the United States delays granting access for Mexican trucks to U.S.

border states as scheduled under NAFTA.

 1 In mid-year, France reinstituted its border controls for security reasons.

The 1995 Economic

Environment

World real output grew by 3.7 percent in 1995,

compared with 3.6 percent in 1994.5 Tight monetary

policies and stronger commitments to reduce budget

deficits in a number of countries, including the United

States, Canada and EU members, played a major role

in keeping inflation low and inducing stable but

moderate rates of economic expansion.

Output in the United States, Canada, and the EU in

1995 grew at a rate slightly below that registered

during the previous year. In Canada, economic growth

decelerated because of tight monetary and fiscal

policies and slower exports.

In the EU, a slowdown in domestic investment

spending weakened the economic growth that had been

under way in several member countries. Consumer

demand and spending were also sluggish and foreign

demand for EU exports slowed. Foreign exchange

market turbulence during the early part of 1995 led to

high exchange rates in Germany and a number of other

countries participating in the Exchange Rate

Mechanism (ERM). Meanwhile, the high interest rates

required to defend weaker national currencies, which

were subject to selling pressures, led to a weakening in

business confidence and investment spending.

In Japan, the economy remained weak. The drop

in asset prices since the late 1980s and the sharp

appreciation of the yen which led to a decline in

exports, increased imports, and adversely affected

consumer and business confidence and spending,

continued to have a dampening effect. But the

weaknesses in economic activity in Japan appeared to

have bottomed out by the fourth quarter of 1995, as

shown by steadily climbing public investment,

consumption and expanding housing construction.6

Growth prospects in developing and emerging

economies in 1995 were mixed. In Latin America

(including Mexico and the countries of the Caribbean,

Central America, and South America), aggregate GDP

grew in 1995 at 1.8 percent, slower than the

4.6-percent growth rate posted in 1994. The decline

was largely caused by the financial crises in Mexico

and Argentina. GDP was estimated to have fallen by

6.0 percent in Mexico and Argentina’s GDP did not

grow at all.7 Some Latin American countries,

however, fared well and continued to expand, as

illustrated by Chile, whose GDP expanded by 7.0

percent in 1995. Economic activity continued to

expand in 1995 in the Pacific Rim countries,

particularly in China, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and

Thailand. Table 1-1 shows economic indicators of

selected U.S. trading partners.

World trade grew at a much faster rate than output

in 1995, according to GATT/WTO estimates.8 The

WTO reported that the volume of world trade grew by

8 percent in 1995. Although that rate is down from the

9.5 percent growth in the previous year, it is still well

above the average annual gains of the previous 10

years. Trade growth surpassed the 3.7-percent rise in

world output growth. The value of world merchandise

trade rose even more, by 19 percent, up from the 13

percent gain in 1994 due, in part, to the depreciation of

the dollar against the yen and several other currencies.
c indicators of the United States and of specified major trading partners, 1994-95

Unemploy- Governments Merchandse Current

Real Inflation ment budget trade accountGDP1 rates1 rate2 balance3 balance balance3

1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995

Percent change from

previous period

Billion dollars Percent of GDP

3.5 2.1 2.6 3.0 6.1 5.6 -2.0 -1.6 -176.0 -194.0 -2.2 -2.4 

 . . . 

4.6 2.4 0.2 2.1 10.4 9.6 -5.3 -4.4 11.0 20.5 -3.0 -2.5 

 . . . 

0.5 2.2 0.7 -0.2 2.9 3.1 -3.5 -3.9 145.0 107.0 2.8 2.3 

 . . . 

2.9 2.1 2.7 1.8 9.6 9.3 -2.6 -3.1 39.0 64.7 -1.0 -0.8 

 . . . 

3.8 2.7 2.4 2.9 9.2 8.4 -6.9 -5.0 -20.0 -24.8 0 -1.1 

 . . . 

2.9 2.7 1.7 2.1 12.2 11.5 -6.0 -5.0 12.0 12.1 0.6 1.3 

 . . . 

2.2 3.1 4.0 5.4 11.3 11.9 -9.0 -7.4 34.1 29.1 1.5 1.9 

 . . . 

2.8 2.7 3.0 3.1 11.5 11.1 -6.3 -6.1 63.9 13.0 0.3 0.6 

 . . . 

2.4 2.9 7.5 6.7 11.2 10.8 -5.8 -5.0 21.0 39.5 0.6 0.8 

 . . . 

3.6 -6.0 6.6 35.0 3.7 6.5 -21.0 -23.0 -17.8 -19.9 -7.8 -0.3 

 . . . 

2.9 2.4 4.1 4.5 8.0 7.8 -3.9 -3.4 -9.4 -33.9 -0.2 -0.1 

 . . . 

Billion dollars

11.8 9.5 21.7 15.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a -12.2 17.0 7.3 7.8 

 . . . 

6.1 6.3 4.1 3.8 n/a n/a n/a n/a 11.5 7.6 5.9 5.0 

 . . . 

8.4 9.0 6.2 5.0 2.4 2.0 n/a n/a 1.9 -9.9 -4.5 -9.9 

 . . . 

 previous year.

r force.

P.

account balances for China, Korea, and Taiwan are in billion dollars.

Outlook, 58, 1995; IMF World Economic Outlook, Oct. 1995, International Financial Statistics, Feb. 1996, and China & North Asia

. World Trade Organization (WTO) press release, press/44 Mar. 22, 1996.
8

The value of merchandise trade rose to a record $4.9

trillion and the value of trade in goods and services

combined reached $6.0 trillion for the first time. A

jump in trade in office machines, computer and telecommunications equipment, and in processing trade

boosted world trade growth. Trade in commercial services (transportation, travel, and other private services)

increased 14 percent to $1.23 trillion during the year.

By region, the volume of merchandise trade

continued to expand in 1995. In North America, the

volume of exports to the world rose by 8.5 percent in

1995, while imports from the world rose by 7.5

percent. Latin American exports to the world soared

11.5 percent in volume but Latin American import

growth slowed, increasing by only 4.5 percent. In the

EU, exports and imports rose by 7.0 percent and 7.5

percent, respectively. In Central and Eastern Europe,

exports increased by 9.5 percent and imports by 6.5

percent. The volume of Asia’s exports grew by 9.5

percent and imports by 13 percent. In the foreign

sector, the United States ranked as the world’s largest

merchandise exporter, followed by Germany and

Japan. U.S. exports of goods rose to an all-time high

of $545.6 billion, but U.S. imports increased

considerably more, to $739.7 billion.9 Strengthened

domestic demand for imports led to a widening of the

1995 merchandise trade deficit to $194.1 billion.

Figure 1-2 shows U.S. exports and imports by aggregate product sectors. The United States ranked first in

exports of commercial services, followed by France,

Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

In the United States, real output grew at a slower

rate in 1995 than in 1994 because of tight fiscal and

monetary policies, higher interest rates and a slower

growth in consumer and investment spending.10

Consumer spending on durable goods declined by

more than half compared with the 1994 spending level.

Because of higher interest rates and rising inventory of

unsold goods, real gross private domestic fixed

investment declined, particularly in the category of

producers’ durable equipment investment. Unit labor

costs declined, and labor productivity rose. The

unemployment rate fluctuated between 5.5 and 5.8

percent during 1995.11 Real Federal Government

expenditures and gross investment declined due to

substantial cuts in national defense spending. The

Federal budget deficit declined to $164 billion, a

20-percent drop from 1994.12

U.S. trade performance improved with a few

trading partners during 1995, but worsened with most.

U.S. merchandise trade deficits with Canada, Germany,

China and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC) increased.13 The U.S. deficit with

Japan decreased by about 11 percent, to $61.4 billion.

The Pacific Rim countries accounted for approximately

77 percent of the total U.S. merchandise trade deficit

in 1995, with China and Japan accounting for about 49

percent of the total U.S. deficit.

Figure 1-3 shows U.S. merchandise exports,

imports, and trade balances with major trading partners. Leading U.S. exports to, and imports from, major

U.S. trading partners are highlighted in appendix A.

The U.S. current account deficit grew by $1.7

billion in 1995. The increase in the deficits on the

merchandise trade and investment income accounts

were nearly offset by an increase in the surplus in

services and a reduction in net unilateral transfers. The

U.S. deficit on income from foreign investment grew

in 1995 as payments on foreign assets in the United

States increased to $192.7 billion whereas receipts

from U.S. assets abroad increased to $181.3 billion.

Net inflows of foreign capital into the United States

declined in 1995. Both U.S. purchases of foreign

assets and securities and foreigners purchases of U.S.

assets and securities expanded. However, U.S.

purchases of foreign securities expanded much more,

more than doubling over the previous year.

In 1995, the U.S. surplus on services trade rose to

$63.0 billion. U.S. trade in services grew in almost

every category. U.S. total services trade (exports +

imports) reached $354.6 billion in 1995, an increase of

$17.1 billion over 1994. U.S. exports of services in

1995 totaled $208.8 billion. Of this total, exports of

services were as follows: the EU ($63.4 billion),

Eastern Europe ($2.7 billion), Canada ($18.0 billion),

Latin America and other Western Hemisphere nations

($29.8 billion), Japan ($32.6 billion), Australia ($4.3

billion), and other countries in Asia and Africa ($44.0

billion).

The following tabulation shows U.S. trade and current account balances with the world in billion dollars:

1994 1995

Merchandise exports 502.5 574.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Merchandise imports -668.6 -749.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Balance on merchandise trade -166.1 -174.4 . . . . . 

Balance on services 59.9 63.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Balance on goods and services -106.2 -111.4 . . . . 

Balance on investment income -9.3 -11.4 . . . . . 

Balance on goods, services, 

and income -115.5 -122.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Unilateral transfers -35.8 -30.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Balance on current account -151.2 -152.9 . . . . . . . . 

U.S. assets abroad, net, outflow (-) -125.8 -280.1 . 

Foreign assets in the U.S., 

net, inflow (+) 291.4 426.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Net capital inflows (+), outflows (-) 165.6 146.2 . . 

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA 96-07,

U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter and

Year 1995, Current Account.
9





































































Other

Figure 1-2

U.S. merchandise trade with the world, by product sectors, 1995

U.S. Exports

.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Manufactures

Food

67.4% )

Chemicals

Other

Food

U.S. Imports

Fuel/raw material

$367.2 ( 8.2% )

$21.3 (

$44.8 (

3.9% )

$60.8 ( 11.1% )

$51.5 ( 9.4% )

Chemicals

$40.3 (

Manufactures

$561.2 ( 76.0% )

$25.4 ( 3.4% )

$33.4 ( 4.5% )

Fuel/raw material

$79.3% ( 10.7% )

5.4% )

(Billion dollars)
10

Figure 1-3

U.S. merchandise exports, imports, and trade balance (customs value basis) with major trading 

partners, 1995

Major trading partners

Billion dollars

Exports

Imports

Trade Balance

Canada 113.3 144.9 -31.6

EU 116.3 130.8 -14.5

Japan 61.0 122.4 -61.4

Mexico 44.0 61.7 -17.7

China 11.6 45.4 -33.8

Taiwan 18.0 28.9 -10.8

Korea 24.5 24.0 0.5

World 545.6 739.7 -194.0

Exports Imports Trade balance















 





   

































–200

–100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Canada EU Japan Mexico China Taiwan Korea World

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
11

ENDNOTES

1 Section 163(b) of the Trade Act of 1974 (public

Law 93-618, 88 Stat. 1978) states that ”the

International Trade Commission shall submit to the

Congress, at least once a year, a factual report on

the operation of the trade agreements program.”

2 Executive Order No. 11846, Mar. 27, 1975.

3 Office of the President of the United States,

Economic Report of the President, Feb. 1996, p.

238.

4 By mid-year 1996, China’s lack of enforcement

of the IPR agreement was a major source of trade

friction with the United States. President Clinton

affirmed that sanctions on Chinese exports to the

United States would be imposed if the Chinese

Government failed to halt production of pirated U.S.

software, movies, and music. See the section on

China in ch. 4 for more details.

5 IMF, World Economic Outlook, Oct. 1995, p. 4.

6 OECD, OECD Economic Outlook, 58, Dec.

1995, pp. 1-2.

7 Ibid. pp. 92, 114.

8 GATT press release, GATT/1570, Mar. 22,

1996.

9 U.S. Department of Commerce News,

CB-94-30, FT-900 (95-1), U.S. Merchandise Trade,

Dec. 1994; and USITC, International Economic

Review (IER), Feb./Mar. 1996.

10 U.S. Department of Commerce News, BEA

96-05, Gross Domestic Product 1995 (Advance).

11 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics.

12 Economic Report of the President, 50th

Anniversary, 1946-96, Feb. 1996, p. 367.

13 USITC, IER, op. cit.
12
13

CHAPTER 2

Selected Trade Activities in the World

Trade Organization and the Organization

for Economic Cooperation and

Development During 1995

World Trade Organization

Introduction

On January 1, 1995, the Agreement Establishing

the World Trade Organization entered into force and

the new World Trade Organization (WTO) officially

came into existence. Designed to operate in much the

same manner as the GATT institutional arrangements

which it replaced, the WTO is a permanent forum for

member governments to address their multilateral trade

relations as well as to facilitate the implementation of

the trade agreements negotiated during the Uruguay

Round.1 Because the Uruguay Round Agreements

(URA) cover a broader range of subject matter,

including for the first time services and

intellectual property rights, and include improved

decision-making procedures, the new WTO

organization will oversee a wider variety of

agreements and will likely play a larger role in

facilitating dispute settlement than its predecessor

organization.

While the institutional arrangements known as the

GATT have been replaced by the new WTO, the

agreement known as the GATT, the General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade, continues to exist.2 The

preexisting (pre-1995) agreement was redesignated as

”GATT 1947” to distinguish it from the agreement as

incorporated into the WTO Agreement, which has been

designated as ”GATT 1994.” GATT 1947 and GATT

1994 are ”legally distinct” agreements.3 GATT 1947

was terminated at the end of 1995; therefore, all

obligations under GATT 1947 ceased to exist at the end

of 1995. Nevertheless, for transitional purposes,

pre-1995 GATT rules continued to be applied during

1995 with respect to disputes for which consultations

had been requested prior to January 1, 1995, and to

panel reports not adopted as of that date. The Tokyo

Round antidumping and subsidies codes were also

terminated at the end of 1995. However, the

committees administering those agreements continue in

existence during 1996 solely for the purpose of dispute

settlement.

Dispute Settlement

WTO Disputes

During 1995, 21 requests for consultations were

notified under the new integrated dispute settlement

procedures set up under the WTO, the Understanding

on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of

Disputes, known also as the Dispute Settlement

Understanding or DSU (see table 2-1). All involved

trade in goods and in general were covered under the

multilateral agreements found in annex 1A of the WTO

Agreement (Agreement Establishing the World Trade

Organization): seven requests referenced the

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, five the

Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures,

three the Customs Valuation Agreement, and two each

the Agriculture Agreement and the Agreement on

Import Licensing.

Disputes Under Pre-1995

Procedures

Paragraph 11 of the WTO Dispute Settlement

Understanding provides that pre-WTO rules and

procedures are to apply to any dispute for which

consultations were requested prior to entry into force

of the WTO Agreement and to panel reports that had
nt in 1995

te Initial Consultations Status (as of Apr. 1, 1996)

sia - import ban of polyethylene and polypropylene Jan. 13, 1995 Settlement notified July 19, 1995 

d States - standards for reformulated and conventional gasoline Feb. 2, 1995 Panel est. Apr. 10, 1995 

Panel report appealed Feb. 21, 1996Panel and Appellate Body Reports adopted May 20, 1996

 - testing and inspection of agricultural products Apr. 6, 1995 Consulations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

d States - standards for reformulated and conventional gasoline Apr. 12, 1995 Panel est. May 31, 1995 

Panel report appealed Feb. 21, 1996Panel and Appellate Body Reports adopted May 20, 1996

 - product shelf life May 5, 1995 Settlement notified July 31, 1995 

d States - import duties on automobiles May 22, 1995 Settlement notified July 19, 1995 

ade description of scallops May 24, 1995 Settlement notified July 19, 1995 

Panel est. Oct. 11, 1995Panel active at Apr. 1, 1996

 - taxes on alcoholic beverages June 29, 1995 Panel est. Sep. 27, 1995 

Panel report issued July 12, 1996

mport duties on cereals July 10, 1995 Panel est. Oct. 11, 1995 

 - taxes on alcoholic beverages July 17, 1995 Panel est. Sep. 27, 1995 

Panel report issued July 12, 1996

 - taxes on alcoholic beverages July 17, 1995 Panel est. Sep. 27, 1995 

Panel report issued July 12, 1996

ade description of scallops July 25, 1995 Panel est. Oct. 11, 1995 

Panel active at Apr. 1, 1996

mport duties on grains July 26, 1995 (ongoing) 

ade description of scallops July 31, 1995 Panel est. Oct. 11, 1995 

Panel active at Apr. 1, 1996

 - measures affecting purchases of telecommunications equipment Aug. 24, 1995 Apparent settlement 

d - import regime for automobiles Sep. 28, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

mport regime for bananas Sept. 28, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

mport duties on rice Oct. 11, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 
nt in 1995

te Initial Consultations Status (as of Apr. 1, 1996)

alia - measures affecting imports of salmon Oct. 11, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

 - measures affecting bottled water Nov. 8, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

alia - measures affecting imports of salmon Nov. 17, 1995 Consultations ongoing at Apr. 1, 1996 

w of dispute settlement in the WTO,” Focus, No. 10, May 1996, p. 10.
16

not been adopted or fully implemented as of that date.

During 1995, several disputes continued under

pre-1995 GATT procedures. Four panel reports were

submitted to the GATT Council for adoption

concerning: (1) the EU member states’ import regimes

for bananas, (2) the EU’s import regime for bananas,

(3) U.S. restrictions on imports of tuna, and (4) U.S.

taxes on automobiles. One panel report involving the

Antidumping Agreement was adopted concerning

ECantidumping duties on imports of cotton yarn from

Brazil, and one new panel report was circulated

concerning ECantidumping duties on imports of

audiocassette tapes from Japan. Under the Subsidies

and Countervailing Measures Code, one dispute was

suspended concerning U.S. countervailing duties on

flat carbon steel products from certain EU member

states; another panel report was circulated concerning

U.S. countervailing duties on certain hot rolled lead

and bismuth carbon steel products from certain EU

member states; and a third panel report was adopted

concerning U.S. countervailing duties on nonrubber

footwear from Brazil.

Appeals Body Formed

The framework for the WTO integrated dispute

settlement system was completed with the appointment

of members to the WTO Appellate Body on November

29, 1995. Unlike the pre-1995 dispute settlement

procedures, where one member (usually the country

found to have violated the GATT) could block

indefinitely the adoption of a panel report, under the

new WTO procedures, panel reports are adopted

automatically (unless there is a consensus to reject the

report). However, reports may be appealed.4

Reformulated Gasoline Dispute

Following bilateral consultations with the United

States, Venezuela requested a WTO dispute settlement

panel to examine its complaint that standards on

reformulated and conventional gasoline issued by the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in

December 1993 discriminated against imports of

gasoline. Specifically, Venezuela asserted that the

standards violated Articles I (Most-Favored-Nation

Treatment) and III (National Treatment) of GATT

1994, as well as several articles under the WTO

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade concerning

unnecessary barriers to trade. The WTO Dispute

Settlement Body (DSB) established its first ever

dispute panel on April 10, 1995 to address the

complaint.5 In May, Brazil brought a similar

complaint against the United States and a new panel

was established May 31, 1995 to examine the issue for

both members.6

Accessions

When the WTO entered into force on January 1,

1995, it had 81 member countries and territories,

representing over 90 percent of international trade in

goods and services.7 By November 17, 1995, WTO

membership had risen to 110. As of February 22,

1996, WTO membership had increased further to 119

(see table 2-2), and 28 additional governments

requesting WTO membership were involved in

accession working parties (see table 2-3).8

Plurilateral Agreements

During the Tokyo Round, nine sector-specific

agreements (the so-called Tokyo Round codes of

conduct) were concluded under the GATT; these

agreements—referred to as “plurilateral” agreements—

were binding only on those GATT members that signed

them, rather than binding on all GATT contracting

parties (a “multilateral” agreement). Under the WTO

Agreement, five of these agreements became

multilateral agreements applicable to all WTO

members—those concerning antidumping, subsidies,

technical barriers to trade (or standards), customs

valuation, and import licensing. The four remaining

Tokyo Round agreements were carried over into the

WTO as plurilateral agreements—the agreements on

government procurement, civil aircraft, bovine meat,

and dairy products.

Agreement on Government

Procurement

In 1995, the Interim Committee on Government

Procurement prepared for the entry into force of the

1996 Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA

1996), which became effective January 1, 1996. The

GPA 1996 replaces the 1979 Agreement on

Government Procurement (GPA 1979) concluded as

one of the Tokyo Round codes. The procurement code

has been the plurilateral agreement with the smallest

membership, with only a dozen signatories for the GPA

1979, including Canada, Japan, the EC and the United

States, and several other industrialized countries. The

GPA 1996 retains roughly the same country

membership except that Austria, Finland, and Sweden

have since become members of the EU as of January

1995, and are now signatory to the GPA 1996 through

the signature of the EU-15 rather than individually (see

table 2-4). Korea will delay implementation of the

GPA 1996 for 1 year, joining in 1997. Hong Kong
17

Table 2-2

WTO Members (as of Feb. 22, 1996)

Antigua and Barbuda Grenada Norway

Argentina Guatemala Pakistan

Australia Guinea Bissau Paraguay

Austria Guinea Peru

Bahrain Rep. of Guyana Philippines

Bangladesh Haiti Poland

Barbados Honduras Portugal

Belgium Hong Kong Qatar

Belize Hungary Romania

Benin Iceland St. Kitts and Nevis

Bolivia India St. Lucia

Botswana Indonesia St. Vincent and the

Brazil Ireland Grenadines

Brunei Darussalam Israel Senegal

Burkina Faso Italy Sierra Leone

Burundi Jamaica Singapore

Cameroon Japan Slovak Republic

Canada Kenya Slovenia

Central African Republic Korea South Africa

Chile Kuwait Spain

Colombia Lesotho Sri Lanka

Costa Rica Liechtenstein Suriname

Cote d’Ivoire Luxembourg Swaziland

Cuba Macau Sweden

Cyprus Madagascar Switzerland

Czech Republic Malawi Tanzania

Denmark Malaysia Thailand

Djibouti Maldives Togo

Dominica Mali Trinidad and Tobago

Dominican Republic Malta Tunisia

European Community Mauritania Turkey

Ecuador Mauritius Uganda

Egypt Mexico United Kingdom

El Salvador Morocco United States

Fiji Mozambique Uruguay

Finland Myanmar Venezuela

France Namibia Zambia

Gabon Netherlands Zimbabwe

Germany New Zealand

Ghana Nicaragua

Greece Nigeria

Source: WTO, found at website http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/memtab2_wpf.html, Feb. 22, 1996.

Table 2-3

Countries seeking membership through WTO Working Parties on accession (28)

Albania China Lithuania Russia Ukraine

Algeria Croatia Macedonia Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan

Armenia Estonia Moldova Seychelles Vanuatu

Belarus Jordan Mongolia Sudan Vietnam

Bulgaria Kazakhstan Nepal Taiwan

Cambodia Latvia Panama Tonga

Source: WTO, found at website http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/memtab2_wpf.html, Feb. 22, 1996.
18

and Singapore were signatories to the GPA 1979 but

are not to the GPA 1996. Hong Kong negotiated

membership in the GPA 1996 during the Uruguay

Round but later withdrew, citing the negotiation of

reciprocal market access to certain procurement

contracts as contrary to the principles of

most-favored-nation and national treatment under the

GATT/WTO multilateral trade system. Singapore did

not participate in negotiation of the GPA 1996.

However, Singapore opened accession negotiations in

December 1995, tabling a list of its initial offer of

procurement entities.9 Negotiations for accession to

the GPA 1996 are also underway with Aruba (under

the aegis of the Netherlands), Liechtenstein, and

Taiwan.10

Table 2-4

Signatories to the Agreement on Government

Procurement

1979 Agreement (12) 1996 Agreement (8)

Austria

Canada Canada

EC EC

Finland Israel

Hong Kong Japan

Israel Korea (in 1997)

Japan Norway

Norway Switzerland

Singapore United States

Sweden

Switzerland

United States

Source: USTR, 1996 Trade Policy Agenda and 1995

Annual Report, p. 149. Austria, Finland, and Sweden

became members of the European Union on Jan. 1,

1995, and are bound to the agreement under the

signature of the European Communities (EC)—at times

popularly referred to in the singular as “the European

Community.” The Commission of the European

Communities is typically the legal entity that signs for

member states of the European Union, although

individual member states may also be separate

signatories where legal competence may be divided

between the Commission and the EU member state.

Agreement on Trade in Civil

Aircraft

The 1979 Tokyo Round Agreement on Trade in

Civil Aircraft was carried over into the WTO

essentially unchanged with the same small number of

signatories. Signatories to the Agreement on Trade in

Civil Aircraft are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,

the EC, Egypt, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan,

Luxembourg, Macao, the Netherlands, Norway,

Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the

United Kingdom, and the United States.11

International Dairy Agreement

At the end of 1995, the nine members to the

International Dairy Agreement were Argentina,

Bulgaria, the EC, Japan, New Zealand, Norway,

Romania, Switzerland, and Uruguay. In 1995, the

International Dairy Council decided to suspend until

December 1997 the implementation of the minimum

export price provisions as well as the committee

monitoring them.12

International Bovine Meat

Agreement

At the end of 1995, the 16 members to the meat

agreement were Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh,

Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the EC, Japan, New

Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, South Africa,

Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay. The

International Meat Council agreed to take into account

the priority work in the WTO Committee on

Agriculture and the Committee on Sanitary and

Phytosanitary Measures.13

Services Negotiations

Although the WTO Agreement included a General

Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and countries

made specific commitments concerning services in

national schedules, negotiations were extended for a

number of service sectors where additional rules were

considered necessary. When completed, commitments

pertaining to these particular sectors are to be

incorporated into the national schedules of signatory

countries, which are attached as annexes to the GATS.

Additional annexes to the GATS provided for extended

negotiations concerning financial services, movement

of natural persons, basic telecommunications services,

and maritime transport services, and for periodic

reviews of certain air transport services. Owing to the

extensive network of bilateral treaties governing air

transport services, most air transport services remain

outside the scope of the GATS. The GATS Annex on

Air Transport Services largely exempts measures

governing air traffic rights and most directly related

services. (It does, however, apply to aircraft repair and

maintenance services, selling and marketing of

air-transport services, and computer reservation

services.) Under terms of the URA, extended

negotiations were to have been concluded by the

following dates:

Financial Services June 30, 1995

Movement of Natural Persons June 30, 1995

Basic Telecommunications April 30, 199614

Maritime Transport Services June 30, 1996
19

In addition, discussions concerning professional

services are being held, with initial talks examining the

field of accounting.

Financial Services

At the end of the Uruguay Round (as initialed by

the Final Act in Marrakesh in April 1994) signatories

undertook obligations to apply commitments specified

in their national schedules to other signatories under

the GATS financial services annex throughout the

period of extended negotiations, scheduled to conclude

June 30, 1995. On June 29, 1995, the United States

announced that it would retain its MFN exemptions

pertaining to banking and securities. In addition, the

scope of the MFN exemption was expanded to

encompass insurance. The United States undertook

commitments to apply national treatment to all

financial service providers already established in the

United States, but no commitments that would

necessarily allow foreign firms to establish new

commercial presences, expand existing activities, or

conduct new activities. U.S. commitments and MFN

exemptions took effect July 1, 1995.

In the wake of this announcement, remaining

participants crafted an interim financial services

agreement, drawing upon the best offers tabled to date.

Following an extension until July 28, 1995, an interim

financial services agreement was secured among 80

participants, 32 of which had participated in the

extended financial services negotiations. Since the

conclusion of the Uruguay Round, 20 of these

participants had improved commitments in insurance,

24 in banking, 17 in securities, and 25 in other

financial services.15 Eight countries deleted their

exemptions to MFN obligations under the GATS in

financial services and others reduced the scope of their

exemptions. All other members with specific commitments have maintained their existing schedules.16

It was agreed that the protocol for the interim

agreement would be open for signature until June 30,

1996 to allow governments time to ratify the results.

The interim agreement was scheduled to take effect

August 1, 1996, after acceptance by all members

concerned, and to last through December 31, 1997.

During the last 60 days of that period, signatories may

modify, change, or withdraw their offers, in effect

providing for new negotiations concerning financial

services.

Movement of Natural Persons

Negotiations on the movement of natural persons,

although not linked with those on financial services,

were extended and concluded on the same schedule as

the financial services negotiations. The results of these

negotiations now become part of the GATS as the

Annex on Movement of Natural Persons. The annex

clarifies that GATS members are free to regulate the

entry and temporary stay of natural persons in their

territory and that specific commitments made under the

annex concerning the entry or temporary stay of these

foreign nationals do not affect domestic laws

governing the employment market or citizenship.

Basic Telecommunications Services

Discussions in the Negotiating Group on Basic

Telecommunications (NGBT) resumed in May 1994

and were scheduled to conclude April 30, 1996. The

aim of these negotiations is to liberalize market access

and national treatment restrictions, with participants

encouraged to base their offers on procompetitive

regulatory principles. Key among these principles

are—

• Competitive safeguards, including prohibition

of cross-subsidization;

• Transparent and nondiscriminatory interconnection with essential telecommunications

facilities;

• Transparent and timely licensing procedures;

• Regulatory authorities that are independent of

any basic telecommunication services supplier;

and

• Transparent, published, and justifiable

international accounting rates.

Initial offers were due by July 1995 but by

November 1995 only 14 draft offers had been

submitted.17 By April 30, 1996, 53 participants had

submitted 47 offers but key participants deemed that a

sufficient number of acceptable, high-quality offers

had not yet been put forward by the scheduled

conclusion of the negotiations.18 To preserve the

substantial offers already made, participants agreed to

retain January 1, 1998 as the starting date for an

agreement on basic telecommunications but elected to

reexamine their liberalization commitments during a

30-day period beginning January 15, 1997.19 This

decision in effect extends the basic telecommunications

negotiations until February 15, 1997.
20

Maritime Transport Services

Discussions in the Negotiating Group on Maritime

Transport Services (NGMTS) resumed in May 1994

and were scheduled to conclude by June 30, 1996. The

aim of the negotiations is to devise a model schedule

for making market-access commitments that will

provide MFN and national treatment to cover the

”three pillars” concerning maritime transport: (1)

international shipping, (2) auxiliary services, and (3)

access to and use of port facilities, but excluding

cabotage services.20 At the end of 1995, there were 42

participants plus 15 observer governments. During the

last half of 1995, the group moved from technical

discussions to negotiations, with six governments

re-instating their best offers tabled during the Uruguay

Round21 and others offering to maintain commitments

in their last offers.22

Professional Services

Arising out of Uruguay Round discussions on

professional services, the WTO established in 1995 the

Working Party on Professional Services (WPPS) to

examine the disciplines necessary to ensure that

measures relating to qualification requirements and

procedures, technical standards, and licensing

requirements in the field of professional services do

not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade. The first

sector to be examined is the field of accountancy, on

which the working party is collecting information

regarding domestic regulatory requirements as well as

gathering available information from three other

sources— the OECD, the United Nations Conference

for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and the

International Federation of Accountants.23

Organization for

Economic Cooperation

and Development

Investment Negotiations Begin

In their 1991 ministerial communique, member

states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) expressed interest in the

interrelationship between trade and a number of

various topics as part of a ”new trade agenda” that

includes such subjects as trade and the environment,

trade and competition policy, trade and investment, and

trade and labor standards. Initial discussions began

shortly thereafter in the OECD Trade Committee,

Committee on Capital Movements and Invisible

Transactions (CMIT), and Committee on Investment

and Multinational Enterprises (CIME) that focused on

the feasibility of negotiating a multilateral agreement

on investment.

In July 1994, the OECD Secretariat set up four

working groups to look into the issues involved in

pursuing negotiations of a multilateral agreement on

investment (MAI). These working groups included:

(1) liberalization (both existing and new disciplines),

(2) investment protection, (3) dispute settlement, and

(4) nonmembers and institutional matters. These

groups concluded their work in time for the 1995

OECD ministerial meeting on May 23-24, 1995. In

their 1995 communique, ministers stated that:

“... Ministers also commit to the following elements to

strengthen the multilateral systems:

• promote initiatives for domestic regulatory

reform aimed at positive structural adjustment,

especially when they lead to the liberalization of

trade and investment flows;

• the immediate start of negotiations in the OECD

aimed at reaching a Multilateral Agreement on

Investment by the Ministerial meeting of 1997,

which would:

— provide a broad multilateral framework for

international investment with high

standards for the liberalization of

investment regimes and investment

protection and with effective dispute

settlement procedures;

— be a free-standing international treaty open

to all OECD Members and the European

Communities, and to accession by

non-OECD Member countries, which will

be consulted as the negotiations progress;

• prepare for discussions on investment in the

WTO which it would be appropriate to envisage

in the future, and encourage the OECD to

co-operate with the WTO to this end ...”24

Thus, in May 1995, OECD ministers agreed to

negotiate a multilateral agreement on investment

(MAI) open to all OECD members and the European

Communities, and to accession by non-OECD member

countries. The agreement aims to build on experience

with existing OECD investment instruments,25
21

consolidate the results achieved, and create new

disciplines in order to provide a comprehensive

framework for international investment. It seeks to set

high standards for investment liberalization and

investment protection, as well as contain dispute

settlement procedures.26

In September 1995, MAI negotiators held their

first meeting where groups were established to treat the

different subjects in a flexible manner. To date, these

groups include drafting groups on investment

protection and treatment of investors and investment,

as well as expert groups on dispute settlement and

geographic scope, and on treatment of taxes in

bilateral/multilateral trade or investment agreements.

Negotiators have granted observer status to the WTO

and to nonmember countries whose request for OECD

membership has been approved by the OECD Council

(Korea, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) with the

reservation that negotiators may close any meeting to

observers as need be.27

Other New Trade Agenda Issues

Trade and Environment

Member countries expressed interest in trade and

environmental subjects in both their 1991 and 1992

OECD ministerial communiques, seeking “to promote

the compatibility of trade and environmental policies

and thereby contribute to the achievement of

sustainable development.” A Joint Experts Group on

Trade and the Environment was formed to examine a

number of trade and environment issues. In 1993, the

group developed procedural guidelines relating to four

areas: (1) transparency and consultation; (2) trade and

environmental examinations, reviews, and follow up;

(3) international environmental cooperation; and (4)

dispute settlement.

The group’s 1995 report describes the progress

made by members in carrying out these guidelines. It

also contains conclusions on several key issues in the

area of trade and the environment including the effects

of environmental policies on competitiveness, the

effects of trade liberalization on the environment, the

effects of economic instruments (such as environmental subsidies or border tax adjustments), and the

use of trade measures in international environmental

agreements. In 1995, the group also began study of the

relation between trade and the environment in the

transportation sector. The group has announced that it

will continue its work, examining ecolabelling requirements, extended producer responsibility, and environmentally preferable purchasing. It has indicated that it

will also begin to analyze data issues concerning the

transhipment of hazardous waste.28

Trade and Competition Policy

Following initial direction from OECD ministers in

their 1992 communique, the Trade Committee and the

Competition Law and Policy Committee (CLP)

submitted a joint report to ministers in 1993 containing

a number of generic issues raised by the interaction of

trade policies and competition (antitrust) policies. The

two committees have continued their work examining

these issues, focusing on the trade difficulties resulting

from gaps in coverage and enforcement of competition

policy.29

Trade and Labor Standards

In 1994, OECD member countries added to the

new trade agenda the subject of the relation between

trade and labor standards. Discussions have focused

on (1) how to define “core” labor standards; (2) the

relation of trade to labor standards, employment, and

investment; (3) the impact of labor standards on

economic development; and (4) the effectiveness of

current multilateral mechanisms in this area to monitor,

review, enforce, and promote labor standards. A report

to ministers covering this subject is likely for the 1996

OECD ministerial meeting.30

Czech Republic Accedes

Following examination of its terms of accession,

the Czech Republic was invited in November and

joined the OECD in December 1995, making it the

26th OECD member.31 Other countries in the process

of accession to the OECD include Hungary,32 Korea,

and Poland.
22

ENDNOTES

1 For a description of the functions of the WTO,

see article III of the Agreement Establishing the

World Trade Organization (hereafter “WTO

Agreement”).

2 The term “GATT” referred to both the institution

that oversaw the agreement between meetings of the

Contracting Parties and to the agreement itself.

3 Article II:4 of the WTO Agreement.

4 The seven members of the Appellate Body are

Mr. James Bacchus (United States), Ambassador

Christopher Beeby (New Zealand), Professor Claus

Dieter Ehlermann (Germany), Justice Florentino

Feliciano (Philippines), Ambassador Julio Lacarte

Muro (Uruguay), Professor Mitsuo Matsushita

(Japan), and Dr. Said El-Naggar (Egypt).

5 WTO, “WTO establishes its first dispute

settlement panel,” Focus, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1995, p. 3.

6 WTO, “Brazil joins gasoline panel,” Focus, No.

3, May-June 1995, p. 3. In Jan. 1996, the WTO

panel issued its findings that in certain instances

treatment of gasoline imports under the EPA

regulation was inconsistent with certain provisions of

GATT 1994, notably Article III:4 concerning national

treatment, and could not be justified under Article XX

(General Exceptions). On Feb. 21, 1996, the United

States appealed the panel findings: USTR, “Before

the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization -

United States Standards for Reformulated and

Conventional Gasoline - Notice of Appeal by the

United States,” Feb. 21, 1996. On Apr. 29, 1996, the

Appellate Body upheld the findings of the panel

report that the EPA provisions do not comply with

WTO rules, although the Appellate Body did adjust

certain reasoning by the panel related to the

conservation of exhaustible natural resources.

USTR, “WTO Appellate Body Issues Report on EPA

Rules for Imported Gasoline,” press release 96-38,

Apr. 29, 1996.

7 WTO, “The World Trade Organization is

launched with 81 members,” News GATTWTO,

GW/13, Jan. 4, 1995.

8 WTO, found at website http://gatekeeper.unicc.

org/wto/memtab2_wpf.html, Feb. 22, 1996.

9 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

000521, “Singapore Accession to the WTO

Government Procurement Code,” prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Singapore, Feb. 6, 1996.

10 WTO, “Overview of developments in

international trade and the trading system,”

WT/TPR/OV/1, found at WTO website,

http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/Whats_new/ov11.html,

pp. 19-20, Dec. 1, 1995 .

11 USTR, 1996 Trade Policy Agenda and 1995

Annual Report, p. 149. Finland and Greece are not

separate signatories to the Agreement on Civil

Aircraft, although they are bound under the signature

of the EC Commission.

12 WTO, “Overview of developments in

international trade and the trading

system,“WT/TPR/OV/1, found at WTO website,

http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/Whats_new/ov11.html,

p. 20, Dec. 1, 1995.

13 Ibid.

14 Negotiations on basic telecommunications were

further extended to Feb. 15, 1997 (see below).

15 The participants in extended financial services

negotiations were Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,

the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Egypt,

the EU, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia,

Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco,

Norway, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore,

the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Switzerland,

Thailand, Turkey, and Venezuela. Colombia,

Mauritius, and the United States added to or

expanded the scope of their MFN exemptions in

financial services.

16 WTO, “Overview of developments in

international trade and the trading system,”

WT/TPR/OV/1, found at WTO website,

http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/Whats_new/ov11.html,

pp. 16-17, Dec. 1, 1995.

17 These 14 were Australia, Canada, the Czech

Republic, the EU, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, New

Zealand, Norway, Singapore, the Slovak Republic,

Switzerland, Venezuela, and the United States.

18 USTR, “Statement of Ambassador Charlene

Barshefsky - Basic Telecom Negotiations - April 30,

1996,” press release 96-40, Apr. 30, 1996.

19 WTO, “WTO’s Basic Telecommunications

Negotiations Result in Substantial Offers:

Re-examination in Early 1997,” press release,

PRESS/48, May 1, 1996.

20 In March 1996, the United States indicated it

would not bind its maritime policy for an agreement

that left current restrictive policies of other countries

in place, and so would not submit either an offer or

written requests to other countries. On June 28,

1996, participants agreed to suspend negotiations, to

be resumed in 2000.

21 These six were Australia, Canada, the EC,

Japan, New Zealand, and Norway.

22 The United States announced on June 14,

1996 that it would not submit an offer after

concluding that the offers presented by the 23

participants in the maritime services negotiations on

June 4, 1996 were not sufficiently forthcoming.

USTR, “Statement by Ambassador Charlene

Barshefsky on the WTO Maritime Services

Negotiations,” Press Release 96-51, June 14, 1996,

Washington, DC. On June 28, 1996, the United

States announced the conclusion of the maritime

services negotiations that had been extended beyond

the end of the Uruguay Round. USTR, “United

States Announces Closure of Maritime Negotiations,”

Press Release 96-56, June 28, 1996, Washington,

DC.

23 WTO, “Overview of developments in

international trade and the trading system,”

WT/TPR/OV/1, found at WTO website,

http://gatekeeper.unicc.org/wto/Whats_new/ov11.html,

p. 18 Dec. 1, 1995.
23

24 OECD, “Meeting of the OECD Council at

Ministerial Level,” press release, SG/NEWS(95)41,

May 24, 1995, p. 3.

25 Such as the 1961 OECD Codes of

Liberalization and the 1976 Declaration on

International Investment and Multinational Enterprises

(also known as the “National Treatment Instrument”).

26 OECD, Multilateral Agreement on Investment

Progress Report by the MAI Negotiating Group,

OCDE/GD(96)78, (OECD: Paris, 1996), p. 3.

27 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

23781, “ ECD: U.S. delegation report, Multilateral

Agreement on Investment (MAI) negotiations open,”

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Paris, Oct. 4, 1995; and

U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 05006,

“OECD: Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) -

report of January, 1996 negotiating session,”

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Paris, Mar. 6, 1996.

28 USTR, 1996 Trade Policy Agenda, and 1995

Annual Report, p. 72.

29 Ibid, p. 73.

30 USTR, 1996 Trade Policy Agenda and 1995

Annual Report, p. 72.

31 OECD, OECD Press Release,

SG/PRESS(95)74, Nov. 16, 1995, and OECD

website, found at

http://www.oecd.org.sge/ccet/cet_pit.htm.

32 Hungary became the 27th OECD member on

March 29, 1996. U.S. Department of State

telegram, No. 07057, “Hungary accedes to the

OECD,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Paris, Mar. 29,

1996.
24
25

CHAPTER 3

Regional Trade Activities

As in recent previous years, regional trade

initiatives were an important component of U.S. trade

policy during 1995. The North American Free-Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), the primary vehicle for the

conduct of U.S. trade relations with Mexico and

Canada, celebrated its second year of operation. The

United States and other members of the Asia Pacific

Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum adopted an

action agenda that provides the framework for

achieving their commitment to achieve free and open

trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region by

2020. As momentum toward a trans-Atlantic agenda

gathered speed, a mix of ideas for strengthening the

U.S.-EU economic relationship was explored during

the year. A review of 1995 developments in these

three areas follows.

NAFTA Activities

This section discusses 1995 trade developments

under the NAFTA through an examination of the

second year experiences of Mexico and Canada under

the agreement, and their trade with the United States.

Also discussed are the stalled efforts to negotiate with

Chile for accession to the NAFTA, and progress made

during the year on achieving free trade in the Western

Hemisphere by 2005, as embodied by the Free-Trade

Area of the Americas (FTAA) initiative. Bilateral

issues that arose with Canada and Mexico are

discussed in chapter 4.

Mexico’s Second Year Under

the NAFTA

The NAFTA, now in its third year, remains

controversial in some Mexican circles as well as in the

United States. Benefits to Mexico (as well as to the

other NAFTA partners) were in evidence following

1994, the first NAFTA year.1 However, the collapse of

the Mexican peso in December 1994, obscured the

picture for 1995, during which the economic

consequences of this event for Mexico were most

gravely felt. Although observers tended to view the

peso’s depreciation as having been mostly precipitated

by economic policy errors of the previous Mexican

administration, some observers are blaming the

NAFTA for the crash of the currency and its economic

consequences. Such criticism stems in part from the

overly high expectations of new job creation and the

other benefits the accord was expected to bring to

Mexico, and in part from misconceptions about the real

causes of the business closures and other economic

difficulties Mexico has been experiencing since the end

of 1994.2

The peso crisis, while pushing Mexico into a deep

recession, also improved the country’s foreign trade

balance, with an impact on trade with the preeminent

trading partner—the United States. In addition, some

bilateral U.S.-Mexican trade issues sharpened due to

the effect of the cheap peso and of certain new

measures each country had to take in 1995 to

implement the NAFTA.3

The Economy

On March 9, 1995, Mexican President Ernesto

Zedillo announced an austerity and economic recovery

program following an international rescue package put

together for Mexico by the U.S. Treasury and the

International Monetary Fund (IMF) early in the year.4

Although this international assistance largely precluded

an immediate default by Mexico, it increased the

country’s total foreign indebtedness from $127.4

billion at the end of 1994 to $173.4 billion by April

1996.5 In view of the magnitude of this debt and the

need to stabilize Mexico’s financial markets, the

Zedillo administration adopted tight fiscal and

monetary policies that predictably led to the deepest

recession to hit the country since 1932.6

The March austerity program specified an increase

in Mexico’s value-added tax from 10 percent to 15

percent, and raised the price of gasoline by 35 percent,

and the price of electricity to final consumers by 20

percent. In addition, these measures included specific

incentives for new privatizations, stringent Federal

budget cuts, higher reserve requirements for banks, and
26

tight limits for domestic credit creation. The program

also provided for restructuring the Government’s

short-term debt with the help of U.S. and international

loans. The floating exchange rate regime was to

continue for an undetermined time.

With Mexico’s economic predicament even more

serious than originally believed, the year 1995 became

one of the country’s most difficult years on record.

The contraction of the 1995 Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) was 6.9 percent, compared with an increase of

3.5 percent in 1994. Manufacturing declined by 6.6

percent and construction activity by 22.0 percent.7

Interest rates for a time surged above 90 percent,

contributing to a severe credit crunch.8 The high

interest and mortgage rates choked off investment and

caused bankruptcies and loan defaults to the point

where the solvency of the entire banking system was

threatened, and government funds were required for

the rescue.9

Unemployment became an increasingly grave

problem in Mexico during 1995. The broadest

measure of unemployment published by Mexico’s

National Statistical and Geographics Institute (INEGI,)

which considers persons employed less than 35 hours

per week as unemployed, showed that 28.7 percent of

the economically active population was unemployed in

May,10 and 26.4 percent in December.11 More than

one million jobs have been reportedly lost following

the peso crisis.12

The peso floated at around 6.5 pesos to the U.S.

dollar during much of 1995, compared with about 3.5

pesos to the dollar before the crisis. However, the

exchange rate fell to a new low of 7.9 pesos to the

dollar in November. At that time, the Banco de

Mexico intervened to prop up the peso, drawing on the

country’s some $14 billion international reserves.13

Inflation also accelerated in 1995, despite the austerity

measures designed to reduce the inflationary impact of

the peso devaluation on the economy. On an annual

basis, inflation exceeded 50 percent.14 High rates of

inflation, interest and taxes; widespread small business

failures; diminished revenues for the self-employed;

joblessness; and a policy of wage restraints, all had the

effect of reducing household consumption and living

standards.

However, as the year progressed, some measure of

normalcy returned. Mexico was able to return to

international capital markets far sooner than expected,

apparently because the administration’s austerity plan

generated confidence. In comparison, it took Mexico 7

years after its 1982 debt crisis to regain access to

international capital markets. Although the value of

foreign equity investment fell steeply following the

peso’s devaluation due to both falling prices and

liquidation of positions, a recovery was already

noticeable in August 1995. Economic performance

also showed some signs of improvement in the fourth

quarter of 1995, raising hopes that the crisis may have

bottomed out.15 These signs appeared to justify the

administration’s strategy of applying a ”shock

treatment” so recovery could follow sooner.

Another positive development was the

improvement of Mexico’s balance-of-payments

current account for 1995. This account’s $29.4 billion

deficit at the end of 1994 virtually disappeared,

showing a negligible deficit of $654 million at the end

of 1995.16 The principal instrument of this accomplishment was the shift in Mexico’s large 1994 trade

deficit to an impressive 1995 trade surplus, as

discussed below, and to an increase in net receipts from

tourism.17

Trade with the United States

The peso’s depreciation in December 1994 had a

profound effect on Mexico’s overall foreign trade.

Mexico posted a $7.3 billion trade surplus in 1995,

reversing a 4-year string of trade deficits which, by

1994, reached an unsustainable level of $18.5 billion.

Mexico’s 1995 trade surplus resulted from a

31.2-percent growth of exports and an 8.8-percent

decline of imports.18 The surge of exports—the largest

since 1980—was made possible by the competitive

edge Mexico acquired with the smaller-valued peso.

By the same token, the dramatic loss of the peso

purchasing power accounted for falling Mexican

imports.

Among Mexico’s trading partners, the reversal of

Mexico’s trade balance had its greatest impact on the

United States, because of its commanding role in

Mexico’s foreign trade. (In 1995, the United States

received 84 percent of Mexico’s total exports and

supplied 73 percent of Mexico’s overall imports.)19

According to official U.S. statistics, U.S. exports to

Mexico fell by 10.4 percent during the year, while

U.S. imports from that country surged by 27.0 percent.

These divergent developments of the export and import

flow caused a sharp deterioration of the U.S. trade

balance vis-a-vis Mexico in 1995: a record $17.7

billion U.S. trade deficit, compared with a slight U.S.

surplus in 1994 (figure 3-1).

Mexico’s trade surplus with the United States

helped offset Mexico’s trade deficit with third

countries. It should be noted that Mexico registered a

large overall trade deficit in 1994, but this deficit was

not caused by trade with the United States or Canada,

but by trade outside the NAFTA—predominantly with
27

Asian countries and the EU.20 Mexican official data

show that Mexico continued to have trade deficits with

both Europe and East Asia in 1995, although

significantly smaller ones than in 1994.21 Thus, in

both the first and second NAFTA year, both before and

after the peso crash, trade with NAFTA partners had

the effect of strengthening Mexico’s overall trade

position.

Although the peso devaluation and ensuing

recession in Mexico undoubtedly contributed to the

U.S. trade deficit vis-a-vis Mexico—the first in 5

years—the 1995 trade data reflected a continuation of

an ongoing deterioration in the U.S. bilateral trade

balance. A U.S. surplus in trade with Mexico, which

was attained in 1991 for the first time in years, and

which peaked at $5.7 billion in 1992, narrowed

considerably the next year. Subsequently, during the

first year of the NAFTA, the U.S. surplus virtually

disappeared (figure 3-1).22 Thus, this tendency of the

balance to shift in Mexico’s favor first asserted itself in

1993-94, in spite of the then overvalued peso that made

U.S. imports from Mexico expensive. In 1995, this

trend was, of course, reinforced by a cheap peso,

switching bilateral trade into a record U.S. deficit

(figure 3-1).

However, the NAFTA—first, the expectation of

such an accord, and then the accord implementation—

can be credited with generating high levels of trade in

both directions. In the first NAFTA year, two-way

trade reached a record $97.7 billion; it continued to rise

to $105.7 billion in the second NAFTA year, due this

time solely to the continued surge of U.S. imports from

Mexico. Mexico continued to rank as the third-largest

U.S. trading partner, after Canada and Japan, on both

the export and import side, accounting for 8.1 percent

of overall U.S. exports and 8.3 percent of total U.S.

imports.

Figure 3-1

U.S. trade with Mexico: Exports, imports, and trade balance, 1991-95

    





–20 

–10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

 

Billion dollars

$32.3 $39.6 $40.3 $49.1 $44.0

$30.4 $33.9 $38.7 $48.6 $61.7 

$1.9 $5.7 $1.6 $0.5 -$17.7 

Exports

Imports

Balance

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
28

U.S. exports

U.S. merchandise exports to Mexico amounted to

$44.0 billion in 1995. The 10.4-percent decline in the

second NAFTA year signals a drastic change compared

with a 22.0-percent increase in the first. Nonetheless,

1995 U.S. exports to Mexico still represent a record

value compared with pre-NAFTA years (figure 3-1).

Exports to Mexico in 1995 were down in virtually

all Standard Industrial Trade Classification (SITC)

product categories compared with 1994 (table A-10).

As before, machinery and transportation equipment

was the largest product category, since Mexican

producers continued to depend on the capital goods

this U.S. industry provides. Machinery and

transportation equipment accounted for 45.8 percent of

total U.S. exports to Mexico; slightly down from 46.7

percent in 1994 (figure 3-2). Meanwhile, the aggregate

exports of the 20 leading U.S. export items to Mexico

edged higher in 1995, indicating that the decline of

overall U.S. exports has not taken place in the realm of

the leading export items, those specifically shown in

table A-11. The exceptions among the leading export

items were two top automotive parts categories and

soybeans, which registered export declines.

Notably, official Mexican data show 1995 imports

from the United States declining less than imports from

important third-country groups: Europe and East

Asia.23 According to an analysis of the Commerce

Department, ”There is no doubt that NAFTA helped

limit U.S. export losses, preserving U.S. jobs.”24 The

report compares the effects of the peso crash in 1982

and 1994. In 1982, Mexico responded by raising

duties to 100 percent, imposing import licenses across

the board, and nationalizing sectors of the economy.

U.S. exports to Mexico were cut in half as a result,

then took 6 years to recover. If this experience had

been repeated in 1995, U.S. exports would have

plunged to $20 billion, and would not have recovered

until the year 2000, the Commerce report notes.

Meanwhile, with NAFTA and the steady growth in

bilateral production ties, U.S. exports to Mexico

bottomed out in the second quarter of 1995, and have

since began to recover.

The NAFTA’s tariff provisions have also protected

U.S. exporters from Mexico’s 1995 decision to raise

tariffs by 20 to 35 percent on selected products

(textiles, apparel, and footwear articles) imported from

countries with which Mexico does not have free trade

agreements. Indeed, it has been argued that one of the

more important achievements of NAFTA is Mexico’s

commitments to a continuing liberalization of its trade

policies.25

U.S. imports

U.S. merchandise imports from Mexico continued

their surge from $48.6 billion in 1994 to $61.7 billion

in 1995 (figure 3-1). Nonetheless, the 27-percent

increase in imports from Mexico was smaller than that

registered by major country groups outside the

NAFTA, as official Mexican data show Mexico’s

exports to Europe and East Asia surging much more

than exports to the United States.26

U.S. imports from Mexico rose in all SITC

categories (table A-10). As on the U.S. export side,

machinery and transportation equipment continued to

be the dominant SITC category, accounting for 53.9

percent of the total (figure 3-2). Most leading import

items in this category, many of them motor vehicles or

parts, were up in 1995 (table A-12). Also notable is

the increase in U.S. imports of petroleum—

traditionally the leading item from Mexico. However,

the real surge of overall imports was not in the area of

leading items.

The Commerce report also points out that the

NAFTA helped Mexico to capture a larger share of the

U.S. import market, just as it helped the United States

to increase its share of the Mexican market. There are

some indications that U.S. imports from Mexico began

to replace certain imports from other countries—for

example in the area of automotive items and textiles.27

A shift towards Mexico in sourcing U.S. imports tends

to benefit the United States, because many such

imports are shared production items which, though

assembled in Mexico, incorporate more U.S. inputs

than from other countries.

Production sharing

Much of U.S.-Mexican trade takes place within the

machinery and transportation equipment sector, which

dominates trade in both directions, and in the textiles

and apparel sector that makes ”miscellaneous

manufactured products classified by material” an

important portion of bilateral trade. A significant share

of such intra-industry trade—29.1 percent of all U.S.

exports and 40.4 percent of all U.S. imports—is

generated by production sharing between U.S. and

Mexican plants (table 3-1).28 Having U.S. materials

processed or U.S. components assembled in Mexico,

where wages are lower, helps many U.S. producers of

labor-intensive articles to compete with Asian imports

in the U.S. market. At the same time, this arrangement

benefits Mexico by creating jobs, and transferring U.S.

managerial and technological know-how to Mexican

establishments. The facilities involved in production

sharing on the Mexican side are generally the
29

























































Figure 3-2

U.S. trade with Mexico: Exports and imports, by product sectors, 1995

U.S. Exports

Note.—Because of rounding figures may not add up to totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Manufactured goods

Machinery/equipment

$6.4 (

Chemicals

Food classified by material

$4.2 ( 9.6%)

$20.1 ( 45.8%)

$2.5 ( 5.7%)

Misc. mfg. articles

$5.4 ( 12.3%)

Fuel/raw materials

$3.4 ( 7.7%)

All other goods

$1.9 ( 4.3%)









































U.S. Imports

Manufactured goods

Machinery/equipment

$4.9 (

Chemicals

Food

classified by material

$1.3 ( 2.1%)

$33.2 ( 53.9%)

$4.2 ( 6.8%)

Misc. mfg. articles

$8.3 ( 13.5%)

Fuel/raw materials

$7.1 ( 11.5%)

All other goods

$2.6% ( 4.2%)

14.6%)

8.0%)

(Billion dollars)
ora” trade, 1990-95

(Million dollars)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

29,506.0 30,445.1 33,934.6 38,667.7 48,605.3 61,721.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

doras”:

13,024.6 14,334.3 16,502.0 18,967.7 23,068.2 24,962.3 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

44.1% 47.1% 48.7% 49.1% 47.5% 40.4% 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6,544.8 7,254.8 8,691.9 9,871.9 11,608.4 12,832.8 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 imports 50.2% 50.6% 52.7% 52.0% 50.3% 51.4% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

22.2% 23.8% 25.6% 25.5% 23.9% 20.8% 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bheadings:

188.3 183.5 229.4 206.3 130.5 197.1 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

140.7 137.1 169.5 156.1 97.9 150.1 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

74.7% 74.7% 73.9% 75.7% 75.0% 76.1% 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

47.6 46.4 59.9 50.2 32.6 47.0 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

12,836.3 14,150.8 16,272.6 18,761.4 22,937.7 24,765.3 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6,404.1 7,117.6 8,522.4 9,715.8 11,510.5 12,682.7 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

49.9% 5O.3% 52.4% 51.8% 50.2% 51.2% 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6,432.2 7,033.1 7,750.2 9,045.6 11,427.2 12,082.5 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

27,467.6 32,279.2 39,604.9 40,265.5 49,136.1 44,031.2 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s to maquiladora industry1 . . . . 6,544.8 7,254.8 8,691.9 9,871.9 11,608.4 12,832.8

orts 23.8 22.5 21.9 24.5 23.6 29.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Mexican consumption 20,922.8 25,024.5 30,913.0 30,393.6 37,527.7 31,198.4 . . . . . . . . . 

 Mexico2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,961.2 23,190.3 25,242.7 28,795.8 36,996.9 48,888.2

e balance with Mexico3 . . . . . . . -2,038.4 1,834.2 5,670.3 1,597.8 530.8 -17,689.8

of U.S.-made components contained in U.S. imports from Mexico under Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) provisions 9802.00.60

02.00.80 (assembly) which accounts for most of the value of U.S. exports of components to the maquiladora industry. 

 value (value added in Mexico) of products assembled in Mexico and imported into the United States under HTS provisions

0

ficit. 

S. International Trade Commission staff from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
31

“maquilas,” i.e. in-bond production units, established

since 1965 under Mexico’s Border Industrialization

Program.

Products of production sharing reenter the United

States under chapter 98 of the Harmonized Tariff

Schedule (HTS). Since the United States levies duties

only on the value added in Mexico and the U.S. input

returns duty-free, the overall rate of U.S. duty in this

import category is reduced. More than half of these

imports consisted in 1995 of U.S. components

returned after further processing or assembly. U.S.

content returned accounted for 20.8 percent of all U.S.

imports from Mexico in 1995.

It should be pointed out that the U.S. position in

shared-product trade was not affected adversely by the

crash of the peso, as it was in the rest of bilateral trade.

U.S. exports of components to the maquiladora

industry continued to grow from $11.6 billion in the

first NAFTA year to $12.8 billion in the second,

because the maquiladora sector, as before, depended

on U.S. goods. With the rest of U.S. exports to Mexico

declining sharply, the shipments destined for the

maquilas gained relative significance; they accounted

for 29.1 percent of overall U.S. exports in 1995,

compared with 23.6 percent in the first year of the

NAFTA. Without production sharing, the collapse of

the peso would have depressed U.S. exports to Mexico

undoubtedly even more. U.S. imports from the

maquiladora sector were also up from $23.1 billion in

1994 to $25.0 billion in 1995. Yet, the percentage of

these shared-product imports in total U.S. imports from

Mexico declined steeply from 47.5 to 40.4 percent,

respectively, owing to the surge in the rest of the total.

There is a consensus that, far from hurting the

maquiladora industry, the depreciation of the peso has

spawned a boom in this sector, the trade effects of

which may show up in years to come. Foreign

investment in assembly plants for the production of

auto parts and electronic products has risen sharply as

maquilas gained a competitive edge with the decline of

dollar-denominated production costs in the wake of the

peso’s depreciation.29 In the words of Mexican

analysts, ”[w]hile it cannot be said that the in-bond

plants are taking over the Mexican economy, it is clear

that their impact has increased.”30

Canada’s Second Year Under

the NAFTA

The second year of the NAFTA proved to be

another year of growth in U.S.-Canada trade. Over

three-fourths of Canadian trade is with the United

States, making the U.S.-Canadian relationship

particularly significant. In 1995 U.S.-Canadian

two-way trade reached $258.1 billion, up by 11 percent

from the 1994 value of $232.4 billion (figure 3-3).

Canada’s other major trading partners, the EU and

Japan, together accounted for less than 15 percent of

Canada’s 1995 trade.

Total Canadian exports surged 16 percent to reach

$184 billion in 1995, up from $158 billion in 1994.

Total Canadian imports grew only 11 percent to equal

$164 billion in 1995. The higher rate of export growth

caused Canada’s total trade surplus to increase to $20.6

billion in 1995. This compares to a 1994 balance of

$10.9 billion.31

Trade with the United States

U.S. exports to Canada have grown steadily in

recent years. Exports rose 10.4 percent in 1993 and

12.8 percent during 1994, the first year of NAFTA. In

1995, exports grew 9.3 percent, slightly slower than

during the previous 2 years. Of total U.S. exports to

Canada, the machinery and equipment sector

accounted for over half, equaling $61.7 billion in 1995

(figure 3-4). Other manufactured goods make up the

next largest sector equaling 13.6 percent, while

chemicals also constitute a significant portion. The top

20 export commodities account for approximately

one-third of total U.S. exports to Canada (table A-2).

Eight of the top 20 commodities fall in the automotive

category and account for well over half of the total for

the top 20 exported items.

U.S. imports from Canada have grown at a slightly

higher rate than exports, widening the bilateral trade

imbalance. Imports grew 12.5 percent in 1993 and

escalated 16.6 percent during the first year of NAFTA.

In 1995 they increased by 12.5 percent, comparable to

the 1993 increase. Similar to exports, machinery and

equipment is the principal U.S. import from Canada,

accounting for 43.9 percent of U.S. imports (figure

3-4). Other manufactured goods are the next largest

category making up 17.5 percent of U.S. imports from

Canada. Third in rank is fuel and raw materials

accounting for 17.0 percent. The three leading natural

resource imports are crude oil, coniferous wood, and

natural gas.

The top 20 commodities imported by the U.S. from

Canada equal $74 million, accounting for a little over

half of total imports (table A-3). Seven of the top 20

items are in the automotive sector. This leading
32

Figure 3-3

U.S. trade with Canada: Exports, imports, and trade balance, 1991-95



























–40

0

40

80

120

160

 

Billion dollars

$78.9 $83.2 $91.9 $103.6 $113.3

$90.9 $98.2 $110.5 $128.8 $144.9  -$12.2 -$15.0 -$18.6 -$25.1 -$31.6 

Exports

Imports

Balance

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

presence of automotive goods in two-way trade

illustrates the integration of the North American

automotive industry.

Canadian-Mexican Trade Flow

The Canadian-Mexican relationship is not an

insignificant one. According to 1994 statistics, Mexico

is Canada’s 13th largest export market.32 Mexico was

Canada’s fourth largest supplier with 2.4 percent of

1994 Canadian imports. Mexico’s exports to Canada

are about equal to exports from the United Kingdom

and are surpassed only by Japan and the United States.

Two-way Canadian-Mexican trade equaled $4.72

billion in 1995, a 15.7-percent increase from $4.08

billion in 1994 (figure 3-5).

Pre-NAFTA trade flows showed a high growth rate

in the 1990-93 period, with Canadian imports from

Mexico averaging increases of 36 percent annually. In

1993, imports were $2.71 billion and increased almost

22 percent to $3.30 billion in 1994.33 (This increase is

comparable to the 1995 increase of 17.8 percent from

$3.30 billion in 1994 to $3.89 billion in 1995.)

Leading Canadian imports from Mexico in 1995

consisted of fruits and vegetables, electrical machinery,

motor vehicles, furniture, mineral fuels, and organic

chemicals.

Pre-NAFTA years show variable growth rates of

Canadian exports to Mexico. In 1993, exports were

$0.76 billion and increased to $0.78 billion in 1994.34

Canadian exports increased only 6.9 percent in 1995 to

$0.83 billion (figure 3-5). Despite the low growth of

exports, the bilateral trade balance widened by 21.2

percent between 1994 and 1995. The leading Canadian

commodities supplied to Mexico include cereals, oil

seed, wood pulp, machinery and mechanical

appliances, and motor vehicles.

NAFTA Accession Negotiations

The United States, Canada, and Mexico launched

formal negotiations with Chile during 1995 for

eventual Chilean accession to NAFTA. These efforts

stalled later that year, however, after the U.S.
33

















































Figure 3-4

U.S. trade with Canada: Exports and imports, by product sectors, 1995

U.S. Exports

Note.—Because of rounding figures may not add up to totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Manufactured goods

Machinery/equipment

$15.4 (

Chemicals

Food

classified by material

$10.4 ( 9.1%)

$61.7 ( 54.5% )

$5.6 ( 5.0%)

Misc. mfg. articles

$11.6 ( 10.3%)

Fuel/raw materials

$5.7 ( 5.0% )

All other goods

$2.9 ( 2.6% )































U.S. Imports

Manufactured goods

Machinery/equipment

$25.4 ( Chemicals

Food

classified by material

$8.1 ( 5.6% )

$63.6 ( 43.9%)

$6.7 ( 4.6% )

Misc. mfg. articles

$7.8 ( 5.4% )

Fuel/raw materials

$24.6 ( 17.0%)

All other goods

$8.7 ( 6.0% )

13.6%)

17.5% )

(Billion dollars)
34

Figure 3-5

Canada-Mexico, merchandise trade, 1994-95























–4000.0

–2000.0

0.0

2000.0

4000.0

 

Millions of U.S. dollars

$775.5 $828.7

$3,302.4 $3,890.6  -$2,526.9 -$3,061.9 

Exports

Imports

Balance

1994 1995

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

administration was unable to secure ”fast track”

negotiating authority.35

Chile has long been considered as the first country

that would be permitted to accede to NAFTA,36 based

on that country’s role as “regional leader in long-term

macroeconomic stabilization,” its ”outstanding record

of sustained economic growth,” and its “comprehensive market-based economic reform program . . .

[and] one of the most transparent and nondiscriminatory trade regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean.”37

NAFTA permits a country or group of countries to

accede to the agreement, subject to certain conditions.

NAFTA Article 2205 sets out two general terms of

reference for accession:

1. Any country or group of countries may accede

to [NAFTA] subject to such terms and

conditions as may be agreed between such

country or countries and the [NAFTA Free

Trade] Commission and following approval in

accordance with the applicable approval

procedures of each country; and

2. [NAFTA] shall not apply as between any Party

and any acceding country or group of countries

if, at the time of accession, either does not

consent to such application.

On December 11, 1994, the leaders of the United

States, Canada, and Mexico announced their intention

to begin negotiations with Chile no later than May 31,

1995.38 President Clinton stated that Chile’s eventual

accession to NAFTA was ”further proof of our

intentions . . . to complete the free trade agreement for

all the Americas by 2005.39 On March 7, 1995, under

authority delegated by the President, the USTR

requested the USITC to provide advice to the President

with respect to the probable economic effects on the

United States of providing duty-free treatment to Chile

for each article listed in the U.S. HTS; USTR also

provided an opportunity for written comments, and

conducted a public hearing on this topic on April 25,

1995.40 On March 17, 1995, Senator Richard Lugar
35

(R-Indiana) introduced S. 577, a bill to establish fasttrack procedures, which was referred to the Committee

on Finance.41 On June 21, 1995, the House of

Representatives held a hearing on Chilean accession to

NAFTA.42

Following technical working-level discussions,

formal negotiations for Chilean accession to NAFTA

began when trade ministers from the NAFTA countries

and Chile met on June 7, 1995 in Toronto. The

ministers issued general negotiating guidelines, but set

no timetable for the conclusion of the negotiations.43

These negotiations began even though the U.S.

administration did not have fast-track negotiating

authority. (Chilean Finance Minister Eduardo Aninat

was reported as saying that Chile would not complete

the negotiations until after fast-track authority was

formally approved.44) U.S. officials noted that the

United States had initiated other trade talks, including

both NAFTA and the Uruguay Round, without fast

track.45

The trade ministers initially agreed46 that Chile’s

accession to NAFTA also would require that Chile

accede to NAFTA environmental and labor standards

side agreements.47 The Clinton administration

supported the inclusion of these side agreements in the

plan for Chile’s NAFTA accession48 based on the

concern that without them, Chile could have an unfair

trade advantage through the lower production costs of

not having to meet the NAFTA environmental and

labor standards. Congressional opposition to the

inclusion of environmental and labor issues in Chile’s

NAFTA accession agreement (even though many in

Congress stated support for the idea of Chile

eventually acceding to NAFTA) was based on the

concerns that applying such environmental and labor

standards might (1) impede trade, (2) ultimately result

in tougher regulations on U.S. businesses operating

abroad, or (3) possibly block deregulation of

environmental and labor rules in the United States.49

By yearend 1995, negotiations between the Clinton

administration and Congress on a new fast-track

authority were at an impasse with no prospects of a

resolution until after the 1996 U.S. Presidential

election. These actions brought Chile’s NAFTA

accession talks to a standstill, with no further

negotiations as of this writing.50

Free Trade Area of the

Americas

At the December 1994 Summit of the Americas,

the heads of state of the Western Hemisphere’s 34

democracies declared their resolve ”to begin

immediately to construct the Free Trade Area of the

Americas (FTAA) in which barriers to trade and

investment will be progressively eliminated. . . . to

conclude the negotiations of the Free Trade Area of the

Americas no later than 2005, and agree that concrete

progress toward the attainment of this objective will be

made by the end of this century.”51 Several

FTAA-related activities were formally launched during

1995.

The Hemisphere’s Trade Ministers convened in

June 1995 in Denver to draft a more complete plan for

FTAA negotiations. On June 30, 1995, the ministers

formally approved a joint declaration and initial work

program. In their joint declaration, ministers:

• pledged to begin a work program to prepare for

the initiation of negotiations of the FTAA, and

• agreed to ensure that the FTAA will (1) be fully

consistent with the WTO; (2) be balanced and

comprehensive in scope; (3) not raise barriers to

other countries; and (4) represent a single

undertaking comprising mutual rights and

obligations.52

While the Ministers agreed that the FTAA should

“build on existing subregional and bilateral

arrangements,” they did not decide on how to

harmonize such existing agreements. Harmonizing the

existing subregional arrangements may be problematic

because some of the agreements, like NAFTA, are

free-trade accords while others, like MERCOSUR,53

are customs unions.

The work program approved at the June Ministerial

meeting provided the basis for initial preparatory work

in advance of active FTAA negotiations. Ministers set

up seven trade-related working groups. The working

groups are for market access (El Salvador to provide

chairman); customs procedures and rules of origin

(Bolivia); investment (Costa Rica); sanitary and

phytosanitary measures (Mexico); standards and

technical barriers to trade (Canada); subsidies,

antidumping and countervailing duties (Argentina);

and smaller economies (Jamaica).54 Dispute

settlement was the only area mentioned for

consideration in the 1994 Miami summit for which a

working group was not established; instead, ministers

voiced support for the WTO dispute settlement

mechanism and declined, at that time, to take on the

role of creating a new mechanism solely for FTAA

members.55 (Ministers agreed to establish an

additional four working groups—for competition

policy, government procurement, intellectual property,

and services—and their terms of reference as part of

their March 1996 meeting in Cartagena, Colombia.)
36

Each working group was directed to identify and

examine existing trade-related measures in its

respective area, with a view to identifying possible

approaches to negotiations. All seven working groups

had met at least once by the end of September 1995.56

The working groups were to report their findings at the

March 1996 Ministerial meeting, when subsequent

directives would be announced.57

The Hemisphere’s Trade Ministers convened again

in March 1996 in Cartagena, Colombia. As agreed, the

Ministers created working groups for competition

policy (Peru to provide chairman), government

procurement (United States), intellectual property

(Honduras; Colombia as back-up), and services

(Chile). Ministers made no new commitments during

the March 1996 meeting other than directing their Vice

Ministers to make an assessment of when and how to

launch the FTAA negotiations and to make

recommendations on those issues before the 1997

Trade Ministerial meeting. Working groups were

directed to carry out their respective work with a view

to presenting conclusions and recommendations for

consideration at the 1997 Ministerial meeting. It was

agreed that a working group on dispute settlement

would be created in 1997.58 Press reports cited the

relative lack of progress in the Chile NAFTA accession

negotiations and upcoming U.S. presidential election

as factors impeding further significant advancement in

FTAA negotiations.59

APEC’s Osaka Action

Agenda

APEC was established in 1989 as an informal

forum to promote economic cooperation in the Pacific

Rim region. Since that time APEC has expanded its

membership, developed into a more formalized

institution with a Secretariat located in Singapore, and

adopted an ambitious trade agenda.60 Membership in

APEC as of December 31, 1995 numbered 18

economies: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, the

People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia,

Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua

New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan,

Thailand, and the United States. Since the

organization’s founding, six annual Ministerial

meetings61 have been held in Canberra, Singapore,

Seoul, Bangkok, Seattle and Osaka. The APEC Chair

rotates annually among the APEC members. Japan

hosted the 1995 Ministerial meeting in Osaka during

November 16-17 and the 1996 Ministerial will be held

in Manila, the Philippines.62

APEC Senior Officials are responsible for making

recommendations and carrying out the decisions of the

Ministers. The Senior Officials review the work of the

two permanent APEC committees — the Committee

on Trade and Investment (CTI) and the Economic

Committee — and the 10 working groups that cover

broad issue areas.63 The CTI is the permanent focus

group for development and implementation of APEC’s

trade and investment agenda. During 1995, one of the

CTI’s major activities was completion of collective

action plans in the areas of deregulation, dispute settlement, Uruguay Round implementation, investment,

customs procedures, standards and conformance, and

government procurement. These action plans form the

basis for the guidelines and actions in the Osaka Action

Agenda (see discussion below) and work on them will

continue in 1996.64 The Economic Committee serves

as APEC’s analytical group and provides reports on

economic trends and related issues in the region,

including an annual economic outlook paper.65 The

Eminent Persons Group (EPG), was established in

1992 to provide a “vision” for APEC’s future and to

offer recommendations regarding the elimination of

barriers to trade and investment in the region. The

EPG issued its third and final report at the November

1995 Ministerial.66 The Pacific Basin Forum (PBF)

was established in 1993 as a temporary group to

provide private-sector participation in APEC. At the

1995 Ministerial, the Leaders agreed to appoint

members to a permanent APEC Business Advisory

Council (APBAC) to provide private sector advice on

APEC’s priorities for trade facilitation and liberalization.67

APEC Leaders’ meetings are held in conjunction

with the annual Ministerial and provide political

support for APEC’s initiatives. At the first Leaders’

meeting held in Seattle in 1993, APEC Leaders

adopted a vision for free trade and investment in the

region and agreed to create a “community of Asia

Pacific economies.”68 The following year in Bogor,

Indonesia, the Leaders committed to achieving “free

and open trade and investment” in the region by 2010

for the industrialized economies and 2020 for

developing economies.69

1995 Developments

In November 1995, the APEC Leaders adopted the

Osaka Action Agenda, which sets forth a “template”

for implementing the commitment made in Bogor to

liberalize trade and investment, beginning in January

1997.70 In adopting the Action Agenda, the Leaders

noted, “We have, with Osaka, entered the action phase

in translating this vision [of a community of
37

Asia-Pacific economies] and these goals into reality.

Today we adopt the Osaka Action Agenda, the

embodiment of our political will, to carry through our

commitment at Bogor.”71 The Leaders emphasized

that the Osaka Action Agenda rests on the three pillars

of trade and investment liberalization, facilitation, and

economic and technical cooperation. The Leaders

reaffirmed APEC’s determination to lead in

strengthening the multilateral trading system, as

represented by the downpayments or “initial actions”

brought by each of the APEC economies to Osaka to

accelerate implementation of their commitments made

in the Uruguay Round and their commitment to

advancing global trade and investment liberalization.72

In moving towards the long-term goal of free trade

and investment in the region, APEC will employ

voluntary efforts by individual economies and

collective actions. Part One of the Osaka Action

Agenda sets forth the guiding principles to be used in

advancing liberalization and business facilitation including: comprehensiveness; WTO-consistency; comparability; nondiscrimination; transparency; standstill;

simultaneous start, continuous process, and

differentiated timetables; flexibility; and cooperation.

The principle of flexibility with regard to the pace and

process of liberalization, within the timeframe agreed

to, reflects a recognition of the different domestic

situations of APEC economies.73 Overall objectives,

guidelines for individual economies and collective

actions are defined for 15 concrete issue areas: tariffs,

nontariff measures, services, investment, standards,

customs, intellectual property rights, competition

policy, government procurement, deregulation, rules of

origin, dispute mediation, mobility of business people,

implementation of Uruguay Round outcomes, and

information gathering and analysis.74

Work began on the individual and collective action

plans following the Osaka Ministerial. They are to be

submitted at the 1996 Ministerial meeting for review.

Overall implementation of the Action Plans is to begin

in January 1997 and will be reviewed annually.75

Part Two of the Osaka Action Agenda sets forth

economic and technical cooperation to be undertaken

jointly by APEC members in the ten areas covered by

the APEC Working Groups. Common policy

concepts, including goals, basic principles and

priorities will be developed in each of the 10 specific

areas (for example, providing a quality basic education

is one priority in the area of human resources

development). In each area, joint activities such as

compilation and sharing of data and information,

surveys, training, seminars, research and technical

demonstrations will be conducted. In addition, an

economic policy dialogue will be held to review and

evaluate the common policy concepts and the joint

activities.76 See figure 3-6 for a chronology of

important APEC events.

Figure 3-6

Major APEC developments

November 6-7, 1989 First APEC Ministerial is held with 12 economies participating.

November 14, 1991 The Seoul APEC Declaration is issued, formally establishing 

APEC and setting forth APEC’s objectives, scope of activity, and 

mode of operation.

China, Hong Kong, and Chinese Taipei are admitted as APEC 

members.

November 20, 1993 APEC Leaders issue a statement setting forth their vision of “a 

community of Asia-Pacific economies” in which trade and 

investment barriers are reduced, trade within the region and with 

the world expands, and goods, services, capital, and investment 

flow freely among economies in the region.

The Leaders also “ask APEC to undertake work aimed at 

deepening and broadening the outcome of the Uruguay Round, 

strengthening trade and investment liberalization in the region, 

and facilitating regional cooperation.”

Mexico and Papua New Guinea join APEC.

Figure continued on next page.
38

Figure 3-6

Major APEC developments

November 15, 1994 APEC Leaders issue the Declaration of Common Resolve, or 

Bogor Declaration, setting the objectives of APEC leadership in 

strengthening the open multilateral trading system, enhancing 

trade and investment liberalization in the Asia-Pacific, and 

intensifying Asia-Pacific development cooperation.

The Leaders adopt the long-term goal of free and open trade and 

investment in the Asia-Pacific region, and announce their 

commitment to attain this goal by no later than the year 2020. The 

declaration states that “The pace of implementation will take into 

account differing levels of economic development among APEC 

economies, with industrialized countries achieving the goal of 

free and open trade by no later than the year 2010 and developing 

economies no later than the year 2020.”77

Elaborating on APEC’s long-standing commitment to “open 

regionalism,” APEC Leaders state that ”the outcome of trade and 

investment liberalization in the Asia-Pacific will not only be the 

actual reduction of barriers among APEC economies but also 

between APEC economies and non-APEC economies.”78

Leaders also commit their economies to carry out Uruguay 

Round commitments fully and without delay and to continue the 

process of liberalization. They adopt a standstill under which their 

economies will refrain from instituting measures that would have 

the effect of increasing levels of protection.

November 19, 1995 APEC Leaders adopt The Osaka Action Agenda, the first stage in 

a process designed to turn the goals set out at Blake Island and 

Bogor into reality. The Action Agenda sets forth a blueprint to 

guide the implementation of free and open trade and investment 

in the Asia-Pacific. It provides broad principles such as 

comprehensiveness, WTO-consistency, nondiscrimination, and 

comparability. Members also announce initial “down payments” 

to implement the Bogor goal.

The Action Agenda recognizes both liberalization and facilitation 

steps as integral to attaining APEC’s goals. The 15 concrete issue 

areas in which trade liberalization and facilitation will be pursued 

include tariffs and nontariff measures, trade in services, investment,

intellectual property rights (IPR), standards and conformance, 

government procurement, customs procedures, and competition 

policy. Basic approaches to each area are also outlined.

The Leaders agreed that the goal of free and open trade and 

investment will be attained by voluntary liberalization in the 

region, collective actions, and contributing to further momentum 

for global liberalization. They directed ministers and officials to 

immediately begin preparation of concrete and substantive 

Action Plans. These Action Plans will be submitted to the 

November 1996 Ministerial Meeting in the Philippines for 

assessment. Overall implementation of the Action Plans is to 

begin in January 1997 and will be reviewed annually.

Source: Compiled by USITC staff from official APEC documents.
39

The New Trans-Atlantic

Agenda

Introduction

On December 3, 1995, President Clinton and

leaders of the EU launched an initiative billed as key to

revitalizing the trans-Atlantic partnership. Known as

the New Trans-Atlantic Agenda (NTA), it sets a

framework for cooperation in the economic, political,

and security realms and calls for a number of actions to

further common U.S.-EU interests. From a trade

policy perspective, the key political commitments were

to create a Trans-Atlantic marketplace characterized by

the progressive reduction or elimination of barriers that

hinder the flow of goods, services, and capital and to

strengthen and exert leadership in the multilateral

trading system. Such steps are expected to expand

trade and investment opportunities, multiply jobs, and

contribute to global economic growth.79 Nearly 120

specific actions are outlined in the accompanying Joint

U.S./EU Action Plan, some 40 of which relate to

economic and trade matters. Background on U.S.-EU

relations, the NTA and Joint Action Plan, and next

steps is presented below.

U.S.-EU Commercial Relations

The U.S.-EU relationship has come to dominate

the multilateral trading system and plays a key role in

global commerce. Despite some notable disagreements

over substance and tactics, the relationship supports

sizeable flows of goods, capital, and ideas and exerts a

decisive influence over world trade events.

Nevertheless, the end of the Cold War, the conclusion

of the Uruguay Round, and the lure of fast-growing

markets elsewhere have led some to worry that a sense

of drift in U.S.-EU relations could inadvertently cause

the overall relationship to fall into disrepair.80

Convinced that the two regions share a common

destiny and a historic burden for exerting global

leadership, in 1995 the EU and the United States began

exploring means to deepen their partnership in the

economic, political, and security realms. Trade and

investment were key elements in the effort to formalize

and reinvigorate the relationship.

U.S.-EU trade and investment is already

considerable. According to the WTO, after netting out

intra-EU trade, the United States and the EU together

accounted for some 35 percent of world merchandise

exports and 39 percent of world merchandise imports

in 1995. The EU alone accounted for 20 percent of

world merchandise exports and 19 percent of world

merchandise imports. EU members accounted for 10

of the world’s top 30 exporters and importers of

commercial services in 1995, and these members

accounted for 39.0 and 39.9 percent respectively of

world services exports and imports. (The U.S. shares

were 16.5 percent and 12.0 percent, respectively.)81

The EU was the third largest U.S. regional trading

partner during 1995, after North America and the

Pacific Rim. Total U.S.-EU trade was $247.2 billion in

1995, up from $219.0 billion in 1994. U.S. imports

from the EU were $130.8 billion, and represented 18

percent of total U.S. imports. U.S. exports that year to

the EU were $116.3 billion, representing 21 percent of

total U.S. exports.82 Leading U.S. exports are

machinery and transportation equipment (notably,

computers, aircraft, automobiles and parts thereof),

chemicals and related goods, miscellaneous

manufactures (including medical devices and scientific

instruments), and crude materials. The leading U.S.

import categories were all manufactured goods:

machinery and transport equipment (particularly cars,

aircraft, computers, and parts thereof), miscellaneous

manufactured articles, manufactured goods classified

chiefly by material, and chemicals and related products

(notably pharmaceuticals).

Services trade and investment ties are important

components of the Trans-Atlantic commercial

relationship. Yearly private services transactions now

are about half as large as merchandise trade flows, with

U.S. exports to the EU totaling $61.6 billion in 1995,

and U.S. imports from the EU totaling $46.1 billion.83

The United States and the EU are each other’s most

significant source of direct investment. By the end of

1994, the EU had more than $274 billion invested in

the United States (historical cost basis), accounting for

54 percent of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the

United States, and the United States had more than

$251 billion invested in the EU (historical cost basis),

with the EU accounting for 41 percent of total U.S.

FDI.84

Although the EU share of world merchandise trade

has fallen with the increasing importance of Asia and

Latin America, the reach of the EU’s trade regime has

broadened, particularly in recent years. Three

high-income northern European countries, Austria,

Finland, and Sweden, became full-fledged members of

the EU on January 1, 1995, and the economies of

Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet

Union continued to receive substantial EU financial

and technical assistance. Moreover, the EU has an

extensive and growing array of preferential trading

arrangements. Its agreements with Central and Eastern
40

Europe are of particular strategic and economic

importance to the United States.

Yet, countries within the EU have increasingly

been importing from other EU members at the expense

of imports from third countries over the 1980-1993

period (1993 being the lone exception).85 It has been

suggested that EU level laws in such areas as product

standards, government procurement, and financial

market regulation that are designed to further integrate

the EU internal market may explain this phenomenon.

Indeed, addressing disparities in treatment that have

resulted from Europe’s Single Market (1992) Initiative

tops the list of U.S. business interests in the New

Trans-Atlantic Agenda.

Attaining that goal requires dealing with several

types of barriers. Tariffs, though not generally high in

the United States or the EU, remain high for certain

sectors. Even after the Uruguay Round, the EU has

high tariffs on agriculture (meat, dairy, sugar, and

tobacco), textiles and apparel, motor vehicles,

electronics, and paper products. In addition, tariff

escalation, or rising tariffs with degree of processing, is

particularly pronounced in the fish, tobacco, leather,

rubber, textile, and metal industries.86 Recent

reclassification decisions by EU member state customs

authorities affecting U.S. computer equipment have

also been a source of U.S. frustration.87 Nontariff

barriers run the gamut from subsidies to product

standards and officially-sanctioned discrimination in

such sectors as telecommunications.88 Uneven or poor

implementation of single market rules in such areas are

a particular problem for U.S. business. ”Cultural”

barriers to U.S. movies and broadcasts and discriminatory restrictions on imported bananas are also

sources of U.S. concern. Overzealous environmental

and labor policies, such as an extensive ecolabelling

scheme for environment-friendly products, have

recently emerged as issues.

The EU complains about what remains of Buy

America policies affecting European suppliers in

public airport and subway construction projects,

various restrictions on the use of non-U.S. vessels in

cargo-handling, the extraterritorial reach of U.S. laws,

notably recent ones relating to Cuba, Libya, and Iran,89

and difficulties in penetrating U.S. markets for

regulated goods such as pharmaceuticals. At a more

fundamental level, the EU continues to lead the global

call for a U.S. retreat from unilateral tactics to attain its

market access goals. Yet a report issued by the EU

Commission in July 1995 detailing U.S. market access

barriers notes that the Uruguay Round has largely

settled some long-standing issues and created a more

solid foundation for resolving others.90 In contrast to

the situation with its Latin American and Pacific

trading partners, U.S. economic ties with EU member

states have in some ways been made easier by the EU

overarching legal competence in many aspects of

economic and commercial policy across the Union and

the increasing realization of a single market for goods,

capital, and people among its 15 member states.

The United States has long discussed foreign and

trade policy issues on an ad hoc basis with the EU.

These arrangements were formalized by the

Declaration on U.S.-EU Relations of November 23,

1990, which institutionalized regular consultation and

cooperation on political, economic, scientific,

educational, and cultural matters. The U.S. President

now meets twice annually with the head of the

executive branch of the EU and the President of the

European Commission. The Secretary of State meets

twice annually with the EU foreign ministers and as

necessary with the foreign ministers of the ”troika”

countries (the EU presidency country, its predecessor,

and its successor).

In mid-1995, leaders on both sides of the Atlantic

began to take steps to define the overall U.S.-EU

relationship and prepare it for future challenges. On

June 14, senior officials from the United States and the

EU were charged by President Clinton, EU

Commission President Jacques Santer, and EU Council

President Jacques Chirac with the development of an

agenda for the 21st century to be considered at the

December 1995 Madrid Summit. The decision came

on the heels of a major speech by Secretary of State

Warren Christopher signaling U.S. support for an

intensification of U.S.-EU dialogue on key issues.

The joint efforts complemented preparations

underway in both the EU and the United States. On

April 27, 1995, the EU Commission announced that it

had begun studying the feasibility of a U.S.-EU

free-trade area (FTA). Among other things, it sought

to identify candidates for further tariff reductions, to

explore whether enhanced cooperation in such areas as

competition policy, investment, and product approval

would be more advantageous than a full-fledged FTA,

and to evaluate whether a North America-EU is

preferable to a U.S.-EU FTA. In late July, the EU

Commission released a communication containing

proposals for action in each major aspect of the

U.S.-EU relationship.91 On May 22, USTR Kantor

announced a four-pronged initiative to deepen U.S.-EU

ties. Its four key elements included (1) studying remaining barriers in such areas as services, investment,

intellectual property, telecommunications, and agriculture, (2) launching an immediate phase-down of

barriers in such areas as standards, investment, and

financial services, (3) developing a modality for
41

addressing remaining barriers, (4) launching a

Trans-Atlantic Business Dialogue (TABD) to serve as

an early warning mechanism and to recom- mend a

future course for U.S.-EU economic relations.

Some of the ideas floated during the presummit

period included a Trans-Atlantic Free-Trade Area

(TAFTA) or somewhat less comprehensive ”economic

space” agreement. Other proposals were procedural,

aimed at heading off friction and setting priorities for

the future. A TAFTA was soon dismissed as

premature, however. Given concerns about such an

agreement’s impact on the global trading system,

difficulties in improving present levels of market

access in such sensitive sectors as agriculture and

textiles, and post-Uruguay Round ”trade fatigue” by

negotiators and policymakers alike, some urged that, in

the short-term, the two sides should pursue more

pragmatic and less ambitious means to fortify trade ties

and deepen economic relations across the Atlantic.

Indeed, a building block approach, incorporating,

expanding, and perhaps putting a deadline on existing

initiatives, seemed to be a common theme in public

statements by U.S. and EU officials.92

Over 100 U.S. and European business leaders met

in Seville November 10-11 to conduct a Trans-Atlantic

Business Dialogue aimed at improving the TransAtlantic marketplace, strengthening the multilateral

system and preparing concrete recommendations on

how to boost trade and investment across the

Atlantic.93 The conference resulted in a number of

recommendations that will be followed up in 1996.

Many of the issues identified are technical in nature,

arising out of the Single Market Initiative, expansion of

EU membership,94 and the transformation of markets

in Central and Eastern Europe. The recommendations

closely tracked those contained in a November U.S.

Chamber of Commerce report, which identified four

main areas that the TABD ought to address: the

reduction of regulatory burdens, including the

convergence of standardization and certification

policies and the completion of Mutual Recognition

Agreements (MRAs); the continuation of trade

liberalization via accelerations of Uruguay Round tariff

cuts and an Information Technology Agreement that

would eliminate tariffs in that sector; the establishment of global rules to govern international investment; and cooperation on third-country aspects of

issues such as public procurement, the environment,

corruption and bribery, and intellectual property

rights.95

December 3 Madrid Summit

and the New Trans-Atlantic

Agenda

On December 3, 1995, President Clinton, Prime

Minister of Spain Felipe Gonzalez, and European

Commission President Jacques Santer announced a

New Trans-Atlantic Agenda at the U.S.-EU Summit in

Madrid, Spain. The agenda takes a practical,

action-oriented approach to strengthening economic

ties. The four key goals established in the agenda are

promoting peace, democracy, and development around

the world; responding to global challenges;

contributing to the expansion of world trade and

bilateral economic ties; and ”building bridges across

the Atlantic” by promoting closer communication

between American and European business people,

scientists, educators, and others.96

More than 40 specific actions dealing with

economic and trade cooperation are listed in the

accompanying Joint U.S.-EU Action Plan. Among the

specific measures are—

(1) tariff liberalization and other competitiveness-boosting measures in such areas as

information technology: The two sides noted

that they had agreed to seek an agreement

eliminating tariffs on information technology

equipment by the year 2000 and to consider

tariff liberalization in other sectors for which

the U.S. President presently has tariff authority,

such as electronics and chemicals. They will

also seek to expand their commitments under

the WTO Government Procurement Agreement. Other steps will facilitate customs

clearance and encourage cooperative research

and development;

(2) standards and regulatory cooperation: In an

effort to reduce costs associated with different

product standards and regulatory requirements,

the two sides pledge to conclude mutual

recognition agreements on conformity assessment as well as to work towards similar

technical regulations on such topics as

interconnection and interoperability of telecommunications equipment, vehicle safety,

aircraft noise emissions, pesticide residues, and

veterinary standards and procedures. A report

issued by the Trans-Atlantic Industry

Conference in April 1996, estimated that
42

U.S.-European differences in the design and

development of automobiles amount to about

10 percent of the cost of an imported car here

and in the EU;97

 (3) multilateral cooperation: Both sides are to

cooperate in such areas as financial services,

government procurement, investment, intellectual property, and accession to the WTO by

China and Russia. They also will promote the

effective functioning of the dispute settlement

system and full implementation of the Uruguay

Round Agreements. The goal of such

cooperation is to broaden and strengthen the

multilateral trading system;98

(4) joint study of ways to facilitate trade in goods

and services and further reduce or eliminate

barriers;

(5) business involvement in shaping priorities via a

continuation of the Trans-Atlantic Business

Dialogue.

Not specifically mentioned in the agenda are any

actions dealing with such sensitive topics as

agriculture, steel, aviation, shipping, and ”cultural”

industries. These were among the major sticking

points in the Uruguay Round, and many believed little

would be gained by reopening them now.

Next Steps

Meetings among the senior and working level

officials charged with realizing these broad trade

ambitions are well underway. During early February,

staff-level talks were held in Geneva on the potential

scope of the Information Technology Agreement

(ITA). In March, EU officials came to Washington to

discuss the terms of reference for the joint study on

trade facilitation and liberalization, which have now

been finalized.99 Separate talks on the ITA agreement,

government procurement, intellectual property, and

MRAs also occurred.100 At the end of March, U.S.

officials met with their Commission counterparts in a

senior level group to review the state of play on

implementing the New Trans-Atlantic Agenda.101 A

formal U.S. proposal on the ITA agreement was

presented at the April 1996 meeting among Quad

Trade Ministers (the United States, the EU, Canada,

and Japan).

Although the broad outline of measures to be taken

in the trade area was set out in 1995, much work

remains before agreement on concrete details is

reached. On the ITA agreement, for example, the EU

indicated at the April Quad meeting that it would like

to add technical standards to the agreement as well as

broaden it to include a trilateralized version of the

expiring U.S.-Japan semiconductor arrangement, a

long-standing EU goal. The United States and Japan

both reacted skeptically, but for different reasons. The

United States does not want to hold back the ITA

agreement over complex technical and contentious

political issues. Japan preferred not to renew the

expiring bilateral accord. Both technical details and

differences in philosophic approach separate the United

States and the EU in continuing MRA discussions.

The EU would like an umbrella agreement coupled

with a package of sectoral deals that would attain a

rough balance of benefits between the two sides; the

United States is urging a more gradualist approach that

permits prompt agreements on individual sectors as

soon as key technical issues are resolved and puts off

for a later date areas where sufficient confidence or

regulatory harmonization does not exist.

In spite of these near-term obstacles, realization of

a Trans-Atlantic Marketplace is recognized as an

ambitious, long-term endeavor that involves complex

issues of regulatory and economic convergence. Twice

yearly Presidential summits should provide political

oversight and impetus. Business involvement may

help ensure that implementing officials focus on

making practical progress.
43

ENDNOTES

1 For more detail, see “Mexico’s First Year under

NAFTA,” USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994,

USITC publication 2894, pp. 87-92.

2 See for example Anthony de Palma, “For

Mexico, Nafta’s Promise of Jobs is still just a

Promise,” The New York Times International, Oct. 10,

1995, p. 7.

3 See “Mexico,” ch. 4.

4 For more detail see, “Assistance to Mexico,” in

USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC

publication No. 2894, pp. 86-87.

5 U.S. Department of State, “Mexico: Economic

and Financial Report, Fall 1995,” prepared by the

U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, p. 9, and El Financiero,

Apr. 8, 1996.

6 U.S. Department of Commerce, International

Trade Administration (ITA), NAFTA office,“NAFTA:

1995 Update,” Feb. 28, 1995, and U.S. Department

of State telegram, No. 02580, “Mexican GDP for

1995,” prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City,

Feb. 21, 1996.

7 U.S. Department of State, No. 03520,

“Mexico’s Aggregate Supply and Demand Figures,”

prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, March

8, 1996.

8 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 03387,

“Mexico’s Trade by Country for 1995,” prepared by

the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Mar. 15, 1996.

9 On Nov. 30, Banco Inverlat, a major bank of

Mexico, was taken over by the Mexican Government

to prevent its collapse.

10 The official unemployment rate, defined

similarly in most countries, exceeded 7 percent in

mid-1995. However, as the Mexican press confirms,

these official figures in Mexico do not reflect the real

extent of unemployment, due to the country’s large

sector of informal economy. Therefore, a broader

definition of unemployment calculated by INEGI

based on the 39 principal urban areas of Mexico,

and used also by the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City,

is a more accurate measure of Mexican

unemployment. La Jornada, Mar. 4, 1995, and U.S.

Department of State, “Mexico: Economic and

Financial Report, Fall 1995,” pp. 7, 34.

11 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 03314,

“Mexican Unemployment in 1995,” prepared by the

U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Mar. 6, 1996.

12 Leslie Crawford, “Mexico: The International

Rescue Package,” Financial Times, Oct. 6, 1995. 

p. 7.

13 The intervention was successful for a while,

but then the exchange rate continued to deteriorate

again. On April 15, 1996, the exchange rate was

7.5 pesos to the dollar.

14 U.S. Department of State, “Mexico: Economic

and Financial Report, Fall 1995.”

15 Mr. Jesus Silva-Herzog, Mexico’s Ambassador

to the United States, said on November 3, 1995, that

“The Mexican economy’s vital signs are improving

and the worst of its troubles are over.” International

Trade Reporter, Nov. 8, 1995, p. 1859.

16 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 03333,

“Balance of Payments Current Account Figures for

1995,” prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City,

Mar. 6, 1996.

17 See following section.

18 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

03387, “Mexico’s Trade by Country for 1995,”

prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Mar. 15,

1996.

19 Ibid.

20 See “Mexico’s First Year under NAFTA,”

USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC

publication 2894, p. 89.

21 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 03387,

“Mexico’s Trade by Country for 1995,” prepared by

the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Mar. 15, 1996.

22 USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994,

USITC publication 2894, figure 4-1.

23 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

03387, “Mexico’s Trade by Country for

1995,”prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City,

Mar. 15, 1996.

24 NAFTA: 1995 Update, prepared by the U.S.

Department of Commerce, International Trade

Administration, NAFTA office, on Feb. 28, 1995.

25 Tornell, Aaron and Gerardo Esquivel, The

Political Economy of Mexico’s Entry to Nafta, working

paper 5322, Cambridge, National Bureau of

Economic Research, Oct. 1995, p. 27.

26 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

03387, “Mexico’s Trade by Country for 1995,”

prepared by the U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Mar. 15,

1996.

27 NAFTA: 1995 Update, U.S. Department of

Commerce, ITA, NAFTA office, Feb. 28, 1995.

28 Prior to the implementation of NAFTA, almost

all U.S. imports from assembly plants in Mexico

entered under Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS)

provision 9802.00.80. In the two years since the

implementation of NAFTA, a growing portion of

production-sharing imports has been entering duty

free under NAFTA exclusively rather than under

9802.00.80 or under both provisions. As a result,

data on imports understate actual U.S. imports from

production sharing operations in Mexico.

29 For more details on maquiladora trade, see

“NAFTA Update: Early Signs Confirm Benefits,”

USITC, Industry Trade and Technology Review,

Publication 2942, Dec. 1995, pp. 41-47, and “The

Maquiladora Industry Thrives since the Peso’s

Devaluation,” USITC, International Economic Review,

Feb. 1996.

30 Alva Senzek, Fred Rosen and Lourdes

Gonzales, “Weighing Up Nafta’s Performance,” El
44

Financiero International Edition,“ Jan. 15-21, 1996, 

p. 8.

31 Statistics Canada, Canadian International

Merchandise Trade - cat. 65-001, Dec. 1995.

32 Statistics Canada, Pocket Facts: Canada -

Economic Indicators, No. 36. Mar. 15, 1996.

33 Senate of Canada, Proceedings of the

Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1st Session

35th Parliament, 1994-1995, No. 26, Aug. 3, 1995.

34 Ibid.

35 This series of reports documented the use of

fast-track procedures in covering the conclusion of

the NAFTA negotiations. Under fast-track

procedures, a bill to implement a trade agreement,

once introduced by the President, cannot be

amended by Congress; passage by both houses of

Congress is required. These procedures are

established in section 1103 of the Omnibus Trade

and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law

100-418). For more detailed information on the use

of fast-track procedures during the NAFTA

negotiations, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP,

1993, USITC publication 2769, p. 56; and USITC,

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1992, USITC publication

2640, p. 9.

36 In 1992, President Bush announced that “the

United States intends to negotiate a comprehensive

free- trade agreement with Chile upon the conclusion

of the North American free-trade agreement

[negotiations].” “Remarks at the State Dinner for

President Patricio Aylwin of Chile,” May 13, 1992,

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, May

18, 1992, p. 859.

37 USTR, “Report to the President and the

Congress on Significant Market Opening,” May 1,

1994 (report pursuant to Section 108 of the NAFTA

implementing legislation, PL 103-182, 107 Stat 2057).

38 The White House, “Statement by Prime

Minister Jean Chretien of Canada, President Eduardo

Frei of Chile, President Ernesto Zedillo of Mexico,

and President William Clinton of the United States,”

Dec. 11, 1994.

39 The White House, “Announcement by the

President,” Dec. 11, 1994. The Free Trade Area of

the Americas (FTAA) is discussed in more detail

below.

40 USTR, “Negotiation of Chilean Accession to

the North American Free-Trade Agreement,” 60 F.R.

13746 and USTR, “Extension of Comment Period

Concerning Negotiations Regarding Chilean

Accession to the North American Free Trade

Agreement,” 60 F.R. 21013.

41 U.S. Senate, Trade Agreement Implementation

Reform Act, 104th Congress, 1st sess., S. 577,

Congressional Record, Congressional Record Online

(Mar. 17, 1995), S4148-S4149.

42 U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on

Ways and Means, Accession of Chile to the North

American Free Trade Agreement: Hearing Before the

Subcommittee on Ways and Means, 104th Cong., 1st

sess. June 21, 1995.

43 “Formal NAFTA Negotiations with Chile Begin,”

U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Reporter, June 15, 1995, 

p. 4.

44 “Chile Will Not Complete NAFTA Talks Unless

Fast-Track Authority Is Approved,” International Trade

Reporter, June 14, 1995 (Washington, DC: BNA,

1995), p. 1033.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid.

47 The NAFTA implementing bill was

accompanied by several supplementary agreements.

For a more detailed discussion of the NAFTA side

agreements on environmental and labor standards,

see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1993, USITC

publication 2769, p. 57.

48 Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky, Testimony

Before the Trade Subcommittee, House Ways and

Means Committee, June 21, 1995, 104th Congress,

1st sess., (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995), p. 30.

49 See statement by Senator Robert Dole

(R-Kansas) on fast-track authority, 104th Congress,

1st sess., Congressional Record Online (Nov. 3,

1995) S16695-S16696. For additional background,

see John Maggs, “Negotiations Resume on NAFTA

Expansion,” Journal of Commerce, Aug. 25, 1995, p.

1A and John Maggs, “House Nears Fast-Track

Agreement,” Journal of Commerce, Sept. 11, 1995, p.

1A.

50 In early 1996, Chile initiated talks with Canada

for a bilateral free-trade agreement. Chile has had a

bilateral free-trade agreement with Mexico since

1992.

51 The Declaration of Principles and Plan of

Action, reprinted in Business America, Dec. 1994, pp.

10-13. For additional information on the 1994

Summit of the Americas, see The Year in Trade:

OTAP, 1994, USITC publication 2894, pp. 39-41.

52 Summit of the Americas, First Trade

Ministerial, Final Joint Declaration, June 30, 1995.

53 MERCOSUR is the Spanish acronym for the

Southern Common Market, a subregional customs

union operative since January 1, 1995, linking the

economies of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and

Uruguay.

54 Summit of the Americas, First Trade

Ministerial, Initial Work Program, June 30, 1995.

55 “Ministers Leave Aside Key Details in Denver

But Approve Main Blueprint,” Inside NAFTA, July 4,

1995, p. 4.

56 Organization of American States, OAS Trade

Bulletin, Dec. 1995, pp. 2-4.

57 Summit of the Americas, First Trade

Ministerial, Initial Work Program, June 30, 1995.

58 Summit of the Americas, Second Ministerial

Trade Meeting, Joint Declaration, Mar. 21, 1996.

59 See for example Kevin G. Hall, “After an ‘Orgy

of Semantics,’ Summit Closes Without Free-Trade

Commitment,” Journal of Commerce, Mar. 21, 1995,

p. 2A and Diana Jean Schemo, “Unity Cracking as

American Nations Meet on an Economic Zone,” New

York Times, Mar. 24, 1996.

60 For information regarding APEC’s

organizational structure and activities, see USITC,
45

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1993, USITC publication

2769, pp. 64-67.

61 The Ministerial meetings held each November

include the trade and foreign ministers from each

APEC economy. Other meetings involving ministers

responsible for finance, transportation, energy, small

and medium enterprises, telecommunications, and

science and technology are held periodically.

62 U.S. Department of State Dispatch, “Fact

Sheet: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,” July 31,

1995, vol. 6, No. 31, p. 597.

63 APEC working groups are headed by

“shepherds” or APEC economies, which volunteer to

take responsibility for their activities. The working

groups focus on particular sectors or issues

including: human resources development, tourism,

trade and investment data, fisheries, trade promotion,

marine resource conservation, energy cooperation,

industrial science and technology, transportation and

telecommunications.

64 Other activities of the CTI included:

compilation of a report on domestic deregulation and

liberalization measures undertaken by APEC

members; conducting Uruguay Round implementation

seminars; preparation of a survey on regional trade

impediments by the Pacific Economic Cooperation

Council (PECC); holding APEC Symposium on

Investment in Bangkok and Customs Symposium in

Osaka; completing pilot APEC-wide tariff data base

CD-ROM; completion of case studies on the

alignment of APEC members’ standards with

international standards in four priority areas; and

initiating pilot projects for mutual recognition

arrangements in the food and toy sectors. USTR,

1996 Trade Policy Agenda and USTR, 1995 Annual

Report.

65 Ibid.

66 APEC, Implementing the APEC Vision, Third

Report of the Eminent Persons Group, Aug. 1995.

67 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration

for Action, Osaka, Japan, Nov. 19, 1995.

68 APEC, “APEC Leaders’ Vision Statement,”

Seattle, Wash., Nov. 20, 1993.

69 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration

of Common Resolve,” Bogor, Indonesia, Nov. 15,

1994.

70 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration

for Action,” Osaka, Japan, Nov. 19, 1995.

71 Ibid.

72 APEC plans to present the program of “next

steps” which will be agreed to at the Subic Bay

Ministerial in November 1996 at the WTO ministerial

conference in Singapore in December 1996. See

also, C. Fred Bergsten, “An Asian Push for

World-Wide Free Trade,” The Economist, Jan. 6,

1996, pp. 62-63.

73 APEC, “The Osaka Action Agenda,” Osaka,

Japan, Nov. 19, 1995.

74 Ibid.

75 Initial Action Plans were tabled at the Second

Senior Officials Meeting during May 22-24, 1996, in

Cebu, the Philippines. The plans were to be further

reviewed by the Trade Ministers in July and the

Senior Officials in August and November prior to the

Ministerial. Ibid.

76 APEC, “Osaka Action Agenda,” Osaka, Japan,

Nov. 19, 1995.

77 APEC, “APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration

of Common Resolve,” Nov. 15, 1994, Bogor,

Indonesia.

78 Ibid.

79 The text of the Trans-Atlantic Agenda is

reprinted in U.S. Department of State Dispatch, Dec.

4, 1995, vol. 6, No. 49, pp. 894-897.

80 This theme is evident in several recent

publications, including A Transatlantic Blueprint: Final

Report of the European Institute Transatlantic Joint

Action Initiative, (Washington, DC: The European

Institute, Oct. 1995) and Mark M. Nelson and G.

John Ikenberry, Atlantic Frontiers: A New Agenda for

U.S.-EC Relations, (Washington, DC: Carnegie

Endowment, 1993).

81 WTO, “World Trade Expanded Strongly in

1995 For the Second Consecutive Year. Robust

Trade Growth Expected This Year,” press release No.

44, Mar. 22, 1996, appendix table 2, p. 13.

82 Compiled by the staff of the USITC from

official statistics of the U.S. Department of

Commerce. Exports are domestic exports at f.a.s.

value; imports are imports for consumption at

customs value.

83 U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics

and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Apr. 1996, pp.

82-83. The data presented are for private sector

exports and imports only; military transfers and

government miscellaneous services have been netted

out.

84 U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics

and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, Survey of Current Business, June 1995,

pp. 67 and 63.

85 WTO, Trade Policy Review of the European

Union: Report by the Secretariat, WT/TPR/S/3, June

30, 1995, p. 9.

86 Ibid., pp. 52-55.

87 See, for example, U.S. Department of State

telegram, No. 091479, “Demarche Request: HMG

Customs Classification Decision on Information

Technology Products,”prepared by Secretary of State,

Washington, DC, May 2, 1996.

88 See, for example, USTR, 1996 National Trade

Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, pp. 91-

115.

89 “EU Regrets U.S. Trade Legislation on Cuba,

Iran and Libya,” European Union News, No. 23/96,

Apr. 22, 1996.

90 Services of the European Commission, Report

on United States Barriers to Trade and Investment,

1995, Brussels: May 1995; and European Union

News, “1995 Report on United States Barriers to

Trade and Investment,” July 6, 1995.

91 The communication by the EU Commission to

the Council of Ministers, entitled “Europe and the US:
46

A Way Forward,” was released on July 26, 1995.

“Commission Launches Blueprint to Prepare for

Deeper Transatlantic Ties,” European Union News,

No. 54/95, July 26, 1995.

92 For a fuller discussion of the various options

discussed, see, Kim Frankena, “Trans-Atlantic Ties

To Be Strengthened,” USITC, International Economic

Review, Aug. 1995, pp. 8-10.

93 U.S. Department of State telegram,

“Trans-Atlantic Business Dialogue: Commission Press

Preview on Seville Conference,” message reference

No. 011442, prepared by U.S. mission to EU,

Brussels, Nov. 7, 1995.

94 Expansion of EU membership and associated

compensation to the United States are discussed in

ch. 4 of this report.

95 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, International

Division, The Future of Transatlantic Trade Relations:

A U.S. Business Perspective, Nov. 1995 and

“Transatlantic Business Dialogue, Overall

Conclusions,” summary reprinted in Washington

Trade Daily, Dec. 8, 1995, full final text provided by

the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

96 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public

Affairs, “Fact Sheet: The New Trans-Atlantic Agenda,”

Dec. 1995.

97 Warren Brown, “U.S., European Carmakers

Reach Accord,” The Washington Post, Apr. 12, 1996.

98 “The New Trans-Atlantic Agenda: Joint

U.S.-EU Action Plan,” U.S. Department of State fact

sheet, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs,

Dec. 1995.

99 USTR, Letter from Ambassador Kantor to Sir

Leon Brittan, Mar. 1, 1996.

100 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

002745, “New Trans-Atlantic Agenda: Progress

Report With Brittan Cabinet,” prepared by U.S.

mission to EU, Brussels, Mar. 18, 1996.

101 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

003439, “Mini-Senior Level Group Meeting on

Implementing the New Trans-Atlantic

Agenda,”prepared by U.S. mission to EU, Brussels,

Apr. 4, 1996.
47

CHAPTER 4

U.S. Relations With Major Trading

Partners

This chapter reviews bilateral trade relations and

issues with seven major U.S. trading partners during

1995: Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico, China, Taiwan,

and Korea. See appendix tables A-1 to A-21 for

detailed information on U.S. trade with these partners.1

Canada

Lumber

Lumber has been the subject of the longest running

bilateral dispute between the United States and

Canada, dating from 1982. Following a series of

CFTA (U.S.-Canada Free-Trade Agreement)/NAFTA

panel decisions that upheld the Canadian position (i.e.,

that Canadian policies with regard to softwood lumber

do not constitute subsidies), the U.S. industry, faced

with increased market share by Canada, threatened

another countervailing duty (CVD) action in 1994.

High-level negotiations recently resulted in a 5-year

agreement-in-principle between both countries. Under

the terms of the agreement, which became effective

April 1, 1996, Canada will limit its exports of lumber

to the United States, while the United States agrees to

take no official action against lumber imports from

Canada. Should the agreement fail, the USTR outlined

the steps that the United States would take. They

include initiation of a Section 301 trade action against

Canada, immediate imposition of higher tariffs on

Canadian lumber imports, and the filing of a CVD case

by the U.S. lumber industry.2

U.S.-Canadian Softwood Lumber

Agreement

Under the elements of the consultative process

agreement, signed by the United States and Canada in

late 1994, both sides were required to enter into a

dialogue on the issues that have caused this bilateral

trade dispute. This process was the principal bilateral

activity on lumber throughout 1995. Officials from

U.S. and Canadian Governments and executives from

lumber industries, met to discuss the various forestry

practices in their respective jurisdictions. Plenary

meetings were held in May, July, and September of

1995 with the objective that all sides would come to

understand the respective forestry practices and

policies. Realizing that forestry policies varied greatly

among the Provinces, and that one solution applying

across the Provinces was impossible, U.S. and

Canadian negotiators decided that individual provincial

solutions were needed.3

On February 16, 1996, the United States and

Canada entered into an agreement-in-principle limiting

the amount of Canadian exports of softwood lumber to

the United States, thus ending the longstanding trade

dispute between the two countries.4 The agreementin-principle called for an export tax levied on U.S.-

destined lumber originating in British Columbia,

Canada’s largest lumber-exporting province, and an

increase in stumpage fees that producers pay the

provincial government to fell trees in Quebec,

Canada’s second largest lumber producing province.5

In 1995, imports from Canada were 16.2 billion board

feet, yielding a 36-percent share of the U.S. lumber

market. Under the accord announced on February 16,

British Columbia agreed to reduce its volume of

exports to the United States by about 14 percent, while

Quebec, resisting the export tax regime employed by

British Columbia, agreed to raise producers’ harvesting

costs by about 60 percent.6 In return for these

concessions, Canada was assured that no further trade

complaints would be launched against softwood

lumber by the United States for the 5-year duration of

the accord.

After concluding the February 16 accord, both

sides entered into a series of negotiations needed to

reach agreement on the implementation and

enforcement of the agreement-in-principle. On April

2, 1996, Ambassador Kantor announced that the

agreement-in-principle of February 16, was now
48

finalized, albeit in a different fashion. Realizing that a

province-by-province solution was not possible as

previously envisaged, Canada and the four major

exporting provinces concluded that a straightforward,

unified approach would be more workable and

effective.7 Specifically, British Columbia, Quebec,

Ontario, and Alberta agreed to reduce their combined

shipments from the 1995 level of 16.2 billion board

feet to 14.7 billion for the year starting April 1, 1996.8

However, a provision allows for additional Canadian

lumber to enter the U.S. market in times of increased

demand. This lumber will be subject to a Canadian

export tax at a rate of US$50 per 1,000 board feet for

the first 650 million board feet in excess of the annual

threshold and US$100 per 1,000 board feet in excess of

the additional amount.9 In turn, Canada received a

pledge by U.S. lumber companies, unions, and trade

associations that they will not seek recourse to the

trade laws for the duration of the agreement.

Furthermore, Canada was assured that the U.S.

Department of Commerce would not self-initiate any

trade action during the life of the agreement and would

dismiss any petition from this sector that was brought

under the countervailing duty or dumping law as long

as the agreement is in effect and not breached.10

Grain

On August 3, 1994, the USTR and the Secretary of

the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reached

an agreement with the Government of Canada

concerning U.S. and Canadian trade in wheat.11 Using

the authority under section 22 of the Agricultural

Adjustment Act (7 U.S.C. 624),12 President Clinton

established separate tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on

durum and nondurum wheat that totalled 1.5 million

metric tons.13 The section 22 restrictions did not affect

U.S. imports of semolina or wheat flour nor U.S.

imports of white wheat.14 The TRQs applied to wheat

imports from all countries and were applicable for 1

year or until September 11, 1995. However, virtually

all U.S. wheat imports over the past 5 years have come

from Canada.

On September 12, 1995, USDA and USTR

announced the expiration of the TRQs on wheat.15

Both agencies indicated that the TRQs had been

effective in moderating imports of Canadian wheat in

crop year 1994/95, and were a necessary response to

the market disruptions of 1993/94 and prior years.16

Moreover, in 1995/96 the market for U.S. and

Canadian grain outside North America improved

because of tight world grain supply conditions and

attractive financial returns from overseas sales.

The administration also indicated through the press

release that: (1) the United States will not accept

market disruption of imports of Canadian wheat; (2)

Canadian grains to the United States will be closely

monitored between September 1995 and September

1996; and (3) the United States will consult with the

Government of Canada to discuss potential problems

before imports from Canada reach disruptive levels.

These consultations will occur at 6, 9, and 11 month

intervals if Canadian exports of wheat should exceed

proportional shares of the expired 1994-95 TRQs.

Following the announcement that TRQs would not

be renewed, USDA continued to monitor weekly U.S.

imports of Canadian wheat. These have declined from

their record levels in 1993/94. U.S. imports of wheat

from Canada in crop year 1995/96 fell by about 40

percent below the corresponding level in 1994/95.

U.S. imports of wheat from Canada during

September-December 1995 amounted to 543,000

metric tons, as compared to 932,000 metric tons during

the corresponding period in 1994.

As part of the August 1994 agreement with Canada

on wheat trade, a bilateral Joint Commission on Grains

was established to examine the countries’ marketing

and support systems for all grains. This Joint

Commission was composed of U.S. and Canadian

private-sector experts to provide nonbinding

recommendations to help the two countries find

solutions to bilateral grain trade problems. The

Commission issued a preliminary report in June 1995,

and a final report in October 1995.17 The final report

included recommendations on agricultural policy

coordination, cross-border trade, grading and

regulatory regimes, infrastructure, domestic support

and export programs and institutions, and other

bilateral and international issues in the grain (wheat

and barley) trade.

Canadian Rail Subsidy Terminated

One of the leading complaints of U.S. wheat

farmers against Canadian trade practices involved the

rail subsidy program operated by the Canadian

Government. On August 1, 1995, the Canadian

Government ended its century-old subsidy program for

rail freight for grain and certain other agricultural

products, known as the Western Grain Transportation

Act (WGTA) or the “Crows Nest Rate.” Until a few

years ago, the WGTA had cost the Government over

C$700 million (about US$510 million) annually, but

budget cuts, induced by Canadian Government fiscal

austerity, reduced the program to C$600 million (US$

437 million) in 1993/94, and to C$561 million (US$

409 million) in 1994/95, its last year.18 In addition to
49

the fiscal burden, the Canadian Government cited its

obligations under the Uruguay Round Agreement to

reduce its export subsidy programs as justification for

ending the WGTA.

The program paid railroads for part of the freight

cost of moving grain and other eligible crops from the

producing Prairie provinces (Saskatchewan, Alberta,

Manitoba, and parts of British Columbia) to ports on

the Pacific coast or to Thunder Bay on the Great Lakes.

The products could then either be exported or

consumed domestically. In its last full year, the WGTA

paid 51 percent of the total freight cost of shipping

grain from the leading producing province,

Saskatchewan, to Vancouver on the West Coast (the

primary export port in Canada).19

As compensation to Canadian grain producers for

the loss of the WGTA subsidy, the Canadian

Government created a C$1.6 billion (US$ 1.2 billion)

lump sum payment to farmland owners (who are likely

to experience lower land values), and a C$300 million

(US$ 219 million) adjustment assistance fund.20 The

adjustment assistance will be paid over a 6-year period

to sectors or regions experiencing unusual hardship.21

The Government promised to provide C$1 billion

(US$ 729 million) in export credit guarantees for the

Canadian Wheat Board and the Export Development

Corporation to target sales to “non-Sovereign” foreign

purchasers.

With the ending of the WGTA, the deregulation of

the Canadian rail system is expected to reduce

farmgate prices for farmers, to lower prices of feed

grains thereby fostering the livestock sector in

Canada’s Prairie provinces, and to make adjacent U.S.

export markets more attractive.22 Depending on world

supply and demand conditions, Canadian grain

shipments to the United States are widely expected to

increase, ceteris paribus.

Role of Canadian Wheat Board

The Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), the state

trading enterprise for Canadian wheat and barley, faces

a changing situation with regard to its role as the sole

Canadian exporter of wheat and barley. The CWB was

allocated C$700 million (US$510 million) in August

1995 to support export sales of western Canadian

wheat and barley, by easing the loss of the Canadian

rail subsidy.23 Another state-trading enterprise, the

Export Development Corporation (EDC), was given

C$200 million (US$146 million) for other agricultural

products, such as alfalfa or dry peas and lentils, for

export credit guarantees. Another C$100 million

(US$73 million) will be allocated to the CWB and the

EDC at a later time. The CWB has provided similar

export credit for wheat and barley, averaging in recent

years C$400 million (US$291 million) annually,

according to Canadian Government officials, but the

C$700 million (US$510 million) represents a near

doubling of this support for export sales.

As part of the deregulation of the Canadian rail

system, the Board also faced increasing Canadian

farmer opposition to its role dating from the

Depression era of the 1930s as the exclusive exporter

and domestic marketer of wheat and barley. In line

with the ending of the WGTA, the Canadian

Government’s and CWB’s ownership or leasing of the

vast majority of more than 19,000 Canadian grain

hopper cars, and the CWB’s tight export control is

under scrutiny.24 A number of Canadian Prairie

farmers have indicated that they can take better

advantage of currently buoyant world grain markets

(including the U.S. market) than currently taken by the

Board. These grain farmers have mounted both court

challenges and occasional truck convoys to the United

States without the required CWB export permits. Such

convoys have led to grain seizure and arrests.25

Cultural Protection

Under the terms of the CFTA, and grandfathered

by the NAFTA, Canada enjoys special protection for

its cultural industries.26 This protection was the result

of Canadian sensitivity to the influence of U.S. popular

culture on certain Canadian industries. As noted

below, during 1995 this enshrined protection became

the subject of a number of bilateral disagreements.

Country Music Television

A longstanding dispute involving a U.S. cable

service was seemingly resolved last year, but later

unraveled and was only recently settled as a result of

the threat of section 301 retaliation. The dispute

centers around a U.S.-owned cable channel, Country

Music Television (CMT), that was replaced by a

Canadian station in June 1994 and bumped from

Canadian airwaves. The Canadian Radio-television

and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)

de-listed CMT’s country music cable service by

licensing a new Canadian-owned specialty channel.

CMT sought relief from the CRTC decision by filing a

section 301 petition with USTR.27 The investigation

was the result of “CRTC’s practice of denying market

access to foreign-owned television programming

services that are determined to be directly competitive

with Canadian-owned services.”28 The issue was

apparently resolved when the U.S. company tentatively
50

merged with a Canadian station a year later.29

However, the corporate merger still had not been

completed by February 1996 and USTR, having earlier

initiated a section 301 case on the license revocation,

threatened retaliation.30

Magazines

The issue of split-run publications (i.e., U.S.

publications with a foreign version, e.g. Sports

Illustrated Canada) has been of concern to Canadian

officials for some time. In fact, Canada has banned

such publications at the border for 30 years. In order

to further discourage such publications in Canada now

that this hurdle can be leaped electronically, and to

reportedly protect Canadian cultural interests, in

December 1995 Canada imposed a tax of 80 percent on

revenue from advertising in these separate Canadian

editions. The intent of the action, according to USTR,

was to force an end to publication of Time-Warner’s

Sports Illustrated Canada edition.31 The United States

argued that the action was discriminatory and contrary

to WTO rules and is seeking review by the WTO

dispute resolution body. The U.S. complaint was filed

on March 11, 1996.32

Borders Books

Late last year the American bookseller, Borders

Books, attempted to open a Canadian subsidiary.

Borders was to be a minority partner in a joint venture

with two Toronto business people. The investment

review division of Industry Canada informed the U.S.

company that it did not appear to meet Canadian

criteria for foreign ownership in this sector, one of the

areas protected by the cultural exemptions to

NAFTA.33 According to Canadian officials, the

safeguards are a necessary means of protecting

Canadian culture from being overwhelmed by the

product of the much larger cultural industries in the

United States.34 In the case of Borders, there was a

concern that the large size of the U.S. company and its

centralized book-ordering/distribution system would

shut out low-volume Canadian titles. The Canadian

Industry Minister maintained that, despite majority

Canadian ownership, the Borders’ Canadian

undertaking would be effectively controlled by

Americans and not under Canadian control.35

The unsuccessful Borders venture has been offered

as another example during the year of the official

cultural protectionism in Canada that disturbs the

bilateral trading relationship with the United States.

USTR has argued that such policies protect Canadian

industry by discriminating against legitimate U.S.

interests.

European Union

 Bananas

During 1995, the EU banana import regime was

again one of the primary sources of tension between

the EU and the United States. The banana regime,

instituted in July 1993, favors bananas from domestic

producers and former European colonies in Africa, the

Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP countries) over

cheaper “dollar bananas” from Latin America.36 The

regime imposes duty and quota restrictions and limits

the amount of non-ACP bananas that can be marketed

by traditional operators (e.g., U.S. companies). In

January 1994, a GATT panel, requested by five

Latin-American banana-producing countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and

Venezuela), determined the regime to be discriminatory

and GATT-illegal.37 During the spring of 1994, the EU

and four of the five Latin American governments

(except Guatemala) signed a ”Framework Agreement

on Bananas” in which the EU increased and guaranteed

the volume of their export quotas in return for their

agreement to withdraw their GATT complaint and not

challenge the import regime for its duration (December

31, 2002).38 The Framework Agreement was ratified

by the EU General Affairs Council on December 19,

1994, and the date January 1, 1995, was designated as

the implementation date. Colombia and Costa Rica, on

December 1 and 27, 1994, respectively, issued decrees

to implement the agreement at the start of the new

year.39 Venezuela and Nicaragua, although they signed

the agreement, never formally implemented it.

In September 1994, Chiquita Brands International

and the Hawaii Banana Industry Association filed a

petition with the USTR requesting an investigation of

the EU banana regime. They claimed that the regime

and the Framework Agreement were “unreasonable

and discriminatory” and a “burden and restriction on

U.S. commerce.” On October 17, 1994, USTR

initiated a section 301 investigation of the EU banana

regime. On January 9, 1995, the USTR announced a

preliminary decision that the regime adversely affected

U.S. economic interests and has “already cost U.S.

banana marketing and distribution firms hundreds of

millions of dollars at a minimum.”40 Public comments

were requested on potential retaliatory measures if the

full investigation confirmed the same finding. On the

same date, similar section 301 investigations were

initiated of the banana policies and practices of

Colombia and Costa Rica.41
51

EU officials immediately denounced threats of

possible unilateral trade retaliation by the United

States42 and remained “confident that the European

banana policy is implemented in full conformity with

our international obligations, notably those based on

the WTO.”43 The banana dispute was one of the key

topics during high level talks in Washington, January

26-30, 1995, but trade officials failed to resolve the

issue. The EU defended the policy on moral grounds,

citing it as a valuable aid policy tool that is legally

defendable in the Uruguay Round texts, where a

waiver exists for the Lome Convention’s special trade

preferences.44 While they conceded that there might

be room for changes at the margins, they remained

firm that there were no plans to make any fundamental

changes in the policy. On April 6, 1995, the European

Commission adopted proposals to simplify the import

regime and modify it to account for the recent EU

enlargement from 12 to 15 members.45

Opposition to the U.S. stance on the issue was

strong throughout the year. USTR received a number

of letters from officials of Eastern-Caribbean

banana-producing nations expressing concern over the

section 301 investigation of the EU banana regime and

its possible referral to the WTO.46 A study,

commissioned by the Caribbean Banana Exporters

Association, was released in late May that stated there

would be disastrous economic and social effects on the

Eastern Caribbean nations if the United States were to

succeed in getting the EU to abandon its banana import

regime. The study concluded that a substantial fall in

banana prices would cause a collapse of the banana

industry in the majority of those countries, leading to

economic ruin and potential political and social

unrest.47 In June 1995, 14 of the ACP countries asked

Washington to suspend its section 301 investigation

into the EU regime, stressing that it was in the United

States’ greatest interest for the Caribbean to remain

economically stable.48 The United States reaffirmed

that its sole objective was only to encourage the EU to

adopt a regime that allowed Caribbean nations to

continue to supply the EU market, retaining

preferences for Caribbean bananas, but not

discriminating against U.S. marketing companies.49

Informal bilateral negotiations continued, although

neither side showed signs of weakening. Dole Food

Company, though not a formal petitioner, floated a

compromise solution, but it lacked the necessary

support from the United States as well as the EU.

Also, sharp splits within the member states and the

European Commission presented problems during the

summer. France wanted to maintain the regime, as did

the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, Spain,

Greece, Portugal, Italy, and Ireland. Germany, backed

by the Benelux countries, Denmark, and Finland, was

firmly opposed to the banana regime and supported

measures to open up the EU market to the cheaper

Latin American bananas.50 Since its conception,

Germany has been an active opponent of the EU’s

banana regime, arguing that the import quotas and

licensing arrangements discriminate in favor of former

French and British colonies. The German Government

took the Commission to the European Court of Justice

(ECJ) in late 1994 on grounds that the banana regime

violates provisions of several of the EU’s international

commitments, including the Treaty of Rome and the

EU/ACP Lome Convention. The ECJ ruled against the

Germans on all counts.51 During the summer,

Germany continued to put pressure on the EU. On July

4 and 10, 1995, a Hamburg court authorized German

traders to import “dollar bananas” from Latin America

without paying the customs duties in force in the EU.52

Within the Commission, the Directorate-General

for External Economic Relations led the minority who

favored issuing a formal negotiating mandate and

settling the dispute with the United States bilaterally,

lest the United States initiate dispute settlement

procedures in the WTO. The Development Directorate-General, representing the majority, considered it

inappropriate to negotiate with the United States, a

third party, not involved in direct banana trade with the

EU, either as an exporter or as an importer.53

In light of the failure of the EU Commission to

obtain a mandate to negotiate a settlement, on

September 27, 1995, the USTR announced the

termination of the original section 301 investigation

and the initiation of dispute settlement procedures in

the WTO.54 The United States was joined by

Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico in its WTO

challenge of the EU.55

Enlargement and U.S.

Compensation

Austria, Sweden, and Finland acceded to the EU on

January 1, 1995, and as a result, some of the tariffs

facing U.S. exports to the new member states

increased. In order to compensate the United States for

the effects of the accession, a 6-month interim

agreement was reached, effective January 1, 1995, that

allowed the majority of U.S. exports to enter the new

member states unaffected while extending the time

period for a permanent compensation package to be

reached.56 The agreement established tariff-rate

quotas, which permitted U.S. exports of certain

products to enter Austria, Sweden, and Finland at the

tariff rates prevailing in those countries before the

enlargement up to an agreed-upon quota. For exports
52

above that quota, the EU tariff would apply.57

Agricultural products and paper were not included in

the provisional accord but are expected to be addressed

in the final package.58

The EU Commission received a formal mandate

from the EU General Affairs Council on February 6,

1995, to conduct negotiations for a permanent solution

with trading partners who held that the enlargement

had adversely affected them. In addition to the United

States, Canada, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand,

Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand were among the

countries that requested consultations under the GATT

with the EU.59 The mandate argued that these

countries actually benefited from the enlargement and

that a global assessment of the changes in the tariff

rates should be taken, rather than a sector-by-sector

approach.60

Agriculture presented the primary stumbling block

during the first 6 months of the negotiations. A U.S.

compensation package proposal presented to the EU in

late March requested tariff-rate quotas for a number of

agricultural products.61 The idea was immediately

rejected by EU negotiators, who stated that “this

concept is a non-starter for the EU as part of any

permanent deal because it would introduce different

access situations in different Member States and would

also be difficult to defend in the WTO.”62

Discussions geared up toward the end of May as

the GATT-imposed June 30 deadline drew near. Under

GATT article XXIV:6, compensation must be offered

within 6 months of the date on which the tariff

increase takes effect. If no agreement is reached by

then, the injured party can retaliate by withdrawing

trade concessions covering an equivalent value of

trade. During talks in Brussels on May 22, 1995, U.S.

and EU officials agreed to extend the interim

agreement and deadline for negotiations by 6

months.63 This required the approval of the WTO,

which was granted in late May.64

The early fall was relatively quiet until the

Quadrilateral Group meetings, October 20 - 21, 1995,

where bilateral U.S./EU talks on the sidelines included

enlargement compensation. Although negotiations

resulted in “significant progress,”65 on October 24,

1995, the USTR self-initiated an investigation under

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to maintain its

time-limited right to retaliate against the EU in the

event that an agreement was not reached by the end of

the year.66 Under WTO rules, members invoking

article XXVIII:3 must provide notice of their intent to

modify or withdraw equivalent concessions at least 30

days prior to the effective date of such action. The

proposed retaliation list included certain cheeses and

chestnuts, chocolate products and bread, perfumes and

after-shave lotions, lipstick and shampoos,

dishwashing machines, juke-boxes and mini-buses.67

Working under the new December 1, 1995

deadline, U.S. and EU officials met several times in

person and by telecast during November. By

mid-November both sides confirmed that an agreement

seemed close at hand.68 There were unresolved issues

in both the industrial as well as the agricultural sectors.

The EU continued to insist that EU-based companies

be allowed to participate in cooperative industry efforts

under the U.S.-Japan semiconductor agreement69 as a

condition for EU tariff cuts in the industry.70 There

were significant differences over agriculture,

particularly rice and other grains, where the EU’s

import valuation system for grains, effective July 1,

1995, resulted in tariffs that exceeded the tariff

bindings agreed to in the Uruguay Round.71 The EU

also insisted that any final compensation package take

into account the “credits” made as part of the Uruguay

Round trade negotiations while U.S. officials stated

that such an arrangement would be inconsistent with

world trading rules.72

An agreement was finally reached hours before the

December 1 deadline that would, according to U.S.

officials, “fully compensate the United States for

increased tariffs applied in Austria, Finland, and

Sweden due to their EU membership.”73 At the

December 4th EU Foreign Affairs Council meeting,

the Ministers gave their political backing to the

agreement reached with the United States, Canada, and

Australia,74 and asked the EU Commission to extend

the offer to all the other EU trading partners.75 During

the last week of December, the European Commission

reached supplemental agreements on specific items

with Chile, Japan, New Zealand, and Thailand.

Negotiations with Argentina have not been

concluded.76

The highest value concessions were in agriculture,

chemicals, and semiconductors.77 Under the deal, the

EU agreed to accelerate the Uruguay Round tariff cuts

by reducing to 7 percent those semiconductor tariffs at

or above 7 percent, and eliminating those under 7

percent by January 1, 1996.78

Tariff reductions were also agreed to for milled

rice, brown rice, almonds, pet food, cherries, fresh

foliage, crayfish, numerous other seafood items, nearly

200 chemical products, plywood, newsprint,

non-woven fabrics, chromatographs, spectrometers,

and oscilloscopes. The hundreds of tariff reductions in

the agreement will result in $4 billion in tariff savings

by U.S. companies over the next 10 years.79 The
53

agreement also commits the United States and the EU

to attempt to conclude an Information Technology

Agreement that will eliminate tariffs in the information

technology sector by the year 2000.80

The final draft has yet to be signed, although the

EU has implemented large pieces of the agreement.81

According to USTR, when the agreements have been

signed, the United States will officially close its section

301 case and terminate its counter-withdrawal

procedures.82

Japan

Autos and Auto Parts

In 1995, U.S. auto exports to Japan totaled 58,469

units, or only 0.85 percent of the market, excluding

exports from Japanese transplants in North America.

U.S. exports of auto parts totalled $1.6 billion, or 1.1

percent of Japan’s estimated total parts market of $141

billion.83 Autos and auto parts were chosen under the

July 1993 Framework Agreement as a priority sector

and negotiations began that September.84 Following

almost 2 years of talks, on May 5, 1995, USTR

Michael Kantor announced that the two countries had

been unable to reach an agreement. He indicated that

the Government of Japan had refused to address

fundamental concerns in the three areas of negotiation:

vehicles, original equipment or parts sales to Japanese

producers in Japan and the United States, and sales of

replacement/aftermarket parts in Japan.85 On May 10,

1995, the USTR announced delivery of a pre-filing

notification to the WTO indicating the U.S. intent to

invoke the dispute settlement mechanism under the

WTO to challenge the continuing discrimination

against U.S. exports of automobiles and parts to

Japan.86 In announcing the decision, Ambassador

Kantor noted that:

The Government of Japan in the past

implemented measures to protect the domestic

automobile industry, such as discriminatory

allocation of capital, foreign investment

restrictions, high tariffs, and a range of other

measures. . . . Such measures included, among

others, excessively burdensome inspection requirements for imported vehicles, discriminatory access to vehicle registration data, and

maintaining an unreasonably complex system of

motor vehicle inspection and repair regulations.

At the same time, the Japanese automotive

sector as it has developed has been pervasively

characterized by close interlocking relationships between auto manufacturers, suppliers,

distributors, dealers, and those who repair and

inspect cars. The Government of Japan has

guided or tolerated the creation by industry of

informal market restrictive measures and

market structures, which have played a critical

role in excluding foreign competitive suppliers

of autos and autos parts from the market.87

Moreover, pursuant to sections 301 and 304 of the

Trade Act of 1974, USTR made a determination ”that

certain acts, policies and practices of Japan restrict or

deny U.S. auto parts suppliers access to the auto parts

replacement and accessories market in Japan, and are

unreasonable and discriminatory and burden or restrict

U.S. commerce.”88

On May 16, 1995, a proposed sanction list under

section 301 which included imports of 13 models of

Japanese luxury automobiles, with list prices ranging

from $26,435 to $52,850 and an import value of $5.9

billion, was announced by USTR. Tariffs were to be

raised from 2.5 percent to 100 percent on those models

if USTR made an affirmative determination pursuant to

Section 304 (a)(1)(B). The proposed duty increases

were to be applied effective May 20, 1995, rather than

after June 28, 1995, the deadline for a determination on

retaliation under section 301.89 A public hearing was

held by USTR on June 8, 1995, in accordance with

section 304 (b) of the Trade Act, to consider the views

of interested parties on the appropriateness of

subjecting the imports of certain luxury motor vehicles

from Japan to increased duties, the levels at which

duties should be set, and the degree to which an

increase in duties might have an adverse effect on U.S.

consumers.90

After further bilateral consultations, on June 28,

1995, an agreement was reached and the proposed

duties were withdrawn.91 The U.S.-Japan Automotive

Agreement (signed on August 23, 1995) included

provisions regarding all of the aforementioned

problems. Under the agreement, Japan agreed to

provide increased access to Japanese dealerships. The

goal of U.S. auto manufacturers under the agreement is

to establish 200 dealerships in Japan by the end of

1996 and 1,000 new dealerships by 2000. In addition,

Japan agreed: (1) to provide government support and

financial incentives to encourage imports of autos and

parts to Japan, (2) to deregulate the aftermarket for

auto parts,92 (3) to purchase more original equipment

parts from non-keiretsu suppliers for use in their

transplants in the United States and for use in Japan,

(4) to address many performance and technical

standards that affect Japanese imports of autos, and (5)

to provide vehicle registration data for use in market

research on a more equal basis to foreign and Japanese
54

manufacturers.93 The agreement contained objective

criteria for assessing progress and a monitoring

mechanism was established.94

On September 6, 1995, USTR Kantor and

Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown announced the

formation of an Interagency Enforcement Team headed

jointly by the two agencies to monitor and publicly

release an assessment of progress under the agreement

every 6 months. Data collection and analysis

mechanisms were strengthened under the agreement.

All commitments and plans announced under the

agreement are to be monitored, including: improved

access for foreign vehicle imports, regulatory changes

in the Japanese parts replacement market, expansion

of original equipment auto parts purchases by Japanese

companies, expansion of opportunities for other

foreign companies, increases in the degree of

localization of parts purchases by Japanese transplants

in the United States, efforts to ensure nondiscrimination against U.S. company-made auto parts by

Japanese vehicle manufacturers, and opening of

distribution channels for replacement parts in Japan.

In November 1995, USTR announced that as a

result of the agreement, Japan’s Ministry of

Transportation was eliminating most restrictions on

external modifications of vehicles (including

accessories such as side mirrors, roof racks, brush

guards, and spoilers). One month earlier, the Ministry

had removed a series of replacement parts, including

shocks, struts, power steering equipment, and trailer

hitches from the ”critical parts” list.95

As of December 1995, exports of U.S. vehicles to

Japan had increased, some changes had been made in

the purchasing practices of Japanese transplants in the

United States, and some measures had been

implemented with regard to deregulation of the

aftermarket for auto parts. However, the United States

remained concerned about the slow pace of opening

Japanese dealerships to U.S. producers and continued

to closely monitor progress under the June

agreement.96

Investment and Buyer-Supplier

Relationships

Japan has the lowest level of inward direct

investment of all OECD countries. Mergers and

acquisitions, a prevalent form of foreign direct

investment in most industrialized countries, are rare in

Japan. In 1994, only 7 percent of total investment in

Japan involved mergers and acquisitions. Although

there are no legal barriers to takeovers, Japanese

corporations and authorities are generally unreceptive

to bids by foreign firms or investors. Stable

cross-share holding accounts for about 30 percent of

listed firms, thereby limiting the amount of shares

available for trading. In addition, firms planning to

engage in acquisitions must notify the Ministry of

Finance when more than 5 percent of a company’s

shares are acquired.97

During the U.S.-Japan Framework talks

(1993-1995), various issues regarding existing

investment barriers in Japan were discussed under the

Working Group for investment and buyer-supplier

relations.98 Of particular note, the United States

encouraged Japan to change various laws, regulations,

and policies that have the effect of reducing the supply

and raising the price of land available to foreign

investors. The United States also urged Japan to take

numerous actions to facilitate foreign investment

including offering tax incentives, increasing low-cost

investment financing through the Japan Development

Bank, reducing regulatory costs for acquiring land and

office space, improving the ability of foreign firms to

hire employees, and improving transparency in

corporate transactions.

In June 1995, the Japan Investment Council

(established in 1994) released a statement that

emphasized the benefits to Japan’s economy of

encouraging direct inward investment. The bilateral

talks were concluded on July 15, 1995, and on July

20, 1995, the United States and Japan signed the

“Policies and Measures Regarding Inward Direct

Investment and Buyer-Supplier Relationships.” Japan

agreed to take specific actions to promote foreign

direct investment including: improving tax incentives

for foreign direct investment, including extending the

loss carry forward period from 7 to 10 years and

expanding the number of eligible sectors, and

expanding incentives for import-related infrastructure.

Japan also agreed to strengthen the Office of Trade and

Investment Ombudsman, expand the activities of the

Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) and the

Foreign Investment in Japan Development Corporation

(FIND), and assure foreign access to the Japan

Development Bank’s (JDB) loan program for foreign

direct investment.99 With regard to other areas of

interest to the United States, Japan agreed to

implement the following steps:

• Deregulation — conduct an examination of

industrial sectors regulated by the Foreign

Exchange and Control Law.

• Mergers and acquisitions — enhance

disclosure provisions, strengthen shareholders’

rights and auditors’ functions; improve

over-the-counter market system, and consider
55

mergers and acquisitions through the Japan

Investment Council

• Land policy — Give consideration to how

factors such as land costs affect the activities of

foreign companies; other assistance under the

Private Participation Promotion Law and

provisions regarding Foreign Access Zones

(FAZs)

• Labor market — Implement employment

programs on a non-discriminatory basis

• Buyer-Supplier relationships - Construct joint

facilities to serve as a base for foreign companies attempting to access Japan’s market100

In late 1995, Japan extended its Inward Investment

Law, as called for in the agreement, to May 2006 and

lowered the interest rate charged by the JDB to foreign

investors in high technology projects. In addition, the

JDB will be permitted to lend to foreign affiliated firms

for merger and acquisitions related expenses as of

April 11, 1996.

Financial Services

Despite numerous reforms, Japan’s financial

markets remain heavily regulated and segmented

through laws, administrative regulations, and institutional arrangements. Administrative guidance,101 lack

of transparency, keiretsu relationships, inadequate disclosure and lengthy processing of applications, limits

competition and foreign access, especially with regard

to pension fund and investment trust asset management, securities underwriting and trading, and banking.102 On February 13, 1995, the United States and

Japan concluded an agreement that included marketopening actions in the areas of asset management,

corporate securities and cross-border financial

transactions. The objectives of the agreement were to:

• increase substantially access to financial

markets for competitive foreign financial

services suppliers;

• promote the development of more liquid and

efficient financial markets that are more fully

integrated with global financial markets;

• enhance transparency and procedural protection in the regulation of financial activity;

• ensure the safety and soundness of the financial

system and the integrity of financial markets;

and,

• provide a mechanism for ongoing consultation

and review to assess the implementation of the

Measures [provisions of the agreement] to

resolve problems affecting foreign financial

services suppliers in each market, and to

promote further progress toward the objectives

of the Measures.103

Under the agreement, with regard to asset

management Japan agreed to: 1) provide unrestricted

access to its public pension fund market and to expand

access to the private pension fund market, 2) allow

investment advisory companies and trust banks to sell

specialized fund management services, 3) move toward

market value accounting for pension liabilities and

disclosure of fund manager performance on a market

value basis, and 4) permit dual licensing of an

investment trust business and a discretionary

investment management business to operate as one

entity. In the area of corporate securities, Japan agreed

to: 1) liberalize restrictions on introducing new

securities products, 2) introduce a domestic

asset-backed securities market, and 3) eliminate

restrictions on offshore securitization of Japanese

assets. In the area of cross-border measures, the

agreement allows unlimited operations for qualified

Japanese corporate investors abroad and eliminates

restrictions on securities offerings abroad. Restrictions

on securities offerings by residents and nonresidents

and the elimination of seasoning requirements on

nonresident offers of euro-yen issues are eliminated

under the agreement.104

Japan has implemented most of the commitments

under the agreement. The United States continues to

monitor the agreement to ensure full implementation of

its provisions. Under the terms of the agreement, the

two countries will meet annually, or at any time upon

the request of either government, to review

implementation of the agreement and to discuss other

issues regarding the financial services market. During

the February 1996 consultations, the United States

stressed the need for further improvements with regard

to financial disclosure and transparency.105
56

Mexico

Tomatoes

U.S. and Mexican growers have long competed for

shares of the U.S. fresh winter vegetable market. Since

the devaluation of the Mexican peso in December

1994, imports of fresh winter vegetables have risen

sharply. In March 1995, Florida tomato growers

sought relief from the USITC under the U.S. global

action safeguard law. The USITC instituted investigation TA-201-64 under section 202 (b) of the Trade

Act of 1974 to determine whether fresh winter

tomatoes are being imported into the United States in

such increased quantities as to be a substantial cause of

serious injury, or the threat thereof, to the domestic

industry producing an article like or directly

competitive with the imported article. Since the

subject tomatoes are perishable products, already

subject to import monitoring, the petitioners also

requested that provisional relief be provided through

April 30, 1995. The provisional relief phase of the

investigation resulted in a negative determination in

April.106 Subsequently the growers withdrew their

petition, the investigation was terminated and no relief

was provided. U.S. imports of fresh or chilled

tomatoes and fresh or chilled peppers (other than chili

peppers) are being monitored by the USITC through

January 1, 2009, as directed under section 316 of the

NAFTA Implementation Act.107

In December 1995, the USTR proposed to change

the application of the existing seasonal tomato quota

for imports from Mexico, in effect from November 15

in any year to the last day of the following February, to

quotas applied on a weekly basis throughout this same

period.108 This proposal was discussed in formal

consultations under chapter 20 of the NAFTA, during

which “[M]exico expressed its concerns with regard to

the proposal . . . Mexican representatives argued the

proposed measure would have additional trade

restrictive effects and thus be contrary to the objectives

and principles set forth in the NAFTA.”109

On March 11, 1996, following receipt of a petition

from the Florida Fruit & Vegetable Association et al,

the USITC instituted investigation TA-201-66, on fresh

tomatoes and bell peppers. Petitioners did not request

provisional relief. In addition, on April 1, 1996,

following receipt of a petition from the Florida Tomato

Growers Exchange et al, the USITC instituted

antidumping investigation 731-TA-747 (preliminary)

to determine whether there is a reasonable indication

that an industry in the United States is materially

injured or threatened with material injury, or the

establishment of an industry in the United States is

materially retarded, by reason of imports from Mexico

of fresh or chilled tomatoes that are alleged to be sold

in the United States at less than fair value. On March

16, 1996, the USITC made an affirmative injury

determination in its preliminary investigation.

As of this writing, bills are pending in both the

House ( H.R. 2795) and the Senate (S.1463) that

would amend section 202 of the Trade Act to allow the

USITC to take seasonality into account. Mexico has

expressed opposition to this proposal as well, stating

that, if enacted, it would be inconsistent with the

NAFTA.110

Trucking

Under the NAFTA, all limits on access to

international traffic between the United States and

Mexico are scheduled to end in the year 2000.111 This

relatively long transition period may be primarily

attributed to the time required for implementing

measures that would reconcile the differences between

U.S. and Mexican safety standards.

Federal law presently permits cross-border

trucking in smaller “border zones” within the border

states. In scheduling the implementation of the

NAFTA, the parties agreed to an interim step to take

effect on December 18, 1995. On that date, U.S. and

Mexican firms were to be permitted to apply for

licenses to travel freely in one another’s border

states.112 In order to prepare Mexican truckers to meet

U.S. safety and insurance regulations, this date was

preceded by extensive preparations throughout 1995 by

transportation officials of both countries.113

However, in response to U.S. trucking industry

concerns regarding the safety of Mexican trucks on

U.S. highways, the U.S. Government effectively

postponed the December date by delaying the

processing of Mexican motor carriers’ applications to

operate freely in the border states (Arizona, California,

New Mexico, and Texas) until consultations to

improve safety have been completed.114 Mexico

claims that the United States violated the NAFTA with

the postponement, and that it will initiate formal

dispute settlement procedures under chapter 20 of the

accord.115 For its part, Mexico denies national

treatment to U.S. trucks by not allowing them to use

transportation terminals within 20 kilometers of the

border.

Tires

In 1995, Mexico’s labeling and inspection

requirements were challenged on grounds that they had
57

a restrictive effect on U.S. tire exports to that country.

Mexican authorities insisted that virtually all

certification of imported tires be done by Mexican labs.

According to U.S. tire manufacturers, however, most

Mexican testing facilities are owned by domestic tire

makers which U.S. interests asserted constituted

conflict of interest. Also, the Mexican Government did

not permit the product certification of a certain model

to be shared; each importer had to obtain its own

certification. This caused major problems to those

U.S. exporters who dealt with multiple importers or

those who wished to change their importers or

distributors.

Negotiators of the U.S. Government on behalf of

U.S. tire makers116 urged their Mexican counterparts to

recognize the self-certification procedure applied in the

United States, i.e. certification by the National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in

the Department of Transportation, based on random

testing. Bilateral consultations led Mexican officials in

October 1995 to consent to accept certain test data

from U.S. testing facilities. Mexico also agreed to

change its labeling requirements to stick-on paper

labels for posting the technical specifications of tires in

Spanish, instead of requiring that foreign makers mold

the label on the tires’ sidewalls, as they have done

earlier. This relaxation of labeling requirements was

published on October 6, 1995, by Mexico’s Minister of

Transportation.117

The final accord on tire safety certification was

reached in March 1996. Under the agreement, the

NHTSA identified three U.S. laboratories (and may

recognize additional ones) for purposes of providing

test data to Mexico. Mexican authorities will then

determine on their part whether a product meets

Mexican regulations for obtaining certification. The

agreement also provides that efforts should be made to

eliminate duplications in doing performance and safety

testing by both partners. According to the USTR, this

accord was made possible by cooperation between U.S.

and Mexican regulatory authorities working together

on a range of standards’ issues as part of the NAFTA

Committee on Standards-Related Measures.118

Small Parcel Deliveries

Under the NAFTA, Mexico is committed to accord

national treatment to U.S. express delivery companies

such as United Parcel Service (UPS). In an apparent

effort to protect domestic carriers, however, Mexico

restricted granting full operating authority to U.S.

companies by denying them the use of full-size

vehicles to move parcels. Mexican authorities argued

that full-size trucks should transport only larger loads,

those qualifying as “freight”. On July 31, 1995, UPS

responded by suspending land deliveries from the

United States to Mexico on grounds that Mexico’s

restrictions handicap them in competing with domestic

carriers on the Mexican market. The decision to

suspend deliveries was also based on the reluctance of

UPS to submit to inspections by Mexican customs

authorities at the border that they found burdensome

and time-consuming.119 UPS will continue, however,

to offer air service to Mexico, as well as ground

services within that country.

On April 26, 1995, the USTR initiated dispute

resolution under chapter 20 of the NAFTA, making this

issue the first formal dispute filed under these

procedures.120 No resolution had been reached during

the year under review or to date. Mexico is currently

working on defining the difference between “parcel”

and “freight”; these definitions would then determine

delivery standards to be applied in Mexico.121 UPS

objects, however, to limitations of any kind in their

choice of vehicles.

China

Intellectual Property Rights

Protection and Enforcement

During the 2 years after the United States and

China signed a MOU on Intellectual Property Rights

(IPR) in January 1992, the Chinese Government made

the required changes in its laws and regulations to lay

the foundation for an IPR system that could meet

international standards.122 It failed, however, in the

view of the U.S. Government, to meet its commitments

under the agreement to establish an adequate and

effective mechanism for IPR enforcement. In addition,

the U.S. Government found that China failed to

provide fair and equitable market access for persons

who rely on IPR.

On June 30, 1994, USTR Michael Kantor

identified China as a “priority foreign country” under

the Special 301 provisions of the Trade Act of 1974

and immediately initiated a 6-month investigation into

its IPR enforcement practices.123 Numerous negotiations between the United States and China were held

on these issues. China indicated that it would take

some actions to address U.S. concerns, but U.S.

negotiators indicated that significant movement on a

majority of issues was lacking. Therefore, on

December 31, 1994, a list of products being considered

for retaliation was issued by the USTR and the
58

investigation was extended until February 4, 1995.124

The value of Chinese exports to the United States on

the list amounted to approximately $2.8 billion per

year.125

On February 4, 1995, after public hearings and 9

days of additional negotiations in Beijing, USTR

Kantor announced trade sanctions that would

automatically take effect on February 26, 1995, unless

an agreement acceptable to the United States could be

reached. The sanctions were to consist of additional

duties of 100 percent ad valorem on 33 product

categories of imports from China selected from the

earlier list of products considered for retaliation. The

products selected for retaliatory tariffs accounted for

$1.08 billion in annual imports, a figure intended to

approximate the value of damage done to the U.S.

economy resulting from poor IPR enforcement in

China.126

On February 26, 1995, the USTR announced that

the United States and China had reached an agreement

for China to take specific actions to provide protection

of IPR for U.S. companies and provide market access

for U.S. intellectual property-based products. The

agreement also led to the end of the Special 301

investigation, termination of the retaliatory tariffs, and

an end to China’s designation as a ”priority foreign

country.” Under the terms of the accord, China agreed

to the following detailed commitments in three broad

areas of action:

(1) Take immediate steps to address rampant piracy

throughout China.

• Implement a Special Enforcement Period

during which enhanced resources will be

allocated to cleaning up large-scale

producers and distributors of infringing

products.

• Take actions against the factories that are

currently producing infringing products.

• Prohibit the exportation of illegal products,

including pirate compact disks (CDs), laser

disks (LDs), and CD-ROMs (compact

disks containing computer software), and

allocate adequate resources to ensure that

this takes place.

(2) Make long-term structural changes to ensure

effective enforcement of intellectual property

rights.

• Establish a strong intellectual property

enforcement structure.

• Ensure that cross-jurisdictional enforcement efforts are carried out cooperatively

and effectively.

• Create an effective customs enforcement

system modeled on the U.S. customs

service.

• Create a title verification system to help

prevent the production, distribution,

importation, exportation, and retail sale of

U.S. audio visual works as well as software

programs in CD-ROM format, without the

verified consent of the U.S. right holder.

Associations of U.S. right holders will be

allowed to establish offices in China to

participate in this system.

• Establish focused enforcement efforts for

intellectual property rights in audio visual

works, computer programs, and publications.

• Ensure that U.S. right holders have access

to effective judicial relief.

• Establish a system whereby statistics

concerning Chinese enforcement efforts

are provided to the U.S. government, and to

provide for the Chinese and U.S.

Governments to meet on a regular basis to

discuss the adequacy of enforcement

efforts.

• Ensure the transparency of any laws,

regualtions, or rules related to the grant,

maintenance and enforcement of intellectual property rights.

(3) Provide U.S. right holders with enhanced

access to the Chinese market. This includes a

commitment by China to:

• Place no quotas on the importation of U.S.

audio visual products.

• Allow U.S. record companies to market

their entire catalogue of works in China.

• Allow U.S. intellectual property-related

companies to enter into joint venture
59

arrangements to produce, distribute, and

sell their products in China. They will be

able to establish operations in Shanghai

and Guangzhou initially and expand to

eleven other cities within five years. 127

By the fall of 1995, U.S. officials expressed

concerns that China was lagging in implementing some

parts of the agreement, despite progress in

implementing other parts.128 The United States has

expressed general satisfaction with China’s actions to

stop the sales of pirated products at the retail level and

with its efforts to put an IPR administrative structure in

place that should, over time, contribute to enhanced

enforcement efforts. Concerns that continue to

dominate U.S.-China IPR dialogue include the U.S.

contention (1) that 34 factories continue to produce

pirated CDs, LDs, and CD-ROMs and that China

should take actions to end piracy in these plants; (2)

that Chinese customs border enforcement is inadequate

to stop exports to third-country markets of pirated CDs,

LDs, and CD-ROMs; and (3) that China has not yet

taken the steps necessary to provide access for U.S.

exports of intellectual property-based products.129

Agreement on International

Trade in Commercial Space

Launch Services

On March 13, 1995, the United States and China

signed an agreement renewing the bilateral agreement

on international trade in commercial space launch

services. The original agreement covered the period

from 1989 through the end of 1994 and contained

limits on the number of launches of foreign

commercial satellites that could be provided by China

and limits on the prices that could be charged for these

launch services. The new agreement specifies the limit

on geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) launches,

establishes conditions for flexibility in the quantitative

limits on launches, clarifies the pricing provisions, and,

for the first time, covers low earth orbit (LEO)

launches.130

Under the new agreement, China is limited to no

more than 11 GEO launches over the 7 years covered,

but adjustments to the GEO quota can be made if, for

example, there is stronger than predicted demand for

GEO launch services, or if Western launch services are

not available during a specified launch period. The

1989 agreement required that China offer launch

services on a par with those prices, terms, and

conditions prevailing in the international market for

comparable launch services. The new agreement

contains a detailed annex on appropriate adjustments

that can be made in comparing Chinese and Western

launch prices and a provision that Chinese prices

falling within 15 percent of Western prices will

generally be assumed to be in compliance with the “par

pricing” provisions of the agreement.131

Only 4 launches out of the 9 allowed under the

1989 agreement took place because of U.S. sanctions

relating to the June 1989 massacre in Tiananmen

Square and Chinese sales of missile components to

Pakistan in 1992 in violation of the Missile Technology

Control Regime (MTCR).132 Sanctions were lifted in

November 1994 when China agreed to adhere to the

guidelines of the MTCR.133 The new agreement

allows 4 launches in 1995-96 to be counted against the

quota of the first agreement.134

Market Access Agreement

The 1992 MOU signed by the United States and

China committed the Chinese Government to lift

import quotas, licensing requirements, and controls at

the end of each year for a 5-year period.135 Although

the MOU eliminated import barriers on some product

groups ahead of schedule in 1993, the first year of the

agreement, it did not lift the restrictions scheduled to

be eliminated at the end of 1994 until June 30,

1995.136 This delay in implementation stemmed from

strained relations between the United States and China

based, in part, on a dispute regarding IPR, and because

of problems arising from China’s accession

negotiations to the WTO at the beginning of 1995.137

China eliminated restrictions on 176 items on

schedule at the end of 1995. Commodities on which

restrictions were eliminated include vehicle bodies,

copy machines, vehicle differential axles, air

conditioners, automobile chassis, vegetable oil, and

chemical products.138

Taiwan

In 1995, Taiwan made progress implementing

several trade-related actions that have been ongoing

topics of bilateral negotiations and agreement. Many

of the moves were made as part of Taiwan’s effort to

join the World Trade Organization (WTO).139 Taiwan

passed a long-debated tariff law that lowers tariffs on a

broad range of products. The law cuts tariffs by an

average of 21 percent. The United States and Taiwan

reached a bilateral agreement governing government

procurement rules in Taiwan. The agreement, a set of

transitional measures until Taiwan accedes to the

WTO, is designed to foster consistency and

transparency in the Taiwan government procurement
60

process. The United States lifted import sanctions on

Taiwan’s exports of wildlife products. The ban was

imposed in 1994 in response to U.S. concern that

Taiwan was not taking sufficient action to stop illegal

trade in products of endangered species. Finally, a

frequent topic of bilateral dispute, protection of

intellectual property rights (IPR) in Taiwan, diminished

somewhat as a central issue of bilateral discussions as

Taiwan enacted greater protection for IPR.

Tariffs

As part of the Taiwan WTO accession process, the

United States requested that Taiwan implement a series

of tariffs cuts. Taiwan has implemented a series of

tariff reductions, the most recent being tariff cuts that

were enacted in mid-1995. On June 23, 1995, the

Taiwan legislature approved tariff cuts on 758 types of

imports. Under the new law, 30 import categories,

including soybeans, are exempted altogether from

import duties.140 The cuts were directed at items of

high priority to U.S. exporters covering over $890

million in U.S. exports. The average depth of the tariff

cuts was about 21 percent.141 Taiwan’s tariff

reductions, made in consideration of its WTO

application, reduce Taiwan’s average nominal tariff

from 8.89 percent to 8.64 percent. The cuts lower the

average of nominal rates of tariffs on agricultural

products from 18.46 percent in 1992 to 11.32 percent

in 1995. Average industrial tariffs were cut from 5.43

percent in 1992 to 3.74 percent in 1995.142

Passage of the bill marked the first time in 3 years

that Taiwan has cut tariffs on fresh fruits and

vegetables (some of which are grown on the island).

Vegetable category tariffs (including onions, frozen

potatoes, celery, and lettuce) were reduced 2-6

percentage points. Fruit categories (including raisins,

melons, pears, cherries, strawberries, citrus fruits, and

kiwi fruits) fell 2-10 percentage points. Import duties

on certain fruit juices were cut to 40 percent from 45

percent. Tariffs on baby food and cookies were

reduced by an average of 2.5 percentage points. The

tariff cuts specifically excluded products in the

automobile and textile industries.143

Despite the recent tariff cuts, U.S. exporters of

specific agricultural products report that they still face

high tariffs in Taiwan that are a significant barrier to

U.S. exports. Selected agricultural products subject to

high tariffs in Taiwan are listed in figure 4-1. Certain

industrial products of export interest to U.S. firms that

face high tariffs in Taiwan include automotive parts (20

percent average rate), passenger cars (30 percent),

commercial vehicles (35-42 percent), home appliances

(4.5-15 percent), and film (5 percent). The effective

duty and tax rates for passenger cars and trucks ranges

from 60-100 percent.144 Taiwan has offered to reduce

its tariff on wine to 20 to 25 percent, significantly

higher than the U.S. request of 7.5 percent.145 In

response to requirements of a WTO aviation agreement

Figure 4-1

Selected agricultural products subject to high tariffs in Taiwan

20-30 percent 30-40 percent Over 40 percent

Avocados Figs Processed fruit

Cranberries Fruit cocktail Fruit juices

Canned peaches Processed vegetables Grapes

Frozen peas Vegetable juices Pears

Frozen corn Hash brown potatoes Apples

Soups and broth Non-chocolate confectionery Citrus

Breakfast cereals Peaches

Sunflower seeds & oil Kiwi fruit

Source: USTR, National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers, 1996.
61

and to bilateral requests, in early 1996 Taiwan

exempted 30 categories of aircraft maintenance

equipment from tariffs.146

Government Procurement

Public procurement in Taiwan approaches $2

billion annually. Taiwan current law requires local

procurement of goods and services manufactured in

Taiwan if acceptable local sources are available.

Although Taiwan has begun the process of reforming

its government procurement practices, difficulties

involving implementation of new practices continue.

In June 1994, Taiwan announced its intention to join

the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA),

a key U.S. condition in the WTO accession process.

The United States considers the Taiwan procurement

regime to be relatively open and fair.147 However,

U.S. officials expect substantial gains in U.S. export

opportunities with a procurement market in Taiwan

consistent with WTO requirements.148

Negotiations for Taiwan’s WTO accession include

issues such as clarification of a list of procuring

entities, threshold amounts for procurement projects of

different entities, and threshold amounts for

procurement projects of sub-central governments and

state enterprises.149 In an intermediate step to WTO

accession, the United States and Taiwan agreed in July

1995 to transitional measures covering Taiwan’s

government procurement practices. These measures,

which pertain to government tendering for purchases

valued above NT$50 million ($2 million), establish

provisions for (1) advance publication of tenders and

minimum response deadlines, (2) open tendering

procedures, (3) exceptional use of single tendering or

limited tendering procedures, (4) prohibiting the use of

technical specifications by procuring agencies in a way

that may preclude competition, (5) bid challenges, and

(6) liability for damages due to breach of contract.150

Wildlife Trade Sanctions

In June 1995, the United States lifted a ban on the

importation of certain wildlife products from Taiwan.

The ban was imposed in April 1994 after President

Clinton announced that Taiwan had not taken sufficient

measures to stop illegal trade in products of

endangered species. In particular, according to the

Clinton Administration, Taiwan had not shown

measurable, verifiable, and substantial progress in

ending trade in rhinoceros horn and tiger bones. The

action marked the first time that the United States had

imposed sanctions under the Pelly Amendment, which

authorizes trade sanctions against countries that violate

the Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) or other

international agreements designed to protect

endangered species. Trade in endangered species is

banned by CITES.151

On June 30, 1995, the United States lifted the

wildlife trade sanctions. In doing so, the Clinton

Administration said that Taiwan has “taken substantial

steps to halt commercial trade in rhinoceros and tiger

parts and products.” These steps included amending its

wildlife conservation law, strengthening enforcement,

taking steps to create a nature conservation police, and

allowing for imposition of harsh penalties on violators

to deter future trade in rhino and tiger parts.152

Intellectual Property Rights

Taiwan’s protection of IPR continued to be a topic

of bilateral discussion in 1995. In bilateral discussions

and in WTO accession talks, the United States has

urged Taiwan to improve effective protection of IPR in

Taiwan for several years. The United States retained

Taiwan on the Special 301 “watch list” in 1995 for

several reasons, including inadequate retroactive

copyright protection, lack of protection for integrated

circuit layout designs, lack of adequate protection for

trade secrets, and unfinished discussions for a bilateral

agreement to establish reciprocal patent and trademark

filing benefits. In 1995, Taiwan enacted legal

protection for integrated circuit layout designs and

increased enforcement of existing laws. In early 1996,

the Executive Yuan approved a draft copyright law that

included 50-year retroactive copyright protection. The

draft must be passed by the Legislative Yuan to

become effective.153 In early 1996, Taiwan was

dropped from the Special 301 Watch List, although it

will be subject to an out-of-cycle review in October

1996.154

Korea

The United States and Korea negotiated a series of

agreements in 1995. In April, leading up to the annual

review of U.S. telecommunications trade agreements,

the two sides reached agreement on Korea’s

compliance with a 1992 accord. In July, the United

States and Korea agreed to set up a bilateral

consultative mechanism covering certain steel

products. Also in July, a long-standing dispute over

beef and pork trade moved a step closer to resolution

as Korea agreed to revise shelf-life standards for meat.

In August, the two countries revised a bilateral

agreement on cigarette trade in line with Korea’s
62

public health efforts to reduce smoking. Finally,

agreement was reached in September to improve

access for foreign automobiles in Korea.

Telecommunications

As part of the 1995 annual U.S. review of U.S.

telecommunications trade agreements, the United

States and Korea reached agreement on outstanding

problems of Korean compliance with the 1992

telecommunications trade agreement. The 1992

agreement was designed to allow U.S. makers of

telecommunications equipment the ability to compete

in Korea. U.S. companies, however, report

non-compliance by Korea with the agreement through

imposition of excessive type approval requirements,

lack of trade secret protection, and de facto buy local

policies. Main elements of the 1995 agreement

included taking steps to ensure nondiscriminatory

procurement by the government-owned Korea Telecom

and determining that Korean type approval was not

necessary for telecommunications equipment which

does not cause harm to the public network. USTR

estimates that market access covered by the agreement

for U.S. telecommunications companies to be valued

over $100 million per year.155

Steel

In June 1995, the Committee on Pipe and Tube

Imports filed a section 301 petition with USTR. In the

petition, the Committee alleged that the Government of

Korea restricts exports of steel sheet and pipe and tube

products and controls prices of steel sheet. The

Committee added that Korean Government price

controls on steel sheet have given Korean pipe and

tube makers “an unfair advantage over U.S.

competitors. Korean pipe producers can then sell pipe

in the United States at lower prices than

American-made products.”156 The group also alleged

that a bilateral agreement between Korea and the EU to

limit Korea’s steel exports violated WTO standards.

Although USTR did not initiate a section 301

investigation in response to the petition, the United

States and Korea subsequently agreed to establish a

bilateral consultative mechanism to discuss economic

trends pertaining to the steel products listed in the

petition. The group will meet periodically for 1 year

and may be renewed by mutual decision. The

agreement also specifies that the Korean Government

will notify the United States prior to introducing

measures to control steel production, pricing, or

exports. Korea also agreed that it will make certain

that the domestic steel industry fully understands that

the government no longer interferes in pricing or

production.157

Beef and Pork

On July 20, 1995, the United States and Korea

reached an agreement to increase market access in

Korea for U.S. meat and other food products. The

dispute centered on Korea’s government-mandated

shelf-life standards. Prior to February 1994, imported

sausages were classified by Korean customs officials

as qualifying for a 90-day shelf-life. In February 1994,

however, Korean customs seized a shipment of U.S.

sausages and announced that the product had been

incorrectly classified. Under the “correct” classification, Korea said, the sausages would qualify for only

a 30-day expiration period, about the time required to

ship the product to Korea and clear customs. After the

U.S. meat industry filed a section 301 petition with

USTR, Korea reversed itself on this issue. Under the

July agreement, Korea will phase-out its system of

setting shelf-life periods by regulation and instead

allow manufacturers to set their own “use-by” dates,

similar to the practice in most other countries.158

The agreement stems from a section 301

investigation initiated in November 1994 by USTR on

Korea’s treatment of imported beef and pork. The

investigation was the latest in a series of bilateral

disputes that date back to 1988 and center on foreign

access to Korea’s market for imported meat. Since that

time, the United States has held numerous bilateral

negotiations — and reached three separate market

access agreements — designed to expand foreign

access for beef and pork products in Korea.159

The petition, filed by the National Pork Producer’s

Council, the American Meat Institute, and the National

Cattlemen’s Association, alleged that actions by the

Government of Korea regarding the importation of

U.S. beef and pork products violated the three previous

market opening agreements and were unreasonable

and burdened or restricted U.S. commerce.160 In

particular, the petitioners alleged that the Government

of Korea had established barriers that denied the U.S.

products access to the Korean market in violation of

the agreements or in a manner that is otherwise

unreasonable. The barriers alleged by the petitioners

included:161

• Outdated, scientifically unsupported, and

discriminatory shelf-life standards;

• Excessively long inspection procedures;
63

• Contract tender procedures that prevent U.S.

producers from meaningful participation in the

bidding process;

• Local processing and repackaging require

ments;

• Discriminatory fixed-weight requirements;

• Dual standards for residue testing; and

• Short pork temperature reduction requirements.

Meat industry officials pointed out that, compared

with other countries, Korea used relatively short

shelf-life requirements for processed, frozen, and

fresh-chilled meat. For example, Korea established

shelf-life requirements of 10 days for fresh-chilled

pork and 14 days for fresh-chilled beef; shorter than

the time necessary to ship the product to Korea. U.S.

industry officials point out that shelf-life requirements

for countries such as Mexico and Japan are 40 days for

pork and 100 days for beef.

Other areas of concern to the meat industry that

were addressed in the July agreement include tendering

requirements, residue testing, and customs delays.

Although the Korean Government had earlier agreed to

provide 1-week notice when offering tenders for the

purchase of pork products, in practice the notices were

reportedly published 1 or 2 days in advance.

Regarding residue testing, the meat industry maintains

that Korea imposed onerous testing requirements on

imported meat and not on domestic meat. Finally, the

meat industry reported that imports of meat from the

United States were routinely held up at customs for 2

to 3 weeks but imports from countries that supply

smaller quantities of beef were cleared quickly.162

The United States continues to monitor Korea’s

implementation of the agreement. In the July 1995

agreement, Korea agreed to implement provisions on

dried, packaged, canned, or bottled products by

October 1, 1995 and on chilled pork and beef and

frozen products by July 1, 1996. However, by yearend

1995, Korea had not yet notified the WTO of all

products covered by the first part of the agreement.

After a series of technical discussions with Korea, the

United States announced that Korea had agreed that it

would complete the notification process for the first

group of products by March 31, 1996. USTR reported

that Korea did not agree, however, to a seven-week

shelf-life requirement for sterilized milk products, such

as UHT milk.163 The United States, therefore,

reserved its rights to pursue this issue under the WTO’s

dispute settlement mechanism.164

Cigarettes

The United States and Korea agreed in 1995 to

amend a 1988 pact on market access for imported

cigarettes. The 1988 agreement provided market access

for imported cigarettes, defined applicable taxes, and

established guidelines for cigarette advertising.165 In

1995, Korea sought consultations to amend the pact so

it could increase cigarette taxes and curb cigarette

advertising. The revised agreement allows Korea to

make such changes, which are part of Korea’s public

health efforts to reduce smoking. Other parts of the

agreement include:166

• Agreement by Korea to stop using a

discriminatory mechanism to allocate cigarette

revenues to local governments. The scheme

reportedly compelled discrimination against

imported brands by inducing states to promote

consumption of domestic cigarettes to raise

revenue.

• A plan by Korea to increase the tax on cigarettes

by between 30 to 50 percent. After 3 years,

Korea may apply the same value-added tax as is

applied to other consumer products.

• Consultation with the United States prior to

future changes in advertising and tax policy

concerning cigarettes to ensure that such

changes will not have a discriminatory effect on

imported cigarettes.

Automobiles

The United States and Korea signed an MOU in

1995 designed to improve market access for foreign

automobiles in Korea. Although Korea is the world’s

third largest automobile exporter after Japan and the

EU, and ranks as the world’s fifth largest maker, the

Korean automobile market is effectively closed to

imports. The foreign share of the Korean auto market

was under 0.3 percent in 1994, compared with 5

percent in Japan, 33 percent in the United States, and

over 38 percent in France and Germany. U.S.

automakers contend that a host of causes, from

certification issues to consumer fears of tax audits if

they purchase an imported automobile, exclude their

products from the Korean market. The 1995 MOU

was designed to counteract these and other

difficulties.167
64

Major provisions of the MOU cover treatment of

foreign automobiles in Korea pertaining to Korea’s

auto tax system, standards and certification procedures,

access to advertising, auto financing, consumer

perceptions, and future consultations. These

provisions include:168

• Reduction in Korea’s vehicle registration tax,

which U.S. automakers have identified as the

most onerous barrier in Korea, particularly for

cars with larger engine sizes. The tax will fall by

24 percent for autos with engine sizes of 2.5 to

3.0 liters, and by 41 percent for engine sizes

over 3.0 liters. Korea also agreed to cut excise

taxes on medium and large-sized cars by 20

percent. USTR estimates that these two tax

reductions will cut the tax burden on

automobiles with larger engines by 15 percent,

or by an average of $2,800 per vehicle.

• Korea agreed to ease standards and certification

requirements on foreign automakers to certify

new models of automobiles for sale in Korea.

According to USTR, these changes will allow

U.S. automakers to introduce new models more

easily in Korea.

• Korea eliminated a restriction on access to

television advertising that severely limited

access for new entrants. USTR noted that the

change will for the first time allow equal access

to television advertising for foreign firms.

• An ongoing concern by U.S. automakers is the

consumer perception in Korea that purchase of a

foreign automobile will result in a tax audit for

the purchaser. To counteract this perception,

Korea’s Trade Ministry agreed to send a letter to

the Korean Automobile Importers and Dealers

Association (KAIDA) stating that ownership of

a foreign car by itself does not constitute

grounds for a tax audit or other forms of

government harassment.

• The United States and Korea also agreed to

establish a mechanism for ongoing consultations to monitor access for foreign autos in

Korea. Monitoring of the MOU will include

analysis of the change in the number and value

of foreign autos sold in Korea, in total and by

country of export; specific official actions to

improve consumer perception of imports; and

implementation of the other MOU measures

listed above. The two governments also agreed

to continue consultations on Korean taxation

policies pertaining to foreign automobiles.
65

ENDNOTES

1 When using these tables, please note that the

U.S. Department of Census revealed in early 1995,

that certain commodities used in auto assembly

operations in Mexico and shipped through the

Laredo, Texas Customs District were omitted from

monthly data releases. U.S. exports passing through

the Laredo Customs District were underreported by

$850 million (on a FAS basis, domestic exports) in

January-June 1995.

2 USTR, “U.S. and Canada Reach Agreement on

Softwood Lumber,” press release 96-17, Feb. 16,

1996.

3 Conversations with officials with the Office of

the USTR and the U.S. Department of Commerce,

September 1995.

4 USTR, press release 96-17, Feb. 16, 1996.

5 Conversations with officials with the Office of

the USTR and the U.S. Department of Commerce,

February 1996.

6 Ibid.

7 USTR, “Statement of Ambassador Kantor on

Finalizing the Softwood Lumber Agreement,” press

release 96-35, Apr. 2, 1996.

8 Ibid.

9 Globe and Mail, “Softwood Tax Best Deal in a

Bad Situation,” Apr. 3, 1996.

10 USTR, press release 96-35, Apr. 2, 1996.

11 “Joint Press Release from Secretary Espy and

U.S. Trade Representative Kantor on U.S./Canada

Wheat Trade,” Aug. 3, 1994.

12 Under section 22 authority then prevailing, the

President may take action to restrict imports that

render, or tend to render, ineffective or materially

interfere with the operation of any USDA program.

The President acts on the basis of an investigation,

and report by the USITC, although he may take

emergency action pending receipt of that report.

Following advice of the Secretary of Agriculture and

the investigation of the USITC, the President may

modify, suspend, or terminate import restrictions

because of changed circumstances.

13 Presidential Proclamation 6740 (To Establish

Tariff Rate Quotas on Certain Wheat), effective Sept.

12, 1994.

14 With the completion of the Uruguay Round

Agreement Act in December 1994, section 22

authority was largely replaced with another system of

import protection of tariff rate quotas, although

section 22 authority remains in place for countries

not signatories to the World Trade Organization. See

ch. 5.

15 USTR, “Joint Statement from Ambassador

Michael Kantor and Secretary Daniel Glickman

Regarding U.S.-Canada Grains Issues,” press release

95-65, Sept. 12, 1995.

16 Ibid.

17 Canada-United States Joint Commission on

Grains, Preliminary Report, June 1995; and Canada -

United States Joint Commission on Grains, Final

Report, October 1995. See ch. 5.

18 USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS),

“Canada to terminate rail freight subsidy for Prairie

crops,” Grain: World Markets and Trade, Mar. 1995,

pp. 8-9.

19 In 1994/95, the subsidy paid C$14.20

(US$10.34) per ton of wheat to ship from Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan to Vancouver. The farmer (the

shipper) paid C$13.37 (US$9.74) out of a total rail

cost per ton of C$27.57 (US$20.08).

20 USDA, FAS, Grain and Feed Annual Report:

Canada, Apr. 5, 1996, pp. 30-33; and USDA, FAS,

Mar. 1995.

21 The Agricultural Minister announced in March

1996 that the fund was allocated as C$140 million

(US$ 102 million) for infrastructure, such as roads;

C$105 million (US$76 million) for producers affected

by CWB change in the eastern pool point to the

lower Saint Lawrence from Thunder Bay; and C$45

million (US$33 million) for alfalfa dehydrators.

USDA, FAS, Grain and Feed Annual Report:

Canada, Apr. 5, 1996, p. 30.

22 USDA, FAS, FAS Annual Grain and Feed

Report: Canada, Mar. 1995, p. 12.

23 Ibid., pp. 11-12; and USDA, FAS, Apr. 5,

1996, pp. 30-31.

24 The Canadian Government owns or leases

15,200 grain hopper cars, the CWB 2,000 cars, and

the Alberta Provincial and Saskatchewan

Governments 1,000 cars each. Canada-United

States Joint Commission on Grains, Final Report,

Oct.1995, p. 35. The Canadian Government’s

ownership of the leading Canadian National Railroad

is also being examined as part of the privatization

and deregulation of the grain-marketing system.

25 USDA, FAS, Apr. 5, 1996, p. 44.

26 Canadian “culturally sensitive sectors” include:

broadcasting, book publishing and distribution, film

and video, audio music recordings, and music in print

or machine readable form.

27 USTR, “USTR Kantor Announces 301

Investigation of Certain Discriminatory Canadian

Communications Practices,” press release 95-11,

Feb. 6, 1995.

28 Ibid.

29 USTR, “Ambassador Kantor Announces

Commercial Settlement in the U.S.-Canada Country

Music Television Dispute,” press release 95-43, June

22, 1995.

30 USTR, “USTR Announces Determinations in

Country Music Television Section 301 Investigation of

Canadian Broadcasting Policies,” press release

96-13, Feb. 6, 1996. While the announcement

confirmed the finding of discriminatory Canadian

action, no retaliatory steps were set forth, pending

the completion of ongoing negotiations between CMT

and a Canadian network. On Mar. 7, 1996, USTR
66

Kantor announced the completion and signing of a

successful merger agreement by which CMT access

to the Canadian market would be restored. The

USTR announcement said that Canada’s future

actions in the sphere of broadcasting services will be

closely monitored. See USTR, 1996 National Trade

Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, p. 36.

31 USTR, “Statement of the U.S. Trade

Representative,” press release 95-93, Dec. 15, 1995.

32 USTR, “USTR Kantor Announces Challenge of

Discriminatory Canadian Magazine Practices; Cites

Clinton Administration Determination to Defend U.S.

Industries,” press release 96-22, Mar. 11, 1996.

33 Foreign investors in Canadian “cultural”

sectors such as, broadcasting, publishing, and book

retailing, need federal approval before they can

acquire or invest.

34 NewsEDGE/LAN, “Canada Wins New Battle in

Culture War with U.S.,” Knight-Ridder, Feb. 13, 1996.

35 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.781,

“Canadian Policy, Economic and Financial

Developments, February 9 - 15, 1996,” prepared by

U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, Feb. 15, 1996.

36 For more background on the EU banana

import regime, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP,

1994, USITC publication 2894, pp. 75-76.

37 For more details about the panel report, see

GATT, “Panel Report on EC Banana Import Regime

Presented,” Focus, No. 108, June 1994, p. 5.

38 For more details, see European Commission,

Framework Agreement on Bananas.

39 USTR, “Fact Sheet: Kantor Makes Preliminary

Decision that EU Banana Regime Harms U.S.

Interests; Initiates Section 301 Investigation of

Colombian and Costa Rican Banana Export

Practices,” Jan. 9, 1995, pp. 4-6.

40 USTR, “USTR Kantor Makes Preliminary

Decision that EU Banana Regime Harms U.S.

Interests; Initiates Section 301 Investigation of

Colombian and Costa Rican Banana Export Policies,”

press release 95-04, Jan. 9, 1995.

41 Ibid. Proceedings were not initiated against

Venezuela and Nicaragua, although the USTR

threatened to do so if the two countries implemented

the agreement.

42 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 00333,

“Section 301 Action Against EU Banana Import

Regime: Public Reaction by EU Commission,”

prepared by U.S. mission to the EU, Brussels, Jan.

10, 1995.

43 Commissioner Brittan, letter to USTR Kantor,

Jan. 10, 1995, reprinted in Inside U.S. Trade, Jan.

13, 1995.

44 The Lome Convention is a trade and aid pact

between the EU and the 70 ACP countries. The

banana protocol, part of the Lome Convention,

provides special trade preferences to ACP banana

producers.

45 For complete details of the proposals, see

COM (95) 114 and 115, OJ No. C 136, June 3,

1995, pp. 18- 22.

46 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

002124, “U.S. 301 Case on Banana Exports: Letter

to the President From Dominica,” prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Bridgetown, May 18, 1995.

47 “U.S. Proposal On Bananas Seen Harmful To

Caribbean,” Journal of Commerce, June 2, 1995, p.

3, and U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

002297, “Diplomatic Note/Letter From St. Vincent PM

Re Section 301,” prepared by U.S. Embassy,

Bridgetown, June 1, 1995.

48 “U.S. Action Against EU Banana Regime

Would Ruin ACP States,” European Report, No. 2047

(June 7, 1995), External Relations, p. 2.

49 U.S. Department of State telegrams, No.

334123, “Banana Working Group With Caribbean

Countries,” prepared by Department of State,

Washington D.C., Dec. 16, 1994; No. 003836,

“Putting the Best Public Spin on Our WTO Challenge

of the EU’s Banana Regime,” prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Bridgetown, Sep. 22,1995; and No. 230964

“Press Guidance — USG Requests WTO

Consultations On EU Banana Regime,” prepared by

Department of State, Washington D.C., Sep. 28,

1995.

50 European Report, “Commission Dithers on

Banana Tactics With U.S.,” No. 2058 (July 15, 1995),

External Relations, pp. 6-7.

51 European Report, “New Challenge To EU

Regime Rising From German Courts?,” No. 2012

(Feb. 1, 1995), Internal Market, p. 4.

52 European Report, “Pressure on EU Banana

Regime Mounting on All Sides,” No. 2057 (July 12,

1995), External Relations, pp. 2-3. On January 9,

1996, Germany’s high finance court upheld this ruling

questioning the consistency of the EU’s banana

regulation with Germany’s international obligations

under the GATT/WTO treaty and German

constitutional law. The ECJ has not yet ruled on the

case. U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

00883, “Bananas: High Finance Court Declares EU’s

Banana Regulation Likely Inconsistent With

Germany’s Constitution and GATT/WTO

Obligations,”prepared by American Embassy, Bonn,

Jan. 22, 1996.

53 European Report, “Dispute on Bananas Splits

Commission Services,” No. 2056 (July 8, 1995),

External Relations, pp. 1-3.

54 USTR, “United States Will Challenge European

Union Banana Import Regime in the World Trade

Organization,” press release 95-71, Sept. 27, 1995.

55 Ecuador will join as well as soon as its

application to the WTO is approved. On February 5,

1996, the United States requested formal

consultations with the EU under article XXIII of the

GATT and extended the timetable for requesting an

official dispute settlement panel if the bilateral

discussions with the EU fail to result in a satisfactory

compromise. U.S. and EU officials have met

numerous times but negotiations appear stalled, due

in part to the continued standoff between EU

countries.

56 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

002162, “EU Enlargement Interim Agreement Press

Announcement,” prepared by U.S. Department of

State, Washington D.C., Jan. 5, 1995. For more
67

background, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP,

1994, USITC publication 2894, pp. 76-77.

57 For a description of the tariffs and quotas in

effect from Jan. 1-June 30,1995, see Council

Regulation No. 3361/94 on Opening Tariff Quotas

With Respect to Austria, Finland and Sweden, OJ

no. L 356 (Dec. 31, 1994), pp. 5-12.

58 USTR, “USTR Kantor Announces Interim

Agreement on EU Enlargement,” press release

95-03, Jan. 4, 1995.

59 “Mandate Approved for Enlargement

Compensation Negotiations,” European Report, No.

2014 (Feb. 8, 1995), External Relations, p. 6.

60 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 01471,

“EU General Affairs Council Meets Feb. 6 to Discuss

Lome Convention, Turkey, Chechnya and Bosnia;

Mandate for XXIV.6 Negotiations To Be Adopted,”

prepared by U.S. Mission to the EU, Brussels, Feb.

6, 1995.

61 “U.S. Request for Compensation From EU,”

Mar. 27, 1995, reprinted in Inside U.S. Trade, Apr. 7,

1995, pp. 2-11.

62 Roderick E. Abbott, letter to Assistant USTR

Chris Marcich, Apr. 12, 1995, reprinted in Inside U.S.

Trade, Apr. 14, 1995, p. 5.

63 Bureau of National Affairs, “U.S., EU to

Extend Compensation Pact Until End of This Year,

Officials Say,” International Trade Reporter, May 31,

1995, p. 994.

64 WTO, “Enlargement of the EC,” Focus, No. 3,

May/June, 1995, p. 5.

65 USTR, “United States Takes Steps to Preserve

WTO Rights in European Union Enlargement Case,”

press release 95-79, Oct. 24, 1995.

66 60 F.R. 55076.

67 For a complete list of the proposed retaliation

list, see USTR, press release 95-79, Oct. 24, 1995.

68 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

011742, “EU Foreign Ministers Meeting on Nov. 20:

EU- U.S., Nigeria and Mediterranean in

Focus,”prepared by U.S. Mission to the EU, Brussels,

Nov. 20, 1995.

69 “Kantor Supports EU Demands on

Semiconductors in Enlargement Deal,” Inside U.S.

Trade, Nov. 24, 1995, p. 1.

70 This demand was dropped by the EU during

the negotiations and was not included in the final

package.

71 USTR, “Kantor and Glickman Announced U.S.

Seeking Consultations with EU Concerning EU’s

Import Valuation System for Grains,” press release

95-52, July 19, 1995.

72 Bureau of National Affairs, “Agreement on

Compensation Continues to Elude U.S.-EU

Negotiators, Aide Says,” International Trade Reporter,

Nov. 15, 1995, pp. 1885-1886.

73 USTR, “USTR Mickey Kantor Announces

Agreements with the European Union on EU

Enlargement Compensation and EU Grain Import

Policies,” press release 95-88, Nov. 30, 1995.

74 USTR, “USTR Mickey Kantor Welcomes

European Council Approval of Agreements with the

European Union on EU Enlargement Compensation

and EU Grain Import Policies,” press release 95-89,

Dec. 4, 1995.

75 “EU Ministers Reach Political Deal On

Enlargement Compensation,” European Report, No.

2090 (Dec. 6, 1995), External Affairs, pp. 7-8.

76 “Enlargement Compensation for Smaller

Partners,” European Report, No. 2097 (Jan. 10,

1996), External Relations, p. 5.

77 USTR, press release 95-88, Nov. 30, 1995.

78 Council Regulation No. 3093/95 on Laying

Down the Rates of Duty to be Applied by the

Community Resulting From Negotiations Under GATT

Article XXIV.6 Consequent Upon the Accession of

Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union,

OJ No. L 334 (Dec. 30, 1995), pp. 1-24.

79 USTR, press release 95-89, Dec. 4, 1995.

80 Ibid.

81 Marilyn Moore, Advisor to the Assistant U.S.

Trade Representative for Agricultural Affairs,

electronic mail message to USITC staff, Mar. 11,

1996.

82 USTR, press release 95-89, Dec. 4, 1995.

83 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate Report

on Foreign Trade Barriers, Mar. 1996, p. 199.

84 For background information on the Framework

Agreement, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP,

1993, USITC publication No. 2766, p. 92.

85 USTR, “Statement by Ambassador Michael

Kantor,” press release 95-34, May 5, 1995.

86 In the pre-filing notification to the WTO, USTR

Kantor noted that “Through its actions and inactions

with respect to the automotive sector, Japan has

failed to carry out its obligations under the WTO, has

nullified and impaired the benefits accruing to the

United States under the WTO, and has fostered a

situation in the automotive sector that nullifies and

impairs such benefits, and impedes the attainment of

important objectives of the GATT and the WTO.”

Letter from Ambassador Michael Kantor to WTO

Director-General Renato Ruggiero, May 9, 1995.

87 Ibid.

88 USTR, “Statement by Ambassador Michael

Kantor,” press release 95-35, May 10, 1995.

89 Susan MacKnight, “Washington, Tokyo Playing

Hardball on Automotive Trade Dispute,” Japan

Economic Institute Report, No. 19B, May 19, 1995,

pp. 7-8.

90 96 F.R. 28746.

91 Japan requested consultations pursuant to

Article 4 of the WTO Dispute Settlement

Understanding and GATT Article XXII:1. The

consultations were held during June 12-13 and June

22-23. While these consultations were not

successful, on June 28 following the conclusion of

the bilateral negotiations, the United States and

Japan agreed that they would not pursue dispute

settlement procedures any further.

92 The aftermarket for auto parts is controlled by

Japanese auto producers and suppliers. A complex
68

system of regulations results in the majority of auto

repair work (usually conducted in conjunction with

periodic inspections) being directed to “designated

garages,” which use only original equipment parts

sold by Japanese manufacturers. USTR, “Statement

of Ambassador Michael Kantor,” press release,

95-34, May 5, 1995.

93 USIA, “Joint Announcement by Ryutaro

Hashimoto, Minister of International Trade and

Industry of Japan and Michael Kantor, United States

Trade Representative Regarding Auto and Auto

Parts,” press release, June 28, 1995 and USTR,

“U.S.-Japan Auto and Auto Parts Agreement,” fact

sheet, May 28, 1995, p. 2.

94 The objective criteria for vehicles include:

changes in the number and value of new foreign

motor vehicles sold in Japan; changes in the number

of direct franchise agreements concluded between

foreign vehicle manufacturers and Japanese dealers;

Japanese vehicle manufacturers’ efforts to promote

open and competitive distribution systems for

vehicles; foreign vehicle manufacturers’ efforts to

offer competitive products in Japan; and private

sector actions to ensure compliance with the

Antimonopoly Act. The objective criteria used to

measure progress in the parts replacement market

are: changes in the value and share of foreign parts

purchased in Japan for aftermarket use; change in

the number of specialized certified garages and

designated garages; status of deregulation of the

auto parts aftermarket; and Japan’s responsiveness

to complaints regarding the clarification or

deregulation of repair or modification inspections.

For original equipment, the criteria used to measure

progress include: changes in the value of foreign

auto parts exported to Japan; efforts by Japanese

manufacturers to broaden suppliers’ sales

opportunities; procurement of parts by vehicle

manufacturers without discrimination based on their

capital affiliation; and efforts of foreign auto parts

suppliers to offer competitive products under

competitive terms and conditions. USTR, “USTR and

Department of Commerce Announce Unprecedented

Monitoring Mechanism for U.S.-Japan Automotive

Agreement,” press release 95-63, Sept. 6, 1995.

95 Critical parts are those that cannot be

replaced without inspection by an MOT official unless

repairs are conducted at a certified garage. USTR,

“Statement by Ambassador Michael Kantor,” press

release 95-85, Nov. 22, 1995.

96 USTR, “Six Month Anniversary of Japan Auto

and Auto Parts Agreement,” press release 95-94,

Dec. 28, 1995.

97 In 1994, the threshold for simplified

applications for mergers and acquisitions was raised

to 10 billion yen in assets for each company involved

in the transaction. These procedures also apply

when one partner’s assets are less than 1 billion yen

and in cases when a parent firm absorbs a

fully-owned subsidiary. EIU, “Acquisition of an

Existing Firm: Japan,” Investing Licensing and

Trading Conditions Abroad, Aug. 1, 1994.

98 The Japan Investment Council (JIC) was

established in July 1994 in the Prime Minister’s

Office to promote foreign investment in Japan.

99 Bilateral agreement, “Policies and Measures

by the Government of Japan and the Government of

the United States Regarding Inward Direct

Investment and Buyer-Supplier Relationships,” July

20, 1995.

100 Ibid.

101 Administrative guidance, which has been

criticized by the United States for contributing to

nontransparency and giving government officials

broad discretion in implementing Japanese laws and

regulations, was the subject of bilateral negotiations

during the Framework negotiations during 1993 to

1995. See for example, USTR, 1994 National Trade

Estimate on Foreign Trade Barriers, Mar. 1995, p.

145.

102 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate Report

on Foreign Trade Barriers, Mar. 1996, pp. 190-192.

103 Bilateral agreement, “Measures by the

Government of Japan and the Government of the

United States Regarding Financial Services,” Feb. 13,

1995, p. 1.

104 Ibid, pp. 1-44 and appendix. Euro-yen issues

are yen deposits held in banks outside of Japan,

especially in Europe.

105 Jon Choy, “Washington Touts Financial Pact

With Tokyo,” Japan Economic Institute Report, Jan.

20, 1995, pp. 4-6; and U.S. Department of State

telegram, No. 001206, “Follow-up Talks on the

U.S.-Japan Financial Services Agreement,” prepared

by U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, Feb. 8, 1996.

106 For views expressed by individual

Commissioners and the information obtained in this

investigation, see USITC, Fresh Winter Tomatoes,

Inv. No. TA-201-64, USITC Publication 2881, Apr.

1995, pp. 1-3.

107 NAFTA Implementation Act, P. L. 103-182.

108 Harmonized Tariff Schedules of the United

States.

109 Embassy of Mexico, Washington, DC, press

release, untitled, Jan. 18, 1 P996.

110 Ibid.

111 By 2004, limits on foreign investment in motor

carrier companies by NAFTA countries are also to be

eliminated.

112 Remarks on NAFTA Border Opening, by

Federico Pena, U.S. Secretary of Transportation, on

Dec. 18, 1995, Washington, D.C.

113 The Land Transportation Standards

Subcommittee (LTSS) was established by annex

913.5a-1 of the NAFTA to address standards for

drivers and vehicles and safety compliance. LTSS

consists of officials of each NAFTA country.

114 U.S. Department of Transportation, press

release, untitled, Dec. 18, 1995.

115 Embassy of Mexico, Washington D.C., press

release, untitled, Jan. 19, 1996.

116 The most affected U.S. company is the

Cooper Tire and Rubber Co. of Ohio.

117 On December 26, 1995, the Mexican

Government published in the Diario Oficial interim

requirements for labelling products imported into
69

Mexico for commercial resale. These regulations

became effective Jan. 1, 1996, and remain in effect

until publication of the final labelling regulations

sometime during this year.

118 USTR, “U.S. and Mexico Agree to

Mechanism for Streamlining Approval of Tires,” press

release, Mar. 18, 1996.

119 Julia Preston, “Nafta Falters as Delays in

Mexico Cancel Some UPS Services,” New York

Times News Service, citing UPS spokesman Mr. Ken

Sternad.

120 In an April 26, 1995 press statement, UPS

expressed support for the action of the U.S.

Government, claiming that Mexico failed to meet its

NAFTA obligation to grant U.S. express delivery

companies the right to operate the same sized

vehicles as their Mexican competitors.

121 Mexico reportedly seeks to define a “parcel”

based not only on its size but also on the number of

units destined to the same address.

122 For information on the commitments China

made in the 1992 bilateral IPR agreement and the

steps it took to meet them, see USITC, The Year in

Trade: OTAP, 1992, USITC publication 2640, pp.

67-68, USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1993,

USITC publication 2769, pp. 104-5, and USITC, The

Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC publication 2894,

pp. 96-97.

123 USTR, “USTR Announces Special 301

Decision,” press release 94-38, June 30, 1994. The

Special 301 provisions were added to the section

301 authority of the 1974 Trade Act by the Omnibus

Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.

124 60 F.R. 1829-30.

125 USTR, “USTR Kantor Will Take Retaliatory

Trade Action Against China if Intellectual Property

Concerns Not Addressed,” press release 94-73,

Dec. 31, 1994.

126 USTR, “USTR Mickey Kantor Orders 100

Percent Tariffs on More Than $1 billion of Chinese

Imports Cites China’s Failure to Protect U.S.

Intellectual Property,” press release 95-08, Feb. 4,

1995, and 60 F.R. 7230-31.

127 USTR, “United States and China Reach

Accord on Protection of Intellectual Property Rights,

Market Access,” press release 95-12, Feb. 26, 1995,

and 60 F.R. 12582-83.

128 “Trade in a New Era: Opportunities and

Obstacles,” Statement of Ambassador Charlene

Barshefsky, Nov. 13, 1995, Hong Kong, found at web

site http://www.ustr.gov/speeches/barshefsky_1.html,

Mar. 21, 1996.

129 Michael Kantor, testimony before the Senate

Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on East

Asian and Pacific Affairs and the House International

Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Asia and the

Pacific and International Economic Policy and Trade,

Mar. 7, 1996, found at web site

http://www.ustr.gov/testimony/kantor_3.html, Mar. 21,

1996.

 On April 30, 1996, China was again designated

a “priority foreign country” under Special 301

provisions because of continued insufficient

implementation of the 1995 IPR agreement. On May

15, 1996, Acting USTR Charlene Barshefsky

announced a preliminary retaliation list of $3 billion

worth of U.S. imports from China and that if China

failed to take action to satisfy U.S. concerns,

prohibitive tariffs would be imposed on June 17, 1996

on approximately $2 billion worth of products drawn

from the list. China threatened to retaliate if the

United States actually imposed sanctions. China

engaged in a highly publicized campaign against IPR

violators. The United States sent a high-level

delegation to verify Chinese actions and carry on

further consultations, culminating in a last-minute trip

to Beijing by Ambassador Barshefsky. On June 17,

1996, Ambassador Barshefsky announced that China

had reached a critical mass of enforcement actions,

and, as a result, sanctions would not be imposed.

Actions taken by the Chinese included closing a

large number of CD factories, reinstatement of the

“Special Enforcement Period” provided for in the

1995 IPR agreement, enhanced border enforcement

aimed at reducing the export of pirate CDs and LDs,

and the establishment of a monitoring and verification

system for legitimately produced CDs.

130 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate, p. 60;

U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 05047,

“Draft 1996 National Trade Estimate Report: People’s

Republic of China,” prepared by U.S. Embassy,

Beijing, Feb. 9, 1996. See also, USTR, “U.S. and

China Conclude New Commercial Space Launch

Agreement,” press release 95-07, Jan. 30, 1995.

131 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate, p. 60.

132 For more detail on the imposition of

sanctions, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP,

1993, USITC publication 2769, pp. 103-104.

133 For more detail on the lifting of sanctions,

see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC

publication 2894, p. 99.

134 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate, p. 60,

and USTR, 1996 Trade Policy Agenda and 1995

Annual Report of the President of the United States

on the Trade Agreements Program, p. 90.

135 For a description of the provisions of the

market access agreement, see USITC, The Year in

Trade: OTAP, 1992, USITC publication 2640, pp.

68-69.

136 Kuo Wangdian, “China Calls Off 367 Tax

Items in Import Control,” China Economic News, vol.

XVI, No. 28, July 24, 1995, p. 2.

137 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

058215, “China Goes Public on Break Off of IPR

Talks,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Beijing, Dec.

1994; U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

056994, “China’s GATT/WTO Accession: Press

Coverage Picks Up,” prepared by U.S. Embassy,

Beijing, Dec. 1994; China, Ministry of Foreign Trade

and Economic Cooperation, “The Economic and

Trade Relations Between China and the U.S. in

1994,” Almanac of China’s Foreign Economic

Relations and Trade: 1995, pp. 477-478; and USITC,

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994, USITC publication

2894, p. 99.

138 “Explanatory Note on Individual Actions

Announced at the Osaka Meeting by the People’s

Republic of China,” n.d.
70

139 For background on Taiwan’s WTO application,

see, USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 46th Report,

1994, USITC publication 2894, July 1995, p. 100.

140 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 3787,

“Taiwan Reduces Tariffs on 758 Imports,” prepared

by the American Institute in Taiwan, Taipei, June 26,

1995.

141 USTR, 1995 National Trade Estimate Report

of Foreign Trade Barriers.

142 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

9396, “Taiwan WTO Accession: Dec. 14 Informal,”

prepared by U.S. Mission to the United Nations,

Geneva, Dec. 18, 1995.

143 The bill did, however, reduce tariffs on two

synthetic fabrics (HS 5407.7121 and 5407.7210).

144 USTR, 1996 National Trade Estimate Report

of Foreign Trade Barriers.

145 Written submission of International

Business-Government Counsellors, Inc., on behalf of

the Wine Institute, Apr. 10, 1996.

146 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

1318, “Taiwan Promulgates Tariff Exemption on 30

categories of Aircraft Maintenance

Equipment,”prepared by the American Institute in

Taiwan, Taipei, Mar. 20, 1996.

147 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

1271, “Title VII Input for Taiwan,” prepared by the

American Institute in Taiwan, Taipei, Mar. 18, 1996.

148 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 574,

“Liberalization of Public Procurement in Taiwan —

Government Procurement Bulletin,”prepared by

American Institute in Taiwan, Taipei, Feb. 5, 1996.

149 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 9396,

“Taiwan WTO Accession: Dec. 14 Informal,” prepared

by U.S. Mission to the United Nations, Geneva, Dec.

18, 1995.

150 U.S. Department of Commerce telegram, No.

625, “Exchange of Letters on Transitional

Measures,”prepared by the U.S. Department of

Commerce, Washington, DC, Feb. 8, 1996 and U.S.

Department of State telegram, No. 169484,

“Government Procurement: WTO Committee on G.P.;

Bilaterals with Taiwan, Norway, Switzerland,”

prepared by the U.S. Department of State,

Washington, DC, July 14, 1995. The final provision,

pertaining to liability for damages due to breach of

contract, will remain in effect after Taiwan accedes to

the GPA.

151 For background on the sanctions, see USITC,

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 46th report, 1994, USITC

publication 2894, July 1995, pp. 101-102.

152 U.S. Department of State telegram, No.

158753, “President Lifts Pelly Sanctions Against

Taiwan,” prepared by the Department of State,

Washington, DC, July 1, 1995 and U.S. Department

of State telegram, No. 4032, “Taiwan Welcomes

Lifting of Pelly Sanctions,” prepared by the American

Institute in Taiwan, Taipei, July 7, 1995.

153 U.S. Department of State telegram, No. 1244,

“Taiwan: Executive Yuan Approves 50-year Copyright

Retroactivity,” prepared by the American Institute in

Taiwan, Taipei, Mar. 15, 1996.

154 USTR, “USTR Announces Two Decisions:

Title VII and Special 301,” Apr. 30, 1996.

155 USTR, “Annual Review of

Telecommunications Trade Agreements under Section

1377 of the 1988 Trade Act Completed,” press

release 95-27, Apr. 19, 1995. See also, USTR,

National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade

Barriers, 1996.

156 Quoted in “Section 301 Petition Alleges Unfair

Korean Steel Practices,” Bureau of National Affairs,

International Trade Reporter, June 7, 1995, p. 978.

157 USTR, “USTR Kantor Announces Agreement

on Korean Steel,” press release 95-51, July 14,

1995.

158 USTR, “Statement by Ambassador Kantor,”

press release 95-53 and attachment, Joint Letter to

WTO Dispute Settlement Body, USTR Michael Kantor

and Ambassador Park Kun Woo, July 20, 1995.

159 For background on the dispute, see USITC,

The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1993, USITC publication

2769, p. 111, and 1994, USITC publication 2894, pp.

105-6. In June 1993, the United States and Korea

reached an agreement designed to widen access for

foreign beef in the Korean market. Under the terms

of the pact, minimum beef import quotas would rise

from the 1992 level of 66,000 metric tons to 113,000

metric tons in 1995. The 1993 agreement grew out

of a 1988 dispute initiated with the American Meat

Institute filed a section 301 petition with USTR

alleging that Korea’s licensing system for imported

beef violated GATT article XI (prohibition on

quantitative restrictions).

160 USTR, “Fact Sheet: Initiation of Korea Beef

and Pork 301,” Nov. 28, 1994.

161 59 F.R. 61006.

162 International Trade Reporter, “USTR initiated

Trade investigation of South Korean Meat Import

Barriers,” Nov. 30, 1994, pp. 1837-38.

163 UHT milk is milk that has been sterilized at

ultra-high temperature (over 135° C) prior to

packaging in pre-sterilized containers in a sterile

atmosphere. The shelf-life of UHT millk is over 6

months without refrigeration. See “UHT Processing,”

Diary Science and Technology, University of Guelph,

Canada, 1996.

164 USTR, “USTR Monitors Korean Shelf-life

Agreement,” press release 96-08, Jan. 22, 1996.

165 For a discussion of the 1988 agreement, see

USITC, OTAP, 40th Report, 1988, USITC Publication

no. 2208, July 1989, p. 129.

166 USTR, “U.S.-Korea Reach Agreement on

Cigarettes,” press release 95-62, Aug. 25, 1995.

167 For background on the automobile trade

issue, see USITC, The Year in Trade: OTAP, 1994,

46th Report, USITC Publication 2894, pp. 106-107.

168 USTR, “USTR Kantor Announces Agreement

with Korea on Autos,” press release 95-73, Sept. 28,

1995.
71

CHAPTER 5

Administration of U.S. Trade

Laws and Regulations

This chapter surveys activities related to the

administration of U.S. trade laws during 1995. It

covers (1) the import-relief laws, (2) the unfair trade

laws, and (3) certain other trade provisions, including

the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA),

the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), section 232

of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (impairment of

national security), the Agricultural Adjustment Act

(interference with programs of the U.S. Department of

Agriculture), and programs affecting textile and

apparel imports.

Import Relief Laws

The United States has enacted several safeguard

laws as well as a trade adjustment assistance program.

The U.S. global action safeguard law, which is based

on article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Uruguay Round

Agreement on Safeguards, is set forth in sections

201-204 of the Trade Act of 1974.1 U.S. bilateral

action safeguard laws are set forth in section 406 of the

Trade Act of 1974 (market disruption from imports

from Communist countries)2 and sections 301-304 of

the North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Implementation Act.3 The trade adjustment assistance

provisions are set forth in sections 221 et seq. of the

Trade Act of 1974.

Safeguard Actions

There were no remedy actions under any of the

U.S. safeguard laws in effect and no investigations in

progress at yearend 1995. However, the Commission

conducted one investigation under the U.S. global

action safeguard law during 1995 with respect to

imports of fresh or chilled tomatoes (except cherry

tomatoes) entering during the period January 1-April

30. The Commission instituted the investigation after

receiving a petition from the Florida Tomato Exchange

in Orlando, Florida. The petitioner sought provisional

relief through April 30, 1995, and relief in subsequent

seasons.4 The Commission made a negative

provisional relief determination.5 The petitioner

subsequently withdrew its petition, and the

Commission terminated the investigation without

making a final determination or recommendation.

Adjustment Assistance

The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program,

set forth in sections 221 et seq. of the Trade Act of

1974, authorizes the Secretaries of Commerce and

Labor to provide trade adjustment assistance to firms

and workers, respectively, that are adversely affected

by increased imports. Initially authorized under the

Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the current program is

scheduled to expire on September 30, 1998.6 In 1993,

a new subchapter was added to the TAA provisions in

the Trade Act to provide transitional assistance to

workers separated or threatened to be separated from

their employment as a result of increased imports from

Canada or Mexico under the NAFTA.7

The TAA system of readjustment allowances to

individual workers is administered by the U.S.

Department of Labor through its Employment and

Training Administration (ETA) in the form of

monetary benefits for direct trade readjustment

allowances and service benefits that include allocations

for job search, relocation, and training. Industrywide

technical consultation provided through Commercesponsored programs is designed to restore the

economic viability of U.S. industries adversely affected by international import competition.8

Assistance to Workers

The Department of Labor instituted 1,488

investigations during fiscal year (FY) 1995 (October 1,

1994, through September 30, 1995) on the basis of

petitions filed for trade adjustment assistance. This

figure represents an increase from the 1,395 petitions

instituted in FY 1994. The results of investigations
72

completed or terminated in FY 1995, including those in

process from the previous fiscal year, are shown in the

following tabulation:9

Number of Estimated 

investigations number of

Item or petitions workers

Completed 

certifications 1,182 86,436 . . . Partial 

certifications 2 275 . . . 

Petitions denied 388 44,724 . . Petitions 

terminated or 

withdrawn 63 4,475 . . . . . 

Total 1,635 135,910 . . . . . . . . 

The number of completed and partial certifications

in FY 1995 increased to 1,184, up from 610 in FY

1994. Figures for FY 1995 indicate that Labor

expenditures for direct Trade Readjustment

Allowances (TRA) to certified workers increased to

$153.3 million, a 28-percent increase from the $120.1

million expenditures in FY 1994.

In addition, Labor provided training, job search,

and relocation services valued at a $97.8 million in FY

1995, representing a 1-percent decrease from the $98.9

million allocated during FY 1994. Data for FY 1995

indicated that 29,914 workers used available service

benefits, representing an increase of 2 percent from the

number of workers receiving such services in the

previous fiscal year, as shown in the following

tabulation:10

Estimated number

Item of participants

Training 27,600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job search 848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relocation allowances 1,466 . . . . . . . 

 Total 29,914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

NAFTA-Related Assistance to

Workers

The NAFTA Implementation Act11 provides for

establishment of a Transitional Adjustment Assistance

program. The program, which began operation

January 1, 1994, provides job search, training, and

relocation assistance to workers in companies affected

by imports from Canada or Mexico or by shifts of U.S.

production to those countries. Preliminary data for FY

1995 (January 1-September 30, 1995) from the

Department of Labor indicate that 374 petitions were

filed for assistance under the program. Petition activity

under the program in FY 1995 is summarized in the

following tabulation:

Number of 

investigations

Item or petitions

Petitions filed 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worker groups certified 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . Petitions denied 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petitions terminated 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The number of completed certifications in FY 1995

was 213, covering approximately 31,526 workers. FY

1995 figures indicate that Labor expenditures for direct

TRA to certified workers were $6.5 million.12 The

Department of Labor also provided training, job

search, and relocation services that increased from $7.9

million in FY 1994 to $21.4 million in FY 1995. Data

for FY 1995 indicated that 2,378 workers used

available service benefits, as shown in the following

tabulation:

Estimated 

number Cost

Item of participants (dollars)

Training 2,300 $3,070,926 . . . . . . . . . Job search 64 14,564 . . . . . . 

Relocations 14 19,681 . . . . . . 

 Total 2,378 $3,105,171 . . . . . . . . . . 

Assistance to Firms and Industries

Through its Trade Adjustment Assistance Division

(TAAD), the U.S. Department of Commerce’s

Economic Development Administration (EDA)

certified 137 firms as eligible to apply for trade

adjustment assistance during FY 1995. This figure

represents a 10-percent decrease from the 153 firms

certified in the previous fiscal year. The TAAD

administers its firm assistance programs through a

nationwide network of 12 Trade Adjustment

Assistance Centers (TAACs). Technical services are

provided to certified firms through TAAC staffs and

independent consultants under direct contract with

TAACs. TAAC’s funding for technical services to

firms adversely affected by international import

competition decreased from $13.4 million during FY

1994 to $9.95 million during FY 1995.

In addition to technical assistance for firms, under

another component of the TAAD program, Commerce

funded industry research development projects on

gears by the Gear Research Institute and

defense-related projects by the University of Texas at
73

San Antonio during FY 1994 valued at $350,000.

During FY 1995, Commerce allocated an additional

$50,000 for gear research by the Gear Research

Institute.

Laws Against Unfair

Trade Practices

The U.S. Department of Commerce issued 24 new

antidumping orders during 1995, following completion

of investigations by Commerce and the Commission.

In addition, Commerce issued three new countervailing

duty orders, following completion of investigations by

Commerce and the Commission. There were no

countervailing duty orders issued in 1995, based on an

investigation by Commerce alone.13 During 1995, the

Commission completed 12 investigations under section

337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, involving

allegations of patent, trademark, or copyright

infringement or other unfair methods of competition.

In two of the section 337 investigations, the

Commission issued general exclusion orders

prohibiting the importation of merchandise, and in

another investigation the Commission issued a

temporary limited exclusion order barring the

importation of accused products during the course of

the investigation.

In 1995, USTR initiated five new section 301

investigations. Further developments occurred in five

investigations initiated prior to 1995. Table 5-1

summarizes USTR activities on section 301

investigations during 1995.14

Antidumping Investigations

The present antidumping law is contained in title

VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended.15 The

antidumping law provides relief in the form of special

additional duties that are intended to offset margins of

dumping. Antidumping duties are imposed when (1)

Commerce (the administering authority) has

determined that imports are being, or are likely to be,

sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United States

and (2) the Commission has determined that a U.S.

industry is materially injured or threatened with

material injury or that the establishment of an industry

in the United States is materially retarded by reason of

such imports. Most investigations are conducted on

the basis of a petition filed with Commerce and the

Commission by or on behalf of a U.S. industry.

In general, imports are considered to be sold at

LTFV when the United States price (i.e., the purchase

price or the exporter’s sales price, as adjusted) is less

than the foreign market value, which is usually the

home-market price, or, in certain cases, the price in a

third country, or a “constructed” value, calculated as

set out by statute.16 The antidumping duty is designed

to equal the difference between the U.S. price and the

foreign-market value. The duty specified in an

antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found

by Commerce during its period of investigation. This

rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports if no

request for annual reviews is received by Commerce.

If a request is received, Commerce will calculate the

antidumping duties for that year for each entry.

Commerce and the Commission each conduct

preliminary and final antidumping investigations in

making their separate determinations.17 In 1995, the

Commission completed 14 preliminary and 43 final

antidumping injury investigations.18 Antidumping

orders were imposed as a result of affirmative

Commission and Commerce determinations in 24 of

the 43 final investigations on products imported from

16 different countries. Details of antidumping actions

and orders, including suspension agreements,19 in

effect in 1995, are presented in tables A-24 and A-25.

The tabulation on the next summarizes the number of

antidumping investigations during 1993-95.20

Countervailing Duty

Investigations

The United States countervailing duty law is set

forth in section 303 and title VII of the Tariff Act of

1930. It provides for the levying of special additional

duties to offset foreign subsidies on products imported

into the United States.21 In general, procedures for

such investigations are similar to those under the

antidumping law. Petitions are filed with Commerce

(the administering authority) and with the Commission.

Before a countervailing duty order can be issued,

Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy. In

most cases, the Commission must make an affirmative

determination of material injury, threat of material

injury, or material retardation by reason of the

subsidized imports.

During 1995, investigations were conducted under

section 701 of the Tariff Act if the subject article was

imported from a country that had signed the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Code on

Subsidies and Countervailing Duties22 or had

otherwise been designated a “country under the

agreement.”23 Investigations with respect to imports

from other countries were conducted under section 303
n sec. 301 investigations during 1995

Petitioner/initiator

Docket No. and date1 Status at year-end 1995

ations self-initiated in 1995:

301-101 USTR On Oct. 24, 1995, USTR self-initiated an investigation with respect to 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Oct. 1995 the denial of benefits under a trade agreement by the EU, arising 

from the accession of Austria, Finland, and Sweden. A public hearing was held on Nov. 21, 1995. On Dec. 22, 1995, the European Union Council approved the U.S. - EU Agreement on EU Enlargement and Grains which provides full compensation to the U.S. for tariff increases that occurred when the three countries acceded to the EU.

U 301-100 USTR USTR self-initiated a new investigation concerning the EU’s acts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Sept. 1995 policies, and practices relating to the importation, sale, and

distribution of bananas. (For more details, see 301-94).

er, Japan 301-99 Eastman Kodak Company On May 18, 1995, the Eastman Kodak Company filed a petition alleging . . . . . . 

May 1995 that certain acts, policies, and practices of Japan deny access to the 

market for consumer photographic film and paper. On July 4, 1995, USTR initiated a sec. 301 investigation with respect to barriers to access to the Japanese market for consumer photographic film and paper.

301-97 USTR On Jan. 9, 1995, USTR self-initiated an investigation to determine 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Jan. 1995 whether, as a result of Costa Rica’s implementation Framework 

Agreement, the policies and practices of Costa Rica regarding the exportation of bananas to the EU are unreasonable and discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. On Jan. 10, 1996, USTR determined that the practices under investigation were unreasonable or discriminatory and burdened or restricted U.S. commerce.

301-96 USTR On Jan. 9, 1995, USTR self-initiated an investigation to determine 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Jan. 1995 whether, as a result of Colombia’s implementation of the Framework 

Agreement, the policies and practices of Colombia regarding the exportation of bananas to the EU are unreasonable and discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. On Jan. 10, 1996, USTR determined that the practices under investigation were unreasonable or discriminatory and burdened or restricted U.S. commerce.

ed upon in 1995:

Canada 301-98 Country Music Television On Dec. 23, 1994, Country Music Television, a U.S.-owned cable . . . . . . . 

Dec. 1994 programming service, filed a petition seeking a sec. 301 

investigation of Canada’s revocation of its authorization to be distributedin Canada. USTR decided on Feb. 6, 1995, to accept the petition and requested comment on a proposed determination that Canada’s practices in regards to the granting or termination of cable authorizations for U.S. firms are actionable under sec. 301.

ble.
n sec. 301 investigations during 1995

Petitioner/initiator

Docket No. and date1 Status at year-end 1995

ed upon in 1995—Contiued:

301-95 National Pork Producers On Nov. 18, 1994, the National Pork Producers Council, the 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Nov. 1994 Council American Meat Institute, and the National Cattlemen’s Assoc. 

filed a petition alleging that various policies and practices of the Korean Government deny U.S. meat producers access to the Korean market. On Nov. 22, 1994, USTR initiated a sec. 301 investigation of Korean practices with respect to the importation of U.S. beef and pork. On July 20, 1995, USTR terminated its investigation following an agreement between the U.S. and Korea.

301-93 USTR On Oct. 1, 1994, USTR self-initiated an investigation with respect to 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Oct. 1994 barriers to access to the auto parts replacement market in Japan. 

A public hearing was held on June 8, 1995. Effective June 28, 1995, USTR terminated this investigation.

U 301-94 Chiquita Brands On Sept. 2, 1994, Chiquita Brands International, Inc. and the . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Sept. 1994 International, Inc. Hawaii Banana Industry Association filed a petition 

alleging that various practices of the European Union, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Venezuela concerning trade in bananas are discriminatory, unreasonable, and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. On Oct. 17, 1994, USTR initiated an investigation of the practices of the EU, but decided not to initiate an investigation of the practices of the four Latin American countries at that time. The petition alleged that the EU’s banana policies discriminate against U.S. banana marketing and distribution companies in the allocation of import licenses for the importation of bananas from Latin America. The petition also alleged that a Framework Agreement on bananas between the EU and the Latin American countries named in the petition further discriminates against U.S. firms causing them additional economic harm. On Sept. 27, 1995, USTR terminated this investigation and initiated a second investigation (For more details, see 301-100).

301-92 USTR On June 30, 1994, USTR designated the China as a “priority foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

June 1994 country” under sec. 182 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Special 301) for 

failing to provide adequate and effective intellectual property protectionand market access to persons that rely on intellectual propertyprotection. Also on June 30, 1994, USTR initiated a sec. 301investigation of these practices. On Dec. 29, 1994, the USTRannounced that it was extending the deadline for the investigation toFeb. 4, 1995, and published a proposed retaliation list. Public hearingson the proposed list were scheduled for Jan. 24 and 25, 1995. A Feb. 25, 1995 agreement between the U.S. and China on the protection of intellectual property and related market access issues resulted in the termination of this investigation.

either the month and year an interested party filed a petition, alleging practices inconsistent with sec. 301, or the month and year

estigation without a petition.

 staff of the U.S. International Trade Commission.
76

Antidumping duty investigations 1993 1994 1995

Petitions filed 42 43 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Preliminary Commission determinations:

Negative 5 3 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) 30 46 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

Final Commerce determinations:

Negative 1 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affirmative 76 33 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Suspended 0 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Final Commission determinations:

Negative 32 10 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) 41 17 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Terminated 0 2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 These figures include petitions withdrawn voluntarily by petitioners.

of the Tariff Act. Such imports were subject to an

injury investigation by the Commission only if (1) they

normally enter free of duty and (2) international

obligations of the United States require an injury

investigation.24 For imports not falling under this

category or under section 701, a countervailing duty

order could be issued under section 303 on the basis of

an affirmative subsidy determination by Commerce

alone.25

Three new countervailing duty orders were

imposed in 1995 as a result of investigations involving

both Commerce and the Commission. No new

countervailing duty orders were imposed on products

following investigation by Commerce alone under

section 303 of the Tariff Act. In 1995, the Commission

completed 2 preliminary and 5 final injury investigations.26 Details of countervailing duty actions and

outstanding orders, including suspension agreements27

in effect in 1995, are presented in tables A-26 and A27. The tabulation on the next page summarizes the

number of countervailing duty investigations during

1993-95.28

Reviews of Outstanding

Antidumping and

Countervailing Duty Orders

Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended

(19 U.S.C. 1675), requires Commerce (the

administering authority), if requested, to conduct

annual reviews of outstanding antidumping and

countervailing duty orders to determine the amount of

any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine

compliance with suspension agreements. Section 751

also authorizes Commerce and the Commission, as

appropriate, to review certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving information or a

petition that shows changed circumstances. In these

circumstances, the party seeking revocation or

modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty

order or suspension agreement has the burden of

persuading Commerce and the Commission that

circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant

review and revocation. Based on either of the reviews

above, Commerce may revoke a countervailing duty or

antidumping order in whole or in part or terminate or

resume a suspended investigation. Neither Commerce

nor the Commission instituted a changed

circumstances investigation under section 751 in 1995.

Section 337 Investigations

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended

(19 U.S.C. § 1337), authorizes the Commission, on the

basis of a complaint or on its own initiative, to conduct

investigations with respect to certain practices in

import trade. Section 337 declares unlawful the

importation into the United States, the sale for

importation, or the sale within the United States after

importation of articles that infringe a valid and

enforceable U.S. patent, registered trademark,

registered copyright, or registered mask work, for

which a domestic industry exists or is in the process of

being established.29

If the Commission determines that a violation

exists, it can issue an order excluding the subject

imports from entry into the United States, or can order

the violating parties to cease and desist from engaging

in the unlawful practices.30 The President may

disapprove a Commission order within 60 days of its

issuance for “policy reasons.”
77

Countervailing duty investigations 1993 1994 1995

Petitions filed 5 7 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Preliminary Commission determinations:

 Negative 2 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) 2 6 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Final Commerce determinations:

 Negative 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Affirmative 36 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Suspended 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Final Commission determinations:

 Negative 18 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Affirmative (includes partial affirmatives) 18 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Terminated 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

In 1995, as in previous years, most complaints filed

with the Commission under section 337 alleged

infringement of a U.S. patent by imported

merchandise. The Commission completed a total of 12

investigations under section 337 (including one

advisory opinion proceeding) in 1995, compared with

14 in 1994. As in recent years, the section 337

caseload in 1995 was highlighted by investigations

involving complex technology. Significant among

these were computer-related investigations involving

semiconductor devices, computer hard disk drives, and

electrical connectors for memory modules. In addition,

several section 337 investigations involved other

sophisticated technologies, including pharmaceuticals

(a widely used cardiovascular medication and an

antibiotic for poultry), chemical adhesives for

repositionable notes, rare earth magnet alloys, and

wind turbines for generating electricity. Trademarkbased investigations active during 1995 involved hair

care products and Asian-style fish cakes. During 1995,

the Commission also conducted a self-initiated formal

enforcement proceeding based on allegations of

violations of a cease and desist order issued by the

Commission in an underlying section 337 investigation

involving plastic encapsulated integrated circuits.

Exclusion orders were issued in three

investigations. Several investigations were terminated

by the Commission without determining whether

section 337 had been violated. Generally, these

terminations were based on a settlement agreement or

consent order, although one investigation was

terminated based on dismissal of the complaint with

prejudice as a sanction against the complainant for

misconduct during discovery. At the close of 1995,

there were nine section 337 investigations, including a

formal enforcement proceeding, pending at the

Commission. Commission activities involving section

337 actions in 1995 are presented in table A-28.

As of December 31, 1995, a total of 49 outstanding

exclusion orders based on violations of section 337

were in effect. Thirty of these orders involved

unexpired patents. Table A-29 lists the investigations

in which these exclusion orders were issued.

Other Import

Administration Laws

and Programs

Tariff Preference Programs

Generalized System of Preferences

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

grants duty-free access to the U.S. market for certain

products that are imported from designated developing

countries and territories. The GSP program is

authorized by Title V of the Trade Act of 1974, as

amended (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). The GSP program

expired on July 31, 1995, and the prospects for the

Congressional reauthorization of the program are

uncertain. A bill to renew the program was introduced

in 199531 and approved as part of the Budget

Reconciliation Act that was vetoed by the President.32

By offering unilateral tariff preferences, the GSP

program reflects the U.S. commitment to an open

world trading system. The program has three broad

goals: (1) to promote economic development in

developing and transitioning economies through

increased trade, rather than foreign aid; (2) to reinforce

U.S. trade policy objectives by encouraging

beneficiaries to open their markets, to comply more

fully with international trading rules, and to assume

greater responsibility for the international trading
78

system; and, (3) to help maintain U.S. international

competitiveness by lowering costs for U.S. business, as

well as lowering prices for American consumers.

To qualify for GSP privileges, each beneficiary

country must comply with various eligibility

requirements. These include market access, worker

rights and intellectual property rights. The products

that are eligible for GSP are products that are not

considered “import sensitive.” The GSP statute

excludes certain products from GSP altogether (e.g.,

footwear, textiles and apparel). Each year, the Trade

Policy Staff Committee (TPSC) conducts a review

process in which products can be added to or removed

from the GSP program, or in which a beneficiary’s

compliance with the eligibility requirements can be

reviewed.

In 1995, the TPSC began the annual GSP review,

but it was suspended when the program expired. In

1995, Armenia, Moldova, and the West Bank and Gaza

Strip were designated as GSP beneficiaries. Maldives

was suspended as a GSP beneficiary following a

determination that it had not taken and was not taking

steps to afford international recognized worker rights.

The Bahamas and Israel became ineligible for the GSP

program following determinations that they each had

exceeded the per capita GNP limits in the GSP statute.

Also, some GSP benefits were partially restored for

Thailand following a determination that Thailand had

made some progress in protecting intellectual property

rights. Finally, the administration determined that

Malaysia would be removed from the GSP program,

effective January 1, 1997. The administration

determined that Malaysia no longer needed GSP tariff

preferences to compete in the U.S. market because it

was sufficiently developed and internationally

competitive.

In 1995, there were $18.3 billion in duty-free

imports under the GSP program,33 accounting for 16

percent of total U.S. imports from GSP beneficiary

countries and 2 percent of total U.S. imports (see table

5-2). Leading GSP beneficiaries include Malaysia,

Thailand, Brazil, Indonesia, the Philippines, India,

Russia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Turkey (see table

5-3). Table A-30 shows the top 20 GSP products or

product categories in 1995, and table A-31 shows the

overall sectoral distribution of GSP benefits.

Caribbean Basin Economic

Recovery Act

Eligible imports from 24 Caribbean Basin

countries entered the United States duty-free or at

reduced duties under the Caribbean Basin Economic

Recovery Act (CBERA) during 1995.34 CBERA has

been operative since January 1, 1984, and, as amended,

the act currently has no statutory expiration date.35

CBERA is the trade-related component of the

Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI).36 President Reagan

launched CBI in 1982 to promote export-led economic

growth and economic diversification in the countries in

the Caribbean Basin.37

A wide range of Caribbean products are eligible for

duty-free entry under CBERA.38 Excluded from

duty-free entry, however, are canned tuna, petroleum

and petroleum derivatives, certain footwear, some

watches and watch parts, sugar from any “Communist”

country, and most textiles and apparel. Certain

agricultural products (including sugar, dairy products,

cotton, peanuts, and beef) may receive duty-free entry,

subject to U.S. quotas and/or health requirements.

Other restrictions apply to ethyl alcohol produced from

non-Caribbean feedstock. Handbags, luggage, flat

goods (such as wallets, change purses, and eyeglass

cases), work gloves, and leather wearing apparel are

not eligible for CBERA duty-free entry; however,

duties on these articles are being reduced by a total of

20 percent beginning January 1, 1992, in five equal

annual installments.

Total U.S. imports from CBERA countries in 1995

were $12.6 billion, or 1.7 percent of all U.S. imports.

Imports under CBERA provisions accounted for 18.0

percent of all imports from CBERA countries,

approximately the same as in 1994 (table 5-4). The

leading items afforded duty-free entry under CBERA

in 1995 were leather footwear uppers, precious-metal

jewelry; raw sugar; medical instruments and

appliances; and frozen, chilled and fresh boneless beef

(table A-32). In 1995, 5 CBERA countries—the

Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Trinidad and Tobago—accounted for over

four-fifths of all U.S. imports under CBERA

provisions (table A-33).

Certain Caribbean textile and apparel products are

eligible for preferential tariff treatment under the

special Guaranteed Access Levels (GAL) program.

While separate from the statutes governing CBERA,

the GAL program is open only to countries that receive

CBERA benefits. The GAL program was established

in 1986 to improve access for Caribbean products

within the context of overall U.S. textile policy

implementing the Multifiber Arrangement. Under the

program, the United States sets flexible quotas on a

case-by-case basis for textile and apparel items

assembled in eligible Caribbean Basin countries that

have signed GAL agreements. Costa Rica, the

Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,
79

and Jamaica benefited from such agreements during

1995.39 GAL imports, which must be made from

Table 5-2

U.S. imports for consumption1 from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 1995

(Million dollars)

All GSP

Item beneficiaries World

Total 111,825 737,5102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

GSP eligible products3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,741 255,667

Duty-free under GSP4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,304 18,304

GSP program exclusion 5,621 5,621 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other 4,816 231,742 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noneligible product imports 83,084 481,843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Customs-value basis.

2 Excludes imports into the U.S. Virgin Islands.

3 The import data show total imports from all beneficiary countries and from the world that are eligible for

duty-free entry under GSP. For a variety of reasons, all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that

appear to be eligible for GSP treatment do not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP. Such

eligible goods may not actually receive duty-free entry under GSP for at least four types of reasons: (1) the importer

fails to claim GSP benefits affirmatively, (2) the goods are from a beneficiary country that has lost GSP benefits on

that product for exceeding the so-called “competitive need” limits, (3) the goods are from a beneficiary country that

has lost GSP on that product because of a petition to remove that country from GSP benefits for that product, and (4)

the goods fail to meet the rule-of-origin or direct-shipment requirements in the GSP statute. 4 These data show total imports from all GSP beneficiary countries that actually received duty-free entry under

the GSP.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Table 5-3

U.S. imports for consumption under the GSP from leading beneficiaries,1 and total, 1995

 (Million dollars)

Imports of GSP articles

Total

Rank Beneficiary imports GSP-eligible GSP duty-free2

 1 Malaysia 17,401 7,272 4,931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Thailand 11,332 4,119 2,394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Brazil 8,983 3,347 2,221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Indonesia 7,339 2,099 1,463 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 5 Philippines 6,990 1,684 1,271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 India 5,700 1,295 952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Russia 4,020 677 584 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Venezuela 9,208 560 538 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 9 Argentina 1,741 723 516 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Turkey 1,718 443 366 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Top 10 74,431 22,220 15,236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 111,825 28,741 18,304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 These import data show total imports from the top 10 beneficiary countries that fall in HTS provisions that are

eligible for duty-free entry under GSP. For a variety of reasons, all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS

provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP do not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP.

See note 2 in appendix table A-31. 2 These import data show the total imports from the top 10 GSP beneficiary countries that actually received

duty-free entry under the GSP program.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
80

Table 5-4

U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 1993-95

Item 1993 1994 1995

Total imports (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,094,033 11,200,280 12,550,118

Imports under CBERA1

1,000 dollars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,903,613 2,050,158 2,261,407

Percent of total 18.5 18.3 18.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Value of imports under CBERA has been reduced by the value of MFN duty-free imports and ineligible items

that were misreported as entering under the program.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

fabric formed and cut to pattern in the United States,

receive the tariff treatment accorded to other imports

under HTS subheadings 9802.00.60 and 9802.00.80.40

Andean Trade Preference Act

Designated imports from Bolivia, Colombia,

Ecuador, and Peru entered the United States duty-free

under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) during

1995.41 ATPA has been operative since December 4,

1991, and is scheduled to expire on December 4,

2001.42 ATPA is the trade-related component of the

Andean Trade Initiative. President Bush launched the

initiative in 1990 to combat the production of illegal

narcotics by helping beneficiaries promote

export-oriented industries.43

ATPA benefits were modeled after CBERA. A

wide range of Andean products is eligible for duty-free

entry.44 ATPA excludes from duty-free entry the same

list of articles excluded under CBERA. Rum also is

excluded.45 As under CBERA, handbags, luggage, flat

goods (such as wallets, change purses, and eyeglass

cases), work gloves, and leather wearing apparel are

not eligible for ATPA duty-free entry; however, duties

on these articles are being reduced by a total of 20

percent beginning January 1, 1992, in five equal annual

installments. Imports from Colombia and Bolivia

have been eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA

since 1992. Imports from Ecuador and Peru became

eligible for ATPA benefits during 1993.46

 U.S. imports from the four Andean countries

totaled $7.0 billion in 1995, or 0.9 percent of all U.S.

imports. Table 5-5 shows that imports under ATPA

provisions totaled $983.8 million in 1995 or 13.4

percent of all U.S. imports from the four Andean

countries (shown by country in table A-34). The

leading items afforded duty-free entry under ATPA in

1995 were fresh cut flowers, including chrysanthemums, standard carnations, anthuriums, and

orchids, roses, and other cut flowers and flower buds;

and precious metal jewelry, including ropes and chains

(table A-35).

National Security Import

Restrictions

Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962

authorizes the President, on the basis of a formal

investigation and report by the Secretary of Commerce,

to impose restrictions on imports that threaten to

impair the national security of the United States.

Among the most important criteria considered by

Commerce are—

• Requirements of the defense and essential

civilian sectors;

• Maximum domestic production capacity;

• Quantity, quality, and availability of imports;

• Impact of foreign competition on the economic

welfare of the essential domestic industry; and

• Other factors relevant to the unique circumstances of the specific case.

The President has 90 days to decide on appropriate

action after receipt of the Secretary’s findings. The

section 232 authority to adjust imports has been used

sparingly in the past. It has most notably been

employed in connection with the imposition of quotas,

fees, or economic sanctions on imports of petroleum

products. The U.S. Commerce Department did not

initiate a section 232 investigation during 1995.
81

Table 5-5

U.S. imports for consumption from Andean countries, 1993-95

Item 1993 1994 1995

Total imports (1,000 dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,282,292 5,879,505 6,968,729

Imports under ATPA1

(1,000 dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401,421 683,817 938,789

Percent of total 7.3 11.6 13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Value of imports under ATPA has been reduced by the value of MFN duty-free imports and ineligible items that

were misreported as entering under the program.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Under section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment

Act (7 U.S.C. 624), the President may take action in

the form of an import fee or quantitative limitation to

restrict imports that render, or tend to render,

ineffective or materially interfere with the operation of

any U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) program.

The President acts on the basis of an investigation and

report by the USITC, although he may take emergency

action pending receipt of that report. Following advice

of the Secretary of Agriculture and the investigation of

the USITC, the President may modify, suspend, or

terminate import restrictions because of changed

circumstances.

However, section 401(a)(2) of the Uruguay Round

Agreements Act amended subsection (f) of section 22

to prohibit the imposition of quantitative limitations or

fees under section 22 on articles that are the product of

a WTO member. The amendment became effective

with respect to all articles except wheat on the date of

the entry into force of the WTO Agreement (January 1,

1995).47 Section 22 fees on wheat were permitted to be

imposed through September 11, 1995, in recognition of

the Memorandum of Understanding between the

United States and Canada negotiated in August 1994.

The section 22 action on wheat, which terminated on

September 11, 1995, was the only section 22 action in

effect during any part of 1995.48

U.S. Textile and Apparel

Trade Program

The framework for world trade in textiles and

apparel will become less restrictive as a result of an

agreement reached in the Uruguay Round of

multilateral trade negotiations to phase out the

international Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) system of

quotas by 2005. The MFA was established under the

GATT to deal with market disruption in importing

developed countries, while allowing exporting

developing countries to expand their share of world

trade in these products. Under the MFA, developed

countries negotiated bilateral agreements with

exporting developing countries for the purpose of

setting quotas to control imports into their domestic

market. These quotas are a departure from the GATT

in that they were applied on a country-specific basis in

contradiction to the nondiscrimination principle that all

GATT countries be treated equally when trade

restrictions are applied. This section of the report

examines the main provisions of the new Uruguay

Round textile agreement and reviews U.S. actions

under the pact and major shifts in trade during 1995.

The Uruguay Round Agreement

on Textiles and Clothing

On January 1, 1995, the Agreement on Textiles and

Clothing (ATC) entered into force as part of the WTO

agreements and replaced the MFA. The ATC provides

for the “integration” of textiles and apparel into the

GATT regime in 3 stages over a 10-year transition

period ending on January 1, 2005. As products are

integrated into the GATT regime, quotas are eliminated

and trade in the goods becomes subject to normal

GATT rules. All WTO countries are subject to the

disciplines of the ATC, whether or not they were MFA

signatories, and only WTO countries are eligible for

the ATC’s benefits. The newly created Textiles

Monitoring Body (TMB) will supervise the

implementation of the ATC’s provisions.

The integration process involves two mechanisms:

product integration, including quota removal, and

acceleration of growth rates for quotas still in effect in

the transition period.49 WTO countries may select the

products for integration at each stage, but must draw

from each of four groups: tops and yarns, fabric,

apparel, and made-up (or other finished) goods. With

the WTO’s entry into force in 1995 (stage 1), countries

were obligated to integrate products that accounted for
82

at least 16 percent of their textile and apparel imports.

They are to integrate at least another 17 percent of their

trade in 1998 (stage 2) and 18 percent in 2002 (stage

3), or a total of at least 51 percent during the 3 stages.

The rest of the trade is to be integrated on January 1,

2005.

Quotas still in place during the 10-year period are

subject to the automatic “growth-on-growth”

liberalization. Bilateral agreements established under

the MFA with individual supplying countries had

specified the percentage rates at which the quotas

could grow annually. These quota growth rates were

increased by 16 percent for major suppliers in 1995,

and are to be increased by an additional 25 percent in

stage 2 and by another 27 percent in stage 3. The

acceleration of quota growth rates will be advanced by

one stage for “small suppliers,” or countries that

accounted for 1.2 percent or less of an importing

country’s total quotas, as of December 31, 1991.

The ATC also recognizes that some importing

countries may need a special mechanism for avoiding

serious damage to their domestic textile and apparel

industries during the transition period. During the 10

years that the ATC is in force, WTO countries may

limit imports of textiles or apparel by applying a

“transitional safeguard,” or quota. The safeguard may

be applied only to products that are not subject to

quotas in the importing country and not yet integrated

into the GATT regime. The quota may remain in place

for up to 3 years or until the product is integrated into

the GATT.

The ATC also contains strengthened provisions that

permit countries to deal with the circumvention of

quotas by transshipment, rerouting, falsification of

documents, and false declaration of country of origin.

It also requires all countries, both developed and

developing, to achieve improved market access

through such measures as reducing and binding tariffs,

reducing or eliminating nontariff barriers, and

facilitating customs, administrative, and licensing

procedures.

U.S. Actions Under the ATC in

1995

As mandated by the ATC, the United States on

March 1, 1995, notified the TMB of its quotas on

imports from other WTO countries. These quotas are

now governed by the provisions of the ATC and are

subject to the automatic growth-on-growth quota

liberalization during the 10-year transition period. The

United States currently has textile and apparel quotas

with 45 countries; quotas with 36 of these countries are

subject to the terms of the ATC (table 5-6). These 36

WTO countries supplied almost 60 percent of the total

value of sector imports in 1995, and the 8 non-WTO

countries subject to U.S. quotas supplied 18 percent.

Another 7 percent of the imports came from Mexico, a

WTO member whose textile and apparel shipments to

the United States are subject to the NAFTA.

The integration of textiles and apparel into the

GATT regime during the transition period will have

long-term implications for the U.S. textile and apparel

sector but limited near-term ones. The Committee for

the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA), an

interagency group charged with implementing and

enforcing U.S. textile agreements, deferred integration

of the most sensitive products until the end of the

10-year transition period, as directed by the Statement

of Administrative Action that accompanied the

Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA).50 None of

the products integrated by the United States in the first

stage were under quota, and most of the goods

scheduled for integration in the second and third stages

were neither under quota nor had underutilized quotas.

For the most part, yarns and made-up textiles are

scheduled for integration in the second and third

stages, while fabric and apparel are scheduled for

integration at the end of the 10-year period.51

The effect of the quota growth acceleration will

likely be small in the early years of the transition

period, but become increasingly significant in the latter

years as growth is compounded. Given that real

growth in consumer spending on apparel, which

accounts for roughly 80 percent of U.S. imports of

MFA goods in value terms, averaged only 2.8 percent a

year during 1989-95,52 it is likely that many quotas

remaining in place during the transition period will

grow to a level where they no longer restrict trade. In

several cases, it is likely that quota availability will

exceed actual U.S. consumption of products in which

there are a large number of quotas in place.

The effect of accelerated quota growth on U.S.

textile and apparel imports will vary by product and by

country. Quota growth acceleration will have the most

trade liberalizing effect on goods subject to a relatively

large number of quotas with high utilization and annual

growth rates, such as most types of apparel of cotton

and manmade fibers. In general, quotas on apparel of

cotton and manmade fibers have annual growth rates of

6 percent, compared with 1 percent for quotas on wool

products.

Major-supplying countries likely to experience the

largest increases in quota during the transition period

are Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, given their

moderate-sized quota base and annual quota growth
83

Table 5-6

Countries with which the United States has textile and apparel quotas, as of June 15, 1996, and

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from these countries in 1995

(1,000 dollars)

Country Imports

WTO members subject to the ATC

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,493

Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,114,500

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,634

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390,366

Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766,347

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,064

Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,788,545

Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319,076

El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606,977

Fiji1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,201

Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698,264

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921,100

Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,390,776

Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,668

India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614,875

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336,256

Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,934

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,711

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,628

Macau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764,266

Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745,214

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,005

Myanmar (Burma)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,475

Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964,820

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,703,975

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,445

Qatar1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,599

Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,271,099

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,493

Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425,502

Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,053

Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024,961

Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,419,772

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805,723

United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,533

Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,419

Non-WTO members subject to section 204 of the Agricultural Act of 1956

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,727

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,802,520

Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,410

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,041

Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,426

Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,832

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,757,760

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,318

WTO member subject to the North American Free-Trade Agreement

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,037,295

1 Country acceded to the WTO during 1996.

2 Subject to unilateral restraints.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Office of Textiles and Apparel.

rates under the MFA of up to 7 percent. In addition,

significant quota expansion will occur for 16 WTO

countries considered ”small suppliers,” which will

benefit from quota growth acceleration advanced by

one stage.53 WTO countries that will experience the

smallest percentage increase in quotas include the

Republic of Korea and Hong Kong, which have

annual quota growth rates of 2.5 percent or less.

Non-WTO members China and Taiwan are not entitled

to trade liberalization benefits under the ATC and,
84

therefore, are subject to their normal annual quota

growth rates of 3 percent or less.

The United States was the only WTO member to

initiate safeguard actions under the ATC in 1995 (table

5-7). Of the 21 actions (or “calls”) taken under the

ATC that year, 10 were rescinded by CITA, 8 led to the

negotiation of new 3-year quotas, and 3 led to the

imposition of unilateral quotas.54 CITA subsequently

rescinded the unilateral quota imposed on women’s and

girls’ wool coats in quota category 435 from India.

For the unilateral quotas set on cotton and

manmade-fiber underwear from Costa Rica and woven

wool shirts and blouses from India, the WTO Dispute

Settlement Body agreed to requests from these

countries to establish a dispute settlement panel to

examine United States’ application of transitional

safeguards on their respective products.55

Other Trade Agreements

The United States currently maintains quotas on

textile and apparel imports from eight non-WTO

countries under section 204 of the Agricultural Act of

1956. The United States negotiated 2-year extensions

of bilateral textile agreements scheduled to expire on

December 31, 1995, with Laos, Oman, and Taiwan. In

early 1996, the bilateral agreements with Nepal and

Bulgaria were extended to December 31, 1998. The

bilateral agreement with China is scheduled to expire

on December 31, 1996, and that with Ukraine in 1997.

In 1995, the United States placed a 1-year restraint on

imports of men’s and boys’ wool coats from the

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Also in

1995, the United States and Russia agreed to adopt a

trigger mechanism for women’s and girls’ wool coats,

under which consultations to establish a quota would

be initiated when imports reached a specified level.

Under NAFTA, which entered into force on

January 1, 1994, the United States agreed to

immediately eliminate quotas on textile and apparel

imports from Mexico that meet NAFTA rules of

origin.56 For imports that do not meet the origin rules,

U.S. quotas will be phased out by 2004. NAFTA

provides for tariff preference levels (TPLs) that allow

limited amounts of textile and apparel imports from

Mexico and Canada that do not meet NAFTA origin

rules to enter at preferential duty rates under

NAFTA.57 With the exception of the TPL on wool

apparel from Canada, the TPLs are underutilized. In

recent years, Canada has essentially filled its wool

apparel TPL with men’s and boys’ suits. From 1989 to

1995, U.S. imports of such suits from Canada rose

from 196,000 to 1.1 million units, raising concern

among U.S. suit producers.58

Transshipment of textiles and apparel through third

countries to evade quotas continued to be a concern for

the United States in 1995. The United States charged

China’s quotas in cotton knit shirts, trousers, and

underwear for transshipments totaling $45 million.59

The United States also charged Pakistan’s quota in

cotton sheets for transshipments of $2.5 million.60 In

an effort to curtail transshipments and other types of

fraud, the United States negotiated stronger fraud and

anticircumvention language in bilateral agreements that

were extended or renegotiated in 1995.

U.S. Trade in 1995

U.S. imports of MFA products in 1995 rose by 6

percent over the 1994 level to a record 18.3 billion

square meter equivalents (SMEs) valued at $44 billion

(figure 5-1).61 The increase marked a continuation of

a slowdown in the growth of imports, which rose by 9

percent in 1994 and by 11 percent in 1993. Most of

the gain in 1995 continued to come in imports of

apparel, which grew by 10 percent to almost 9.3 billion

SMEs valued at $34.6 billion. Imports of textile

products grew by only 2 percent to 9.1 billion SMEs

valued at $9.3 billion.

The CBI countries and Mexico accounted for

virtually all of the increase in sector imports in 1995.

Imports from the region that year grew by 35 percent

to 3.7 billion SMEs, whereas those from all other

countries rose by less than 1 percent. As a result, the

share of sector imports supplied by CBI countries and

Mexico increased to 20.3 percent in 1995, from 15.9

percent a year earlier and from 10.9 percent in 1990

(figure 5-1). The vast majority of the imports from the

region consisted of garments assembled from U.S.

components and entered under the “9802” tariff

provision.62 All but a small part of sector imports

under the 9802 provision come from CBI countries and

Mexico, which mainly compete with one another for

work assembling apparel for U.S. firms.

The pattern of sector competition in the region has

changed since the implementation of NAFTA on

January 1, 1994. In the 4 years before NAFTA, U.S.

imports of MFA-covered textiles and apparel in

volume terms rose at an average annual rate of 17.5

percent for CBI countries and 14.7 percent for Mexico.

The growth in CBI shipments since then, though still

quite rapid, has lagged behind that of Mexico. In 1994,

the growth rate slowed to 14.9 percent for CBI

countries but accelerated to 31 percent for Mexico. In

1995, the volume of CBI imports resumed the strong

upward trend, rising at a 22-percent annual rate, but
85

Table 5-7

Safeguard Actions Initiated by the United States under the ATC in 1995

Country

Product description

(Quota category)

Negotiated quota settlement or U.S. action1

Brazil Men’s and Boys’ Wool Coats Other Than Suit Type (Category

434)

Rescinded

Colombia Women’s and Girls’ Wool Suits (Category 444) 205,020 nos. SA

82,008 nos. NSA

Costa Rica Cotton and Manmade Fiber Nightwear and Pajamas (Category

351/651)

Rescinded

Costa Rica Cotton and Manmade Fiber Underwear (Category 352/652) Unilateral

14,423,178 doz. SL

Dominican Republic Cotton and Manmade Fiber Underwear (Category 352/652) 9,500,000 doz. SL

30,000,000 doz. GAL

Guatemala Cotton and Manmade Fiber Skirts (Category 342/642) 408,100 doz. SL

100,000 doz. GAL

Honduras Cotton and Manmade Fiber Nightwear and Pajamas (Category

351/651)

Rescinded

Honduras Cotton and Manmade Fiber Underwear (Category 352/652) 10,000,000 doz. SL

50,000,000 doz. GAL

Honduras Women’s and Girls’ Wool Coats (Category 435) 14,688 doz. SL

35,000 doz. GAL

Hong Kong Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses (Category 440) Rescinded

India Men’s and Boys’ Wool Coats Other than Suit Type (Category

434)

Rescinded

India Women’s and Girls’ Wool Coats (Category 435) Unilateral2

37,487 doz. SL

India Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses (Category 440) Unilateral

76,698 doz. SL

Jamaica Cotton and Manmade Fiber Nightwear and Pajamas (Category

351/651)

375,000 doz. SL

1,000,000 doz. GAL

Philippines Women’s and Girls’ Wool Suits (Category 444) Rescinded

Philippines Manmade Fiber Luggage (Category 670-L) Rescinded

Sri Lanka Manmade Fiber Luggage (Category 670-L) 7,950,000 kg. SL

Thailand Cotton and Manmade Fiber Underwear (Category 352/652) Rescinded

Thailand Spun Yarn Containing 85% or More by Weight Artificial Staple

Fiber (Category 603)

Rescinded

Thailand Manmade Fiber Luggage (Category 670-L) Rescinded

Turkey Cotton and Manmade Fiber Underwear (Category 352/652) 2,332,000 doz. SL

1 Quota levels established on 1996 imports under specific limits (SL), guaranteed access levels (GAL), special

access (SA), and non-special access (NSA). With regard to Colombia, the NSA is a sub-limit of the SA. 2 The United States decided to rescind the unilateral quota on these products from India effective April 14, 1996.

See 61 F.R. 18722, Apr. 29, 1996.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Office of Textiles and Apparel.
86

















































Figure 5-1

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel covered by the MFA, by major suppliers, 1990 and 1995

Total 12.2 billion square meter equivalents

Note.—The Big Three refers to Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. Other Asia consists of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri

Lanka, and Macau. In addition, OECD does not include Mexico, a member country.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Big Three

26.3%

Other

9.5%

Other Asia

ASEAN 10.5%

11.8%

OECD

16.9%

Mexico/CBI

10.9

China

13.9%

















































Total 18.3 billion square meter equivalents

Big Three

16.1%

Other

9.7%

Other Asia

14.5%

ASEAN

11.8%

OECD

17.9%

Mexico/CBI

20.3%

China

9.7%

1990:

1995:
87

Mexico’s shipments rose by 59 percent. Although CBI

countries have nearly doubled their share of sector

imports in volume terms since 1989, to 11.9 percent in

1995, Mexico has more than doubled its share to 8.5

percent. Mexico is now the third-largest, singlecountry supplier of apparel to the United States, with

shipments in 1995 valued at $3.0 billion, trailing only

China ($4.8 billion) and Hong Kong ($4.4 billion).

However, the CBI countries as a group are the largest

supplier, with 1995 shipments valued at $5.5 billion.

Part of the growth in U.S. textile and apparel

imports from Mexico since NAFTA entered into force

may have come at the expense of CBI shipments as

well as imports from the Far East. U.S. industry

officials claim that NAFTA has led to a measurable

diversion of apparel trade and investment from CBI

countries to Mexico.63 Imports of garments from

Mexico that entered duty-free under the

NAFTA-created 9802.00.90 provision totaled $2.3

billion, or about 75 percent of sector imports from

Mexico in 1995.64 These duty-free garments compete

directly with most of the 9802 apparel imports from

CBI countries, which are still subject to duty on the

value added offshore.65 Continued uncertainty over

passage of legislation introduced in 1995 to grant

NAFTA parity to CBI countries may reduce incentives

for apparel investment in the CBI region.66 Moreover,

the devaluation of the Mexican peso during December

1994-January 1995 further affected the competitive

balance between Mexico and CBI countries by

effectively reducing dollar prices of Mexican goods in

the U.S. market.

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from China

and the traditional Big Three Asian suppliers to the

United States—Hong Kong, Taiwan, and

Korea—continued to decline in 1995, when they

accounted for 25.8 percent of sector trade, compared

with 40.2 percent in 1990 (figure 5-1). Sector imports

from China fell again in 1995, declining by 13.2

percent to 1.8 billion SMEs. The value of these

Chinese shipments fell for the first time since 1988, by

2.6 percent. The decline in imports from China partly

reflected tight U.S. import quotas. The 3-year bilateral

textile agreement with China provided for no quota

growth in 1994 and for 1-percent growth in 1995 and

1996. Moreover, adjustments related to overshipments

in previous years and transshipment charges cut the

actual quota available for 1995. Sector imports from

the Big Three declined by 5 percent in 1995 to just

under 3.0 billion SMEs. Although restricted to some

extent by quota, the Big Three were largely affected by

continued rising operating costs, labor shortages, and

growing competition from lower cost countries.

Growth in imports from the Associations of

Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) picked up slightly

in 1995, increasing by 12 percent in value and by 4

percent in quantity. Imports from the Philippines,

Indonesia, and Thailand experienced strong growth in

value terms, whereas imports from Malaysia showed

little growth and those from Singapore fell. The

growth in imports from “other Asian” countries—

Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and

Macau—was relatively strong in 1995. Since 1990,

this group of countries has increased their combined

share of the U.S. market from 10.5 percent to 14.5

percent. In contrast, market share held by the ASEAN

group fell slightly during the same period of time.

New Rules of Origin for Textiles

and Apparel

On July 1, 1996, the United States will implement

new rules of origin for imports of textiles and apparel

as provided for by section 334 of the URAA. The

change in origin rules will affect country-of-origin

determinations for U.S. imports of products that are

subject to outward processing, that is, goods subject to

manufacturing and processing operations in, or contain

components from, more than one country. Changes in

origin determinations due to the adoption of the new

rules will have quota implications because imports that

are now being charged to the quotas of one country

will likely be charged to those of another. Most

imports subject to outward processing are believed to

come from Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and Korea.

Under the new rules, the trade will likely be charged to

quotas of China and several other countries.

Under the current rules, garments assembled in one

country from parts cut from fabric in another are

generally considered the product of the country in

which the cutting occurs. The new rules will assign

origin to the country of assembly. For home textiles

like sheets and pillowcases, the current rules generally

confer origin in the country in which the goods were

cut to size from fabric rolls, hemmed, and otherwise

sewn. The new rules will confer origin in the country

in which the fabric was woven. For fabrics woven in

one country and dyed, printed, and otherwise finished

in another, the current rules generally confer origin in

the country in which the finishing occurs, whereas the

new rules will confer origin in the country in which the

weaving takes place.

Under article 4 of the ATC, the United States is

obligated to consult with members affected by the rules

of origin change before they are implemented “with a

view to reaching a mutually acceptable solution

regarding appropriate and equitable adjustment.”
88

ENDNOTES

1 19 U.S.C. 2251 et seq.

2 19 U.S.C. 2436.

3 19 U.S.C. 3351.

4 In the case of a perishable agricultural product

that has been the subject of a monitoring

investigation by the Commission under section 332(g)

of the Tariff Act of 1930 for at least 90 days, an

entity representative of a domestic industry producing

a like or directly competitive domestic perishable

agricultural product seeking relief may seek

provisional relief with respect to such article pending

completion of a full 180-day Commission investigation

and the 60-day Presidential review period. When

provisional relief is requested, the Commission has

21 days in which to make a determination and

recommendation, and if that determination is in the

affirmative, the President has 7 days in which to

determine what if any provisional relief action to take.

Section 316 of the NAFTA Implementation Act

requires the Commission to monitor imports of fresh

or chilled tomatoes through the year 2009.

Under section 202(d) of the Trade Act of 1974,

the Commission would be expected to make an

affirmative provisional relief determination when it

finds, on the basis of available information, that

imports of a perishable agricultural product are being

imported into the United States in such increased

quantities as to be a substantial cause of serious

injury, or the threat thereof, to the domestic industry

producing a like or directly competitive perishable

product and (1) serious injury is likely to be difficult

to repair by reason of perishability of the like or

directly competitive agricultural product, or (2) the

serious injury cannot be prevented through timely

investigation under section 202(b) and action under

section 203 of the Trade Act of 1974.

5 Inv. No. TA-201-64, Fresh Winter Tomatoes

(Provisional Relief Phase), USITC publication 2881,

Apr. 1995.

6 The program and certain eligibility standards

were modified by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984

and by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of

1981 and 1985. Additional modifications, primarily in

job-training assistance and in coverage of certain

workers in the oil and gas industries, were made

through provisions of the Omnibus Trade and

Competitiveness Act of 1988. Public Law 100-418,

sec. 1421-1430.

7 NAFTA Implementation Act, Title V, NAFTA

Transitional Adjustment Assistance and Other

Provisions, Public Law No. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057,

sec. 501-507 (Dec. 8, 1993).

8 Sections 251 through 264 of the TAA.

9 Derived from official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Labor, Employment and Training

Administration, Office of Trade Adjustment

Assistance, Management Information System.

10 Ibid.

11 NAFTA Implementation Act, Title V, NAFTA

Transitional Adjustment Assistance and Other

Provisions, Public Law No. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057,

sec. 501-507 (Dec. 8, 1993).

12 During FY 1995, 121,187 workers filed for

TRA and 27,900 workers received at least their first

payment.

13 Only signatories of the subsidies code of the

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs are eligible

for an injury determination by the Commission in

countervailing duty cases. For nonsignatories, a

Commerce determination of margins is enough for a

countervailing duty order to be put into place.

14 Information contained in this table was

compiled from USTR, Report to Congress on Section

301 Developments Required by Section 309(a)(3) of

the Trade Act of 1974.

15 See 19 U.S.C. 1673 et seq.

16 19 U.S.C. 1677b; 19 CFR part 353, subpart D.

17 Upon the filing of a petition, the Commission

has 45 days to make a preliminary determination of

whether there is a reasonable indication of material

injury or threat of material injury to an industry or of

a material retardation of the establishment of an

industry. If this determination is affirmative,

Commerce continues its investigation and makes

preliminary and final determinations concerning

whether the imported article is being, or is likely to

be, sold at LTFV. If Commerce reaches a final

affirmative dumping determination, the Commission

has 45 days thereafter to make its final injury

determination. If the Commission’s preliminary

determination is negative, by contrast, both the

Commission and Commerce terminate further

investigation.

18 The figures set forth in this section do not

include court-remanded investigations on which new

votes were taken or investigations terminated before

a determination was reached.

19 An antidumping investigation may be

suspended through an agreement before a final

determination by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

An investigation may be suspended if exporters

accounting for substantially all of the imports of the

merchandise under investigation agree either to

eliminate the dumping or to cease exports of the

merchandise to the United States within 6 months.

In extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may

be suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to

completely eliminate the injurious effect of the

imports. A suspended investigation is reinstituted

should LTFV sales recur. See 19 U.S.C. 1673c.

20 When a petition alleges dumping (or subsidies)

with respect to more than one like product and/or by

more than one country, separate investigations

generally are instituted for imports of each product

from each country and each such investigation may

be given a separate number. For this reason, the

numbers of investigations instituted and

determinations made may exceed the number of

petitions filed. Moreover, an investigation based on a
89

petition filed in 1 calendar year may not be

completed until the next year. Thus, the number of

petitions filed may not correspond closely to the

number of determinations made. Additionally, the

numbers set forth in this tabulation do not include

determinations made following court-ordered

remands.

21 These figures include petitions withdrawn

voluntarily by petitioners.

22 A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant

bestowed directly or indirectly by any country,

dependency, colony, province, or other political

subdivision on the manufacture, production, or export

of products. See 19 U.S.C. 1303(a)(1), 1677(5), and

1677-1(a).

23 Agreement on Interpretation and Application of

Articles VI, XVI, and XXIII of the General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade.

24 See 19 U.S.C. 1671.

25 Section 303(a)(2) provides that “[i]n the case

of any imported article or merchandise which is free

of duty, duties may be imposed under this section

only if there are affirmative [injury] determinations by

the Commission . . . except that such a

determination shall not be required unless a

determination of injury is required by the international

obligations of the United States.” 19 U.S.C.

1303(a)(2).

26 Section 303 was repealed by the URAA,

effective Jan. 1, 1995.

27 The figures set forth in this section do not

include court-remanded cases on which new votes

were taken or investigations terminated before a

determination was reached.

28 A countervailing duty investigation may be

suspended through an agreement before a final

determination by Commerce if—(1) the subsidizing

country, or exporters accounting for substantially all

of the imports of the merchandise under

investigation, agree to eliminate the subsidy, to

completely offset the net subsidy, or to cease exports

of the merchandise to the United States within 6

months; or (2) extraordinary circumstances are

present and the government or exporters described

above agree to completely eliminate the injurious

effect of the imports of the merchandise under

investigation. A suspended investigation is

reinstituted if subsidization recurs. See 19 U.S.C.

1671c.

29 The numbers of investigations instituted and

determinations made generally exceed the number of

petitions filed.

30 Also unlawful under section 337 are other

unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the

importation of articles into the United States, or in

the sale of imported articles, the threat or effect of

which is to destroy or substantially injure a domestic

industry, to prevent the establishment of an industry,

or to restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in

the United States. Examples of other unfair acts are

misappropriation of trade secrets, common law

trademark infringement, misappropriation of trade

dress, false advertising, and false designation of

origin. Unfair practices that involve the importation of

dumped or subsidized merchandise must be pursued

under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions

and not under section 337.

31 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission

are conducted before an administrative law judge in

accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act, 5

U.S.C. § 551 et seq. The administrative law judge

conducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial

determination, which is transmitted to the

Commission. The Commission may adopt the

determination by deciding not to review it, or it may

choose to review it. If the Commission finds a

violation, it must determine the appropriate remedy,

the amount of any bond to be collected while its

determination is under review by the President, and

whether public interest considerations preclude the

issuance of a remedy.

32 See GSP Renewal Act of 1995 (H.R. 1654),

introduced by Mr. Crane and Mr. Rangel on May 17,

1995.

33 See section 11801 et seq. of the Seven-Year

Balanced Budget Reconciliation Act of 1995 (H.R.

2491), which was vetoed on December 6, 1995.

34 As noted above, the GSP program expired on

July 31, 1995. Thus, no imports actually received

duty- free treatment under the GSP program after

that date. For the sake of comparability with prior

years, the figure presented reflects the total value of

imports in 1995 that would receive duty-free

treatment under the GSP program if the program is

renewed retroactively to July 31, 1995.

35 CBERA countries are listed in table A-33.

36 Public Law 98-67, title II, 97 Stat. 384, 19

U.S.C. 2701 et seq. Relatively minor amendments

were made to CBERA by Public Laws 98-573,

99-514, 99-570, and 100-418. CBERA was

significantly expanded by the Caribbean Basin

Economic Recovery Expansion Act of 1990, Public

Law 101-382, title II, 104 Stat. 629, 19 U.S.C. 2101

note.

37 For a more detailed description of the CBERA,

including country and product eligibility, see USITC,

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act: Impact on

U.S. Industries and Consumers, Tenth Report, 1995,

USITC publication 2927, Sept. 1995.

38 President, “Address Before the Permanent

Council of the Organization of American States,”

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Mar.

1, 1982, pp. 217-223.

39 Section 213(a) of CBERA (19 U.S.C. 2703(a))

establishes criteria, or rules of origin, to determine

which articles are eligible for duty-free treatment

under the act.

40 An agreement with El Salvador became

effective on January 11, 1995. An Agreement with

Honduras became effective on January 1, 1996.

Committee for the Implementation of Textile

Agreements, “Issuing A Directive to the

Commissioner of Customs Establishing Limits and

Announcing Guaranteed Access Levels,” 60 F.R.

48692.

41 U.S. customs duties, otherwise payable at the

normal duty rate, are assessed only on the value

added to the U.S. components as a result of

processing or assembly in the foreign location; the
90

U.S. content is duty-free. Both the dutiable and the

duty-free components of GAL imports are reported

under HTS statistical reporting number 9802.00.8015.

42 For a more detailed description of the APTA,

including country and product eligibility, see USITC,

Andean Trade Preference Act: Impact on U.S.

Industries and Consumers and on Drug Crop

Eradication and Crop Substitution, Second Report,

1995, USITC publication 2926, Sept. 1995.

43 Public Law 102-182, title II, 105 Stat. 1236, 19

U.S.C. 3202.

44 President, “Remarks Following Discussions

With President Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of Ecuador,”

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, July

23, 1990, pp. 1140-1143.

45 Section 204(a) of ATPA (19 U.S.C. 3203(a))

establishes rules of origin to determine which articles

are eligible for duty-free treatment under the Act.

46 ATPA sec. 204(b), 19 U.S.C. 3203(b).

47 President, “Proclamation 6544—To Modify the

Duty-Free Treatment Under the Andean Trade

Preference Act, To Modify the Generalized System of

Preferences, and for Other Purposes,” Weekly

Compilation of Presidential Documents, Apr. 14,

1993, pp. 583-586; and “Proclamation 6585—To

Designate Peru as a Beneficiary Country for

Purposes of the Andean Trade Preference Act,”

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Aug.

12, 1993, pp. 1608-1609.

48 With the exception of the tariff-rate quotas in

effect on wheat, all section 22 fees and quantitative

limitations on agricultural products were converted to

bound tariffs under a process known as “tariffication.”

49 The section 22 action on wheat reflected the

terms of an agreement reached between the United

States and Canada on August 2, 1994. See USDA,

“Joint Release from Secretary Espy and U.S. Trade

Representative Kantor on U.S./Canada Wheat Trade,”

news release No. 0586.94, Aug. 2, 1994. As a

result of that agreement, the President established

separate tariff-rate quotas on durum and nondurum

wheat that totaled 1.5 million metric tons. The

tariff-rate quotas applied to wheat imports from all

countries and were imposed for a 1-year period

through September 11, 1995. The section 22 action

did not cover U.S. imports of semolina, wheat flour,

or white wheat. See Presidential Proclamation 6740

(To Establish Tariff Rate Quotas on Certain Wheat),

effective Sept. 12, 1994. Virtually all U.S. wheat

imports during the 5 years preceding the tariff rate

quota were from Canada.

50 A number of products listed in the annex to

the ATC and subject to GATT integration were not

covered by the MFA and, hence, not subject to quota

(e.g., pure silk goods, jute bags, monofilament yarns,

seat belts, plastic-coated apparel, and parachutes).

The U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that

U.S. imports of ATC products in 1990, the base year

for determining the volume of trade for GATT

integration, were 17.1 billion square meter

equivalents, compared with 12.2 billion for imports of

MFA goods.

51 Section 331 of the URAA required that the

lists of products to be integrated in the second, third,

and final stages of the ATC be published within 120

days after the WTO’s entry into force so as to

provide certainty for planning purposes of all affected

parties, including U.S. producers, importers, and

trading partners. See Federal Register (F.R.) of

October 13, 1994 (59 F.R. 51942) for the list of items

integrated on January 1, 1995, and 60 F.R. 21075 for

the lists of products scheduled for integration during

the remaining stages.

52 Only 22 percent of U.S. imports of apparel

and 42 percent of fabric imports were scheduled for

integration during the three stages. In contrast,

about 88 percent of U.S. imports of yarn and

made-up textiles were scheduled for integration

during these stages.

53 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of

Economic Analysis, fax dated Apr. 15, 1996, of a

table showing personal consumption expenditures by

major products in “chained” 1992 dollars.

54 Under ATC article 2.18, the United States

extended small-supplier benefits in 1995 to Bahrain,

Costa Rica, Colombia, Czech Republic, Dominican

Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hungary,

Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Macau, Mauritius, Poland,

and Uruguay.

55 The United States also took seven actions (or

“calls”) under section 204 of the Agricultural Act of

1956. These calls involved countries that either are

not members of the WTO or were not members at

the time the call was issued.

56 USTR, “WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings

Concerning U.S. Restrictions on Cotton and

Manmade Fiber Underwear from Costa Rica,” 61 F.R.

12129, Mar. 25, 1996, and “WTO Dispute Settlement

Proceedings Concerning U.S. Restrictions on Woven

Wool Shirts and Blouses from India,” 61 F.R. 24516,

May 15, 1996.

57 The NAFTA rule of origin is basically a “yarn

forward” rule, which requires that textile and apparel

goods be produced in a NAFTA country from the

yarn stage forward in order to receive the benefits of

the agreement.

58 TPLs (formerly tariff rate quotas, or TRQs,

under the United States-Canada Free Trade

Agreement) were developed primarily to alleviate

short supply problems, especially as they relate to

manufacturers inputs.

59 In early 1996, Senator Hollings began drafting

legislation to reduce the amount of men’s and boys’

suits allowed under the wool apparel TPL for

Canada. “Sen. Hollings Moves to Restrain Canadian

Suit Imports,” Daily News Record, Mar. 28, 1996, 

p. 4.

60 See 60 F.R. 21792.

61 In 1996, the United States and Pakistan

agreed to reduced transshipment charges of $1.25

million. See 60 F.R. 40824.

62 Does not include U.S. imports of pure silk

goods, which totaled 212.5 million SMEs (valued at

$1.5 billion) in 1995, down from 319.3 million SMEs

($1.9 million) in 1994.

63 In general, duties on goods entered under

provision 9802.00.80 of the HTS are assessed only

on the value added offshore and not on the value of

the U.S. components sent abroad for assembly.
91

64 Letter To William V. Roth, Jr., Chairman,

Senate Finance Committee, in support of NAFTA

parity for CBI countries, jointly signed by the

American Apparel Manufacturers Association,

American Textile Manufacturers Institute, United

States Apparel Industry Council, American Yarn

Spinners Association, and American Fiber

Manufacturers Association, Oct. 3, 1995.

65 The 9802.00.90 provision provides duty-free

treatment to imports of textiles and apparel

assembled in Mexico from “U.S. formed and cut

fabric.” Such goods also enter free of quota.

66 For every $10 in f.o.b. value, a typical CBI

garment entered under the 9802 provision contains

$6.40 in duty-free U.S. components and $3.60 in

dutiable, foreign value-added. Applying the 1995

trade-weighted tariff for apparel of 16.1 percent to the

foreign value-added yields a duty of $0.58, or an ad

valorem equivalent of 5.8 percent.

67 Legislation introduced in both houses of the

104th Congress in 1995, the Caribbean Basin Trade

Security Act (H.R. 553 and S. 529), would make

available NAFTA-like treatment to qualifying apparel,

textiles, and other goods now exempted from

duty-free entry under the 1984 CBI program.
92
93

APPENDIX

STATISTICAL TABLES
e with Canada, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,869,061 5,106,293 5,301,201

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,042 176,064 203,469

aterials, inedible, except fuels 3,040,523 3,467,934 4,259,158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 1,231,804 1,251,419 1,414,956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 87,577 104,695 124,589 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 8,224,173 9,415,595 10,360,727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 11,947,189 13,486,923 15,417,848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 49,289,540 56,753,360 61,652,333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 9,715,988 11,028,506 11,623,693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 3,322,005 2,852,041 2,903,166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ll commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,865,900 103,642,830 113,261,142

U.S. imports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,895,024 5,328,174 5,646,490

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986,709 703,823 677,665

aterials, inedible, except fuels 8,382,529 10,138,360 10,898,443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 11,530,935 12,501,798 13,665,083 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 213,976 309,632 339,184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 5,493,832 6,679,247 8,126,301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 17,747,484 20,395,478 25,381,147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 48,989,407 57,940,204 63,645,520 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 5,253,103 6,535,452 7,760,633 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 6,989,456 8,221,068 8,741,416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ll commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,482,456 128,753,235 144,881,881

ding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified on included.”

icial statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
nada, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

d accessories, nesi, of bodies (including cabs) of the motor vehicles

gs 8701 to 8705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,063,545 3,706,829 4,250,195

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 3,985,369 4,697,421 4,067,839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 3,167,536 3,312,026 3,120,899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 2,405,453 2,803,956 3,092,099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

xes of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 1,572,168 2,010,474 2,127,987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ating piston engines of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of

r 87, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1,000 cc 1,858,123 1,846,383 2,095,128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 1,950,642 1,854,117 1,962,846 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 1,206,249 1,430,017 1,937,263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston

, G.V.W. not exceeding 5 metric tons 1,227,298 1,703,729 1,711,633 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ocessing units which may contain in the same housing one or two storage

input unit or output unit 1,189,214 1,376,669 1,683,551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 1,004,857 1,230,634 1,438,221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ctors for semi-trailers 673,018 1,027,276 1,020,135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd servo-brakes and parts thereof of the motor vehicles of headings 

o 8705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768,848 871,153 931,266

ular plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm, of aluminum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557,092 693,876 889,408

d media for sound or other similarly recorded phenomena 643,500 792,827 867,382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

table for use solely or principally with spark-ignition internal combustion

engines (including rotary engines) 726,579 935,755 846,317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion-ignition internal combustion piston engines of a kind used for the

sion of vehicles of chapter 87 664,113 687,290 836,374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus, nesi 518,729 693,671 794,389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ooks, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, other than in single sheets 689,603 720,487 753,069 . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 566,195 662,710 679,482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,438,130 33,057,299 35,105,485

l other U.S. exports to Canada 63,427,770 70,585,531 78,155,656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,865,900 103,642,830 113,261,142

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Canada, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston

, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 12,430,403 17,651,764 20,578,804 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 4,999,274 4,916,983 6,139,318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

hicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston

, G.V.W. not exceeding 5 metric tons 6,201,040 6,198,105 6,119,187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition;

s exported or returned 3,951,022 5,002,381 5,485,905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

us wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, of a thickness

ding 6 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,649,723 5,544,330 4,952,193

nt, in rolls or sheets 3,546,762 3,296,140 4,371,269 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

gas, in gaseous state 3,245,344 3,902,744 3,246,194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 3,208,656 3,513,213 3,120,298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 1,351,834 2,080,433 2,870,644 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

ngine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 4,476,804 3,819,082 2,826,323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, of semibleached

ached coniferous wood 1,210,595 1,408,898 2,402,625 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude;

eparations, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,663,354 1,574,702 1,680,425

ctors for semi-trailers 472,465 1,125,879 1,582,605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 1,223,328 1,211,770 1,546,423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 1,009,399 1,252,538 1,425,914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ht aluminum, not alloyed 803,148 995,909 1,306,148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

etary gold (including gold plated with platinum) in unwrought forms

ding powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336,580 1,427,457 1,256,180

ht aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688,873 1,089,532 1,219,414

d accessories of bodies of motor vehicles, nesi 725,814 1,036,101 1,144,186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine over 1,000 but not over 1,500 cc 780,574 694,492 1,082,502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,974,993 67,742,449 74,356,556

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,507,463 61,010,786 70,525,325l all commodities 110,482,456 128,753,235 144,881,881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

d by Imports for consumption, Customs value in 1995.
e with the European Union, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,969,241 4,047,790 4,647,714

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,868,950 2,701,340 2,777,735

aterials, inedible, except fuels 5,314,655 5,699,411 7,805,881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 2,222,549 1,939,684 2,520,936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 197,237 248,073 290,816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 11,598,564 12,867,710 14,897,383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 5,463,435 5,915,381 7,950,361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 44,463,836 49,034,079 55,281,021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 12,951,514 12,974,630 14,573,830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 7,552,413 5,884,876 5,570,285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,602,394 101,312,973 116,315,962

U.S. imports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,248,685 2,568,761 2,692,243

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,703,114 2,823,439 3,093,861

aterials, inedible, except fuels 1,195,037 1,245,292 1,366,382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 3,733,520 4,962,892 3,703,626 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 274,553 271,884 353,750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 12,248,740 13,573,819 16,259,157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 15,512,906 18,239,303 19,008,897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 45,970,887 51,619,832 59,361,285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 14,929,815 16,669,193 18,850,594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 5,145,341 5,669,962 6,145,518 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities 103,962,597 117,644,377 130,835,313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
 European Union, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

d accessories of machines of heading 8471 4,214,105 4,861,526 6,217,129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg 4,651,320 4,911,241 3,675,047 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 2,695,854 2,753,071 3,157,807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 2,189,763 2,538,529 2,937,221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 1,368,372 1,603,684 2,342,959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s, whether or not broken 1,800,956 1,582,530 2,006,425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 1,289,056 1,580,099 1,989,921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

urbojet or turbopropellers 1,796,789 1,768,375 1,860,525 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

us coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated 1,468,729 1,315,137 1,739,033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

es containing tobacco 983,007 1,738,660 1,711,912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ocessing units which may contain in the same housing one or two storage

nput units or output units 1,692,428 1,823,069 1,707,724 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

units for automatic data processing machines, whether or not entered with the

 a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,371,511 1,479,729 1,645,865

automatic data processing machines, nesi 754,813 1,119,423 1,499,153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c data processing machines with or without input or output units

taining storage units in the same housing 1,473,792 1,371,253 1,414,828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

etary gold (including gold plated with platinum) in unwrought forms

ding powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,197,818 1,937,506 1,211,941

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 882,767 1,255,661 1,092,091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades of semibleached or

ed coniferous wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459,426 514,474 964,914

s and mechanical appliances having individual function, nesi 423,004 552,309 916,341 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts and

sories thereof, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790,304 871,674 905,086

te diagnostic or laboratory reagents, other than those of 3002 or 3006 687,112 729,550 888,130 . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,190,925 36,307,499 39,884,052

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,411,468 65,005,475 76,431,910l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,602,394 101,312,973 116,315,962

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
the European Union, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston

, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 4,912,029 5,019,476 5,771,437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston

, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 3,519,908 4,411,539 5,766,953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition; animals

ed or returned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,525,053 4,048,646 4,139,393

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 879,655 1,344,798 2,702,674 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 2,039,815 2,763,264 2,261,093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

urbojets or turboprollers 1,879,514 1,642,464 1,804,395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 1,112,631 1,287,867 1,795,847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg 2,013,308 1,479,997 1,370,524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

strial diamonds, nesi 1,283,319 1,329,293 1,352,182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 1,053,386 1,154,195 1,285,327 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal (excluding silver) 1,261,050 1,289,199 1,282,348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude;

eparations, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,611,912 2,008,864 1,253,320

s, drawing and pastels, executed entirely by hand, framed or not framed 932,920 1,024,540 1,213,840 . . . . . . . . . . . 

s of a thrust exceeding 25 kN 2,116,390 2,207,676 1,111,990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 914,865 1,070,245 1,106,516 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 1,070,643 1,067,423 1,061,887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 2000 kg but not

ding 15000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745,751 1,126,029 967,825

medicaments put up in measured doses or in forms or packings for retail

esi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739,492 958,358 944,141

units of automated data processing machines, whether or not entered

e rest of a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571,160 577,137 894,544

(other than tractors of heading 8709), nesi 584,486 692,235 732,160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,767,287 36,503,245 38,818,397

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,195,310 81,141,132 92,016,916l all commodities 103,962,597 117,644,377 130,835,313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
e with Japan, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,448,403 8,908,032 10,397,196

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,816,861 2,181,149 2,182,517

aterials, inedible, except fuels 6,118,753 6,019,942 6,912,015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 1,135,336 861,992 971,920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 83,839 104,719 119,791 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 4,966,111 5,201,033 6,023,907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 2,741,094 2,920,846 3,776,236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 13,950,842 17,443,971 21,600,126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 5,874,010 6,395,686 7,722,469 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 909,800 1,024,059 1,255,366 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,045,048 51,061,430 60,961,543

U.S. imports

orts

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,722 318,456 298,413

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,914 32,014 32,722

aterials, inedible, except fuels 197,502 205,034 22,763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 164,324 203,350 226,802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 16,267 19,252 19,649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 3,572,487 4,181,354 5,091,865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 5,991,537 6,875,872 6,901,462 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 83,295,316 93,764,696 97,353,374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 10,741,469 10,123,786 10,337,852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 1,848,955 1,807,781 1,917,376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities 106,162,495 117,531,595 122,402,280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
pan, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

er vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocation piston

, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 634,309 1,247,148 2,059,662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

aize) excluding seed 1,529,472 1,352,186 1,905,821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

us wood in the rough, not treated 1,835,123 1,728,365 1,668,956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of machines of heading 8471 1,215,078 1,331,012 1,634,852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 5,000 kg 1,765,101 2,156,829 1,496,438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

es containing tobacco 1,264,909 1,428,168 1,467,013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 696,998 911,098 1,382,108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ocessing units which may contain in the same housing one or two storage

nput units or output units 792,052 967,867 1,137,885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s, whether or not broken 981,202 837,694 983,029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 783,229 826,860 958,177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled 476,004 620,441 911,976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and mechanical appliances having individual function, nesi 260,593 445,457 767,624 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

table for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528,

ing antennas and antenna reflectors of all kinds 269,096 414,351 722,640 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 515,705 577,367 698,087 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s meat of bovine animals, frozen 684,677 640,307 663,563 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

us wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, of a thickness exceeding

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613,091 626,745 620,084

 enriched in U235 plutonium and their compounds; alloys, dispersions,

c products and mixtures containing these products 699,449 683,183 606,579 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 366,305 543,773 587,147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

units of automatic data processing machines, whether or not entered with the

 a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407,382 515,163 540,623

nd meslin, excluding durum wheat 518,974 573,514 511,099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,308,748 18,427,529 21,323,364

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,736,300 32,633,901 39,638,179l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,045,048 51,061,430 60,961,543

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Japan, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 21,300,783 24,542,425 22,551,851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 4,240,769 5,800,934 8,272,086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ed data processing machines with or without input or output or containing

e units in the same housing 4,366,032 5,770,887 5,072,150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 3,179,044 4,269,503 4,558,014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

units of automated data processing machines, whether or not entered

e rest of a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,455,847 3,544,119 3,746,922er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 3,156,501 3,201,129 3,618,119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

n cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,844,586 1,786,299 2,039,439

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine over 1,000 but not over 1,500 cc 1,842,040 1,742,785 1,634,530 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

atic photocopying apparatus, operating by reproducing the original image

intermediate onto the copy (indirect process) 1,333,817 1,413,737 1,570,281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 1,351,067 1,528,375 1,552,817 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and mechanical appliances having individual functions, nesi 693,264 828,826 1,053,057 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition;

s exported or returned 984,565 970,660 1,033,807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories for photocopying apparatus incorporating an optical system or

contact type, and thermocopying apparatus 1,043,774 1,114,339 1,010,942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c tape-type video recording or reproducing apparatus 1,093,294 995,236 907,558 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 807,461 786,281 828,004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

mes of a kind used with television receiver and parts and accessories thereof 2,063,334 1,064,236 780,642 . . . . . . 

elephonic or telegraphic apparatus 503,708 525,969 745,595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

xes for motor vehicles 574,934 670,576 742,415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

hicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion

engine, G.V.W. not exceeding 5 metric tons 986,997 1,193,579 732,008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nition internal-combustion piston engine parts, nesi 622,026 707,505 728,457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,443,845 62,457,400 63,178,692

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,718,650 55,074,195 59,223,588l all commodities 106,162,495 117,531,595 122,402,280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
e with Mexico, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,424,434 3,173,114 2,138,786

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,564 170,436 73,805

aterials, inedible, except fuels 1,798,793 2,088,369 2,100,857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 1,040,334 1,009,634 1,275,450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 207,773 244,283 362,045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 3,422,338 4,359,814 4,211,068 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 5,448,947 6,679,912 6,426,529 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 18,802,646 22,840,998 20,068,705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 5,182,639 6,344,476 5,437,018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 1,818,009 2,225,009 1,936,892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,265,478 49,136,046 44,031,155

U.S. imports

orts

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,665,882 2,862,953 3,828,492

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312,869 332,884 400,955

aterials, inedible, except fuels 640,310 774,197 1,093,025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 4,735,367 4,975,874 6,012,906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 13,492 10,434 18,845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 765,008 1,022,243 1,299,219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 2,813,817 3,582,623 4,919,612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 19,911,077 26,480,892 33,208,578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 5,094,578 6,543,989 8,329,981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 1,715,264 2,019,170 2,609,387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,667,664 48,605,259 61,721,000

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

fficial statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
xico, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

d “low value” shipments 1,411,996 1,756,361 1,624,591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 1,252,895 1,775,818 1,334,487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories nesi, of bodies (including cabs) of motor vehicles of headings

o 8705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,292,703 1,498,549 1,255,186

m oil and oils from bituminous minerals, other than crude; and preparation

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717,719 689,668 764,542

of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 3901 to 3914 389,311 664,476 656,256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of machines of heading 8471 611,548 631,536 599,517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

table for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528,

ing antennas and antenna reflectors of all kinds 673,013 487,175 571,486 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

-ray TV picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes 359,588 471,568 567,622 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, aircraft

s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810,170 719,065 556,648

electrical transformers, static converters and inductors 432,863 514,832 543,527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, nesi 172,816 368,833 487,347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s, whether or not broken 420,948 536,717 485,346 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c integrated circuits and microassemblies nesi 74,562 344,504 475,526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

si, suitable for use solely or principally with he apparatus of heading 8535,

8537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370,297 368,575 447,529

 boxes and cases of corrugated paper and paperboard 270,682 364,681 442,815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,223 192,632 426,788

seats (other than those of heading 9402) 456,049 402,683 426,096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ating piston engines of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter

a cylinder exceeding 1,000 cc 327,459 393,823 418,363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c integrated circuits, except digital 13,587 24,315 393,035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of iron or steel nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,362 303,940 371,773

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,276,790 12,509,751 12,848,479

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,988,688 36,626,295 31,182,676l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,265,478 49,136,046 44,031,155

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Mexico, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 4,185,219 4,594,008 5,681,586 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 3,416,900 4,054,241 5,478,466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, aircraft

s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,620,781 2,504,442 2,717,792

evision receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534,477 2,217,876 2,484,852

cles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition;

s exported or returned 1,256,962 1,471,917 1,923,081 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

hicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion

engine, G.V.W. not exceeding 5 metric tons 191,624 523,216 1,297,014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ating piston engines of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter

a cylinder exceeding 1,000 cc 259,190 561,675 1,275,846 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

oadcast receivers for motor vehicles 240,244 474,496 918,188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

table for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528,

ing antennas and antenna reflectors of all kinds 753,829 807,396 874,170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc 560,062 934,475 871,675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 484,947 587,567 810,082 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus for radio or television 170,429 528,632 806,657 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

seats (other than those of heading 9402) 531,952 721,486 765,097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 457,900 488,672 680,803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

eat belts for bodies (including cabs) of the motor vehicles of headings 8701

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954,002 881,559 646,788

 boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, not knitted or

ted, of cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,999 371,952 593,094

ed data processing machines with or without input or output or containing

e units in the same housing 209,464 304,144 556,709 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nimals, live, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429,811 351,879 545,511

meters and tachometers; stroboscopes 168,035 448,169 515,773 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ot roasted, not decaffeinated 215,423 267,474 508,372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,935,251 23,095,276 29,951,559

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,732,413 25,509,983 31,769,441l all commodities 38,667,664 48,605,259 61,721,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
e with China, by SITC Nos. (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349,828 273,038 1,305,359

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,435 6,388 8,582

aterials, inedible, except fuels 423,632 1,151,459 1,674,633 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 239,783 61,123 25,287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 1,452 134,790 395,186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 838,819 1,505,270 2,008,017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 413,380 402,371 662,385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 5,715,640 5,050,630 4,747,820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 526,886 480,407 633,556 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 97,455 112,408 151,721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,619,310 9,177,884 11,612,547

U.S. imports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568,743 529,927 594,807

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,931 13,409 11,753

aterials, inedible, except fuels 207,243 248,685 332,770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 275,307 373,499 430,685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 2,748 3,111 2,537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 576,022 740,668 893,699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 2,704,273 3,318,280 4,234,204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 6,007,001 8,905,939 11,879,776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 20,756,807 24,131,343 26,585,800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 280,290 307,636 403,953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,425,366 38,572,496 45,369,985

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
na, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292,685 944,121 1,204,154

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg 1,999,993 1,657,606 870,672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

not carded or combed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 644,986 828,811

aize) excluding seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3,600 629,418

nd meslin, excluding durum wheat 274,186 166,228 506,093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 oil and fractions, crude, whether or not degummed 270 104,192 298,680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

table for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528,

ing antennas and antenna reflectors of all kinds 66,195 110,060 215,663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

elephonic or telegraphic apparatus 100,137 116,934 162,208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus incorporating reception apparatus 249,810 196,598 146,664 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ocessing units which may contain in the same housing one or two storage

nput units or output units 75,451 79,549 138,360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

aft including satellites and spacecraft vehicles 3,764 64,864 133,790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

waste and scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,031 65,000 118,475

s and mechanical appliances having individual functions, nesi 88,958 93,755 117,668 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

filament tow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,511 50,667 114,768

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 153,165 121,040 104,712 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

lene having a specific gravity under 0.94 37,241 16,175 94,278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 plant for steam, water and central boiler 6,306 1,369 90,712 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

w hides and skins of bovine animals, nesi, fresh or wet-salted 10,370 40,082 87,590 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

alic acid and its salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,740 86,261 80,911

d “low value” shipments 42,663 52,332 73,743 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,559,660 4,615,419 6,017,370

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,059,650 4,562,466 5,595,177l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,619,310 9,177,884 11,612,547

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
China, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

r not covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber or plastics or composition

r and uppers of leather 1,302,674 1,571,605 1,856,584 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r with outer soles and upper of rubber or plastics, nesi 1,211,578 1,149,805 1,292,246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ys and models, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955,521 1,019,753 1,227,590

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 300,187 561,900 974,800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r, covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber, plastics or composition

r and uppers of leather 690,142 901,211 915,444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

resenting only human beings and parts and accessories thereof, whether or

essed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,049 600,005 794,796

oys representing animals or non-human creatures and parts and accessories

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568,200 616,054 735,428

n apparatus for radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy or radio broadcasting

ned with sound recording or reproducing apparatus 439,233 693,793 718,452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

or Christmas festivities and parts and accessories thereof 447,390 538,512 715,175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus incorporating reception apparatus 412,690 726,154 658,061 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of apparel of leather or composition leather 413,317 656,368 603,023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cases, bags and similar containers, with outer surface of plastic sheeting or of

materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410,421 497,494 548,358

s, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests) and similar articles, knitted or

ted, of textile materials, nesi 750,548 758,095 547,383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r covering the ankle, with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics, 

ing waterproof footwear 442,369 547,584 544,490 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 3901 to 3914, nesi 380,495 429,205 512,838 . . . . . . . . . . 

ed data processing machines with or without input or output or containing

e units in the same housing 217,120 259,593 503,218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

units of automated data processing machines, whether or not entered

e rest of a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,452 222,574 478,123

flowers, foliage & fruit & parts thereof, & articles made up of artificial

s, foliage or fruit, of materials other than plastics 353,710 434,517 471,990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r, nesi, with outer soles of rubber or plastics and uppers of textile materials 309,336 397,300 400,730 . . . . . . . . 

achines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244,704 423,319 396,478

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,403,137 13,004,840 14,895,206

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,022,229 25,567,656 30,474,779l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,425,366 38,572,496 45,369,985

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
e with Taiwan, by SITC Nos., (revision 3), 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,256,865 1,363,145 1,559,987

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,842 146,291 127,356

aterials, inedible, except fuels 1,273,488 1,306,015 1,665,421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 448,527 374,434 293,480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 9,199 19,942 27,432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 2,000,383 2,430,521 2,873,580 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 915,229 937,915 1,278,447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 7,539,600 7,452,355 8,228,400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 1,288,688 1,343,865 1,314,096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 724,538 865,795 667,457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,585,360 16,240,279 18,035,656

U.S. imports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,776 286,335 282,413

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 5,942 6,163

aterials, inedible, except fuels 103,713 98,779 114,708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 1,013 733 2,833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 2,438 2,972 3,470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 396,111 398,247 396,896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 3,472,753 3,719,700 3,781,827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 12,150,233 13,941,947 16,667,647 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 8,219,319 7,779,121 7,237,730 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 347,366 351,731 380,885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,980,824 26,585,506 28,874,572

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
wan, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg 1,339,814 902,429 1,201,660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 840,301 1,128,377 1,109,793 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 984,703 946,394 781,545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

aize) excluding seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599,820 566,132 770,817

s, whether or not broken 554,995 441,804 600,467 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 425,448 472,469 459,192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,586 323,741 439,550

s and mechanical appliances having individual functions, nesi 108,620 174,515 368,523 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c electronic integrated circuits, other than digital 188,466 258,178 342,430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of machines of heading 8471 159,358 160,387 230,286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 177,538 198,347 219,934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onetary gold (including gold plated with platinum) in unwrought forms

ding powder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375,440 403,845 210,428

s and sections of cathodes of refined copper 151,233 132,510 203,059 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

w hides and skins of bovine animals, nesi, fresh or wet-salted 111,344 166,040 200,376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l parts of machinery nesi 65,465 107,544 171,187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 tools operated by electro-, beam, or plasma arc processes 35,279 73,800 168,146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd meslin, excluding durum wheat 147,205 155,390 155,240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oil and oils from bituminous minerals, other than crude; and preparation

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,272 207,402 153,633

renades, torpedoes, mines, missiles and similar munitions of war and parts

of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,650 194,173 145,692

rile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,608 65,744 142,851

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,038,146 7,079,220 8,074,808

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,547,214 9,161,058 9,960,848l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,585,360 16,240,279 18,035,656

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Taiwan, by HTS items, 1993-1995

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 1,755,430 2,436,566 3,536,231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ed data processing machines with or without input or output or containing

e units in the same housing 2,004,175 2,029,815 2,293,396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 886,659 1,288,019 2,098,078 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c integrated circuits, except digital 359,429 466,880 647,372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

utomatic data processing machines, containing in the same housing at least

ral processing unit and an input and output unit 479,017 506,112 590,667 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

automatic data processing machines, nesi 438,059 399,839 477,871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262,625 301,267 442,414

and other cycles (including delivery tricycle) not motorized 345,758 322,367 373,356 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vest) and similar articles, knitted or

ted, of man-made fibers 324,740 339,537 327,084 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d screws and bolts, of iron or steel, nesi, whether or not with their nuts or

rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,420 246,342 292,388

furniture, other than of a kind used in the bedroom 354,044 318,134 273,797 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

or, wall, window, ceiling or roof fans, with a self-contained electric motor of

utput not exceeding 125 W 284,991 321,189 250,595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

um, playground or other exercise articles and equipment; parts and

sories thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,987 249,264 240,435

niture, other than of a kind used in offices 254,486 261,602 234,410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus for radio or television 148,834 205,180 231,679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cks, valves and similar appliances, nesi 157,237 197,670 215,006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d “low value” shipments 197,115 183,933 200,727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cases, bags and similar containers, with outer surface of plastic sheeting or of

materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,621 166,539 194,850

ing screws of iron or steel 129,952 158,159 194,343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ron or steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,762 156,976 178,743

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,078,342 10,555,389 13,293,443

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,902,482 16,030,118 15,581,129l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,980,824 26,585,506 28,874,572

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
e with Korea, by SITC Nos. (revision 3) , 1993-95

ion 1993 1994 1995

U.S. exports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836,108 1,137,203 2,249,909

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,867 139,373 188,052

aterials, inedible, except fuels 2,383,371 2,466,423 3,201,465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 626,305 561,255 649,323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 48,099 57,824 107,502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 1,676,000 1,867,528 2,602,781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 853,816 1,021,271 1,667,959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 6,332,571 8,407,669 11,458,695 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 1,237,510 1,532,907 1,906,648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 241,889 307,677 450,615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,358,535 17,499,129 24,482,948

U.S. imports

d live animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,751 146,102 148,026

es and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,014 8,426 10,576

aterials, inedible, except fuels 98,733 127,593 155,977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

uels, lubricants and related materials 161,106 149,058 134,829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd vegetable oils, fats and waxes 1,044 1,472 1,181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ls and related products, nesi 300,744 364,773 438,134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tured goods classified chiefly by material 1,861,143 2,129,282 2,219,552 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and transport equipment 8,838,882 11,746,617 16,485,315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 5,385,777 4,689,339 4,178,715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dities & transactions, nesi 178,169 184,472 253,399 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,986,362 19,547,134 24,025,703

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
rea, by Schedule B number, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

s and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15000 kg 929,212 922,481 1,255,114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 680,987 993,777 1,225,198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

aize) excluding seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,007 251,815 1,110,315

s and mechanical appliances having individual functions, nesi 126,329 260,822 865,102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

airplanes or helicopters, nesi 424,359 654,175 737,852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

w hides and skins of bovine animals, nesi, fresh or wet-salted 494,572 539,079 614,210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus incorporating reception apparatus 195,987 424,455 438,291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

not carded or combed 294,718 316,561 361,490 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

m oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude; and

ations, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413,981 319,523 345,269

s, whether or not broken 246,669 228,443 335,769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

waste and scrap, nesi 275,466 231,656 331,702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ocessing units which may contain in the same housing one or two storage

nput units or output units 154,047 217,670 282,086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of machines of heading 8471 168,441 215,883 275,404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 tools operated by electro-, beam, or plasma arc processes 36,145 101,486 265,463 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd meslin, excluding durum wheat 227,603 227,732 260,308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

rile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,525 128,637 257,317

d accessories, nesi, of the motor-vehicles of headings 8701 to 8705 135,073 166,936 247,798 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, nesi 205,745 300,121 241,862 . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, of semibleached or

ed nonconiferous wood 119,900 169,913 240,852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s meat of bovine animals, frozen 122,902 187,047 233,199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,410,666 6,858,211 9,924,600

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,947,869 10,640,918 14,558,349l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,358,535 17,499,129 24,482,948

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Korea, by HTS items, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1993 1994 1995

onolithic electronic integrated circuits 2,235,668 3,582,922 6,508,009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d accessories of the machines of heading 8471 725,560 1,183,375 2,383,535 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ed data processing machines with or without input or output or containing

e units in the same housing 1,063,832 1,012,097 1,209,857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine, over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc 351,390 772,907 1,100,581 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c tape-type video recording or reproducing apparatus 620,647 604,555 561,632 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating

engine over 1,000 but not over 1,500 cc 385,366 696,204 549,750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ve ovens of a kind used for domestic purposes 285,742 390,883 399,302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ssion apparatus incorporating reception apparatus 146,538 233,935 389,041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c electronic integrated circuits, other than digital 156,375 204,935 347,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests) and similar articles, knitted or

ted, of man-made fibers 226,613 275,038 209,507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

oys’ anoraks (inc. ski-jackets), windbreakers & like articles (incl. padded,

less jackets), or man-made fibers, not knit/crochet 202,972 218,313 190,379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cles exported and returned, not advanced or improved in condition;

s exported or returned 133,520 125,289 179,807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

units of automated data processing machines, whether or not entered

e rest of a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,537 92,703 178,020

d unrecorded magnetic tapes or sound recording or similar of other

mena, of a width exceeding 6.5 mm 184,590 132,989 157,340 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

otwear; tennis, basketball, gym, training shoes and the like, with outer soles

ber or plastics and uppers of textile materials 179,288 158,196 145,839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r bags, cases etc nesoi, plast/text mater 107,684 124,330 144,139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 boys’ shirts, not knitted or crocheted, of man-made fibers 157,782 143,742 141,738 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d products of iron or nonalloy steel of a thickness < 3mm 69,276 125,208 135,198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

abrics of synthetic filament yarn, nesi, containing 85% or more nontextured

ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,248 114,866 130,038

r not covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber or plastics or composition

r and uppers of leather 238,513 190,928 129,041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,660,142 10,383,416 15,189,751

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,326,221 9,163,718 8,835,951l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,986,362 19,547,134 24,025,703

ng, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation, nesi, stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

gium Cold-rolled sheet 08-18-92 09-10-92 TRM 

zil Lined bristol board 08-18-92 09-23-92 TRM

ombia Disposable syringes 05-06-91 01-06-95-R

rmany Cold-rolled sheet 08-18-92 09-10-92 TRM

an Oil well steel casing 08-18-92 01-21-93 TRM

ea Color TVS 08-19-92 11-18-94ea Car radios 08-28-92bia Cold-rolled sheet 08-18-92 09-10-92 TRM

vakia Cold-rolled sheet 08-18-92 09-10-92 TRMgium Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-23-95-DD 

zil Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDzil Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

nada Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDnada Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

na Disposable plastic cutlery 06-03-94 06-03-94 02-02-95-NDna Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-28-95-DDna Access door panels 12-16-94 03-27-95 08-16-95-DDna Hollow access door panels 12-16-94 03-27-95-NDna Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDnce Glace cherries 07-26-94-R 02-15-95-DDnce Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDnce Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

rmany Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-23-95-DD

ng Kong Disposable plastic cutlery 06-03-94 08-26-94 02-02-95-NI

onesia Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-23-95-DDonesia Dry pasta 06-15-95 12-19-95-NI

and Canned ham 10-05-94-R 02-15-95-DD

y General lighting service lamps 01-18-95 04-27-95-TRMy Dry pasta 06-15-95y Glace cherries 07-26-94-R 02-15-95-DD

an Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-23-95-DDan Polyvinyl chloride resin 04-05-95-R

ea Expandable polystyrene 05-18-95-R 09-07-95-DDea Expandable polystyrene 10-19-95-R

aysia Edible vegetable oil 02-01-95-R 05-12-95-DD

xico Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DD

rway Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDrway Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

lippines Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-23-95-DD

udi Arabia Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDudi Arabia Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

gapore Edible vegetable oils 02-01-95-R 05-12-95-DDgapore Expandable polystyrene 05-18-95-R 09-07-95-DDgapore Expandable polystyrene 10-19-95-R

ailand Clear float glass 01-11-95-R 08-23-95-DDailand Disposable plastic cutlery 06-03-94 08-26-94 02-02-95-NI

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

ailand Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DD ailand Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-R

ted Kingdom Diesel generating sets 12-12-95-Rted States Polyvinyl chloride resin 05-03-95-R 08-28-95-DDted States Polyvinyl chloride resin 10-05-95-Rted States Blood collection packs 03-06-95-R 12-29-95-DD, PUted States Wound closure strips 09-20-95 12-22-95na Table electric fans 01-13-94 12-02-94 08-21-95-DD 

na Padlocks 09-06-94 08-21-95 12-29-95-DDna Garlic 12-08-94 08-30-95

e d’Ivoire Powdered coconut 11-08-93 11-26-93 09-13-95-NI

a Bicycle wheels 01-19-94 11-14-94 08-21-95-DD

onesia Powdered coconut 11-08-93 11-26-93 09-13-95-NI

aysia Powdered coconut 11-08-93 11-26-93 09-13-95-NI

lippines Powdered coconut 11-08-93 11-26-93 09-13-95-NI

ssia Unwrought magnesium 12-06-94

Lanka Powdered coconut and c. milk 11-08-93 11-26-93 09-13-95-NI

aine Unwrought magnesium 12-06-94

ted States Unwrought magnesium 12-06-94

goslavia Ferrochromium 01-20-95

zil Tillage tools 09-15-95-R 12-14-95-DD 

na Portable file cases 09-21-95

nmark Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DD

rmany Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DD

a Memorials 09-01-95-R 12-21-95-DD

y Dry pasta 08-30-95

an Oil and gas well casings 03-29-95-R 11-15-95-PU

ea Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-NIherlands Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DD

eden Venetian blind material 04-28-95-R 08-28-95-DD

ted Kingdom Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DDted Kingdom Bacteriological culture media 09-29-95ted States Certain machine tufted carpet 02-21-95-R 09-29-95-DDted States Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DDted States Aluminum wedge clamps 04-13-95-R 07-31-95-PUted States Hanging file folders 08-15-95-R 12-06-95-DDted States Synthetic baler twine 09-08-95-R 12-06-95-DDted States Residential storage buildings 09-11-95-R 12-11-95-PUted States Copper and brass pipe fittings 09-12-95-R 12-11-95-DDted States Bacteriological culture media 09-29-95ted States Fibreglass pipe insulation 10-02-95-Rted States Frozen pot pies and dinners 10-19-95-Rted States Potatoes 11-27-95-Rted States Yellow onions 11-27-95-R

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

entina Wheat flour 12-19-94 12-19-94 05-05-95-DD 

zil Steel discs for ploughs/harrows 07-15-95 12-13-95-ND, NIzil Semitrailers 12-27-95

na Footwear 02-09-95 03-01-95 06-22-95-DD

w Zealand Gouda type cheese 12-13-95

gium Orthophosphoric acid 05-09-91 07-31-91 02-14-92-DD gium Coffee grade fertilizer 02-04-93 07-06-93 11-30-93-DD

ea Radial car tires 12-29-95ea Radial van tires 12-29-95ea Radial microbus tires 12-29-95ea Truck tires 12-29-95

ted States Chrome plate 05-03-94 10-03-94 05-03-95-DDted States Orthophosphoric acid 08-14-91 04-22-92 08-14-92-DDted States Homopolymer polypropylene 06-18-93 11-03-93 03-18-94-DDted States Ethyl acetate 10-04-93 03-04-94 07-01-94-DDted States Chromed sheets 05-03-94 10-03-94 05-03-95-DD

tnam Rice 09-14-94 06-13-95-NI

arus Potassium chloride 08-05-95-R 

zil Ferrosilicon 06-17-94 05-25-95-DDzil Ferrosilicomanganese 08-04-93 12-21-94 10-14-95-DD

garia Urea ammonium nitrate solution 05-05-93 07-01-94 01-01-95-DD, PU

nada 3.5” Microdisks 04-06-95nada 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-R

na Furfuraldehyde 07-31-93 07-21-94 01-21-95-DDna Footwear, leather uppers 02-22-95na Footwear, textile uppers 02-22-95na Tungsten ores and products PU withdrawn 09-23-94 03-23-95-DDna Tungsten ores and products 09-21-95-Rna Color TV receivers 11-25-92 10-01-94 04-01-95-DDna Color TV receivers 08-08-95-Rna Activated powdered carbon 03-02-94na Furfuryl alcohol 04-06-95na Pocket flint lighters 12-21-93 05-04-95-DDna Silicon metal 07-27-95-Rna Glyphosate 10-13-95na Synthetic fiber sacks and bags 10-17-95-Rna Ring binder mechanisms 10-28-95na Microwave ovens 12-18-93 07-07-95na Peroxodisulphate 03-02-94 07-19-95 12-21-95-DDna Refractory chamottes 04-15-93 07-29-93na Powdered activated carbon 03-02-94 08-15-95na Iron/steel tube/pipe fittings 02-03-94 10-03-95na Coumarin 05-20-94 10-07-95

atia Iron/steel tube/pipe fittings 02-03-94 10-03-95

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

ech Republic Urea 03-27-93 03-04-95-ND, NI 

ech Republic Certain sections of iron/steel 07-14-95

orgia Ferrosilicomanganese 08-04-93 10-14-95-NI

ng Kong 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Rngary Certain sections of iron/steel 07-14-95

a Synthetic fiber sacks and bags 04-13-95a 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Ra Synthetic polyester fibers 11-01-95-R

onesia Footwear, leather uppers 02-22-95onesia Footwear, textile uppers 02-22-95onesia Synthetic fiber sacks and bags 04-13-95onesia 3.5” Microdisks 04-06-95onesia Synthetic fiber sacks and bags 04-13-95onesia Certain polyester yarns 03-12-94-R 05-25-95-NIonesia 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Ronesia Monosodium glutamate 07-09-94 07-20-95-Ronesia Bicycles 02-03-94 10-14-95

an Ball bearings <30 mm diameter 03-23-95an Ball bearings >30 mm diameter 03-23-95an DRAMs 06-09-95-TRMan DRAMs 07-15-95-Ran EPROMs 10-07-94-Ran Aspartame 04-26-94-R 08-05-95-NIan Parts of gas pocket lighters 08-01-91 10-07-95-TRMan Photocopiers 08-14-92 10-12-95-DDan Electronic weighing scales 03-12-94-R 11-17-95-TRM

zakhstan Unwrought zinc 06-09-95

ea Color TV receivers 11-25-92 10-01-94 04-01-95-DDea Video cassette recorders 04-25-95ea Color TV receivers 04-26-95-Rea Hydraulic excavators > 6 tons 05-12-95ea DRAMs 06-09-95-TRMea DRAMs 07-15-95-Rea PET video film 06-14-95ea Microwave ovens 12-18-93 07-07-95ea Monosodium glutamate 07-09-94 07-20-95

uania Ammonium nitrate 06-09-94 08-23-95-NIuania Ammonium nitrate 12-06-94-R 08-23-95-TRM

cao 3.5” Microdisks 04-06-95cao 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-R

aysia Color TV receivers 11-25-92 10-01-94 04-01-95-DDaysia Polyester yarns 04-19-95aysia Watch movements 07-06-93 05-11-94 06-01-95-TRMaysia 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Raysia Ring binder mechanisms 10-28-95aysia Microwave ovens 12-18-93 07-07-95aysia Bicycles 02-03-94 10-14-95

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

aysia 3.5” Microdisks 09-02-94-R

xico Pocket flint lighters 03-18-95xico 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-R

lippines Pocket flint lighters 03-18-95lippines 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Rand Urea ammonium nitrate solution 05-05-93 07-01-94 01-01-95-DDand Unwrought zinc 06-09-95and Flat pallets of wood 07-13-95

mania Welded iron/steel tubes 12-22-93-R 12-21-95-TRMssia Urea 03-27-93-Rssia Artificial corundum PU withdrawn 04-01-95-DDssia Unwrought zinc 06-09-95ssia Potassium chloride 08-05-95-Rssia Ammonium nitrate 06-09-94 08-23-95-NIssia Ammonium nitrate 12-06-94-R 08-23-95-TRMssia Ferrosilicomanganese 08-04-93 12-21-94 10-14-95-DDssia Grain orient. electrical sheets 05-20-94 10-20-95ssia Unwrought magnesium 01-15-94 12-23-95

gapore Color TV receivers 11-25-92 10-01-94gapore Video cassette recorders 04-25-95gapore 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Rgapore Electronic weighing scales 05-11-94-Rvak Republic Iron/steel tube/pipe fittings 02-03-94 10-03-95-TRM

uth Africa Ferrosilicomanganese 08-04-93 12-21-94 10-14-95-DD, PU

wan Monosodium glutamate 07-09-93-R 07-20-95wan Iron/steel tube/pipe fittings 02-03-94 10-03-95-NI

ailand Footwear, leather uppers 02-22-95ailand Pocket flint lighters 03-18-95ailand 3.5” Microdisks 04-06-95ailand Furfuryl alcohol 04-19-95ailand Synthetic fiber sacks and bags 04-13-95ailand Color TV receivers 11-25-92 10-01-94 04-01-95-DDailand Watch movements 07-06-93 05-11-94 06-01-95-TRMailand 3.5” Microdisks 10-20-95-Railand Microwave ovens 02-18-93 07-07-95ailand Monosodium glutamate 07-09-93-R 07-20-95ailand Iron/steel tube/pipe fittings 02-03-94 10-03-95-NIailand Bicycles 02-03-94 10-14-95

key Color TV receivers 11-25-92 04-01-95-NDkey Welded iron/steel tubes 12-22-93-R 12-21-95-TRM

aine Unwrought zinc 08-06-93aine Potassium chloride 08-05-95-Raine Ferrosilicomanganese 08-04-93 12-21-94 10-14-95-DD, PUaine Unwrought magnesium 01-15-94 12-23-95

ted States Disodium carbonate 08-06-93 04-13-95 10-12-95-DDted States Aspartame 04-26-94-R 08-05-95-NIted States 3.5” Microdisks 09-02-94 10-17-95

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

bekistan Unwrought zinc 06-09-95 

nezuela Welded iron/steel tubes 12-22-93-R 12-21-95-TRMgoslavia Welded iron/steel tubes 12-22-93-R 12-21-95-TRM

zil Bisphenol-A 12-30-94

na Isobutyl benzene 01-07-94 08-30-94na 3, 4, 5, TMBA 08-11-94 01-31-95na Theophylline & caffeine 08-30-94 01-31-95na Potassium permagnate 12-30-94

an Acrylonitrile butadine 10-28-94

ssia Bisphenol-A 12-30-94ssia Low carbon ferrochrome 06-06-95

zakstan Low carbon ferrochrome 06-06-95

aine Low carbon ferrochrome 06-06-95

rmany Carbonless copypaper in reels 06-22-93 06-22-93 04-02-95-DDrmany Gate valves 06-05-95

key Glass fiber 10-04-94 01-23-95

ted States Atrophine 06-22-95

kistan Cotton yarn 02-18-94 08-04-95-DD

na Zinc ingot 01-07-95 05-01-95 06-23-95-NI

zakstan Zinc ingot 01-07-95 05-01-95 06-23-95-NI

bekistan Zinc ingot 01-07-95 05-01-95 06-23-95-NI

stralia Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

zil Iron connections 04-11-95zil Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95zil Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95zil Plate in sheets 10-27-93 04-14-95zil Plate in coils 10-28-93 04-18-95

nada Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95nada Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95nada Plate in sheets 10-28-93 04-14-95nada Plate in coils 10-28-93 04-18-95nada Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

rmany Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95rmany Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

a Bicycle tires 11-16-94 04-12-95an Sulphuric acid 04-15-94 06-07-95

ea Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95ea Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95ea Plate in sheets 10-27-93 04-14-95ea Plate in coils 10-28-93 04-18-95herlands Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95

uth Africa Plate in coils 10-28-93 04-18-95

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

ted States Diammonium phosphate 06-23-94 05-08-95 

ted States Bovine meat 06-03-94 06-03-95USSR* Plate in coils 11-22-94 06-12-95

Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Estonia,Georgia, Kazakstan,

atvia, Lithuania,

Moldovad, Russia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,Ukraine, Uzbekistan

nezuela Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95nezuela Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95nezuela Plate in coils 10-28-93 04-18-95

nada Oil filters 07-11-95 

na Women’s nonleather footwear 11-23-94-Rna Certain men’s footwear 11-24-94-Rna Disposable lighters 02-16-95 07-31-95-NI

onesia Certain men’s footwear 11-24-94-Ronesia Disposable lighters 05-08-95 08-17-95-NIonesia Oil filters 07-11-95

ea Certain men’s footwear 11-24-94-Rea Abrasive discs and wheels 04-21-95 07-18-95 10-18-95-DDea Oil filters 07-11-95

kistan Leather jackets and coats 12-21-94 06-08-95-ND, NI

lippines Disposable lighters 02-16-95 07-31-95-NI

wan Certain men’s footwear 11-21-94-Rwan Abrasive discs and wheels 04-21-95 07-18-95 10-18-95-DD

ailand Certain men’s footwear 11-24-94-Railand Sweetened condensed milk 11-21-94 04-29-95-DDailand Plasterboard 12-18-94-Railand Oil filters 07-11-95ailand Certain other plasterboard 10-10-95

ted Kingdom G-clamps 07-11-95 12-20-95-DDted States Automotive oil filters 11-23-94-R

ivia Soybean oil 09-06-94 07-16-95-ND 

na Various fabrics 10-16-94 05-14-95 08-02-95-DD, NIna Water meters 08-23-95 11-24-95-DD

ea Radial car tires 07-15-94 03-09-95-NIea Truck tires 06-17-95

nada Hubless iron pipes and fittings 10-27-94 01-09-95 

na Terry toweling products 09-26-94 04-04-95

S Prime steel billets 09-27-94 02-20-95

ng Kong Terry toweling products 09-26-94 04-04-95

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

onesia Monosodium glutamate 08-24-94 10-26-95 

wan Carbon black 12-07-94 09-12-95

aysia Steel reinforcement bars 12-16-94 01-07-95 

key Steel reinforcement bars 12-30-94 02-10-95

stralia Titanium dioxide pigment 06-23-95-R 

gium Titanium dioxide pigment 05-13-94 01-27-95 01-27-95-ND

na Acetaminophenol 10-28-94-R 06-23-95na Footwear 12-09-94 03-31-95-TRMnce Circuit breakers 01-07-94nce PVC film and sheet 09-09-94

rmany Supertension electrical cable 03-31-94rmany Trichloroethylene 10-07-94rmany Mechanical lifts 12-15-94rmany Sutures 12-15-95

ng Kong Acetaminophenol 10-28-94-R 06-23-95-TRM

y Hydrogen peroxide 03-24-95

udi Arabia Titanium dioxide pigment 05-13-94 01-27-95-ND

eden Passenger bus chassis 02-24-95

wan PVC film and sheet 09-09-94wan Hydrogen peroxide 03-24-95

ted Kingdom Titanium dioxide pigment 05-13-94 01-27-95ted Kingdom Sutures 12-15-94ted States Titanium dioxide pigment 05-13-94 01-27-95-NIted States Sutures 12-15-94

untry Product 00-00-00 00-00-00-ND

garia Low density polyethylene 10-09-93 01-26-95-DD 

garia Universal lathes 01-26-95-R

na Citric acid 06-04-94 05-06-95-DDna Pocket flint lighters 09-28-94 05-06-95-DD

atia Low density polyethylene 10-09-93 01-26-95-ND

nce Printing/writing papers 01-20-94 01-26-95-TRM

orgia Low density polyethylene 10-09-93 01-26-95-NDrmany Printing/writing papers 01-20-94 01-26-95-TRM

ng Kong Pocket flint lighters 09-28-94 05-06-95-DD

dova Rolled/cast steel billets 02-09-94 05-06-95-DD

and Printing/writing papers 01-20-94 01-26-95-TRM

mania Low density polyethylene 10-09-93 01-26-95-DDmania Polyvinyl chloride 01-28-94 01-26-95-DDssia Low density polyethylene 10-09-93 01-26-95-DDssia Printing/writing papers 01-20-94 01-26-95-TRMssia Polyvinyl chloride 01-28-94 01-26-95-DD

able.
d

eported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Antidumping Practices during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

aine Polyvinyl chloride 01-28-94 01-26-95-DD 

aine Rolled/cast steel billets 02-09-94 05-06-95-DD

na Women’s blue jeans 12-10-93 03-09-95-DD 

na Men’s blue jeans 12-10-93 03-09-95-DD

u Iron/steel balls for mills 02-23-95

s: R = Review of existing antidumping measures. 

es codes: NPF = Negative preliminary finding; R = Revision. 

es: DD = Definitive duty; ND = No dumping; NI = No injury; PU = Price undertaking; R = Revision, TRM = Termination.
tions reported by signatories to the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures during 1995

untry of Initiation Provisional

gin Product date1 measures2 Date and final outcome3

Olive oil 09-22-94 

Peaches in syrup 01-31-95

nce Brandy 02-27-95 06-05-95-DD 

nce Glace cherries 07-26-95 02-05-95-DD

y Canned tomatoes 10-19-95-R

herlands Dried egg white 11-03-94-R 02-08-95-DD

ain Canned tomatoes 10-19-95-R

nada Wheat 11-12-93 06-01-95-NI 

e d’Ivoire Shredded coconut 06-22-94 03-28-95e d’Ivoire Coconut milk powder 06-22-94 03-28-95 08-21-95-DD

onesia Shredded coconut 06-22-94 03-28-95onesia Coconut milk powder 06-22-94 03-28-95 08-21-95-DD

aysia Shredded coconut 06-22-94aysia Coconut milk powder 06-22-94 03-28-95 08-21-95-DD

lippines Shredded coconut 06-22-94 03-28-95lippines Coconut milk powder 06-22-94 03-28-95 08-21-95-DD

Lanka Shredded coconut 06-22-94 03-28-95 06-01-95-NI

Lanka Coconut milk powder 06-22-94 03-28-95 08-21-95-DD

ted States Cotton, carded or combed 06-22-94

opean Union Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95 11-06-95-DD 

a Memorials 09-01-95-R 12-21-95-DD

y Dry pasta 08-30-95

ted States Refined sugar 03-17-95 07-07-95-NS

zil Footwear 10-14-94 01-10-95-TRM 

ailand Ball bearings, < 30 mm diameter 12-09-94-R 05-25-95-DD 

zil Plate in sheets 10-27-93 04-14-95 

zil Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95zil Plate in sheets 10-28-93 04-18-95zil Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

nmark Various pork products 11-22-93 06-12-95

ted States Plate in sheets 10-27-93 04-14-95ted States Plate in sheets 10-28-93 04-18-95ted States Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

nezuela Hot rolled sheet 10-27-93 04-17-95nezuela Plate in sheets 10-28-93 04-18-95nezuela Cold rolled sheet 10-28-93 04-14-95

ailand Sweetened condensed milk 06-30-95 12-19-95-NS 

entina Sweets 12-11-94 01-05-95 

s: R = Review of existing countervailing measure. 

es codes: NPF = Negative preliminary finding. 

es: DD = Definitive duty; NI = No Injury; NS = No subsidy; TRM = Termination.
tive in 1995, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by final outcomes and by USITC investigation

(Affirmative (A); Partial Affirmative (P); Negative (N); Suspension Agreement (S); Terminated (T))

Date Preliminary Final

original determination determination Date of

Country petition final

of origin filed Commission ITA1 ITA1 Commission action2

Affirmative

China Dec. 30, 1993 A A A A Feb. 1, 1995 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

eel bar Brazil Dec. 30, 1993 A A A A Feb. 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eel bar India Dec. 30, 1993 A A A A Feb. 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eel bar Japan Dec. 30, 1993 A A A A Feb. 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eel bar Spain Dec. 30, 1993 A A A A Feb. 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ium and nitrided 

m Russia May 31, 1994 A A A A Jun. 30, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

loy magnesium China Mar. 31, 1994 A A A P May 5, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loy magnesium Russia Mar. 31, 1994 A A A P May 5, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loy magnesium Ukraine Mar. 31, 1994 A A P P May 5, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ohol China May 31, 1994 A A A A Jun. 14, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohol South Africa May 31, 1994 A A A A Jun. 14, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ohol Thailand May 31, 1994 A N A A July 18, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

eapple Thailand June 8, 1994 A A A A July 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

arbon & alloy 

 line & pressure

e Argentina June 23, 1994 A N A A July 26, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

arbon & alloy 

 line & pressure

e Brazil June 23, 1994 A A A A July 26, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

arbon & alloy 

 line & pressure

e Germany June 23, 1994 A A A A July 26, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

arbon & alloy 

 line

re steel pipe Italy June 23, 1994 A A A A July 26, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tubular goods Argentina June 30, 1994 A A P A Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tubular goods Italy June 30, 1994 A A A P Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tubular goods Japan June 30, 1994 A A P A Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tubular goods Korea June 30, 1994 A A A P Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tubular goods Mexico June 30, 1994 A N A A Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

China July 7, 1994 A A A A Mar. 14, 1995 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 metal China Nov. 8, 1994 A A A A Dec. 15, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Negative

oses Colombia Feb. 14, 1994 A A A N Mar. 13, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

oses Ecuador Feb. 14, 1994 A A A N Mar. 13, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs France Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs India Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

able.
d

tive in 1995, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by final outcomes and by USITC investigation

(Affirmative (A); Partial Affirmative (P); Negative (N); Suspension Agreement (S); Terminated (T))

Date Preliminary Final

original determination determination Date of

Country petition final

of origin filed Commission ITA1 ITA1 Commission action2

Negative

bon steel butt-weld

gs Israel Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs Malaysia Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs Korea Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs Thailand Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs United Kingdom Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bon steel butt-weld

gs Venezuela Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N Apr. 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

eel angles Japan Apr. 4, 1994 A A A N May 10, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 lighters China May 9, 1994 A A A N Jun. 12, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lighters Thailand May 10, 1994 A A A N Apr. 21, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tubular goods Austria Jun. 30, 1994 A A N N Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tubular goods Spain Jun. 30, 1994 A A A N Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

e sulfate China Nov. 30, 1994 A A A N Nov. 6, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d rectangular pipe 

Mexico Mar. 31, 1995 N N (3) (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) May 30, 1995

Suspended

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China Nov. 3, 1994 A A S S Aug. 16, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Terminated

eel bar Italy Dec. 30, 1993 A A N T Jan. 23, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

es China Oct. 31, 1994 A A A T Oct. 19, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

In progress

cohol China Mar. 9, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

cohol Japan Mar. 9, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )cohol Korea Mar. 9, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )cohol Taiwan Mar. 9, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

China Apr. 5, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ded non-alloy 

e Romania Apr. 26, 1995 A A (4 ) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ded non-alloy 

e South Africa Apr. 26, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ta Italy May 15, 1995 P A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ta Turkey Nay 19, 1995 P A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

able.
d

tive in 1995, filed under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by final outcomes and by USITC investigation

(Affirmative (A); Partial Affirmative (P); Negative (N); Suspension Agreement (S); Terminated (T))

Date Preliminary Final

original determination determination Date of

Country petition final

of origin filed Commission ITA1 ITA1 Commission action2

In progress

paper printing 

Germany Jun. 30, 1995 A A A (4) (4 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

paper printing 

Japan July 7, 1995 A A A (4) (4 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ded PVC and

ne framing stock United Kingdom Sept. 8, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . )

plate Japan Sept. 29, 1995 A A (4) (4) (4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

 Commerce, International Trade Administration (ITA) 

 the final action was taken by the ITA, the date shown is the Federal Register notice date of that action 

of alloy magnesium from Ukraine received a negative USITC vote, thus ending the investigation as of May 16, 1994. The pure

eceived affirmative votes from both the USITC and the ITA and is still in progress.
128

Table A-25

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

Argentina:

Oil country tubular goods Aug. 11, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seamless Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 3, 1995

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 26, 1991

Rectangular tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 1989

Barbed wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 13, 1985

Carbon steel wire rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 23, 1984

Armenia: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Australia:

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canned Bartlett pears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 23, 1973

Austria: Railway track equipment Feb. 17, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Azerbaijan: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Bangladesh: Shop towels Mar. 20, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belarus-Baltic: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Belgium:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 20, 1987

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 13, 1979

Brazil:

Seamless pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 3, 1995

Stainless steel bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 21, 1995

Silicomanganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 22, 1994

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 14, 1994

Stainless steel wire rods Jan. 28, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Circular welded non-alloy pipe Nov. 2, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 31, 1991

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 5, 1987

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 12, 1987

Butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 17, 1986

Pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 21, 1986

Construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 9, 1986

Canada:

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 31, 1992

Steel rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 15, 1989

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 7, 1988

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 12, 1987

Oil country tubular goods June 16, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 5, 1986

Raspberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 24, 1985

Sugar and syrups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 9, 1980

Racing plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 27, 1974

Elemental sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 17, 1973

Steel jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 13, 1966

Chile: Standard carnations Mar. 20, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colombia: Fresh cut flowers Mar. 18, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ecuador: Fresh cut flowers Mar. 18, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estonia: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Finland:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicose rayon staple fiber Mar. 21, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France:

Calcium aluminate flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 13, 1994

Stainless steel wire rods Jan. 28, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spherical plain bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

See footnote at end of table.
129

Table A-25—Continued

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

France—Continued:

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 6, 1987

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 10, 1983

Sorbitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 9, 1982

Anhydrous sodium metasilicate Jan. 7, 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 13, 1979

Large power transformers June 14, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia:

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Germany:

Seamless pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 3, 1995

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Rayon yarn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 30, 1992

Sodium thiosulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Industrial belts (except synchronous and V-belts) June 14, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spherical plain bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crankshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 23, 1987

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 6, 1987

Barium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 25, 1981

Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 13, 1979

Animal glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 22, 1977

Greece: Electrolytic manganese dioxide Apr. 17, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hungary: Tapered roller bearings June 19, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India:

Stainless steel bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 21, 1995

Forged stainless steel flanges Feb. 9, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 1, 1993

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 2, 1993

Pipes and tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 12, 1986

Iran: Pistachio nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 17, 1986

Israel:

Phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1987

Oil country tubular goods Mar. 6, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Italy:

Oil country tubular goods. Aug. 11, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seamless pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 3, 1995

Grain-oriented electric steel Aug. 12, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Synchronous industrial belts and V-belts June 14, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug. 30, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 14, 1987

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 6, 1987

Brass fire protection equipment Mar. 1, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodwind pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 21, 1984

Pressure sensitive tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 21, 1977

Large power transformers June 14, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan:

Oil country tubular goods. Aug. 11, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stainless steel bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 21, 1995

Grain-oriented electric steel June 10, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defrost timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 2, 1994

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric cutting tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 12, 1993

Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 15, 1992

Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 10, 1991

Benzyl paraben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 13, 1991

See footnote at end of table.
130

Table A-25—Continued

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

Japan—Continued:

Laser light-scattering instruments Nov. 19, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Mechanical transfer presses Feb. 16, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Drafting machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 29, 1989

Small business telephone systems Dec. 11, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 14, 1989

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spherical plain bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrolytic manganese dioxide April 17,1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microdisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 3, 1989

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug. 24, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 12, 1988

Nitrile rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 16, 1988

Forklift trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 7, 1988

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings March 25 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 7, 1988

Tapered roller bearings over 4 inches Oct. 6, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cast-iron pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 6, 1987

Butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 10, 1987

Cellular mobile telephones Dec. 19, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium hypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 18, 1985

Titanium sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 30, 1984

High powered amplifiers July 20, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large electric motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 24, 1980

Steel wire strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 8, 1978

Impression fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 25, 1978

Melamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 2, 1977

Acrylic sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 30, 1976

Tapered roller bearings 4 inches and under Aug. 8, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polychloroprene rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 6, 1973

Steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 15, 1973

Synthetic methionine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1973

Roller chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 12, 1973

Bicycle speedometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 22, 1972

Large power transformers June 14, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fishnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 9, 1972

Television receiving sets Mar. 10, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazakhstan:

Titanium sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 28, 1994

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 7, 1993

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Kenya: Standard carnations Apr. 23, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Kyrgyzstan: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Latvia-Baltic: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Lithuania: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Malaysia: Extruded rubber thread Oct. 7, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Mexico:

Oil country tubular goods Aug. 11, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 25, 1993

Circular welded non-alloy pipe Nov. 2, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 30, 1990

Fresh cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 23, 1987

Cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 2, 1986

Moldova: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Netherlands:

Aramid fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 24, 1994

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 12, 1988

New Zealand:

Kiwifruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 2, 1992

Brazing copper wire and rod Dec. 4, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

See footnote at end of table.
131

Table A-25—Continued

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

Norway: Atlantic salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 12, 1991

People’s Republic of China:

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 21, 1995

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 12, 1995

Glycine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 29, 1995

Coumarin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 9, 1995

Cased pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 28, 1994

Silicomanganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 22, 1994

Paper clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 25, 1994

Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 16, 1994

Sebacic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1994

Lock washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 19, 1993

Ductile iron fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 7, 1993

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 11, 1993

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 19, 1992

Butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 6, 1992

Tungsten ore concentrates Nov. 21, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lug nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 20, 1991

Sparklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 18, 1991

Silicon metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 10, 1991

Sodium thiosulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Hammers/sledges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Picks/mattocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Bars/wedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Axes/adzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 15, 1987

Cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 2, 1986

Candles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 28, 1986

Construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 9, 1986

Paint brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 14, 1986

Barium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 17, 1984

Chloropicrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1984

Potassium permanganate Jan. 31, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shop towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 4, 1983

Printcloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 16, 1983

Poland: Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romania:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Tapered roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 19, 1987

Russia:

Ferrovanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1995

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 12, 1995

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 24, 1993

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Titanium sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 28, 1968

Singapore:

V-belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 14, 1989

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 7, 1988

Rectangular pipes and tubes Nov. 13, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

South Africa:

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 6, 1995

Brazing copper wire and rod Jan. 29, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Korea:

Oil country tubular goods Aug. 11, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 10, 1993

Steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 26, 1993

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb. 23, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welded stainless steel pipes Dec. 30, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

See footnote at end of table.
132

Table A-25—Continued

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

South Korea—Continued:

Circular welded non-alloy pipe Nov. 2, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

PET film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 5, 1991

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Small business telephone systems Feb. 7, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Color picture tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 7, 1988

Stainless steel cookware Jan. 20, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 12, 1987

Pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 23, 1986

Photo albums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 16, 1985

Television receiving sets Apr. 30, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain:

Stainless steel bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 2, 1995

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Potassium permanganate Jan. 19, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seamless stainless steel hollow products Dec. 3, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 6, 1987

Stainless steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 8, 1973

Taiwan:

Forged stainless steel flanges Feb. 9, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lockwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 28, 1993

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings June 16, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Welded stainless steel pipes Dec. 30, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circular welded non-alloy pipe Nov. 2, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lug nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 20, 1991

Small business telephone systems Dec. 11, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Rectangular tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 27, 1989

Stainless steel cookware Jan. 20, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 17, 1986

Cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 2, 1986

Oil country tubular goods June 18, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 23, 1986

Circular pipes and tubes May 7, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Television receiving sets Apr. 30, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Carbon steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 13, 1979

Tajikistan: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Thailand:

Furfuryl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 25, 1995

Canned pineapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 18, 1995

Butt-weld pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 6, 1992

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

Pipe fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 20, 1987

Circular welded pipes and tubes Mar. 11, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey:

Aspirin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 25, 1987

Pipes and tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1986

Turkmenistan: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Ukraine:

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 12, 1995

Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 30, 1993

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 7, 1993

Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Titanium sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 28, 1968

United Kingdom:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 19, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Sodium thiosulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 19, 1991

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 10, 1990

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1989

See footnote at end of table.
133

Table A-25—Continued

Antidumping orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

United Kingdom—Continued:

Cylindrical roller bearings May 15, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crankshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 21, 1987

Uzbekistan: Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 14, 1987

Venezuela:

Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 24, 1993

Circular welded non-alloy pipe Nov. 2, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yugoslavia:

Nitrocellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 16, 1990

Suspension agreements in effect:

Canada: Potassium chloride Jan. 19, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hungary: Truck trailer axles Jan. 4, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan:

Color negative photo paper Aug. 12, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erasable programmable read-only memory chips Aug. 16, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 6, 1980

Kazakhstan: Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 26, 1992

Kyrgyzstan: Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 26, 1992

Netherlands: Color negative photo paper Aug. 12, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . People’s Republic of China: Honey Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia: Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 26, 1992

Urkraine: Silicomanganese Nov. 25, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uzbekistan: Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 26, 1992

Venezuela: Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 27, 1992

1 The U.S. Department of Commerce conducts a periodic review of outstanding antidumping duty orders and

suspension agreements, upon request, to determine if the amount of the net margin of underselling has changed. If a

change has occurred, the imposed antidumping duties are adjusted accordingly. The results of the periodic review

must be published together with a formal notice of any antidumping duty to be assessed, estimated duty to be

deposited, or investigation to be resumed.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration.
active in 1995, filed under authority of section 303 or title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, by final outcomes and by

umber

(Affirmative (A); Partial Affirmative (P); Negative (N))

Date Preliminary Final

original determination determination Date of

Country petition final

of origin filed Commission ITA1 ITA1 Commission action2

Affirmative

arbon & alloy standard,

ssure steel pipe Italy June 23, 1994 A A A A July 26, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tubular goods Austria June 30, 1994 A A A A Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tubular goods Italy June 30, 1994 A A A A Aug. 2, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Negative

bon steel butt-weld

gs India Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 3, 1995

bon steel butt-weld

gs Israel Feb. 28, 1994 A A A N April 3, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

In Progress

 lighters Thailand May 9, 1994 A N N (3) (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ta Italy May 19, 1995 P A (3) (3) (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )ta Turkey May 19, 1995 P A (3) (3) (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

Commerce, International Trade Administration (ITA).

the final action was taken by the ITA, the date shown is the Federal Register notice date of that action. 

Trade Commission (ITC) conducts preliminary and final investigations under section 701 if the imports originate in a country that

e on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (formally known as the Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) or has undertaken comparable obligations. Similarly, ITC conducts preliminary and final

on 303 if the imports enter the United States free of duty and the international obligations of the United States so require. With

s from those countries that have neither signed the Subsidies Code nor undertaken substantially equivalent obligations,

be imposed after an affirmative finding by the Department of Commerce under section 303 of the Tariff Act of 1930 without an

ITC. Exceptions are granted in instances in which the exporting country becomes a signatory to the code or to an equivalent

stigation.

l Trade Commission.
135

Table A-27

Countervailing-duty orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

Argentina:

Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 2, 1990

Oil country tubular goods Nov. 22, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 4, 1983

Belgium: Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil:

Cut-to-length carbon steel plate Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 8, 1987

Construction castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 15, 1986

Agricultural tillage tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 22, 1985

Pig iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 4, 1980

Cotton yarn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 15, 1977

Certain castor oil products Mar. 16, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada:

Alloy magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 31, 1992

Pure magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 31, 1992

Steel rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 22, 1989

Live swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 15, 1985

Chile: Standard carnations Mar. 19, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

European Union:2 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 31, 1978

France:

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Brass sheet and strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 6, 1987

 Germany:

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Cut-to-length carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

India:

Sulfanilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 2, 1993

Certain iron-metal castings Oct. 16, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iran:

Roasted pistachios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 7, 1986

 Raw pistachios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 11, 1986

Israel:

Industrial phosphoric acid Aug. 19, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil country tubular goods Mar. 6, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy:

Oil country tubular goods Aug. 4, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seamless pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 2, 1995

 Grain-oriented electric steel June 7, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malaysia:

Extruded rubber thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 25, 1992

Mexico:

Cut-to-length carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porcelain cookware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 12, 1986

Netherlands: Standard chrysanthemums Mar. 12, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway: Atlantic salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 12, 1991

Pakistan: Shop towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 9, 1984

Peru: Pompon chrysanthemums Apr. 23, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore:

 Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 3, 1989

 Cylindrical roller bearings May 3, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Needle roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 3, 1989

 Spherical plane bearings May 3, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Spherical roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 3, 1989

South Korea:

Cold-rolled carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Stainless steel cookware Jan. 20, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain:

Cut-to-length carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stainless steel wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 3, 1983

See footnotes at end of table.
136

Table A-27—Continued

Countervailing-duty orders and findings in effect as of Dec. 31, 1995

Effective date of

Country and commodity original action1

Sweden:

Cut-to-length carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain carbon steel products Oct. 11, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscose rayon staple fiber May 15, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Taiwan: Stainless steel cookware Jan. 20, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thailand:

Steel wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 11, 1991

Ball bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 3, 1989

Turkey: Pipes and tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 7, 1986

United Kingdom:

Cut-to-length carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead and bismuth steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 22, 1993

Venezuela: Ferrosilicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 10, 1993

Suspension agreements in effect:

Argentina: Wire rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 27, 1982

Brazil:

Crankshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 28, 1987

Orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 2, 1983

Colombia:

Miniature carnations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 13, 1987

Cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 9, 1986

Textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 12, 1985

Costa Rica: Cut flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 13, 1987

Peru: Shop Towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 12, 1984

Singapore: Compressors Nov. 7, 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thailand: Textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 12, 1985

1 The U.S. Department of Commerce conducts a periodic review of outstanding countervailing-duty orders and

suspension agreements, upon request, to determine if the amount of the net subsidy has changed. If a change has

occurred, the imposed countervailing duties are adjusted accordingly. 2 Includes Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the

United Kingdom.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration.
137

Table A-28

Section 337 investigations completed by the U.S. International Trade Commission during 1995 and

those pending on Dec. 31, 1995

Status of

Investigation Article Country1 Commission Determination

Completed:

337-TA-228 Certain Fans With Japan Advisory opinion proceeding

Brushless DC Motors terminated based on withdrawal of 

request for advisory opinion.

337-TA-349 Certain Diltiazem Israel, Italy, Terminated based on a finding

Hydrochloride and Finland of no violation.

Diltiazem Preparations

337-TA-358 Certain Recombinantly Denmark, Israel Terminated based on dismissal

Produced Human Growth of the complaint with prejudice

Hormones as a sanction for complainant’s 

misconduct during discovery.

337-TA-361 Certain Portable On-Car Germany Terminated based on a finding of

Disc Brake Lathes and no violation.

Components Thereof

337-TA-364 Certain Curable Italy Issued a limited exclusion order

Fluoroelastomer and a cease and desist order.

Compositions and

Precursors Thereof

337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Taiwan Issued a limited exclusion order

Devices for Divers and a cease and desist order.

337-TA-366 Certain Microsphere Taiwan Issued a limited exclusion order.

Adhesives, Process For

Making Same, and Products

Containing Same, Including

Self-Stick Repositionable 

Notes

337-TA-367 Certain Facsimile Machines Korea Terminated based on a settlement

and Components Thereof agreement.

337-TA-368 Certain Rechargeable Nickel Japan Terminated based on a settlement

Metal Hydride Anode agreement.

Materials and Batteries, and

Products Containing Same

337-TA-369 Certain Health and Beauty Canada Terminated based on a settlement

Aids and Identifying Marks agreement.

Thereon

337-TA-373 Certain Low-Power Computer No foreign Terminated based on a settlement

Hard Disk Drive Systems respondents agreement.

and Products Containing Same

337-TA-375 Certain Clog Style Articles No foreign Terminated based on a consent

of Footwear respondents order.

Pending:

337-TA-315 Certain Plastic Encapsulated No foreign Formal enforcement proceeding

Integrated Circuits respondents pending before the Commission.

337-TA-370 Certain Salinomycin Biomass Germany Pending before the Commission.

and Preparations Containing Same

337-TA-371 Certain Memory Devices With Japan, Korea Pending before the ALJ.

Increased Capacitance and

Products Containing Same

See footnote at end of table.
138

Table A-28—Continued

Section 337 investigations completed by the U.S. International Trade Commission during 1995 and

those pending on Dec. 31, 1995

Status of

Investigation Article Country1 Commission Determination

337-TA-372 Certain Neodymium-Iron- People’s Republic Pending before the Commission.

Boron Magnets, Magnet of China, Hong Kong,

Alloys, and Articles Taiwan

Containing Same

337-TA-374 Certain Electrical Connectors Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

and Products Containing Same

337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Germany Pending before the ALJ.

Turbines and Components

Thereof

337-TA-377 Certain Microprocessors Hong Kong Pending before the Commission.

Having Alignment Checking

and Products Containing Same

337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Japan Pending before the ALJ.

Kamaboko Fish Cakes

337-TA-379 Certain Starter Kill Vehicle Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

Security Systems

1 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation.

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Office of Unfair Import Investigations.
139

Table A-29

Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1995

Investigation Date patent

No. Article Country1 expires2

337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-59 Certain Pump-Top Insulated Containers Korea, Taiwan June 6, 19973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan, Korea Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-74 Certain Rotatable Photograph and Card . . . . . Display Units and Components Thereof Hong Kong Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and . . . . . 

Components Thereof Japan, Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and . . . . Components Thereof Japan, Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan, Japan, Canada Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . June 21, 19963

337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and Rubber . . . . Soles Korea Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-140 Certain Personal Computers and . . . . Components Thereof Taiwan, Hong Kong, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore, Switzerland Apr. 11, 19973 . . . . 

July 14, 1998

337-TA-143 Certain Amorphous Metal Alloys and Amorphous . . . . Metal Articles Japan, West Germany Sept. 9, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-146 Certain Canape Makers No foreign respondents Mar. 22, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong, Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-161 Certain Trolley Wheel Assemblies Korea Mar. 10, 19963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-170 Certain Bag Closure Clips Israel Aug. 25, 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

May 26, 20013

337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan, South Africa Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 27, 19893

Sept. 17, 20013

337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan, South Africa Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mar. 27, 19983

Sept. 17, 20013

337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips and . . . . Components Thereof Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-228 Certain Fans With Brushless DC Motors Japan Sept. 30, 20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines, Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls, Popularly Known as . . . . “Cabbage Patch Kids,” Related Literature, and

Packaging Therefor No foreign respondents Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-240 Certain Laser Inscribed Diamonds and the Method . . . . 

of Inscription Thereof Israel Dec. 23, 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-242 Certain Dynamic Random Access Memories, . . . . Components Thereof, and Products Containing

Same Japan, Korea Aug. 6, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Sept. 24, 2002

337-TA-254 Certain Small Aluminum Flashlights and Components . . . . Thereof Hong Kong, Taiwan June 6, 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore, Taiwan, Korea, . . . . . . . . . . . 

Thailand, Hong Kong Non-patent . . . . . . 337-TA-267 Certain Minoxidil Powder, Salts and Compositions for . . . . Use in Hair Treatment Austria, Canada, Finland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy, Mexico, Switzerland Feb. 13, 1996 . . 

Feb. 13, 1996

337-TA-276 Certain Erasable Programmable Read Only . . . . Memories, Components Thereof, Products

Containing Such Memories and Processes for

Making Such Memories Korea Oct. 1, 19963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 13, 19993

Dec. 23, 20003

June 17, 20023

June 7, 20053

See footnotes at end of table.
140

Table A-29—Continued

Outstanding sec. 337 exclusion orders as of Dec. 31, 1995

Investigation Date patent

No. Article Country1 expires2

337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors . Taiwan Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and . . . . Components Thereof and Methods of Using, and

Products Incorporating, the Same. France. Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 2, 1999

337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan. Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apr. 7, 20003

337-TA-293 Certain Crystalline Cefadroxil Monohydrate . Italy, Spain, Switzerland. Mar. 12, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes. Hong Kong. Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-308 Certain Key Blanks For Keys of High . . . . Security Cylinder Locks. Korea Jan. 13, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 19, 20053

337-TA-314 Certain Battery-Powered Ride-On Toy . . . . 

Vehicles and Components Thereof Taiwan. Sept. 22, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan. 31, 2003

Dec. 6, 20033

Jan. 27, 2004

Sept. 22, 20063

337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator Caps and . . . . Related Packaging and Promotional Materials . Taiwan. Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 4, 19983

July 22, 20063

June 22, 20063

337-TA-320 Certain Rotary Printing Apparatus Using . . . . Heated Ink Composition, Components

Thereof, and Systems Containing Said

Apparatus and Components . France, Spain Apr. 30, 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their . . . . Containers . Colombia Non-patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-324 Certain Acid-Washed Denim Garments . . . . and Accessories Hong Kong, Taiwan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil, Chile Oct. 22, 20063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-333 Certain Woodworking Accessories. Taiwan. Mar. 2, 20083 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-337 Certain Integrated Circuit Telecommunication . . . . Chips and Products Containing Same, Including

Dialing Apparatus Taiwan. May 18, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-344 Certain Cutting Tools For Flexible Plastic . . . . 

Conduit and Components Thereof. Taiwan. Aug. 1, 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-354 Certain Tape Dispensers Hong Kong, Taiwan . Apr. 7, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-360 Certain Devices For Connecting Computers Via . . . . Telephone Lines Taiwan. Feb. 13, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

337-TA-364 Certain Fluoroelastomer Compositions and . . . . Precursors Thereof Italy Nov. 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan. Aug. 21, 20073 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 12, 20083

337-TA-366 Certain Microsphere Adhesives, Process For Making . . . . Same, and Products Containing Same, Including

Self-Stick Repositionable Notes. Taiwan. Aug. 17, 19973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation.

2 Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigation.

3 Patent term extended pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 154(c).

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Office of Unfair Import Investigations.
mption of leading GSP-duty-free imports, 1995

(1,000 dollars)

Total U.S. Imports of GSP articlesimports for

scription consumption GSP-eligible1 GSP duty-free2

or, cartridge or cassette magnetic tape-type video 3,036,633 1,188,846 763,282 . . . . . . . . . . . 

rdless handset telephones 1,269,021 546,736 498,274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ception apparatus for radiotelephony, not capable of 

ecording 974,933 529,403 435,812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ception apparatus for radiotelephony incorporating 

ptical disc players 680,572 374,840 361,224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

oden (except bent-wood) furniture, other than seats 1,503,029 409,966 309,207 . . . . . . . . . 

diobroadcast receivers, nesi, including apparatus 518,157 283,814 280,432 . . . . . . . . . . . . 

rochromium containing > 3 percent of carbon 308,478 286,443 261,619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

w sugar not containing added flavoring or color, pursuant 

o provisions 583,050 499,257 259,865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ception apparatus for radiotelephony incorporating ape players 747,809 259,783 252,710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ephone sets 1,022,727 322,946 217,274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

er sound reproducing apparatus, nesi 1,527,742 461,584 162,801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ts of seats of a kind used for motor vehicles 432,988 187,827 160,687 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ers of monohydric alcohols 815,672 154,823 154,776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

csimile machines 1,008,787 243,279 154,430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

dio tape player combinations 1,762,611 341,353 152,479 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cator panels incorporating liquid crystal devices 642,549 200,650 149,847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

minum plates, sheets and strip not clad 727,474 172,123 149,422 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ental or Turkish type cigarette leaf, not stemmed 202,694 154,266 147,553 . . . . . . . . . . . . 

rowave ovens 624,890 152,418 146,098 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

holstery leather, of bovine and equine leather 314,372 144,663 141,854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tems 18,704,188 6,915,020 5,159,646 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

P items 255,667,549 28,741,455 18,303,600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

how total imports of the top 20 products reported under an HTS subheading that establishes eligibility for duty-free treatment under

sons, all imports from beneficiary countries that are “eligible” for GSP do not always necessarily receive duty-free GSP treatment.

y not actually receive GSP duty-free treatment for at least four types of reasons: (1) the importer fails to claim GSP benefits

ts are from a beneficiary country that has lost GSP on that product or category for exceeding the so-called ”competitive need”

from a beneficiary country that has lost GSP on that product because of a petition to remove that country from GSP for that

rts fail to meet the rules of origin or direct shipment requirements in the GSP statute. 

how the total imports of the top 20 products that actually received duty-free treatment under the GSP program.

ng, figures may not add to the totals shown.

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
mption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule

(Million dollars)

Total U.S. Imports of GSP articlesimports for

ion consumption1 GSP-eligible2 GSP duty-free3

mals; animal products 10,379 193 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

e products 11,025 690 157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

or vegetable fats, and waxes 1,506 107 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 13,273 1,527 894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

products 60,016 162 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 of the chemical and allied industries 36,272 1,139 788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

and rubber, and articles thereof 20,404 1,669 885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d skins; leather and articles thereof; travel goods,

ags, and similar containers 6,578 568 459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of wood, cork, or plaiting material 10,237 1,109 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

lp; paper, paperboard, and articles thereof 18,884 226 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

and textile articles 46,643 233 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

r, and headgear, and artificial flowers 13,980 384 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of stone or ceramics; glass and glassware 7,352 541 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

recious stones and metals; jewelry; coin 15,615 1,454 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

tals and articles of base metal 41,448 2,512 2,026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ry and mechanical appliances; electrical equipment;

and accessories thereof 231,349 12,215 8,061 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 aircraft, and other transport equipment 115,433 936 738 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

photographic, measuring, and medical apparatus;

 and watches; musical instruments 25,676 1,390 548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

d ammunition; parts and accessories 657 41 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

neous manufactured articles 25,029 1,644 1,297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 art, collectors’ pieces and antiques 2,658 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

classification provisions 23,096 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

l, above items 737,510 28,741 18,304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

to the U.S. Virgin Islands 

show total imports, by sector, that are reported under an HTS provision that establishes eligibility for duty-free entry under GSP.

all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that appear to be “eligible” for GSP do not always necessarily receive

P. Such “eligible” imports may not actually receive duty-free entry under GSP for at least four types of reasons: (1) the importer

s affirmatively; (2) the goods are from a beneficiary country that has lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding the so-called

(3) the goods are from a beneficiary country that has lost GSP benefits on that product because of a petition to remove that

 product; and (4) the goods fail to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirements of the GSP statute. 

show the total imports, by sector, that actually received duty-free entry under the GSP.

ng, figures may not add to the totals shown.

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
mption of leading imports under CBERA, 1994-95

(1,000 dollars)

ion 1994 1995

r uppers, other than formed, of leather 219,360 186,753 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of jewelry and parts of precious metal, nesi 139,224 142,386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ar not containing added flavoring or color, pursuant to provisions (1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 127,475

nts and appliances for electro-medical, surgical, dental and other, nesi 92,555 119,830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

heroots and cigarillos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,073 74,815

ured ethyl alcohol of 80 percent volume alcohol, for nonbeverage use 47,450 54,138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bovine animals fresh or chilled, boneless (2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 51,598

pes, fresh, if entered from 9/16-7/31 43,963 51,418 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 rods, hot-rolled, of iron or nonalloy steel 56,032 49,772 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

bovine animals frozen, boneless (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 45,292

ermic hair dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,938 42,922

l (methyl alcohol), nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,617 40,849

parts, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,085 37,200

es, fresh or dried, not reduced in size, in crates 35,884 35,239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

si, excluding fillets, livers and roes, fresh or chilled 34,989 34,963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

c circuit breakers, for a voltage not exceed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 34,725

l apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, nesi 23,916 31,892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nesi, fresh, if entered from 12/1-5/31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,122 25,501

of vulcanized rubber other than hard rubber 16,210 24,687 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

s and softballs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,100 21,885

l of above items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917,523 1,223,347l, all items entering under CBERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,050,158 2,261,407

995, reported under HTS no. 1701.11.01 part.995, reported under HTS no. 0201.30.60 part.995, reported under HTS no. 0202.30.60 part.

ng, figures may not add to the totals shown.

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
144

Table A-33

U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by country, 1991-95

(1,000 dollars)

Rank Country 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

1 Dominican Republic 402,507 567,738 657,673 751,028 845,356 . . . . . . 2 Costa Rica 249,553 294,937 388,251 478,109 527,715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3 Guatemala 137,157 192,955 208,262 171,381 168,466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Honduras 80,464 112,511 127,399 139,838 156,839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Trinidad and Tobago 26,542 44,695 44,602 142,901 144,247 . . . . . 6 Jamaica 60,080 48,154 76,496 69,316 87,329 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7 Nicaragua 16,849 40,018 74,408 80,554 78,543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 El Salvador 30,041 27,249 26,530 41,126 68,550 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Panama 17,417 23,753 38,523 35,141 39,357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Haiti 50,053 19,151 33,378 15,770 26,521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

11 Barbados 15,728 15,478 20,176 21,313 23,042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Bahamas 10,652 93,324 167,110 45,062 22,854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 St. Kitts and Nevis 5,857 14,172 15,985 17,220 18,776 . . . . . . . 14 Guyana 506 1,202 1,246 13,100 17,409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

15 Belize 5,445 23,733 12,526 13,112 16,676 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 St. Lucia 3,195 3,957 4,463 6,077 6,503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Netherlands Antilles 5,241 2,964 3,489 3,214 4,468 . . . . . . 18 St. Vincent and Grenadines 140 165 233 1,299 2,527

19 Dominica 1,365 1,008 1,293 2,112 2,200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Antigua 548 324 1,110 809 1,683 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Montserrat 0 41 271 886 1,488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Grenada 1,307 1,081 144 768 724 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

23 Aruba 0 10 21 12 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 British Virgin Islands 52 68 17 11 12 . . . . . . 

Total 1,120,697 1,528,690 1,903,613 2,050,158 2,261,407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Note.—Figures may not add to the totals given due to rounding.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
145

Table A-34

U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA, by country, 1993-95

(1,000 dollars)

Rank Country 1993 1994 1995

1 Colombia 323,369 411,642 499,261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Peru 11,594 107,430 207,568 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3 Ecuador 34,335 72,905 147,859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Bolivia 32,124 91,840 84,099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Total 401,421 683,817 938,789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals given.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
mption of leading imports under ATPA, 1994-95

(1,000 dollars)

dity 1994 1995

hemums, standard carnations, anthuriums and orchids 121,036 147,875

resh cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,475 126,897

rb, etc. in continuous lengths, of precious metal 29,036 101,574 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ers and flower buds suitable for bouquets, nesi 45,187 64,388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

of jewelry, and parts thereof, nesi, of precious metals 85,205 46,810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

nd skipjack, not in airtight containers, not in oil 13,802 36,524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

e (spray) carnations, fresh cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,391 32,360

ar not containing added flavoring or color, pursuant to provisions (1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 31,860

sive plates, sheets, film, foil, strip, cellular plastics 28,260 29,967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ar not containing added flavoring or color to be used in the production

hydric alcohols except distillation (2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 21,073

si, excl. fillets, livers and roes, fresh or chilled 17,055 19,174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

cklaces and neck chains of gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,351 13,966

d copper; copper anodes for electrolytic refining 0 13,395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ead, unwrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,114 12,982

us, nesi, fresh or chilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,760 12,868

s and sections of cathodes of refined copper 8,239 11,995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

es and neck chains of gold, nesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,493 10,926

e or recomposed wood veneer <= 6mm in thickness nesi (3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 10,682

ags and containers nesi, with outer surface of leather 6,093 9,272 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

suitcases, vanity cases, occupational luggage, with outer

e of leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,431 9,097

l of items shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575,213 763,686

l other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,604 175,103l all commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683,817 938,789

995, reported under HTS no. 1701.11.01 part.995, reported under HTS nos. 1701.11.02 part and 1701.11.03 part.995, reported under HTS no. 4421.90.92 part.

es sorted by imports for consumption, customs value in 1994.

official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
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