IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

June 19, 2019 Session

LARRY DANIEL CANTEY v. ALYSON LINDSAY CANTEY (VIOLETTE)

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Gibson County

No. 22159 George R. Ellis, Chancellor

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No. W2018-01331-COA-R3-CV

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This appeal involves a petition to modify an agreed permanent parenting plan. The trial

court denied the petition. We conclude that the trial court’s order does not contain

sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law. We vacate the order of the trial court

and remand for entry of an appropriate order.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Vacated and Remanded

CARMA D. MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD,

P.J., W.S., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.

G. Michael Casey, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Alyson Lindsay Cantey

(Violette).

Michael R. Hill, Milan, Tennessee, for the appellee, Larry Daniel Cantey.

OPINION

I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

 

Alyson Lindsay Cantey (Violette) (“Mother”) and Larry Daniel Cantey (“Father”)

divorced in September 2016. Together, they have two minor children, a daughter

(“Daughter”) and a son (“Son”). At the time of the divorce, the parties executed a marital

dissolution agreement and an agreed permanent parenting plan, which designated Mother

as the primary residential parent. However, Mother and Father enjoyed equal parenting

time with the children. All major decisions required joint agreement of the parents, and

mediation was the anticipated means of resolution to any impasse. 

07/09/2019
2

When the parenting plan was entered, Mother and Father resided in Milan,

Tennessee. Following the divorce, Mother and Father both remarried, and Mother moved

to Medina, Tennessee. Daughter is disabled and is enrolled in the special education

program at Milan Middle School. Neither parent desires to make any changes in

Daughter’s schooling. Son, at the time of the divorce, was not yet enrolled in elementary

school. 

On March 19, 2018, Mother filed a petition to modify the existing permanent

parenting plan due to an alleged material change of circumstance.

1

 Mother filed a new

proposed parenting plan seeking to modify several provisions, including the parties’ joint

educational decision-making authority. Alternatively, if her petition was denied, Mother

sought the authority to enroll Son in school at Medina Elementary School. Mother relied

primarily on her designation as primary residential parent to justify her claimed right to

make this decision. 

On April 20, 2018, Father filed a response to Mother’s petition (but no counterpetition), denying that a material change of circumstance existed to change the parties’

joint decision-making. However, Father acknowledged that the parties had not been

following the existing parenting plan and agreed to revise the residential schedule and

child support provisions. Father attached to his response a proposed permanent parenting

plan, asserting that his plan accurately reflected the modifications to which the parties

informally agreed in the fall of 2017, except for the issue of Son’s schooling. The parties

attempted to mediate the issues but were unsuccessful. 

On June 6, 2019, the trial court conducted a hearing on Mother’s petition and

heard testimony from each party. At trial, both parties submitted competing parenting

plans that modified the terms of their original plan. The testimony of each party largely

centered on the issue of the appropriate school for Son, which remained in dispute.

Mother testified that it is in the children’s best interest to be in separate school districts,

based on their educational goals and circumstances. She believed that Milan Elementary

School was meeting the needs of Daughter and was the best school for Daughter. 

However, she believed that it was in Son’s best interest to attend Medina Elementary

School. She described Son as being very bright. She testified that he, at age five, already

knew the periodic table of elements and different language. Her selection of Medina

Elementary School was based on her research comparing it and Milan Elementary

School. She testified that Medina Elementary was globally higher on all test scores than

 

1 Mother erroneously styled her pleading as a motion to modify rather than a petition to modify,

but this fact “is not of ultimate consequence,” because we give effect to the substance of her pleading

rather than its form. Stricklin v. Stricklin, 490 S.W.3d 8, 12 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015).
3

Milan Elementary.2 Mother further testified to additional modifications she requested in

the existing parenting plan, including altering the residential parenting time to a week-toweek schedule; allowing the children to be in her care on “school-free” days; and

removing the special provisions in the existing plan. Alternatively, in the event the court

did not modify the existing plan, Mother believed as the primary residential parent she

should be allowed to make the final decision regarding Son’s education.

 

Father testified that he did not believe that it was in the best interest of the children

to attend separate schools. He agreed that Milan Elementary School was the best school

for Daughter and believed that school was appropriate for Son based on the services

provided to Daughter. He also testified that Son had been involved in extracurricular

activities in Milan and developed relationships with other children from Milan. Father

indicated his strong preference for Milan Elementary School was based on his philosophy

that education was not just about academic success, but also moral upbringing. Father

expressed concerns that if the children attend different schools, Son will develop an idea

of being separate from his sister.

At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial judge announced his oral ruling

denying Mother’s petition. The court entered the following order on July 3, 2018:

This Cause, came to be heard on the 6th day of June, 2018, before the

Honorable Chancellor George R. Ellis in the Chancery Court of Gibson

County, Tennessee upon the Defendant’s Motion to Modify Permanent

Parenting Plan, Plaintiff’s Response, and statements of the parties made in

open Court, from all of which the Court finds as follows:

1. The Court finds that the parties contracted a permanent parenting

plan upon their divorce on September 19, 2016.

2. Mother, Alyson Lindsay Cantey Violette, urges the Court that

materially substantial changes in circumstances have occurred

warranting the modification.

3. In addition, the mother desires to leave the Daughter . . . in the

school system where she is presently enrolled and to remove the

Son . . . from the system where he has been on track to enter for

the last three years, by agreement of both parties, to another

system where the Mother has relocated to in the last year.

 

2

The record contains no documentary evidence to support Mother’s assertion regarding the test

scores. 
4

4. Mother alleged that the system where she wishes to move her son

is superior without presenting any proof of the same.

5. The Father, Larry Daniel Cantey, objects to this move for his son

due to separation of the siblings and the demographic differences

in the two systems.

6. The transcript from the Judge’s ruling is attached as EXHIBIT

A.3

ALL OF WHICH IS SO HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND

DECREED AS FOLLOWS:

1. The Court finds that the motion by the mother is for her

convenience and not in the best interest of the children.

2. The Mother’s Motion to Modify the Permanent parenting plan is

denied.

Mother timely filed a notice of appeal.

II. ISSUES PRESENTED

Mother presents the following issues, which we have slightly reworded and reordered, for review on appeal:

1. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to modify the parties’ permanent

parenting plan order, despite the fact that the parties both asked that it be

modified. 

2. Whether the trial court erred by not allowing Mother, the primary residential

parent, to determine which school Son attends.

For the following reasons, we vacate the order of the trial court and remand for

further proceedings.

III. DISCUSSION

We first address Mother’s and Father’s arguments that the trial court erred in

failing to modify the parties’ permanent parenting plan because both of them requested

that it be modified. Here, the parties agree that a material change in circumstance has

 

3

The transcript provides no additional findings of fact or conclusions of law.
5

occurred to warrant modification of their residential parenting time.4 However, Father

disputes that a material change in circumstance existed to warrant modification of the

parties’ decision-making authority, as requested by Mother. 

The threshold issue, when considering a petition to modify a permanent parenting

plan, is whether a material change of circumstance has occurred since the court’s prior

custody order. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B); Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414

S.W. 3d at 685, 697-98 (Tenn. 2013). Only after a material change of circumstance has

been found must the court decide whether modification is in the child’s best interest.

Armbrister, 414 S.W. 3d at 705. “The determinations of whether a material change of

circumstances has occurred and where the best interests of the child lie are factual

questions.” In re T.C.D., 261 S.W. 3d 734, 742 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).

In this case, one of Mother’s requests is a modification of decision-making

authority for educational decisions. As this Court has previously explained:

A modification in decision-making authority is analyzed utilizing the same

standards governing any modification of the parenting plan. See Gider v.

Hubbell, No. M2016-00032-COA-R3-JV, 2017 WL 1178260, at *5 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2017) (citing Colley v. Colley, No. M2014-02495-COAR3-CV, 2016 WL 3633376, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 28, 2016), perm.

app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 17, 2016) (analyzing a parent’s request for sole

decision-making authority under the material change analysis)). Therefore,

once the existence of a material change in circumstance has been found, the

trial court should consider the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated §

36-6-106(a) to determine whether a modification is in the children’s best

interest. See Allen [v. Allen, No. W2016-01078-COA-R3-CV,] 2017 WL

908319, at *8 [(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2017)]. 

Brunetz v. Brunetz, 573 S.W. 3d 173, 184 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018). 

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-407 gives further direction to courts in

dealing with the issue of decision-making. Section 36-6-407(b) states in relevant part: 

“The court shall order sole decision-making to one (1) parent when it finds that: . . . Both

parents are opposed to mutual decision making; or . . . [o]ne (1) parent is opposed to

mutual decision making, and such opposition is reasonable in light of the parties’

inability to satisfy the criteria for mutual decision-making authority.” Id. (emphasis

added). In determining who should be the sole decision-maker the trial court must

consider the following criteria:

 

4

The parties indicated at oral argument that they agree a material change of circumstance exists

to modify the residential parenting schedule.
6

(1) The existence of a limitation under § 36-6-406;

(2) The history of participation of each parent in decision making in each of

the following areas: physical care, emotional stability, intellectual and

moral development, health, education, extracurricular activities, and

religion; and whether each parent attended a court ordered parent education

seminar;

(3) Whether the parents have demonstrated the ability and desire to

cooperate with one another in decision making regarding the child in each

of the following areas: physical care, emotional stability, intellectual and

moral development, health, education extracurricular activities, and

religion; and

(4) The parents’ geographic proximity to one another, to the extent that it

affects their ability to make timely mutual decisions.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-407(c)(1)-(4).

Our role on appeal is to review the specific findings of the trial court against the

evidence in the record. Kathryne B.F. v. Michael B., No. W2013-01757-COA-R3-CV,

2014 WL 992110, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2014). This court has held that

“[f]indings of fact are particularly important in cases that involve the custody and

parenting schedule of children.” In re Connor S.L., No. W2012-00587-COA-R3-JV, 2012

WL 5462839, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 8, 2012) (quoting Hyde v. Bradley, No. M2009-

02117-COA-R3-JV, 2010 WL 4024905, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2010)). 

Findings of fact are also required by the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. 

Rule 52.01 requires that a trial court make appropriate findings of fact and separate

conclusions of law following a bench trial. This Court has previously explained the

importance of this Rule to the appellate process:

[T]he requirement to make findings of fact and conclusions of law is “not a

mere technicality.” In re K.H., No. W2008-01144-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL

1362314, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 15, 2009). Instead, the requirement

serves the important purpose of “facilitat[ing] appellate review and

promot[ing] the just and speedy resolution of appeals.” Id.; White v. Moody,

171 S.W.3d 187, 191 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); Bruce v. Bruce, 801 S.W.2d

102, 104 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). “Without such findings and conclusions,

this court is left to wonder on what basis the court reached its ultimate

decision.” In re K.H., 2009 WL 1362314, at *8 (quoting In re M.E.W. No. 

M2003-01739-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 865840, at *19 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr.

21, 2004)).

Westfall v. Westfall, No. E2017-01819-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 2058198, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
7

App. May 2, 2018) (quoting Babcock v. Babcock, No. E2014-01670-COA-R3-CV, 2015

WL 1059003, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2015)).

Shifting our attention to the present case, the trial court denied Mother’s petition

as a whole, stating that the petition was for her convenience and not in the best interest of

the children. The Court did not make any findings as to whether a material change in

circumstance had occurred, or state whether the parties agreed on that issue at trial.

Further, there is nothing in the record to show us that the court conducted a best interest

analysis. According to our Supreme Court, “[t]here is no bright-line test by which to

assess the sufficiency of factual findings, but ‘the findings of fact must include as much

of the subsidiary facts as is necessary to disclose to the reviewing court the steps by

which the trial court reached its ultimate conclusion on each factual issue.’” Lovlace v.

Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1, 35 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting 9C Federal Practice and Procedure §

2579, at 328).5 

 The parents are unable to exercise joint decision-making regarding Son’s education

and Mother has filed a petition to modify their decision-making authority. Therefore, the

trial court is statutorily required to make findings pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated

section 36-6-407(b) to determine whether the decision-making authority in the parenting

plan should be modified. The evidence is clear that Mother and Father cannot agree upon

which school Son should attend, based upon their individual assessments of Son’s

educational needs. The record indicates both parents believe Son’s education is of great

importance to his welfare. Despite this evidence the trial court failed to designate a

primary decision-maker for Son’s education or make any findings as to the issue. See

generally Coley v. Coley, No. M2007-00655-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 5206297, at *7

(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 12, 2008). The absence of those findings hinders our ability to

review the findings against the evidence. 

Because the court did not make the requisite findings, our ability to review the

case is limited. We cannot discern from the record whether the court erred or abused its

discretion. “Appellate courts have two options when a trial court’s factual findings fail to

 

5

Even if we consider the trial court’s denial of Mother’s petition as an implicit finding that a

material change of circumstance had not occurred, we are perplexed at how the trial court came to that

conclusion. The proposed parenting plans submitted by both Mother and Father indicate that they agreed

to modify the residential schedule. The trial court’s order does not acknowledge any agreement between

the parties. It denies Mother’s petition, stating it “is for her convenience and not in the best interest of the

children.” Further, based on the evidence presented, we cannot see how the court arrived at its conclusion

that Mother seeking to enroll Son in Medina Elementary is for her convenience. It is undisputed that

Daughter will remain in school in Milan. If Son attends school in Medina, Mother will have to transport

the children to and from two different schools each day; this would not reasonably be more convenient for

a parent.
8

satisfy the Rule 52.01 requirement.” Trezevant v. Trezevant, 568 S.W. 3d 595, 623

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2018). One remedy is the appellate courts may conduct an independent

analysis of the record. See Pandey v. Shrivastava, No. W2012-00059-COA-R3-CV, 2013

WL 657799, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2013) (noting that when faced with a trial

court’s failure to make specific findings, “the appellate courts may ‘soldier on’ when the

case involves a clear legal issue, or when the court’s decision is readily ascertainable.”)

(citations omitted). The alternative and more modern remedy is to vacate the decision

and remand the case to the trial court with instructions to issue sufficient findings of fact

and conclusions of law. See, e.g., In re Caleb F., M2016-01584-COA-R3-JV, 2017 WL

5712992, at *6-7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 2017); Pandey, 2013 WL 657799, at *5-6;

Hardin v. Hardin, No. W2012-00273-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 6727533, at *5-6 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Dec. 27, 2012); In re Connor S.L., 2012 WL 5462839, at *7.

For us to conduct a meaningful appellate review, in the event that the parties do

not stipulate regarding the existence of a material change of circumstances, the trial court

must first make detailed findings of fact. If a material change of circumstance exists, the

trial court must conduct a best interest analysis utilizing the factors in Tennessee Code

Annotated section 36-6-106(a) to determine whether a modification of the permanent

parenting plan is warranted.6 Because the record does not contain required findings as to

either the existence of a material change of circumstance or an analysis of the best

interest of the child, this Court remands this matter to the trial court for failure to comply

with Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 52.01. 

We next move to Mother’s issue of whether she should be allowed, as primary

residential parent, to determine the school that Son attends. The only findings made by

the trial court on this issue were that (1) Mother presented no evidence to show that one

school was “superior”; (2) the request was made for the convenience of Mother; (3) and

the request was not in the best interest of the children. Given that Mother did in fact

present testimonial evidence to support her request and the trial court did not evaluate this

evidence, we again conclude that the trial court’s findings are deficient. Consequently, as

with Mother’s first issue, this issue is also remanded to the trial court to make the

necessary findings of fact. We note, however, that this issue may become moot for

purposes of this appeal once the trial court determines which parent is authorized to make

the educational decisions for the children. In the event that this issue remains viable, the

trial court is instructed to make all necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law

supporting its decision as required by law.

 

6

This Court has vacated the judgments of trial courts where they failed to make findings to

support their rulings or where they failed to engage in a best interest analysis. See, e.g., Iman v. Iman, No.

M2012-02388-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 7343928, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2013 (vacating the

judgment of the trial court when it failed to make appropriate findings of fact and failed to “make an

explicit finding that modification [of the residential parenting schedule] was in the child’s best interest.”)
9

IV. CONCLUSION

We again encourage the trial court to “‘be as precise as possible in making child

custody findings’ in order to facilitate meaningful appellate review.” Belardo v. Belardo,

No. M2012-02598-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 5925888, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 1, 2013)

(quoting In re Elaina M., No. M2010-01880-COA-R3-JV, 2011 WL 5071901, at *8

(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2011)). 

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand this

matter to the trial court with instructions to make specific findings of fact and conclusions

of law. Costs of the appeal are taxed equally to appellant, Alyson Lindsay Cantey

(Violette), and to appellee, Larry Daniel Cantey, for which execution may issue if

necessary. 

_________________________________

 CARMA D. MCGEE, JUDGE