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# OAR Box 1115 Prepped byRyan Dugan



## Document

Number: 

# 81 ) ll-A-1 3 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/2008 10:52:08AM Sheet 81 of 94P. 2 

# H-fY-pz JL-Pt~&

Fiel d Evaulation * o fOpacit yReadin g Method s fo r Intermitten tPlume s

Contrac tNo . 68-01-511 0 Tas k Orde r# 1 9

Prepare dby : DE L GREE NASSOCIATES , INC . Environmenta l Technolog yDivisio n 153 5 N . Pacifi c Highwa y Woodburn , Orego n9707 1

Prepare dfor : U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y Divisio no f Stationar ySourc e Enforcemen t Researc hTriangl e Park , N C 2771 1

TAS K MANAGER S Kir k Foste r Rober t Og g

Decembe r 193 1P. 3

TABL E O F CONTENT S pag e I . Summar y1 II . Introductio n3 III . Readin g Method s 6 A . Metho d9 6 B . Stopwatc hMetho d7 C . Frequenc yDistributio nMetho d8 D . Margi no f Erro r 1 2 IV . Fiel dStudy1 4 A . Experimen t Desig n1 4 B . Equipmen t 1 9 C . Observer s 2 3 D . Fiel dExperimen t 2 3 E . Fiel dDat a 2 9 F . Result s 3 7 Appendi xA- Metho d9 Appendi xB - Equipmen t Specification s Appendi xC - Dat a For mInstruction s Appendi xD - Tes t Dat a Appendi xE - Participant s

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LIS T O F TABLE S pag e Tabl e 1 Meteorologica l Condition s 3 0 3 0 Tabl e 2 Dat a Set s b yPlum e Color , Configuration , 3 8 3 8 an dReadin g Metho d Tabl e 3 Metho d9 andTransmissomete r Averag e Opacities ,

Blac k Smok e 

### 4 0 Tabl e 4 Metho d9 andTransmissomete r Averag e Opacities , 4 2

Whit e Smok e LIS T O F FIGURE S Figur e 1 Cok e Ove nFor m - - Chargin g Emission s 9 Figur e 2 Cok e Ove nFor m- - Pushin g Emission s 1 0 Figur e 3 Typica l Plum e - - Fas t Ris e 1 5 Figur e 4 Typica l Plum e - - Intermediat e Ris e 1 6 Figur e 5 Contro l Bo x2 0 Figur e 6 Smok e Generato r 2 1 Figur e 7 Certificatio nResult s 2 5 Figur e 8 Observe r Location s 2 8 Figur e 9 Fiel dDat a Shee t 3 1 Figur e 1 0 Observe dMea nOpacit yv . Actua l Mea nOpacity , 4 4

Blac k Smok e Figur e 1 1 Observe dMea nOpacit yv . Actua l Mea nOpacity , 4 5

Whit e Smok e Figur e 1 2 Standar dDeviatio no f Observe dMea nOpacit yv s 4 6

Actua l Mea nOpacity , Blac k Smok e Figur e 1 3 Standar dDeviatio no f Observe dMea nOpacit yv s 4 7

Actua l Mea nOpacity , Whit e Smok e

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LIS T O F FIGURE S (Cont. ) Figur e 1 4 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l

an dObserve dMea nOpacities , Blac k Smok e Figur e 1 5 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l

an dObserve dMea nOpacities , Whit e Smok e 4 8 4 9 Figur e 1 6 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l 5 0

an dObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Frequenc yMethod) , Blac k Smok e Figur e 1 7 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l 5 1

andObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Frequenc yMethod) , Whit e Smok e Figur e 1 8 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l 5 2

andObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Stopwatc hMethod) , Blac k Smok e Figur e 1 9 Frequenc yo f Differenc e Betwee nActua l 5 3

andObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Stopwatc hMethod) , Whit e Smok e

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ACKNOWLEDGEMEN T

De l Gree nAssociates , Inc . (DGA ) woul dlik e t o expres s thei r appreciatio nfo r th e assistanc e provide db yEaster n Technica l Associate s i n conducting th e fiel dwor k fo r thi s study . DG Awishe s t o acknowledg e tha t th e dat a summarie s presente di n thi s repor t ar e base do n statistica l evaluation s conducte db y th e Researc hTriangl e Institut e fo r th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency .P. 7

I . SUMMARY . I n1974 , EP Apromulgate dMetho d9 t o evaluat e relativel ycontin
uou s visua l emission s fo r certai ncategorie s o f ne windustria l sources . Thoug hMetho d9 i s adequat e fo r determinin g emission s o f mos t sources , i t ma yb e ineffectiv e fo r determinin g th e complianc e statu s o f source s wit hshort-ter mandintermitten t excessiv e emissions . I naddition , th e dat a averagin g techniqu e o f Metho d9 i s no t compatibl e wit hnumer ou s Stat e aggregate-tim e regulations . Becaus e o f th e Court' s decisio n i nDonner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costl e regardin g th e us e o f a modifie dfor mo f Metho d9 t o enforc e suc hanaggregate-tim e regula
tion , EP Ai s no wstudyin g alternativ e method s fo r th e determinatio n o f th e opacit yo f highl yvariabl e an dintermitten t plumes . Fiel d studie s hav e bee nconducte dt o evaluat e th e genera l applicabilit yo f aggregate-tim e readin g method s fo r intermitten t plume s an dth e erro r associate dwit hthes e methods . Thi s repor t describe s a fiel dstudyconducte da t Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , Ma y19-23 , 1980 , an dsummarize s th e dat a col
lected . Th e purpos e o f th e experimen t wa s t o evaluat e tw o candidat e aggregate-tim e readin g methods : th e frequenc ymetho dan dth e stopwatc h method . Inth e frequenc ymethod , reading s ar e take na t 15-secon d intervals ; durin g th e dat a reduction , 1 5 second s o f exces s emission s ar e accumulate dfo r eac hobservatio nequa l t o o r exceedin g 20 % opacity . I nth e stopwatc hmethod , tim e i s accumulate ddirectl yo na stopwatc h wheneve r th e observe dopacit yi s equa l t o o r greate r tha n20% . Durin g thi s fiel dtest , a smok e generato r meetin g th e require
-P. 8

ment s o f Metho d9 wa s use dt o produc e a serie s o f varyin g opacit y plume s wit h"rapid " an d"intermediate " opacit yrise/fal l speeds . Twelv e participant s observe da tota l o f 117 2 six-minut e reading s (abou t 10 0 readings/observer ) durin g th e four-da yfiel dtrials . Bot h whit e an

dblac k plume s wer e evaluated . Dat a generate ddurin g thi s fiel dstudyhav e bee nanalyze dsta - (2 ) tistically , an

dth e result s ar e presente di na separat e report . Thi s repor t provide s a detaile ddiscussio no f th e experimen t andpre sent s th e dat a obtaine d(Appendi xD) .P. 9

II . INTRODUCTIO N Th e Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc ywa s require db yth e Clea nAi r Ac t o f 197 0 t o establis hstandard s o f performanc e (emissio nlimita
tions ) fo r certai nne windustria l sourc e categories . T o supplemen t thes e standards , tes t method s fo r measurin g variou s ai r pollutants wer e promulgated . Amon g thes e tes t method s wa s Metho d9 (4 0 CF R60 , Vol . 39 , No . 21 9 o f th e Federa l Registe r date dNovembe r 12 , 1974) , whic hi s use d fo r evaluatin g visibl e ai r emissions . Metho d9 i s veryspecifi c regardin g th e procedures an drequirement s fo r makin g opacit yreadings . Metho d 9 specifie s tha t opacit yreading s ar e t o b e take never y1 5 seconds , an

d tha t 2 4 consecutiv e reading s (coverin g si xminutes ) b e averaged . Metho d 9 als o include s requirement s fo r certificatio no f opacit yreadings , and ha s becom e th e widel yaccepte dstandar dfo r opacit ytrainin g an d certification . I t i s als o extensivel yuse di nth e documentatio no f sourc e compliance , althoug hth e averagin g time s ma y vary . I t is , however , recognize d tha t Metho d 9 dat a documentatio n procedure s ar e no t applicabl e t o al l type s o f plum e configuration s (i.e. , intermitten t plumes) . Th e 197 4 preambl e t o Metho d9 state s tha t th e averagin g require d unde r Metho d 9 ma yno t b e suitabl e fo r certai ntype s o f opacit yemis
sion s tha t ar e intermitten t i nnature . Highl yvariabl e emissions , suc h a s thos e o f cok e ove nbatteries , ar e difficul t t o evaluat e wit han averagin g metho d suc ha s Metho d9 . A t cok e ovens , fo r example , substan
tia l emission s wit hsignifican t impac t o nambien t ai r qualit yca noccu r ove r a one - o r two-minut e period , wit hth e cycl e bein g repeate dever yP.1 0

fiv e t o ten.minutes . Asix-minut e average , therefore , doe s no t accu ratel yrepresen t th e significanc e o f th e emissio nreleases . Severa l readin g metho dvariation s fo r cok e ove ntyp e emission s hav e bee nadopte d(bot hformall yandinformally ) b yvariou s Stat e and loca l agencies , mostl yutilizin g th e accumulatio no na stopwatc ho f tota l tim e exceedin g th e emissio nlimit . EPA' s Regio nI I attempte dt o us e on e suc hreadin g metho dt o documen t visibl e emission s fro mth e Donner-Hann a cok e oven s i nNe wYor k State . I nth e subsequen t cour t (2 ) case , Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costl e , i t wa s conclude dtha t unde r 4 0 CF R60 , Sectio n51.12(c) , EP Ai s require dt o us e Metho d9 i n th e absenc e o f a specifie dreadin g metho dinth e Ne wYor k Stat e Imple
mentatio nPlan . Furthermore , th e Cour t foundtha t th e agency' s metho d o f readin g cok e oven s straye ds o fa r fro mMetho d9 tha t a separat e rulemakin g procedur e wa s require dt o addres s thes e intermitten t plume s properly . AFedera l Registe r modificatio no f Metho d9 t o cove r highl yinter
mitten t visibl e emissio nsource s i s needed . Th e purpos e o f th e experi
men t describe dherei ni s t o provid e a dat a bas e fo r suc hmodificatio n o r amendmen t o f Metho d9 . Base do nth e dat a bas e generated , a methodol
og ywil l b e suggeste dandth e appropriat e metho dmodificatio npromul
gated . Inadditio nt o Metho d9 modificatio nfo r evaluatin g highl yvari
abl e visibl e emissio nsources , a modificatio ni s neede dfo r th e genera l applicatio no f th e frequenc ydistributio nmetho demploye dbymos t Stat e andloca l ai r contro l agencies . A s a par t o f thi s effort , anothe rP.1 1

fiel d experimen t t o evaluat e continuou s plume s wa s conducte di nOctobe r |uen < (4 ) (3 ) 1980 / Athir d fiel d experimen t t o evaluat e th e opacit yfrequenc y metho d o nslowl ychangin g plume s wa s conducte di nJanuar y1981 . Th e entir e projec t i s t o occu r i nthre e majo r phases . Th e firs t phas e comprise s th e thre e fiel dexperiments , t o b e followe db ystatist
- (2 ) ica l analyse s o f th e dat a generate d(Phas e 2 ) , draftin g o f th e techn
ica l suppor t document s an d methodologies , andpreparatio no f th e Federa l Registe r packag e (Phas e 3) . Thi s repor t cover s onl yth e actua l fiel d experimen t fo r readin g highl yintermitten t emissions.P.1 2

III . READIN GMETHOD S A t leas t thre e differen t opacit yreadin g method s commonl yar e used . Thes e method s ar e Referenc e Metho d9 , th e stopwatc htim e accumul
atio nmethod , and th e frequenc ydistributio nmethod . Th e stopwatc hand frequenc ydistributio nmethod s ar e th e tw o candidate s fo r readin g highl yintermitten t emissions , an d the ywer e teste di nthi s experiment . A . Referenc e Metho d 9 Thi s procedur e fo r readin g plume s wa s adopte da s th e standar d visua l emissio nevaluatio nprocedur e fo r source s subjec t t o Ne wSourc e Performanc e Standards . Metho d 9 require s th e observe r t o b e certifie di naccordanc e wit h tes t procedure s containe d i nParagrap h3 o f th e metho dprocedures . Metho d 9 i s include d i nthi s documen t a s Appendi xA . Afte r certifica
tion , whic hinclude s theor yan dpractica l fiel dexperience , th e observe r mus t follo wspecifi c readin g criteri a wheneve r observation s ar e taken . Considerabl e emphasi s i s place d o nth e physica l relation
shi p o f th e observe r t o th e sun , plume , background , an d source . Afte r th e physica l requirement s containe d i nth e procedur e ar e satisfied , th e plum e i s rea d a t 15-secon d interval s fo r si xconsecutiv e minutes . Durin g th e observatio nperiod , th e plum e i s viewe donl ybriefl ya t th e 15-secon d interva l point . Th e NSP S regulation s generall ystipulat e a maximumallowabl e visibl e (opacity ) emission s leve l (n o tim e limi t specified) . Atypica l regulatio nread s a s follows :P.1 3

".. . n o owne r o r operato r subjec t t o th e provision s o f thi s regulatio nshal l caus e t o b e discharge dint o th e atmospher e anygase s whic hexhibi t greate r tha n 20 % opacity. " 4 0 CF R60 , Sectio n60.1 1 (b ) "Standard s o f Performanc e fo r Ne w Stationar ySources" , stipulate s tha t Metho d9 shal l b e use di ndetermin
in g NSP S opacit ycompliance . A s previousl ymentioned , thi s metho d require s tha t opacit yb e determine da s anaverag e o f 2 4 consecutiv e observation s recorde d a t 15-secon dinterval s t o obtai na six-minut e averag e opacity . I npractice , anobserve r usuall ywil l tak e a minimu m o f te nminute s (4 0 readings ) t o establis hcomplianc e status ; thi s pro cedur e provide s a reasonabl e leve l o f cautio ni ncomplianc e determina
tio nan d documentation . Becaus e o f th e stipulate dprocedur e fo r dat a reduction , Metho d 9 i s commonl yreferre dt o a s th e "averaging " method . B . Stopwatc hMetho d Th e stopwatc hprocedur e ha s recentl ybee napplie db ysevera l ai r pollutio ncontro l agencie s a s a bette r mean s t o addres s intermitten t o r fugitiv e emissio nsources , especiall ythos e source s wit hshort-term , hig hleve l emission s (i.e. , cok e ovens) . Typically , thes e source s hav e ver yhighparticulat e emission s represente dby6 0 t o 100 % opacit yfo r brie f period s (les s tha non e minute ) durin g chargin g and/o r pushin g operations . Therefore , i t i s difficul t an dfrequentl yimpossibl e t o represen t th e hig hleve l o f emission s bein g release dusin g th e averag in g technique , eve nthoug hth e emission s ar e significant . Th e stopwatc hmetho d involve s th e us e o f tw o stopwatches . On e watc hi s starte d a t th e tim e observation s ar e initiated . Th e secon dP.1 4

watc hi s starte dwheneve r th e emission s excee dth e allowabl e opacit y leve l an

dstoppe dwhe nth e emission s dro p belo wth e allowabl e level . Thi s procedur e i s repeate dwheneve r th e allowabl e opacit yi s exceeded . Whe nth e readin g o r observatio nperio di s completed , th e observe r stop s th e firs t watc han drecord s bot hth e tota l tim e o f observatio n andth e accumulate dtim e o f opacit yviolatio nrecorde do nth e secon d stopwatch . Th e maximu mopacit ydurin g eac hexcursio nperio di s note d andrecorded . Th e tota l tim e recorde dabov e th e allowe dopacit ylimi t the ni s compare dagains t th e tim e allowe di nth e applicabl e regulation . Sampl e readin g form s use dfo r cok e oven s ar e include da s Figure s 1 an d 2 . Th e plum e i s studie ddurin g th e entir e observatio nperio dunde r thi s method . I nMetho d9 an dth e frequenc ydistributio nmethod , th e observer-i s cautione dno t t o studyth e plum e bu t t o mak e momentar y observation s ever y1 5 seconds . Thu s th e stopwatc hprocedur e differ s significantl yfro m

th e Metho d9 andfrequenc ydistributio nreadin g procedure s i nthi s respect . Th e observe r stil l mus t maintai nth e prope r physica l relationshi p i nreferenc e t o th e sun , plume , andback
ground . C . Frequenc yDistributio nMetho d Al l Stat e an

dloca l agencie s hav e opacit yregulation s i nthei r Stat e Implementatio nPla ncontro l strategies . Mos t o f thes e regula
tion s stipulat e tim e exemptions ; thus , opacit yreading s ofte nar e docu
mente db

yth e frequenc ydistributionprocedure . Thi s procedur e wa s derive dove r th e year s fro magenc yexperienc e i ncontrollin g smok eP.1 5

Company 

### Locatio n_ Compan y Rep . Inspecto r Figure1 METHO D A CHARGIN GOBSERVATION

S Dat e Sky Conditio n Win dSpee d_ Ambien t Temp . Backgroun d Battery/Ove n Tim eo f Charge : Start _

En d Times . .%(seconds ) Opacity Charg eperio d Sea lperio d Total Maximu mopacit y 

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ENVIRONMENTA

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e Sk yConditio n___________________ _ Relativ eHumidit y_______________ _ Typ eo f Pollutio nContro lDevic e(i f any? ) CompanyLocatio n

Win dSpee d Ambien tTemperatur e
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N riM E DOO R •tEMOVE D (A* ) TIMEZ * BETWEEN(A&B ) TIM EOF ' PUS H(B ) TIM EZ* BETWEEN(B&C ) TIM EO F QUENCH(D) * TIM Ez* • BETWEEN(C&D ) MAXIMU MOPACIT Y BETWEEN(BSD ) POSITIO N BACKGROUN

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* Indicat eapplicabl eopacit y * * I f pollutio ncontro ldevic ei s utilize dindicat ean yproblem s wic hCh e system .

Indicat esu n(•?,*) , vin ddirectio n(Hf>) , observe r( 0) , nort h(—>N) , pus hsid e (PS) , an dcok e3id e(CS ) A * • Doo rRemove d B * • Star to f

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### 1 0P.1 7

emission s fro mcombustio nsources . I t wa s recognize dtha t boilers * typicall yandunavoidabl yexcee d"normal " emissio nlevel s frequently . Thes e period s o f highemission s generall yar e associate dwit hboile r start-up , shutdown , an dtub e (soot ) blowing . Operatin g experienc e and practice s determin e thes e highe r emissio nperiod s t o b e i nth e fe w minute s pe r hou r range . Ai r contro l agencies , therefore , negotiate d andadopte dtim e exemptio nregulation s i naccordanc e wit hth e kinds , sizes , an

dtype s o f boiler s andfuel s use dwithi nthei r jurisdictions . Atypica l opacit yregulatio ninvolvin g tim e exemptio nread s a s follows :

"N o perso nshal l cause , suffer , allo wo r permi t th e emissio no f anyai r contaminan t int o th e atmospher e fro manyai r contaminan t sourc e fo r a perio do r period s aggregatin g mor e tha nthre e minute s i nan y60-minut e perio dequa l o r greate r tha n20 % opacity" . Th e opacit ylimit s an dperio do f tim e exemptio nvaryi neac h state , bu t th e concept s an dapproache s ar e similar . Inapplication , th e observe r wouldmak e opacit yreading s inaccordanc e wit hprescribe d procedures , whic har e essentiall yth e sam e a s Referenc e Metho d9 . Suc h reading s ar e mad e b ymomentaril yglancin g a t th e plum e a t 15-secon d interval s t o rea dandrecor dth e plum e opacity . Reading s typicall yare mad e fro m6 t o 6 0 minutes . Th e numbe r o f reading s i nexces s o f th e allowabl e opacit yleve l woul db e counte dt o determin e complianc e o r noncompliance . Fo r example , i ndeterminin g complianc e wit hth e cite d regulation , reading s ar e take nfo r si xminute s a t 15-secon dintervals , fo r a tota l o f 2 4 observations :



### 1 1P.1 8

2 reading s wer e 10 % opacit y 4 reading s wer e 15 % opacit y 5 reading s wer e 20 % opacit y 9 reading s wer e 25 % opacit y 4 reading s wer e 30 % opacit y Thi s sourc e i s i nviolatio no f th e exampl e regulatio nwit h1 8 reading s o r 4. 5 minute s greate r o r equa l t o 20 % opacity . D . Margi no f Erro r Ther e wil l b e som e margi no f erro r inheren t i nan yopacit yread
in g method . Th e erro r associate dwit hMetho d9 (2 4 reading s averaged ) wa s establishe d durin g fiel d experiment s i n197 3 t o b e les s tha n7.5 % opacit yi n99 % o f th e six-minut e reading s taken . Mos t Stat e an d loca l agencie s mak e som e recognitio no f thi s erro r facto r an dhav e estab
lishe d erro r margin s fo r thei r opacit ytrainin g and fiel dreading/
- enforcemen t programs . Thi s i s generall yreflecte d i nth e agency' s informa l polic yo f operatio nan d i s loosel ybase donexperienc e i n readin g smok e plume s i nth e fiel dand a t smok e schools . Typica l erro r margin s cite d i nStat e enforcemen t program s fo r th e frequenc ymetho d

(5 ) ar e a s follows : 1 . Eac h15-secon d readin g mus t D e 10 % o r mor e abov e th e opacit y limit ; o r 2 . Fo r a three-minut e tim e exemption , si xminute s o f excessiv e emission s mus t b e recorde d befor e a violatio ni s declared ; o r 3 . Fo r a three-minut e tim e exemption , th e reading s mus t b e a t leas t 5 % abov e th e standar dfo r a t leas t fou r minutes . 

### 12P.1 9

Usin g th e frequenc ymetho dan dtypica l margin s o f error s utilize d i nth e field , th e exampl e sourc e (pag e 12 ) woul dno t b e i nviolatio n unde r criterio non e abov e (onl y1 minut e a t o r abov e 30 % opacity) , unde r criterio ntw o (onl y4 £ minute s a t o r abov e 20%) , o r unde r criter
io nthre e (onl y3 i minute s a t o r abov e 25%) .



### 1 3P.2 0

IV . FIEL D STUD Y A . Experimen t Desig n Tw o method s o f readin g highl yvariabl e an dintermitten t plume s wer e fiel d tested . Thes e method s ar e describe dan dreferre dt o a s th e stopwatc hmetho d and th e frequenc ydistributio nmethod . Th e fiel d stud ywa s designe d t o minimiz e th e numbe r o f variable s and t o obtai nanadequat e dat a bas e fo r analysis . Onl ytw o distinc t plum e configuration s wer e used . Thes e basi c plum e configuration s ar e characterize d a s fas t ris e an dfall , an

dintermediat e ris e an dfall . Figure s 3 and 4 ar e stri p chart s o f actua l tes t run s an dar e typica l example s o f th e tw o plum e types . Th e rat e o f ris e an dfal l refer s t o th e rat e o f chang e o f opacit ya s i t passe s throug hth e 20 % level . Thes e plume s ar e characteristic o f som e sourc e type s o f significan t particulat e emissions , wher e emission s ar e highl yintermitten t i n nature . The yar e no t indicativ e o f mor e typica l plume s encountere dby contro l agencies . Bot hblac k andwhit e plume s wer e rea dt o determin e th e effec t o f dar k an d ligh t smok e onreade r accuracy . On e o f th e mos t importan t highl yintermitten t source s currentl y encountere d i s th e cok e ove nbattery . Cok e oven s presen t a difficul t proble mi na studysuc ha s this , i ntha t mos t o f thei r emission s d o no t com e fro mstack s bu t rathe r ar e fugitiv e i nnature . Fiel dstudie s o f cok e ovens , therefore , canno t includ e a compariso no f visua l observa
tion s an

d transmissomete r readings . Becaus e o f th e lac k o f appropriat e and readil yavailabl e source s wit htransmissometer s an dth e nee dt o generat e th e necessar yplume s a s efficientl ya s possible , i t wa s 

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Fas t Rise/Fal l Plum e Pea k widt h7 5 sec . Rat e o f ris e = (60-10) % opacit y 1. 5 second s 

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15P.2 2

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• \ w v > 6 C D ;decide d t o simulat e thes e plume s wit ha smok e generator . The equipmen t

use d i s discusse d i nmor e detai l i nth e nex t section . Eac hrunwa s si xminute s i nduratio nan dcontaine d on e t o thre e opacit ypeaks . Eac hpeak generate dwa s eithe r a rapi do r intermediat e rate-of-ris e peak . Th e rat e o f chang e o f opacit ywa s no t varie dwithi n th e run(i.e. , ther e wa s n o mixin g o f rapi dris e an dintermediat e rate of-ris e peaks) . Eac hplum e configuratio nwa s runseparately , an dther e wer e 2 0 run s eac hfo r th e blac k plume s an d3 0 run s eac ho f th e whit e plumes . Th e predetermine d plum e pattern s t o b e followe ddurin g testin g ar e presente d i nAppendi xC alon g wit hth e transmissomete r tes t log . Th e rapi d ris e plum e i s define da s a plum e tha t rise s fro mles s tha n10 % opacit yt o greate r tha n60 % opacity , an dthe nafte r som e inter
va l return s t o les s tha n10 % opacity . Th e plum e wa s maintaine d a t pea k opacit yfo r betwee n1 5 an d 9 0 seconds , i n15-secon d increments . I t require d approximatel y1. 5 second s t o chang e th e opacit yo f th e plum e fro m10 % t o 60% , o r abou t 35 % opacit ychang e pe r second . The intermediat e ris e plum e ca nb e describe d a s changin g fro m les s tha n10 % opacit yu p t o 50 % opacity , maintainin g tha t leve l fo r an interval , an

d the nreturnin g t o 10 % opacity . The plum e remaine da t 50 % opacit yfo r 30-secon d intervals , u p t o a maximumduratio no f 9 0 second s pe r peak . Th e chang e i nopacit yo f th e plum e occurre di n10-1 2 seconds . Th e rat e o f chang e wa s approximatel y2-3 % opacit ype r second . Actua l transmissomete r trace s o f representativ e plume s ar e showni n Figure s 3 and 4 .


### 17P.2 4

Althoug hbot hplum e configuration s appeare d"fast " t o th e observer , ther e wa s u p t o a ful l orde r o f magnitud e (facto r o f 10 ) differenc e i nthei r rate s o f opacit ychange . Thus , on e wa s designate d a fas t rate-of-ris e plum e an d the othe r anintermediat e rate-of-ris e plume . Th e fou r plum e configuration s wer e blac k fas t rise , blac k inter
mediat e rise , whit e fas t rise , andwhit e intermediat e rise . Prio r t o startin g the fiel dproject , th e dat a bas e requirement s wer e reviewe d t o establis hth e minimumnumbe r o f dat a point s require d fo r a statisticall yvali d evaluatio no f eac hplum e configuration . Usin g th e populatio no na standar d"T " chart , i t wa s determine dtha t 6 0 dat a point s woul d mee t th e minimu mrequirements . Dat a point s i naddi
tio nt o th e require d minimumwer e obtaine dinal l cases . Whit e plume s wer e give nadditiona l consideratio nbecaus e ther e ar e manymor e source s wit hnon-blac k plumes . Therefore , th e numbe r o f whit e plum e dat a point s wa s increase d b y50% . Durin g eac hsix-minut e run , si xo f th e observer s use dthe stopwatc hmethod , and si xuse d the frequenc ydistributio nmethod . Thus , fo r eac ho f th e fou r majo r type s o f plumes , th e followin g dat a point s wer e t o b e obtaine d fo r eac hreadin g method : Plum e Typ e Dat a Point s Gathere dMin . Dat a Pts . Stat . Require d Black , intermediat e 6 reader s X2 0 run s = 12 0 6 0 Black , fas t ris e 6 reader s X2 0 run s = 12 0 6 0 White , intermediat e 6 reader s X3 0 run s = 18 0 6 0 White , fas t ris e 6 reader s X3 0 run s = 18 0 6 0 

### 18P.2 5

I naddition.t o thes e primar ydat a point s (i.e. , on e tim e valu e abov e 20 % opacit ype r six-minut e reading) , secondar ydat a point s wer e obtaine d fo r th e frequenc ydistributio nmethod . Tha t is , individua l 15-secon d reading s coul d b e compare dwit hactua l transmissomete r read
ing s fo r anadditiona l 2 4 dat a point s pe r six-minut e run . B . Equipmen t I norde r t o simulat e a rapidl yrisin g and fallin g plume , a stan dar d smok e generato r use d fo r th e trainin g andcertificatio no f observ
er s wa s modifie d t o provid e th e require dfas t response . Th e overal l requirement s fo r th e modifie dgenerato r wer e a s follows : 1 . Mus t b e abl e t o increas e opacit yfro m 0 % t o a t leas t 40 % i nles s tha n1 0 seconds , an dthe ndro p t o 10 % opacit ywithi n 1 5 second s an

d t o 0 % opacit ywithi n2 5 seconds . 2 . Mus t maintai nopacit ywithi nth e range s o f 40 % an d80% , and 25 % an d 40% , fo r up t o 4 5 seconds . 3 . Mus t hav e a transmissomete r tha t meet s th e minimumstandard s a s se t fort hi nMetho d9 (se e Appendi xA) . Amodifie d Environmenta l Industrie s Mode l 300 0 Smok e Generato r wa s use d (se e Figure s 5 an d 6 fo r diagram s an d Appendi xB fo r specif
ications) . Th e majo r component s o f th e syste mwer e a s follows : Transmissomete r 1 . photopi c filtere d selenium photocel l 2 . incandescen t 1 2 vol t ligh t sourc e 3 . laborator ydat a contro l recorde r 4 . TRWspa ncontro l modul e 

### 19P.2 6
Figur e 5 Contro l Conso l i

Components ar e identifie d i n Appendi xC (Contro lConsole ) 2 0 SMOK E GC*. : '".A:; I . *.'.ODE_
. - 2:0 : EIWlROW-HMTAl . I*..-••_•:. 7 = CARY
. r.'ORT H CASO - .!:. ' DA7E : O- T'.v7 SFigur e 6 Smok e Generato r

SMOK E GENERATO R MODE L-300 0 ENVIRONMENTA LINDUSTRIE S CARY
. NORT H CAROLIN A DATE : OCT
. 197 9

Components ar e identifie d i n Appendi xCP.2 8

Fue l Deliver ySyste m 1 . fou r AC 1 2 vol t fue l pump s 2 . White ymeterin g fue l valve s 3 . specia l fas t deliver yfue l pane l 4 . dua l fue l deliver yline s Blac k Smok e Chambe r 1 . modifie d fo r fas t ris e tim e an dcontinuou s highoutpu t opacit y 2 . fue l - toluen e Whit e Smok e Generato r 1 . modifie d fo r tw o inpu t fue l line s (bot hutilizin g diesel ) 2 . propane-operate d vaporizin g chambe r 3 . fue l - diese l Calibratio nfilter s 1 . Me l le s Groi t NB S traceabl e 2 . glas s metalli c constructio n 3 . maximumerro r les s tha n0.5 % Fa n 1 . 3/ 4 horsepowe r 12-inc hblowe r 2 . stac k diamete r 1 2 inche s 3 . fre e ai r flo w151 0 CF M(3 0 fps ) Qualit yAssuranc e Metho d 9 requirement s wer e followe dfo r calibratin g th e trans missometer , includin g th e 30-minut e warm-u p befor e calibration . Th e da ybefor e th e fiel d trial s (May19) , th e followin g parameter s wer e confirme d t o b e withi nspecifications : 

### 2 21 . calibratio nerro r - ±3 % opacity , maximum 2 . zer o spa ndrif t - ±1 % opacity , 3 0 minute s 3 . respons e tim e - _< 5 second s Durin g th e fiel d trials , th e transmissomete r an drecorde r wer e electronicall ycalibrate d usin g a zer o an dspa nchec k betwee neac h six-minut e run . Thes e calibration s assure daccurat e char t dat a fro m th e transmissometer . Midwa ythroug hth e serie s o f runs , a naudi t wa s performe d o nth e transmissomete r usin g neutra l densit yfilter s t o assur e reliabl e an

d accurat e data . A t th e completio no f th e experiment , th e smok e generato r wa s recalibrate dt o chec k fo r an ydeterioratio no f operation . Neithe r th e audi t no r th e fina l calibratio nindicate dany equipmen t deterioration . C . Observer s Twelv e observer s wer e chose nt o particpat e i nth e fiel dtrials . Al l twelv e wer e employe d i nth e ai r pollutio nfield , workin g i nsuc h area s a s stac k sampling , industria l sourc e inspections , an dconductin g smok e schools . Employer s a t th e tim e include dEPA(2) , Stat e ai r pollutio ncontro l agencie s (.2) , andprivat e consultin g firm s (8) . Awid e sprea d o f smok e readin g experienc e level s wa s sough t i n choosin g th e participants . Tw o hadn o previou s experienc e readin g plumes . Th e mos t experience dreade r wa s firs t certifie dtwelv e year s previously . Mos t o f th e observer s ha don e t o si xyear s o f certifie d readin g experience . D . Fiel d Experimen t Th e fiel d studywa s conducte da t th e EP ABeauni t facilit yi n 

### 2 3P.3 0 ___________________________i__________ ^ -_ ,

Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , Ma y19-23 , 1980 . Aplum e evaluatio ntrainin g cours e an dexperimen t briefin g wa s hel dMa y19 . Th e experimenta l fiel d run s wer e conducte da t th e sam e facility . Prio r t o startin g th e fiel dexperiment , a refreshe r cours e o n plum e evaluatio nwa s conducted . Th e cours e reviewe dal l th e basic s normall ytaugh t a t a plum e evaluatio ntrainin g course . Specia l emphasi s wa s place d o nprope r plum e backgrounds , sunangles , distanc e t o plumes , an

d ey e fatigue . Thi s wa s t o assur e tha t thes e critica l ele
ment s wer e recognize d and give nprope r consideratio ndurin g th e fiel d studies . Inaddition , th e reader s wer e instructe di nth e operatio n o f a stopwatc han

d ho wt o rea dandrecor ddata . Afte r th e classroo mtrainin g session , al l observer s participate d i nth e standar d smok e readin g tests . Eac hobserve r wa s require dt o mak e 2 5 whit e an

d 2 5 blac k reading s consecutivel ywit hno mor e tha n a 15 % deviatio no nan yon e reading , whil e maintainin g a 7.5 % o r les s deviatio nfo r eac hse t o f 2 5 readings . Th e smok e generato r me t al l requirement s o f th e EP AMetho d9 criteria . Chart s wer e mad e durin g th e cours e o f th e certificatio nruns , whic hinclude dth e calibratio n checks . Al l observer s wer e abl e t o certif y(se e Figur e 7 fo r certif
icatio nresults) . Th e reader s wer e assigne d number s andhal f o f th e reader s wer e provide d wit hstopwatches . Simultaneou s reading s wer e obtaine ddurin g eac hrunwit hsi xreader s usin g th e stopwatc han dsi xreader s usin g th e frequenc ydistributio nmetho do f reading . Eac hreade r wa s require d t o rea d eithe r b

yth e stopwatc hmetho do r frequenc ymetho ddurin g eac h run . 2 4P.3 1

Figur e 7 Certificatio n Result s

Observe r 

### 1 1 1 2 1 3 14 1 5 1 6 22 23 2 4 2 5 2 6 27 Qualifie d

o nrun# 

### 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 - 1 4 % Averag e Deviat i

Whit e 

### 3. 0 4. 6 5. 0 7. 0 5. 6 6. 6 5. 4 7. 0 4. 0 4. 6 7. 2 7. 0 o n- 2 5 reading s

Blac k 

### 3. 6 3. 8 3. 4 4. 2 6. 0 6. 0 3. 0 3. 4 7. 4 7. 4 6. 0 5. 8

25P.3 2

Midwa ythroug heac hse t o f run s (afte r 1 0 o r 1 5 six-minut e runs) , th e stopwatche s wer e give nt o th e reader s wh o had performe dth e fre
quenc ytyp e readings . Thus , al l reader s performe dapproximatel ya n equa l numbe r o f stopwatc han d frequenc ytyp e runs . Approximatel y3 0 run s wer e conducte d eac hda yo f th e experiment , wit heac hrunlastin g si xminutes . T o assur e interva l uniformity , a tap e recordin g wa s use d a s th e maste r clock . Whe nth e tap e wa s started , ther e wa s a warnin g bel l an dthe na bel l a t 15-secon dinter
vals . Eac hbel l wa s precede d bya three-secon dwarning . Individual s readin g b

yth e frequenc ymetho d wer e instructe dt o mak e thei r reading s immediatel ya t th e bel l (i.e. , a t fixe d15-secon dintervals) . Reader s utilizin g th e stopwatc hmetho d wer e instructe dt o star t th e stopwatc hwhe nth e plum e increase dt o 20 % opacit yand sto p th e stopwatc hwhe nth e plum e returne dt o les s tha n20 % opacity , o r a t th e end o f th e six-minut e runi f th e plum e wa s stil l abov e 20% . Th e stop watche s wer e silen t electroni c digita l stopwatche s abl e t o accumulat e tim e t o accommodat e cycli c plumes . Thus , ther e wa s n o nois e condition
in g attribute d t o th e watches , andth e reader s wer e no t influence d b yclickin g stopwatche s nearby . Betwee nruns , a perio d o f thre e t o fiv e minute s wa s provide d t o collec t th e dat a sheet s an dt o calibrat e th e transmissometer . Also , thi s allowe d a brie f restin g perio dfo r th e participants . Th e reader s wer e instructe dt o utiliz e prope r sunangl e an dt o rea d th e plum e cros s sectio ni naccordanc e wit hMetho d9 procedures . A t th e beginnin g o f eac hrun , th e observer s note dwhethe r the ywer e 

### 2 6P.3 3

positione d i naccordanc e wit hMetho d 9 , checkin g th e sun , background , and plum e direction . A s on e additiona l safeguard , th e smok e generato r operator s wer e instructe d t o watc hth e reader s an daler t anyon e usin g a nimprope r poin t o f observation . Inal l cases , th e sunwa s kep t withi na 140 ° secto r behind th e readers , wit hth e plum e a t a righ t angl e t o th e maximumexten t possible . Inth e morning , th e observer s and th e sunwer e i nth e position s designate dAan d1 , respectively , a s shownonFigur e 8 . A s th e sunadvance d throug hposition s 2 , 3 , and 4 , th e observer s move d throug hposition s B , C , an dD . Th e observer s use d a backgroun d o f gree ntree s whil e readin g whit e smok e and blu e sk ywhil e readin g blac k smoke . Th e smok e generato r wa s positione d t o maximiz e us e o f th e contrastin g background s whil e allowin g th e observer s th e greates t degre e o f freedo mt o maintai n prope r sunan

d plum e angle . Figur e 8 illustrate s typica l observe r positionin g i nrelationshi p t o th e plume . Durin g th e cours e o f th e experiment , th e observer s wer e constantl y awar e o f th e importanc e o f th e opacit yexperiment . Chair s andsun umbrella s wer e provide d t o mak e th e reader s a s comfortabl e a s possibl e s o concentratio ncoul d b e focuse do nobtainin g good , vali ddata . Th e reader s maintaine d a professiona l approac ht o th e projec t andabstaine d fro mdiscussin g opacitie s durin g anyobservatio nperiod . Car e als o wa s take nt o maintai nprivac yo f eac hobserver's reading s a s the ywer e bein g taken . Th e meteorologica l condition s durin g th e tes t day s wer e excellen t fo r plum e evaluation s excep t o nMa y20 . Wind s generall ywer e light , 

### 2 7(^_/-- •Backgroun d (trees ) 

# O 

# N

Generato r

D O O 

# o 0 

# o C



## o o o o

B O 

## o o o o

o o 

# \\l/ / iI;

Figur e 8 Observe r Locatio n 2 8

c oP.3 5

allowin g substantia l plum e ris e befor e foldin g over . Thi s enable d th e observer s t o concentrat e o nprope r su nangl e rathe r tha nwin d direction , althoug hwin ddirectio nwa s conscientiousl yconsidered . Asummar yo f th e dail ymeteorologica l condition s i s provide di n Tabl e 1 . Eac hobserve r recorde dhi s o r he r reading s o na fiel ddat a sheet , show ni nFigur e 9 . Basi c instruction s fo r completin g th e dat a shee t ar e include di nAppendi xC . Not e tha t th e for mha s a code dobserve r numbe r an

da code , indicatin g a vali do r invali dru n(i.e. , prope r su nangle) , use dt o identif yan yobserve r biasin g an dt o eliminat e run s take nunde r imprope r conditions . Th e for mprovide s space s t o identif ytes t typ e an drunnumbe r fo r th e 15-secon dinterva l readings , a s wel l a s th e accumulate dtim e abov e 20 % opacity . In'additio nt o th e thoroug hobserve r orientation , a diligen t effor t wa s mad e t o ensur e tha t th e smok e generato r an drecorde r wer e accurate . Thi s wa s don e b yusin g equipmen t meetin g Metho d9 specifi
cation s an

db ycalibratin g thi s equipmen t frequently . Zer o an dspa n check s o f th e transmissomete r wer e performe do nth e uni t afte r eac h run . Al l generato r operatin g personne l ha dconsiderabl e trainin g experienc e prio r t o thi s study , whic hprove dinvaluabl e i nproducin g accurat e an

dvali ddata . Photograph s 1-1 0 ar e presente dt o provid e additiona l insigh t int o th e conduc t o f th e experiment . E . Fiel dDat a Atota l o f 117 2 six-minut e dat a set s wer e obtaine ddurin g th e experimen t (approximatel y10 0 set s b yeac ho f th e twelv e observers) . 

### 2 9TABLE 1 Meteorologica l Condition s

Date 5/2 0 5/2 0 5/2 0 5/2 1 5/2 1 5/2 1 5/2 1 5/2 2 5/2 2 5/2 2 5/2 2 5/2 3 Tim e

9:0 0 a m 10:1 5 a m 1:1 5 p m 9:3 0 a m 11:1 5 a m 1 :4 5 p m 3:3 0 p m 8:4 5 a m 11:4 5 a m 1:0 0 p m 3:0 0 p m 8:4 5 a m Sun 1 N A N A N A 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 2- 3 N A Tem

p we t bul b 67 6 8 68 63 66 67 67 65 6 9 70 70 7 1 Temp

dr y bul k 7 6 7 4 7 6 7 1 76 78 79 7 3 84 87 9 2

7 4 %

Rela . hum . 62 7 4 66 6 8 59 5 9 53 65 46 4 2 3 2 86 Obse r

post. * 3 3 3 A B B C- D A B C C- D A Win d

ve l . 2- 5 2- 4 0- 4 3- 7 cal m cal m cal m 2- 8 2- 7 3- 7 3- 7 2-1 0 Win d

dir . WS W S W WS W S

-

-

- S E var . S Wvar . E E S E Clou d cove r 10 0 10 0 10 0 

### 0 0 3 0 2 0

- 

### 0 2 5

- 10 0 Comment s )lery ligh tsprinkle s Very1igh tsprinkle s Ligh train * Clea ran d sunn y Clea ran d sunn y Clea ran d sunn y Clea ran d sunn y Blue/whit e skyhig h cloud s Blu e sky Blu e sky Hig h overcas tgre ysky Overcas t

* Period s o fheavyrai n durin g run s 026,047,048,058 , an d 059 . Ligh tshower s durin g run s 056,057,060 , 06 1 ,062,063 , an d 064 . 1 Position s as note d i n Figur e 8 . 3 0P.3 7 

# A Figur e9 METHO D 9 FIEL D TES TDAT AFOR M 

# A

TES T TYP E 1 TES T NUMBE R

2 3 4 PARTICIPAN T
5 6 7 8

4 9 5 0 TIM E
5 7 5 8 5 9 1 READ
9

1 7 ING S 1 1 0 5 1 8 9 2 5 2 6 1 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 4

1 1

1 9 2 1 2 6 2 0 1 0 2 7 2 8 1 3 5 4 3 6

_" • 

### 1 4 1 7 4 2 2 1 1

4 3 8 4 4 2 2 5 1 5 2 HES T

6 0 1 3 1 4

7 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 9 3 0 1 5 3 7 3 8 1 9 4 5 4 6 2 3 5 3 5 4 READING
( 

## 51 1 5 1 6 8 2 3 2 4 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 6 3 9 4 0 2 0 4 7 4 8 2 4 

## 5f > 3 6

SIGNATUR E 3 1P.3 8



# m

^ j A-____l i 

# P1|U. - - 7s

. 

# £^ps l ig^riMiiiiljaiji i

Photograp h 2 Observe rrecertifyin g prio r t o startin g th e fiel d study . Photograp h 1 Observe rrecertifyin g prio r t o startin g th e fiel d study .P.3 9

Photograph s 3 &4 Equipmen tcalibratio n an d adjustmen tt o assur e precision .P.4 0

Photograp h5 Equipmen t calibratio n an dadjustmen t t o assur e precision .



# •

Photograp h 6 Vie wo freader s observin g th e plum e durin g th e experiment .

3 4P.4 1

Photograp h7 Observer s viewin g a whit e plum e agains t a gree n tre e back
ground .

Photograp h8 Observer s viewin g a blac k plum e agains t a blu e sk y background .



### 3 5

## T F P.4 2

Photograp h 9 Dat a point s bein g recorded .

Photograp h 1 0 Fiel d dat a sheet s goin g throug h initia l revie w an d bein g compiled .P.4 3

Abreakdow n byplum e color , configuration , an d readin g metho d i s pre sente d i n Tabl e 2 . Table s 1 - 4 o fAppendi xD presen ta tabulatio n o fth e dat a by ru n an d observe rfo reac h six-minut e period . F . Result s Acomplet e statistica l analysi s o f al l tes t result s wa s conducte d o nthes e dat a an

d i s reporte di n a separat e documen t prepare db y (2 ) Researc hTriangl e Institute . Nonetheless , som e o f th e summar ysta tistic s ar e presente d i n thi s sectio ni n orde r t o provid e a basi c ide a o f th e results . Th e result s presente dher e ar e generall yrestricte dt o frequenc ydistribution s fo r th e measure ddifference s i n observe d an d actua l opacit y(percent) , a s wel l a s th e measure d difference s i n observe d an

d actua l tim e o f excessiv e emission s (seconds) . Table s 3 an

d 4 summariz e th e averag e opacit yvalue s fo r observe d (al l observers ) and actua l (transmissometer ) dat a fo r al l tes t run s fo r blac k an

d whit e smoke , respectively . Figure s 1 0 an d 1 1 illustrat e th e regressio no f th e observe d value s o n th e actua l opacit yvalue s fo r th e sam e data . Th e standar d deviation s o f th e observe dMetho d9 dat a fo r eac hru n ar e tabulate d i n Table s 3 an d 4 and ar e plotte dagains t th e actua l mea nopacitie s i n Figure s 1 2 an d 13 . Bot hcolo r group s sho wa positiv e correlatio nbetwee nstandar ddeviatio nan d mea nopacity . Figure s 1 4 and 1 5 illustrat e th e distributio no f error s fo r al l observer s i n estimatin g th e averag e percen t opacit yfo r a six-minut e perio d a s pe r Metho d 9 fo r blac k an d whit e smoke , respectively . 

### 3 7P.4 4

TABL E 2 Dat a Set s b y Plum e Color , Configuration , an d Readin g Metho d

Blac k Plum e Whit e Plum e Stopwatc hMetho d Rapi d Ris e Intermediat e Ris e Tota l 12 0 11 1 23 1 17 9

16 8 34 7
Frequenc yDistributio nMetho d Rapi d Ris e Intermediat e Ris e Tota l TOTA L 12 0 12 1 24 1 47 2 18 0

17 3 35 3 70 0



### 3 8Figure s 1 6 and1 7 illustrat e th e distributio no f error s fo r al l

observer s i nestimatin g excessiv e emission s b yth e frequenc ydistribu
tio nmetho dfo r blac k an dwhit e smoke , respectively . Similarily , Figure s 1 8 and1 9 illustrat e th e frequenc ydistribu
tio no f error s fo r al l observer s i nestimatin g th e tim e o f excessiv e emission s b

yth e stopwatc hmetho dfo r blac k andwhit e smoke , respec tively .



### 3 9P.4 6

TABL E 

### 3 Method 9 an d • - Transmissomete r OpacityAverage s



### RU N 

### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 Black Smok e

Mea n Opacity , percen t Observe r 11. 8 50. 8 41. 7 41. 7 25. 9 27. 2 13. 4 36. 6 5.4 ' 20. 8 10. 4 15. 7 

### 9. 4 26. 3 16. 0 33. 3 29. 9 11. 3 14. 6 20. 7 26. 0 33. 0 

### 9. 7 18. 6 14. 5 18. 0 11. 3 

### 9. 9 4. 4 Transmissomete r

11. 3 51. 7 44. 8 44. 4 29. 1 29. 4 16. 7 37. 1 

### 7. 3 24. 2 10. 1 16. 4 

### 6. 4 33. 0 16. 0 36. 8 29. 8 10. 0 14. 1 24. 0 29. 1 39. 1 10. 2 20. 9 15. 8 20. 5 13. 0 11. 9 

### 6. 0 Standar

d Deviation Method 9 1.3 7 7.8 0 9.0 0 * 9.2 5 7.3 2 4.2 2 1.4 0 8.0 0 1.2 0 4.2 5 2.2 0 4.0 0 2.5 1 6.0 0 4.0 0 5.0 0 3.3 1 3.0 0 3.3 4 3.0 0 2.3 1 6.3 0 2.0 0 3.6 0 1.4 0 2.2 4 1.9 0 1.8 0 1.7 4 Run s 1-20 , Fas t ris e plume ; Run s 20-40 , Intermediat e ris e p l 4 0 

### um eP.4 7



### RU N
3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 TABL E 3 (Cont .

Mean Opacity , percen t Observe r 28. 6 7. 3 26. 4 5. 8 21. 4 10. 2 7. 1 16. 4 4. 7 8. 8 Transmissomete r

30. 7 9. 2 26. 7 5. 7 21. 6 10. 0 10. 8 15. 1 6. 3 9. 1 Standard Deviation

Method 9 5.4 3 1.5 5 5.1 0 0.7 8 3.3 7 1.0 9 1.6 0 2.7 2 1.2 5 1.6 6

Run s 20-40,Intermediat e ris e Dlum e 

### 41P.4 8

TABL E 4 Metho d9 an d Transmissomete r Opacit yAverage s

Whit e Smok e


### RU N
4 1 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 6 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 Mea

n Opac i Observe r 23. 2 23. 6 19. 6 42. 2 

### 6. 7 31. 3 41. 0 13. 1 

### 6. 8 39. 8 26. 3 13. 6 24. 1 29. 1 41. 1 30. 5 37. 8 

### 4. 4 23. 0 

### 7. 0 13. 9 60. 4 35. 0 18. 8 20. 9 20. 8 10. 7 20. 6 ty , percen t

Transmissomete r 20. 2 22. 5 21. 8 41. 5 

### 6. 8 25. 8 33. 9 11. 9 

### 6. 7 34. 5 22. 6 11. 2 17. 4 27. 0 36. 5 23. 0 33. 8 

### 5. 6 16. 5 

### 6. 3 9. 7 50. 9 26. 0 26. 9 28. 4 26. 8 

### 2. 3 25. 0 Standard Deviation

Method 9
3.4 2 6.1 8 4.0 7 11.8 4 0.9 2 4.8 8 8.8 3 2.9 4 1.5 9 7.7 3 2.8 3 1.7 0 3.3 1 6.0 4 6.5 2 5.0 4 6.2 2 0.9 5 3.2 4 0.7 7 2.6 3 9.0 0 3.6 7 5.7 6 8.5 3 8.9 4 2.4 6 3.5 6
Run s 41-70 , Fas t ris e plume ; Run s 71-100 , Intermediat e ris e plum e 4 2TABL E 4 (Cont. )



### RU N 7 3 7 4 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 8 9 9 

### 10 0 14 2 16 5 17 5 Mea nOpacity , percen t

Observe r 20. 1 

### 8. 6 23. 8 

### 8. 8 14. 8 11. 5 23. 9 16. 5 

### 5. 8 12. 5 

### 8. 1 16. 4 21. 2 14. 8 31. 2 18. 9 16. 3 

### 6. 5 12. 4 15. 4 30. 2 

### 7. 3 16. 4 18. 8 22. 3 

### 7. 4 38. 6 21. 6 24. 0 Transmissomete r 24. 0 

### 8. 6 22. 8 

### 9. 5 13. 3 11. 9 26. 1 17. 5 

### 5. 3 10. 0 

### 5. 4 13. 4 18. 0 10. 2 23. 7 14. 2 12. 2 

### 7. 5 11. 8 15. 9 31. 2 

### 6. 3 13. 8 21. 7 23. 3 

### 9. 3 32. 4 29. 5 22. 1 Standar d Deviatio n

Metho d 9 3.3 3 2.1 0 1.3 4 0.8 2 2 ..3 8 1.8 6 6.7 1 3.4 3 0.5 0 3.1 3 1.2 4 4.1 5 3.5 2 3.6 1 6.8 7 2.5 8 3.3 5 0.3 6 2.3 0 1.6 1 5.4 2 2.0 1 2.3 6 3.2 3 3.7 8 1.9 6 4.9 9 6.8 4 0.2 9 Run s 71-100 , an

d 175 , Intermediat e ris e plume ; Run s 14 2 an

d 165 , Fas t ris e plum e 

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o f Actua l andObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Opacit y >_20% ) (Frequenc y

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### 20 0 Figur e 1 7 Frequenc yDistributio no f th e Difference s o f Actua l and Observe dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Opacit y>20% ) (Frequenc yMethod ) Whit e Smok

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### 5 1

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### -41-5 0-21-3 0-1-1 01-1 021-3 041-5 061-7 0 -31-4 0-11-2 0011-2 031-4 051-6 071-8 0 Differenc e i nTime o f Excessiv e Emission s (Observe d- Actual) , Second s 

### 5 3P.6 0

REFERENCE S
1 . Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costle , Ci vNo . 77-232 , D.C . W.D. , N.Y . 2 . Statistica l Analysi s o f Thre e Smok e Generato r Fiel dTests ; Researc h Triangl e Institute , Augus t 198 1 (Draft) . 3 . Evaluatio no f Opacit yFrequenc yMetho donContinuou s Plumes ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Decembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 4 . Evaluatio no f Opacit yFrequenc yMetho d o nSlowl yChangin g Plumes ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Decembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 5 . Telephon e Surve yo f Stat e an d Loca l Ai r Contro l Agencie s onOpacit y Regulatio nan

d Enforcemen t Procedures ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Octobe r 198 0 (Draft) .



### 5 4P.6 1



### APPENDI XA
Federa l Register , Vol . 39 , No . 21 9

Referenc e Metho d9P.6 2



### Titl e 4 0—Protectio n o f the Environmen t CHAPTE R 1—ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENCY Subchapte r C—Ai r Program s

(FR L 391-6 ) PART 60—STANDARD S O F PERFORMANC E FO R NE WSTATIONAR

Y SOURCE S Opacit yProvision s "O n Jun e 29 , 1973 , the Unite d State s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r the Distric t o f Columbi a i n 'Portlan d Cemen t Associatio n v . Ruckelshaus, ' 48 6 F.2 d 37 5 (1973 ) remanded t o EPAthe standard o f performanc e fo r Portland cemen t plant s (4 0 CFR 60.6 0 e t seq. ) promulgate d b yEPAunde r sectio n 11 1 o f the Clean Ai r Act . I n the remand , the Cour t directe d EPA t o reconside r among othe r thing s the us e o f the opacit y standards . EPAha s prepare d a respons e t o th e remand . Copie s o f thi s respons e ar e availabl e fro m the Emissio n Standard s an

d Engineering Division , Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , N . C . 27711 , Attn : Mr . Do n R . Goodwin . I n developing.th e response , EP Acollecte d an

d evaluate d a substantia l amoun t o f information whic hi s summarize d an

d reference d i n the response . Copie s o f thi s informatio n ar e availabl e fo r inspectio n during norma l offic e hour s a t EPA' s Offic e o f Publi c Affairs , 40 1 MStree t SW . , Washington , D . C . EP Adetermine d tha t the Portlan d cemen t plan t standard s generall ydi d no t requir e revisio n bu t di d no t fin d tha t certai n revision s ar e appropriat e t o th e opacit yprovision s o f the standards . Th e provision s promulgate d herei n includ e a revisio n o f §60.11 , Complianc e wit hStandard s an

d Maintenanc e Requirements , a revisio n t o th e opacit ystandard fo r Portland cemen t plants , an d revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Th e base s fo r the revision s ar e discusse d i n detai l i n the Agency' s respons e t o the remand . The yar e summarize d below . Th e revision s t o §60.1 1 includ e th e modificatio n o f paragraph(b ) an

d the additio n o f paragraph(e) . Paragrap h (b ) ha s bee n revise d t o indicat e tha t whil e Referenc e Metho d 9 remain s the primar yan d accepte d mean s fo r determining complianc e wit hopacit ystandard s i n thi s part , EPAwil l accep t a s probativ e evidenc e i n certai n situation s an d unde r certai n condition s the result s o f continuou s monitorin g b ytransmissomete r t o determin e whethe r a violatio n ha s i n fac t occurred . Th e revisio n make s clea r tha t eve n i n such , situation s the result s o f opacit yreading s b yMetho d 9 remai n presumptivel yvali d an d correct .

### Th e provision s i n paragrap h(e ) provid e a mechanis m

fo r a n owne r o r operato r t o petitio n th e Administrato r t o establis ha n opacit ystandar d fo r a n affecte d facilit y wher e suc hfacilit ymeet s al l applicabl e standard s fo r whic ha performanc e tes t i s conducte d unde r §60. 8 bu t fail s t o mee t a n applicabl e opacit ystandard . Thi s provisio n i s intende d primaril yt o appl yt o case s wher e a sourc e install s a ver ylarg e diamete r stac k whic hcause s th e opacit yo f th e emission s t o b e greate r tha n i f a stac k o f th e diamete r ordinaril yuse d i n th e industr ywer e installed . Althoug hthi s situatio n i s considere d t o b e ver yunlikel y t o occur , thi s provision s wil l accommodat e suc ha situation . Th e provisio n coul d als o appl yt o othe r situation s wher e fo r anyreaso n a n affecte d facilit ycoul d fai l t o mee t opacit ystandard s whil e meetin g mas s emissio n standards , althoug hn o suc hsituation s ar e expecte d t o occur . Arevisio n t o th e opacit ystandar d fo r Portlan d cemen t plant s i s promulgate d herein . Th e revisio n change s th e opacit ylimi t fo r kiln s fro m1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percent . Thi s revisio n i s base d o n EPA' s polic yo n opacit ystandard s an d th e ne wemissio n dat a fromPortlan d cemen t plant s evaluate d b yEP Adurin g it s reconsideration . Th e preambl e t o th e standard s o f performanc e whic hwer e promulgate d o n Marc h8 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 9308).set s fort hEPA' s polic yo n opacit y standards : (1 ) Opacit ylimit s ar e independen t enforceabl e standards ; (2 ) wher e opacit yan d mass/concentratio n standard s ar e applicabl e t o th e sam e source , th e mass/concentratio n standard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic hwil l resul t i n th e design , installation , and operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d syste mo f emissio n reductio n (taking cost s int o account) ; an d (3 ) th e opacit ystandard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic hwil l requir e prope r operatio n an d maintenanc e o f suc hcontro l systems . Th e ne wdat a indicat e tha t increasin g th e opacit ylimit s fo r kiln s fro m1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percen t i s justified , becaus e such. a standar d wil l stil l requir e th e design , installation , an d operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d syste m o f emissio n reductio n (takin g cost s int o account ) whil e eliminatin g o r minimizin g th e situation s wher e i t wil l b e necessar yt o promulgat e a ne wopacit ystandar d unde r §60.11(e) . I n evaluatin g th e accurac yo f result s fro mqualifie d observer s followin g th e procedure s o f Referenc e Metho d 9 , EP A determine d tha t (some revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o evaluatio n showe d that , sic ) observer s traine d and certifie d i n accordanc e wit hth e procedure s prescribe d unde r Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o rea d opacit ywit herror s no t exceedin g +7. 5 percen t base d upo n singl e set s o f th e averag e o f 2 4 readings . Th e revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 includ e th e following :P.6 4



### 1 . A n introductor ysectio n i s added . Thi s include s a discussio n o f th e concep t o f visibl e emissio n readin g an d describe s th e effec t o f variabl e viewin g conditions . Informatio n i s als o presente d concernin g th e accurac yo f th e metho d notin g tha t th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n determinin g possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 2 . Provision s ar e adde d whic hspecif ytha t th e determinatio n o f opacit yrequire s averagin g 2 4 reading s take n a t 15-secon d intervals . Th e purpos e fo r takin g 2 4 reading s i s bot ht o exten d th e averagin g tim e ove r whic h th e observation s ar e made , and t o tak e sufficien t reading s t o insur e acceptabl e accuracy . 3 . Mor e specifi c criteri a concernin g observe r positio n wit hrespec t t o th e su n ar e added . Specifically , th e su n mus t b e withi n a 140 ° secto r t o th e observer' s back . 4 . Criteri a concernin g a n observer' s positio n wit h respec t t o th e plum e ar e added . Specifi c guidanc e i s als o provide d fo r readin g emission s fro mrectangula r emissio n point s wit hlarg e lengt ht o widt hratios , and fo r readin g emission s fro mmultipl e stacks . I n eac ho f thes e cases , emission s ar e t o b e rea d acros s th e shortes t pat hlength . .5 . Provision s ar e adde d t o mak e clea r tha t opacit y o f contaminate d wate r o r steamplume s i s t o b e rea d a t a poin t wher e wate r doe s no t exis t i n condense d form . Tw o specifi c instruction s ar e provided : On e fo r th e cas e wher e opacit yca n b e observe d prio r t o th e formatio n o f th e condense d wate r plume , an d on e fo r th e cas e wher e opacit y i s t o b e observe d afte r th e condense d wate r plum e ha s dissipated . 6 . Specification s ar e adde d fo r th e smok e generato r use d fo r qualificatio n o f observer s s o tha t Stat e o r loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s ma yprovid e observe r qualifi
catio n trainin g consisten t wit hEP Atraining . I n developin g thi s regulatio n w e hav e take n int o accoun t th e comment s receive d i n respons e t o th e Septembe r 11 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 35852 ) notic e o f propose d rulemakin g whic h propose d amon g othe r thing s certai n mino r change s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Thi s regulatio n represent s th e rule
makin g wit hrespec t t o th e revision s t o Metho d 9 . Th e determinatio n o f complianc e wit happlicabl e opacit y standard s wil l b e base d o n a n averag e o f 2 4 consecutiv e opacit yreading s take n a t 1 5 secon d intervals . Thi s approac hi s a satisfactor ymean s o f enforcin g opacit ystandard s i n case s wher e th e violatio n i s a continuin g on e and tim e exception s ar e no t par t o f th e applicabl e opacit ystandard .P.6 5



### However , th e opacit ystandard s fo r steamelectri c generator s i n 4 0 CF R 60.4 2 an d flui d catalyti c crackin g uni t catalys t regenerator s i n 4 0 CF R 60.10 2 an d numerou s opacit ystandard s i n Stat e implementatio n plan s specif yvariou s tim e exceptions . Man yStat e an d loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s us e a differen t approac hi n enforcin g opacit ystandard s tha n th e six-minut e averag e perio d specifie d i n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . EP Arecognize s tha t certai n type s o f opacit y violation s tha t ar e intermitten t i n natur e requir e a differen t approac hi n applyin g th e opacit ystandard s tha n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . I t i s EPA' s inten t t o propos e a n additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 specifyin g a n alternativ e metho d t o enforc e opacit ystandards . I t i s ou r inten t tha t thi s metho d specif ya minimu m

numbe r o f reading s tha t mus t b e taken , suc h a s a minimu m

o f te n reading s abov e th e standar d i n anyon e hou r perio d prio r t o citin g a violation . EP Ai s i n th e proces s o f analyzin g availabl e dat a an d determinin g th e erro r involve d i n readin g opacit yi n thi s manne r and wil l propos e thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 a s soo n a s thi s analysi s i s completed . Th e Agenc ysolicit s comment s and recommendation s o n th e nee d fo r thi s additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 and woul d welcom e anysuggestion s particularl yfro mai r pollutio n contro l agencie s o n ho ww e migh t mak e Metho d 9 mor e responsiv e t o th e need s o f thes e agencies . Thes e action s ar e effectiv e o n Novembe r 12 , 1974 . Th e Agenc yfind s goo d caus e exist s fo r no t publishin g thes e action s a s a notic e o f propose d rulemakin g and fo r makin g the meffectiv e immediatel yupo n publicatio n fo r th e followin g reasons : (1 ) Onl ymino r amendment s ar e bein g mad e t o th e opacit y standard s whic hwer e remanded . (2 ) Th e U . S . Cour t o f Appeal s fo r th e Distric t o f Columbi a instructe d EP At o complet e th e reman d proceedin g wit hrespec t t o th e Portlan d cemen t plan t standard s b y Novembe r 5 , 1974 . (3 ) Becaus e opacit ystandard s ar e th e subjec t o f othe r litigation , i t i s necessar yt o reac ha fina l determinatio n wit hrespec t t o th e basi c issue s involvin g opacit ya t thi s tim e i n orde r t o properl yrespon d t o thi s issu e wit hrespec t t o suc hothe r litigation . Thes e regulation s ar e issue d unde r th e authorit yo f section s 11 1 an d 11 4 o f th e Clea n Ai r Act , a s amende d (4 2 U.S.C . 1857C- 6 an d 9) . Dated : Novembe r 1 , 1974 . Joh n Quarle s Actin g Administrator. "P.6 6



### METHO D 9 - - VISUA L DETERMINATIO NO F TH E OPACIT YO F

EMISSION S FRO MSTATIONAR YSOURCE S Th e curren t Metho d 9 , publishe d i n th e Federa l Register , Volum e 39 , No . 21 9 o n Novembe r 12 , 197 4 i s reproduce d below : "Man ystationar ysource s discharg e visibl e emission s int o th e atmosphere ; thes e emission s ar e usuall yi n th e shap e o f a plume . Thi s metho d involve s th e determinatio n o f plum e opacit y b yqualifie d observers . Th e metho d include s procedure s fo r th e trainin g an d certificatio n o f observers , and procedure s t o b e use d i n th e fiel d fo r determinatio n o f plum e opacity . Th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b ya n observe r depend s upo n a numbe r o f variables , som e o f whic hma yb e controllabl e and som e o f whic hma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e field . Variable s whic hca n b e controlle d t o a n exten t t o whic hthe yn o longe r exer t a significan t influenc e upo n plum e appearanc e include : Angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o th e plume ; angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o th e sun ; poin t o f observatio n o f attache d and detache d stea mplume ; an d angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o a plum e emitte d fro ma rectangula r stac k wit h a larg e lengt ht o widt hratio . Th e metho d include s specifi c criteri a applicabl e t o thes e variables . Othe r variable s whic hma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e fiel d ar e luminescenc e and colo r contras t betwee n th e plum e and th e backgroun d agains t whic hth e plum e i s viewed . Thes e variable s exer t a n influenc e upo n th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b y a n observer , an d ca n affec t th e abilit yo f th e observe r t o accuratel yassig n opacit yvalue s t o th e observe d plume . Studie s o f th e theor yo f plum e opacit yand fiel d studie s hav e demonstrate d tha t a plum e i s mos t visibl e an d present s th e greates t apparen t opacit ywhe n viewe d agains t a contrastin g background . I t follow s fro mthis , an d i s confirme d byfiel d trials , tha t th e opacit yo f a plume , viewe d unde r condition s wher e a contrastin g backgroun d i s presen t ca n b e assigne d wit hth e greates t degre e o f accuracy . However , th e potentia l fo r a positiv e erro r i s als o th e greates t whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r suc hcontrastin g conditions . Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrastin g background , th e apparen t opacit yo f a plum e i s les s and approache s zer o a s th e colo r and luminescenc e contras t decreas e towar d zero . A s a result , significan t negativ e bia s and negativ e error s ca n b e mad e whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r les s contrastin g conditions . Anegativ e bia s decrease s rathe r tha n increase s th e possibilit y tha t a plan t operato r wil l b e cite d fo r a violatio n o f opacit y standard s du e t o observe r error . Studie s hav e bee n undertake n t o determin e th e magnitud e o f positiv e error s whic hca n b e mad e byqualifie d observer s whil e readin g plume s unde r contrastin g condition s and usin g th e procedure s se t fort hi n thi s method . Th e result s o f thes e studie s (fiel d trails ) whic hinvolv e a tota l o f 76 9 set s o f 2 5 reading s eac har e a s follows :P.6 7

1 ) Fo r blac k plume s (13 3 set s a t a smok e generator) ,

. 10 0 percen t o f th e set s wer e r.ea d wit ha positiv e error-' * o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 9 percen t wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . 2 ) Fo r whit e plume s (17 0 set s a t a smok e generator , 16 8 set s a t a coal-fire d powe r plant , 2 9 8 set s a t a sulfuri c aci d plant) , 9 9 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 5 percen t wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . Th e positiv e observationa l erro r associate d wit ha n averag e o f twenty-fiv e reading s i s therefor e established . Th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n deter
minin g possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 1 . PRINCIPL E AN D APPLICABILIT Y 1. 1 PRINCIPL E Th e opacit yo f emission s fro mstationar ysource s i s determine d visuall yb ya qualifie d observer . 1. 2 APPLICABILIT Y Thi s metho d i s applicabl e fo r .th e determinatio n o f th e opacit yo f emission s fro mstationar ysource s pursuan t t o § 60.1 1 (b ) an d fo r qualifyin g observer s fo r visuall ydeter
minin g opacit yo f emissions . 2 . PROCEDURE S Th e observe r qualifie d i n accordanc e wit hparagrap h3 o f thi s metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s fo r visuall y determinin g th e opacit yo f emissions . 2. 1 POSITIO N Th e qualifie d observe r shal l stan d a t a distanc e sufficien t t o provid e a clea r vie wo f th e emission s wit hth e su n oriente d i n th e 140 ° secto r t o hi s back . Consisten t wit hmaintainin g th e abov e requirement , th e observe r shall , a s muc ha s possible , mak e -'-Fo r a set , positiv e erro r = averag e opacit ydetermine d b y observers ' 2 5 observation s - averag e opacit ydetermine d fro m transmissometer' s 2 5 recordings .P.6 8



### hi s observation s froma positio n suc htha t hi s lin e o f visio n i s approximatel yperpendicula r t o th e plum e direction , -an d whe n observin g opacit yo f emission s fromrectangula r outlet s (e.g . roo f monitors , ope n baghouses , noncircula r stacks) , approx imatel yperpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f th e outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o f sigh t shoul d no t includ e mor e tha n on e plum e a t a tim e whe n multipl e stack s ar e involved , an d i n anycas e th e observe r shoul d mak e hi s observation s wit h hi s lin e o f sigh t perpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f suc ha se t o f multipl e stack s (e.g . stubstack s o n bag
houses ) . 2. 2 FIEL D RECORD S Th e observe r shal l recor d th e nam e o f th e plant , emissio n location , typ e facility , observer' s nam e an d affiliation , an d th e dat e o n a fiel d dat a shee t (Figur e 9-1) . Th e time , estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio n location , approximat e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , descriptio n o f th e sk yconditio n (presenc e an d colo r o f clouds) , an d plum e backgroun d ar e recorde d o n a fiel d dat a shee t a t th e tim e opacit yreading s ar e initiate d an d completed . 2. 3 -OBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e a t th e poin t o f greates t opacit yi n tha t portio n o f th e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo r i s no t present . Th e observe r shal l no t loo k continuousl ya t th e plume , bu t instea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril ya t 15-secon d intervals . 2.3. 1 ATTACHE D STEA MPLUME S Whe n condense d wate r vapo r i s presen t withi n th e plum e a s i t emerge s fromth e emissio n outlet , opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic h condense d wate r vapo r i s n o longe r visible . Th e observe r shal l recor d th e approximat e distanc e fro mth e emissio n outle t t o th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic hth e observation s ar e made . 2.3. 2 DETACHE D STEA MPLUM E Whe n wate r vapo r i n th e plum e condense s and become s visibl e a t a distinc t distanc e fro mth e emissio n outlet ,P.6 9



### th e opacit yo f emission s shoul d b e evaluate d a t th e emissio n outle t prio r t o th e condensatio n o f wate r vapo r an d th e formatio n o f th e steamplume . 2. 4 RECORDIN GOBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e recorde d t o th e neares t 5 percen t a t 15-secon d interval s o n a n observationa l recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 2 fo r a n example) . Aminimu mo f 2 4 observation s shal l b e recorded . Eac hmomentar yobservatio n recorde d shal l b e deeme d t o represen t th e averag e opacit yo f emission s fo r a 15-secon d period . 2. 5 DAT AREDUCTIO N Opacit yshal l b e determine d a s a n averag e o f 2 4 consecu tiv e observation s recorde d a t 15-secon d intervals . Divid e th e observation s recorde d o n th e recor d shee t int o set s o f 2 4 consecutiv e observations . Ase t i s compose d o f any2 4 consecu tiv e observations . Set s nee d no t b e consecutiv e i n tim e and i n n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap . Fo r eac hse t o f 2 4 observ
ations , calculat e th e averag e b ysummin g th e opacit yo f th e 2 4 observation s and dividin g thi s su mby24 . I f a n applicabl e standar d specifie s a n averagin g tim e requirin g mor e tha n 2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e fo r al l observation s mad e durin g th e specifie d tim e period . Recor d th e averag e opacit y o n a recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 1 fo r a n example) . 3 . QUALIFICATION S AND TESTIN G 3. 1 CERTIFICATIO NREQUIREMENT S T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualifie d observer , a candi
dat e mus t b e teste d and demonstrat e th e abilit yt o assig n opacit yreading s i n 5 percen t increment s t o 2 5 differen t blac k plume s an

d 2 5 differen t whit e plumes , wit ha n erro r no t t o excee d 1 5 percen t opacit yo n anyon e readin g and a n averag e erro r no t t o excee d 7. 5 percen t opacit yi n eac hcategory . Candidate s shal l b e teste d accordin g t o th e procedure s describe d i n paragrap h3.2 . Smok e generator s use d pursuan t t o paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit ha smok e mete r whic hmeet s th e requirement s o f paragrap h3.3 . Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo r a perio d o f 6 months , a t whic htim e th e qualificatio n procedur e mus t b e repeate d by anyobserve r i n orde r t o retai n certification .P.7 0



### 3. 2 CERTIFICATIO NPROCEDUR E Th e certificatio n tes t consist s o f showin g th e candidat e a complet e ru n o f 5 0 plume s - 2 5 blac k plume s and 2 5 whit e plume s - generate d b ya smok e generator . Plume s withi n eac h se t o f 2 5 blac k and 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d i n rando m order . Th e candidat e assign s a n opacit yvalu e t o eac hplum e an d record s hi s observatio n o n a suitabl e form . A t th e completio n o f eac hru n o f 5 0 readings , th e scor e o f th e candidat e i s determined . I f a candidat e fail s t o qualify , th e complet e ru n o f 5 0 reading s mus t b e repeate d i n any retest . Th e smok e tes t ma yb e administere d a s par t o f a smok e schoo l o r trainin g program , an d ma yb e precede d b y trainin g o r familiarizatio n run s o f th e smok e generato r durin g whic hcandidate s ar e shown blac k and whit e plume s o f know n opacity . 3. 3 SMOK E GENERATO R SPECIFICATION S An ysmok e generato r use d fo r th e purpos e o f paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit ha smok e mete r installe d t o measur e opacit yacros s th e diamete r o f th e smok e generato r stack . Th e smok e mete r outpu t shal l displa yin-stac k opacit ybase d upo n a pathlengt hequa l t o th e stac k exi t diameter , o n a ful l 0 t o 10 0 percen t char t recorde r scale . Th e smok e mete r optica l desig n and performanc e shal l mee t th e specification s shown i n Tabl e 9-1 . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e calibrate d a s prescribe d i n paragrap h3.3. 1 prio r t o th e conduc t o f eac hsmok e readin g test . A t th e completio n o f eac htest , th e zer o and spa n drif t shal l b e checke d and i f th e drif t exceed s ± 1 percent , opacity , th e conditio n shal l b e correcte d prio r t o conductin g anysub
sequen t tes t runs . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e demonstrate d a t th e tim e o f installation , t o mee t th e specification s liste d i n Tabl e 9-1 . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d followin g anysubsequen t repai r o r replacemen t o f th e photocel l o r associate d electroni c circuitr yincludin g th e char t recorde r o r outpu t meter , o r ever y6 months , whicheve r occur s first .

TABL E 9- 1 —SMOK E METE R DESIGNAN D PERFORMANC E SPECIFICATION S Paramete r Specificatio n a . Ligh t sourc e Incandescen t lam p operate d a t nomina l rate d voltage . b . Spectra l respons e o f Photopi c (dayligh t spectra l photocel l respons e o f th e huma n ey e - referenc e 4.3) .P.7 1



### c . Angl e o f vie w d . Angl e o f projectio n e . Calibratio n error f . Zer o an d spa n drif t g . Respons e tim e 15 ° maximumtota l angle . 15 ° maximumtota l angle . ± 3 % opacity , maximu m ± 1 % opacity , 3 0 minute s
< 

### 5 seconds . 3.3. 1 CALIBRATIO N Th e smok e mete r i s calibrate d afte r allowin g a minimu mo f 3 0 minute s warmu p b yalternatel yproducin g simulate d opacit y o f 0 percen t an d 10 0 percent . Whe n stabl e respons e a t 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t i s noted , th e smok e mete r i s adjuste d t o produc e a n outpu t o f 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t a s appropriate . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t reading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment . Simulate d 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s ma yb e produce d b y alternatel yswitchin g th e powe r t o th e ligh t sourc e o n an d of f whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t producin g smoke . 3.3. 2 SMOK E METE R EVALUATIO N Th e smok e mete r desig n and performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.3.2. 1 LIGH T SOURC E Verif yfro mmanufacturer' s dat a an d fro mvoltag e measurement s mad e a t th e lamp , a s installed , tha t th e lam p i s operate d withi n ± 5 percen t o f th e nomina l rate d voltage . 3.3.2. 2 SPECTRA L RESPONS E O F PHOTOCEL L Verif yfro mmanufacturer' s dat a tha t th e photocel l ha s a photopi c response ; i.e. , th e spectra l sensitivit yo f th e cel l shal l closel yapproximat e th e standar d spectral-luminosit ycurv e fo r photopi c visio n whic hi s reference d i n (b ) o f Tabl e 9-1 . 3.3.2. 3 ANGL E O F VIE W Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f vie wo f th e smok e plume , a s see n byth e photocell , doe s no tP.7 2



### excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f vie wma yb e calculate d from : 5 = 2 -tan- - 1 

### d/2L , wher e $= tota l angl e o f view ; d = th e su mo f th e photocel l diamete r + th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; an d L = th e distanc e fro mth e photocel l t o th e limitin g aperture . Th e limitin g apertur e i s th e poin t i n th e pat hbetwee n th e photocel l and th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos t restricted . I n smok e generato r smok e meter s thi s i s normall ya n orific e plate . 3.3.2. 4 ANGL E O F PROJECTIO N Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f projectio n o f th e lam p o n th e smok e plum e doe s no t excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n ma yb e calculate d from : Q= 2 tan

- 

### -*
- d/2L , wher e Q= tota l angl e o f projection ; d = th e su

mo f th e lengt ho f th e lam p filamen t + th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; an d L = th e distanc e ^fro mth e lam

p t o th e limitin g aperture . 3.3.2. 5 CALIBRATIO NERRO R Usin g neutral-densit yfilter s o f know n opacity , chec k th e erro r betwee n th e actua l respons e and th e theoretica l linea r respons e o f th e smok e meter . Thi s chec k i s accomplishe d b yfirs t calibratin g th e smok e mete r accord
in g t o 3.3. 1 and the n insertin g a serie s o f thre e neutral
densit yfilter s o f nomina l opacit yo f 20 , 50 , and 7 5 percen t i n th e smok e mete r pathlength . Filter s calibrate d withi n ± 2 percen t shal l b e used . Car e shoul d b e take n whe n insertin g th e filter s t o preven t stra yligh t fro m affectin g th e meter . Mak e a tota l o f fiv e nonconsecutiv e reading s fo r eac hfilter . Th e maximu m.erro r o n anyon e readin g shal l b e 3 percen t opacity . 3.3.2. 6 ZER O AND SPA NDRIF T Determin e th e zer o and spa n drif t bycalibratin g an d operatin g th e smok e generato r i n a norma l manne r ove r a 1-hou r period . Th e drif t i s measure d bycheckin g th e zer o an d spa n a t th e end o f thi s period . 3.3.2. 7 RESPONS E TIM E Determin e th e respons e tim e byproducin g th e serie s o f fiv e simulate d 0 percen t and 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s and observin g th e tim e require d t o reac hstabl e response .

### _P_7 3

Opacit yvalue s o f 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t ma yb e simulate d b yalternatel yswitchin g th e powe r t o th e ligh t sourc e of f an d o n whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t operating . 4 . REFERENCE S 4. 1 Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Distric t Rule s and Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count yAi r Pollutio n Contro l District , Regulatio n IV , Prohibitions, " Rul e 50 . 4. 2 Weisburd , Melvi n I. , Fiel d Operation s and Enforcemen t Manua l fo r Air , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , N . C . , APTD-1100 , Augus t 1972 . pp . 4.1-4.36 . 4. 3 Condon , E.U. , and Odishaw , H. , Handboo k o f Physics , McGraw-Hil l Co. , N.Y. , N.Y . 1958 , Tabl e 3.1 , p . 6-52. "

### P.7 4

APPENDI X8
Smok e Generato r Specification sP.7 5

SPECIFICATION S Smok e Generato r Mode l 3000- A 197 9 GENERA L Th e generato r shal l b e capabl e o f producin g constan t blac k an d whit e smok e plume s wit han opacit yrang e o f 0 t o 100% . Th e uni t shal l b e mounte d o n a singl e o r dua l axl e traile r t o facilitat e transportation . Th e smok e generato r shal l includ e th e followin g majo r componen t system s 1 . Singl e o r dua l axl e traile r 2 . Blac k smok e generato r (toluen e combustio nchamber ) 3 . Whit e smok e generato r {diese l fue l vaporizor ) 4 . Stac k assembl y 5 . Transmissomete r 6 . Fue l pum p system . 7 . Dilutio n manifol d 8 . Mai n blowe rassembl y ,9 . Automati cbenzen e ignito r 10 . Operator' s consol e 11 . Accessor yan

d Maintenanc e Packag e 12. . Storag e compartmen t Th e uni t shal l mee t th e specification s a s outline d i n th e Federa l Registe r Volum e Numbe r 39 , No . 17 7 - Date d Novembe r 12 , 197^ T SPECIFICATION S A . Singl e o r dua l axl e traile r Th e traile r shal l b e constructe d t o withstan d a loa d capacit yo f •n o les s tha n2,00 0 pounds . Th e traile r siz e shal l b e 6 ft . wid e by1 4 ft . long . Al l component s o f th e smok e generato r shal l b e mounte d o n a soli d shee t meta l be d attache d t o th e traile r frame . Th e be d shal l b e constructe d o f 1 4 gaug e col d rolle d steel . Tur n signal s shal l b e include d t o mee t al l stat e an d federa l regulation s concernin g towe d trailer s i n th e 2,00 0 pound load range . Th e traile r shal l b e equippe d wit ha 1-7/ 8 inc hcouple r an d safet y chain s fo r towing . T o ensur e adequat e traile r roa d stability , 14.0 " tire s shal l b e use d t o suppor t th e traile r bed . 8 . Blac k smok e generato r (toluen e combustio nchamber ) Shal l b e constructe d wit hdoubl e meta l wall s (1 5 gaug e wit ha min
imu mo f 2. 0 inche s o f castabl e insulatio nbetwee nth e walls . Th eP.7 6

insulatio nmateria l shal l b e rate da t 200 0 F o r greater . Interna l bafflin g andline r wil l b e include di nth e combustio nchambe r t o ensur e prope r benzene combustio nt o produc e a plum e opacit yo f 0 - 100% . Bafflin g an dline r wil l b e constructe do f No . 30 4 stain
les s steel . C . Whit e smok e generato r (diese l fue l vaporizor ) Whit e smok e shal l b e generate db yinjectin g # 2 fue l oi l int o a propan e heate dchamber . Th e fue l vaporizatio nchambe r wil l b e constructe do f stainles s steel . Th e vaporizatio nchambe r wil l b e mounte dt o th e generato r mixin g chamber . Th e fue l vaporizatio n assembl yshal l b e capabl e o f producin g a whit e smok e plum e from 0 - 100 % opacity . D . Stac k assembl y Th e stac k shal l b e 1 2 inche s i ndiamete r wit ha minimumheigh t o f 1 6 fee t i nth e raise dposition . Th e stac k shal l b e constructe d o f 1 4 gaug e col drolle dsteel . Th e hydrauli c cylinde r utilize d t o rais e th e stac k shal l hav e a minimumloa dcapacit yo f 2,50 0 pounds . Fo r trave l purpose s th e stac k shal l b e capabl e o f bein g lowere dt o a maximu mheigh t o f 8 fee t o r lowe r an dth e stac k shal l b e hel di npositio nb ya cradl e supporte dfro mth e traile r frame . Th e hydrauli c cylinde r shal l hav e a minimumstrok e o f 18. 0 inche s an db e a t leas t 2. 0 inche s i ndiameter . E . Transmissomete r Th e transmissomete r shal l b e stack-mounte dan dwil l consis t o f a ligh t sourc e an

da soli dstat e photodetector . Bot hth e ligh t sourc e an

dth e photodetecto r shal l b e shock-mounte d(spring-loaded ) t o preven t damag e whil e i ntransit . Th e transmissomete r shal l b e equippe dwit htw o positiv e pressur e fan s t o preven t smok e inter
ferenc e wit hth e ligh t sourc e an dphotodetector . Calibratio no f th e transmissomete r wil l b e accomplishe db yth e insertio no f neutra l densit yfilter s betwee nth e ligh t sourc e an dphotodetector . Th e neutra l densit yfilter s wil l no t b e furnishe db yEnvironmenta l Industries . F . Fue l pum

p syste m Tw o direc t curren t operate dfue l pump s (A C typ e EP- 1 o r equivalent ) shal l b e provide dt o suppl yfue l t o th e blac k smok e combustio n chambe r an

dth e whit e smok e vaporizatio nchamber . Tw o fiv e gallo n fue l tank s shal l b e include dt o furnis hth e fue l fo r th e generator . Fue l flo wshal l b e adjuste dusin g tw o needl e valve s (White yNo . B-IRS- 4 or

equivalent) . . Th e removabl e fue l pane l wil l b e furnishe d wit hflexibl e fue l line s fo r fue l transfe r t o th e smok e generato r trailer .P.7 7

G . Dilutio nmanifol d Th e generato r shal l b e equippe dwit ha dilutio nmanifol dbetwee n th e blac k smok e combustio nchambe r an dth e mai nblower . Th e dilu
tio nchambe r shal l b e constructe do f 1 4 gaug e col drolle dsteel . Th e dilutio nchambe r shal l b e a t leas t 8. 0 inche s i ndiameter . H . Mai nblowe r assembl y Th e uni t shal l b e equippe dwit ha 143 0 cf mpaddl e whee l typ e blowe r t o ensur e prope r ai r flo wt o th e mai nstack . Th e blowe r assembl y shal l b e locate dbetwee nth e dilutio nchambe r an dth e stac k assembly . Al l component s o f th e mai nblowe r shal l b e fabricate d o f 1 4 gaug e col drolle dsteel , excep t th e blowe r blad e andth e moto r housing . Powe r t o th e mai nblowe r shal l b e supplie db ya 3/ 4 HP,11 7 vol t A C motor . Maximu mRP Mo f th e blowe r moto r shal l b e 172 5 RPM . I . Automati c toluen e ignite r Th e toluen e combustio nchambe r shal l b e equippe dwit hanautomati c fue l igniter . Th e ignite r shal l b e propane-operate dandshal l ^includ e a trailer-mounte d 2 0 lb . propan e ga s bottle . Apropan e regulatio nvalv e shal l b e inserte dbetwee nth e propan e tan k and th e ignite r hea da s anadde dsafet yfactor . J . Operator' s consol e Aremot e operator' s consol e shal l includ e th e followin g components : 1 . Digita l printer . Th e digita l printe r shal l b e include dt o accep t th e transmiss
omete r output . Th e digita l printe r shal l includ e al l necessar y inpu t jack s fo r th e transmissomete r outpu t an ddigita l printe r calibration . 2 . Operator' s contro l pane l Th e functio no f th e operator' s pane l shal l b e t o suppl ycontro l voltage s t o al l operatin g system s o nth e generator . Contro l switche s shal l b e include dt o blower , mai npower , stac k fans , 2 DC fue l pumps , ligh t source , an da 1 2 vol t horn . Th e pane l shal l als o includ e a variabl e 10-tur npotentiomete r fo r cali
bratio no f th e transmissometer . Thre e isolate d1 2 vol t D C powe r supplie s shal l b e mounte dbehin dth e contro l pane l t o suppl ypowe r t o th e fue l pumps , horn , andligh t source . Th e ligh t sourc e DC suppl ycircui t shal l als o includ e a constan t voltag e transforme r t o preven t interferenc e fro mAC-lin e voltag eP.7 8

fluctuations . Al l consol e electrica l circuit s shal l b e individuall yfuse d t o preven t powe r overlads . Asixtee nfoo t cabl e shal l b e supplie d t o interconnec t th e consol e an d generato r trailer . Ampheno l mi l spe c connector s o r equivalen t shal l b e use d o nth e contro l pane l an d th e interconnec t cable . Th e contro l pane l shal l no t excee d 8.5 " H X19.0 " WX15.0 " H . Th e contro l pane l wil l includ e thre e isolate d powe r supplie s a s fo11ows : a . Ligh t sourc e powe r suppl y 1 . Outpu t voltage : 11. 5 - 12. 5 VD C 2 . Outpu t current : 1. 8 amp s 3 . Inpu t voltag e range : 10 8 - 13 2 volts , o r 21 6 - 26 4 volt s 4 . Inpu t frequenc yrange : 5 0 - 40 0 H z 5 . Regulation-line an d load combined : ±0.1 % 6 . Temperatur e coefficient : 0.000 3 . 7 . Polarity : Ma yb e positiv e o r negativ e 8 . Shor t circui t protection : automati c circui t protect s th e powe r continuously . Automati c retur nupo nremova l o f shor t circuit . 9 . Operatin g temperature : 0 * C t o 55 " C 10 . Storag e temperature : minu s 20 * C t o plu s 85 " C b . Fue l pum

p powe r suppl y 1 . Outpu t voltage : 12. 0 - 14. 0 VD C 2 . Outpu t current : 3 amp s 3 . Inpu t voltag e range : 11 0 - 12 0 VA C 4 . Inpu t frequency : 6 0 H z 5 . Filtere d 6 . Operatin g temperature : 0 * C t o 55 * C c . Hor npowe r suppl y 1 . Outpu t voltage : 12. 0 t o 14. 0 VAC 2 . Outpu t current : 8. 0 amp s 3 . Inpu t voltage : 11 0 t o 12 0 VAC 4 . Inpu t frequency : 6 0 H z 5 . Operatin g temperature : 0 ' C t o 55 * C 3 . Fue l contro l pane l Th e fue l contro l pane l shal l b e console-mounte d t o facilitat e remot e fue l adjustment s t o bot hth e whit e an d blac k smok e generators . Th e pane l shal l includ e tw o D C fue l pump s (A C EP- 1 o r equivalent ) an d tw o fue l contro l valve s (White yNo . B-IRS- 4 o r equivalent) . Fue l lin e connector s shal l b e accesibl e

### P.7 9

fromth e consol e rea r an dfue l lin e siz e shal l no t excee d0.25 0 inche s i ndiameter . Th e console , sha l 1 b e designe dt o operat e i nanylocatio nu

p t o 1 6 fee t fro mth e smok e generato r trailer . The - 

### entir e operator' s consol e shal l b e house di na shee t meta l cabinet . K . Storag e compartment s Tw o trailer-mounte dstorag e compartments , 24 " WX26 " L X28 " H , shal l b e furnishe dfo r accessor ystorage . Th e storag e compartmen t cover s shal l b e hinge dan dequippe dwit ha locking clasp . Th e tw o compartment s shal l b e fabricate dfro m1 4 gaug e col drolle d steel . L . Accessorie s Th e followin g accessorie s shal l b e furnishe dwit hth e Smok e Generator : 1 . Traile r spar e tir e 2 . Traile r doll yan

dlevelin g jac k 3 . Tw o spar e ligh t sourc e bulb s 4 . Part s lis t an

dinstructio nmanua l 5 . Towin g vehicl e wirin g harnes s 6 . Foldin g tabl e fo r operator' s consol e 7 . Fir e extinguisher , 5 lbs . drychemica l typ e 8 . On e se t neutra l densit yfilter s 2 X2 - Wratte nGelati n- se t include s 0. 1 an

d1. 0 M . Stipulation s 1 . One-yea r warrant yfo r part s an dworkmanshi p 2 . Three-yea r availabilit yo f part sP.8 0

*• » -i*'rM ;;- - di J

a - Tft 

# ae r aerv o - Singl e an d Dua l Pe n Model s SERIE S 28 0

^J^^^^^^^One^ rTw o Channel s Floatin g Inpu t- r Ne wDisposabl e Fibe rPe n Tw o an d Fou rChar tSpeed s Modula r—Soli d Stat e -•--" " Bot h o fth e recorder s show n her e ar e suit abl e fo ra wid e variet yo fO.E.M
. an d sys tem s applications . Highl yversatile , the y emplo ya tru e potentiometri cnul l balanc e syste m o fessentiall yinfinit e inpu timped anc e a t nul LFul l 10 " calibrate d char t!p_ro vide s optimu m recordin g resolution. " ._i___3 

# 3
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Th e Mode l 280 1 is a high-performance , low - -.-.^e^^^^j^^*^--^-" 7 ::•

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. .";".. " " cost , ruggedly-constructe d recorde rtha ti s '^ji^^^^^^^^^^^-f-

dA~!j^JJJAJS'^M^JJ^. adaptabl e t o mos tneed s wher e instrumen t :-••-.-'--• ! ---*•-^''^^js^i^^.--^ ^ line " graphi cfor m is're -

'7' . ' 7 quired . Fas tan d slo wchar tspeed s andsim- '

- plicit yo foperatio n mak e th e Mode l 280 1 JJJ "useful i n almos tan yare a wher e reliabl e •4f ? curve s ca n spee d an d enhanc e results. ' 

# /®?„:'.':.. : • "Iz f

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# - : Th e Mode l 280 2 provides , a ' two-channel , cross-referenc e recordin g system , capabl e o fplottin g accurately . An ysingle , variabl e inpu tsignal , suc h a s temperature , i n direct_ tim e relationshi p t o a secon d input , suc h a s pressure . Eac h channeM s literall ya n in dependen t10 " recorde rofferin g ful l span s t o 1 m van d i s capabl e ofhandlin g dat a fro m an ycompatibl e instrumen tsystem . ~ . •__,:,.-.*•-_ ; Jl . . .P.8 1

MODEL S 2B0 1 an d 230 2 SERV O GRAPHI C RECORDER S SPECIFICATION S Th e basi cSerie s 28 0 ar e highl ysensitiv e instrument s de signe d fo rstandar d 19 " rac k mountin g an d capabl e o l recordin g dat a fro m transducers , analytica l an d proces s instrumentation . Awid e variet yo foption s an d char tspeed s exten d th e versatilit y.o fthes e dependabl e recorders . Circuitr yi s al l silico n soli d stat e containe d o n a singl e universa l PCB
. Zener-regufate d referenc e voltag e assure s stability . Plu g tn circui tcard s o n al l models . FUL LSCAL E SPAN S

INPU TRESISTANC E INPU TISOLATIO N LIMI TO F ERRO R PE N RESPONS E DAMPIN G INKIN G SYSTE M (Mode l

2S01 ) (Mode l 2802 ) ZER O SE T POWE R

CHAR T CHAR TSPEED S

ACCESSORIE S (Mode l INCLUDE D 2801 )

(Mode l 2802 )

PRIC E
•SIMPLICIT YO F DESIG N SERVICEABILIT Y Fixe d Input s 0 t o 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 . 100 , 500 m van d 0 t o 1 . 2 , 5 . an d 1 0 volts . Multipl e Span s 0- 1 mv , 0-1 0 mv , 1-10 0 mv , 0- 1 Vo r 0-1 0 mv . 0-10 0 mv , 0- 1 V , 0-1 0 V . Infinit e a tbalance . Signa l sourc e resistanc e greate rtha n 2 5 Kwil l degrad e accuracy . 10 0 volt s maximu m relativ e t o chassis . 40° F —100° F

10 5 —125 vlin e _t'/- % from 1 0 in/Se c Criticall ydampe d —N o over shoo t NE Wdisposabl e fibe rti p car tridg e pen . Remot e capillar y—NE Wfibe r pe n tips . Pe n ma yb e reference d any wher e o n chart . 115/230V—50/6 0 H z 1 5 watts . 1 2 VD C als o available . An y 1 2 Vol tlead/aci d o rNickel Cadmiu m storag e batter yma y b e used , recommende d oper atin g rang e 11. 0 t o 14 0 Volt s D.C
. Curren tdrai n 200 t o 26 0 ma . 10 " calibrate d x10 0 Singl e o rDua l speeds . In./Hr
. —1 , 2 . 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 . 15 , 24 , 30 . In./Min
. —1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 . 15 . Four-spee d combination s an d multipl e spee d drive s als o available . 1 Rol l char tpaper , #414003 . 1 Pe n (Blu e -412001)
. 1 Fibe rpe n adapter . 1 Rol l char tpaper . -414003 . Vz oz . Bottl e In k (Re d ="900043)
. Vz oz . Bottl e In k (Blu e #900044)
. 1 Hyp o syringe . * Se e Pric e Lis t » LON G LIF E RELIABILIT YAN D Mode l 280* 2 —Eac h channe l i s a n independen t1 0 inc h recorde rcapabl e o fplottin g an yvariabl e inpu twit h respec tt o th e other .
1 0 m vSoli d Stat e Modula rServ o Am plifie ruse d i n Serie s 280 .

OPTION S an d ACCESSORIE S WRITIN G PLATE N =90004 5 Mode l 280 1 PEN , Disposabl e fibe r(Blu e =412001 ) (Re d =412002 ) (Blac k =412003 ) (Gree n =412004 ) Mode l 280 2 PEN, ' Disposabl e fibe rnib , =41200 6 INK , V J OZ
. Bottl e (Re d =900043 } •h oz . Bottl e (Blu e =900044 ) PAPER , 10 " XTOO

' =41400 3 CHAR TMOTOR , Non-Std
. o rExtr a "OE M &quantit ydiscount s availabl e —S15.0 0 S 6.00 " 5 pac k .75 " eac h .65 " eac h %4.75 * rol l $20.0 0

BASI C PRECISIO N RECORDE R WIT H OPTION S T O FI T YOU R APPLICATIONS
. ._*.. _

Fo radditiona l information , pleas e contac tyou rloca l sale s otftc e liste d below , o rth e factor ydirec L

LABORATOR YDAT ACONTROL,
. INC
. P. O Bo x1023-1 . Inierstal e Industria l Par k Rivier a Beach . Florid a "L340 4 Bulleti n 707- * Printe d i n U.S. AP.8 2

Appendi xC Exampl e Fiel dDat a For m

an d Transmissomete r Lo g

### .P.8 3

1 -

2 BLAC KFAS T BLAC KINTE R WHIT E FAS

T WHIT E INTE R

3 4 TEST#

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2 . Run wa

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YCONDITION S 1 . Clea r 2 . 25 % clou d cove r 3 . 50 % cloudcove r 4 . 75 % cloudcove r 5 . Overcas t 6 . R a i n 

### 1 2 4 9 1 0 5 5 5 6 Tw o digi tvalu e fo ropacit yi n neares t5 % fro m 00-9 5 us e 9 9 as 10 0 frequenc ydistributio n metho d validation . TIM E TS 7 5 8 59 57 . TOTALTIM E I N MINUTE S A TO R ABOV E 20% OPACITY
. 58-59 . TIM E I N ADDITIONA LSECOND S A TO R ABOV E 20% OPACIT

Y

6 06 1 

# • 6 2 

# • 5 3 HIGHESTOPACIT Y
PEA K#
PEA KWIDT H



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APPENDIX0
Dat a Summar

yr o

o iX > CO CT i (_n O C - (J l f D

- 5 < f D V D CO C n c n TO c o

ro o J*- . c n c n O co o V D

O CO o O J o V D O CT i O c n 1— ' V D C n •~- j c n i — • c o c n H- " c n O r o r o

. c n r o J i o r o -^ j o j_ _ c n

V D O J i c n 1— • c n o 1— ' C O o t—> C O o V D o 1— 1 C O C J C O o V O o c n o O J

c n c n o CJ

l o 1 — • O J c n i — • c n O r o r o c n r o r o c n r o

-~ j o J i c n

cntnvocovooocovDO i oocnooooo o C O c n 1 — '

V D <_ n •^ j c n t — " c n c n • — • c n O r o r o c n r o r o c n r o ^ j o J* * c n
J i cn cn o 0 3 CO V D o a c o V D Oi oooooo o C O (Jl 1 — •

C O c n -~ j c n i — • C O c n t- - c n O r o r o c n n o r o c n r o

- j o j ^ c n
-Cs . U l C

O CO V

D CO Cn O O O O O J i V O O l cn o O C O c n r—a

V O c n - O c n • — '
• C O C n i — * c n O r o r o c n r o -e > O r o -» j O J i c n

V D O JitDCOCOVOCOOJvOO l cncnoooooo o r o o 1— 1

v O c n *» j c n •— • C O c n i — • c n o r o r o c n r o r o c n r o «^ j o -c » c n

C O c n C O c n (_ . J i J i I — •

-- 0

-• O I — ' •»J • v j O D V D t — • C O o C O C n C D C O c n i — • r o r o i- ^ O J i_ o r o r o i — > ra js . -^ j c n i — i -I i V D i — • c n co r o C O O r- o r o ^ i r o m C O -e * IN 3

V D O J c n C O • ^ J i -^ J V D — 1 C O V D t—• *-* J O J O J C D Vf ) O O l O J r o C O J i o r o O J C O c n ^ i j i c n

r o r o r o r o r o r o o* > J i C O J i -- Jo

V D C O (J l o t — • J i -x j (-
-

— 1 C O 1 — • •» J C O C O V D i — ' C O r o C O c n O D C O a* > r o r o j i » — * J* * i — ' r o o 1 — ' r o C n -^ j j i i — ' j i r o t— > J i C O r o r o C O ro r o C O r o r n c n

c n J i c n C O -*- j - o

VO CO -*J

V O O J C O 0 0 O l a. c o r- o c n r o v j K —

- j v o c n •^ j t — • co c n • — • J i c n r o r o O r o >— > c o r o o i o O J c n

J i -»J -o . V D - J C O V D O C O r o O J c n r n V D c n r o r o O l j > o r o r o V D O ^ O c n j i O l r

o r o -^ i ro r o c n r o c n C O C O O l

VO c n C O J i c n -- j CTl »* J r o V D r o C O O J O J c n C O C O O l r o r o

— i O J v o i

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r o t — '

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Observe r No . Ru n No . 

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APPENDI XE Participant s

### P. 7

Visibl e Emissio nObserver s NAM E AFFILIATIO N Thoma s Henderso nGC A Mik e Pleasan t EP A Chi p Duk e EPA Barbar a Burto nDG A Pau l W i Unit e DGA Car l Koont z T NDAP C Donal dO'Gorma nS C BAQ C Davi dBrand e ETA Ceci l Stackhous e TR W Gar yHenr yTR W Dav e Gladdin g PE S Gre g Latha nPE S