THIRD DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

BOGGS and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

March 27, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A1695. SYNOVUS BANK v. PEACHTREE FACTORY

CENTER, INC.

BRANCH, Judge.

Synovus Bank appeals the trial court’s order denying its motion for

certification of final judgment. We conclude that the order is not appealable and that

we cannot intervene and address the merits of this case. The appeal is therefore

dismissed.

In August 2011, Synovus issued a commercial promissory note to Peachtree

Factory Center, Inc. James Mottola and Theo Mann both guaranteed payment of the

note. When the defendants refused to pay the amounts due under the note, Synovus

filed suit for the unpaid balance, interest, and attorney fees. The defendants answered

and filed a counterclaim, asserting that Synovus had induced them to enter into the
transaction in order to allow the bank to refinance the debt of Fourth Quarter XVII,

LLC. Defendants claimed that they were not to have any liability under the note or

the guaranties after the refinancing occurred, but the refinancing apparently never

happened. The defendants also filed a third-party complaint against Fourth Quarter

and Stanley Thomas, asserting essentially the same claims included in their

counterclaim. 

Synovus filed a motion for summary judgment as to its complaint and the

defendants’ counterclaims. The trial court granted the motion, noting that the thirdparty complaint remained pending. Synovus sought to have language included in the

order that would render the judgment final, but the defendants objected, and the trial

court did not include it. Synovus then filed a motion for certification of final

judgment, seeking to have the court certify the order as final under OCGA § 9-11-54

(b). The trial court denied the motion for certification but granted Synovus’s

certificate of immediate review. 

We granted Synovus’s application for interlocutory appeal to consider whether

a trial court’s decision not to certify an order as final under OCGA § 9-11-54 (b) is

appealable, and, if so, the applicable standard of review. Synovus has asserted a

compelling argument for a final judgment because it prevailed on all claims

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applicable to it in the trial court but cannot collect fromthe defendants until the thirdparty complaint is resolved. See MARTA v. Federick, 187 Ga. App. 696, 698 (1) (371

SE2d 204) (1988) (judgment entered in multiple party and/or multiple claims case

prior to disposition of entire case is not enforceable unless requirements of Rule 54

(b) are met). But the initial question is whether the trial court’s decision not to certify

the judgment as final under OCGA § 9-11-54 (b) is reviewable on appeal.

Pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-54 (b),

[w]hen more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether

as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or when

multiple parties are involved, the court may direct the entry of a final

judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties

only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay

and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence

of such determination and direction, any order or other form of decision,

however designated, which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the

rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the

action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of

decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment

adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

We note that, while the statute directs the judge when he or she has decided to enter

a final judgment, the statute is silent if the judge has decided not to do so. We also

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note that there does not appear to be any Georgia authority specifically discussing

whether a trial court’s decision not to direct entry of a final judgment under this rule

is appealable and, if so, the applicable standard of review.1

The Georgia rule is essentially the same as Rule 54 (b) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure, which states that

[w]hen an action presents more than one claim for relief--whether as a

claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, or third-party claim--or when multiple

parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to

one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court

expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay. Otherwise,

any order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer

than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the

parties does not end the action as to any of the claims or parties and may

be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the

claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities. 

The United States Supreme Court has directed that the district courts be given

substantial deference in deciding whether to make an express determination that there

is “no just reason for delay” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 (b) because those courts are

1 The standard of review applicable to the issuance of a final order under Rule

54 (b) is mentioned in Thompson v. City of Fitzgerald, 248 Ga. App. 725, 729 (3)

(548 SE2d 368) (2001), when the court states that “the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in issuing a final order pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-54 (b).”

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most likely to be familiar with the case and any justifiable reasons for delay. CurtissWright Corp. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 446 U. S. 1, 10 (II) (100 SCt 1460, 64 LE2d 1)

(1980). 

Although Georgia appellate courts do not appearto have addressed whether the

denial of a motion for certification under OCGA § 9-11-54 (b) is appealable, federal

courts have addressed this issue under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 (b) and determined that the

denial of 54 (b) certification is not generally appealable.2 See Middleby Corp. v.

Hussmann Corp., 962 F2d 614, 616 (7th Cir. 1992) (district court cannot be

compelled to enter a partial final judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 (b) and appellate

court has no jurisdiction over district court’s refusal to enter such a decision); McCall

v. Deeds, 849 F2d 1259 (9th Cir. 1988) (dismissing appeal from denial of Rule 54 (b)

certification as not appealable); Makuc v. American Honda Motor Co., 692 F2d 172,

174 (1st Cir. 1982) (“Since we know of no clear precedent to the contrary and since

we believe the general policy [against piecemealreview]strongly supportsit, we hold

that the denial of a Rule 54 (b) motion is not generally appealable.”); Saber v.

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“Because Georgia’s Civil Practice Act is modeled on the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure, decisions of the federal courts interpreting the federal rules are

persuasive authority.” Wellstar Health Systems v. Kemp, 324 Ga. App. 629, 638 (2),

n.19 (751 SE2d 445) (2013).

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FinanceAmerica Credit Corp., 843 F2d 697, 702 (II) (A) (3rd Cir. 1988) (although

court of appeals may review district court’s decision to certify an appeal for abuse of

discretion, “it ordinarily has no jurisdiction to review on an interlocutory basis a

district court’s failure to certify a case for review.”). Given the almost identical

language in OCGA § 9-11-54 (b) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 (b), we are persuaded by the

federal authority on this issue.

In this case, the trial court considered Synovus’s motion for certification of

final judgment and denied it.We understand Synovus’s desire to have an immediately

enforceable judgment — it has no ability to expedite the litigation in the trial court

and the remaining parties have no incentive to do so and there is no evidence that the

trial court required the defendants to post any security for the judgment against them

— but we conclude that we cannot review the trial court’s decision. Accordingly, the

appeal is dismissed. 

Appeal dismissed. Barnes, P. J., concurs, and Boggs, J., concurs fully and

specially.

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A14A1695. SYNOVUS BANK v. PEACHTREE FACTORY

CENTER, INC.

BOGGS, Judge, concurring fully and specially.

I agree with the majority that in the absence of Georgia precedent, we should

be guided by federal authority holding that there is no right of appeal from the denial

of a motion filed pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 (b), which is nearly identical to

OCGA § 9-11-54 (b). And I recognize and appreciate the undesirability of piecemeal

appeals. I write, however, to emphasize the possible inequity in foreclosing appellate

review, especially under the circumstances of this case. Synovus’ judgment here is

hostage to the claim between the third-party plaintiff and the third-party defendant.

Synovus has no standing to request a resolution of the claim between those parties,

leaving the door open to collusion to delay Synovus from receiving and seeking

collection of its judgment. Synovus runs the risk of losing priority position or assets

available to satisfy its judgement, without any recourse. Indeed, Rule 54 (b) “was

originally enacted to avoid the possible injustice that might result if judgment of a

distinctly separate claimwere delayed until adjudication of the entire case.” See Page

v. Preisser, 585 F2d 336, 339 (I) (B) (8th Cir. 1978). A right of appeal is the only
means to consider whether there has been injustice in the delay of a judgment on a

distinctly separate claim via the trial court’s denial of certification, especially here

where there is no explanation for the court’s ruling. But this right of appeal can only

be granted by the General Assembly.

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