U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

INSTRUMENT RATING

Practical Test Standards

for

• AIRPLANE

• HELICOPTER

• POWERED LIFT

OCTOBER 1998

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591

FAA-S-8081-4C

with Changes 1 & 2
INSTRUMENT RATING

Practical Test Standards

for

Airplane

Helicopter

Powered Lift

1998

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

WASHINGTON, DC 20591
FAA-S-8081-4C

NOTE

Material in FAA-S-8081-4C will be effective October 1,1998. All

previous editions of the Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards will

be obsolete as of this date.
RECORD OF CHANGES

Change 1: 12/9/98

Reason: To correct errors.

• Appendix 1—Levels of Simulation Device Credit, Use of Chart,

Note 1 and 2.

Reason: Correction of circling approach altitude tolerances for minimum

descent altitude (MDA).

• AREA OF OPERATION: INSTRUMENT APPROACH

PROCEDURES, TASK D, CIRCLING APPROACH (IA, A, AA).

Change 2: 03/11/99

Reason: To align the PTS with part 61.

• Added a Rating Task Table matrix and changed appropriate

references in the introduction.

• Removed all references applicable to added ratings (in

parenthesis) by each TASK on the Examiner’s Checklist and

throughout the PTS.

Reason: To bring the PTS in line with the Aeronautical Information

Manual (AIM).

• All references to Standard Instrument Departure (SID or SID’s)

have been changed to read: instrument departure procedures

(DP’s).
FAA-S-8081-4C

FOREWORD

The Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards (PTS) book is

published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish

the standards for instrument rating certification practical tests for the

airplane, helicopter, and powered lift, category and classes. These

practical test standards shall also be used for the instrument portion

of the commercial pilot–airship practical test. FAA inspectors and

designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance

with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find

these standards helpful during training and when preparing for

practical tests.

Richard O. Gordon

Acting Director, Flight Standards Service
i FAA-S-8081-4C

Change 2 03/11/99

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION................................................................................1

General Information.......................................................................1

Practical Test Standard Concept...................................................2

Practical Test Book Description.....................................................2

Practical Test Standards Description.............................................2

Use of the Practical Test Standards Book.....................................4

Practical Test Prerequisites: Instrument Rating.............................5

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test.................6

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulator or Flight Training

Device......................................................................................6

Examiner Responsibility................................................................. 7

Satisfactory Performance..............................................................8

Unsatisfactory Performance..........................................................9

Letter of Discontinuance................................................................9

Crew Resource Management (CRM)..........................................10

Applicant’s Use of Checklists.......................................................10

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests...................................10

Metric Conversion Initiative..........................................................10

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls............................................11

Flight Instructor Responsibility......................................................11

Emphasis on Attitude Instrument Flying and Partial-Panel

Skills.......................................................................................11

Rating Task Table........................................................................15

CONTENTS.................................................................................1-i

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST.......................1-iii

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST........................1-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION.......................................1-1

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.......................................1-3

III. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND

 PROCEDURES..........................................................1-5

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS...........1-7

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS............................................1-11

VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES............1-12

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS....................................1-17

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................1-20
FAA-S-8081-4C ii

Change 2 03/11/99

APPENDIX 1—TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT...............Appendix 1-1

USE OF CHART.........................................................Appendix 1-1

FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL.....................Appendix 1-2
Change 2 03/11/99

1 FAA-S-8081-4C

INTRODUCTION

General Information

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) has developed this practical test standards book to be used by

FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting

instrument rating—airplane, helicopter, and powered lift practical tests,

and instrument proficiency checks for all aircraft. These practical test

standards shall also be used for the instrument portion of the

commercial pilot–airship practical test. Instructors are expected to use

this book when preparing applicants for practical tests. Applicants

should be familiar with this book and refer to these standards during

their training.

This publication sets forth the practical test requirements for the

addition of an instrument rating to a pilot certificate in airplanes,

helicopters, and powered-lift aircraft.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical

test standards book in terms, such as “shall” and “must,” indicating the

actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms,

such as “should” and “may,” indicating the actions are desirable or

permissive, but not mandatory.

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by

many individuals and companies who contributed their time and talent

in assisting with the revision of these practical test standards.

These practical test standards may be accessed through the FedWorld

Information System by computer modem at 703-321-3339. These

standards may also be accessed on the Internet at

http://www.fedworld.gov/pub/faa-att/faa-att.htm. This address accesses the

index of training and testing files in the FAA-ATT Library on FedWorld.

Subsequent changes to these standards, in accordance with AC 60-27,

Announcement of Availability: Changes to Practical Test Standards, will be

available through FedWorld and then later incorporated into a printed

revision. For a listing of changes, AFS-600’s Internet web site may be

accessed at www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs600.

This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 2

Comments regarding this publication should be sent to:

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration

Flight Standards Service

Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125

Practical Test Standard Concept

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies

the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the

applicant before the issuance of an instrument rating. The CFR’s

provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test

standards containing specific TASKS in which pilot competency shall

be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this book whenever it is

determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety.

Adherence to the provisions of the regulations and the practical test

standards is mandatory for evaluation of instrument pilot applicants.

Practical Test Book Description

This test book contains the instrument rating practical test standards for

airplane, helicopter, and powered lift. It also contains TASK

requirements for the addition of airplane, helicopter, or powered lift, if

an instrument rating is possessed by the applicant in at least one other

aircraft category. Refer to the commercial pilot–airship practical test

standard to determine the instrument TASKS required for that practical

test. Required TASKS for instrument proficiency checks (PC) are also

contained in these practical test standards.

Practical Test Standards Description

AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a

logical sequence within each standard. They begin with preflight

preparation and end with postflight procedures. The examiner may

conduct the practical test in any sequence that results in a complete

and efficient test.

TASKS are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers

appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION.
Change 2 03/11/99

3 FAA-S-8081-4C

The applicant who holds an airplane, helicopter, or powered lift

instrument rating will not have to take the entire test when applying for

an added rating. The TASKS required for each additional instrument

rating are shown in the Rating Task Table on page 15.

Applicants for an instrument proficiency check required by 14 CFR

section 61.57, must perform to the standards of the TASKS listed under

PC in the Rating Task Table on page 15.

NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the

AREA OF OPERATION or TASK.

The REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the

TASK. Descriptions of TASKS are not included in the standards

because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed

references. Publications other than those listed may be used for

references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as

the referenced publications. These practical test standards are based

on the following references. The latest revision of these references

shall be used.

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

AC 00-6 Aviation Weather

AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services

AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by

 14 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65

AC 61-21 Flight Training Handbook

AC 61-23 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

AC 61-27 Instrument Flying Handbook

AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation

AC 90-48 Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance

AC 90-94 Guidelines for Using Global Positioning

Systems

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

DP’s Instrument Departure Procedures

STAR’s Standard Terminal Arrivals

AFD Airport Facility Directory

FDC NOTAM’s National Flight Data Center Notices to Airmen

IAP Instrument Approach Procedures

Others Pertinent Pilot’s Operating Handbooks

FAA-Approved Flight Manuals

En Route Low Altitude Charts
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 4

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily

performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective

includes:

1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;

2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and

3. the acceptable standards of performance.

Use of the Practical Test Standards Book

The instrument rating practical test standards are designed to evaluate

competency in both knowledge and skill.

The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with

the appropriate practical test standards and the policies set forth in the

INTRODUCTION. Instrument rating applicants shall be evaluated in ALL

TASKS included in the AREAS OF OPERATION of the appropriate

practical test standard (unless instructed or noted otherwise).

In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written

“plan of action.” The “plan of action” shall include all TASKS in each AREA

OF OPERATION. If the elements in one TASK have already been

evaluated in another TASK, they need not be repeated. For example: the

“plan of action” need not include evaluating the applicant on complying with

markings, signals, and clearances at the end of the flight if that element was

sufficiently observed at the beginning of the flight. Any TASKS selected for

evaluation during a practical test shall be evaluated in its entirety.

The TASKS apply to airplanes, helicopters, powered lift, and airships.

In certain instances, NOTES describe differences in the performance of

a TASK by an “airplane'' applicant, “helicopter” applicant, or “powered

lift” applicant. When using the practical test standards book, the

examiner must evaluate the applicant's knowledge and skill in sufficient

depth to determine that the standards of performance listed for all

TASKS are met.

All TASKS in these practical test standards are required for the

issuance of an instrument rating in airplanes, helicopters, and powered

lift. However, when a particular element is not appropriate to the

aircraft, its equipment, or operational capability, that element may be

omitted. Examples of these element exceptions would be high altitude

weather phenomena for helicopters, integrated flight systems for aircraft

not so equipped, or other situations where the aircraft or operation is

not compatible with the requirement of the element.
Change 2 03/11/99

5 FAA-S-8081-4C

The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS appear in this book. The

examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar

Objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For

example, emergency descents may be combined with high altitude

operations. The examiner’s “plan of action” shall include the order and

combination of TASKS to be demonstrated by the applicant in a

manner that will result in an efficient and valid test.

Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation

that are most critical to flight safety. Among these are precise aircraft control

and sound judgment in Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM). Although

these areas may or may not be shown under each TASK, they are essential

to flight safety and shall receive careful evaluation throughout the practical

test. If these areas are shown in the Objective, additional emphasis shall be

placed on them. THE EXAMINER SHALL ALSO EMPHASIZE

STALL/SPIN AWARENESS, WAKE TURBULENCE AVOIDANCE, LOW

LEVEL WIND SHEAR, COLLISION AVOIDANCE, RUNWAY INCURSION

AVOIDANCE, AND CHECKLIST USAGE.

Practical Test Prerequisites: Instrument Rating

An applicant for an instrument rating practical test is required by 14

CFR part 61 to:

1. hold at least a current private pilot certificate with an aircraft

rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought;

2. pass the appropriate instrument rating knowledge test since

the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which the

practical test is taken;

3. obtain the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience

prescribed for the instrument rating sought;

4. hold at least a current third-class medical certificate;

5. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English

language; and

6. obtain a written statement from an authorized flight instructor

certifying that the applicant has been given flight instruction in

preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the

date of application. The statement shall also state that the

instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical

test and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the

subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated by the

airman knowledge test report.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 6

If there are questions concerning English language requirements, refer

to AC 60-28, English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 CFR

parts 61, 63, and 65, or your local Flight Standards District Office

(FSDO). English language requirements should be determined to be

met prior to beginning the practical test.

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

The instrument rating applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61 to provide

an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. Its

operating limitations must not prohibit the TASKS required on the

practical test. Flight instruments are those required for controlling the

aircraft without outside references. The required radio equipment is that

which is necessary for communications with air traffic control (ATC),

and for the performance of two of the following nonprecision

approaches: (VOR, NDB, GPS, LOC, LDA, SDF) and one precision

approach: (glide slope, localizer, marker beacon, and approach lights).

To obtain an instrument rating with multiengine privileges, an

applicant must demonstrate competency in a multiengine airplane not

limited to center thrust. The multiengine airplane that is used to obtain

unlimited multiengine privileges must have a VMC speed established by

the manufacturer, and produce an asymmetrical thrust configuration

with the loss of one or more engines. If an instrument flight test is

conducted in a multiengine airplane limited to center thrust, a limitation

shall be placed on the applicant’s certificate: (INSTRUMENT RATING,

AIRPLANE MULTIENGINE, LIMITED TO CENTER THRUST).

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulator or Flight Training

Device

An airman applicant for instrument rating certification is authorized to

use an FAA-qualified and approved flight simulator or flight training

device, to complete certain flight TASK requirements listed in this

practical test standard.

When flight TASKS are accomplished in an aircraft, certain TASK

elements may be accomplished through “simulated” actions in the

interest of safety and practicality, but when accomplished in a flight

simulator or flight training device, these same actions would not be

“simulated.” For example, when in an aircraft, a simulated engine fire

may be addressed by retarding the throttle to idle, simulating the

shutdown of the engine, simulating the discharge of the fire

suppression agent, if applicable, simulating the disconnect of
Change 2 03/11/99

7 FAA-S-8081-4C

associated electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatics systems, etc.

However, when the same emergency condition is addressed in a flight

simulator or flight training device, all TASK elements must be

accomplished as would be expected under actual circumstances.

Similarly, safety of flight precautions taken in the aircraft for the

accomplishment of a specific maneuver or procedure (such as limiting

altitude in an approach to stall or setting maximum airspeed for an

engine failure expected to result in a rejected takeoff) need not be taken

when a flight simulator or flight training device is used.

It is important to understand that whether accomplished in an aircraft,

flight simulator or flight training device, all TASKS and elements for

each maneuver or procedure shall have the same performance

standards applied equally for determination of overall satisfactory

performance.

The applicant must demonstrate all of the instrument approach

procedures required by 14 CFR part 61. At least one instrument

approach procedure must be demonstrated in an airplane, helicopter, or

powered lift as appropriate. At least one precision and one nonprecision

approach not selected for actual flight demonstration may be performed

in flight simulators or flight training devices that meet the requirements

of appendix 1 of this practical test standard.

Examiner1 Responsibility

The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for

determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of

knowledge and skill of each TASK within the appropriate practical test

standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill”

portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process

throughout the test. To avoid unnecessary distractions, oral questioning

should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight

portion of the practical test.

Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant’s

correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts

throughout the practical test.

 

1

 The word “examiner” is used throughout the standard to denote either the FAA

inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts an official practical test.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 8

During the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate

the applicant’s use of visual scanning, and collision avoidance

procedures, when appropriate. Except for takeoff and landing, all

TASKS shall be conducted solely by reference to instruments under

actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.

The examiner may not assist the applicant in the management of the

aircraft, radio communications, navigational equipment, and

navigational charts. In the event the test is conducted in an aircraft

operation requiring a crew of two, the examiner may assume the duties

of the second in command. Most helicopters certified for IFR operations

must be flown using two pilots or a single pilot with an approved

autopilot or a stability augmentation system (SAS). Therefore, when

conducting practical tests in a helicopter (without autopilot, SAS, or

copilot), examiners may act as an autopilot (e.g., hold heading and

altitude), when requested, to allow applicants to tune radios, select

charts, etc. Examiners may perform the same functions as an autopilot

but should not act as a copilot performing more extensive duties. The

examiner shall remain alert for other traffic at all times. The examiner

shall use proper ATC terminology when simulating ATC clearances.

Satisfactory Performance

Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is

based on the applicant’s ability to safely:

1. perform the approved AREAS OF OPERATION for the

certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful

outcome of each TASK performed never seriously in doubt;

3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within

the approved standards;

4. demonstrate sound judgment and ADM; and

5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type

certificated for single-pilot operations.
Change 2 03/11/99

9 FAA-S-8081-4C

Unsatisfactory Performance

If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the

standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated

AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical test is

failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time

after the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION which makes the

applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test will be

continued only with the consent of the applicant. If the test is either

continued or discontinued, the applicant is entitled to credit for only

those AREAS OF OPERATION satisfactorily performed. However,

during the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may

be reevaluated including those previously passed.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for

disqualification are:

1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires

corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques,

when applicable, to clear the area before and while performing

maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are

exceeded.

When a disapproval notice is issued, the examiner shall record the

applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA OF

OPERATIONS appropriate to the practical test conducted.

Letter of Discontinuance

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than

unsatisfactory performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, illness),

FAA Form 8710.1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if

applicable, AC Form 8080-2, Airman Knowledge Test Report, shall be

returned to the applicant. The examiner at that time should prepare,

sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter

of Discontinuance should identify the AREAS OF OPERATION of the

practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant shall be

advised that the Letter of Discontinuance shall be presented to the

examiner when the practical test is resumed, and made part of the

certification file.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 10

Crew Resource Management (CRM)

CRM “ ...refers to the effective use of ALL available resources; human

resources, hardware, and information.” Human resources “...includes all

other groups routinely working with the cockpit crew (or pilot) who are

involved in decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These

groups include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, cabin crewmembers,

maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers.” CRM is not a single

TASK, it is a set of skill competencies that must be evident in all

TASKS in this practical test standard as applied to either single pilot or

a crew operation. Examiners are required to exercise proper CRM

competencies in conducting tests as well as expecting the same from

applicants.

Applicant's Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of

an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK

being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the

checklist, while accomplishing elements of an Objective, would be

either unsafe or unfeasible, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this

case, the method might demand the need to review the checklist after

the elements have been met. In any case, use of a checklist must

consider proper scanning vigilance and division of attention at all times.

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when

the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate

the pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing

attention both inside and outside the cockpit, the examiner shall cause

a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to

evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe

flight.

Metric Conversion Initiative

To assist the pilots in understanding and using the metric measurement

system, the practical test standards refer to the metric equivalent of

various altitudes throughout. The inclusion of meters is intended to

familiarize pilots with its use. The metric altimeter is arranged in 10

meter increments; therefore, when converting from feet to meters, the

exact conversion, being too exact for practical purposes, is rounded to

the nearest 10 meter increment or even altitude as necessary.
Change 2 03/11/99

11 FAA-S-8081-4C

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between

pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should

be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight

controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls

between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly

recommended.

When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he

or she will say “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot

acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The

first pilot again says “You have the flight controls.” When control is

returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is

recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should

never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Flight Instructor Responsibility

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the

instrument rating pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject

matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within

the appropriate instrument rating pilot practical test standard. Because

of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient

pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill,

and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students.

Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to

perform safely as an instrument pilot and is competent to pass the

required practical test.

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible

for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision

avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas

are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance;

AC 61-21, Flight Training Handbook; AC 61-23, Pilot's Handbook of

Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Aeronautical Information Manual.

Emphasis on Attitude Instrument Flying and Partial-Panel

Skills

The FAA is concerned about numerous fatal aircraft accidents involving

spatial disorientation of instrument-rated pilots who have attempted to

control and maneuver their aircraft in clouds with inoperative gyroscopic

heading and attitude indicators.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 12

Many of the light aircraft operated in instrument meteorological

conditions (IMC) are not equipped with dual, independent, gyroscopic

heading or attitude indicators and in many cases are equipped with only

a single-vacuum source. Therefore, the FAA has stressed that it is

imperative for instrument pilots to acquire and maintain adequate

partial-panel instrument skills and that they be cautioned not to be

overly reliant upon the gyro-instrument systems.

The instrument rating practical test standards place increased

emphasis on basic attitude instrument flying and require the

demonstration of partial-panel, nonprecision instrument approach

procedures.

Applicants may have an unfair advantage during partial-panel TASKS

during an instrument approach due to the location of the magnetic

compass in some aircraft. When cross-checking the magnetic compass

heading, a view of the runway or other visual clue may be sighted. It is

the examiner’s responsibility to determine if the applicant is receiving

visual clues from outside the cockpit. If an examiner feels that the

applicant is receiving outside visual clues, the examiner may devise

other options to limit the applicant’s view. By no means shall the

examiner limit his or her view as the safety pilot.

AREA OF OPERATION IV requires the performance of basic

instrument flight TASKS under both full-panel and partial-panel

conditions. These TASKS are described in detail in AC 61-27,

Instrument Flying Handbook. The TASKS require a knowledge of

attitude instrument flying procedures and a demonstration of the skills

to perform the basic instrument maneuvers with full-instrument-panel

and with certain instruments inoperative. The attitude instrument flying

system of teaching is described in AC 61-27 and is recommended by

the FAA because it requires specific knowledge and interpretation of

each individual instrument during training. The Instrument Flight

Instructor Lesson Guide in AC 61-27 also provides a course of training

which is designed to develop the student's partial-panel skills.

A nonprecision partial-panel approach is considered one of the most

demanding situations that could be encountered. If applicants can

master this situation, they can successfully complete a less difficult

precision approach. If an actual partial-panel approach in IMC

becomes necessary, a less difficult precision approach should be

requested, if available. Sound judgment would normally dictate

such requests. However, this TASK during the instrument

practical test requires that a nonprecision approach be performed.
Change 2 03/11/99

13 FAA-S-8081-4C

Examiners should determine that the applicant demonstrates

competency in either the PRIMARY and SUPPORTING or the

CONTROL and PERFORMANCE CONCEPT method of instrument

flying.
Change 2 03/11/99

15 FAA-S-8081-4C

RATING TASK TABLE

ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENT RATING DESIRED

AREA

OF

OPERATION

Required TASKS are indicated by either the TASK letter(s)

that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the TASKS

must be tested.

IA IH IPL PC

I NONE NONE NONE NONE

II A,C A,C A,C A,B,C

III NONE NONE NONE A,B,C

IV A,B,C,

D,F,G

A,B,C,

D,F,G

A,B,C,

D,F,G

A,B,C,

D,G

V NONE NONE NONE ALL

VI ALL A,B,C,E A,B,C,E ALL*

VII ALL** ALL** ALL** ALL**

VIII ALL ALL ALL ALL

LEGEND

IA - Instrument airplane

IH - Instrument helicopter

IPL - Instrument powered lift

PC - Proficiency check

NOTE: Except as noted, all TASKs are required for initial issuance of an

instrument rating.

* TASK D, Circling Approach, is applicable only to the airplane category.

** TASKS B and C are applicable only to multiengine airplanes.
1-i FAA-S-8081-4C

CONTENTS

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist..............................................1-iii

Examiner’s PracticalTest Checklist............................................. .1-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION................................................. 1-1

A. WEATHER INFORMATION............................................... 1-1

B. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING.......................... 1-2

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.................................................. 1-3

A. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS RELATED TO IFR

 OPERATIONS.................................................................. 1-3

B. AIRCRAFT FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS AND

 NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT............................................. 1-3

C. INSTRUMENT COCKPIT CHECK..................................... 1-4

III. AIRTRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND

 PROCEDURES..................................................................... 1-5

A. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES......................... 1-5

B. COMPLIANCE WITH DEPARTURE, EN ROUTE, AND

 ARRIVAL PROCEDURES AND CLEARANCES............. 1-5

C. HOLDING PROCEDURES................................................ 1-6

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS..................... 1-7

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT...................................... 1-7

B. CHANGE OF AIRSPEED.................................................. 1-7

C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS AND

 DESCENTS...................................................................... 1-8

D. RATE CLIMBS AND DESCENTS...................................... 1-8

E. TIMED TURNS TO MAGNETIC COMPASS

 HEADINGS....................................................................... 1-9

F. STEEP TURNS.................................................................. 1-9

G. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT

 ATTITUDES................................................................... 1-10
FAA-S-8081-4C 1-ii

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS...................................................... 1-11

INTERCEPTING AND TRACKING NAVIGATIONAL

 SYSTEMS AND DME ARCS...............................................1-11

VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES....................... 1-12

A. NONPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH............... 1-12

B. PRECISION ILS INSTRUMENT APPROACH................. 1-13

` C. MISSED APPROACH...................................................... 1-15

D. CIRCLING APPROACH................................................... 1-15

E. LANDING FROM A STRAIGHT-IN OR CIRCLING

 APPROACH................................................................... 1-16

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS............................................... 1-17

A. LOSS OF COMMUNICATIONS....................................... 1-17

B. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE DURING

 STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT AND TURNS

 (MULTIENGINE)............................................................. 1-17

C. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE—INSTRUMENT

 APPROACH (MULTIENGINE)....................................... 1-18

D. LOSS OF GYRO ATTITUDE AND/OR HEADING

 INDICATORS................................................................. 1-19

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES............................................. 1-20

CHECKING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT................. 1-20

APPENDIX 1—TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT...................Appendix 1-1

USE OF CHART ............................................................Appendix 1-1

FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL.........................Appendix 1-2
1-iii FAA-S-8081-4C

Change 2 03/11/99

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________

LOCATION ____________________________________

DATE/TIME ____________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

View-limiting device

Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate

Registration Certificate

Rating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records: Airworthiness Inspections

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

Current Aeronautical Charts

Computer and Plotter

Flight Plan Form

Flight Logs

Current AIM

PERSONAL RECORDS

Identification - Photo/Signature ID

Pilot Certificate

Medical Certificate

Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Application for an Airman

Certificate and/or Rating

Airman Knowledge Test Report

Logbook with Instructor's Endorsement

Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

Examiner's Fee (if applicable)
1-v FAA-S-8081-4C

Change 2 03/11/99

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

APPLICANT’S NAME_____________________________

LOCATION_____________________________________

DATE/TIME_____________________________________

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. Weather Information

B. Cross-Country Flight Planning

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. Aircraft Systems Related to IFR Operations

B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment

C. Instrument Cockpit Check

III. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND PROCEDURES

A. Air Traffic Control Clearances

B. Compliance with Departure, En Route, and Arrival Procedures

 and Clearances

C. Holding Procedures

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS

A. Straight-and-Level Flight

B. Change of Airspeed

C. Constant Airspeed Climbs and Descents

D. Rate Climbs and Descents

E. Timed Turns to Magnetic Compass Headings

F. Steep Turns

G. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
FAA-S-8081-4C 1-vi

Change 2 03/11/99

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems and DME Arcs

VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES

A. Nonprecision Instrument Approach

B. Precision ILS Instrument Approach

C. Missed Approach

D. Circling Approach

E. Landing from a Straight-in or Circling Approach

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. Loss of Communications

B. One Engine Inoperative During Straight-and-Level Flight and

 Turns (Multiengine Airplane)

C. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach

 (Multiengine Airplane)

D. Loss of Gyro Attitude and/or Heading Indicators

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

Checking Instruments and Equipment
Change 2 03/11/98

1-1 FAA-S-8081-4C

I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 00-6, AC 00-45; AIM.

NOTE: Where current weather reports, forecasts, or other

pertinent information is not available, this information will be

simulated by the examiner in a manner which will adequately

measure the applicant's competence.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

aviation weather information by obtaining, reading, and

analyzing the applicable items, such as—

a. weather reports and forecasts.

b. pilot and radar reports.

c. surface analysis charts.

d. radar summary charts.

e. significant weather prognostics.

f. winds and temperatures aloft.

g. freezing level charts.

h. stability charts.

i. severe weather outlook charts.

j. tables and conversion graphs.

k. SIGMET’s and AIRMET’s.

l. ATIS reports.

2. Correctly analyzes the assembled weather information

pertaining to the proposed route of flight and destination

airport, and determines whether an alternate airport is

required, and, if required, whether the selected alternate

airport meets the regulatory requirement.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-2

B. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27, AC 61-23,

AC 90-94; AFD; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements by presenting

and explaining a preplanned cross-country flight, as

previously assigned by the examiner (preplanning is at

examiner’s discretion). It should be planned using real time

weather and conform to the regulatory requirements for

instrument flight rules within the airspace in which the flight

will be conducted.

2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the aircraft's performance

capabilities by calculating the estimated time en route and

total fuel requirement based upon factors, such as—

a. power settings.

b. operating altitude or flight level.

c. wind.

d. fuel reserve requirements.

3. Selects and correctly interprets the current and applicable

en route charts, instrument departure procedures (DP’s),

Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), and Standard

Instrument Approach Procedure Charts (IAP).

4. Obtains and correctly interprets applicable NOTAM

information.

5. Determines the calculated performance is within the

aircraft's capability and operating limitations.

6. Completes and files a flight plan in a manner that

accurately reflects the conditions of the proposed flight.

(Does not have to be filed with ATC.)

7. Demonstrates adequate knowledge of Global Positioning

Systems (GPS) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity

Monitoring (RAIM) capability, when aircraft is so equipped.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-3 FAA-S-8081-4C

II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS RELATED TO IFR

OPERATIONS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits adequate

knowledge of the elements related to applicable aircraft

anti-icing/deicing system(s) and their operating methods to include:

1. Airframe.

2. Propeller/intake.

3. Fuel.

4. Pitot-static.

B. TASK: AIRCRAFT FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS AND

NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27, AC 61-84,

AC 90-48.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

applicable aircraft flight instrument system(s) and their

operating characteristics to include—

a. pitot-static.

b. altimeter.

c. airspeed indicator.

d. vertical speed indicator.

e. attitude indicator.

f. horizontal situation indicator.

g. magnetic compass.

h. turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator.

i. heading indicator.

j. electrical systems.

k. vacuum systems.

2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the applicable aircraft

navigation system(s) and their operating characteristics to

include—

a. VHF omnirange (VOR).

b. distance measuring equipment (DME).

c. instrument landing system (ILS).
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-4

d. marker beacon receiver/indicators.

e. transponder/altitude encoding.

f. automatic direction finder (ADF).

g. global positioning system (GPS)

C. TASK: INSTRUMENT COCKPIT CHECK

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

preflighting instruments, avionics, and navigation equipment

cockpit check by explaining the reasons for the check and

how to detect possible defects.

2. Performs the preflight on instruments, avionics, and

navigation equipment cockpit check by following the

checklist appropriate to the aircraft flown.

3. Determines that the aircraft is in condition for safe

instrument flight including—

a. radio communications equipment.

b. radio navigation equipment including the following, as

appropriate to the aircraft flown:

(1) VOR/VORTAC.

(2) ADF.

(3) ILS.

(4) GPS.

(5) LORAN.

c. magnetic compass.

d. heading indicator.

e. attitude indicator.

f. altimeter.

g. turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator.

h. vertical speed indicator.

i. airspeed indicator.

j. clock.

k. power source for gyro-instruments.

l. pitot heat.

4. Notes any discrepancies and determines whether the

aircraft is safe for instrument flight or requires maintenance.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-5 FAA-S-8081-4C

III. AREA OF OPERATION:

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND PROCEDURES

NOTE: The ATC clearance may be an actual or simulated ATC

clearance based upon the flight plan.

A. TASK: AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities to

include tower en route control and clearance void times.

2. Copies correctly, in a timely manner, the ATC clearance as

issued.

3. Determines that it is possible to comply with ATC

clearance.

4. Interprets correctly the ATC clearance received and, when

necessary, requests clarification, verification, or change.

5. Reads back correctly, in a timely manner, the ATC

clearance in the sequence received.

6. Uses standard phraseology when reading back clearance.

7. Sets the appropriate communication and navigation

frequencies and transponder codes in compliance with the

ATC clearance.

B. TASK: COMPLIANCE WITH DEPARTURE, EN ROUTE,

AND ARRIVAL PROCEDURES AND CLEARANCES

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; DP’s; En Route

Low Altitude Charts; STAR’s.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

DP’s, En Route Low Altitude Charts, STAR’s, and related

pilot/controller responsibilities.

2. Uses the current and appropriate navigation publications for

the proposed flight.

3. Selects and uses the appropriate communication

frequencies; selects and identifies the navigation aids

associated with the proposed flight.

4. Performs the appropriate aircraft checklist items relative to

the phase of flight.

5. Establishes two-way communications with the proper

controlling agency, using proper phraseology.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-6

6. Complies, in a timely manner, with all ATC instructions and

airspace restrictions.

7. Exhibits adequate knowledge of two-way radio

communication failure procedures.

8. Intercepts, in a timely manner, all courses, radials, and

bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance.

9. Maintains the applicable airspeed within 10 knots; headings

within 10°; altitude within 100 feet (30 meters); and tracks a

course, radial, or bearing.

C. TASK: HOLDING PROCEDURES

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; AIM.

NOTE: Any reference to DME will be disregarded if the aircraft is

not so equipped.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

holding procedures.

2. Changes to the holding airspeed appropriate for the altitude

or aircraft when 3 minutes or less from, but prior to arriving

at, the holding fix.

3. Explains and uses an entry procedure that ensures the

aircraft remains within the holding pattern airspace for a

standard, nonstandard, published, or nonpublished holding

pattern.

4. Recognizes arrival at the holding fix and initiates prompt

entry into the holding pattern.

5. Complies with ATC reporting requirements.

6. Uses the proper timing criteria, where applicable, as

required by altitude or ATC instructions.

7. Complies with pattern leg lengths when a DME distance is

specified.

8. Uses proper wind correction procedures to maintain the

desired pattern and to arrive over the fix as close as

possible to a specified time.

9. Maintains the airspeed within 10 knots; altitude within 100

feet (30 meters); headings within 10°; and tracks a selected

course, radial, or bearing.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-7 FAA-S-8081-4C

IV. AREA OF OPERATION:

FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS

NOTE: The examiner shall require the performance of all TASKS.

At least two of the TASKS, A through E as selected by the examiner,

shall be performed without the use of the attitude and heading

indicators. TASK F shall be performed using all available

instruments; TASK G shall be performed without the use of the

attitude indicator.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight in the aircraft

configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Maintains the heading within 10°, altitude within 100 feet

(30 meters), and airspeed within 10 knots.

4. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim

corrections.

B. TASK: CHANGE OF AIRSPEED

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to

attitude instrument flying during change of airspeeds in

straight-and-level flight and in turns.

2. Establishes a proper power setting when changing

airspeed.

3. Maintains the heading within 10°, angle of bank within 5°

when turning, altitude within 100 feet (30 meters), and

airspeed within 10 knots.

4. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim

corrections.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-8

C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS AND DESCENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to

attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs

and descents.

2. Demonstrates climbs and descents at a constant airspeed

between specific altitudes in straight or turning flight as

specified by the examiner.

3. Enters constant airspeed climbs and descents from a

specified altitude, airspeed, and heading.

4. Establishes the appropriate change of pitch and power to

establish the desired climb and descent performance.

5. Maintains the airspeed within 10 knots, heading within 10°

or, if in a turning maneuver, within 5° of the specified bank

angle.

6. Performs the level-off within 100 feet (30 meters) of the

specified altitude.

7. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim

corrections.

D. TASK: RATE CLIMBS AND DESCENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to

attitude instrument flying during rate climbs and descents.

2. Demonstrates climbs and descents at a constant rate

between specific altitudes in straight or turning flight as

specified by the examiner.

3. Enters rate climbs and descents from a specified altitude,

airspeed, and heading.

4. Establishes the appropriate change of pitch, bank, and

power to establish the specified rate of climb or descent.

5. Maintains the specified rate of climb and descent within 100

feet per minute, airspeed within 10 knots, heading within

10°, or if in a turning maneuver, within 5° of the specified

bank angle.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-9 FAA-S-8081-4C

6. Performs the level-off within 100 feet (30 meters) of the

specified altitude.

7. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim

corrections.

E. TASK: TIMED TURNS TO MAGNETIC COMPASS

HEADINGS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

NOTE: If the aircraft has a turn and slip indicator, the phrase

“miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator” applies to the turn needle.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of elements and procedures

relating to calibrating the miniature aircraft of the turn

coordinator, the operating characteristics and errors of the

magnetic compass, and the performance of timed turns to

specified compass headings.

2. Establishes indicated standard rate turns, both right and

left.

3. Applies the clock correctly to the calibration procedure.

4. Changes the miniature aircraft position, as necessary, to

produce a standard rate turn.

5. Makes timed turns to specified compass headings.

6. Maintains the altitude within 100 feet (30 meters), airspeed

within 10 knots, bank angle 5° of a standard or

half-standard rate turn, and rolls out on specified headings

within 10°.

F. TASK: STEEP TURNS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the factors relating to

attitude instrument flying during steep turns.

2. Enters a turn using a bank of approximately 45° for an

airplane and 30° for a helicopter.

3. Maintains the specified angle of bank for either 180° or

360° of turn, both left and right.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-10

4. Maintains altitude within 100 feet (30 meters), airspeed

within 10 knots, 5° of specified bank angle, and rolls out

within 10° of the specified heading.

5. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim

corrections.

G. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27.

NOTE: Any intervention by the examiner to prevent the aircraft

from exceeding any operating limitations, or entering an unsafe flight

condition, shall be disqualifying.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to

attitude instrument flying during recovery from unusual flight

attitudes (both nose-high and nose-low).

2. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and

applies the appropriate pitch, bank, and power corrections

in the correct sequence to return the aircraft to a stabilized

level flight attitude.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-11 FAA-S-8081-4C

V. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

TASK: INTERCEPTING AND TRACKING NAVIGATIONAL

SYSTEMS AND DME ARCS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; AIM.

NOTE: Any reference to DME arcs, ADF, or GPS shall be

disregarded if the aircraft is not equipped with these specified

navigational systems.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

intercepting and tracking navigational systems and DME

arcs.

2. Tunes and correctly identifies the navigation facility.

3. Sets and correctly orients the radial to be intercepted into

the course selector or correctly identifies the radial on the

RMI.

4. Intercepts the specified radial at a predetermined angle,

inbound or outbound from a navigational facility.

5. Maintains the airspeed within 10 knots, altitude within 100

feet (30 meters), and selected headings within 5°.

6. Applies proper correction to maintain a radial, allowing no

more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the CDI or

within 10° in case of an RMI.

7. Determines the aircraft position relative to the navigational

facility or from a waypoint in the case of GPS.

8. Intercepts a DME arc and maintains that arc within

1 nautical mile.

9. Recognizes navigational receiver or facility failure, and

when required, reports the failure to ATC.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-12

VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES

A. TASK: NONPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; IAP; AIM.

NOTE: Any reference to DME arcs, ADF, or GPS shall be

disregarded if the aircraft is not equipped with the above specified

navigational systems. If the aircraft is equipped with any of the above

navigational systems, the examiner may ask the applicant to

demonstrate those types of approaches. The examiner shall select

two nonprecision approaches utilizing different approach systems.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to an

instrument approach procedure.

2. Selects and complies with the appropriate instrument

approach procedure to be performed.

3. Establishes two-way communications with ATC, as

appropriate, to the phase of flight or approach segment,

and uses proper radio communication phraseology and

technique.

4. Selects, tunes, identifies, and confirms the operational

status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach

procedure.

5. Complies with all clearances issued by ATC or the

examiner.

6. Recognizes if heading indicator and/or attitude indicator is

inaccurate or inoperative, advises controller, and proceeds

with approach.

7. Advises ATC or examiner anytime the aircraft is unable to

comply with a clearance.

8. Establishes the appropriate aircraft configuration and

airspeed considering turbulence and wind shear, and

completes the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the

phase of the flight.

9. Maintains, prior to beginning the final approach segment,

altitude within 100 feet (30 meters), heading within 10° and

allows less than a full-scale deflection of the CDI or within

10° in the case of an RMI, and maintains airspeed within 10

knots.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-13 FAA-S-8081-4C

10. Applies the necessary adjustments to the published MDA

and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when

required, such as—

a. FDC and Class II NOTAM’s.

b. inoperative aircraft and ground navigation equipment.

c. inoperative visual aids associated with the landing

environment.

d. National Weather Service (NWS) reporting factors

and criteria.

11. Establishes a rate of descent and track that will ensure

arrival at the MDA prior to reaching the MAP with the

aircraft continuously in a position from which descent to a

landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal

rate using normal maneuvers.

12. Allows, while on the final approach segment, no more than

a three-quarter-scale deflection of the CDI or within 10° in

case of an RMI, and maintains airspeed within 10 knots.

13. Maintains the MDA, when reached, within +100 feet (30

meters), -0 feet to the MAP.

14. Executes the missed approach procedure when the

required visual references for the intended runway are not

distinctly visible and identifiable at the MAP.

15. Executes a normal landing from a straight-in or circling

approach when instructed by the examiner.

B. TASK: PRECISION ILS INSTRUMENT APPROACH

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; IAP; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements of an ILS

instrument approach procedure.

2. Selects and complies with the appropriate ILS instrument

approach procedure to be performed.

3. Establishes two-way communications with ATC, as

appropriate to the phase of flight or approach segment, and

uses proper radio communications phraseology and

technique.

4. Selects, tunes, identifies, and confirms the operational

status of ground and aircraft navigation equipment to be

used for the approach procedure.

5. Complies with all clearances issued by ATC or the

examiner.

6. Advises ATC or examiner anytime the aircraft is unable to

comply with a clearance.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-14

7. Establishes the appropriate aircraft configuration and

airspeed, considering turbulence and wind shear, and

completes the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the

phase of flight.

8. Maintains, prior to beginning the final approach segment,

specified altitude within 100 feet (30 meters), heading or

course within 10°, and airspeed within 10 knots.

9. Applies the necessary adjustments to the published DH and

visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when

required, such as—

a. FDC and Class II NOTAM’s.

b. inoperative aircraft and ground navigation equipment.

c. inoperative visual aids associated with the landing

environment.

d. National Weather Service (NWS) reporting factors

and criteria.

10. Establishes an initial rate of descent at the point where the

electronic glide slope is intercepted, which approximates

that required for the aircraft to follow the glide slope to DH.

11. Allows, while on the final approach segment, no more than

three-quarter-scale deflection of either the localizer or glide

slope indications, and maintains the specified airspeed

within 10 knots.

12. Avoids descent below the DH before initiating a missed

approach procedure or transitioning to a normal landing

approach.

13. Initiates immediately the missed approach procedure when,

at the DH, the required visual references for the intended

runway are not distinctly visible and identifiable.

14. Transitions to a normal landing approach when the aircraft

is continuously in a position from which a descent to a

landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal

rate of descent using normal maneuvers.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-15 FAA-S-8081-4C

C. TASK: MISSED APPROACH

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; IAP; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to

missed approach procedures associated with standard

instrument approaches.

2. Initiates the missed approach promptly by applying power,

establishing a climb attitude, and reducing drag in

accordance with the aircraft manufacturer's

recommendations.

3. Reports to ATC beginning the missed approach procedure.

4. Complies with the published or alternate missed approach

procedure.

5. Advises ATC or examiner anytime the aircraft is unable to

comply with a clearance, restriction, or climb gradient.

6. Follows the recommended checklist items appropriate to

the go-around procedure.

7. Requests, if appropriate, ATC clearance to the alternate

airport, clearance limit, or as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains the recommended airspeed within 10 knots;

heading, course, or bearing within 10°; and altitude(s) within

100 feet (30 meters) during the missed approach

procedure.

D. TASK: CIRCLING APPROACH

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; IAP; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to a

circling approach procedure.

2. Selects and complies with the appropriate circling approach

procedure considering turbulence and wind shear and

considering the maneuvering capabilities of the aircraft.

3. Confirms the direction of traffic and adheres to all

restrictions and instructions issued by ATC and the

examiner.

4. Does not exceed the visibility criteria or descend below the

appropriate circling altitude until in a position from which a

descent to a normal landing can be made.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-16

Change 1 12/9/98

5. Maneuvers the aircraft, after reaching the authorized MDA

and maintains that altitude within +100 feet (30 meters), -0

feet and a flightpath that permits a normal landing on a

runway at least 90° from the final approach course.

E. TASK: LANDING FROM A STRAIGHT-IN OR CIRCLING

APPROACH

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to the

pilot's responsibilities, and the environmental, operational,

and meteorological factors which affect a landing from a

straight-in or a circling approach.

2. Transitions at the DH, MDA, or VDP to a visual flight

condition, allowing for safe visual maneuvering and a

normal landing.

3. Adheres to all ATC (or examiner) advisories, such as

NOTAM’s, wind shear, wake turbulence, runway surface,

braking conditions, and other operational considerations.

4. Completes appropriate checklist items for the pre-landing

and landing phase.

5. Maintains positive aircraft control throughout the complete

landing maneuver.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-17 FAA-S-8081-4C

VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: LOSS OF COMMUNICATIONS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits adequate

knowledge of the elements related to applicable loss of

communication procedures to include:

1. Recognizing loss of communication.

2. Continuing to destination according to the flight plan.

3. When to deviate from the flight plan.

4. Timing for beginning an approach at destination.

B. TASK: ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE DURING

STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT AND TURNS

(MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE)

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the procedures used if

engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and

turns while on instruments.

2. Recognizes engine failure simulated by the examiner during

straight-and-level flight and turns.

3. Sets all engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and

verifies the inoperative engine.

4. Establishes the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trims

the aircraft.

5. Verifies the accomplishment of prescribed checklist

procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

6. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude,

as necessary, for best performance during

straight-and-level and turning flight.

7. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure.

8. Monitors all engine control functions and makes necessary

adjustments.

9. Maintains the specified altitude within 100 feet (30 meters),

(if within the aircraft's capability), airspeed within 10 knots,

and the specified heading within 10°.
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-18

10. Assesses the aircraft's performance capability and decides

an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.

11. Avoids loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary

to the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the

aircraft.

C. TASK: ONE ENGINE INOPERATI VE—INSTRUMENT

APPROACH(MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE)

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; IAP.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements by explaining

the procedures used during an instrument approach in a

multiengine aircraft with one engine inoperative.

2. Recognizes promptly, engine failure simulated by the

examiner.

3. Sets all engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and

verifies the inoperative engine.

4. Establishes the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trims

the aircraft.

5. Verifies the accomplishment of prescribed checklist

procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

6. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude

and configuration for the best performance for all

maneuvering necessary for the instrument approach

procedures.

7. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure.

8. Monitors all engine control functions and makes necessary

adjustments.

9. Requests and receives an actual or a simulated ATC

clearance for an instrument approach.

10. Follows the actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an

instrument approach.

11. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the

MDA prior to reaching the MAP with the aircraft

continuously in a position from which descent to a landing

on the intended runway can be made straight-in or circling.

12. Maintains, where applicable, the specified altitude within

100 feet (30 meters), the airspeed within 10 knots if within

the aircraft's capability, and the heading within 10°.

13. Sets the navigation and communication equipment used

during the approach and uses the proper communications

technique.

14. Avoids loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary

to the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the

aircraft.
Change 2 03/11/98

1-19 FAA-S-8081-4C

15. Complies with the published criteria for the aircraft

approach category when circling.

16. Allows, while on final approach segment, no more than

three-quarter-scale deflection of either the localizer or glide

slope or GPS indications, or within 10° of the nonprecision

final approach course.

17. Completes a safe landing.

D. TASK: LOSS OF GYRO ATTITUDE AND/OR HEADING

INDICATORS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-27; IAP.

Note: This approach shall count as one of the required nonprecision

approaches.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to

recognizing if attitude indicator and/or heading indicator is

inaccurate or inoperative, and advises ATC or the

examiner.

2. Advises ATC or examiner anytime the aircraft is unable to

comply with a clearance.

3. Demonstrates a nonprecision instrument approach without

gyro attitude and heading indicators using the objectives of

the nonprecision approach TASK (AREA OF OPERATION

VI, TASK A).
Change 2 03/11/99

FAA-S-8081-4C 1-20

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

TASK: CHECKING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to all

instrument and navigation equipment for proper operation.

2. Notes all flight equipment for proper operation.

3. Notes all equipment and/or aircraft malfunctions and makes

a written record of improper operation or failure of such

equipment.
APPENDIX 1

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT
Appendix 1-1 FAA-S-8081-4C

Appendix 1—Levels of Simulation Devices Change 1 (12/9/98)

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT

Examiners conducting the instrument rating practical tests with flight simulation devices should consult appropriate documentation to ensure that

the device has been approved for training, testing, or checking. The documentation for each device should reflect that the following activities

have occurred:

1. The device must be evaluated, determined to meet the appropriate standards, and assigned the appropriate qualification level by

the National Simulator Program Manager. The device must continue to meet qualification standards through continuing evaluations as outlined in

the appropriate advisory circular (AC). For airplane flight training devices (FTD’s), AC 120-45 (as amended), Airplane Flight Training Device

Qualifications, will be used. For simulators, AC 120-40 (as amended), Airplane Simulator Qualification, will be used.

2. The FAA must approve the device for training, testing, and checking the specific flight TASKS listed in this appendix.

3. The device must continue to support the level of student or applicant performance required by this practical test standard.

NOTE: Users of the following chart are cautioned that use of the chart alone is incomplete. The description and Objective of each TASK as

listed in the body of the practical test standard, including all NOTES, must also be incorporated for accurate simulation device use.

USE OF CHART

 X Creditable.

 A Creditable if appropriate systems are installed and operating.

NOTE: 1. Level 1 FTD’s that have been issued a letter authorizing their use by the FAA Administrator, and placed in service on or prior to

August 2, 1996, may continue to be used only for those TASKS originally found acceptable. Use of Level 1, 2, or 3 FTD’s may not be used for

aircraft requiring a type rating.

2. If a FTD’s or a simulator is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that FTD or simulator are

limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach procedure.

3. Postflight procedures means, closing flight plans, checking for discrepancies and malfunctions, and noting them on a log or

maintenance form.
FAA-S-8081-4C Appendix 1-2

APPENDIX 1

FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL

Areas of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B C D

II. Preflight Procedures

C. Instrument Cockpit Check * __ A X A A X X X X X X

III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures

A. Air Traffic Control Clearances * __ A X A A X X X X X X 

B. Departure, En Route and Arrival Clearances * __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

C. Holding Procedures __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

A. Straight-and-Level Flight __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

B. Changes in Airspeed __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

C. Constant Airspeed Climbs and Descents __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

D. Rate Climbs and Descents __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

E. Timed Turns to Magnetic Headings __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

F. Steep Turns __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

G. Unusual Flight Attitudes __ __ __ __ __ __ X X X X X
Appendix 1-3 FAA-S-8081-4C

FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL

Areas of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B C D

V. Navigation Systems

Intercepting and Tracking Course of Navigation Systems

and DME ARC’S __ A X __ A X X X X X X

VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

A. Nonprecision Approach Procedure (VOR, NDB,

 GPS, LOC, LDA, SDF), if equipped __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

B. Precision Approach Procedure (ILS) __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

C. Missed Approach Procedures __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

D. Circling Approach Procedures (NA Helicopters) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X

E. Landing from a Straight-in or Circling Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X

VII. Emergency Operations (ME) & (SE) **

A. Loss of Communications __ X X __ __ X X X X X X

B. One Engine Inoperative, Straight-and-Level Flight

 and Turns __ __ X __ __ X X X X X X

C. One Engine Inoperative, Instrument Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X X X

D. Loss of Gyro Attitude and/or Heading Indicators __ __ __ __ __ __ X X X X X

VIII. Postflight Procedures

Checking Instruments and Equipment __ A X __ A X X X X X X

* Aircraft required for those items that cannot be checked using a flight training device or flight simulator.

** Multiengine - Single Engine