Yearly 

Report 
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The Laurentian Great Lakes 

CANADA 

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100 200 
GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 

(GLERL) 

YEARLY 

REPORT 

Director 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Ofice of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 481 05-2945 

(313) 741-2235 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product 

does not constitute an endorsement by NOAAI 

ERL. Use for publicity or advertising purposes, of 

information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is 

not authorized. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Design and electronic production by C.M. Darnell. 

This is GLERL Contribution No. 1016 
Contents 

Introduction ................................................................................. I 

Aquatic Contaminants ................................................................. 3 

Water Resources ......................................................................... 7 

Circulation Modeling .................................................................... 10 

Ecosystem Dynamics ................................................................ 12 

Climate Change and Variability .................................................. 19 

Nearshore Processes .................................................................. 21 

Biogeochemistry Research ......................................................... 23 

Facilities ...................................................................................... 30 

Outreach ..................................................................................... 33 

Seminars ..................................................................................... 37 

FY 95 Staff .................................................................................. 38 

FY 95 Publications ...................................................................... 39 

FY 95 Presentations .................................................................... 43 

Acronyms .................................................................................... 47 

INTRODUCTION 

This report describes GLERL's most significant research 

accomplishments during fiscal year (FY) 1995. Most projects 

had many more accomplishments, but because of their routine 

or interim nature, such as the successful collection of field 

samples, or completion of sample analyses, they are not listed 

here. 

Projects descriptions, accomplishments, and plans are 

listed under their primary GLERL re,search program area and 

then by their Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL) established Research Task. 

GLERL is a center of expertise for the hydrology, physics, 

ecology, biology, and geochemistry of the Great Lakes and 

nearshore marine ecosystems, and it provides scientific information, environmental models, and tools used by resource 

management agencies, the scientific community, the private 

industrial sector, and private citizens. It is unique from other 

laboratories and the academic community in its capabilities, 

both in staff expertise and instrumentation for the study of the 

physics (circulation) and hydrology (water levels) of the Great 

Lakes basin. Its staff in geochemistry, ecology, and biology are 

leading experts on large lake and nearshore marine ecosystems and are leaders in the scientific community. 

GLERL scientists conduct research on critical environmental issues affecting the health and function of the aquatic 

ecosystem, human safety, the shipping and power industries, 

coastal municipalities, and shoreline property of the Great 

Lakes and nearshore marine areas. GLERL's research programs support NOAAs mission under the Environmental Assessment and Prediction and the Environmental Stewardship 

portfolios of the NOAA Strategic Plan. 

Research activities are enhanced through the Cooperative 

Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER). 

CILER, which is a joint research enterprise of the University of 

Michigan, Michigan State University, and GLERL, promotes 

collaborative research between scientists from throughout the 

Great Lakes basin, addressing a wide variety of research 

topics. Many of the projects described here involve participation between GLERLstaff and CILER Fellows, Visiting Fellows, 

and other scientific staff. 
RESEARCH PROGRAM ORGANIZATION 
AQUATIC CONTAMINANTS 

This research program combines process studies 

and mathematical modeling focused on toxic organic 

contaminants to increase our understanding of the dynamics and effects of pollutants in the ecosystem. Contaminants introduced into the ecosystem bind to particles 

and either remain suspended in the water column (particle-associated contaminants) or settle into the sediment 

(sediment-associated contaminants). Aquatic bottomdwelling organisms (benthos) are exposed to certain 

critical pollutants through their contact with the sediment. 

These pollutants may then be introduced into the food 

chain where they ultimately threaten human health as 

well as the health of the ecosystem. This research program is focused on sediment-associated contaminants 

and their effects on benthos. This program incorporates 

one major ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 06- 

Aquatic Contaminants. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 06 - Aquatic Contaminants 

Bioaccumulation c Contaminants by 

Diporeia s pp.: ctors Affecting 

Bioavailability 

Accumulation o mlnants by benthic organisms 

may occur several ways: (1) by ingestion of sediment 

particles, (2) by respiration of the interstitial water, (3) by 

respiration of the overlying water, (4) by ingestion of 

freshly deposited food particles, andlor (5) through 

physical contact with any of the above. Resolving the 

factors and routes of accumulation are necessary to 

develop accurate predictions of bioaccumulation 

(amount of contaminant that accumulates in an organism). Recent attempts to include the benthic food web in 

bioaccumulation models indicate that benthos contribute 

significantly to the food web transfer of organic contaminants. Attempts to model the bioaccumulation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by Diporeia 

spp., a major benthic food web component in the Great 

Lakes, suggest that there are substantial seasonal 

changes in the concentration of contaminants in the 

organism, but these seasonal changes have not yet 

been incorporated into more complex food chain models. This work focuses on how temperature, sediment 

composition, and feeding on fresh detritus affect bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. 

In FY 95, a review of toxicokinetics results and data 

for Diporeia spp. over the last 13 years was completed. 

Diporeia spp. represent the major benthic invertebrate in 

the Great Lakes based on its biomass. Because of their 

high lipid content and importance in energy cycling 

within the Great Lakes, they contribute to the transfer of 

contaminants from the sedimentary environment to the 

pelagic food chain. This review is a necessary precursor 

to development of an improved model of the seasonal 
concentration of organic contaminants in this major 

Great Lakes food base organism, which in turn will 

provide the basis for a better model and predictive 

capability for contaminant transfer through the food 

web. The review indicates that for proper modeling of 

Diporeia spp. in contaminant cycling in the Great 

Lakes, further investigation into the basic biology, e.g., 

feeding behavior, lipid dynamics, and respiration 

dynamics, along with the routes, kinetics, and sensitivity to toxins will be important. 

An existing model to estimate the toxicokinetics of 

Diporeia spp. over the course of a year was reworked 

for use on a PC and updated with data obtained from a 

review of the literature. This new model was compared 

to the previous model and was forwarded to the US 

EPA for use in their mass balance projects. 

Measurement o xic Organic Contaminants in Surf1 of Lake Michigan: 

Estimation of entories and Seasonal 

Settling Fluxes 

A mass balance of input and output of select 

contaminants for Lake Michigan is the goal of an EPAsponsored program titled Lake Michigan Mass Balance 

Program (LMMB). This study is designed to answer 

questions posed in the amended Clean Air Act, and to 

assist environmental managers in developing and 

implementing the Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan (Lake Michigan LAMP). 

The purpose of this project is to provide an inventory of critical contaminants (PCBs and trans 

nonachlor) in Lake Michigan surface sediments. 

Contaminant deposition zones, hot spots, and local 

sources will be identified using trace organic contaminant concentration maps and sediment inventories. In 

addition, the seasonal transport of contaminants 

between regions of the water column, and between the 

water column and surface sediment will be estimated 

from automated sediment trap collections. 

In FY 95, Field Sampling and Analytical Quality 

Assurance Project Plans (QAPjP) were created 

through a series of conference calls sponsored by 

EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO). 

The QAPjP, which includes standard operating procedures (SOPS) for sampling and analysis of PCBs, 

pesticides, and PAHs in sediments, was approved by 

the EPA. This document has been distributed to private 

and state agencies and individuals who have requested details of our procedures. 

Analytical methods were developed to separate a 

single extract of a sample into two fractions: a PCB 

fraction, and a PAH and pesticide fraction. Thus, three 

classes of compounds can be quantified from a single 

extraction step. Extraction and clean-up methods were 

developed for both sediment and biological tissue 

samples. 

Contaminant Effects and the Relationship to 

Exposure 

The goal of o explore the relationship between contaminant exposure and contaminant 

effects on biota. To accomplish this goal, new procedures (bioassays) will be developed to determine the 

body burdens (concentration of the contaminant that 

builds up in the organism's body) required to produce 

measurable effects in specific biota. 

Experimental work to evaluate the validity of the 

equilibrium partitioning approach occupied most of the 

efforts for this FY. Tests were performed using two 

organisms: Diporeia spp. and Hyalella azteca. Our 

work showed that it is very difficult to attain an adequate exposure to sediment-associated contaminants 

for H. azteca ,and that the conditions required for 

application of the equilibrium partitioning approach 

appeared to be violated for both organisms. These 

results cast doubt on the utility and validity of the 

equilibrium partitioning approach, which is currently 

recommended by EPA to establish sediment quality 

criteria. A report of our findings was provided to the 

EPA. 

Development of a method to perform sublethal and 

whole-life-cycle tests for sediment-associated benthos 
was initiated, and a first series of studies creating dose 

response data for chironomids exposed to DDE (a 

metabolite of DDT) were completed. These data are 

required by the EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers 

(COE) to properly interpret their mandated bioaccumulation tests. 

le Pool of Sediments 

and Associate and Measuring 

Mass and Con in Lake Michigan 

Using Sediment T 

In the Great Lakes, the largest fraction of persistent 

trace contaminants reside in the sediments due to 

sorption and settling processes. Studies of the longterm behavior of fallout radionuclides and stable 

contaminants in the Great Lakes have shown that 

higher levels exist in the lakes than expected if settling 

and burial were the only transport processes. Materials 

are resuspended into the water column from sediments 

and are then consumed by biota. It is now accepted 

that this recycling, caused by the processes of bioturbation and resuspension, is responsible for the continued high levels of trace contaminants (e.g. PCB, DDT) 

in fish and the slow response of the lakes to nutrient 

abatement. 

Since 1977, GLERL has examined the processes 

of particle flux and resuspension through the use of 

sediment traps. We have learned much about the 

transport of mass, contaminants, and tracers, and the 

results are now routinely incorporated into program 

sampling, modeling strategies, and management 

considerations. 

In FY 95, a synthesis of GLERL sediment trap data 

was forwarded to the EPA LMMB modelers for their 

use in model calibration. Also this FY, a splitting 

procedure was developed that allows us to precisely 

split trap samples for various forms of sample processing and yet reconstruct the total sample weight to within 

+I- 2%. The procedure was written as a supplement to 

our QAPjP and was accepted by EPA. 

Long-Term Trend 

akes and to determine the 

significance and reasons for observed changes. 

Starting in 1993, this project was expanded to incorporate the requirements of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) for the Great 

Lakes. 

In FY 95, samples collected at EMAP sites in both 

Lakes Michigan and Superior in 1992 and 1993 were 

analyzed, and the data were provided to EPA. Data 

tables gave abundances of each species collected at 

each site. All benthic invertebrates collected at EMAP 

sites in Lake Michigan in July 1994 were identified and 

counted. 

sociated Toxic 

ntal risks associated with 

equires determining the 

conditions under which sediment-associated toxic 

organic compounds accumulate in benthic organisms 

(bioaccumulation), determining whether the toxins are 

transferred up the food chain (biotransfer; biomagnification), and developing models for describing bioaccumulation. This work will help define the relationship 

between sediment characteristics and the bioavailability of organic contaminants, which in turn should 

improve our ability to predict the effects of contaminants associated with sediments. 

In FY 95, experiments were conducted to better 

describe the factors that affect the bioavailability of 

sediment-associated contaminants. The accumulation 

of two biphenyl PCB congeners was shown to be 

related to the organic carbon content, and this relationship improved when the organic carbon concentration 

of the fine particle-size fractions was used in place of 

the concentration in the whole sediment. However, for 

PAH congeners, the organic carbon content was not an 

important factor, but the C:N ratio was. The larger the 
C:N ratio, the more bioavailable the PAH from sediment. 

The length of contact time between the sediment 

and the contaminants has been identified as a major 

factor that affects the bioavailability of sedimentassociated organic contaminants. Sediment cores were 

collected from Lake George (on the St. Marys River 

downstream from Sault Ste. Marie, MichiganIOntario), 

and the accumulation of PAH congeners was determined for the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus from 

sediments taken at various depths. Our hypothesis was 

that the bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants would decrease with increasing depth in the 

core, due to longer contact time. However, there was 

no significant variation in the uptake kinetics with 

depth, except that the surface material was found to be 

essentially unavailable for bioaccumulation. This 

finding suggests other factors, such as the binding of 

PAH in soot particles, are responsible for the differences in bioavailability in these sediments. The hypothesis that the bioavailability would decrease down-core 

due to increasing sediment contact time was not 

supported, perhaps due to changes in the chemical 

speciation. 

The assimilation of sediment-associated contaminants was examined for the amphipod Diporeia spp. 

and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. In general, 

the assimilation efficiency of the oligochaete, which is a 

non-selective feeder, was successfully tracked by 

several approaches that were tested. The ability to 

measure the assimilation efficiency for Diporeia spp., 

which is a very selective feeder, was less certain and 

more dependent on the method employed. The difficulty in measuring the assimilation efficiency for this 

species is a result of its extreme feeding selectivity and 

the unequal distribution of the contaminant among 

sediment particles. This unequal distribution was not 

corrected by carbon normalization, and these findings 

demonstrate the need for a better definition of the 

actual food source for selective feeders such as 

Diporeia spp. 
WATER RESOURCES 

Great Lakes water is used fordfinking, powergeneration, commercial shipping, and recreation, and an extensive commercial and sport fishery. Both natural (evaporation) and anthropogenic (diversions, consumption) influences threaten this valuable resource. The goals of this 

program are to develop improved prediction, climatology, 

statistics for decision-making, and process studies, and to 

develop interfaces with policy and decision-makers. It 

incorporates two ERL research task categories: GLERL 

04 - Hydrologic Processes, and GLERL 05 - Water Resources Forecasting. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 04 - Hydrologic Processes 

Great Lakes Hydrology and Ice Databases 

The goal of this project is to develop and provide 

new or improved historical hydrometeorological and ice 

cover databases and models of the seasonal cycle of 

ice formation and loss on the Great Lakes. Geographic 

information databases of the Great Lakes basin will be 

developed and linked to the hydrology and ice cover 

for spatial analysis. 

In FY 95, a study of the 1993194 winter and Great 

Lakes ice cycle was completed, revealing that the 

winter of 1994 was one of the coldest in over a decade 

(Figure 1). 

An analysis of long-term trends in Great Lakes 

open-lake ice cover over the past century was made 

as part of a study to examine the potential effects of 

climate change on the aquatic systems of the Great 

Lakes and smaller lakes in the Precambrian shield 

region of North America. The decadal average of 

maximum ice cover was about 61% during the decades 

from 1900 to 1920, decreased to about 50% during the 

decades between 1930 and 1960, then increased over 

the next two decades [ending 1970 (61 %) and ending 

1980 (64%)] before declining again [ending 1990 

(55%)]. These trends are in agreement with ice cover 

models developed for Lakes Erie and Superior that 

show decadal average February ice cover was about 

10-25% greater during the first quarter of this century 

(1 900-1925) and from 1960 to 1983 than it was in the 

intervening years (1 926-1 959). Recent average February ice cover is approximately 90% and 56% for Lakes 

Erie and Superior, respectively. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 05 - Water Resources Forecasting 

Next-Generation Runoff Models task and will incorporate recent advancements in 

GLERL has developed conceptual-model-based measurements of hydrometeorological data. Linking 

techniques for simulating moisture storages and runoff surface hydrology process models with atmospheric 

from the 121 watersheds draining into the Laurentian process models will allow feedback between climate 

Great Lakes. These refined runoff models will be and land surfaces and result in more accurate estiintegrated with atmospheric process models in another mates of regional and local impacts of climate change. 

0 
Water Resources Forecasting System 

The availability of adequate water resources to 

support the Nation's continuing growth and infrastmcture will be one of the major issues of the 21st century. 

Computer models to provide water resource forecasts 

of variables over large areas at time scales of several 

days to several weeks or months are needed. NOAA's 

program to build a nationwide Water Resources 

Fbrecasting System (WaRFS) includes GLERL's 

development of the water resources forecasting 

capability for the Great Lakes basin. 

By the end of FY 95 we had modified our hydrological outlooks to use NOAA's extended climate 

outlooks as the basis for our probabilistic outlooks. 

This has resulted in real savings when the model 

simulations are extensive, as is the case with Great 

Lakes hydrological outlooks. 

The Geographic information System (GIs) and the 

relational database management system were incorpoFigure ?. !?e!at;ve te fhe past 3? 

winters (f963-94) the 1994 

maximal ice cover of fhe combined surface area of the five 

Greaf Lakes is exceeded only by 

winter 1979. The U.S. Coast 

Guard logged the greatest 

number of hours in over 15 years 

(5700+ hrs) to support commercial shippjng activity. Extensive 

midfake ice formation (the second 

half of January) and seasonal 

maximal ice cover (the firsf half of 

February) both occurred about 2 

weeks earlier than normal. Spring 

ice cover was also greater than 

normal, costing shipping companies rniEIisns of dollars in lost 

revenue due fo delays in schedules and damage to vessels. 

rated into our existing forecast package. 

We completed and tested a user-product interface 

(or "front end") for our Great Lakes WaRFS as a 

specially-designed WindowsTM application. It aids the 

user in defining the hydrological outlook and historicaldata petiods, selecting the periods, probabilities, and 

priorities from the available climate outlooks, and 

determining the method for considering the climate 

outlooks in making the hydrological outlook. The 

interface computer code is also available as a standalone FORTRAN implementation for use under a 

variety of computer operating systems. In designing the 

interfaoe, we considered users' wants and addressed 

compatibility issues with the National Weather Service 

(NWS) and others. 

NOAA's existing +mate outlooks can be particularly cumbersome and difficult to use. This new interface greatly clarifies and simplifies their use for making 

a hydrological outlook. It is particularly effective in 
allowing others to utilize NOAA's climate outlooks for 

making Great Lakes hydrological outlooks and for 

other purposes. It allows readily understandable userinterpretation of climate outlooks and easy userassignment of relevant priorities. In fact, the interface is 

so successful in allowing a layperson to utilize NOAA's 

climate outlooks that we built a derivative product (also 

a WindowsTM application) to allow anyone to directly 

use NOAA's climate outlooks in their own applications. 

(Note: an outlook is a description of expected climatic 

conditions beyond the range of a forecast. For example, a forecast may cover a time period of a few 

hours to, perhaps, 10 days, while an outlook may 

extend to 30 days or more, but with much less detail, 

accuracy, and confidence than is associated with a 

forecast). 

The Great Lakes WaRFS prototype was demonstrated by installing it on two outside agency computer 

systems. It was also installed on a GLERL computer 

system that will receive daily updates of meteorological 

data in near-real-time. 

Simulated mean precipitation 

24-29 Aug 1992 (mm/day) 

Great Lakes affect the 

ing how the weather affects the 

s of altered climate and anomalous 

ather patterns, such as that experie Midwest during the summer of 

as three objectives: (1) develop a 

re-Atmosphere Research Model 

ing atmospheric and hydrologic 

-way dynamic interactions, (2) 

ith second-generation surface 

lake thermal flux and runoff, and 

te change estimates and estioscale modeling efforts by 

kages between them and the 

was completed during 

Figure 2. A display of 

simulated in 

CHARM for the period 24- 

29 August 1992. During 

this time period, the Great 

Lakes region was affected 

by the aftermath of 

Hurricane Andrew. This 

result comes from the 

CHARM model, which has 

a representation of the 

atmosphere of the Great 

Lakes region nested 

inside observed variables 

for the larger-scale 

atmosphere and coupled 

to a model of the land 

surface hydrology and a 

model of lake surface 

temperatures. At present, 

the model estimates of 

precipitation are too low 

overall and too concentration spatially. 
CIRCULATION MODELING 

Meteorological and oceanographic conditions in 

coastal areas can sometimes become dangerous enough 

to cause significant damage to property (boats, ships, 

structures, etc.), loss of human life, and social or economic disruption. Large waves, high and low lake levels, 

heavy snowfalls, ice, and erosion are hazards in the 

Great Lakes system and in other coastal areas as well. 

Human-caused hazards also pose serious threats, especially spills of petroleum products and chemicals. The 

research from this program provides circulation and wind 

models and other service products to assist in marine 

hazard prediction, emergency response, damage prevention and reduction, and more effective management 

of water resources. It incorporates two ERL research task 

categories: GLERL 01 - Great Lakes Coastal Forecast 

System, and GLERL 03 - Coastwatch. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 01 - Great Lakes Coastal Forecast System 

ith numerical simulation and predictio ratures and currents in the 

Great Lakes. During FY 95, work being conducted 

under a separate project titled "Coastal Hazards" was 

incorporated. The GLCFS is a collaborative effort 

between GLERL and Ohio State University (OSU). 

The goal of the GLCFS is to implement and test a 

system for real-time prediction of the physical status of 

the Great Lakes based on the hydrodynamic models 

developed under this project. 

In FY 95, a meeting was held with representatives 

from the NWS Eastern Region Headquarters and the 

Office of Meteorology to plan for developing a standalone workstation version of the Lake Erie prototype 

GLCFS for use at the NWS Cleveland Forecast Office. 

The recommendation was to proceed with a system 

that would be customized for NWS internal use, install 

it at Cleveland, and evaluate it as a guidance tool for 

marine forecasting. 

Experimental forecasts from the NWSlNational 

Meteorological Center (NMC) meso-Eta (29 km) 

meteorological forecast model were incorporated into 

GLCFS operations at OSU in July 1995. Surface heat 

flux and friction velocity fields at 3 hour intervals at grid 

points over Lake Erie are extracted from the Eta model 

forecast. These are used to drive the lake models to 

produce 24 hour forecasts of water levels, currents, 

water temperatures, and waves. These forecasts are 

being evaluated (Figure 2). 

An improved version of the GLFSView program for 

PC analysis of GLCFS products was developed and 

distributed to over 60 users. A World-Wide-Web 

(WWW) home page (http:/lglfs.eng.ohio-state.edu/) on 

the Internet was developed for real-time dissemination 

of GLCFS products. 
Figure 3. Section of NMC Eta model grid 

in the Great Lakes region. Filled circles 

indicate Eta model grid points over 

water. Forecasts from the Eta model are 

being used to drive lake model forecasts 

from the Great lakes Coastal Forecasting System. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 03 - CoastWatch 

Great Lakes Coastwatch and NOAA Ocean directly from the mainframe computer at NESDIS. 

Communications Nefwark In addition, a Coastwatch section was developed 

Coastwatch is a NOAA-wide program that origi- and implemented on the GLERL WWW home page 

nated in NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP). As a (http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/cw/cw.html). 

CoastWatch Regional Site, GLERL operates the Great 

Lakes Regional National Ocean Communications Great Lakes Coas 

Network (NOCN) Node (RNN), identifies regional and Research 

Coastwatch users and their NOAA data needs, and The objective are to evaluate and 

supplies useful products to participants in the Great help validate Great 

Lakes Coastwatch Program. Our scientists also provide input to NESDIS concerning product needs 

conduct research and develop products specific to the and development, and conduct research to develop 

Great Lakes region using Coastwatch data. products and uses specific to the Great Lakes region. 

In FY 95, the Great Lakes Coastwatch node In FY 95, the first series of analyses of Earth 

supported 41 users, up 6 from the previous year. Resources Satellite-I (ERS-1) Synthetic Aperture 

Satellite-derived surface temperature, marine observa- Radar (SAR) ice data for classification/mapping 

tions, and water level data were provided routinely as algorithm development was completed. Results 

Coastwatch products. These products were also showed that depending on size and sea state, icebergs 

provided for use in developing the GLCFS. could be detected from background and enhanced in 

A new cloud-mask product was developed and the imagery, SAR data can supplement and enhance 

made available to CoastWatch users, and the Coast- the utility of satellite visible and infrared data sources 

Watch Great Lakes Surface Environmental Analysis for coastal ice monitoring, and that Great Lakes ice 

(GLSEA) composite (cloud free) Sea Surface Tem- cover can be classified by ice type and mapped in SAR 

perature (SST) chart was produced and provided on a data using image processing techniques. Cloud cover, 

routine basis. New archiving routines were also however, was a common problem. Further developdeveloped for Coastwatch data on CD ROM's. With ments in algorithms and SAR coverage frequency 

the assistance of NOAAs National Environmental make it a unique and valuable tool for ice detection and 

Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), a monitoring. 

new datalproduct download path was implemented al 
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS 

The Great Lakes and nearshore ocean waters are major national 

resources used for a wide range of activities: industrial and municipal water 

supplies, shipping, fishing (sport and commercial), municipal and industrial 

discharge, boating, and other forms of recreation. Water quality and the 

value of the biological resources in these systems are directly related to the 

health and abundances of organisms and their interactions with the physical 

and chemical aspects of the ecosystem. Therefore, to protect, preserve, 

and restore these systems, it is essential to understand the function of 

organisms at all trophic levels and their interactions within the ecosystem. 

Without this understanding, the response of these organisms to anthropogenic or natural perturbations, the goal of protecting ecosystem health will 

be difficult to achieve. 

GLERL conducts ecosystem research in both the Great Lakes and 

nearshore ocean environments. However, this research focuses primarily 

on key components of the Great Lakes lower foodweb and the links between 

physical, chemical, and biological processes that impact important processes in ecosystem function. Although long-term trends in key components are examined, life history studies and process research are emphasized so that GLERL's expertise can be applied to problems in a variety of 

ecosystems that are geographically and biologically diverse. This program 

includes three ERL Research Task Categories: GLERL 09-Ecosystem 

Dynamics Research, GLERL 10-Nonindigenous Species Research, and 

GLERL 12-Episodic Events. Due to lack of sufficient funds in FY 95, there 

was no research activity in Episodic Events. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 09 - Ecosystem Dynamics Research 

iology and Behavior 

in the Remote rge Particles by 

In the Great La pepods are the dominant 

grazers of phytoplankton and are important predators 

of ciliates and invertebrate larvae. Recent studies 

indicate that calanoid copepods are capable of discriminating between food particles that differ in nutritional quality. High-speed microcinematography has 

revealed that calanoids can detect the presence of 

particles as small as 5 pm and use coordinated actions 

of their mouthparts to capture them. It is not known, 

however, whether mechanoreception, chemoreception, 

or both sensory modes are used to detect and discriminate between particles. Because copepods are 

important mediators of trophic energy movement in the 

Great Lakes food web, understanding the influences of 

sensory physiology and behavior on their ability to feed 

selectively, and defining this selection accurately, is 

critical to understanding the impact of anthropogenic 

perturbations to aquatic food webs. This is a new 

project that is being conducted at GLERL under the 
auspices of the NOAA - National Research Council 

Post-doctoral Research Fellowship Program. 

Research Monit 

Michigan Ec 

Lake Mic Laurentian Great Lake 

that lies entirely wi jurisdiction. It has a worldclass fishery valued at over $300 million per year and 

serves as the source of drinking water to over 5 million 

Americans. GLERL has maintained a long-term 

monitoring program in southern Lake Michigan for the 

past 10 years, and this year, revised it to improve the 

scientific information that is collected. These data are 

used for research by GLERL on the condition of, and 

trends in, Lake Michigan's ecosystem health, and also 

as part of a study in collaboration with Lake Michigan's 

perch fishermen to investigate possible food-webbased causes of a decline in Lake Michigan's perch 

population. These data are also used by the US Fish & 

Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Biological 

Service (NBS) to supplement their upper food web 

studies and assessments in support of Lake Michigan 

fisheries conservation and management programs. 

The combination of GLERL's lower food web data with 

the USFWSINBS data on the upper food web (fish) 

provides essentially complete coverage of the entire 

pelagic (i.e., water column) fisheries ecosystem, which 

is necessary for fishery stocking decisions and for 

computer-based model analyses of proposed fishery 

management actions. 

In FY 95, we completed and published the "Common Planktonic Protozoa in the Upper Great Lakes: An 

Illustrated Guide." This is one of the first guides to 

planktonic protozoa in the Great Lakes. It provides 

taxonomic and ecological information about the planktonic protozoa that commonly occur in the upper Great 

Lakes, based on more than 70 field collections obtained over a 10-year period (1 979-1 989). A separate 

taxonomic profile is presented for each of 35 common 

protozoan taxa. The profile is organized around six 

general aspects of each organism's ecology: taxonomic 

position, morphological description, distribution, a brief 

list of pertinent references, general comments and 

observations, and a micrograph of the organism. 

Finally, dichotomous keys to the common orders and 

individual taxa are presented 

A new more intensive monitoring program was 

initiated by including ichthyoplankton, Bythotrephes, 

UV light penetration, and phytoplankton production as 

measured parameters. Sampling was improved by 

adding three additional stations. A new multi-sensor 

instrument package was deployed in early spring and 

retrieved in October. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 10 - Nonindigenous Species Research 

The objective of this task is to expand our knowledge of the biology and the ecological effects of 

nonindigenous species in the Great Lakes. Research 

involves field investigations to monitor ecosystem 

changes and community response to these species 

and examines biological traits of the organisms 

themselves. Research also includes laboratory experiments to determine metabolic features and feeding 

rates and examines toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of toxics. 

Two new projects were added this FY: one to 

define the role of the zebra mussel's selective filtering 

in promoting nuisance blooms of algae in Saginaw Bay 

and the effect of these blooms on the filtering performance and survival of the mussels; and another to 

examine the influence of circulation and the Thunder 

Bay River plume on the threat of zebra mussel infestation on historical shipwrecks in Thunder Bay, Lake 

Huron, a proposed NOAA National Marine Sanctuary. 
the Lower Food 

t are (1) to identify and 

understand changes abundance, biomass, and 

composition of the lower food web of Saginaw Bay that 

have resulted from the invasion of the zebra mussel 

(Dreissena polymorpha), (2) to construct a model of 

carbon flow through the system and determine major 

changes in pathways that may have been caused by 

the zebra niussel disrupting the ecosystem, and (3) to 

monitor changes in the abundance and distribution of 

the zebra mussel in the bay. 

Data collected in Saginaw Bay from 1990-93 were 

compiled and interpreted in a collection of scientific 

manuscripts that are published together in a special 

issue of the Journal of Great Lakes Research (Volume 

21, No. 4). A total of 12 papers are included in this 

issue, entitled "Impacts of the Zebra Mussel on the 

Saginaw Bay Ecosystem: the Early Invasion Years." In 

general, results show a dramatic shift in how energy 

and nutrients are routed through the food chain. 

Saginaw Bay's energy base has shifted from a pelagic 

(water column focused) to a benthic (bottom dsminated) food base. There is also evidence indicating 

that zebra mussels encourage growth of harmful bluegreen algae by rejecting them as food, and thus giving 

them a competitive advantage over other algae. 

FY 95 monitoring of water quality parameters was 

completed at 13 Saginaw Bay sites, thus extending the 

GLERL Saginaw Bay ecological database to 1995. 

Variables measured monthly were nutrients, chlorophyll, suspended solids, Secchi depth, phytoplankton, 

zooplankton, and benthos. Also, vertical profiles of 

temperature and algal fluorescence were obtained. 

Effects of the Ze 

Bay, Lake Huron 

removing suspended particulates, zebra mussels may 

affect nutrient cycles and microbial dynamics in an 

ecosystem. The goals of this project are to (1) determine the direct and indirect effects of the zebra mdssel 

on nutrient regeneration and uptake by various trophic 

components in the lower food web, (2) determine the 

effects of the zebra mussel on bacteria, (3) determine 

how the sources, cycling rates, and fate of labile 

dissolved organic matter are affected by the presence 

of the zebra mussel, (4) collect and detarmine the 

"nutritional composition" of feces and pseudofeces 

produced by the zebra mussel, and (5) compare field 

observations of standing stocks and process rates with 

those predicted from bottle and mesocosm experiments. 

In FY 95, field work continued to examine the 

effects of the zebra mussel on benthic and pelagic food 

webs in Saginaw Bay. A major hypothesis is that the 

zebra mussel may affect the ratios of regenerated 

nutrients, which could affect the composition and 

growth rates of phytoplankton and other organisms. 

The effects of the zebra mussel on sediment-water 

nutrient fluxes and oxygen consumption rates in the 

light and dark were investigated. Chamber experiments 

were conducted at one inner bay and one outer bay 

site during two field trips in 1995. Results indicate that 

zebra mussels increase benthic nutrient cycling and 

respiration rates. Zebra mussel chambers always 

showed increased ammonium levels and constant or 

decreased nitrate levels. The ratio of oxygen consumed 

to ammonium produced was 290 in chambers with 

zebra mussels vs. 55 in control chambers without 

mussels. These results suggest that zebra mussels 

have a significant effect on benthic metabolism and 

nutrient transformations at or near the sediment-water 

interface. 

Nutrient fluxes were measured from sediments 

using a new experimental design with lake water 

continuously flowing over intact or reconstituted 

sediments cores. The presence of zebra mussels 

significantly increased ammonium regeneration in the 

cores. In contrast to previous results from Lake Michigan and other freshwater systems, where regenerated 
ammonium was nitrified and subsequently denitrified, 

the regenerated ammonium was not quantitatively 

converted to nitrate in these cores. Mechanisms 

controlling nitrificationldenitrification are important in 

coastal ecosystems because denitrification is a sink for 

available nitrogen and, therefore, can contribute to 

changing concentrations and ratios of available nutrients in regions where it is important. 

Direct effects of the grazing activities of the zebra 

mussel on the natural assemblage of planktonic 

protozoa and algae from Saginaw Bay were measured 

in September and October 1994. Despite relatively high 

growth rates of protozoa on both dates, mussels 

lowered protozoan numbers by 70-80% and reduced 

the species richness of the protozoan community by 

30-50%. Zebra mussels selectively removed nanoplanktonic Cryptomonas and Cyclotella, but had no 

significant effect on the predominant phytoplankton 

species, Microcystis, and overall, Dreissena clearance 

rates were low in the presence of Microcystis. These 

studies demonstrate that zebra mussels cause significant changes in composition of both the protozoan and 

phytoplankton communities in regions where they are 

abundant. 

Results from a eutrophic site in Saginaw Bay show 

that the ammonium regeneration rates and uptake 

rates of the pelagic community both followed seasonal 

patterns resembling those of chlorophyll concentrations 

in the treatments without zebra mussels. Pelagic 

community ammonium regeneration rates were consistently enhanced in the presence of zebra mussels, 

indicating that zebra mussels could have a dominant 

effect on nitrogen regeneration in regions where they 

are abundant. 

Our experimental findings from bottle and enclosure experiments indicate that the zebra mussel can 

have significant short-term effects on phytoplankton 

abundance, water transparency, water chemistry and 

phosphorus dynamics. Ecosystem results from these 

experimental studies were compared to actual field 

results observed by others at GLERL and the University of Michigan in their Saginaw Bay and Lake Erie 

monitoring programs. The comparison showed generally good agreement between the two approaches and 

indicated that experimental and field measurements 

provide complementary information that can be used 

together to better understand the effects of zebra 

mussels on the ecosystems. 

Toxicokinetics an umulation of Organic 

Contaminants ussel 

The goal of assess the impact of 

the zebra mussel o tribution of contaminants in 

ecosystems dominated by this organism. The feeding 

activities of zebra mussels may result in faster deposition of sediments and may also change the composition and mobility of materials on the bottom. The 

selected chemicals, primarily PCBs and PAHs, are 

representative of both their class and the physical and 

chemical characteristics embodied in the chemicals as 

model compounds. Compounds from other chemical 

classes will be used where specific characteristics will 

be helpful to determine specific processes or mechanisms of action. 

In FY 95, studies examining the assimilation of 

contaminants from algae to the zebra mussel were 

conducted as part of a study of the trophic transfer of 

contaminants to zebra mussels. This work is part of a 

collaborative effort with Ohio State University. The 

results demonstrated that ingestion is a very important 

route by which zebra mussels accumulate contaminants in their bodies. 

Experiments to investigate the transfer of contaminants from zebra mussels to a predator organism, in 

this case, the crayfish, were completed. Contaminants 

were very efficiently transferred from zebra mussels to 

the crayfish preying on them. This means that zebra 

mussels may be a significant vector for the transfer of 

contaminants to higher trophic levels. 

Analyses of samples collected in 1993 and 1994 

were completed. Preliminary findings suggest that for 

PCBs with a high octonol:water partition coefficient (log 
K, >5), zebra mussels and gammarid amphipods 

exhibit seasonal variation in contaminant content that 

reflects the variability observed for phytoplankton. 

Seasonal variability in phytoplankton (higher PCB 

concentrations in spring and fall relative to summer) 

results from growth dilution and to a lesser degree from 

lipid content changes. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs, 

ratio of PCB in organism to that in phytoplankton) for 

gammarid amphipods are only slightly higher than 

those of zebra mussels, indicating that gammarus are 

not being exposed to a food source especially enriched 

in contaminants as a result of living in close contact 

with zebra mussels. Zooplankton BAFs are a factor of 2 

higher than both the-zebra mussel and amphipod due 

in part to higher lipid content. Zebra mussel feces1 

pseudofeces are enriched in some PCB congeners 

relative to phytoplankton, though no relation with 

compound hydrophobicity was observed. 

Ecology of Dreissena 

lanktonic Period 

larvae) of the zebra 

le, with mortalities of 

nearly 100% depending on environmental conditions. 

The objectives of this project are to (1) observe feeding 

mechanisms, particle choice, and feeding rates of 

Dreissena larvae, (2) determine nutritional requirements of Dreissena larvae, and (3) determine the 

vulnerability of Dreissena eggs and larvae to zooplankton. 

In FY 95, we conducted experiments on the 

suitability of different freshwater algae as food for 

culturing zebra mussel larvae, and also experiments 

using antibiotics to optimize conditions for rearing the 

larvae. We had some success with the freshwater 

cryptophyte Rhodomonas until it became contaminated, and in one experiment using antibiotics there 

was an improvement in survival. 

Work was completed to greatly improve the resolution of the optics of the Critter Cam (a video system 

Used to observe the behavior and activities of freeswimming larvae). The software and hardware of the 

motor drive was improved and now allows us to keep 

track of the camera (and animal) position in 3-D space 

at a high sampling rate (15 times per s). 

The Critter Cam was used to record predation 

interactions between copepods and Dreissena larvae 

to help explain the results of our bottle experiments 

with trochophores and D-stage larvae. Almost all 

trochophores attacked by copepods were ingested, 

while the D-stage larvae usually escaped. It also 

appeared that some species of copepods may avoid 

attacking the D-stage larvae, for unknown reasons. 

ra mussels capture 

and pseudofeces on the bottom, thereby affecting the 

composition and mobility of materials in the sediment 

resuspendible pool in Saginaw Bay, and resulting in 

changes in residence times of particle-associated 

constituents. This project focuses on sampling 

resuspendible sediments and analyzing them for gross 

compositional changes, nutrients, carbon, and l3'Cs, to 

estimate the resuspension flux of these constituents, 

and to examine the carbon and nitrogen pathway 

changes caused by the mussel. 

In FY 95, results from sediment traps revealed that 

the amount of suspended particulate material in the 

deeper parts of the Saginaw Bay water column increased after the introduction of zebra mussels, while 

suspended particulate material in the upper part of the 

water column was substantially removed, presumably 

by zebra mussel filtering. 

We had not expected to see an increase in the 

deep suspended load. We now believe that the 

mussels are significantly changing the character and 

distribution of the particulate material through two 

processes: (1) filtering and repackaging it as feces and 

pseudofeces, which have adhesion, compaction, and 

resuspension characteristics substantially different from 
the "normal" particulate matter of the pre-zebra mussel 

bay; and (2) by contributing to the observed decrease 

in populations of sediment mixing in-fauna, such as 

oligochaetes, with a resultant reduction in sediment 

consolidation. Both these processes lead to formation 

of a near-bottom pool of highly mobile material that can 

be more easily transported to deeper waters, where it 

is not filtered by zebra mussels, and is susceptible to 

resuspension into the water column. 

Based on trap samples, resuspended material 

appears to reach about 5-10 m above bottom, or about 

mid-water column, and is mostly composed of feces/ 

pseudofeces. This phenomena may have a substantial 

impact on the 20-year reservoir (i.e., average residence 

time) of material within the sediment mixed layer. It is 

hypothesized that this layer is being depleted in 

Saginaw Bay by the feeding behavior of the mussels, 

with consequences for contaminant trajectories that 

could be considerable. 

Selection and Ut f Algal Resources by 

Dreissena : Un ions Between Zebra 

Mussels and t unity of Saginaw Bay 

Because of their bundance and very high 

filtering rates in shallow aquatic systems, zebra mussels remove a significant portion of the primary production. In some shallow experimental lakes in Europe, 

introduced zebra mussels have improved water clarity 

and quality of the algal resource base so that food web 

efficiency and fish production have increased. As a 

result, some scientists have advocated introduction into 

other aquatic systems. Improvement of water clarity 

has been seen in Lakes Erie and St. Clair; however, in 

Lake St. Clair, the increased water clarity may have 

contributed to massive blooms of vascular macrophytes that have washed up on shore and fouled 

beaches. In the inner portion of Saginaw Bay, water 

darity improved in midsummer of 1991 and 1993; but 

in 1992 and 1994 there were marked decreases in 

water darity owing to massive blooms of Microcystis 

and other large phytoplankton. Also, there have been 

outbreaks of near-bottom blooms of the filamentous 

alga Spirogyra that have later washed up on beaches. 

Our observations on the response of a mussel to a 

potentially toxic alga strongly suggest that Dreissena 

spp., through its selective rejections, may increase the 

probability of toxic blooms. It also seems likely that 

zebra mussels have been a major contributor to 

Spirogyra blooms by increasing water clarity by filtering 

out small algae and metabolizing the ingested biomass 

into nutrients used by Spirogyra. To explain these 

unexpected and unstable responses in Saginaw Bay 

requires us to carefully examine Dreissena spp.'s 

selection, rejection, and utilization of algal resources of 

different quality and size. 

In FY 95, direct measurement of Nitrogen (N) and 

Phosphorus (P) excretion by the mussels was added to 

the project because alteration of the N:P ratios by 

mussels has been hypothesized by Sea Grant investigators to be a driving force in shifting algal community 

structure to blue-green algae. 

Filtering rate experiments using an improved 

method were conducted using water from our inner and 

outer bay reference sites in Saginaw Bay, to allow 

estimation of both filtering and assimilation rates at 

sites having a high and a low concentration of Microcystis. Very low filtering and assimilation rates were 

seen during the bloom period (Figure 3). 

Visual observations of the mussels feeding on 

natural seston allowed direct correlation between 

mussel behavior and filtering rate. The filtering rate 

experiments and direct observations showed that the 

mussels, for the most part, filtered at full capacity 

during the blue-green bloom but rejected almost all 

algae. 

Preliminary results of nutrient excretion experiments run in parallel with the filtering rate experiments 

and suggest that mussels are not altering the N:P ratio 

in favor of the blue-green algae. 

Experiments in which natural seston was spiked 

with a palatable alga (Rhodomonas) showed that the 

mussels could selectively remove the palatable alga. 
Saginaw Bay Station 5 

.- :I5[ &, 

Figure 4. Filtering rate (f) of mussels Li/iT was low during June, July, and August 

.- when Microcystis was abundant. 

r 10; 

2 

0 

! 5~ 

2 

E 

;rL 0 that the Thunder Bay River is the primary source 

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 

Month of zebra mussel veligers to Thunder Bay, and (2) 

that the location and extent of mixing of the river 

This offers evidence that blue-green blooms are plume in Thunder Bay is a primary determining factor 

promoted by selective filtering or rejection by the for the establishment of successful colonies within 

mussels. Thunder Bay, and therefore the greatest risk factor to 

Zebra mussels ingested a broad size range of a underwater cultural sites. This project involves the 

non-toxic colony-forming strain of Microcystis (from the collaboration of scientists and staff at GL~R~, the 

Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Cumbria, NBS--Great Lakes Science Center, and Alpena 

England). The result may imply toxicity is a necessary Community College. 

requirement for rejection of smaller colonies. During FY 95, a shoreside meteorological and 

Evidence that the not harm the bloom Global Positioning System (GPS) reference station was 

algae (Micmc~stis) was inferred from an in established and maintained at the City of Alpena water 

which mussels were confined in small beakers with treatment plant. We performed nearshore and rivernatural seston for 5 days. Chlorophyll concentrations in plume studies with driffen in May and June, during 

beakers with mussels increased relative to controls. which time a rapid springtime warming occurred in this 

During this period the mussels were feeding area, and zebra mussels and veligen were found to be 

and presumably filtered the water times Over. widely distributed throughout the western portion of the 

bay. Because of this and other physical characteristics 

Factors Affecting Of Zebra Musseis found during our initial drifter studies, the Thunder Bay 

on Thunder Bay Circulation and River does not appear to be of major importance to the 

Recruitment Pa colonization of zebra mussels in the bay. 

ent in heavy concentrations Based upon the above findings the experimental 

near the mouth of the Thunder Bay River, which enters design was modified to include all of Thunder Bay. 

Thunder (Lake Huron) at its at the Drifter experiments were conducted offshore in July 

city of Alpena, Michigan. Although there are major and August and bay-wide conductivity, temperature, 

research efforts underway the and depth (CTD) were conducted as well. 

rate Of spread across the United and Zebra mussel sampling plates were deployed at 10 

control strategies for zebra mussel, little attention has sites in the bay, with of the sites co-located with 

focused on their effects on underwater historical and shipwrecks. Weekly plankon tows were at 

cultural resources, such as shipwrecks. The primary five ites in the bay from J~~~ through ~~~~~t to 

objectives of this project are (1) to test a hypothesis estimate ve,iger densities. 
CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY 

The Great Lakes are excellent for climate change 

research because of the existence of both physical and 

biological/chemical measurable signals, the existence of 

long-term records, ongoing physical process studies, and 

the importance of resources (a multibillion dollar sport and 

commercial fishery, fresh drinking water for a large segment of the US population, a multibillion dollar commercia1 transportation waterway, etc.). Large lakes, including 

the Laurentian Great Lakes, are "closed systems" with 

boundaries on spatial scales that make them more tractable for study than the oceans. Many of the environmental conditions and processes related to climate that make 

oceanic systems important for studying climate change 

and variability are also present in the Great Lakes and can 

be studied with smaller logistical budgets. This program 

incorporates ERL Research Task Category GLERL 11 - 

Climate Variability and brings together projects that examine the potential effects of climate change on the Great 

Lakes water resources and ecosystem. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 11 - Climate Variability 

Effect of Climate Change on Large-Lake Ice Cycles 

The duration and extent of ice cover on the Great 

Lakes have a major impact on the economy of the 

region by impeding commercial navigation, interfering 

with hydropower production and cooling water intakes, 

and damaging shoreline structures. The ice cover also 

has an impact on the water balance of the lake, by 

affecting lake evaporation and other heat and momentum transfers, and on the biology and chemistry of the 

lakes, which are affected by the length and extent of 

ice cover. Climate change associated with global 

warming will possibly affect the ice cover, which in turn 

will affect other physical, chemical, and biological 

processes. Objectives of this project include (1) developing improved models to better stimulate the seasonal 

cycle of ice formation and loss on the Great Lakes, (2) 

estimating the Great Lakes ice cover for past winters, 

and (3) providing historical information on ice cover 

trends, cycles, and other variations that will be useful in 

placing the ice cover of the 1990s and beyond in 

historical perspective. 

A study of the 1993194 winter and Great Lakes ice 

cycle was completed, revealing that winter 1994 was 

one of the coldest in over a decade. Winter severity in 

the Great Lakes affects both the ecosystem and 

economy of the region. 

A computer animation of long-term average ice 

cover and water temperature was made available over 

GLERL's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) 

server. This animation makes it possible to visualize 

climatological spatial and seasonal trends in ice 

formation and loss and the climatological seasonal and 
spatial patterns of water temperature during the spring 

warming, summer maximum, and fall cooling periods. 

Thermal Structure Monitoring for Climate Change 

The main objectives of this project are (1) to 

develop improved climatological information by means 

of observations, new instrumentation, and improved 

analysis of the distribution and variability of coastal and 

offshore temperatures and by studying their dependence on meteorological and hydrological forces, with 

emphasis on potential changes in climate, and (2) to 

concurrently provide data for improving numerical 

models that can simulate and predict the thermal 

structure in the lakes. 

In FY 95, the entire Thermal Structure Monitoring 

project was reexamined and redesigned. The number 

of subsurface moorings in Lake Michigan was reduced 

to one. The new mooring has integrated the temperature and current measurements into one string of 

instruments. This string contains 5 current meters and 

10 independent temperature sensors and data loggers 

plus 1 near surface sensor with pressure measurement 

capabilities. 

Impacts of Climate Change on the Hydrology 

of the Great Lakes 

The primary goal of this task is to determine 

potential impacts of future climate change on the 

hydrology of the Great Lakes basin, and specifically on 

net basin water supplies. Of particular concern is how 

various climate regimes may affect variability from year 

to year in net basin supplies and in lake levels. 

In FY 95, historical climate scenarios, based on 41 - 

yr data periods from the southeastern and southwestern continental US, were used in hydrological models 

of the Great Lakes to examine possible changes in 

variability associated with various hydrological conditions. We used GLERL's conceptual models for simulating moisture storages in, and runoff from, the 121 

watersheds draining into the ~aurentian Great Lakes, 

over-lake precipitation into each lake, and the heat 

storages in, and evaporation from, each lake. We 

combined these components as net water supplies for 

each lake and estimated lake levels and connecting 

channel flows to consider transposed climate scenarios. We transposed four climate zones, ranging from 

6" south and 0" west to 10" south and 11" west of the 

Great Lakes, to the Great Lakes area. These represent 

analog climates that could occur over the Great Lakes 

basin under global warming. 

Average air temperatures increased between 4 and 

11 "C, and precipitation ranged from 80% to +I 70% of 

the current climate, over various lakes under various 

scenarios. These resulted in Great Lakes whole-basin 

water supply changes from -1 % to -54% of the current 

condition. The higher air temperatures under the 

transposed climate scenarios led to higher over-land 

evapotranspiration and lower runoff to the lakes with 

earlier runoff peaks, since snowpack is reduced up to 

loo%, and the snow season is eliminated in some 

scenarios. This also resulted in a reduction in available 

soil moisture. Water temperatures increased and 

peaked earlier; heat resident in the deep lakes increased throughout the year. Mixing of the water 

column diminished, as most of the lakes become 

mostly monomictic, and lake evaporation increased. 

Water supplies decreased dramatically for the two 

driest scenarios, with Lake Superior becoming a 

terminal lake. Also, lake level variability increased for all 

lakes for most of the scenarios. Maximum lake levels 

exceeded the recorded maxima for several scenarios 

on the lower lakes. 
NEARSHORE PROCESSES 

Wind and waves are primary driving forces for water 

movements in the oceans and lakes and are major factors 

in determining lake hydrodynamics. Understanding these 

processes, especially in the nearshore area, will enable 

us to develop models to identify, forecast, and assist in 

managing or mitigating nearshore water quality and natural resource problems. The specific scientific objectives of 

this program are to (1) synthesize the results of research 

on large lake hydrodynamics, biological processes, and 

water chemistry, with emphasis on the nearshore region, 

and apply them to practical problems of coastal environmental management and planning, and (2) sponsor basic 

and applied research into critical coastal environmental 

problems. This program incorporates one major ERL 

Research Task Category: GLERL 02-Nearshore Hydrodynamics. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 02 - Nearshore Hydrodynamics 

Milwaukee harbor and its nearshore environment 

were chosen as a research site under this program in 

1993, because of the outbreak of Cryptosporidium and 

the related human death toll and illnesses in the 

Milwaukee area. The Milwaukee area can also serve 

as a surrogate for other important urbanized coastal 

areas in the Great Lakes. This work has been conducted in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources. 

western Lake Michigan, and a current meter mooring 

was deployed near the NDBC buoy. Three additional 

current meter moorings were deployed across the lake, 

and meteorological data from land stations were 

obtained and archived. 

In FY 95, nearshore (23 m depth) current and 

temperature data were collected from August 1994 to 

November 1995 at two depths. The data show distinct 

seasonal characteristics that impact the cross-shore 

and longshore transport. Ancillary data, e.g. meteorological data from NDBC buoy 45010 and current 

Current Measurements in the Nearshore Area measurements by other investigators and from other 

This project is designed to characterize the threeyears, are being incorporated in the analyses. 

dimensional structure of physical and biological fields Additionally, three current meter moorings on a - in the nearshore region of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and transect between Muskeaon and Milwaukee that had " 

determine the interaction between nearshore and been deployed in May 1994 were retrieved in June 

offshore areas. Last year, a National Data Buoy Center 1995 (Figure 4). The data are in the initial ~rocessina . - " 

(NDBC) buoy was deployed near Milwaukee Harbor in stage. The purpose of the measurements is to attempt 
to estimate cross-shore interaction between nearshore 

and offshore waters, and correlate sediment deposition 

in sequential sediment traps with currents. 

Nearshore Hydrodynamics and Wind Wave Studies 

Surface waves In the Great Lakes are primarily 

generated by wind. As these surface waves propagate 

from the deep water toward the coastal nearshore 

region, decreasing depths and bottom effects influence 

near-bottom orbital motions, modifying the wave 

kinematics, and bringing-on shoaling, refraction, 

diffraction, and breaking in the waves. This leads to the 

inception of longshore and cross-shore currents, and 

thus, nearshore waves decisively affect the transport, 

fates, suspension, and resuspension of coastal sediments and pollutants. 

While oceanic nearshore wave studies have been 

active in recent years, studies of nearshore Great 

Lakes have been conspicuously lacking. The objective 

of this project is to understand and quantify the impact 

of nearshore surface wind waves on the transport, fate, 

suspension, and resuspension of coastal sediments 

and pollutants. 

The resources and focus of this project were 

redirected in 1993 to the Milwaukee area study. In FY 

95, surface wind, wave, and temperature measurements were continued in the nearshore Milwaukee area 

using the NOAA Data Buoy Center instrumented buoy 

45010. These data were collected and added to data 

from previous field years and made available to our 

collaborators at University of Wisconsin for nearshore 

circulation and flow models. 

Figure 5. Location (stars) 

of the three current meter 

moorings on the midlake 

ridge in Lake Michigan, 

1994-95. 

Lake Circulation and Bottom Boundary 

Layer Studies 

This project has been primarily a long-term study of 

the bottom boundary layer in Lake Michigan. It is based 

on measuring bottom currents and sediment resuspension to study the physics of the bottom boundary layer, 

and to relate the frequency of sediment resuspension 

in varying water depths and sediment types to the 

causative forces driving lake circulation. 

In 1993 the continuing work in Lake' Michigan was 

deferred to respond to a Congressional requirement to 

conduct work in Lake Champlain. We established a 

new research activity under this project which is in 

collaboration with local Lake Champlain scientists at 

Vermont's Middlebury College, and is focused on 

determining the circulation and sediment resuspension 

dynamics of Lake Champlain. 

Data on water mass exchange processes between 

the main basin of Lake Champlain and several of its 

sub-basins were collected. In FY 95, data collection in 

the north end of Lake Champlain was completed. All 

field data from 1992-1 994 have been compiled and 

edited. An archive of these data is available from both 

GLERL and Middlebury College. Development of 

models to simulate Lake Champlain's hydrodynamics 

was begun, and several reports are in preparation. 

LAKE MICHIGAN BATHYMETRY IN METERS 

Contour ~nlerml ZQmelers escept In northern end of' 
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH 

Great Lakes and coastal ecosystems are continually 

exposed to various stressors such as increased or decreased nutrient loads, human-induced changes in the 

carbon cycle and climate, and the introduction of toxic 

contaminants. The goal of this program is to help answer 

questions and address issues about the system's biogeochemical response to these stressors. This program 

contains ERL Research Task Category GLERL 07- 

NECOP, and GLERL 08-Biogeochemistry in Lakes and 

Coastal Ecosystems. 

ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 07 - NECOP 

The Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) Program is one of a series of NOAA-wide 

programs dealing with major problems in the coastal 

ocean. The central hypothesis is that increased 

nutrient input from the Mississippi River has led to 

increased productivity, with undesirable consequences 

for the nearshore region of the northern Gulf shelf. 

Retrospective Analysis of Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity in Sediments from the 

Louisiana Continental Shelf 

The objectives of this project are to (1) identify 

areas in the coastal region where sediments with 

coherent geochronologies of approximately 200 years 

can be collected, and (2) examine the selected cores 

for tracers of past water and ecosystem conditions 

(e.g., carbon, nitrogen, diatom frustules, and stable 

isotopes). 

All samples were analyzed this FY and data 

synthesis was begun. Paleo-reconstructions of the 

regional productivity and intensity of hypoxia revealed 

that productivity began to increase in the northern Gulf 

shelf early in the 1950s, coincident with the increase in 

nutrients (nitrogen) from the Mississippi River. It is 

clear that productivity and hypoxialanoxia have a large 

anthropogenic component. Interpretation is continuing 

and further synthesis products will be forthcoming. 

The Fate and Effects of Riverine (and shelf-derived) 

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen on Mississippi River 

PlumelGulf Shelf Processes 

The amount, composition, and biological lability of 

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic 

nitrogen (DON) may be important factors affecting 

productivity in the Mississippi River PlumeIGulf Shelf 

(MRPIGS) region. Specifically, we hypothesized that 

riverine DOC and DON supply a significant portion of 

total heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrients for growth 

in the MRPIGS system. The importance of dissolved 

organic matter (DOM) to microbial growth rates in the 

MRPIGS is being evaluated by (1) characterizing the 

chemical and isotopic composition of DOC and DON in 

the river outflow and offshore stations, and (2) examining the biological reactivity of the DOC and DON. This 

project is being conducted in collaboration with researchers at the University of Texas at Austin. 

In FY 95, sample analysis and data synthesis from 

the last NECOP cruise in July 1993 continued. Significant results from this research include the development 

of a conceptual model that shows different modes of 
cycling for dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen 

components in surface waters of the Mississippi River 

plume. Available organic nitrogen appears to mainly 

cycle rapidly through low molecular weight compounds, 

such as free amino acids, that are rapidly assimilated 

by bacteria for biomass accumulation. In addition to 

this mode observed for low molecular weight organic 

compounds, significant quantities of carbon appear to 

recycle as high molecular weight organic compounds 

with a high C:N ratio that provide energy for bacterial 

respiration. These compounds are labile but do not turn 

over as rapidly as the low molecular weight organic 

nitrogen compounds. These findings give insights 

about processes responsible for the development of 

hypoxia in certain regions of the northem Gulf of 

Mexico. 

A second significant result was the development of 

an experimental index to demonstrate the presence of 

available labile organic carbon in natural waters. This 

index was defined as the fraction of assimilated Amino 

acid-15N that was recovered as 15N-Ammonium 

(ANRA) after addition and incubation of high levels (4 

mM) of I5N-labeled amino acids to sea or lake water. 

ANRA is inversely related to the quantity of available 

labile organic carbon (with a high C:N ratio) because if 

other sources of carbon are available to support 

bacterial respiration, the bacteria are able to incorporate the added amino acids into biomass rather than 

respire them and release the nitrogen as ammonium. 

This index provides a tool to help evaluate organic 

carbon and microbial dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico 

and in other ecosystems such as Saginaw Bay and 

Florida Bay. This ANRA index is being used in our 

studies of all three ecosystems. 

Results on the role of water column nitrification in 

0, depletion-hypoxia production shows that in 

addition to respiration and Fe+Mn oxidation (which is 

small), the oxidation of NH,+ (nitrification) occurs within 

the water column at intermediate salinities in the river 

plume. Measurements showed that up to 50% of the 

oxygen consumed in these mid-salinity waters is 

through nitrification. This reaction is usually confined to 

the sediment-water interface, but production is so high 

that the appropriate microbial communities can survive 

within the water column. This process had not been 

included in our earlier models of 0, depletion since it is 

extremely rare, however it will be critical to include it in 

order to appropriately simulate nutrient cycling and 0, 

depletion. 

Primary Production and Vertical Flux 

of Organic Carbon 

The goal of this project is to determine primary 

production and vertical flux of organic carbon in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Objectives are to (1) characterize 

photoautotrophic community dynamics in relation to 

optical conditions, nutrient inputs, and other aspects of 

the physical and chemical environment, (2) examine 

the relationship between phytoplankton production, 

growth, and biomass and the vertical export of fixed 

carbon from the service waters of the MRPIIGS, and 

(3) develop conceptual and predictive models that 

describe the production and fate of fixed carbon as a 

function of optical conditions, nutrient inputs, and other 

environmental variables. 

Overall, the project has been very successful in 

addressing the specific goals, and 11 papers have 

been published. To summarize, the rates of phytoplankton production and growth in the outfall region 

of Mississippi River are primarily controlled by the 

supply of nitrogen from the river. In general, both 

growth and loss rates are very high in this region. The 

fate of this fixed carbon appears to be primarily controlled by phytoplankton composition. This project has 

been completed. 
ERL Research Task Category: GLERL 08 - Biogeochemistry in Lakes and Coastal Ecosystems 

Environmental Radiotracers 

This research emphasizes the use of radiotracers 

to identify and model fundamental lake/watershed 

transport processes in diverse aquatic systems. 

Objectives of the project are to (1) identify principal 

transport mechanisms in aquatic systems and determine transport scales and rates, (2) investigate and 

quantify sediment depositional and geochemical 

processes, (3) develop geochronological information 

from sediment radionuclide profiles for paleolimnological studies, (4) determine and account for relationships 

between system loadings and sedimentary records of 

tracers, contaminants, and other constituents, and (5) 

apply techniques, insights, and models arising from 

radiotracer studies to specific problems of ecosystem 

dynamics, environmental contamination, and regional 

effects of climate change. There are many sub-projects 

within this project, many of which involve collaboration 

with investigators from other agencies. 

Florida Bay: this project was one of several requiring major efforts in FY 95. This project seeks to 

understand the causes of the degradation of the bay 

that has occurred over the past several decades 

(decline in bird and animal populations, die-back of sea 

grasses and mangroves, and episodes of plankton 

blooms) by assigning dates to sediment layers to 

reconstruct the history of biological and chemical 

changes in the system. In FY 95, additional sediment 

cores were collected, and numerous samples were 

analyzed at the GLERL laboratory for 226Ra. 210Pb data 

generated at the US Geological Survey (USGS) 

Denver laboratory were combined with the GLERL 

results to develop a recent chronology of sediments at 

a key site in the Bay. Chronological models were 

developed and applied to radionuclide profiles. Selected samples of cores were analyzed for lead by 

collaborators at the University of Michigan School of 

Public Health, as the combination of Pb and 2I0Pb 

proved critical for dating recent sediments. 

Lake Michigan Mass Balance Program: another 

major focus this FY has been on the Sedimentation in 

Lake Michigan project, which is part of the EPAsponsored Lake Michigan Mass Balance program. 

Results from this project will provide the basis for 

calibrating EPA-developed mass balance models for 

Lake Michigan and help to determine the history of 

accumulation of biogenic silica, mercury, and other 

contaminants in the lake over the last 100 years. We 

began this year by coring in the lower half of Lake 

Michigan. A total of 19 box cores were collected, 

subcored, and sediment sections isolated for analysis. 

In September, additional box cores were collected at 

31 sites using the EPA vessel, RN LAKE GUARDIAN. 

Preliminary results indicate that changes are required 

in the models to account for differences in radiocesium 

and radiolead profiles, which emphasize horizontal 

redistribution processes over local mixing of sediments. 

Florida Everglades: a third major effort was 

devoted to the use of radionuclides to determine rates 

of soil accretion in the Florida Everglades. This project 

is part of a multi-million dollar project of the South 

Florida Water Management District to re-size vast 

storm treatment areas and calibrate water quality 

models. Samples from 16 cores received from the 

University of Florida were analyzed for 137Cs. Additionally, selected samples were analyzed for 210Pb. We 

determined that the predictions of the regional loading 

of radiocesium were developed based on incomplete 

records of fallout to the Miami area. Vertical sediment 

transport models were adapted to account for 137Cs in 

terms of advection and diffusive migration of 137Cs 

through pore fluids. 

Terrace Reservoir, Colorado: the objectives of this 

sub-project are to determine the history of contamination of the Terrace Reservoir and establish sediment 
transport parameters for modeling mining residues. 

This year, three sediment cores from the lake were 

analyzed for 13'Cs and *lOPb. Preliminary application 

of vertical sediment transport models indicates 

changes over time consistent with the history of 

upstream mine tailing operations. This project is in 

collaboration with the USGS. 

Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho: work on this project 

has been completed. Coeur D'Alene Lake suffers from 

widespread and severe heavy metal contamination of 

its bottom sediments. Under this project, GLERL was 

able to develop a history of contamination, extracted 

from sediment cores with well established geochronologies, which shows that the onset and subsequent 

record of sediment contamination, is consistent with the 

history of mining activities in the drainage basin. This 

project is in collaboration with the USGS. 

Carbon Biogeochemistry in Lakes and 

Coastal Ecosystems 

This project focuses on processes regulating the 

major biogeochemical cycles and fluxes in lakes and 

coastal ecosystems, with an emphasis on carbon. 

Carbon is central to many of the perceived issues 

related to the impact of humans on the environment. 

The GLERL Climate Change and Variability, Aquatic 

Contaminants, and Ecosystem Dynamics Programs will 

all be affected by ongoing changes in the carbon cycle. 

It is generally agreed that climate change is driven by 

increasing atmospheric concentrations of certain 

gases, especially CO, and CH,. In addition to potentially altering global and local climates, the CO, increase will have a major impact on the carbon 

geochemistry of the Great Lakes, such as the elimination of annual CaCO, precipitation from the water 

column, which will impact trace contaminant removal, 

primary productivity, and zooplankton grazing. The 

long-term goal of this research is the development of a 

hierarchy of calibrated numerical models of processes 

regulating the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the 

Great Lakes, with subsequent applications to coastal 

ecosystems. In order to accomplish this, we need to 

better understand important processes that affect the 

biogeochemical cycle of carbon, including CO, gas 

exchange, remineralization of organic carbon, forrnation of CaCO,, vertical flux of carbon species, dissolution rate of CaCO,, remineralization of carbon in 

sediments, and transport across the sediment water 

interface. 

Lake Michigan: In FY 95, sequencing sediment trap 

samples and net plankton from GLERL's 100 m deep 

monitoring station off Grand Haven were analyzed for 

carbon and nitrogen isotopes. There is a large seasonal pattern in both isotopes, probably due to nutrient 

depletion and productivity (Figure 4). We need to 

quantify these patterns in order to improve our paleoreconstructions from isotopic and other information in 

sediment cores. 

Green Bay, Wisconsin: Seven cruises were completed in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, to study the airwater exchange of CO, and CH,. Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon and isotopic composition were 

collected. These data are required for a Green Bay 

carbon model. This activity is supported by the Wisconsin Sea Grant Program and is conducted in collaboration with academic scientists and students at the 

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and Michigan State 

University. 

Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: With the assistance 

of the USFWS, we successfully deployed three arrays 

of our 4" diameter single-sample sediment traps in 

Yellowstone Lake in June 1995. In mid-September, we 

successfully retrieved these traps and deployed two 

sequencing sediment traps for a whole year of collection. Our primary interest is in particle mass fluxes, and 

nutrient and carbon cycling. However, this lake is also 

responding to a major nonindigenous specie, lake trout, 

which is expected to have a major impact on the lake's 

ecology and also affect the fish-eating birds within the 

park. The trout were first found in 1994, and subsequent surveys have identified 3 year-classes going 

back to 1991. The available habitat and prey in Yellow- 
Lake Michigan, 1993-94 

-22 , 0 I 

l& Station 

35m trap 

Plankton 

lipid-free Plankton 

I 

-32 I I I I 1 I I I I I 

May Aug Nov Feb May Aug 

Date 

Figure 6. Carbon isotope distribution for sediment trap and net plankton in Lake Michigan. 

The measured isotopic distribution measured in traps and net samples provide considerable 

information on the annual cycle of this element in the lake. In spring, when the lake is wellmixed, the trap samples are a mixture of plankton and, isotopically heavy, resuspended 

sediments. After stratification, the trap carbon is the same as net plankton for one 16-day 

collection interval; this is the period of tight pelagic-benthic coupling. Grazing pressure from 

zooplankton has not caught up with the spring bloom of diatoms that settle rapidly to the 

bottom and supply the benthos with a rich source of food. Subsequent trap samples (at 35 m) 

from the stratifed period are significantly heavier than net plankton; little of the isotopically 

light plankton lipids survive the bacterial oxidation in the epilimnion. After stratification breaks 

down, the traps re-acquire the isotopic composition of resuspended sediment. 

stone Lake are considered excellent, and the invading 

lake trout are now predicted to become the major top 

predator, replacing, and virtually eliminating, the 

present cutthroat trout. The data collected will provide 

information of the lake's status very early in this 

process. This activity is conducted under the National 

Undersea Research Program (NURP) and Wisconsin 

Sea Grant funding in collaboration with academic 

scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 

g organisms and is an 

ecosystems. Nitrogen is 

osystems and occurs in 

several forms in the sediments, water, and the atmosphere. Nitrogen transformations are often biologically 

mediated in aquatic ecosystems. The forms, fluxes, 

and transformation rates of nitrogen compounds 

therefore reflect organism and ecosystem dynamics in 

freshwater and marine environments. 

Although nitrogen biogeochemistry is a crucial part 

of aquatic ecosystem dynamics, our understanding of 

nitrogen cycling in fresh water and marine systems is 

incomplete, in part because methodology is often 

inadequate to efficiently determine nitrogen forms and 

transformation rates. In contrast to carbon and phosphorus, nitrogen does not have radioactive forms (with 

sufficient half lives) that can be used for tracer studies. 

Nitrogen transformations are usually similar in fresh 

and salt water environments, but some important 
- - - - 

differences have been observed. Understanding the 

reason(s) for such differences may provide a basis for 

management practices that would minimize the effects 

of nitrogen enrichment in marine coastal waters. 

Comparative studies of nitrogen dynamics in fresh and 

salt water systems will provide insights on similarities 

and differences between the two systems and should 

improve our understanding of nitrogen dynamics in 

both systems. 

Great Lakes: In FY 95, comprehensive experimental data on seasonal natural abundances of nitrogen 

isotopes and on nitrogen cycling rates through the 

various organic and inorganic pools were collected in 

Lake Michigan to determine rates and mechanisms of 

pelagic nitrogen cycling. These experiments will 

provide one of the most comprehensive data sets of Ncycling in a freshwater ecosystem. Significant results to 

date show (1) significant amounts of recycled ammonium are nitrified rather than directly taken up by 

phytoplankton, and (2) large shifts are observed in the 

isotopic composition of DON. These results imply that, 

contrary to previous beliefs, the DON pool can have a 

relatively high turnover rate in surface waters. Nitrogen 

sample preparation techniques for mass spectrometry, 

that were adapted or developed in this investigation, 

are currently being incorporated into GLERL's samplepreparation protocols. 

Laboratory experiments on water collected from 

Old Woman Creek, Lake Erie, and Saginaw Bay, Lake 

Huron, have shown the first evidence for a cascading 

trophic effect on nitrification (Figure 5). These experiments demonstrated that grazing of bacteria by 

heterotrophic protozoa, which are, in turn, grazed by 

larger zooplankton or filtered by zebra mussels, can 

have an important effect on nitrification rates in the 

water column. This result is significant because 

nitrification is a globally important process and mechanisms controlling it in different ecosystems are not 

completely understood. Biotic trophic effects as a 

mechanism controlling nitrification have not been 

considered before in limnology or oceanography. 

Florida Bay: Following up on our August 1994 trip 

to Florida Bay, a second field trip was taken during 

February-March 1995 to examine (1) nutrient-limitation 

of phytoplankton and bacteria, (2) sediment-water 

nutrient fluxes and oxygen demand, (3) water-column 

nutrient transformations, and (4) lower food web 

20 ,- 20 

15- 

-* 1. NO, +NO,. , -15 

Figure 7. Dynamics of ammonium (solid line with 

dots), nitrates (dashed line with squares), and 

biomass of protists (open bars=flagellates, striped 

bars=ciliates) in Experiment I. (A) In the bottle with 

unfiltered Saginaw Bay water, (6) in the bottle with 

53-micron filtered Saginaw Bay water, and (C) in 

duplicate bottles with unfiltered Old Woman Creek 

water (+/- SE). The figure demonstrates that as the lW biomass of protists declined due to zooplankton 

grazing, nitrification increased due to diminished 

protists grazing on nitrifying bacteria. 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 

Days 
abundance and composition in selected regions of 

Florida Bay. Detailed bottle and sediment-chamber 

experiments were conducted on an east-west transect 

of northem-bay stations (near Duck, Rankin, and 

Murray Keys), and at a more central station (near 

Rabbit Key). Seston nutrient composition, dissolved 

nutrient levels, and lower food web organisms were 

examined at a total of 12 stations. 

The severity and spatial distribution of phytoplankton nutrient-limitation were assessed by measuring 

suspended and dissolved nutrient concentrations and 

ratios and by conducting nutrient enrichment experiments. 

Preliminary results from these experiments show 

that the degree of phytoplankton P-limitation in Florida 

Bay decreases from east to west where N becomes a 

co-limiting nutrient. Internal nutrient cycling in the 

water, as well as at the sediment-water interface, is a 

very important supply mechanism for available nutrients. Bacterial uptake accounts for a large fraction of 

water column phosphorus demand. The microbial food 

web plays a fundamental role in both nutrient cycling 

and lower food web dynamics and is an important 

indicator of water quality degradation and food web 

changes in the bay. 
FACILITIES 

GLERL's Ann Arbor research facility contains 17 

laboratories equipped with general and specialized laboratory equipment including a stable isotope mass spectrometer (SIMS), a fully equipped radiotracer laboratory, 

several gas chromatographs and liquid scintillation counters, a high pressure liquid chromatography system, a 

multi-channel Coulter Counter, growth chambers and 

incubators, stereo and inverted microscopes, and a fully 

equipped multi-purpose epifluorescence microscope. 

GLERL also has high speed micro-cinematography equip 

ment located in a temperature-controlled environmental 

chamber that is maintained for conducting experiments 

and growing biological cultures at low temperatures. 

GLERL's Lake Michigan Field Station, located in 

Muskegon, includes three buildings and research vessel 

dockage. One building contains a research laboratory, 

offices, and research storage. One scientist conducts 

biological research on-site. 

Local Area Network 

network consists of 

VAXs, 10 UNlXlRlS ions, 6 Macs, and about 

80 PCs connected via et . The LAN is connected to 

the Internet via MichNet. 

Avariety of scientific applications, including real-time 

and near real-time data acquisition, data reduction, graphical display, image processing, statistical and mathematical analysis, etc., are accessed by GLERL personnel and 

collaborators. 

GLERL is the Great Lakes Redistribution Node of the 

National Ocean Communication Network (NOCN) and 

makes satellite imagery available to government, private, 

and academic users throughout the Great Lakes region. 

GLERL is also a partner in the Great Lakes Commission's 

Great Lakes Information Network (GLIN). 

n supports the 

laboratory's resea lection reflects an 

emphasis on freshwate particularily in the Great 

Lakes basin. Cu 6,269 periodical 

volumes, 8,655 bookltechnical report volumes, and 233 

dissertation volumes in subject areas of climatology, 

contaminant organics, hydraulics, hydrology, ice, limnology, mathematical models, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, sediments, and wave motion. The library currently receives 213 subscription titles. Books dating from 

1980 onward, as well as many earlier books, are included 

in the online union catalog by the Online Computer Library 

Center, Inc. (OCLC). These books are also reflected in the 

NOAA Library Catalog available via remote online access, commercial CD-ROM, and the library's public access catalog workstation. Interactive searches may be 

made of library records using Boolean search options and 

displays in various formats. GLERL library facilities are 
open to the public during normal business hours. 

During FY 95, the library expanded services with 

the addition of four new CD-ROM databases making a 

total of 29 titles supporting bibliographic and reference 

needs. The public services area was also enhanced 

with numerous new resources on the internet. 

Future plans include the addition of a read only 

version of the PC-based databases used for reprints 

and dissertations to facilitate access by library users. 

The library staff also hope to have lnternet access to a 

newly implemented NOAA libraries catalog that will 

include the GLERL library holdings. 

The GLERL library is a member of the Michigan 

Library Consortium (MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston 

Library Network (WLLN), Federal Library and Infonnation Network (FEDLINK), NOAA Library and Information Network (NLIN), and the Online Computer Library 

Center (OCLC). 

Information Se blications Unit 

The Publicatio ditorial and publications support to th epares and distributes GLERL publicati s to publications and 

information requests fro public, and produces reports, brochures, and displays concerning GLERL's work. 

Research results published during FY 95 include 72 

scientific publications; 60formal presentations weregiven. 

Requests for information this fiscal year were received 

from universities, schools, media, federal, state, and local 

government agencies as well as from private citizens in 

the U.S. and 49 foreign - countries. 

The establishment of GLERL's home page on the 

WWW (www.glerl.noaa.gov) has created an excellent 

avenue for dissemination of our research products. Many 

increase as conversion continues on past, current, and 

future products. The number of items sent to requestors 

using both the lnternet and traditional methods totalled 

42,532. 

h Vessel SHENERL. The SHENEigan Field Station in 

Muskegon, MI and 

of GLERL's field operations. The SHENEHON was built 

in 1953. It is 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot mean draft, a 

700-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 10-knot cruising 

speed. Navigational equipment includes a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, GPS and two LORAN-C 

positioning systems, Sperry Auto Pilot, and a Raytheon 

Depth Sounder. An electro-hydraulic articulated crane is 

used for deployment and retrieval of water and bottom 

sediment samplers and heavy instrument moorings. Electrohydraulic winches handle hydrographic wire and multiconductor cable for sample casts and in situ measurements. An on-board wet laboratory is available for on-site 

experiments and sample processing. 

Two small boats are used as auxiliary research 

platforms. A 23-foot Monark workboat, the Remorse, is 

outfitted as a research launch with navigational and 

safety equipment and an electric winch and crane. A 

SeaArk workboat, the CYCLOPS, is 28.5 feet in length, 

including a 2.5 foot deck extension, and is used primarily 

forthe Non-Indigenous Species Program in Saginaw Bay 

and in Lake St. Clair. 

During FY 95, cruises were made in Lake Michigan, 

Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the Straits of 

Mackinac, and in Saginaw Bay. 

complete publications have been added as well as a 

complete history of GLERL publication abstracts, cover- Marine lnstrume oratory. Our engineering the years 1974-1995. Additionally, several NOAA ing and technical d maintain scientific 

Technical Memorandum and Data Reports have been equipment and esign and develop 

converted and placed on the WWW. The number of equipmentto collect reat Lakes. They work 

GLERL products available on the WWW will continue to 
--- 

closely with GLERL researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible with their needs. They also participate in field experiments by providing support for the 

deployment and retrieval of field equipment, assistance 

with the collection of samples and data, and in-field 

maintenance or repair of equipment. 

In FY 95, MOlL staff began the design of an automated water sampling system for deployment in Lake 

Michigan and a control system for an underwater video 

microscope. A major re-design of a wave measurement 

buoy data collection system was tested and deployed. 

MOlL members also prepared equipment for use 

throughout Lake Michigan in support of the EPA LMMB 

project, in Saginaw Bay in support of zebra mussel 

research, and in Lake Champlain hydrodynamic 

studies. GPS drifter buoys were prepared for deployment in Lake Huron's Thunder Bay in support of 

investigations on bay currents and zebra mussels. Also 

in support of the Thunder Bay effort, a meteorological 

station was installed to provide real-time weather data 

through the GOES satellite system. 

Geographic Information System Laboratory 

The development of GLERL's GIs laboratory was 

initiated in the fall of 1992. The laboratory is composed of 

commercial GIs and relational data base software resident on a UNlX workstation, 10 GB of external disk 

storage, a high accuracy digitizer, a color thermal wax 

transfer printer, and a CD-ROM drive. A full-time GIs 

specialist operates the system. 
OUTREACH 

The GLERL mission includes the development of 

environmental information, data, and service tools for 

users in government, academia, and private organizations. Staff participation on boards, commissions, task 

forces, and committees helps to identify environmental 

information needed by our users and to guide our research focus and the development of usable products. 

GLERL has regular interactions with dozens of 

organizations and collaborates with scientists and 

managers from a variety of research institutions and 

agencies. Following is a list some of these partnerships and collaborations: 

+ NOMNational Research Council (NRC)/Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program - GLERL hosts 

one ortwo NRC post-doctoral researchers each year, 

usually for 2 years. 

+ Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER) - this institute promotes 

collaborative research between GLERL scientists 

and academic scientists from throughout the 

Nation, but primarily from the Great Lakes basin, 

addressing a wide variety of topics. 

+ International Joint Commission (IJC) - GLERL staff 

actively participate on boards and committees of 

this policy recommending bi-national commission 

with oversight of Great Lakes water quantity, lake 

levels, water quality, and ecosystem issues for 

both the US and Canada. 

+ U.S. EPA - since the mid-1980s the EPA Great 

Lakes National Program Oftice, the EPA Large 

Lakes Research Station, and the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Duluth, MN have 

worked closely with GLERL scientists to plan, 

conduct, andlor participate in major multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary research programs, such 

as the Upper Connecting Channels Study, the 

Green Bay Mass Balance Program, the Lake 

Michigan Mass Balance Program, and EMAP. 

+ Great Lakes Commission - this eight-state compact 

organization represents the interests of the eight 

Great Lakes states and is a leader in evaluating 

and promoting environmental and economic policy 

in the Great Lakes basin. GLERL scientists work 

closely with Commission staff to provide scientific 

expertise and advice on a variety of environmental 

and policy issues, and serve on several task forces 

and panels sponsored by the Commission. 

+ USGS - GLERL's radionuclide geochemistry and 

retrospective analysis expertise is the basis for 

several important collaborations with scientists at 

the USGS, including sediment-derived environmental chronologies related to Florida Bay, the Everglades, the record Midwest floods of 1993, and 

several contaminated lake sites. 

+ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - GLERL's roots go 

back to the Corps of Engineers, and close ties have 

been maintained with the Corps for the entire 22 

year history of GLERL. In particular, GLERL 
hydrologists and physical limnologists interact with + GLERL was represented at several community 

Corps staff concerning Great Lakes water levels, environmental awareness functions. 

river flow models, and general lake circulation. + GLERL staff participated as judges in science fair. 

+ U.S. Coast Guard - the Coast Guard often provides + One GLERL employee served as a contact and 

field support (ships and aircraft of opportunity) for mentor to a group of high school science students. 

GLEN research projects! and GLERL provides + Several GLERL staff assisted local elementary 

scientific expertise, information, products, and school students and staff in the installation and 

advice concerning Great Lakes environmental configuration of a digital weather instrument system. 

topics, including trajectory models used for spill Students are chosen on a daily basis to read the 

response, and search and rescue, ice forecasts instruments (air temperature, relative humidity, wind 

and historical ice cover data, and various environ- speed and direction) and make a weather report over 

mental regulatory issues facing the Coast Guard. the school PA system. 

+ Various academic institutions - in addition to + GLERL scientists provided assistance to students as 

research interactions conducted through our they began a "Future Cities" project. The project 

cooperative institute (CILER), GLERL scientists challenged the students to design a city for the 

regularly collaborate with colleagues at several future, taking into account limited natural resources 

major academic institutions, including the Univer- and population increases. The students focused on 

sity of Wisconsin, Ohio State University, and Kent building an underwater city and elicited the expertise 

State University. of GLERL scientists to help make their project 

GLERL outreach the form of presents- successful. The students placed first at the regional 

tions, and transfers of information, data, and technology. and at the 

in Washington, DC. 

GLERL and Great Lakes Education + Provided materials for a Great Lakes Environmental 

in keeping with N~~~ desire to better inform the Educators Workshop sponsored by Ohio Sea Grant. 

public of its research activities, GLERL is involved in a + Participated as a judge for the Women in Science 

number of Great Lakes community education pro- and Engineering Conference in Washington, DC. 

grams. In FY 95: 

+ GLERCs Lake Michigan Field Station in Muskegon Lakewatch 

held an Open House from August 25-27. The theme 

for this event was "Lake Michigan Science Partners 

'95 -Working Together to Keep our Lake Great" 

emphasizing cooperation among government, 

education, and the public in managing the Lake 

Michigan ecosystem. The event featured displays, 

exhibits, and demonstrations and was attended by 

approximately 500 visitors throughout the weekend. 

GLERL's lead scientist at the Lake Michigan Field 

Station developed and coordinates a citizen volunteer 

sampling program on White and Muskegon Lakes. 

Both of these lakes are Great Lakes Areas of Concern 

(AOC). These volunteers measure and monitor water 

quality and will help the advisory councils make informed decisions on how to improve and protect the 

lakes. 

+ GLERL staff made presentations concerning the 

Great Lakes and GLERL programs at area schools Partners for Excellence 

and gave several tours of our facility to interested GLERL continues its involvement with the Science 

students and teachers. Department of the Ann Arbor Public Schools' Partners 
for Excellence Program. This program seeks to enrich 

the schools' curriculum in the area of environmental 

science, particularly with respect to the Great Lakes 

and aquatic sciences. Partnership activities include: 

+ providing mentors to help students with science fair 

projects. 

+ providing practical "hands-onn experience to promising science-oriented students via participation in a 

Student Volunteer Program. 

+ providing information on careers in environmental 

science and acting as consultants for the science 

curriculum. 

+ inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored 

seminars. 

Student Volunteer Program 

GLERL and the Ann Arbor Public Schools established a Student Volunteer Program authorized by the 

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-454). 

This program provides selected high school students 

with the opportunity to perform volunteer work at 

GLERL after school. 

Great Lakes Education Kit 

The Publications Unit has compiled and is continually updating a kit composed of materials for teachers 

who wish to integrate Great Lakes education into their 

curriculum. The kit is available on a loan basis. Contact 

the Publications Unit for more information 313-741- 

2262. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

In conjunction with the 35th Annual Southeast 

Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored 

awards for outstanding projects in aquatic science in 

each of the Science Fair divisions: Senior Projects, 

Junior Projects, and Junior Models and Collections. 

GLERL staff (T. Croley II, T. Hunter, D. Lee, D. 

Schwab, H. Vanderploeg, J. Saylor, and A. Beeton) 

acted as general science fair judges and also as 

judges for the GLERL award in the Southeast Michigan 

Science Fair. 

Satellite Technology Education Program (STEP) 

This program was coordinated and implemented 

by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan 

(ERIM). It is a NASA and NOAA program to introduce 

and use satellite images and data in the K-12 classroom. GLERL participates by providing Coastwatch 

data and products. 

Take A Girl to Work Day 

Each year, girls are invited to spend the day at 

GLERL observing and working with several GLERL 

employees. The girls have hands-on learning in many 

areas, such as statistics, the GIs, collecting and testing 

water samples, labelling sample containers, grinding 

sediment samples, and digitizing zebra mussels. They 

are given presentations, a lab tour, a special lunch, 

and a certificate for their participation in the program. 

SEMINARS 

The following seminars 

were presented at 

GLERL during FY 95: 

Lake Maracaibo: Current status of cleanup. 

Lenin Herrera, lnstitute for the Control and Conservation of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, February 17, 1995. 

The environmental status of Laguna de Bay. 

Dr. Zenaida Batac Catalan, lnstitute of Environmental 

Science and Management, University of the Philippines. June 20, 1995. 

Carbon and phosphorus recycling and retention in the 

plankton ecosystems of Lake Erie. 

Rochelle Sturtevant, Water Research Institute, Kent 

State University. June 7, 1995. 

Interaction between groundwater and lakes. 

Dr. lgor Zektser, Water Problems Instiiute, Russian 

Academy of Sciences. May 23,1995. 

Groundwater pollution. 

Dr. Jozef Kryza, Wroclaw University, lnstitute of 

Geological Sciences, Poland. May 26, 1995. 

Ribosomal RNA-based probes reveal archaea in 

bacterioplankton from the North American Great Lakes. 

Dr. Randall E. Hicks, Dept. of Biology, University of 

Minnesota, Duluth. May 19, 1995. 

High-resolution quaternary sequence stratigraphy of 

the Virginia inner shelf and coastal zone. 

Anthony Foyle, Old Dominion University. March 30, 

1995. 

Turbulence and mixing in Lake Geneva. 

Dr. Shuimin Zhang, Suisse Federal lnstitute of Technology. May 9, 1995. 

Regional aquifer systems analysis. 

Norman Grannemann, USGS, Lansing, MI. May 12, 

1995. 

Effect of contaminated sediments on invertebrates. 

Dr. Jan Ciborowski, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 

December 14,1994. 

Estimating net community oxygen production by 

modeling and data assimilation of dissolved gases. 

Dr. Rebecca R. Schudlich, School of Oceanography, 

Univ. of Washington. December 20, 1994. 

Lake circulation model studies. 

Dr. Dmitry Beletsky, lnstitute for Lake Research, St. 

Petersburg, Russia. December 15,1994. 

Dynamics of the Great Salt Lake: Climatic connections, 

system identification, predictability, and forecasting. 

Dr. Upmanu Lall, Utah Water Research Laboratory. 

February 24,1995. 

Impact of zebra mussel activity on water quality of the 

Seneca River, New York. 

Dr. Ray Canale, Dept. of Civil and Environmental 

Engineering, University of Michigan. January 25, 1995. 

Nutritionally deficient resources and balanced diets for 

zooplankton. 

Dr. William R. DeMott, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

Indiana University, Purdue University. March 16,1995. 
STAFF -- FY 95 

Office of the Director 

Beeton, A.M. - Director 

Williams, R.S. - Secretary 

lnformation Services/Publications 

Darnell, C.M. - Head 

Reid, D.F. - Asst. to Director (Acting) 

Kulpanowski, K.A.- Certified Industrial Hygienist 

Quigley, M.A. - Ecologist Administrative Services 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, E.K. 

Mull, R.C. 

Computer and lnformation 

Systems Group 

Spalding, G.E. - Head Library Facility 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Del Proposto, D.J. Threm, S.M. 

Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Lefevre, J.T. 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Landrum, P.F. - Head 

Fohey, J.A. - Secretary 

Bootsma, H.N 

Cavaletto, J.F. 

DeLaSierra, R.U.C 

DelRosario, R.C 

Eadie, B.J. 

Emmert, G. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. 

Fang, A. (vO'umw) 

Fanslow, D.L. 

Faust, W.R. 

Gardner, W.S. 

Gluck, A.A.C 

Gossiaux, D.C. 

Gostenik, G.W.C 

Harkey, G.A.C 

Hartson, D.J.C 

Hsieh, J.L.C 

Johengen, T.H.C 

Johnson, J.R.C 

Kane-Driscoll, S.' 

Krause, A.E.= 

Kumar, J. (voIu~~"~) 

Lamb, R.C 

Lang, C.A. 

Lansing, M.B. 

Liebig, J.R. 

Morehead, N.R. 

Nalepa, T.F. 

Nelson, AS.* 

Rigterink, D. 'hi* school intern) 

Robbins, J.A. 

Rood, R.W.C 

Siedel, ~>wmmer intern) 

Stone, R.C 

Tigue, 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 

VanHoof, P.A. 

Vincent, P.C 

Wang, H.W.C 

Weisenfluh, 

Wilcoxin, S.E. (vO1untw) 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo, H.K. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Bell, G.L. 

Lane, J.C. R/V SHENEHON 

Lee, J.P. Burns, W.R. 

Miller, T.C. Grimes, J.E. 

Muzzi, R.W. Morse, D.V. 

Ruberg, S.A. 

Shrum, A.F. 

Physical Sciences Division 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Wrenn, B.S. - Secretary 

Assel, R.A. 

Beletsky, D.C Lofgren, B.M.C 

B levins, R.'vO1unter) McCormick, M.J. 

Clites, A.H. Meyer, D.E.C 

Croley, T.E., II Miller, G.S. 

Havens, W.C Muhr, G.C. 

Hawley, N. Norton, D.C. 

Hibner, B.A.C Nowak, B.C 

Hufnagel, J.A.C O'Connor, W.P.C 

Hunter, T.S. Saylor, J.H. 

Lee, C.C Schwab, D.J. 

Lee, D.H. Sellinger, C.E. 

Leshkevich, G.A. Winkelman, A.C 

Liu, P.C{ 

* - lndicates WAE Employee 

= - Indicates Co-op Employee 

- Indicates NRC Fellow 

- Indicates ClLER Employee 
FY 95 PUBLICATIONS 

ASSEL, R.A. Long term trends in Laurentian Great Lakes 

ice cover. GLERL Open File Report, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 5 pp. (1994). 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes Ice Cover Studies. NOAA, Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

4 pp. (1995). 

ASSEL, R.A., T.E. CROLEY, and K. Schneider. Computer 

visualization of long-term average Great Lakes temperature 

and ice cover. Journal of Great Lakes Research 20(4):771- 

782 (1994). 

ASSEL, R.A., and D.M. Robertson. Changes in winter air 

temperatures near Lake Michigan, 185 1 - 1993, as determined 

from regional lake-ice records. Limnology and Oceanography 40(1):165-176 (1995). 

ASSEL, R.A., C.E. SELLINGER, D.E. MEYER, and R.N. 

KELLEY. Great Lakes states monthly precipitation data - 

beginning of record to 1990. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-86, Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI ((NTIS # not yet available)) 39 

pp. (1995). 

Atwood, D.K., A. BRATKOVICH, M. Gallagher, and G.L. 

Hitchcock. Introduction to the dedicated issue. Estuaries 

17(4):729-73 1 (1994). 

Bedford, K.W., and D.J. SCHWAB. The Great Lakes 

Forecasting System: An overview. Proceedings, 1994 

Hydraulic Engineering Conference, C.V. Cotroneo and R.R. 

Rumer (eds.), Buffalo, NY, August 1-5, 1994. American 

Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 197-201 (1994). 

BEETON, A.M. Lakes and Ponds. In Encyclopedia of the 

Environment, R.A. Eblen and W.R. Eblen (eds.). Houghton 

Mifflin Company, Boston, MA, 394-395 (1994). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W., S.P. Dinnel, and D. Goolsby. 

Variability and prediction of freshwater and nitrate fluxes for 

the Louisiana-Texas Shelf: Mississippi and Atchafalaya 

River source functions. Estuaries 17(4):766-778 (1994). 

Bruner, K.A., S. W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. The role of 

the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in contaminant 

cycling: I. The effect of body size and lipid content on the 

bioconcentration of PCBs and PAHs. Jouml of Great Lakes 

Research 20(4):725-734 (1994). 

Bnmer, K.A., S. W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. The role of 

the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in contaminant 

cycling: 11. Zebra mussel contaminant accumulation from 

algae and suspended particles, and transfer to the benthic 

invertebrate, Gammarus farciatus. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 20(4):735-750 (1994). 

Crecelius, E., B. Lasora, L. Lefkovits, P.F. LANDRUM, and 

B. Barrick. Chapter 5: Chemical Analyses. In Assessment 

and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) 

Program: Assessment Guidance Document, Great Lakes 

National Program Office, Environmental Protection Agency, 

Chicago, IL, EPA 905-B94-002,69-85 (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E.11. Hydrological impacts of climate change 

on the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Trends in Hydrology, 

Research Trends, The Council of Scientific Research 

Integration, Trivandrum, India, 1-25 (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E.11. GLERL Water Resources Research 

Program. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 4 pp. (1995). 

CROLEY, T.E.II. Laurentian Great Lakes dynamics, 

climate, and response to change. In The Role of Water and 

the Hydrological Cycle in Global Change, H.R. Oliver, and 

S. A. Oliver (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, 253-296 

(1995). 

CROLEY, T.E.11, D.H. LEE, and B. LOFGREN. GLERL 

Hydrological Modeling. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 4 pp. (1995). 

CROLEY, T.E.11, D.H. LEE, B . LOFGREN, and F.H. 

QUINN. Great Lakes Water Resources Forecasting. NOAA, 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann 

Arbor, MI, 4 pp. (1995). 

CROLEY, T.E.11, and F.H. QUINN. Climate Transposition 

in the Great Lakes. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 4 pp. (1995). 

CROLEY, T.E.II, F.H. QUINN, K. Kunkel, and S. Changnon. Potential Great Lakes hydrology and lake level impacts 

resulting from global warming. Sixth Symposium on Global 

Change Studies, Dallas, TX, January 15-20, 1995. American 

Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 67-72 (1995). 

*Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. 0 
Dinnel, S .P., T. Whitledge, A.W. BRATKOVICH, and B .H. 

Jones. Buoyancy and nutrient exchange in the Mississippi 

River outflow region. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity Synthesis Workshop, Baton 

Rouge, LA, April 26-27, 1994. Louisiana Sea Grant, Baton 

Rouge, LA, 28-33 (1995). 

EADIE, B.J., R. Amon, R. Benner, J.F. CAVALElTO, J.B. 

Cotner, W.S. GARDNER, M.B. LANSING, and D. Pakulski. 

Qrganic matter decomposition, nitrogen recycling, and 

oxygen consumption in the Mississippi River plume/Gulf 

Shelf region. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity Synthesis Workshop, Baton Rouge, LA, April 

26-27, 1994. Louisiana Sea Grant, Baton Rouge, LA, 40-45 

(1995). 

EADIE, B.J., B.A. McKee, M.B. LANSING, J.A. ROBBINS, S. Metz, and J.H. Trefry. Records of nutrient-enhanced coastal ocean productivity in sediments from the 

Louisiana continental shelf. Estuaries 17(4):754-765 (1994). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., M.J. McCORMICK, G.A. LANG, 

D.G. Redalje, S.E. Lohrenz, M. MARKOWI'TZ, B. WAGONER, and H.J. CARRICK. Taxon-specific growth and loss 

rates for dominant phytoplankton populations from the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 

117:229-239 (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. FY 1994 Yearly Report. C.M. Darnel1 and 

D.F. Reid (eds.). NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 49 pp. (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. The Luke St. Clair Problem. NOAA, Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

2 pp. (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Nearshore Hydrodynamics - 1995 

Update. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 3 pp. (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Environmental Stewardship and Natural 

Resource Management - Contributions by NOAA's Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory - A Synopsis. 

NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 2 pp. (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. NOAA 's Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Information Sheet. NOAA, Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

2 pp. (1995). 

Fox, R., P.F. LANDRUM, and L. McCrone. Chapter 1: GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

Introduction. In Assessment and Remediation of Contami- LABORATORY. Cargo Sweeping on the Great Lukes: 

nated Sediments (ARCS) Program: Assessment Guidance Balancing Environmental Protection, Safety, and EconomDocument, EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, ics. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboraChicago, IL, EPA 905-B94-002, 1-9 (1994). tory, Ann Arbor, MI, 2 pp. (1995). 

GARDNER, W.S., R. Benner, G. Chin-Leo, J.B. COTNER, GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

B.J. EADIE, J.F. CAVALETTO, and M.B. LANSING. LABORATORY. The Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting 

Mineralization of organic material and bacterial dynamics in System -A Coastal Prediction Tool. NOAA, Great Lakes 

Mississippi River plume water. Estuaries 17(4):816-828 Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 2 pp. 

(1994). (1995). 

GARDNER, W.S., H.A. BOOTSMA, C. Evans, and P.A. St. 

John. Improved chromatographic analysis of 15~:14~ ratios 

in ammonium or nitrate for isotope addition experiments. 

Marine Chemistry 48:271-282 (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. FY 1993 Yearly Report. C.M. Darnel1 and 

D.F. Reid, (eds ). Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 50 pp. (1994). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Publications by the staff of the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. C.M. Darnell (4.). 

NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 94 pp. (1995). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. The Saginaw Bay National Watershed 

Initiative: Participation and Contributions of NOAA 's Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. NOAA, Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 

2 pp. (1995). 

HARKEY, G.A., P.L. VAN HOOF, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a 

historically contaminated sediment core. Environmental 

Toxicobgy and Chemistry 14(9): 155 1-1560 (1995). 

HAWLEY, N., and B.M. Lesht. Does local resuspension 

maintain the benthic nepheloid layer in southeastern Lake 

Michigan? Journul of Sedimentary Research A65(1):69-76 

(1995). 
Holcombe, T.L., D.F. REID, and D.L. Davins. New bathymetry of the Great Lakes being compiled as part of NOAA's 

Great Lakes data rescue effort. Earth System Monitor : 10- 1 1 

(1995). 

Horowitz, A.J., K.A. Elrick, J.A. ROBBINS, and R.B. Cook. 

A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on 

the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur 

d'Alene, Idaho, USA. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 

52: 135-144 (1995). 

Horowitz, A.J., K.A. Elrick, J.A. ROBBINS, and R.B. Cook. 

Effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace 

element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA - 

Part D[: Subsurface sediments. Hydrological Processes 9:35- 

54 (1995). 

Kelley, J.G., C.J. Yen, J.S. Hobgood, D.J. SCHWAB, and 

K.W. Bedford. Short-term forecasts for Lake Erie. Proceedings, 1994 Hydraulic Engineering Conference, G.V. 

Cotroneo and R.R. Rumer (eds.), Buffalo, NY. August 1-5, 

1994. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 

227-23 1 (1994). 

KUKKONEN, J., and P.F. LANDRUM. Effects of sedimentbound Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the bioavailability 

and distribution of Benzo(a)pyrene in lake sediment to 

Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 14(3):523-53 1 (1995). 

KUKKONEN, J., and P.F. LANDRUM. Measuring assimilation efficiencies for sediment-bound PAH and PCB 

congeners by benthic organisms. Aquatic Toxicology 32:75- 

92 (1995). 

Kunkel, K.E., S.A. Changnon, T.E. CROLEY, and F.H. 

QUINN. Scenarios for climate change impacts assessments 

in the Great Lakes region. Ninth Conference on Applied 

Meteorology, Dallas, TX, January 15-20, 1995. American 

Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 212-216 (1995). 

LANDRUM, P.F. How should numerical sediment quality 

criteria be used? Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 

1(1):13-17 (1995). 

LANDRUM, P.F. Toxicokinetics from aqueous and sediment exposures for Diporeia spp. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-87, Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB95-240529lXAB) 

17 pp. (1995). 

LANDRUM, P.F., W.S. DUPUIS, and J. KUKKONEN. 

Toxicokinetics and toxicity of sediment-associated pyrene 

and phenanthrene in Diporeia spp.: Examination of equilibrium-partitioning theory and residue-based effects for 

assessing hazard. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

13(11):1769-1780 (1994). 

LANDRUM, P.F., and W.R. FAUST. The role of sediment 

composition on the bioavailability of laboratory-dosed 

sediment-associated organic contaminants to the amphipod 

Diporeia (spp.). Chemical Speciation and Bioavailubility 

6(2/3):85-92 (1994). 

LEE, D.H., and A.H. CLITES. Great Lakes water level 

extremes and risk assessment. Proceedings, First International Conference, Water Resources Engineering Division of 

ASCE, San Antonio, TX, August 14-18, 1995. 129-133 

(1995). 

LIU, P.C. How do wind waves grow? Proceedings, Second 

International Conference on Air-Sea Interaction and on 

Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Lisbon, 

Portugal, September 22-27, 1994. American Meteorological 

Society, 107- 108 (1994). 

LIU, P.C. Review of "Dynamics and Modeling of Ocean 

Waves" by G.J. Komen et al. Bulletin of the American 

Meteorological Society 76(5):763-766 (1995). 

LOFGREN, B.M., and T.E. CROLEY. Validation of the 

Coupled Hydrosphere-Atmosphere Research Model 

(CHARM). Proceedings, Conference on Hydrology, Dallas, 

TX, January 15-20, 1995. American Meteorological Society, 

Boston, MA, 26-30 (1995). 

Lohrenz, S.E., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and D.G. Redalje. 

Spatial and temporal variations of photosynthetic parameters 

in relation to environmental conditions in coastal waters of 

the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 17(4):779-795 

(1994). 

Lohrenz, S.E., D.G. Redalje, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. 

Optical properties of Mississippi River plume and adjacent 

waters during March 199 1. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity Synthesis Workshop, Baton 

Rouge, LA, April 26-27,1994. Louisiana Sea Grant, Baton 

Rouge, LA, 67-74 (1995). 

Magnuson, J.J., C.J. Bowser, R.A. ASSEL, B.T. DeStasio, 

J.R. Eaton, E.J. Fee, P.J. Dillion, L.D. Mortsch, N.T. Roulet, 

F.H. QUINN, and D.W. Schindler. Region 1. - Laurentian 

Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield. Proceedings, Regional 

Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change 

in North America, Leesburg, Virginia, October 24-26, 1994. 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 3-4 

(1994). 

Meyers, P.A., A. Zsolnay, and B.J. EADIE. Pyrolysis-mass 

spectrometry of sediment trap organic matter from Lake 

Michigan. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailubility 7(1):33- 

37 (1995). 

Mulsow, S.G., and P.F. LANDRUM. Bioaccumulation of 

DDT in a marine polychaete, the conveyor-belt deposit 
feeder Heteromastusfilifonnis (claparede). Chemosphere 

31(4):3141-3152 (1995). 

NALEPA, T.F. Decline of native unionid bivalves in Lake 

St. Clair after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena 

polymorpha. Canudian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 51(10):2227-2233 (1994). 

Nelsen, T.A., P. Blackwelder, T. Hood, C. Zarikian, J.H. 

Treiiy, S. Metz, B. EADIE, and B.J. McKee. Retrospective 

analysis of NECOP area sediments: biogenic, inorganic, and 

organic indicators of antropogenic influences since the turn 

of the century. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity Synthesis Workshop, Baton Rouge, LA, 

April 26-27,1994. Louisiana Sea Grant, Baton Rouge, LA, 

90-101 (1995). 

O'CONNOR, W.P. The complex wavenumber eigenvalues 

of Laplace's tidal equations for oceans bounded by meridians. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 

44951-64 (1995). 

QUINN, F.H., T.E. CROLEY, S.J. Changnon, and K. 

Kunkel. North American Great Lakes hydrology under the 

transposed 1993 Mississippi flood climate. Proceedings, 

Conference on Hydrology, Dallas, TX, January 15-20, 1995. 

American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 18-21 

(1995). 

Redalje, D.G., S.E. Lohrenz, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. The 

relationship between primary production and the vertical 

export of particulate organic matter in a river-impacted 

coastal ecosystem. Estuaries 17(4):829-838 (1994). 

REID, D.F. The Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory: Focus on Saginaw Bay. Proceedings, Ecosystem 

Management: Status and Potential, Washington, DC, March 

24-25, 1994. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 

DC, 153-158 (1994). 

Schloesser, D.W., and T.F. NALEPA. Dramatic decline of 

unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie 

after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

5 1:2234-2242 (1994). 

Schloesser, D.W., and T.F. NALEPA. Freshwater musseh in 

the Lake Huron-Lake Erie comdor. In Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S.Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, 

E.T. Laroe, G. S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P. Doran, and M.J. 

Mac (eds.). U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological 

Service, Washington, DC, 179- 182 (1995). 

SCHWAB, D.J., K.W. Bedford, and F.H. QUINN. Overview 

of the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System. Proceedings, 

1 lth International Conference on IIPS for Meteorology, 

Oceanography, and Hydrology, Dallas, TX, January 15-20, 

1995. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 132- 

133 (1995). 

SCHWAB, D.J., W.P. O'CONNOR, and G.L. Mellor. On 

the net cyclonic circulation in large stratified lakes. Journal 

of Physical Oceanography 25(6): 15 16- 1520 (1995). 

SELLINGER, C.E. Groundwater flux into a portion of 

eastem Lake Michigan. Jouml of Great Lakes Research 

21(1):53-63 (1995). 

Trefiy, J.H., S. Metz, T.A. Nelsen, T.P. Trocine, and B.J. 

EADIE. Transport and fate of particulate organic carbon by 

the Mississippi River and its fate in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Estuaries 17(4):839-849 (1994). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. LIEBIG, and T.F. NALEPA. 

From picoplankton to microplankton: temperature-driven 

filtration by the unionid bivalve Lampsilis r&ta 

siliquoidea in Lake St. Clair. Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences 52:63-74 (1995). 

ROBBINS, J.A., and A.W. Jasinski. Chemobyl fallout 

radionuclides in Lake Sniardwy, Poland. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 26:157-184 (1995). 
FY 95 PRESENTATIONS 

ASSEL, R.A. Changes in winter air temperature near *BOOEM, H.A., R.E. Hecky, S.J. Guildford, E.J. Fee, 

Lake Michigan during 1851-1993, as determined from and G. Patterson. Estimating phytoplankton photosynregional lake-ice records. Freshwater Ecosystems and thesis in Lake Malawii: How well do surface waters 

Climate Change in North America: A Regional Ap- represent the euphotic zone? International Association 

proach, Leesburg, VA, October 25,1994. American for Great Lakes Research,Michigan StateUniversity, East 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography. Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

ASSEL, RA. The Great Lakes environmental Research *CAVALETTO, J.F., W.S. GARDNER, and J.R. 

Laboratory ice research projects: 1994 activities, 1995 JOHNSON. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrogen 

plans. International Great lakes-St. Lawrence Ice Infor- dynamics at an eutrophic site in Saginaw Bay. Intemamation Work Group, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, October 4, tional Association for Great Lakes Research, Michigan 

1994. State University, East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1, 

1995. 

ASSEL, RA. Great Lakes ice cover climatology and 

data rescue project. GLERL/NIC Great Lakes Ice 

Products Workshop, National Ice Center, Suitland, MD, 

July 11-12,1995. 

"ASSEL, R.A., J.E. Janowiak, S. Young, and D. Boyce. 

Winter 1994 weather and ice conditions for the Laurentian Great Lakes. International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 

MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

'ASSEL, R.A., D. NORTON, and D. MEYER. Climatic 

analysis of Laurentian Great Lakes ice cover. Fourth 

U.S./Canadian Workshop onGreat Lakes Operational 

Meteorology, Syracuse, NY, September 13-14,1995. 

*BELETSKY, D., A.M. Kryutchov, L.V. Sergeeva, and 

E.A. Yidin. Large scale circulation impact on efficient 

transport and trace element distribution in bottom 

sediments of Lake Ladoga. International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Michigan State University, 

East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

*BELETSKY, D., W.P. O'CONNOR, and D.J. SCHWAB. 

Hydrodynamic modeling for the Lake Michigan mass 

balance project. Workshop on the Next Generation 

Environmental Models ComputationalMethods, Bay City, 

MI, August 7,1995. US. EPA. 

*BELETSKY, D., W.P. O'CONNOR, and D.J. SCHWAB. 

Numerical simulation of internal Kelvin waves in lakes. 

International Association for Great LakesResearch, 

MichiganState University, East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 

1,1995. 

Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. 

*For resent at ions with multiple authors, asterisk represents pre 

*EADIE, B.J., M.B. LANSING, and J.A. ROBBINS. 

Records of ecosystem changes in the isotope signatures 

of organic matter in Great Lakes cores. Second Internationalcoastal Wetland Ecology and Management 

Symposium, Key Largo, FL, December 7,1994. 

*EADE, B. J., M.B. LANSING, and J.A. ROBBINS. 

Records of ecosystem changes in the isotope signatures 

of organic matter in Great Lakes cores. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Michigan State 

Univeristy, East Lansing, MI, May 30-June 1,1995. 

*FAI-INENSTIEL, G.L., T.F. NALEPA, M.J. 

McCORMICK, and G.A. LANG. Zebra mussels in 

Saginaw Bay: I can see clearly now or love that muddy 

water. International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 

May 28-June 1,1995. 

GARDNER, W.S. Effects of light and high molecular 

weight dissolved organic matter on nitrogen dynamics 

in the Mississippi River plume. Gordon Research 

Conference, Plymouth, NH, June 22,1995. 

GOSSIAUX, D.C. Effects of sediment composition on 

the bioavailability of PAH and PCB congeners to 

Diporeia spp. 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Denver, 

CO, October 31-November 3,1994. 

*HARKEY, G.A., P.L. VAN HOOF, and P.F. LANDRUM. Bioavailability of sediment-associated PAH's 

by Lumbriculus variegatus in sediment cores. 15th 

Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry, Denver, CO, October 31- 

November 3,1994. 

tsenter. 
HAWLEY, N. Sediment resuspension in Lake Ontario 

duringthe unstratifiedperiod, 1992-1993. American 

Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 

December, 1994. 

HAWLEY, N. Sediment transport in the Great Lakes. 

Mini Symposium, Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic 

Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Limnology and 

Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor, MI,. January 26,1995. 

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 

Denver, CO, October 31-November 3,1994. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and S. KANE-DRISCOLL*. Bioaccumulation: Critical body residues. Interpretation of 

sediment bioaccumulation test data for the ocean 

dumping program, Boston, MA, August 30-31,1995. 

U.S. EPA and New England Division of the Corps of 

Engineers. 

*LANSING, M.B., B.J. EADIE, G.L. BELL, and P.L. 

HAWLEY, N. Sediment transport processes in the VAN HOOF. The impact of zebra mussels on the 

Great Lakes. Informal Seminar, State University of resuspendibility of sediments and trophic transfer of 

New York at Stony Brook, Marine Sciences Research energy in Saginaw Bay. International Association for 

Center, Stony Brook, NY, April 4,1995. Great Lakes Research, Michigan State Unviersity, East 

Lansing, MI, May 30-June 1,1995. 

Holcombe, T.L., D.F. REID*, and W.T. Virden. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, Michigan State University, East 

Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

*JOHENGEN, T.H., and J.B. Cotner. Nutrient cycling 

and respiration rates of zebra mussels in Saginaw Bay 

Lake Huron measured using 'in situ' benthic chambers. 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, May28-June 

1,1995. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of organic contaminants from sediments. Great Lakes Colloquium, Ohio 

State Univesity, Columbus, OH, November 9,1994. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of organic contaminants from sediments. Dow Coming Corporation 

Meeting, Midland, MI, August 15,1995. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Kinetics, modeling, and field verification: Building a picture of contaminant accumulationby 

the amphipod Diporeia spp. Institute of Wildlife and 

Environmental Toxicology Meeting, Clemsonuniversity, 

Pendleton, GA, October 18,1994. 

LANDRUM, P.F. U.S. EPA methods for measuring the 

toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated 

contaminants with freshwater invertebrates. 15thAnnual 

Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, Denver, CO, October 31-November 3,1994. 

*LANDRUM, P.F., D.C. GOSSIAUX, and G.A. HARKEY. Some of the chemistry behind differences in 

bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants 

among different sediments. 15th Annual Meeting of the 

*LAVRENTYEV, P. J., W.S. GARDNER, and J.F. CAVALETTO. The effects of zebra mussels on the microbial 

food web. International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing,MI, 

May 28-June 1,1995. 

*LAVRENTYEV, P.J., W.S. GARDNER, and J. 

JOHNSON. Experimental evidence for a cascading 

trophic effect on the water column nitrification. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, June 11-15,1995. ASLO. 

LEE, D.H. A Great Lakes region database for land 

surface hydrologic process models. 30th Annual Conference, American Water Resources Association, Chicago, 

IL, November 9,1994. 

*LEE, D.H., and A.H. CLITES. Great Lakes water level 

extremes and risk assessment. First International 

Conference on Water Resources Engineering, American 

Society of Civil Engineers, San Antonio, TX, August 14- 

18,1995. 

*LEE, D.H., and A.H. CLITES. Probabilistic Great Lakes 

water level forecasts and risk assessment. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Michigan State 

University, East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. CoastWatch updatmperations 

and research. Mini Symposium, Center for Great Lakes 

and Aquatic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for 

Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, January 26,1995. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Great Lakes CoastWatch Program 

update. International Association for Great Lakes 
Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 

May 28-June 1,1995. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Satellite environmental monitoring of the Great Lakes: Great Lakes Coastwatch 

Program update. Third Thematic Conference on 

Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, 

Seattle, WA, September 18,1995. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Satellite mapping of Great Lakes 

ice cover. MODIS Ice and Snow Workshop, NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, September 13,1995. 

*LOFGREN, B.M., T.E. CROLEY, F.H. QUINN, K. 

Kunkel, and S.J. Changnon. Potential Great Lakes 

hydrology and lake level impacts resulting from global 

warming. 75th Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society, Dallas, TX, January 17,1995. 

*LOFGREN, B.M., and T.E. CROLEY. Validation of the 

meteorological fields in the Coupled Hydrologic 

Atmospheric Research Model (CHARM). 75th Annual 

Meeting, American Meteorlogical Society, Dallas, TX, 

January 16,1995. 

*MEYER, D.E., and R.A. ASSEL. Great Lakes states 

monthly precipitation and temperature data rescue 

project - A status report. Annual Meeting of the 

American Association of State Climatologists, Madison, 

WI, July 28,1995. 

NALEPA, T.F. Impacts of the zebra mussel, Dreissena 

polymorpha, in Saginaw Bay 1991-94. Mini Symposium, 

Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences and 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems 

Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 

January 26,1995. 

*NALEPA, T.F., D.L. FANSLOW, and G.A. LANG. 

Population trends in the zebra mussel, Dreissena 

polymorpha in Saginaw Bay 1991-93. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Michigan State 

University, East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

*O'CONNOR, W.P., D. BELETSKY, and D.J. SCHWAB. 

Internal Kelvin waves in lakes. CGLAS/CILER Mini 

Symposium, Ann Arbor, MI, January 26,1995. Univesity 

of Michigan. 

QUIGLEY, M.A. The freshwater imperative (FWI). 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

MichiganState University, East Lansing, MI, May 30-June 

1, 1995. 

QUINN, F.H. Lake Superior modeling. Conference on 

Sustainable Development and Mining around Lake 

Superior, MichiganTechnological University, Houghton, 

MI, September 22,1995. 

QUINN, F.H. Secular changes in the seasonal water 

level cycles of the Laurentian Great Lakes. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXI General 

Assembly, Boulder, CO, July 6,1995. 

QUINN, F.H. Trends in Great Lakes seasonal water 

levels. Minisymposium, Center for Great Lakes and 

Aquatic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, MI, January 26,1995. 

QUINN, F.H. Trends in Great Lakes seasonal water 

levels. XXI General Assembly, International Union of 

Geodesy and Geophysics, Boulder, CO, July 6,1995. 

*QUINNI F.H., T.E. CROLEY, S.J. Changnon, and K. 

Kunkel. North American Great Lakes hydrology under 

the transposed 1993 Mississippi climate. 75th Annual 

Meeting, AmericanMeteorlogical Society, Dallas, TX, 

January 19,1995. 

REID, D.F. Taking Great Lakes bathymetry to the 

products stage: Newbathymetry for Lake Michigan, Lake 

Erie, and Thunder Bay (Lake Huron). Mini Symposium, 

Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences and 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems 

Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 

January 26,1995. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Sediment dating and reconstruction of 

historical mercury fluxes. International Meeting of 

Experts on GlobalMercury Fallout, PHAMeD (Patterns 

of Historical Atmospheric Mercury Deposition), Electric 

Power ResearchInstitute/FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection, Orlando, FL, February 28,1995. 

*ROBBINS, J.A., and L.R HERCHE. Interpreting lead210 profiles for dating recent sediments. American 

Society of Agronomy, Wetlands Symposium, Seattle, 

WA, November 14,1994. 

SCHWAB, D.J. Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System: A progress report. Mini Symposium, Center for 

Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences and Cooperative 

Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, January 26, 

1995. 
WHWAB, D.J., and K.W. Bedford. Operational three 

dimensional circulation modeling in the Great Lakes. 

COASTAL '95, Second International Conference, 

Cancun, Mexico, September 5-9,1995. 

SCHWAB, D. J., K.W. Bedford, and F.H. QUINN*. 

Overview of the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting 

System. 75th Annual Meeting, American Meterological 

Society, Dallas, TX, January 18,1995. 

SELLINGER, C.E. Groundwater flux into a portion of 

Eastern Lake Michigan. International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, Michigan State University, East 

Lansing, MI, May 30-June 1,1995. 

*VAN HOOF, P.L., G.A. HARKEY, B. J. EADIE, and 

M.B. LANSING. Bioaccumulation and transfer of PCBs 

in a Saginaw Bay benthic food chain: Influence of zebra 

mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). International Association of Great Lakes Research, Michigan State University, 

East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 1,1995. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A. Biology and status of zebra 

mussels: 1995.1995 Zebra Mussels in Michigan Meeting, East Lansing, MI, January 16,1995. Michigan Sea 

Grant Extension, Michigan State University Extension. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., M.S. Evans, and S. J. 

BOLSENGA. Climate change, winter, and the cold 

water food webs of the North American Great Lakes. 

Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North 

America, Leesburg, VA, October 23-26,1994. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography and North 

American Benthological Society. 

*VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. Strickler, J.R. LIEBIG, T.F. 

NALEPA, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, W.S. GARDNER, J.R. 

CAVALmO, D.L. FANSLOW, andT.H. JOHENGEN. Do 

zebra mussels promote blue-green metaphyton blooms 

in Saginaw Bay, and do these blooms affect the mussels? International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, May 28-June 

1, 1995. 

Welsh, D., D. SCHWAB*, K. Bedford, and B. Hoch. The 

ongoing development of the Great Lakes Forecasting 

System. FourthU.S./Canada Workshop on Great Lakes 

Operational Meteorology, Syracuse, IVY, September 14, 

1995. NOAA/NWS. 
ACRONYMS 

AAPS 

ADCP 

AGU 

ANS 

AOC 

AOML 

ARCS 

ASLO 

ASSP 

ASTM 

AVHRR 

BAF 

BaP 

CClW 

CD-ROM 

CER 

CHARM 

ClLER 

COE 

COP 

CSCS 

CTD 

CZE 

DOC 

DOM 

DON 

DYNMX 

EC50 

EEO 

EMAP 

EPA 

ERlM 

ERL 

ERS 

ESDlM 

FEDLINK 

FIBS 

FNOC 

FORTRAN 

FTP 

FY 

GB 

GCIMS 

GCM 

GIs 

GLCFS 

GLERL 

GLFS 

GLlN 

GLNPO 

GLSEA 

GOES 

GPS 

HCBP 

HOC 

HPLC 

Ann Arbor Public Schools 

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 

American Geophysical Union 

Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Area of Concern 

Atlantic Oceanographic Marine Laboratory 

Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments 

American Society for Limnology and Oceanography 

Approved Species-Specific Protocol 

American Society for Testing and Materials 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 

Bioaccumulation Factor 

Benzo(a)pyrene 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

Compact Disk - Read Only Memory 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research 

Coupled Hydrosphere Atmosphere Research Model 

Cooperative lnstitute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research 

Corps of Engineers 

Coastal Ocean Program 

Consolidated Scientific Computing System 

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth 

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 

Dissolved Organic Carbon 

Dissolved Organic Matter 

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 

Dynamic Mixing Model 

Effective concentration at which 50% of worms will leave sediment. 

Equal Employment Opportunity 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Earth Resources Satellite 

Earth System Data and lnformation Management 

Federal Library and lnformation Network 

Field by lnformation Blending and Smoothing 

Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center 

Formula Translation 

File Transfer Protocol 

Fiscal Year 

Gigabyte 

Gas ChromatographylMass Spectrometry 

General Circulation Model 

Geographic lnformation System 

Great Lakes Coastal Forecast System 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

Great Lakes Forecasting System 

Great Lakes lnformation Network 

Great Lakes National Program Office 

Great Lakes Surface Environmental Analysis 

Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite 

Global Positioning System 

Hexachlorobiphenyl 

Hydrophobic Organic Compound 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography 
ACRONYMS 

IAGLR 

IDIDAS 

IJC 

IMSL 

LAN 

LATEX 

LAMP 

LAvc 

LC50 

LD50 

LMMB 

LORAN-C 

MAR 

MARC 

MCC 

MCSST 

MlClS 

MIL 

MLC 

MOIL 

MRP 

MRPlGS 

MRPIIGS 

NBS 

NDBC 

NECOP 

NESDIS 

NIST 

NLIN 

NLSST 

NMC 

NOAA 

NOCN 

NOS 

NRC 

NRL 

NSF 

NSlPS 

NURP 

NWS 

OAR 

OCLC 

OCNMAP 

OSU 

PAH 

PC 

PCB 

PDMS 

PI 

PMEL 

PMF 

POC 

POM 

QAPjP 

RAMS 

RNN 

International Association for Great Lakes Research 

Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis System 

International Joint Commission 

International Mathematics and Statistical Library 

Local Area Network 

(Gulf Marine Minerals Management) Louisiana Texas Experiment 

Lakewide Management Plant 

Local Area VAXcluster 

Lethal concentration in environment resulting in 50% mortality. 

Lethal dose which results in 50% mortality of population. 

Lake Michigan Mass Balance 

Location Radio Navigation-Coordinates 

Mississippi Atchafalaya River 

Machine-Readable Cataloging 

Midwest Climate Center 

Multi-Channel Sea Surface Temperature 

Midwestern Climate lnformation System 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

Michigan Library Consortium 

Marine Operations and lnstrumentation Laboratory 

Mississippi River Plume 

Mississippi River PlumelGulf Shelf 

Mississippi River Plumellnner Gulf Shelf 

National Biological Service 

National Data Buoy Center 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NOAA Library and lnformation Network 

Non-Linear Sea Surface Temperature 

National Meteorological Center 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Ocean Communication Network 

National Ocean Service 

National Research Council 

Naval Research Laboratory 

National Science Foundation - 

NRL Satellite lmpage Processing Systems 

National Undersea Research Program 

National Weather Service 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Online Computer Library Center 

Ocean Map 

The Ohio State University 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Personal Computer 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

Polydimethylsiloxane 

Principal Investigator 

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 

Probable Maximum Flood 

Particulate Organic Carbon 

Particulate Organic Matter 

Quality Assurance Project Plans 

Regional Atmospheric Modeling System 

Regional Network Node 
ACRONYMS 

ROV 

SABRE 

SAR 

SEAS 

SlMS 

SOP 

SPM 

SST 

SUNY 

TM 

USFWS 

USGS 

VACM 

WaRFS 

WLLN 

WRlPS 

WWW 

XBT 

USGS 

USFWS 

US NWS 

Remote Operated Vehicle 

South Atlantic Bight Recruitment Experiment 

Synthetic Aperture Radar 

Shipboard Environmental Acquisition System 

Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer 

Standard Operating Procedures 

Suspended Particulate Material 

Sea Surface Temperature 

State University of New York 

Thematic Mapper 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Vector Averaging Current Meter 

Water Resources Forecasting System 

Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network 

Wave Rider Information Processing System 

World-Wide Web 

Expendable Bathythermograph 

U.S. Geological Survey 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

U.S. National Weather Service