[Cite as In re Z.M., 2021-Ohio-3744.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

In the Matter of: : 

 

[Z.M., : No. 20AP-295 

 (C.P.C. No. 12JU-7975) 

M.M., : 

 (ACCELERATED CALENDAR) 

 Appellant]. : 

 

 : 

 

D E C I S I O N 

Rendered on October 21, 2021 

 

On brief: Campbell Law, LLC, and April Campbell, for 

appellant. 

On brief: Simakovsky Law, and Mariam El-Shamaa, for 

appellee Maternal Great-Grandmother. Argued: Mariam ElShamaa. 

On brief: Richard J. Neal Law, LLC, and Richard J. Neal, for 

appellee Mother. Argued: Richard J. Neal. 

 

On brief: CASA of Franklin County, and Nicole Thornton, for 

Guardian ad Litem. 

 

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, 

Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch 

BROGAN, J. 

{¶ 1} This appeal arises out of two nonparents' pursuit of legal custody of a minor 

child, Z.M. The Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, 

Juvenile Branch, rejected a magistrate's determination that custody of Z.M. should be 

awarded to M.M. ("appellant"), a former friend of the family who served as Z.M.'s caretaker 
No. 20AP-295 2 

for approximately three years and, instead, awarded custody of Z.M. to her maternal greatgrandmother, L.M. ("appellee"). The facts pertinent to appellant's challenge to the trial 

court judgment are as follows. 

{¶ 2} Z.M. was born in 2010 to B.G. ("mother"). The alleged father was determined 

at the conclusion of the custody proceedings to not be biologically related to Z.M., and her 

true biological father remains unknown. 

{¶ 3} In 2012, Franklin County Children Services ("FCCS") received a referral 

regarding the well-being of Z.M. and her younger brother. FCCS filed a complaint alleging 

Z.M. to be a neglected and dependent child under R.C. 2151.03(A)(2) and 2151.04(C), and 

Z.M. was removed from her mother's care and placed with appellee. The trial court then 

found Z.M. to be a neglected and dependent minor and awarded legal custody of Z.M. to 

her maternal grandmother (appellee's daughter) ("grandmother"). Although her 

grandmother had legal custody of Z.M., the parties do not dispute that Z.M. physically 

remained in appellee's care. Appellee gained legal custody of the younger brother in 2013. 

{¶ 4} Appellee served as Z.M.'s caretaker for approximately three years. In 2015, 

grandmother and mother pressured appellee to return Z.M., and appellee eventually 

surrendered Z.M. to mother. After Z.M. re-entered her mother's care, FCCS again became 

involved with the family due to truancy issues. In early 2016, the trial court terminated 

grandmother's legal custody of Z.M and granted FCCS temporary court custody. In April 

2016, Z.M. was placed in the care of appellant, who, at that time, was friends with mother. 

A case plan was filed for mother with the goal of reunification with Z.M. 

{¶ 5} In September 2016, both appellant and appellee filed motions for legal 

custody of Z.M. In April 2017, a magistrate ordered weekly supervised visitation for 

appellee with Z.M. A hearing on the competing legal custody motions was held over several 

days spanning September 2018 to June 2019. 

{¶ 6} At the hearings, appellant explained that while she is not related to Z.M. 

biologically, mother had asked her to be Z.M.'s godmother when Z.M. was born. She 

testified that following mother's inability to care for Z.M. in 2016, appellant went through 

the process to become a "[k]inship" placement for Z.M. (Apr. 2, 2019 Tr. at 20, 33.) At the 

time of the hearing, Z.M. had lived with appellant for over three years in her Columbus area 

home along with appellant's roommate and his young daughter. Appellant believes that in 
No. 20AP-295 3 

her care Z.M. is safe and secure. She explained, in reference to 27 9-1-1 calls from her home 

between March 2016 and August 2018, those calls did not involve actual harm to herself or 

Z.M. but, instead, involved her reporting gunshots, attempted break-ins, a few accidents, 

and some false alarms. 

{¶ 7} Appellant testified to Z.M. doing very well academically and being involved 

in activities such as gymnastics. Appellant stated she takes Z.M. to court-ordered visitations 

and medical appointments, including counseling for mental health issues. Appellant 

receives help from her own mother and her roommate. According to appellant, she enjoys 

a strong relationship with Z.M., and Z.M. thinks of her roommate's daughter as a little 

sister. Appellant testified that Z.M. expressed a desire to live with mother and had also at 

one point requested that another sibling, her youngest brother who was in foster care at the 

time, come live with appellant. Appellant testified she did not have any current relationship 

with Z.M.'s mother, grandmother, or great-grandmother (appellee), but testified she does 

set up visits between Z.M. and Z.M.'s youngest brother through the foster mom. Appellant 

testified that should she get custody, she would make sure Z.M. was available to visit with 

Z.M.'s family members that show appropriate behaviors. 

{¶ 8} On cross-examination, appellant described a falling out with mother arising 

from appellant not allowing mother to take Z.M. to a baby shower. Appellant also testified 

that she is currently disabled and receives income from social security, state agency money 

for caring for Z.M., and food stamps. Appellant testified to personally being diagnosed with 

post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and bi-polar disorder and stated she 

appropriately maintains treatment for those conditions and has not relapsed. Appellant 

testified she has no concerns about appellee aside from "[Z.M.] seem[ing] to think that 

[appellee] is harsh with her," but admitted that Z.M. had expressed a desire to live with 

appellee so she could see her brother and, in one incident, started packing her bags to go 

live with appellee. (Apr. 2, 2019 Tr. at 44-45.) 

{¶ 9} The most recent "lay guardian ad litem" who was assigned to the case in 

February 2019 testified to supporting appellant's motion for legal custody. (Mar. 20, 2019 

Tr. at 3.) She testified to personally speaking to Z.M., appellee, appellant, appellant's 

mother, appellant's roommate and his daughter, Z.M.'s teacher, and Z.M.'s counselor at 

Nationwide Children's Hospital. The guardian ad litem testified to believing that family is 
No. 20AP-295 4 

an "important" factor to consider in Z.M.'s custody determination, but to her "family is 

broader than blood" and Z.M. has a "long-time bond" with appellant, appellant's mother, 

who she views as a "grandmother," and the roommate's daughter who the guardian ad litem 

called Z.M.'s "sister." (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 113.) The guardian ad litem's recommendation 

to award legal custody to appellant was based both on her belief that Z.M. is doing well and 

has long-term stability in appellant's care, and the guardian ad litem's observations of 

appellee's visitations with Z.M. 

{¶ 10} Regarding appellant's care, the guardian ad litem testified Z.M. is generally 

well adjusted and very comfortable in appellant's home and has a sisterly relationship with 

appellant's roommate's daughter. The guardian ad litem testified Z.M. is bright but has 

trauma-related issues and emotional and behavioral issues that the guardian ad litem 

believed stemmed from the instability and stress of her family life and her inability to 

consistently see her parents and siblings. The guardian ad litem testified that in appellant's 

care, Z.M. is receiving treatment for her mental health issues. 

{¶ 11} As to appellee, the guardian ad litem did not express concerns about 

appellee's home or her ability to provide for Z.M.'s basic needs. She testified appellee's 

home in Dayton appeared to be safe and in working order, with sufficient food, and Z.M. 

would have her own room. 

{¶ 12} Instead, the guardian ad litem's concerns with appellee stemmed from her 

observations of appellee's visitations with Z.M. The guardian ad litem believed appellee 

"corrected * * * pretty much everything [Z.M. and her siblings] did." (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 

99.) As examples, the guardian ad litem stated appellee would tell the children to put toys 

away frequently during the visit, would take a phone away from the children to confirm the 

songs they chose were appropriate, prohibited the youngest child from walking around 

while he had food, told the children to be quiet, and told the seven year old to not use the 

word "never." (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 99-100, 134-35.) The guardian ad litem perceived these 

actions as "overly controlling" and inconsistent with the developmental needs of the 

children considering their ages (9, 7, and 2 years old). (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 100.) 

{¶ 13} She also observed, near the end of a happy visit, appellee whisper to the 

children and say, "but I still love you," after which the children got very upset and did not 

want to separate. (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 101.) The guardian ad litem testified that, instead 
No. 20AP-295 5 

of consoling Z.M., appellee recorded video of them, and Z.M. sought appellant for comfort 

for approximately 40 minutes after the visit ended. The following visit, appellee told Z.M. 

she would not bring the sibling back to any more visits. Appellee likewise told the guardian 

ad litem she would not bring the sibling to the visits anymore because the children got so 

upset when they had to leave each other and the trauma of leaving each other affected the 

sibling at home. Although the guardian ad litem thought "it would be fantastic and in 

[Z.M.'s] best interest to visit with [the brother in appellee's custody]," she did not think 

visits with appellee should continue because appellee has not consistently brought Z.M.'s 

brother with her. (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 107.) The guardian ad litem supported the motion 

filed by FCCS to suspend Z.M.'s visitations with appellee. 

{¶ 14} The guardian ad litem testified she spoke with Z.M. about her wishes multiple 

times, and Z.M. expressed a desire to live with her mother, and if that was not possible, her 

father. If those two options were unavailable, Z.M. "initially" told the guardian ad litem she 

wanted to live with appellee, and when asked to explain why, she said she wanted to see her 

brother. (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 110.) According to the guardian ad litem, when presented 

with the scenario of having arranged visits with her brother, Z.M. stated she would like to 

stay in appellant's home. The guardian ad litem believed appellant would cooperate in 

facilitating a relationship between Z.M. and her siblings. Conversely, the guardian ad litem 

believed that if appellee received custody, appellee would not have further contact with 

appellant. The guardian ad litem testified that "there's no question [Z.M.] wants contact 

with her [siblings]," but she believed Z.M.'s bond with appellant is stronger than what she 

observed between Z.M. and her siblings. (Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 125.) 

{¶ 15} On cross-examination, the guardian ad litem admitted that during visits 

appellee kept the room clean and in control despite three small children playing together, 

appellee did not participate in drama caused by mother and father unexpectedly showing 

up at one visitation, the sibling relationship should be an important factor to consider, and 

there were no concerns about safety or basic needs being met in appellee's home. 

{¶ 16} An FCCS caseworker assigned to the case in July 2017 testified that she 

agreed with appellant's motion for legal custody. She believed all Z.M.'s needs were met at 

appellant's home and that continued placement there would be in Z.M.'s best interest. The 

caseworker's supervisor from FCCS testified she agreed appellant should be granted legal 
No. 20AP-295 6 

permanent custody of Z.M. The supervisor explained she has not personally observed Z.M. 

with appellant or appellee, but understood from the reports filed in the case that appellant 

had been cooperative with FCCS, provided a stable home for Z.M., and shared a bond with 

Z.M. while, conversely, there was an issue with appellee being controlling and not consoling 

Z.M., and with mother showing up to a visit. According to the supervisor, FCCS had no 

concerns about the environment appellant provided for Z.M. 

{¶ 17} On cross-examination, the supervisor admitted that Z.M.'s behavioral issues 

while in appellant's care included violent tantrums, stealing, lying, and self-harm. The 

supervisor was not alarmed that 27 calls to 9-1-1 came from appellant's home from 2016 to 

2018. She denied telling appellee she would never be granted custody or telling 

caseworkers to not support appellee's bid to get custody, but did testify that she told 

appellee and caseworkers that Z.M. is placed in the "least restrictive setting" in appellant's 

care and "[w]e would not move her" when there is no issue with the placement. (Mar. 20, 

2019 Tr. at 50.) The supervisor agreed that FCCS conducted two prior home studies with 

appellee and that appellee was approved, but the agency did not contemplate visitation for 

appellee at that time because "[FCCS] w[as] not looking to reunify with [appellee]." 

(Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 54.) She admitted Z.M. has a strong family bond, but that FCCS filed 

a motion to stop visitation with appellee despite her having custody of Z.M.'s brother. 

{¶ 18} Appellee testified she was Z.M.'s caretaker from summer 2012 to summer 

2015, during which time there were no problems or issues. She gained legal custody of one 

of Z.M.'s younger brothers in 2013, so those siblings were able to spend a few years together 

in her home. She testified she gave Z.M. back to mother after mother told her she would be 

charged with kidnapping. According to appellee, when FCCS again removed Z.M. from 

mother's care in the beginning of 2016, FCCS asked appellee if she could take her a second 

time. Appellee testified that although she wanted to take Z.M. again, she could not take 

custody at that time because she was in the process of moving to Dayton and, in her 

experience, getting home studies and other approvals completed in order to gain custody 

would take some time and in part depend on getting established in her new home. 

{¶ 19} Appellee testified she ultimately filed for legal custody of Z.M. in September 

2016. According to appellee, she would call FCCS frequently to inquire about custody. By 

December 2016, the FCCS caseworker's supervisor informed appellee that FCCS was not 
No. 20AP-295 7 

looking at placing Z.M. with her. Eventually, appellee was granted visitation by court order, 

and appellee commuted to Columbus by Greyhound bus with Z.M.'s brother to attend the 

visits. FCCS did not provide her gas money, bus tickets, or other support. She stated the 

visits went generally well, but there was tension because Z.M. wanted to talk to her about 

some things but could not do so because she had to return to appellant's home. For 

example, in regard to whispering, appellee testified that Z.M. asked to go home with her, 

but appellee told her she could not talk about that topic. Appellee agreed that she corrected 

the children at the visitations but stated she did so for the safety of the children and to 

discourage improper behavior, such as sticking their tongues out. Appellee testified that at 

the end of the visits Z.M. and her brother would "scream leaving each other because they 

want to be together. They love each other" and that the sadness did not end with the 

visitation. (Apr. 2, 2019 Tr. at 72.) The brother in appellee's custody would be sick for days 

from crying so much. She decided to stop bringing Z.M.'s brother to the visitations because 

she knew it was hurting the children and it was "heartbreaking." (Apr. 2, 2019 Tr. at 77, 96.) 

Appellee testified she would follow court orders regarding visitations but otherwise did not 

want Z.M. to be around appellant who appellee described as mother's former friend and 

babysitter. 

{¶ 20} On cross-examination, appellee explained there were five living generations 

of her family and at the beginning of the case a number of relatives were willing to take 

custody of Z.M. The family had a meeting and decided she, as a family elder, would be in 

the best position to devote time to the children and teach her family traditions. Appellee 

admitted she did not have a driver's license, is not currently employed, and is under 

temporary disability. Appellee confirmed that the brother she has custody of attends school 

and doctor's appointments. Appellee testified she was also seeking custody of Z.M.'s other 

younger brother—the one previously in foster care. 

{¶ 21} The alleged father appeared at the hearing on April 2, 2019 and was sworn 

in. Although he expressed his intent "to get * * * custody back to [Z.M.'s] great grandma," 

this statement was made in the context of a conversation about whether father needed an 

attorney. (Apr. 2, 2019 Tr. at 111.) His testimony as to his wishes was cut short due to the 

attorney issue, and the magistrate suggested he come back for the June hearing. Following 

DNA evidence ruling him out as father, he did not testify at that hearing. Mother apparently 
No. 20AP-295 8 

attempted to testify at the hearing on April 2, 2019 but was arrested on outstanding 

warrants and was unable to do so. 

{¶ 22} At the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate issued an oral decision 

granting custody to appellant. In doing so, the magistrate cited evidence that Z.M. had been 

placed with appellant for three years, the home was appropriate and meeting her needs, 

and she had a strong bond to appellant. Conversely, the magistrate thought appellee was 

reluctant to comply with FCCS and the guardian ad litem, had concerns about appellee's 

demeanor and failure to look directly at others in the courtroom, and believed Z.M. did not 

have "the closest of bonds" with appellee. (June 24, 2019 Tr. at 22.) The magistrate also 

thought that placement with appellee would turn Z.M.'s life "upside-down" and disconnect 

her with appellant. (June 24, 2019 Tr. at 22.) The magistrate issued a decision and 

judgment entry on July 9, 2019 summarily terminating the temporary court custody to 

FCCS, awarding legal custody to appellant pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), and 

terminating appellee as a party to the action. 

{¶ 23} Appellee filed objections to the magistrate's decision pursuant to Civ.R. 53. 

The objections included the contention that the magistrate's decision was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence, and the magistrate erred in both declining to conduct an 

in camera interview of Z.M. and in not issuing requested findings of fact and conclusions of 

law. Mother filed a memorandum in support of appellee's objections, asking the trial court 

to grant legal custody to appellee instead of appellant. 

{¶ 24} On May 21, 2020, the trial court sustained appellee's objections. The trial 

judge held an in camera interview with Z.M. and determined Z.M. is incapable of making a 

sound decision as to where she would like to live. The trial court noted that since the filing 

of the magistrate's decision, appellee had also been granted custody of Z.M.'s other younger 

brother. The trial court found that Z.M.'s mother requested her desire through counsel that 

her daughter be placed with appellee to keep the family together. The court noted that Z.M. 

recently had a significant opportunity to bond with her brothers because appellee now had 

custody of both her brothers. The court noted appellee has been steadfast in her pursuit of 

custody of Z.M. because she cared for her previously for three years. The court 

acknowledged that Z.M. has also bonded with appellant in April 2016 to the date of the 

decision. The court also found that appellant was not attempting to foster a familial 
No. 20AP-295 9 

relationship with Z.M.'s mother and appellee. The court addressed Z.M.'s wishes as 

expressed by her guardian ad litem with due regard to Z.M.'s maturity. The court noted the 

following: 

[Z.M.]'s lay guardian ad Litem, Stefanie Coe, has expressed 

[Z.M.]'s wishes through testimony. The Court has additionally 

reviewed the Guardian's report filed with the Court on 

March 13, 2019. There are times where [Z.M.] has indicated she 

wants to be with her mother, [B.G.], then her prior alleged 

father, [T.T.], and then would choose to be with Great 

Grandmother as a last resort. It is important to note that [Z.M.] 

has been suffering from various mental ailments and is 

currently on multiple prescribed medications, like Intuniv and 

Prozac, and engaged in therapy. The child has had suicidal 

ideations in the care of [M.M.]. 

(May 21, 2020 Decision and Entry on Objs. at 10.) 

{¶ 25} The trial court ultimately found that a legally secure placement in the same 

home as her siblings was in Z.M.'s best interest. The trial court (among other orders) 

granted FCCS's motion to terminate temporary custody and appellee's motion for legal 

custody of Z.M. and denied appellant's motion for legal custody. 

{¶ 26} Appellant filed a timely appeal and assigns the following four assignment of 

error for our review:

[I.] The juvenile court's [decision] should be reversed, because 

the court used the incorrect standard of review in making its 

decision. 

[II.] The juvenile court abused its discretion in sustaining 

[appellee]'s objections, and in granting [appellee] legal 

custody of Z.M. The evidence weighed manifestly against 

granting [appellee] legal custody of Z.M. 

[III.] The juvenile court erred in determining that the 

magistrate was required to file written findings of facts and 

conclusions of law. 

[IV.] The juvenile court used the wrong standard in 

determining whether an in camera interview with Z.M. was 

required, and erred in finding that it was. 

{¶ 27} This court agrees the trial court used the wrong standard in reviewing the 

findings and recommendations of the magistrate. See May 21, 2020 Decision and Entry on 
No. 20AP-295 10 

Objections at 1-2, 4-6 (employing manifest weight of the evidence standard in determining 

best interest of the child factors despite citing to independent review standard earlier in the 

decision). The correct standard is provided in Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(d) which provides that a 

juvenile court "shall undertake an independent review" regarding objections to determine 

whether the magistrate properly applied the law and properly determined factual issues. 

See also Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d) (stating independent review standard on objections to a 

magistrate decision). The manifest weight and abuse of discretion standard is in fact more 

deferential to the magistrate's decision than the independent review standard. Thus, we 

fail to see how appellant was harmed by the stricter standard of review used by the trial 

court. 

{¶ 28} The first assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 29} In her second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court abused 

its discretion in awarding custody of Z.M. to appellee. 

{¶ 30} "Pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), if a child is adjudication an abused, 

neglected, or dependent child, the juvenile court may award legal custody of the child 'to 

either parent or to any person who, prior to the dispositional hearing, files a motion 

requesting legal custody of the child.' " In re A.B., 12th Dist. No. CA2016-11-021, 2017-

Ohio-5776, ¶ 10. Legal custody may be awarded to a nonparent " 'upon a demonstration by 

a preponderance of the evidence that granting legal custody to the nonparent is in the 

child's best interest.' " In re C.A., 12th Dist. No. CA2014-07-165, 2015-Ohio-1410, ¶ 13, 

quoting In re L.A.B., 12th Dist. No. CA2012-03-008, 2012-Ohio-5010, ¶ 12. 

{¶ 31} To determine the best interest of a child under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), the 

juvenile court is required to consider all relevant factors. In re A.L.H., 12th Dist. No. 

CA2010-02-004, 2010-Ohio-5425, ¶ 9, appeal denied, 128 Ohio St.3d 1427, 2011-Ohio1049. R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) does not specify the factors a trial court must consider in making 

a legal custody determination. However, appellate courts have found the factors stated in 

R.C. 3109.04(F) to be instructive in determining the best interests of the child in an R.C. 

2151.353(A)(3) legal custody case, even where nonparents are involved. See In re I.M., 10th 

Dist. No. 13AP-468, 2013-Ohio-5549, ¶ 11-12 (finding the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in applying R.C. 3109.04(F) criteria in making its best interests of the child 

determination under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3)); In re C.W., 2d Dist. No. 28781, 2020-Ohio-
No. 20AP-295 11 

6849, ¶ 6 (determining best interests of the child in an R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) case using R.C. 

3109.04(F)(1) factors); A.L.H. at ¶ 9 (considering R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) factors in making best 

interests of the child determination under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3)). See also In re G.M., 8th 

Dist. No. 95410, 2011-Ohio-4090, ¶ 14-16 (noting that, while some appellate districts apply 

the best interest factors in R.C. 3109.04(F) and other appellate districts apply the best 

interest factors set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D), the particular statute referenced is "of no great 

consequence" because R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) does not mandate review of specific factors and 

the trial court may consider any factor it deems appropriate and instructive in a given case). 

{¶ 32} The R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) factors relevant to a legal custody determination 

involving a nonparent under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) include: (1) the wishes of the child's 

parents regarding the child's care; (2) the wishes and concerns of the child, as expressed to 

the juvenile court; (3) the child's interaction and interrelationship with the child's parents, 

siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interest; (4) the 

child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and community; and (5) the mental and 

physical health of all persons involved. C.W. at ¶ 6. 

{¶ 33} When reviewing custody issues, a juvenile court's decision is granted great 

deference and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. In re A.C.C., 

12th Dist. No. CA2018-03-028, 2018-Ohio-4719, ¶ 40. An abuse of discretion implies that 

the trial court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably. Id. When applying an 

abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is not free to merely substitute its judgment 

for that of the trial court. Id. The discretion afforded to a juvenile court in custody matters 

"should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact 

the court's determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned." Miller v. Miller, 

37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1988). 

{¶ 34} For manifest weight of the evidence challenges, appellate courts weigh the 

evidence, and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine 

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the juvenile court clearly lost its way, such 

that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio 

St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 20. 

{¶ 35} Appellant argues the statutory factors strongly support the magistrate's 

recommendation to award her custody of Z.M. She argues she has had an established 
No. 20AP-295 12 

relationship with Z.M. that well surpasses that of appellee. She notes the guardian ad litem 

testified that she thought Z.M.'s bond with appellant was stronger than with her brothers. 

The guardian ad litem testified: 

I would say [Z.M.]'s bond with [appellant] is stronger what I 

observed during visits with the children, I mean, they clearly 

interacted and enjoyed their time with each other. But you 

know, in moments of crisis, moments of upset, moments of 

extreme stress [Z.M.] was clearly focused on [appellant]. 

(Mar. 20, 2019 Tr. at 125.) Appellant argues the overwhelming evidence showed she was a 

caring foster parent to Z.M., she met the child's needs, and she was the only adult with 

whom Z.M. had an established bond. 

{¶ 36} In contrast, appellant argues the only evidence was that Z.M.'s relationship 

with appellee was "fraught with emotional distress." (Appellant's Brief at 21, citing Mar. 20, 

2019 Tr. at 87-128.) Appellant argues the record does not support the trial court's finding 

that Z.M. "cultivated relationships" with family while in appellee's custody. (Appellant's 

Brief at 22, citing May 21, 2020 Decision and Entry on Objs. at 10.) 

{¶ 37} The guardian ad litem raises many of the same arguments made by appellant. 

The guardian ad litem notes that mother did not participate in the trial and did not testify, 

and mother provided FCCS with appellant's name and indicated appellant was Z.M.'s 

godmother. The guardian ad litem further indicates the trial court analyzed the wishes of 

the alleged father, who was later determined to not be biologically related to Z.M. and did 

not testify at trial. According to the guardian ad litem, absent custody with her mother or 

alleged father, Z.M. wished to be placed with appellant with visitation with her brothers. 

The guardian ad litem argues that every witness testified that Z.M. had a strong bond with 

her brothers, but that she also has a strong bond with appellant, appellant's mother, and 

another child in appellant's home. The guardian ad litem did not observe a bond between 

Z.M. and appellee. The guardian ad litem argues the record contains evidence of Z.M.'s 

adjustment to appellant's home, while no such evidence exists for appellee's current home. 

The guardian ad litem states that appellant testified she would facilitate contact between 

Z.M. and her biological family members, while appellee testified she would not allow Z.M. 

to see appellant. According to the guardian ad litem, appellant made Z.M. available for 

visits, but appellee attended visits sporadically and refused to bring the brother to visit with 
No. 20AP-295 13 

Z.M. The guardian ad litem acknowledges there is no evidence of any concerns about the 

mental or medical health of either party, no one in either household has been found 

responsible for child abuse or neglect, and neither party plans to move. 

{¶ 38} Both appellant and the guardian ad litem concede that the juvenile court 

enjoys broad discretion in child custody proceedings. They argue the standard of review is 

whether the juvenile court abused that discretion. 

{¶ 39} There is no evidence in this record that suggests the trial court abused its 

discretion or lost its way in awarding custody of Z.M. to appellee. Z.M.'s mother requested 

that Z.M. be placed in the custody of appellee. Z.M. was too young and immature to make 

an intelligent choice of who should be her custodian. The child adjusted well in the custody 

of appellee when she was younger. It is clear Z.M. wants to live with her two younger 

siblings who are in the custody of appellee. There is no indication appellee would frustrate 

visitation by Z.M.'s mother or any other person who may significantly affect Z.M.'s best 

interest. 

{¶ 40} The second assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 41} In her third assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in 

determining that the magistrate was required to file written findings of fact and conclusions 

of law. Generally speaking, Juv.R. 40 and Civ.R. 53 do not require the magistrate make 

written findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Juv.R. 40(D)(3)(a) and Civ.R. 

53(D)(3)(a)(ii) ("Subject to the terms of the relevant reference, a magistrate's decision may 

be general unless findings of fact and conclusions of law are timely requested by a party or 

otherwise required by law."). In this matter, appellant agrees the magistrate explained in 

detail his factual findings and his legal reasoning and fails to explain how the asserted error 

is prejudicial to her case. 

{¶ 42} The third assignment of error likewise is overruled. 

{¶ 43} In her fourth assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court used the 

wrong standard in determining whether an in camera interview with Z.M. was required. 

Appellant notes the trial court relied on R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) to determine that an in camera 

interview was required. Appellant argues that statute section applies only to the allocation 

of custody between parents. Appellant argues that for custody disputes between 

nonparents the appropriate statute is R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) and that statute does not address 
No. 20AP-295 14 

whether the court can conduct an in camera interview of the child with regard to a 

suitability determination. (Appellant's Brief at 29, citing In re D.C.J., 8th Dist. No. 97681, 

2012-Ohio-4154, ¶ 55-56.) In any event, there was no prejudice in the trial court's 

determining for itself whether Z.M. could make an intelligent choice of whom she wished 

to live with. 

{¶ 44} The fourth assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 45} The judgment of the trial court will be affirmed. 

Judgment affirmed. 

BROWN and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur. 

BROGAN, J., retired, of the Second Appellate District, 

assigned to active duty under authority of the Ohio 

Constitution, Article IV, Section 6(C). 

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