NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING 

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED 

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL 

OF FLORIDA 

SECOND DISTRICT 

OMEGA INSURANCE COMPANY, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Case No. 2D16-449 

 ) 

WILLIAM WALLACE and JOAN WALLACE, ) 

husband and wife, ) 

 ) 

 Appellees. ) 

___________________________________ ) 

Opinion filed August 16, 2017. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk 

County; John M. Radabaugh, Judge. 

Scot E. Samis of Traub Lieberman Straus 

& Shrewsberry, LLP, St. Petersburg, for 

Appellant. 

Richard N. Asfar and George A. Vaka of 

Vaka Law Group, P.L., Tampa and 

Richard T. Heiden of Richard T. Heiden, 

P.A., Clearwater, for Appellees. 

SILBERMAN, Judge. 

Omega Insurance Company seeks review of a final judgment awarding 

William and Joan Wallace just over $200,000 for subsurface remediation in their 

sinkhole action. The final judgment was based on a directed verdict entered after the 

trial court refused to consider the testimony of Omega's expert engineers and the 
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neutral evaluator regarding the proper method of subsurface repair. We conclude that 

the proper method of subsurface repair is a jury question and reverse. 

This appeal arises from a sinkhole insurance claim under a policy issued 

by Omega to the Wallaces in August 2010. Much of the argument on appeal, as in the 

trial court, concerns expert testimony and the proper definition of certain terms used in 

the Omega policy. The policy contains a sinkhole loss coverage endorsement which 

provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

B. COVERAGE 

We insure for direct physical loss to property covered under 

Section I caused by a Sinkhole Loss, including the costs 

incurred to: 

1. Stabilize the land and building; and 

2. Repair the foundation; 

In accordance with the recommendations of the professional 

engineer who verifies the presence of a Sinkhole Loss in 

compliance with Florida sinkhole testing standards and in 

consultation with you. 

(Emphasis added.) It also provides the following definitions: 

"Sinkhole Activity" means settlement or systematic 

weakening of the earth supporting such property only when 

such settlement or systematic weakening results from 

movement or raveling of soils, sediments, or rock materials 

into subterranean voids created by the effect of water on a 

limestone or similar rock formation. 

"Sinkhole Loss" means structural damage to the building, 

including the foundation, caused by Sinkhole Activity. 

Personal property coverage shall apply only if there is 

structural damage to the building caused by Sinkhole 

Activity. 

(Emphasis added.) The endorsement thus provides coverage for direct physical loss to 

covered property due to a "Sinkhole Loss" as defined in the policy. While the policy 
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defines "Sinkhole Loss" as "structural damage to the building, including the foundation," 

it does not define the term "structural damage."1

After an initial flurry of expert reports, Omega agreed that there was a 

sinkhole loss and extended coverage. As is often the case with sinkhole claims, the 

dispute between the parties mainly concerned the proper method of subsurface repair. 

Omega retained an engineering firm that recommended compaction grouting to stabilize 

the subsurface soil and to remediate the sinkhole conditions. The Wallaces obtained a 

subsurface repair protocol from another engineering firm that recommended 

underpinning in addition to compaction grouting. Omega then requested neutral 

evaluation,2 and the neutral evaluator concluded that there was no need for

underpinning in addition to compaction grouting. 

Despite the neutral evaluator's recommendation, the Wallaces submitted a 

contract for subsurface repair including compaction grouting and underpinning. When 

Omega refused to pay, the Wallaces sued Omega for breach of contract. In count four 

of the operative complaint, the Wallaces alleged that Omega breached the policy by 

refusing to make payment on the repair contract. 

 

 1We note that, after the cause of action accrued in this case, the 

legislature adopted a five-part definition of "structural damage." See § 627.706(2)(k), 

Fla. Stat. (2011); ch. 2011-39, § 22, at 570, Laws of Fla. This amendment does not 

apply retroactively. Sevila v. First Liberty Ins. Corp., 7 F. Supp. 3d 1226, 1230 (M.D. 

Fla. 2014). 

 2Neutral evaluation is a nonbinding method of alternative dispute 

resolution created specifically for sinkhole cases. § 627.7074, Fla. Stat. (2010). It is an 

informal proceeding in which each side presents its position to a qualified and neutral 

expert, who then issues a decision that is admissible at trial. § 627.7074(12), (13). 
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At trial, the Wallaces offered the expert testimony of engineer Sonny 

Gulati of Florida Testing and Environmental, Inc. ("FTE"). Gulati concluded that there 

had been structural damage to the building and foundation of the Wallace residence 

constituting a "Sinkhole Loss" as defined by the policy. Gulati applied the engineering 

definition of "structural damage," which required that the load-carrying capability of the 

foundation be compromised. He concluded that the remediation should include both 

compaction grouting and underpinning. 

Omega offered the expert testimony of two engineers from SDII Global 

Corporation and the neutral evaluator. While the neutral evaluator concluded there was 

damage to the structure, he was not asked to give an opinion on whether there was a 

"Sinkhole Loss" as defined by the policy. The SDII engineers concluded there was a 

"Sinkhole Loss," but they applied the definition of structural damage that was used by 

the insurance industry and some courts.3 This definition of structural damage only 

required damage to the structure rather than compromise of the load-carrying capability 

of the foundation. The SDII engineers and the neutral evaluator also characterized the 

damage as "cosmetic" because it could be repaired without repairing the foundation or 

load-bearing portions of the structure. They agreed with Gulati that compaction grouting 

was necessary for remediation, but they did not believe the damage was significant 

enough to require underpinning. 

At the close of Omega's case, the Wallaces moved for a directed verdict 

on count four of the amended complaint, arguing that Gulati’s opinion established the 

 

 3See, e.g., Shelton v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 25 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. 

D73a (M.D. Fla. Apr. 17, 2013), and cases cited therein. 
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method of subsurface repair as a matter of law. According to the Wallaces, the policy 

contained language requiring that any subsurface repair protocol be recommended by a 

"professional engineer who verifies the presence of a Sinkhole Loss." They asserted 

that their expert, Gulati, was the only professional engineer who verified that there was 

a "Sinkhole Loss" using what they claimed to be the proper definition of structural 

damage, which was the engineering definition. 

Omega's counsel responded that the defense experts also found a

"Sinkhole Loss" for which the policy provides coverage. Counsel maintained that in light 

of the conflicting expert testimony as to the proper method of repair, that issue was 

appropriate for resolution by the jury. Counsel added that under the Wallaces' strained 

interpretation of the policy, Gulati's opinion testimony on behalf of the Wallaces could 

not even be considered. According to counsel, the policy contained language requiring 

that any subsurface repair protocol be prepared "in compliance with Florida sinkhole 

testing standards." Counsel asserted that Gulati's protocol could not have met this 

standard because he did not perform any testing at the Wallace residence. Counsel 

stated that if the court were inclined to grant the Wallaces' motion for directed verdict, 

then Omega should be permitted to amend its pleadings to deny coverage. Counsel 

reiterated that was not the preferred option as "we want to fix the house." 

The trial court granted the Wallaces a directed verdict on count four and 

denied Omega's motion to amend the pleadings. The court ultimately entered a final 

judgment awarding the Wallaces $207,628.96 (the full amount of the policy plus 

prejudgment interest). The court denied Omega’s motions for rehearing and new trial 
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and Omega's renewed motion to require a contract for repair as a condition of 

subsurface repair benefits.4 

On appeal, Omega asserts that the trial court erred in granting the 

Wallaces' motion for directed verdict, denying its request to amend its pleadings, and 

denying its motion to require a contract for repair as a condition of subsurface repair 

benefits. We conclude that the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict in favor of 

the Wallaces on the proper method of repair and reverse. This holding renders the 

remaining issues moot. 

This court conducts a de novo review of orders granting directed verdicts. 

Jackson Hewitt, Inc. v. Kaman, 100 So. 3d 19, 27 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011). The issue that 

gave rise to the directed verdict is a matter of contract interpretation. The Wallaces 

relied on the portion of the sinkhole endorsement providing coverage for sinkhole 

damages "[i]n accordance with the recommendations of the professional engineer who 

verifies the presence of a Sinkhole Loss in compliance with Florida sinkhole testing 

standards and in consultation with you." (Emphasis added.) The Wallaces asserted 

that, under this provision, a subsurface repair protocol may be used only if it is 

 

 4The sinkhole endorsement contains a loss settlement provision which 

provides, in pertinent part: 

We may limit any payment for Sinkhole Loss to the actual 

cash value, not including any repairs below the foundation, 

until you enter into a contract for building stabilization or 

foundation repairs. After you enter into a contract, we shall 

pay the amounts necessary to begin and perform such 

repairs as the work is performed and the expenses are 

incurred, without requiring you to advance payment for such 

repairs. 

This provision is consistent with section 627.707(5)(b), Florida Statutes (2010). 
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recommended by a "professional engineer who verifies the presence of a Sinkhole 

Loss" using the engineering definition of "structural damage." 

 The Wallaces also relied on the portion of the sinkhole endorsement that 

defines "Sinkhole Loss" as "structural damage to the building, including the foundation, 

caused by Sinkhole Activity." They successfully convinced the trial court that the 

opinion of their expert was unrefuted as to the existence of structural damage and a 

sinkhole loss. They claimed that a directed verdict in their favor was appropriate 

because SDII and the neutral evaluator refused to agree that there was "structural 

damage to the building" using the engineering definition of "structural damage" and, 

therefore, did not "verif[y] the presence of a Sinkhole Loss." 

There is nothing in the plain language of the insurance policy's sinkhole 

endorsement that requires the use of a particular definition, to the exclusion of other 

definitions, to determine the existence of "structural damage" in order to provide an 

opinion on the proper method of subsurface repair. To uphold the directed verdict 

below, this court would have to read additional language into the policy.5 Cf. Roker v. 

Tower Hill Preferred Ins. Co., 164 So. 3d 690, 693 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (holding that a 

statute requiring the insurer to pay for repair "in accordance with the recommendations 

of the professional engineer" did not "require the insured to enter into a contract for the 

subsurface repairs recommended by the insurer's engineer to the exclusion of any other 

professional recommendations"). 

 

 5For this same reason, we find no merit in Omega's assertion that Gulati's 

opinion could not be considered because Gulati did not personally perform testing "in 

compliance with Florida sinkhole testing standards." 
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Omega's expert engineers agreed that the Wallaces had a covered

sinkhole loss based on damage to the structure, even though they disagreed as to the 

precise definition to be given to the term "structural damage" and the appropriate 

method of repair. The testimony of Omega's experts that there had been a sinkhole 

loss based on sinkhole activity that damaged the Wallace's residence was consistent 

with the terms of the policy. Thus, the trial court erred in refusing to consider that 

testimony. 

By extending coverage for the Wallaces' "Sinkhole Loss," Omega 

necessarily conceded that there had been structural damage, as contemplated by the 

policy, caused by "Sinkhole Activity." Any dispute as to whether there was sufficient 

structural damage to constitute a "Sinkhole Loss" was rendered moot, and the only 

issue to be resolved at trial pertaining to subsurface damage was the proper method of 

repair. 

Generally, the question of the proper method of subsurface repair of a 

home damaged by sinkhole activity is for the jury to resolve. Roker, 164 So. 3d at 694. 

At trial, the parties offered the testimony of four engineers, and they all agreed there 

was damage to the structure even though they disagreed regarding the proper method 

of subsurface repair. Omega's two experts from SDII and the neutral evaluator testified 

that compaction grouting alone was the proper protocol. The Wallaces' expert from FTE 

disagreed and testified that underpins should be added. Omega correctly argues that 

the jury should have been allowed to resolve this dispute. 

 We therefore reverse the final judgment and remand for a jury trial on the 

method of repair. We note that any judgment on remand must be consistent with the 
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policy's loss settlement provision which only obligates Omega to pay for subsurface 

repairs after the insureds enter into a contract and then only obligates Omega to make 

payment as the work is performed. See Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp. v. Stieben, 200 So. 3d 

215, 215-16 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016); Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp. v. Blaha, 194 So. 3d 411, 

416 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016). 

Reversed and remanded. 

LaROSE, C.J., and CRENSHAW, J., Concur.