United States International Trade Commission

59TH REPORT

USITC Publication 4026

July 2008

THE YEAR IN

TRADE 2007

Operation of the Trade

Agreements Program
Address all communications to

Secretary to the Commission

United States International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

U.S. International Trade Commission

Director of Economics

Robert B. Koopman

Director of Operations

Robert A. Rogowsky

COMMISSIONERS

Shara L. Aranoff, Chairman

Daniel R. Pearson, Vice Chairman

Deanna Tanner Okun

Charlotte R. Lane

Irving A. Williamson

Dean A. Pinkert
U.S. International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

www.usitc.gov

Publication 4026 July 2008

The Year in Trade 2007

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program

59th Report
This report was principally prepared by

The Office of Economics

Arona Butcher, Project Leader

Justino De La Cruz, Deputy Project Leader

Nannette Christ, Kelly Clark, Nick Grossman, William Greene, Joanne Guth,

Alexander Hammer, Walker Pollard, James Stamps, and

Edward C. Wilson

Office of the General Counsel

William W. Gearhart and Robin Turner

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade Agreements

Naomi Freeman and Dan Shepherdson

Office of Investigations

Mary Messer and Andy Rylyk

Office of Unfair Import Investigations

Anne Goalwin

Office of Industries

Kim Freund, Dawn Heuschel, Laura Rodriguez, Donald Sussman,

Audrey Tafoya, and Isaac Wohl

Office of Information Technology Systems

Barbara V. Bobbitt

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Patricia M. Thomas

Intern:

Lauren Deason

Office of Publishing
iii

PREFACE

This report is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the U.S. Congress under

section 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation.

Section 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 states that “the International Trade Commission

shall submit to the Congress at least once a year, a factual report on the operation of the

trade agreements program.”

This report is one of the principal means by which the U.S. International Trade Commission

provides Congress with factual information on trade policy and its administration for

calendar year 2007. The trade agreements program includes “all activities consisting of, or

related to, the administration of international agreements which primarily concern trade and

which are concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the Constitution”

and congressional legislation.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preface.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . iii

Abbreviations and Acronyms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . xi

Executive Summary.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... xv

Chapter 1. Overview of U.S. Trade. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-1

Scope and approach of the report. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-1

Overview of the U.S. economy in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-1

Exchange-rate trends.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-2

Balance of payments.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-3

Trade in goods and services. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-4

U.S. trade in goods in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-5

U.S. merchandise trade by product category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

Exports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-5

Imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-5

U.S. merchandise trade with leading partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

U.S. trade in services in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-9

U.S. services trade by product category. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-9

Exports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-9

Imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1-10

U.S. services trade with leading partners..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-11

Chapter 2. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-1

Import relief laws. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-1

Safeguard actions. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-1

Adjustment assistance.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-1

Trade adjustment assistance for workers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Trade adjustment assistance for farmers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-2

Trade adjustment assistance for firms and industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Laws against unfair trade practices. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-4

Section 301 investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-4

Active section 301 cases in 2007.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-4

New section 301 petitions in 2007.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-4

Special 301.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-5

Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Antidumping investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-7

Countervailing duty investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-8

Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orders/suspension

agreements.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-9

Section 337 investigations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-9

Other import administration laws and programs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Tariff preference programs. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-11
vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 2. Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations–Continued

Generalized System of Preferences. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-11

African Growth and Opportunity Act. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-12

Andean Trade Preference Act. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-16

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-18

Textile and apparel developments in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2-20

U.S. textile and apparel imports in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-20

U.S.-China textile and apparel trade. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-22

Textile and apparel imports under AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22

Textile and apparel imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through

Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23

U.S. textile and apparel imports under CAFTA-DR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24

Chapter 3. Selected Trade Developments in the WTO, OECD, and APEC. ... ... ... ... . . 3-1

World Trade Organization. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-1

Doha trade negotiations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-2

Negotiations resumed in February 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-2

G-4 meetings at Potsdam. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-3

Negotiations suspended in June 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-4

October 2007 General Council and TNC meetings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

November 2007 TNC meeting. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-5

General Council. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-6

Work programs, decisions, and reviews.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-7

Transparency for preferential trade arrangements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

TRIPS Council matters. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-7

Small economies. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-7

Special and differential treatment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-8

Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Aid for trade.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-10

Cotton initiative. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-11

Annual review of China’s protocol of accession to the WTO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

Biennial review of U.S. Jones Act legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

Draft decision on Article 27.4 of the Agreement on Subsidies and

Countervailing Measures. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-12

Accessions. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-13

Waivers . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-13

Seventh WTO ministerial conference. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-13

Dispute settlement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-15

Consultations and new panels established. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Measures by China granting refunds, reductions, or exemptions from taxes

and other payments (DS358)..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-16
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 3. Selected Trade Developments in the WTO, OECD, and APEC–Continued

Measures by India imposing “additional duties” or “extra additional duties,”

including wines and distilled products (DS360). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Measures by China affecting the protection of and enforcement of 

intellectual property rights (DS362).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Measures by China affecting trading rights and distribution services for

certain publications and audiovisual entertainment products (DS363). . . . 3-18

Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent.. . . . . . 3-18

Continued existence and application of “zeroing” methodology in U.S.

antidumping duty reviews (DS350)..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-18

U.S. subsidies and other domestic support for corn and other agricultural

products (DS357). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-19

U.S. domestic support and export credit guarantees for agricultural

products (DS365). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-19

Appellate Body and panel reports adopted during 2007 that involved the United

States. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-19

Reports in which the United States was the complainant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20

Measures by Turkey affecting the importation of rice (DS334).. . . . . . . . . . . 3-20

Reports in which the United States was the respondent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21

U.S. antidumping “zeroing” methodology (DS322). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21

U.S. antidumping measure on shrimp from Ecuador (DS335). . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

Global policy forums. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-22

Nonmember focus.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-23

Trade Committee priority topics.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-24

Export credits. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-25

Aircraft sector understanding. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-25

Export credit understandings for other sectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-26

Action Agenda. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3-27

Committee on Trade and Investment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-27

Chapter 4. U.S. Free Trade Agreements. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-1

FTAs in force during 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-1

Other FTA developments during 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-3

U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-5

U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4-6

North American Free Trade Agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-7

Free Trade Commission. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-8

Commission for Labor Cooperation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-9

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Dispute settlement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-12

Chapter 11 dispute settlement developments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Chapter 19 dispute panel reviews.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-13
viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Chapter 5. U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-1

European Union.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-1

U.S.-EU summit. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-2

Canada. . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-3

Agriculture .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-4

Livestock. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-4

Potatoes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-4

Softwood lumber agreement. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-5

Aviation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-5

China . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-6

Intellectual property rights enforcement.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-6

Product safety. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-7

Market access. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-8

Goods . . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-8

Services. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-9

Global trade imbalances and China’s exchange-rate regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

Mexico.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-10

Cross-border trucking between the United States and Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

Japan. . . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-12

Beef . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-12

Deregulation..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-13

Korea . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-14

U.S.-Korea FTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-15

Beef . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-15

Taiwan . . . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-16

Intellectual property rights. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-16

Agriculture. ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-17

Beef. . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-17

Rice. . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-18

India. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-18

Trade dialogue. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5-19

Mangoes . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5-19

Alcoholic beverages. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-20

Bibliography . . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Bibl -1
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Figures

ES.1. U.S. trade balance in goods and services, 1986–2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

1.1. Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar,

daily, 2007.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1-3

1.2. U.S. merchandise trade with the world, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

1.3. Leading U.S. export markets, by share, 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1.4. Leading U.S. import sources, by share, 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

1.5. U.S. private cross-border services trade with the world, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

1.6. Leading U.S. private services exports, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

1.7. Leading U.S. private services imports, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

Tables

ES.1. Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

1.1. U.S. merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world, 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1.2. U.S. private services trade with major trading partners and the world, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11

2.1. Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers

affected, FY 2006 and FY 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2-3

2.2. Benefits and services provided under the TAA program, FY 2006 and FY 2007. . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.3. Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

2.4. U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.5. U.S. imports for consumption from AGOA countries, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

2.6. U.S. imports for consumption from ATPA countries, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

2.7. U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19

2.8. U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity, percentage change in imports

2006–07, and share of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel, for major U.S.

suppliers, selected regional groups, and the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21

3.1. WTO membership in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-14

3.2. WTO observers in 2007... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-15

3.3. WTO dispute settlement panels established in 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

4.1. U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners, total trade, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.2. U.S. imports entered under FTA provisions, by FTA partner, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.3. Status of U.S. FTA negotiations during 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4.4. U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.5. Active files through 2007, under article 14 of the North American Agreement on 

Environmental Cooperation. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4-11

4.6. Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement 

on Environmental Cooperation, submissions active during 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

4.7. NAFTA chapter 19 binational panels, active reviews in 2007.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

Appendix tables

A.1. U.S. merchandise trade with world, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

A.2. U.S. private services exports to the world, by category, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

A.3. U.S. private services imports from the world, by category, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

A.4. Antidumping cases active in 2007, by USITC investigation number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
x

TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued

Page

Appendix tables–Continued

A.5. Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7

A.6. Countervailing duty cases active in 2007, by USITC investigation number. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13

A.7. Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

A.8. Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007,

by date of completion. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-15

A.9. Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the U.S. International

Trade Commission during 2007 and those pending on December 31, 2007.. . . . . . . . . . A-17

A.10. Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-26

A.11. U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-31

A.12. U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import

categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-32

A.13. U.S. imports for consumption under AGOA provisions, by source, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . A-33

A.14. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34

A.15. U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . A-35

A.16. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-36

A.17. U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . A-37

A.18. U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-38

A.19. WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments

in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-39

A.20. NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments

in 2007. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-46

A.21. U.S. merchandise trade with the European Union, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . A-47

A.22. Leading U.S. exports to the European Union, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . A-48

A.23. Leading U.S. imports from the European Union, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . A-49

A.24. U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . A-50

A.25. Leading U.S. exports to Canada, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-51

A.26. Leading U.S. imports from Canada, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-52

A.27. U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-53

A.28. Leading U.S. exports to China, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-54

A.29. Leading U.S. imports from China, by HTS subheading, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-55

A.30. U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . A-57

A.31. Leading U.S. exports to Mexico, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-58

A.32. Leading U.S. imports from Mexico, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-59

A.33. U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-61

A.34. Leading U.S. exports to Japan, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-62

A.35. Leading U.S. imports from Japan, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-63

A.36. U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-65

A.37. Leading U.S. exports to Korea, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-66

A.38. Leading U.S. imports from Korea, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-67

A.39. U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . A-69

A.40. Leading U.S. exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-70

A.41. Leading U.S. imports from Taiwan, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-71

A.42. U.S. merchandise trade with India, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-73

A.43. Leading U.S. exports to India, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-74

A.44. Leading U.S. imports from India, by HTS subheading, 2005–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-75
xi

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations and

Acronyms

ACP Former European Colonies in Africa, Caribbean, and the Pacific

AD Antidumping

AFT Aid for Trade

AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act

AIT American Institute in Taiwan

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)

AQSIQ General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine 

(China)

ASU Aircraft Sector Understanding

ATPA Andean Trade Preference Act

ATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act

BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission (NAFTA)

BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

CAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement 

CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative

CBTPA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act

CD Compact Disc

CEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA) 

CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement

CITA Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (USDOC)

CLC Commission for Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)

CNL Competitive Need Limitation

CSQ Country Specific Quota

CTD Committee on Trade and Development (WTO)

CTDSS Committee on Trade and Development in Special Session

CTI Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC)

CVD Countervailing Duty

DDA Doha Development Agenda

DSB WTO Dispute Settlement Body

DSU WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

DVD Digital Video Disc

ECA Export Credit Arrangement (OECD)

EDA Economic Development Administration (USDOC)

EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework (WT)

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

EU European Union

FAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA)

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (USDOT)

FTA Free Trade Agreement

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

FTC Free Trade Commission (NAFTA)

FY Fiscal Year
xii

G-4 G-4 Bloc (Brazil, China, India, South Africa)

G-20 G-20 Bloc of Developing Countries

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GOI Government of India

GSP Generalized System of Preferences

HHOPE Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act

HS Harmonized System

HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule ( United States)

IF Integrated Framework

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

ITA International Trade Administration (USDOC)

JCCT U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade

LCIA London Court of International Arbitration

LDB Least-Developed Beneficiary

LDBDC Least-Developed Beneficiary Developing Country

LTFV Less Than Fair Value

MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPS Ministry of Public Security (China)

MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement 

NAAEC North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA)

NAALC North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)

NADB North American Development Bank

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NAMA Nonagricultural Market Access

NAO National Administrative Office (NAFTA)

NTR Normal Trade Relations

OAS Organization of American States

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OIE World Organization for Animal Health

OIG Office of the Inspector General (USDOT)

OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation (USDOT)

OTAI Office of Trade Agreement Implementation (NAFTA)

PRC People's Republic of China

PSAG Private Sector Advisory Group

S&D Special and Differential

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

SED U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue

SITC Standard Industrial Trade Classification

SLA Softwood Lumber Agreement

SMEs Square Meter Equivalents

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

SVE Small and Vulnerable Economy

TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance

TAAC Trade Adjustment Assistance Center
xiii

TACA Trade Advisory Committee on Africa

TEC Transatlantic Economic Council

TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Agreement

TNC Trade Negotiations Committee

TPA Trade Promotion Agreement

TPF Trade Policy Forum

TPL Tariff Preference Level

TRIMS Trade-Related Investment Measures

TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 

TRQ Tariff-Rate Quota

UN United Nations

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USDOC United States Department of Commerce

USDOL United States Department of Labor

USDOS United States Department of State

USITC United States International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WTO World Trade Organization

xv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The U.S. economy continued to expand for the sixth consecutive year in 2007, although at

a slower pace than in previous years. U.S. exports of goods and services ($1,046 billion)

increased more rapidly than U.S. imports ($1,943 billion) for the second year in a row (13

percent for exports versus 5 percent for imports), leading to a decrease in the trade deficit

in goods and services in 2007 (figure ES.1). Increases in U.S. exports of machinery and

transport equipment, chemicals and related products, food and live animals, and crude

materials (except fuels) represented almost three-quarters of the total increase in exports in

2007, while increases in U.S. imports of machinery and transport equipment and mineral

fuels, lubricants, and related materials represented over one-half of the increase in imports

for the same year. The U.S. surplus in services trade increased by 34.1 percent to $106.9

billion in 2007. More than one-half of the increase in exports was accounted for by private

Figure ES.1 U.S. trade balance in goods and services, 1986–2007

services that included business, professional, and technical services; insurance services; and

financial services. The U.S. dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearly

average basis against a basket of currencies including the Canadian dollar, the euro, the

Chinese yuan, and the Japanese yen. The largest depreciation was against the United States’

largest trading partner, Canada. Despite the fluctuations during the year, the U.S. dollar

ended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexican peso and the

British pound. 

A summary of key U.S. trade agreement activities in 2007 is presented below, followed by

a summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis for the year. Trade

agreement activities during 2007 included the administration of U.S. trade laws and
xvi

regulations; U.S. participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Asia-Pacific Economic

Cooperation (APEC) forum; U.S. negotiation of and participation in free trade agreements

(FTAs); and bilateral developments with major trading partners.

Key Trade Developments in 2007

Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and Regulations

• Section 301: One active case under section 301 concerned the European Union

(EU) meat hormone directive, which the WTO had found violates the Agreement

on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

• Special 301: The USTR’s 2007 special 301 report highlighted weak intellectual

property rights (IPR) protection and enforcement in China and Russia, both of

which were placed on the priority watch list. Belize and Brazil were moved from

the priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPR enforcement. The

Bahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to their improved IPR

enforcement, and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due to

their passage of IPR legislation and improved enforcement. The EU was removed

from the watch list principally because it adopted new regulations concerning

geographical indications following an adverse WTO ruling.

• Section 337 investigations: During 2007, there were 77 active section 337

investigations and ancillary proceedings at the U.S. International Trade

Commission (Commission), 39 of which were instituted in 2007. Of these 39, there

were 35 new section 337 investigations and four new ancillary proceedings

relating to previously concluded investigations. All of the new section 337

institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement. At the close of

2007, 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pending.

• Antidumping investigations: The Commission instituted 33 new antidumping

investigations and completed 8 during 2007. Antidumping duty orders were issued

by the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) in 2007 on certain activated

carbon from China and polyester staple fiber from China.

• Countervailing duty investigations: The Commission instituted 7 new

countervailing duty investigations and completed three investigations during 2007.

However, because the Commission made negative determinations in each of the

three investigations (on coated free sheet paper from China, Indonesia, and Korea),

no new countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007.

• Sunset reviews: During 2007, Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunset

reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders, and the

Commission completed 74 reviews, resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailing

duty orders being continued for five additional years.
xvii

• Trade adjustment assistance: In 2007, the U.S. Department of Labor certified

petitions covering approximately 146,592 workers. A total of 1,427 petitions were

certified as eligible for benefits and services, and 625 petitions were denied.

Preferential Trade Programs

• Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Duty-free imports entering under the

U.S. GSP program totaled $30.8 billion in 2007. Angola was the leading GSP

beneficiary in 2007, followed by India, Thailand, Brazil, and Indonesia. During

2007, East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a least-developed GSP

beneficiary. Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP status as a result of

their accession to the EU, and the Dominican Republic was removed from the GSP

program as a result of its accession to the United States-Dominican RepublicCentral America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). Authorization for the GSP

program is currently set to expire on December 31, 2008.

• African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): A total of 39 sub-Saharan African

(SSA) countries were designated for benefits under AGOA as of January 1, 2007,

and 26 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits.

Duty-free U.S. imports under AGOA, including GSP, were valued at $51.1 billion

in 2007. U.S. imports under AGOA, exclusive of GSP, were valued at $42.3 billion

in 2007, a 17.0 percent increase from 2006. The increase in AGOA imports was

driven mainly by increases in U.S. imports of petroleum-related products, which

made up more than 95 percent of imports, by value, under AGOA. This increase

was almost exclusively due to increases in prices rather than volume.

• Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA): ATPA, as amended by the Andean Trade

Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA), provides duty-free treatment for

certain products of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. U.S. imports under

ATPA were valued at $12.3 billion in 2007, a decrease of 8.7 percent from $13.5

billion in 2006. Imports under ATPA from each of the four beneficiary countries

decreased in 2007. Imports from Ecuador decreased by 13.4 percent in value

during 2007 mainly because of lower petroleum production. Petroleum-related

products accounted for 67 percent of U.S. imports under ATPA in 2007. Other

leading imports under ATPA in 2007 included apparel, copper cathodes, fresh cut

flowers, and asparagus.

• Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA): CBERA, as expanded by the

Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA), provides duty-free and reducedduty treatment for certain products of designated Caribbean Basin countries. In

2007, articles from 19 countries and territories were eligible for CBERA

preferences. U.S. imports under CBERA were valued at $5.5 billion in 2007, a

44.6 percent decline from $9.9 billion in 2006. The decline in U.S. imports under

CBERA was due to the fact that imports from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,

and Nicaragua entered under CAFTA-DR during 2007 rather than under CBERA.

The Dominican Republic was a CBERA beneficiary for only part of 2007 before

CAFTA-DR entered into force for that country. Trinidad and Tobago was the

leading supplier of U.S. imports under CBERA in 2007. Mineral fuels, methanol,

and apparel products ranked as the leading U.S. imports under CBERA in 2007.
xviii

Textiles and Apparel

• Trade: U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 totaled 53.1 billion square

meter equivalents (SMEs) ($96.4 billion), an increase of 1.8 percent by volume and

3.4 percent by value over 2006. Similar to previous years, 2007 was characterized

by a shift in U.S. textile and apparel imports from Central American and South

American countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliers—primarily China, but

also Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

• China: U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $5.3 billion

to $32.3 billion. This increase is mainly attributable to a $4.2 billion increase in

U.S. imports of apparel articles. Of the total U.S. textile and apparel imports from

China in 2007, $22.7 billion were apparel and $9.6 billion were textiles. Leading

U.S. apparel imports from China in 2007 included knit sweaters, pullovers, and

vests; knit babies’ garments and accessories; and women’s or girls’ trousers and

shorts. Leading imports of textiles from China included certain made-up textiles

articles, bedding articles, and certain curtains. China’s share of the U.S. import

market expanded to 40.2 percent by volume in 2007, compared with 35.7 percent

in 2006. In 2007, 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21

quotas under the 2005 memorandum of understanding between the United States

and China, which established quotas on U.S. imports of selected textile and apparel

products from China from January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008. During

2007, quotas filled at an average rate of 61.9 percent.

• AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA: In 2007, imports of textiles and apparel eligible for

duty-free entry into the United States totaled $1.3 billion (327 million SMEs)

under AGOA, $1.2 billion (177 million SMEs) under ATPA/ATPDEA, and $927

million (481 million SMEs) under CBERA/CBTPA. For the first time since 2004,

the volume of U.S. imports under AGOA increased slightly (2.8 percent). The

volume of U.S. imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 under both

ATPDEA (by 14.0 percent) and the CBTPA (by 65.8 percent).

• Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Trade Partnership Encouragement

(HHOPE) Act: Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under the

HHOPE Act in the second half of 2007. U.S. imports of textiles and apparel

eligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPE Act in 2007 totaled $13.6 million

(4.0 million SMEs), or 3 percent of total U.S. textile and apparel imports from

Haiti (the remaining imports entering under CBTPA). The CBTPA program, under

which U.S. imports from Haiti have grown steadily in recent years, has contributed

to a viable apparel manufacturing sector in Haiti and created a base from which the

industry can benefit from enhanced preferences afforded by the HHOPE Act.

WTO, OECD, and APEC

• WTO developments: The Doha Development Agenda multilateral trade

negotiations resumed on February 7, 2007, only to be suspended four months later

in June. The G-4 countries—Brazil, the EU, India, and the United States—met

during June 19–21, 2007, in an effort to reach some convergence in negotiating

positions regarding market access for agricultural products, domestic support for
xix

agricultural producers, and market access for nonagricultural products. Issues

raised at the WTO General Council included preferential trade arrangements, small

and vulnerable economies, the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin,

and the Aid for Trade initiative. The General Council also held its annual review

of China’s Protocol of Accession to the WTO and its biennial review of the U.S.

Jones Act legislation.

• WTO dispute settlement: During 2007, WTO members filed 13 new requests for

WTO dispute settlement consultations. This compares with 22 in 2006, 12 in 2005,

and 19 in 2004. Thirteen new dispute settlement panels were established in 2007.

One of these panels (DS358—reductions or exemptions from taxes) was later

terminated when the United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlement

in December 2007, and another (DS359— reductions or exemptions from taxes)

was terminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in

February 2008. Four cases involved the United States as complainant (DS358,

DS360/India—additional and extra duties on imports, DS362/China—IPR

enforcement, and DS363/China— trading rights and distribution services for

audiovisual entertainment products). Other complainants that brought one or more

dispute settlement cases in 2007 included Argentina (3), Brazil (1), the EU (3),

Mexico (1), and Panama (1). Two dispute settlement panels involved the United

States as respondent (DS350/EU—“zeroing” methodology, and

DS365/Brazil—domestic support and export credit for agricultural products).

Other respondents cited in one or more dispute settlement cases in 2007 included

Brazil (1), Chile (2), China (4), Colombia (1), India (2), and Mexico (1). The trade

issues implicated in these cases included measures affecting antidumping,

countervailing duty, and safeguard matters; intellectual property rights; tax

matters; and measures affecting border and internal trade issues.

• OECD developments: The OECD Trade Committee held several global policy

forums during 2007 addressing subjects such as trade and labor market adjustment

and the international sourcing of information technology services. The committee

completed its comprehensive reviews of the economies of China and India and

continued discussions on trade issues regarding other major nonmember

economies.

• APEC developments: During the September 2007 annual meeting, APEC ministers

agreed upon an Action Plan to stimulate energy efficiency and environmental

protection in their region. Also in 2007, APEC’s Committee on Trade and

Investment agreed on measures with respect to regional and free trade agreements,

electronic commerce, rules of origin and origin procedures, and sanitary and

phytosanitary measures; formulated a plan aimed at reducing intra-regional

transaction costs associated with trade; developed guidelines to enhance IPR

capacity building in the region; and agreed on common procedures for acquiring

new patents in member countries.

FTAs in Force During 2007

• U.S. FTAs in force in 2007: The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of

December 31, 2007: CAFTA-DR (2006–07), the U.S.-Bahrain FTA (2006), the
xx

U.S.-Morocco FTA (2006), the U.S.-Australia FTA (2005), the U.S.-Chile FTA

(2004), the U.S.-Singapore FTA (2004), the U.S.-Jordan FTA (2001), the North

American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994); and the U.S.-Israel FTA

(1985).

• FTA legislative developments: The U.S. Congress and the Administration agreed

on a bipartisan trade deal on May 10, 2007, calling for the inclusion of core labor

and environmental standards, among otherthings, in the text of pending and future

trade agreements. The President’s statutory authority to negotiate trade agreements

that Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend lapsed on July 1, 2007,

without being renewed. 

• Other FTA developments: The United States concluded FTA negotiations with

Panama on December 19, 2006, and the two parties signed the U.S.-Panama Trade

Promotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28, 2007. The United States concluded FTA

negotiations with Korea on April 1, 2007, and the two parties signed a bilateral

FTA agreement on June 30, 2007. The United States signed bilateral agreements

with Colombia, Oman, and Peru in 2006. The United States and Peru concluded

negotiations for an amended U.S.-Peru TPA on June 25, 2007, that was ratified by

Congress in December 2007, and President Bush signed the implementing

legislation on December 14, 2007. The United States and Colombia concluded

negotiations for an amended U.S.-Colombia TPA on June 28, 2007. However,

none of those bilateral agreements entered into force during 2007.

• U.S. merchandise trade flows with FTA partners: Total U.S. exports of goods to

FTA partners in 2007 were valued at $406 billion and accounted for 38.8 percent

of total U.S. exports, while total U.S. imports of goods from FTA partners were

valued at approximately $593 billion and accounted for 32.2 percent of total U.S.

imports. The United States had an overall merchandise trade deficit with FTA

partners in 2007 of $188 billion, including a record high $190 billion deficit with

NAFTA partners. Australia, Singapore, and Morocco were the only FTA partners

with whom the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007.

• NAFTA developments: Although NAFTA was launched on January 1, 1994, the

last of its trade provisions were only fully implemented on January 1, 2008. In

2007, U.S. two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) with NAFTA

partners totaled $855 billion, a 5.2 percent increase over 2006.

• NAFTA dispute settlement: Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designed

to protect cross-border investors and facilitate the settlement of investment

disputes. In 2007, there were five active chapter 11 cases against the United States

by Canadian investors. There were also six active chapter 11 cases by U.S.

investors against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases by U.S. investors against

Mexico. Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review by

a binational panel of final determinations made by national investigating

authorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases. At the end of 2007, the

NAFTA Secretariat listed 12 active binational panels under chapter 19. The two

binational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged U.S. agencies’

determinations on products from Mexico.
 The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, 1

Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain,

Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

xxi

Trade Activities with Major Trading Partners

European Union

• The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) U.S. trading partner 1

behind the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico. In 2007, U.S. twoway merchandise trade with the EU totaled $578.5 billion, representing nearly onefifth of U.S. trade with the world. U.S. exports of goods to the EU were valued at

$226.3 billion in 2007, and U.S. imports of goods from the EU were valued at

$352.2 billion, resulting in a U.S. merchandise trade deficit with the EU of $125.9

billion in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to the EU during the year included aircraft

and aircraft parts, medicaments, passenger cars, blood fractions, and gold. Leading

U.S. imports from the EU included certain medicaments, passenger cars, petroleum

derivatives, and nucleic acids and their salts.

• There were several active WTO dispute settlement proceedings during 2007 in

which both the United States and the EU were parties, either as the complainant

or the respondent. Four ofthese cases involved alleged subsidies to their respective

civil aircraft industries. The United States and EU also created the Transatlantic

Economic Council to guide efforts to lower U.S. and EU barriers to trade and

investment.

Canada

• Canada was the second-largest export market for U.S. goods in 2007 following the

EU and the largest single-country trading partner of the United States, with

two-way merchandise trade valued at $525.6 billion. U.S. merchandise exports to

Canada were valued at $213.1 billion in 2007, and U.S. merchandise imports from

Canada were valued at $312.5 billion, resulting in a $99.4 billion U.S. merchandise

trade deficit with Canada in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to Canada during the year

included passenger and transport motor vehicles, parts and accessories for motor

vehicles, and energy products such as natural gas and crude oils. Leading U.S.

imports from Canada in 2007 included natural gas and crude oils and passenger

motor vehicles.

• The United States and Canada conducted bilateral discussions on a number of

agricultural issues during 2007, notably the resumption of livestock trade

following concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the

liberalization of Canadian restrictions on imports of bulk shipments of potatoes.

The United States also requested consultations with Canada under the U.S.-Canada

Softwood Lumber Agreement signed in September 2006 to resolve concerns

regarding Canada’s implementation of several provisions. The two countries also

implemented a bilateral air service agreement that removes remaining restrictions

on civil aviation services between the two countries.
xxii

China

• China was the second-largest single-country trading partner of the United States,

with two-way merchandise trade valued at $383.8 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to China were valued at $61.0 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from China were valued at $323.1 billion, resulting in a $262.1 billion

U.S. merchandise trade deficit with China in 2007, accounting for 29.2 percent of

the U.S. global merchandise trade deficit in that year. Leading U.S. exports to

China included airplanes, soybeans, electronic integrated circuits, and copper and

aluminum waste and scrap. Leading U.S. imports from China included computers

and their parts, wirelesstelephones,miscellaneous wheeled toys, video games, and

footwear. 

• U.S.-China bilateral trade relations in 2007 focused on IPR enforcement, product

safety, and market access for goods and services in China, as well as the two

countries’ global trade imbalances.

Mexico

• Mexico was the third-largest single-country trading partner of the United States,

with two-way merchandise trade valued at $329.6 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to Mexico were valued at $119.4 billion, and U.S.

merchandise imports from Mexico were valued at $210.2 billion, resulting in a

$90.8 billion U.S. merchandise trade deficit with Mexico. Leading U.S. exports to

Mexico included machinery and transportation equipment. Leading U.S. imports

from Mexico included crude oils and motor vehicles.

• On September 6, 2007, the U.S. Department of Transportation initiated the CrossBorder Trucking Demonstration Project, which permits up to 100 Mexicodomiciled motor carriers to operate throughout the United States for one year.

Japan

• U.S. two-way merchandise trade with Japan totaled $203.0 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to Japan were valued at $58.1 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from Japan totaled $144.9 billion, resulting in an $86.8 billion U.S.

merchandise trade deficit with Japan in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to Japan

included airplanes and other aircraft, corn, parts of airplanes or helicopters,

machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or

electronic integrated circuits, and soybeans. Leading U.S. imports from Japan

included passenger motor vehicles; parts and accessories of printing machinery;

television cameras, digital cameras and video camera recorders; and gear boxes

and parts for motor vehicles.

• The U.S.-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth continues to serve as the

primary forum for trade and economic dialogue between the two countries. In

2007, discussions under this framework focused on U.S. beef exports to Japan and

deregulation of Japan’s economy, including economy-wide and sector-specific
xxiii

reforms such as certification of communications equipment and air transport

restrictions.

Korea

• U.S. two-way merchandise trade with Korea totaled $78.4 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to Korea were valued at $33.0 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from Korea totaled $45.4 billion, resulting in a $12.3 billion U.S.

merchandise trade deficit with Korea. Leading U.S. exports to Korea included

computer chips, aircraft, and machines and mechanical appliances having

individual functions (mostly semiconductor production machinery). Leading U.S.

imports from Korea included automobiles, cellular telephones, computer chips, and

computer parts and accessories (mainly memory modules). 

• U.S.-Korea trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations and

negotiations over U.S. beef exports to Korea, which had been suspended because

of Korean concerns with BSE.

Taiwan

• U.S. two-way merchandise trade with Taiwan totaled $62.5 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to Taiwan were valued at $24.5 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from Taiwan totaled $38.1 billion, resulting in a $14.5 billion U.S.

merchandise trade deficit with Taiwan in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to Taiwan

in 2007 included digital integrated circuits, semiconductor and flat panel

manufacturing and assembly equipment, aircraft, corn, and soybeans. Leading U.S.

imports from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits, transmission apparatus

for radiotelephony, reception apparatus for television, computer parts, and

navigational and remote control radar machines.

• During the sixth session of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement in

July 2007, U.S.-Taiwan negotiations focused on IPR enforcement in Taiwan, U.S.

access to Taiwan’s beef market, and Taiwan’s rice procurement practices.

India

• U.S. two-way merchandise trade with India totaled $40.2 billion in 2007. U.S.

merchandise exports to India were valued at $16.3 billion, and U.S. merchandise

imports from India totaled $23.9 billion, resulting in a $7.6 billion merchandise

trade deficit with India in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to India during the year

included aircraft, fertilizers, nonindustrial diamonds, and nonmonetary gold.

Leading U.S. imports from India included nonindustrial diamonds; articles of

jewelry and parts of precious metals (excluding silver); and women’s or girls’

cotton blouses, shirts, and blouses (not knitted or crocheted). 
xxiv

• During 2007, India resumed shipments of mangoes to the U.S. market, ending an

18-year bilateral trade dispute, under the condition that the mangoes undergo

irradiation in India to eliminate pests.

Table ES.1 provides a summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis for

the year 2007.
xxv

TABLE ES.1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities

January

1-Bulgaria and Romania become EU members

and are no longer designated as beneficiary

developing countries under theU.S. GSP

program.

8-Canada requests WTO consultations with the

United States regarding U.S. domestic support

measures for corn and other agricultural

products.

8-Chile's status is elevated to “priority watch list”

from “watch list” as the result of an "out-of-cycle"

Special 301 review of intellectual property

protections.

10-The State Department certifies Madagascar

and recertifies Nigeria as eligible to export wild

shrimp to the United States.

16-The EU lifts its restrictions requiring imported

U.S. corn gluten feed and brewers' grain to be

certified as free of the genetically modified

organism Bt10.

16-The United States appeals a WTO dispute

panel ruling that found that the United States

failed to comply with an earlier panel ruling

faulting U.S. sunset review procedures in

antidumping cases.

25-The United States and Uruguay sign a Trade

and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA).

26-The United States and Mexico sign a customs

cooperation agreement to implement the apparel

cumulation provisions of CAFTA-DR.

30-A WTO panel upholds Ecuador's claim that

the U.S. Department of Commerce violated WTO

antidumping rules by using “zeroing” in its

original investigation on imports of shrimp from

Ecuador.

February

2-The United States requests dispute settlement

consultations with China over prohibited

subsidies.

2-Canada announces that it will no longer require

testing for bluetongue in cattle, sheep, and goats

imported from the United States.

16-The United States and Liberia sign a TIFA.

February—Continued 

16-The United States signs an agreement with

Japan to facilitate trade in telecommunications

equipment.

16-Japan suspends imports of beef from a

Lexington, Nebraska, plant for potential violation

of joint import rules.

23-A U.S. district court rules that an Illinois law

prohibiting certain investments in companies

doing business in or with Sudan is

unconstitutional.

March

1-CAFTA-DR enters into force for the Dominican

Republic.

2-Japan suspends imports of sausages from a

California meat packer based on the suspicion

that the products contained banned U.S.

processed beef.

6-The United States requests WTO dispute

settlement consultations with India over customs

duties India imposes on imports of wine and

distilled spirits.

19-The United States and Vietnam begin

negotiations on a TIFA.

20-President Bush signs a proclamation

implementing legislation that provides trade

benefits for Haiti under the HHOPE Act.

30-The U.S. Department of Commerce

announces its preliminary decision to apply U.S.

countervailing duty law to imports from China.

This is the first time countervailing duties will be

imposed on imports from a nonmarket economy.

30-The United States requests formal

consultations with Canada under a dispute

resolution mechanism in the 2006 U.S.-Canada

Softwood Lumber Agreement to discuss

Canadian compliance with several provisions of

the pact.

April

1-The United States and Korea complete

negotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA).
xxvi

April–Continued

10-The United States requests dispute

settlement consultations with China regarding

deficiencies in China’s intellectual property rights

(IPR) laws and market access barriers to

copyright-based industries.

12-The WTO Appellate Body circulates its report

upholding a U.S. statute concerning the U.S.

antidumping “sunset” review of oil country tubular

goods from Argentina.

17-The EU announces an expansion of the

number of products from the United States that

will be subject to retaliatory import duties as a

result of increased payments to U.S. firms under

the Byrd amendment, which has been ruled

inconsistent with WTO rules.

30-Thailand and Chile are added to the USTR’s

Special 301 priority watch list of countries that do

not adequately protect IPR; Brazil is removed.

30-The United States and the EU agree on a

framework to promote greater regulatory

cooperation to facilitate transatlantic trade.

May

1-First shipment of mangoes from India in 18

years enters the United States under a 2006

U.S.-India agreement to irradiate mangoes prior

to entry into the U.S. market.

10-The USTR and Congress announce a

bipartisan agreement to add core labor and

environmental standards, among other things, to

pending U.S. FTAs.

10-The EU requests the establishment of a WTO

dispute settlement panel to challenge 40 U.S.

antidumping measures that the EU says are

based on the "zeroing" methodology used in

U.S. antidumping investigations.

23-Customs officials from the United States and

China sign an agreement strengthening the

enforcement of intellectual property laws.

25-The United States requests the establishment

of a WTO dispute settlement panel challenging

India’s duties on wine and spirits and other

imports from the United States.

June

4-The United States submits a paper to the WTO

Negotiating Group on Rules proposing that

certain trade-distorting subsidies be prohibited.

June–Continued

8-Canada requests the establishment of a WTO

dispute settlement panel to rule whether the

United States violated WTO rules by providing

excessive subsidies to its farmers as well as

illegal agricultural export subsidies.

14-The United States and Rwanda launch formal

negotiations on a Bilateral Investment Treaty.

20-Antigua and Barbuda announces that it will

seek authorization from the WTO to impose

more than $3.4 billion in annual trade sanctions

against the United States for its failure to comply

with a WTO ruling against U.S. restrictions on

Internet gambling.

20-The United States and Georgia sign a TIFA.

21-The United States and Vietnam sign a TIFA.

25-The United States and Peru agree on

amendments to the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion

Agreement (TPA) pursuant to the May 10, 2007,

U.S. agreement to add core labor and

environmental standards.

27-Peru ratifies the amended U.S.-Peru TPA.

28-The United States and Colombia agree on

amendments to the U.S.-Colombia TPA pursuant

to the May 10, 2007, U.S. agreement to add core

labor and environmental standards.

28-The United States and Panama sign a

bilateral FTA.

28-The United States terminates GSP duty-free

benefits for certain products from Brazil, Côte

d'Ivoire, India, the Philippines, Thailand, and

Venezuela.

30-The United States and Korea sign a bilateral

FTA.

30-President Bush signs legislation to extend

ATPA duty-free benefits for Bolivia, Colombia,

Ecuador, and Peru.

July

1-The President's Trade Promotion Authority

expires.

3-The Indian government announces that it will

lift a tariff on imports of wines, beer, and spirits

that is the subject of a WTO dispute settlement

complaint.
xxvii

July–Continued

11-Brazil files a request for WTO dispute

settlement consultations relating to U.S. support

and export credit guarantees for agricultural

products paid to U.S. farmers.

11-Panama ratifies the U.S.-Panama TPA.

24-The United States and Mexico request a

WTO dispute settlement panel challenging 

Chinese subsidies.

August

13-The United States requests the establishment

of a WTO dispute settlement panel to resolve

claims that the Chinese IPR legal regime fails to

adequately protect and enforce U.S. copyrights

and trademarks.

14-NAFTA trade ministers meet and agree on

rules-of-origin changes to be implemented in

2008.

September

6-U.S.-Mexican Cross-Border Trucking Program

begins, satisfying provisions under NAFTA.

14-China requests WTO dispute settlement

consultations relating to preliminary U.S.

antidumping and countervailing duties imposed

on imports of Chinese coated free sheet paper

(glossy paper).

21-A WTO dispute settlement panel report is

circulated that agrees with U.S. claims that

Turkey’s measures on imported rice are

inconsistent with Turkey’s WTO obligations.

28-U.S. duties for certain goods imported from

Mexico are eliminated under NAFTA.

28-President Bush signs legislation extending the

trade adjustment assistance program for three

months.

October

2-The United States establishes the Validated

End-User program for India to increase secure

high-tech trade with India.

8-Costa Rica approves CAFTA-DR in a national

referendum.

16-President Bush signs a bill boosting penalties

for violations of export control regulations.

October–Continued

30-Colombia ratifies the amended U.S.-Colombia

TPA.

November

1-The United States and Canada implement an

arrangement concerning trade in potatoes.

8-Brazil and Canada request establishment of a 

WTO dispute settlement panel to consider

whether the United States violated WTO rules by

providing excessive subsidies to U.S. farmers.

14-The United States and Libya agree to

establish a formal body that will meet annually to

discuss ways to broaden bilateral commercial

ties.

19-China agrees to terminate subsidies that the

United States alleged were inconsistent under

WTO rules.

21-The United States and Japan finalize an

agreement to facilitate trade in

telecommunications equipment and harmonize

certification requirements.

28-A NAFTA panel rejects the U.S. Department

of Commerce's use of “zeroing” in calculating

dumping margins.

30-The United States and the EU propose to

increase global trade in technologies that inhibit

climate change by eliminating tariffs and other

barriers.

December

4-Congress completes ratification of the U.S.-

Peru TPA.

5-The United States and Paraguay agree to

expand coverage of GSP duty-free benefits to

include certified handicrafts.

11-The U.S. Department of Commerce and

China’s Ministry of Commerce sign the 

“Guidelines for U.S.-China High Technology and

Strategic Trade Development.”

11-The United States and China sign two

agreements on food and feed import safety and

drug and medical device import safety.

12- The United States and China conclude a

memorandum of understanding on illegal logging

and associated trade.
xxviii

December–Continued

14-President Bush signs the U.S.-Peru TPA

Implementation Act.

17-The United States reaches agreement with

the EU at the WTO on compensation for Internet

gambling.

27-President Bush proclaims modifications to the

CAFTA-DR textile rules of origin.

27-President Bush proclaims modifications to the

U.S.-Chile FTA and the U.S.-Singapore FTA

rules of origin.

31-President Bush signs into law the Sudan

Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007.

Sources: Compiled from multiple U.S.

government sources, including U.S. Department

of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce,

U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. International

Trade Commission, U.S. Department of State,

and the White House. Other sources include

Bureau of National Affairs, International Trade

Daily, and U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
 This is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the U.S. Congress under section 163(c) of the 1

Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation.

 According to the U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC), GDP growth in 2007 was the weakest since 2

2002. The change is associated with a reorientation of the U.S. economy away from housing investment and

toward exports and investment in business structures. White House, Economic Report of the President,

February 2008, 25.

 USDOC, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), “National Economic Accounts.” 3

 A slowdown in real imports was also a factor in the positive contribution of net exports to the growth of 4

GDP during the year. Net exports added almost a percentage point to U.S. GDP growth in the second half of

2007. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, 17.

1-1

CHAPTER 1

Overview of U.S. Trade

Scope and Approach of the Report

This report provides factual information on the operation of the U.S. trade agreements

program and its administration for calendar year 2007. The trade agreement activities 1

during 2007 include the administration of U.S. trade laws and regulations; U.S. participation

in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum; U.S.

negotiation of and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs); and bilateral developments

with major trading partners.

The report is based on primary source materials on U.S. trade programs and administrative

actions thereunder, including U.S. government Federal Register notices, publications and

press releases by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC or the Commission) and

other U.S. government agencies. Other primary sources of information include publications

of international institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the OECD,

the WTO, and official publications of foreign governments. Professional journals, trade

publications, and news reports are used to provide supplemental factual information when

primary source information is unavailable. 

The data provided throughout the report are on merchandise trade except for chapter 1,

which also includes data on services trade as compiled by the Commission primarily from

the U.S. Census Bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce, as well as the United Nations

(UN) and the IMF.

Overview of the U.S. Economy in 2007

The expansion of the U.S. economy continued for the sixth consecutive year in 2007, but

growth was slower than in previous years. Real U.S. gross domestic product (GDP)

2

increased by 2.2 percent in 2007, compared with 2.9 percent growth in 2006. Personal 3

consumption expenditures, exports, nonresidential structures, and state and local 4

government spending were leading components of the growth in 2007. The decline in real

GDP growth between 2006 and 2007 primarily reflected a large decrease in residential fixed
 IMF, “World Economic Outlook,” April 2008, 10. 5

 Economic growth slowed as a result of a weak housing sector, credit tightening, and high energy prices. 6

White House, Economic Report of the President, 18.

 The euro area includes Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, 7

the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain.

 OECD, “Main Economic Indicators: Country Comparison Tables,” April 2008. 8

 GDP growth data for the world and China are from the IMF, “World Economic Outlook,” April 2008, 9

table 1.1, 8.

 The OECD includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, 10

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the

Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

 USDOC, BEA, “International Economic Accounts—U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter 11

and Year 2007, Current Account,” These data cover exchange rates for the 2007 calendar year. Data analyzed

by the Federal Reserve covered January 2007 through February 21, 2008. Those data show that the nominal

trade-weighted exchange value of the dollar against major currencies depreciated by more than 10 percent

during that period. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Monetary Policy Report to the

Congress, 33.

 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, 33. 12

1-2

investment, a downturn in private inventory investment, and a decline in equipment and

software expenditures that were partly offset by a decline in imports. The decline in the U.S.

housing market, which began in 2006, continued to be a drag on economic activity in 2007.

5

The quarterly pattern of real GDP growth in 2007 was uneven, with relatively stronger

growth in the second and third quarters and relatively weaker growth in the first and fourth

quarters. GDP growth slowed sharply in the fourth quarter of 2007, increasing only at an

annual rate of 0.6 percent, after posting a 4.9 percent annual rate in the third quarter.6

Despite slower growth in 2007, the U.S. economy recorded growth that either equaled or

exceeded that of some other major industrialized countries and areas, including the euro area

(2.2 percent) and Japan (1.8 percent). However, U.S. economic growth was below the 7 8

world average GDP growth rate of 5.2 percent, as well as that of Canada (2.9 percent),

9

Mexico (3.8 percent), China (11.5 percent), and the OECD (2.9 percent).

10

Exchange-Rate Trends

The U.S. dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearly average basis

against a group of major currencies (figure 1.1). It generally depreciated during the year 11

against the Canadian dollar, the euro, the Chinese yuan, and the Japanese yen, with the

largest depreciation occurring against the Canadian dollar. Short-term fluctuations in the

dollar-yuan exchange rate continued to be small, with the dollar’s rate of depreciation

accelerating against the yuan in late 2007. Despite the fluctuations during the year, the 12

U.S. dollar ended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexican

peso and the British pound.
 USDOC, BEA, “International Economic Accounts—U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter 13

and Year 2007, Current Account.” 

 The balance on income is income receipts (including income receipts on U.S.-owned assets abroad and 14

compensation of U.S. employees abroad) less income payments (including income payments on

foreign-owned assets in the United States and compensation of foreign employees in the United States).

1-3

Figure 1.1 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar, daily,

2007a

Source: U.S. Federal Reserve Board.

 Units of the foreign currency per unit of the U.S. dollar. A decrease in the index represents a depreciation in the a

U.S. dollar relative to the foreign currency, and an increase in the index represents an appreciation of the U.S. dollar

relative to the foreign currency.

Balance of Payments

The U.S. current account deficit—the combined balances on trade in goods and services,

income, and net current unilateral transfers—decreased from $811.5 billion in 2006 to

$738.6 billion in 2007. As a share of U.S. GDP, the current account deficit was 5.3 percent 13

in 2007, down from 6.2 percent in 2006. The decrease was accounted for by increases in the

surpluses on income and services, as well as a decrease in the deficit on goods. The deficit

on trade in goods decreased from $838.3 billion in 2006 to $815.4 billion in 2007. The

balance on income increased from a surplus of $36.6 billion in 2006 to a surplus of $74.3

14

billion in 2007.
 Services trade data are reported here on a balance of payments (BOP) basis for purposes of comparison 15

with merchandise trade figures. BOP data include trade in private services, as well as transfers under U.S.

military agency sales contracts and U.S. government purchases of miscellaneous services. USDOC, BEA,

“International Economic Accounts–U.S. International Transactions; Fourth Quarter and Year 2007, Current

Account,” table 1.

 U.S. trade in services is described in greater detail below. 16

 The main components of the financial account are capital transfers, foreign direct investment, portfolio 17

investment, banking and other flows, statistical discrepancies, and official reserve assets. USDOC, BEA,

“International Economic Accounts—U.S. International Transactions: Fourth Quarter and Year 2007, Current

Account.”

 USDOC, BEA, “International Economic Accounts—U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services.” 18

 The Census basis data for goods (used elsewhere in this report) are compiled from the documents

19

collected by the U.S. Customs Service and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the

50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. foreign trade zones. Data

on goods compiled on a Census basis are adjusted by the USDOC, BEA to a BOP basis to bring the data in

line with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national accounts. These

adjustments are made to supplement coverage of the Census basis data, to eliminate duplication of

transactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts, and to value transactions according to a

standard definition. For a more detailed discussion of the differences between BOP basis and Census basis

data, see USDOC, BEA, “Information on Goods and Services” in USDOC, BEA, “International Economic

Accounts,” December 2007. BOP trade data in this section of the report may not match data in other sections

or in the report appendix because of adjustments made to the data by the sources cited.

 White House, Economic Report of the President, February 2008, 35. 20

 USDOC, U.S. Census Bureau, “International Economic Accounts—U.S. International Trade in Goods 21

and Services, December 2007,” February 14, 2008.

1-4

The trade surplus on services increased from $79.7 billion in 2006 to $106.9 billion in

2007. Exports of services increased to $479.2 billion in 2007 from $422.6 billion in 2006,

15

and more than half of the increase was accounted for by an increase in “other” private

services, which includes business, professional, and technical services; insurance services;

and financial services. There were also increased exports of travel; royalties and license

fees; and “other” transportation, which includes freight and port services. Imports of

services increased from $342.8 billion in 2006 to $372.3 billion in 2007, with more than half

of the increase accounted for by an increase in “other” private services. Net financial 16

account payments (outflows) were $1.2 trillion in 2007, up from $1.1 trillion in 2006.

17

Trade in Goods and Services

The U.S. foreign trade deficit for goods and services in 2007 was $708.6 billion (5.1 percent

of GDP), down from a deficit in 2006 of $758.5 billion (5.7 percent of GDP). U.S. exports 18

of goods and services, on a seasonally adjusted U.S. balance-of-payments (BOP) basis,

19

were valued at $1,628.4 billion in 2007, with imports of goods and services valued at

$2,336.9 billion. Exports of services increased in 2007, but at a slower pace than in the

previous year. The pace of the increase in the exports of goods and services reflected the

economic growth of U.S. trading partners, expanded domestic production capacity, and

exchange-rate trends.20

Largely as a result of higher petroleum prices, U.S. spending on petroleum imports increased

during 2007, resulting in an increase in the petroleum products deficit from $270.9 billion

in 2006 to $293.5 billion in 2007. Imports of petroleum accounted for 14.2 percent of total 21

imports, by value, in 2007, and the petroleum products deficit represented 41.2 percent of

the total U.S. deficit on trade in goods and services in 2007. U.S. trade in goods and services

is discussed in more detail below.
 Merchandise trade data in this section do not match the seasonally adjusted BOP basis data presented 22

above because of adjustments made to the data as described in footnote 19.

 U.S. exports have been helped by rising foreign incomes, the expansion of production in the United 23

States, and changes in exchange rates. White House, Economic Report of the President, 20.

 U.S. trade in services is described in greater detail below. 24

1-5

U.S. Trade in Goods in 2007

U.S. merchandise exports increased to $1,046.4 billion (7.6 percent of GDP) in 2007 from

$929.5 billion (7.0 percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 1.2). U.S. merchandise imports

22

increased to $1,942.9 billion (14.0 percent of GDP) in 2007 from $1,845.1 billion (14.0

percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 1.2). Exports increased more rapidly than imports for the

second year in a row, with exports increasing by 15.6 percent over the 2005–06 period and

12.6 percent over the 2006–07 period and imports increasing 11.0 percent and 5.3 percent

during the same two periods.23

U.S. Merchandise Trade by Product Category24

Exports

Machinery and transport equipment ranked as the largest U.S. export by Standard

International Trade Classification (SITC) group in 2007 (appendix table A.1). U.S. exports

of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $462.7 billion in 2007, accounting for

44.2 percent of total U.S. exports during the year, and grew by 9.2 percent from $423.8

billion in 2006. Almost three quarters of the total increase in exports in 2007 were

accounted for by increased U.S. exports of machinery and transport equipment; chemicals

and related products; food and live animals; and crude materials (except fuels). None of the

SITC groups registered a decline in exports from 2006 to 2007.

Imports

All SITC groups of U.S. imports increased from 2006 to 2007 (appendix table A.1). As in

recent years, machinery and transport equipment was the largest U.S. import group by SITC

code in 2007. U.S. imports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $739.1

billion in 2007, an increase of 4.3 percent over imports of $708.6 billion in 2006, and

accounted for 38.0 percent of total U.S. imports in 2007. Increased U.S. imports of

machinery and transport equipment and mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials

represented over half of the total increase in imports in 2007.

U.S. imports under the four preferential trade programs with developing countries totaled

$90.9 billion in 2007 and accounted for 4.7 percent of total U.S. imports during the year.

Duty-free imports totaled $30.8 billion (appendix table A.12) under the Generalized System

of Preferences (GSP) program, $42.3 billion (excluding GSP imports) under the African

Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) (appendix tables A.13 and A.14), and $12.3 billion
 See chap. 2 of this report for additional information. 25

 Leading U.S. exports to and imports from these partners are presented in appendix tables A.22 through 26

A.44. Data in table 1.2 may not match with those in appendix tables A.22 through A.44 because of

adjustments made to the data.

 Global expansion was strong in the first half of 2007, with turbulence in financial markets setting in 27

during the last half of the year. IMF, “World Economic Outlook,” April 2008, xiv.

 USDOC, USCB, “International Economic Accounts,” February 14, 2008. 28

1-6

Figure 1.2 U.S. merchandise trade with the world, 2005–07

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) (appendix tables A.15 and A.16). In

addition, imports that entered duty free or at reduced rates under the Caribbean Basin

Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) totaled $5.5 billion (appendix tables A.17 and A.18).

During 2007, as in the past, increased U.S. imports under AGOA reflected the increased

value of petroleum imports, primarily from the three leading exporters of oil under

AGOA—Nigeria, Angola, and Gabon.25

U.S. Merchandise Trade with Leading Partners

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners Canada and Mexico together

remain the largest U.S. global market for exports and imports, followed by the European

Union (EU) (table 1.1). Figures 1.3 and 1.4 show leading U.S. export and import markets

26

by share in 2007.

Foreign economic growth continued to be generally strong in 2007, aiding U.S. export growth

during the year. As shown above, U.S. exports increased by 12.6 percent, while U.S. 27

imports increased by 5.3 percent over the 2006–07 period. U.S. exports to major trading 28

partners Canada, Japan, and Korea continued to grow faster than imports from those

countries during the year.
1-7

Total: $1,046.4 billion

TABLE 1.1 U.S. merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world, 2007

Major trading partner Exports Imports

Trade

balance

Two-way

(exports plus imports)

Billion dollars

EU-27. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 226.3 352.2 -125.9 578.4

Canada.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 213.1 312.5 -99.4 525.6

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 61.0 323.1 -262.1 384.1

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119.4 210.2 -90.8 329.6

Japan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 58.1 144.9 -86.8 203.0

Korea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 33.0 45.4 -12.4 78.4

Taiwan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24.5 38.1 -13.5 62.6

Brazil.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 21.7 25.0 -3.3 46.7

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 16.3 23.9 -7.6 40.2

Russia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6.7 19.1 -12.5 25.8

South Africa. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5.2 9.1 -3.9 14.3

World. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,046.4 1,942.9 -896.5 2,989.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Figure 1.3 Leading U.S. export markets, by share, 2007

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.
 U.S. bilateral trade relations with China are discussed in chap. 5 of this report. 29

1-8

Figure 1.4 Leading U.S. import sources, by share, 2007

 Total: $1,942.9 billion

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Canada remains the largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United States,

followed by China and Mexico. China alone accounted for 29.2 percent of the total U.S.

merchandise trade deficit of $896.5 billion in 2007, and Canada and Mexico together

accounted for 21.1 percent of the deficit. The U.S. trade deficit with China rose from $235.4

billion in 2006 to $262.1 billion in 2007 despite the fact that U.S. exports to China grew

faster (an increase of 18.2 percent over 2006) than U.S. imports from China (an increase of

12.6 percent over 2006).

29
 This section focuses primarily on cross-border services transactions in private services, which exclude 30

government sales and purchases of services. The section presents changes from 2006 to 2007 and data on

2005 are given where appropriate. This section draws its services trade data from the BEA. In these national

accounts data, “cross-border transactions” occur when U.S. firms and consumers sell to, or purchase services

from, firms and consumers in another country, with people, information, or money crossing U.S. boundaries

in the process. Cross-border transactions appear explicitly as imports and exports in the balance of payments.

U.S. firms also provide services to foreign consumers through affiliates established in host countries, with the

income generated by “affiliate transactions” appearing as investment income in the balance of payments. The

channel of delivery used by service providers depends primarily on the nature of the service. For example,

many financial services, such as retail banking services, are supplied most effectively by affiliates located

close to the consumer. Conversely, trade in education services predominantly takes the form of cross-border

transactions involving students studying abroad.

 USDOC, BEA, “Private Services Transactions,” U.S. International Transactions Accounts Data, Table

31

3, accessed June 3, 2008.

 The category “business, professional, and technical services” includes advertising; computer and 32

information services; research, development, and testing services; management, consulting, and public

relations services; legal services; construction, architectural, and engineering services; industrial engineering;

installation maintenance and repair of equipment; operational leasing; and other miscellaneous services.

 The category “financial services” include non-insurance, non-deposit financial services provided by 33

banks and securities firms. USDOC, BEA, “International Economic Accounts—U.S. International

Transactions: Fourth Quarter and Year,” 5.

 A country is said to have exported travel and tourism services when foreign nationals make purchases in 34

that country during a visit of less than one year. The value of tourism exports is measured by the total

expenditures of foreign visitors irrespective of the purpose of the visit, be it leisure, recreation, business, or

other activities. Expenditures on transportation services between countries, such as airfare, and direct

spending on education or health care services are excluded from the measure of tourism exports. International

Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Manual. 

1-9

U.S. Trade in Services in 200730

Figure 1.5 shows U.S. private cross-border services trade with the world from 2005 through

2007. U.S. private services exports increased from$404.3 billion in 2006 to $462.2 billion 31

in 2007, an increase of 14.3 percent, and U.S. private services imports increased from

$307.8 billion in 2006 to $335.3 billion in the same period, an increase of 8.9 percent.

U.S. Services Trade by Product Category

The U.S. surplus in cross-border private services trade increased by 31.5 percent to $126.9

billion in 2007, marking the fourth consecutive yearly increase and the largest annual

increase ever reported. Numerous services accounted for the surge in the services trade

surplus, most notably in the business, professional, and technical services and financial 32

services categories.33

Exports

Travel ranked as the largest U.S. cross-border private services export, increasing by 13.3 34

percent to $97.1 billion in 2007, and accounting for 21 percent of total U.S. exports

(appendix table A.2). This increase was consistent with the recovery of the U.S. tourism

industry since 2004, following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11,

2001. Increased travel exports reflect strong economic growth in leading overseas 
 Typically, these 5 markets include Mexico, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. EIU, 35

“Industry Briefing—United States of America: Travel and Tourism Forecast.”

 Ibid. 36

 EIU, “Industry Briefing—USA tourism: Bargain-hunting: The Weak Dollar Lures Visitors.” 37

1-10

Figure 1.5 U.S. private cross-border services trade with the world, 2005–07

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website, “Private Service

Transactions.”

markets for tourism services and a decline in the value of the U.S. dollar. Other large 35 36

U.S. services export categories in 2007 were royalties and license fees and business,

professional, and technical services, which increased by 14.4 and 18.4 percent over 2006 to

$71.3 billion and $56.1 billion, respectively. Exports of financial services experienced the

most rapid growth among all categories of U.S. private services, growing by 22.1 percent

to $45.3 billion in 2007. 

Imports

Travel also ranked as the largest category of U.S. private cross-border imports, increasing

by 6.1 percent from $72.0 billion in 2006 to $76.4 billion in 2007, representing 22.7 percent

of total services imports (appendix table A.3). The measured pace of this increase relative

to exports may be attributable to a decline in the value of the U.S. dollar and increased oil

prices. Other significant categories for U.S. imports of services in 2007 were freight 37

transportation, which totaled $45.6 billion, and insurance services, which totaled $38.0
1-11

billion. While travel, freight transportation, and insurance were the largest U.S. private

services import categories in terms of value, imports in two categories—business,

professional, and technical services and financial services—experienced the most significant

growth in 2007, increasing by 33.9 and 39.3 percent to $21.2 billion and $11.8 billion,

respectively. 

U.S. Services Trade With Leading Partners

Table 1.2 shows U.S. services trade with major trading partners for 2007. The EU was both

the United States’ largest export market and largest import supplier, accounting for 35.5

percent of total U.S. services exports and 39.3 percent of total U.S. services imports (figures

1.6 and 1.7). Canada and Japan followed the EU as the second and third most significant

markets for U.S. services trade in 2007. In addition to a large regional trade surplus with

the EU ($32.5 billion), the United States maintained large bilateral services trade surpluses

with Canada ($20.9 billion), Japan ($18.4 billion), Mexico ($8.2 billion), and Korea ($5.7

billion). In marked contrast to the large U.S. deficit in goods trade with China, as shown

above, the United States recorded a services trade surplus of $5.0 billion with China in 2007.

TABLE 1.2 U.S. private services trade with major trading partners and the world, 2007 (million dollars)

Major trading partner Exports Imports

Trade

balance

EU-27 . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .

a 164,311 131,771 32,540

Canada.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 46,566 25,687 20,879

Japan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43,462 25,016 18,446

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 24,221 16,070 8,151

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13,083 8,090 4,993

Korea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12,385 6,685 5,700

Australia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 9,755 6,239 3,516

Brazil.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8,711 3,126 5,585

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8,211 7,331 880

Taiwan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 8,031 7,172 859

Other.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 123,498 98,116 25,382

World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 462,234 335,303 126,931

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis website, “U.S. Economic Accounts.”

Note: Data are preliminary estimates.

 EU-27 also includes data from the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Investment Bank. In a

addition, data for 2007 include Bulgaria and Romania.
1-12
2-1

CHAPTER 2

Administration of U.S. Trade Laws and

Regulations

This chapter surveys activities related to the administration of U.S. trade laws during 2007.

It covers import relief laws; unfair trade laws; programs affecting textile and apparel

imports; and certain other trade provisions, including the U.S. Generalized System of

Preferences (GSP), the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the Andean Trade

Preference Act (ATPA), the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA), and the

Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA).

Import Relief Laws

Safeguard Actions

This section covers only safeguard actions under provisions administered by the USITC,

including global safeguards provided for in sections 201–204 of the Trade Act of 1974,

China safeguards provided for in section 421 of the Trade Act of 1974, and safeguards

provided for in various bilateral free trade agreements involving the United States.

Safeguard actions under provisions administered by other U.S. government agencies, such

as the China textile safeguard actions by the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce),

are described later in this chapter.

The USITC did not conduct any safeguard investigations during 2007, no safeguard

measures under provisions administered by the USITC were in place during calendar year

2007, and no safeguard petitions filed under these provisions were pending before the

USITC at the end of 2007.

Adjustment Assistance

The United States maintains a trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program for the purpose

of assisting workers, firms, and farmers dislocated as a result of federal policies that reduced

barriers to foreign trade. The program for workers is administered by the U.S. Secretary of

Labor, the program for firms by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, and the program for

farmers by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. The eligibility requirements, benefits, and

procedures for the program are set forth in Parts 2, 3, and 6, respectively, of Title II of the

Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2271-2401). Program benefits available for

qualifying petitioning workers consist principally of trade readjustment allowances,

employment services, training, and job search and relocation allowances. Program benefits

for qualifying petitioning firms consist of technical assistance. Program benefits for

petitioning farmers or agricultural commodity producers (including livestock producers) are
 Petitions may be filed by a group of three or more workers, by a company official, by “One-Stop” 1

operators or partners (including state employment security agencies and dislocated worker units), or by a

union or other duly authorized representative of such workers. The workers on whose behalf a petition is

filed must be, or have been, employed at the firm or subdivision identified in the petition. A completed

petition describes a group of workers working at a specific location, for a specific company, producing a

specific product or group of products. If the group of workers described in the petition is certified, the

certification will cover all workers in the group, whether or not their names are on the petition. U.S.

Department of Labor, ETA, Web site section “Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative

Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Process.”

 The number of petitions certified for benefits and services and petitions denied will not add up to the 2

total number of petitions received because the numbers do not reflect petitions that were terminated prior to a

determination and petitions in which a determination was made in the following fiscal year.

 For workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA, the Secretary of Labor must determine that 3

workers in a firm have become, or are threatened to become, totally or partially separated; that the firm’s

sales or production has decreased absolutely; and that increases in like or directly competitive imported

products contributed importantly to the total or partial separation and to the decline in the firm’s sales or

production. Workers certified for TAA are provided with a certification of eligibility and may apply for TAA

benefits at the nearest office of the State Employment Security Agency. For further information, see USDOL,

ETA, “Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application

Process.”

 USDA., FAS, “Programs and Opportunities—Trade Adjustment Assistance,” 4

http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/taa/taa.asp (accessed May 20, 2008).

2-2

generally in the form of cash payments based on a formula related to commodity prices and

limited to a maximum of $10,000 per producer in any 12-month period.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers

The U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) received 2,218 TAA petitions during fiscal year 1

(FY) 2007 (October 1, 2006 through September 30, 2007) (table 2.1). The FY 2007 figure

represents a decrease from the 2,495 TAA petitions received in FY 2006. Table 2.1 shows

the results of TAA petitions determinations during FY 2006 and FY 2007. In FY 2007, a

total of 1,443 petitions were certified as eligible for benefits and services and 614 petitions

were denied, a decrease from 1,447 petitions certified and from 830 petitions denied in FY

2006. A total of 146,480 workers were certified for TAA benefits and services in FY 2007. 2 3

This was an increase from the 119,605 workers certified in FY 2006. Table 2.2 presents data

on benefits and services provided under the TAA program. There were 47,048 new TAA

recipients in FY 2007, compared to 53,491 new recipients in FY 2006. The USDOL

appropriated $855 million in TAA funding to assist workers certified as eligible to receive

benefits and services under the TAA program in FY 2007, a decrease from $966 million in

FY 2006.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers

The statutory authority for the TAA for Farmers program expired on December 31, 2007.

4

Of the eight petitions filed under the TAA for Farmers program in FY 2007, none were

certified and no cash benefits were paid.
 Data provided to the Commission by USDOC, EDA, May 30, 2008 5

2-3

TABLE 2.1 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers

affected, FY 2006 and FY 2007

Item

Number of TAA petitions Estimated number of workers covered

a

FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2006 FY 2007

Petitions certified for benefits and services

(full and partial certifications). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,447 1,443 119,605 146,680 

Petitions denied. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 830 614 49,292 43,741

Terminations-withdrawals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 161 120 0

 Total petitions received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495 2,218 169,017 190,421

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)

Estimated Number of Workers Covered by Certifications,” http://www.doleta.gov/tradeact/taa_certs.cfm (accessed

May 21, 2008); and correspondence with Commission staff, May 30, 2008. 

 The estimated number of workers covered by a certification is not an exact figure. It is an estimate developed at a

the time the certification is issued. A certification covers all members of the affected worker group laid off during the

approximately 3-year period covered by the certification. Over the course of time, additional workers may be laid off,

workers who were laid off may be recalled, or planned layoffs may not occur.

TABLE 2.2 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program, FY 2006 and FY 2007

Estimated number of participants

Item FY 2006 FY 2007

--------Trade Adjustment allowance benefits-----

Number of new recipients.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 53,491 47,048

Total federal allocations (million dollars). ... ... ... ... ... 966 855

Total state allocations (million dollars)... ... ... ... ... ... 827 849

--Training, job search, and relocation services--

Number entering training. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 37,426 49,322

Number receiving a job search allowance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 399

Number receiving a relocation allowance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 750

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, correspondence, May 30, 2008.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms and Industries

In FY 2007, the Economic Development Administration (EDA) of Commerce awarded a

total of $12.8 million in TAA program funds to its national network of 11 Trade Adjustment

Assistance Centers (TAACs). TAACs, typically sponsored by universities or nonprofit

organizations, are the primary point of contact for firms during the certification and

adjustment proposal processes under the TAA program. EDA certified 135 petitions as

eligible for the TAA for firms program and approved 126 adjustment projects during FY

2007.

5
 Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2411(a)). 6

 Section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2411(b)).

7

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 69, 86, and 206. 8

 Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, On Behalf of the 9

Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition, dated May 17, 2007.

2-4

Laws Against Unfair Trade Practices

Section 301 Investigations

Sections 301–310 (generally referred to here as section 301) of the Trade Act of 1974 is the

principal U.S. statute for addressing foreign unfair practices affecting U.S. exports of goods

or services. Section 301 may be used to enforce U.S. rights under bilateral and multilateral

trade agreements and also may be used to respond to unreasonable, unjustifiable, or

discriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict U.S. commerce.

Interested persons may petition the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to

investigate foreign government policies or practices, or the USTR may initiate an

investigation.

If the investigation involves a trade agreement and consultations do not result in a

settlement, section 303 of the Trade Act of 1974 requires the USTR to use the dispute

settlement procedures that are available under the subject agreement. If the matter is not

resolved by the conclusion of the investigation, section 304 of the Trade Act of 1974

requires the USTR to determine whether the practices in question deny U.S. rights under a

trade agreement; whether they are unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory; and

whether they burden or restrict U.S. commerce. If the practices are determined to violate a

trade agreement or to be unjustifiable, the USTR must take action. If the practices are

6

determined to be unreasonable or discriminatory, and to burden or restrict U.S. commerce,

the USTR must determine whether action is appropriate and, if so, what action to take. The 7

time period for making these determinations varies according to the type of practices

alleged.

Active Section 301 Cases in 2007

The section 301 case concerning the EU’s meat hormone directive was ongoing during

2007. A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel, which was established to consider

whether the EU has fully implemented the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute

Settlement Body (DSB) regarding the meat hormone directive, continued its work during

2007, and the bilateral trade dispute remains unresolved.8

New Section 301 Petitions in 2007

During 2007, the USTR also received two new section 301 petitions, neither of which was

subsequently accepted for review. One petition was filed by the Bipartisan China Currency

Action Coalition, a coalition of 42 members of the U.S. House of Representatives.9

According to the USTR, the petition was similar to petitions that had been filed in 2004 and
 USTR, “Administration Declines Section 301 Petition on China’s Currency Policies,” June 13, 2007. 10

 For additional information, see the section “Global Trade Imbalances and China’s Exchange Rate 11

Regime” in chap. 5 of this report.

 Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, On Behalf of the 12

Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition, dated May 17, 2007.

 Ibid. 13

 USTR, “Administration Declines Section 301 Petition on China’s Currency Policies,” June 13, 2007. 14

 

15 Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, On Behalf of the Film

and Television Action Committee, et al., dated September 4, 2007.

 Statement from Gretchen Hamel, Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairs, regarding a 16

Section 301 Petition on Canadian Film Subsidies, October 19, 2007.

 Persons who rely on IPR protection means persons involved in: “(A) the creation, production or 17

licensing of works of authorship ... that are copyrighted, or (B) the manufacture of products that are patented

or for which there are process patents.” Section 182(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(d)(1)).

 A “mask work” is a “series of related images, however fixed of encoded– (A) having or representing the 18

predetermined, three-dimensional pattern of metallic, insulating, or semiconductor material present or

removed from the layers of a semiconductor chip product; and (B) in which series the relation of the images

to one another is that each image has the pattern of the surface of one form of the semiconductor chip

product.”Section 901(a)(2) of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (14 U.S.C. 901(a)(2)) and Section

182(d)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(d)(2)).

 Section 182(d)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(d)(4)).

19

2-5

2005 regarding China’s currency regime. The petition alleged that the acts, policies, and 10

practices of the government of China have resulted in a significant undervaluing of China’s

currency. The petition alleged that the exchange-rate regime that maintained the 11

undervaluation of the currency violates the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and

Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT) 1994, and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Moreover, it alleged that the 12

exchange-rate regime violates the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement.13

After reviewing the petition, the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review.14

Another section 301 petition was filed by a coalition of workers, unions, trade associations,

companies, and municipalities. The petition alleged that numerous federal and provincial 15

tax credits that are granted to firms producing film and television programs in Canada

constitute a prohibited export subsidy that violates the WTO SCM Agreement. After

reviewing the petition, the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review.16

Special 301

The Special 301 law requires the USTR each year to identify foreign countries that deny

adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), or deny fair and

equitable market access to U.S. persons who rely on IPR protection. Under the statute, 17

countries are considered to deny adequate and effective IPR protection if they do not allow

foreign persons “to secure, exercise, and enforce rights relating to patents, process patents,

registered trademarks, copyrights and mask works.” Countries also are considered to deny 18

fair and equitable market access if they deny access to a market for a product that is

protected by a copyright or related right, patent, trademark, mask work, trade secret, or plant

breeder’s right through the use of laws and practices that violate international agreements

or that constitute discriminatory nontariff trade barriers. A country can be found to deny

adequate and effective IPR protection even if it is in compliance with its obligations under

the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS

Agreement).

19
 Section 182(a)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242(a)(2)). 20

 USTR, 2007 Special 301 Report.

21

 Ibid. 22

 Ibid. 23

2-6

In addition, the Special 301 law directs the USTR to identify so-called priority foreign

countries. Priority foreign countries are countries that have the most onerous or egregious 20

acts, policies, or practices that have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on the

relevant U.S. products. Such countries must be designated as priority foreign countries

unless they are entering into good faith negotiations or making significant progress in

bilateral or international negotiations to provide adequate and effective IPR protection. The

identification of a country as a priority foreign country triggers a section 301 investigation,

unless the USTR determines that the investigation would be detrimental to U.S. economic

interests.

In addition to identifying priority foreign countries as required by statute, the USTR has

adopted a practice of naming countries to either the so-called watch list or the priority watch

list if the countries’ IPR laws and practices do not provide adequate and effective IPR

protection, but the deficiencies do not warrant identification of the countries as priority

foreign countries. The priority watch list is for countries with significant IPR problems that

warrant close monitoring and bilateral consultation. A country that is identified on the

priority watch list may make progress and be downgraded to the watch list or removed from

any listing. Alternatively, a country that fails to make progress may be elevated from the

watch list to the priority watch list or from the priority watch list to the list of priority

foreign countries.

In the 2007 Special 301 review, the USTR examined the adequacy and effectiveness of IPR

protection in 79 countries. In conducting the review, the USTR focused on a wide range 21

of issues and policy objectives, including Internet piracy, counterfeit pharmaceuticals,

transshipment of pirated and counterfeit goods, implementation of the TRIPS Agreement,

and ensuring that foreign government ministries only use legally authorized and properly

licensed business software.TheUSTRdevoted special attention to the need for significantly

improved enforcement against counterfeiting and piracy.22

In the 2007 review, no countries were identified as priority foreign countries. The 2007

Special 301 report highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russia,

both of which were placed on the priority watch list. Twelve countries altogether were

placed on the priority watch list, and 30 countries were placed on the watch list. Belize and

Brazil were moved from the priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPR

enforcement. The Bahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to improved

IPR enforcement, and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due to passage

of IPR legislation and improved enforcement. The EU was removed from the watch list

principally because the EU adopted new regulations concerning geographical indications

following an adverse WTO ruling.23
 19 U.S.C. 1673 et seq. 24

 19 U.S.C. 1677b; 19 CFR part 353, subpart D. 25

 Upon the filing of a petition, the Commission has 45 days to determine whether there is a reasonable

26

indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that

the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of the

merchandise subject to the investigation. This is known as the preliminary phase of the investigation. If the

Commission makes an affirmative determination, the USDOC continues its investigation and makes

preliminary and final determinations concerning whether the imported merchandise is being, or is likely to

be, sold at LTFV. If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping determination, the Commission has 45

days to make its final injury determination. If the Commission’s reasonable indication or preliminary phase

determination is negative, both the Commission and Commerce terminate further investigation.

 Data reported here and in the following two sections (“Countervailing Duty Investigations” and 27

“Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders/Suspension Agreements”) reflect the

total number of investigations. In other Commission reports, these data are grouped by product because the

same investigative team and all of the parties participate in a single grouped proceeding, and the Commission

generally produces one report and issues one opinion containing its separate determinations for each

investigation.

2-7

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Reviews

Antidumping Investigations

The U.S. antidumping law is contained in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended.

24

The antidumping law provides relief in the form of special additional duties that are

intended to offset margins of dumping. Antidumping duties are imposed when (1)

Commerce, the administering authority, has determined that imports are being, or are likely

to be, sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United States, and (2) the Commission has

determined that a U.S. industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or

that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason

of such imports. Most investigations are conducted on the basis of a petition filed with

Commerce and the Commission by or on behalf of a U.S. industry.

In general, imports are considered to be sold at LTFV when the U.S. price (i.e., the purchase

price or the exporter’s sales price, as adjusted) is less than the foreign market value, which

is usually the home-market price or, in certain cases, the price in a third country, or a

constructed value, calculated as set out by statute. The antidumping duty is calculated to 25

equal the difference between the U.S. price and the foreign-market value. The duty specified

in an antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found by Commerce during its period

of investigation. This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports from the specified

producers/exporters in the subject country and may be subsequently adjusted following an

appropriate review.

Commerce and the Commission each conduct preliminary and final antidumping

investigations in making their separate determinations. The Commission instituted 33 new 26

antidumping investigations and completed 8 investigations during 2007. In 2007, 27

antidumping duties were imposed in two of those investigations as a result of affirmative

Commission determinations’ on certain activated carbon from China and polyester staple

fiber from China (table 2.3).
 An antidumping investigation may be suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the 28

imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports of

the merchandise to the United States within six months. In extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may

be suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to eliminate completely the injurious effect of exports of the

subject merchandise to the United States. A suspended investigation is reinstituted if LTFV sales recur. See

19 U.S.C. 1673c.

 A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed directly or indirectly by any country, dependency, 29

colony, province, or other political subdivision on the manufacture, production, or export of products. See 19

U.S.C. 1677(5) and 1677-1(a).

 A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended if the government of the subsidizing country or 30

exporters accounting for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under investigation agree to

eliminate the subsidy, to completely offset the net subsidy, or to cease exports of the merchandise to the

United States within six months. In extraordinary circumstances, an investigation may be suspended if the

government of the subsidizing country or exporters agree to eliminate completely the injurious effect of

exports of the subject merchandise to the United States. A suspended investigation is reinstituted if

subsidization recurs. See 19 U.S.C. 1671c.

2-8

TABLE 2.3 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007

Country Product Range of duty

Percent

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Certain activated carbon 61.95 to 228.11

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . Certain polyester staple fiber de minimis to 44.30

Source: Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices.

Details on all antidumping investigations active at the Commission during 2007 are

presented in appendix table A.4. A list of all antidumping duty orders, including suspension

agreements, in effect as of the end of the year is presented in appendix table A.5. 28

Countervailing Duty Investigations

The U.S. countervailing duty law is also set forth in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as

amended. It provides for the levying of special additional duties to offset foreign subsidies

on products imported into the United States. In general, procedures for such investigations 29

are similar to those under the antidumping law. Petitions are filed with Commerce (the

administering authority) and with the Commission. Before a countervailing duty order can

be issued, Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy and the Commission must make

an affirmative determination of material injury, threat of material injury, or material

retardation by reason of the subsidized imports.

The Commission instituted seven new countervailing duty investigations and completed

three investigations during 2007. However, because the Commission made negative

determinations in each of the three investigations (on coated free sheet paper from China,

Indonesia, and Korea), no countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007.

A list of the countervailing duty investigations active at the Commission during 2007 is

presented in appendix table A.6, and a list of all countervailing duty orders, including

suspension agreements, in effect at the end of the year is presented in appendix table A.7. 30
 19 U.S.C. 1675c. 31

 Two of these reviews were subsequently terminated and the outstanding orders revoked because a 32

domestic industry did not request that they be continued. The two revoked antidumping duty orders

concerned automotive replacement glass windshields from China and individually quick frozen red

raspberries from Chile. In addition, the review of the countervailing duty order on low enriched uranium

from France was terminated and the outstanding order revoked because of an amended final negative

determination by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

 For detailed information on reviews instituted, as well as Commission action in all reviews, see USITC, 33

web site section, “Five-Year (Sunset) Reviews.”

 19 U.S.C. 1337. 34

 Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the 35

importation of articles into the United States, or in the sale of imported articles, the threat or effect of which

is to destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry, to prevent the establishment of an industry, or to

(continued...)

2-9

Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Orders/Suspension Agreements

Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires Commerce, if requested, to conduct annual

reviews of outstanding countervailing duty and antidumping duty orders to determine the

amount of any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine compliance with suspension

agreements. Section 751 also authorizes Commerce and the Commission, as appropriate, to

review certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving information or a

petition that shows changed circumstances. Under this procedure, the party seeking

revocation or modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty order or suspension

agreement has the burden of persuadingCommerce and the Commission that circumstances

have changed sufficiently to warrant review and revocation. On the basis of either of these

reviews, Commerce may revoke an antidumping or countervailing duty order in whole or

in part or terminate or resume a suspended investigation. No changed circumstances

investigations were active at the Commission during 2007.

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to

require both Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset reviews of outstanding

orders and suspension agreements five years after their publication to determine whether

revocation of an order or termination of a suspension agreement would be likely to lead to

continuation or recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy and material injury.31

During 2007, Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunset reviews of existing

antidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 74 reviews, 32

resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailing duty orders being continued for five

additional years. Appendix table A.8 lists the reviews of antidumping and countervailing

duty orders completed in 2007.33

Section 337 Investigations

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, authorizes the Commission, on the 34

basis of a complaint or on its own initiative, to conduct investigations with respect to certain

practices in import trade. Section 337 declares unlawful the importation into the United

States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation of

articles that infringe a valid and enforceable U.S. patent, registered trademark, registered

copyright, or registered mask work, for which a domestic industry exists or is in the process

of being established.35
 (...continued) 35

restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States. Examples of these other unfair acts are

misappropriation of trade secrets, common law trademark infringement, trade dress infringement, false

advertising, and false designation of origin. Unfair practices that involve the importation of dumped or

subsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions, not under

section 337.

 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are conducted before an administrative law judge in 36

accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. The administrative law judge

conducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial determination, which is transmitted to the Commission.

The Commission may adopt the determination by deciding not to review it, or it may choose to review it. If

the Commission finds a violation, it must determine the appropriate remedy, the amount of any bond to be

collected while its determination is under review by the President, and whether public interest considerations

preclude the issuance of a remedy.

2-10

If the Commission determines that a violation exists, it can issue an order to exclude the

subject imports from entry into the United States, or order the violating parties to cease and

desist from engaging in the unlawful practices. The orders enter into force unless 36

disapproved for “policy reasons” by the USTR within 60 days of issuance.

During 2007, there were 77 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings, 39

of which were instituted in 2007. Of these 39, there were 35 new section 337 investigations

and 4 new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations. All of the

new section 337 institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement. The

Commission completed a total of 34 investigations and ancillary proceedings under section

337 in 2007, including one enforcement proceeding, one advisory opinion proceeding, one

sanctions proceeding, and two remand proceedings. Eight exclusion orders and 26

cease-and-desist orders were issued during 2007. A number of investigations were also

terminated by the Commission without determining whether section 337 had been violated.

Nine of these investigations were terminated on the basis of settlement agreements or

consent orders.

As in recent years, the section 337 caseload was highlighted by investigations involving

complex technologies, particularly in the computer and telecommunications fields.

Significant among these were investigations involving baseband processor chips, wireless

communication equipment and devices, semiconductor devices, and personal computers.

Several other investigations involved small electronic devices, including laser bar code

scanners, global positioning satellite chips, digital video disc (DVD) players, and digital

multimeters. Other section 337 investigations active during the year focused on a variety of

consumer items, including foam footwear, nitrile rubber gloves, ground fault circuit

interrupters, and bassinets.

At the close of 2007, 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pending

at the Commission. Commission activities involving section 337 actions in 2007 are

presented in appendix table A.9. As of December 31, 2007, a total of 67 outstanding

exclusion orders based on violations ofsection 337 were in effect. Appendix table A.10 lists

the investigations in which these exclusion orders were issued.
 19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq. 37

 19 U.S.C. 2462(b). 38

 19 U.S.C. 2463. 39

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Other Import Administration Laws and Programs

Tariff Preference Programs

Generalized System of Preferences

The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program authorizes the President to

grant duty-free access to the U.S. market for certain products that are imported from

designated developing countries and territories. The GSP program has lapsed and been

renewed several times. Authorization for the GSP program is currently set to expire on

December 31, 2008.

The program is authorized by Title V of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended. It has been 37

enhanced to allow duty-free treatment for certain products when imported only from

countries designated as “least developed beneficiary developing countries.” Further, Public

Law 106-200—enacted May 18, 2000—in Title I (African Growth and Opportunity Act)

amended Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the President to provide duty-free

treatment for certain articles when imported from countries designated as beneficiary

sub-Saharan African countries through September 30, 2008 (the legislation was amended

in 2006 and the authority extended to 2015). By offering unilateral tariff preferences, the

GSP program reflects the U.S. commitment to three broad goals: (1) to promote economic

development in developing and transitioning economies through increased trade, rather than

foreign aid; (2) to reinforce U.S. trade policy objectives by encouraging beneficiaries to

open their markets, to comply more fully with international trading rules, and to assume

greater responsibility for the international trading system; and (3) to help maintain U.S.

international competitiveness by lowering costs of imports for U.S. business and lowering

prices for American consumers.

Countries are designated as “beneficiary developing countries” under the GSP program by

the President. The President cannot designate certain developed countries named in the

statute and also may not designate countries that, inter alia, afford preferential treatment to

the products of a developed country, other than the United States, that has, or is likely to

have, a significant adverse effect on U.S. commerce. The President cannot designate

countries that do not afford adequate IPR protection or that do not afford internationally

recognized worker rights to their workers. The President also designates the articles that 38

are eligible for duty-free treatment, but may not designate articles that he determines to be

“import-sensitive” in the context of the GSP. Certain articles (for example, footwear,

textiles, and apparel) are designated by statute as import sensitive and thus not eligible for

duty-free treatment under the GSP program. The statute also provides for graduation of

39

countries from the program when they become “high-income” countries and for removal of

eligibility of articles, or articles from certain countries, under certain conditions.

The following developments with respect to the U.S. GSP program occurred during 2007:
 Presidential Proclamations 8097 and 8098, of December 29, 2006. 40

 72 Fed. Reg. 459. 41

 Proclamation No. 8111, 72 Fed. Reg. 10023 (March 6, 2007).

42

 Proclamation No. 8157, 72 Fed. Reg. 36528 (June 29, 2007).

43

2-12

• On January 4, 2007, East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary, and a least

developed GSP beneficiary; the members of the South Asian Association for

Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan,

and Sri Lanka ) were allowed to cumulate the value of their exports for purposes

of qualifying exports for the GSP (with Afghanistan noted as eligible upon

SAARC accession); and Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP status

following their entry into the EU. In addition, the Harmonized Tariff Schedule

40

(HTS) was modified effective February 3, 2007, reflecting changes in the

international harmonized nomenclature, which necessitated changes to the U.S.

HTS.41

• Effective March 1, 2007, the Dominican Republic acceded to the Dominican

Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR),

and was removed as a beneficiary under the GSP and CBERA programs.42

• On June 29, 2007, changes based on the 2006 annual GSP review were

announced. For the first time, competitive need limitation (CNL) waivers were

revoked, based on the changes made in Public Law 109-432 of December 9,

2006, which had extended the GSP program through December 31, 2008. CNL

waivers were revoked for eight products (from six countries) for which 2006

imports either exceeded 75 percent of total U.S. imports, or exceeded 150

percent of the CNL dollar value for 2006 imports. Other products were removed

from GSP eligibility for exceeding the CNL quantity, and certain products were

redesignated for GSP eligibility, after imports dropped below the CNL level.

43

Duty-free imports entered under the GSP program totaled $30.8 billion in 2007, accounting

for 10.2 percent of total U.S. imports from GSP beneficiary countries and 1.6 percent of

total U.S. imports (table 2.4). Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary in 2007, followed by

India, Thailand, Brazil, and Indonesia. More than one quarter of all duty-free entries under

GSP were petroleum products. Appendix table A.11 shows the top 20 GSP products or

product categories in 2007, and appendix table A.12 shows the overall sectoral distribution

of GSP benefits.

African Growth and Opportunity Act

In 2007, articles entering the United States free of duty under the African Growth and

Opportunity Act (AGOA) were valued at $42.3 billion; petroleum products accounted for

more than 95 percent of such imports. AGOA was enacted in 2000 to provide unilateral

preferential trade benefits to eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries pursuing political
2-13

TABLE 2.4 U.S. imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world, 2007

(Million dollars)

Item

All GSP

beneficiaries World

Total U.S. imports . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

a 303,126 1,931,941

Non-GSP eligible imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 252,118 1,054,299

GSP eligible products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 51,008 877,642

GSP non-LDBDC eligible . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

b 35,155 387,551

GSP LDBDC eligible . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .

c 15,853 490,091

Total GSP duty free imports. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30,849 30,849

Non-LDBDC GSP duty free. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 21,835 21,835

GSP LDBDC duty free . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9,014 9,014

Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from GSP duty-free treatment. . . . . 20,159 846,793

GSP program exclusions. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,277 8,371

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,882 838,422

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Customs-value basis; excludes imports from the U.S. Virgin Islands.

 Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles under a

GSP.

 Non-LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of “Free” appears in the Special rate column b

of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbols “A” or “A*” in parenthesis

(the symbol “A” indicates that all beneficiary countries are eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to all

articles provided for in the designated provisions and the symbol “A*” indicates that the certain beneficiary

countries, specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS, are not eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to any

article provided for in the designated provision).

 LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty “Free” appears in the Special rate column of the c

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbol “A+” in parenthesis (the symbol

“A+” indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC) (and only LDBDC's) are eligible

for duty-free treatment with respect to all articles provided for in the designated provisions). For a variety of

reasons, all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP treatment

do not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP. Such eligible imports may not receive dutyfree treatment under GSP for at least five types of reasons: (1) the importers fail to claim GSP benefits

affirmatively; (2) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary that lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding the

so-called competitive need limits; (3) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary country that lost GSP benefits on that

product because of a petition to remove that country from GSP for that product or because of some other action

by the President or USTR; (4) the GSP beneficiary country may claim duty-free treatment under some other

program or provision of the HTS; and (5) the good fails to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirement of

the GSP statute.
 In addition to providing preferential access to the U.S. market for eligible SSA products, AGOA also 44

includes a number of trade-facilitating provisions. For further information, see USTR, 2007 Comprehensive

Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the African

Growth and Opportunity Act, 7–11.

 The U.S. GSP program is described above. 45

 AGOA was originally scheduled to be in effect until September 30, 2008. Section 3108 of the Trade Act 46

of 2002 enhanced the original 2000 AGOA provisions and expanded preferential access for apparel imports

from SSA beneficiaries (these modifications collectively are referred to as AGOA II). The AGOA

Acceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA III) enhanced many of the original AGOA trade benefits, and generally

extended AGOA provisions until 2015. The Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (AGOA IV) extended

the textile and apparel provisions from September 2008 to September 2015, extended the provision allowing

for the use of third-party fabric in qualifying duty-free apparel imports from September 2007 to September

2012, and expanded duty-free treatment for textiles and textile products originating entirely in one or more

lesser developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs). AGOA IV also increased the cap for apparel made from

third-party fabric to 3.5 percent of U.S. apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-month

period beginning October 1, 2006. In this report, the term AGOA refers to the original AGOA, AGOA II,

AGOA III, and AGOA IV, as a group. For additional information, see USTR, 2007 Comprehensive Report.

 See “Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA” later in this chapter. 47

 The increase in imports of petroleum and related products reflects increasing prices rather than 48

increasing quantities. Import quantities from the five leading AGOA suppliers (Nigeria, Angola, Gabon,

Republic of the Congo, and Chad) increased from 673.6 million barrels in 2006 to 673.7 million barrels in

2007 (approximately 0.01 percent). U.S. Department of Energy, EIA, Official Energy Statistics Database,

“U.S. Imports by Country of Origin.”

2-14

and economic reform. AGOA provides duty-free market access to all GSP eligible 44 45

products and more than 1,800 additional qualifying tariff line-item products from eligible

SSA countries, and exempts beneficiaries from GSP CNLs. AGOA also provides duty-free

treatment for certain apparel articles made in qualifying SSA countries. AGOA is scheduled

to be in effect until 2015.46

Total U.S. imports from AGOA countries were valued at $64.5 billion in 2007, an increase

of 15.2 percent over 2006 (table 2.5). Duty-free U.S. imports under AGOA, including under

the GSP program, were valued at $51.1 billion in 2007 and accounted for 79.1 percent of

all U.S. imports from AGOA countries. U.S. imports under AGOA, exclusive of the GSP

program, were valued at $42.3 billion in 2007, a 17.0 percent increase over 2006, and

accounted for 65.5 percent of all imports from AGOA countries. Textile and apparel imports

under AGOA are discussed in more detail below.47

The leading suppliers of duty-free U.S. imports under AGOA in 2007 were Nigeria (71.3

percent of total AGOA imports), Angola (11.3 percent), Gabon (4.0 percent), Republic of

the Congo (3.8 percent), Chad (3.5 percent), and South Africa (2.6 percent). These six

countries accounted for 96.4 percent of total imports by value under AGOA (appendix table

A.13). Imports of petroleum-related products increased to $40.2 billion in 2007, up 17.7

percent by value from 2006, and accounted for more than 95.0 percent of the total value of

AGOA imports in 2007, approximately the same asin 2006 (appendix table A.14). Imports

48

of apparel products in 2007 were virtually unchanged from 2006 at $1.1 billion, and

accounted for 2.6 percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2007, down from 3.1 percent

of total AGOA imports in 2006.
 19 U.S.C. 3706 lists a total of 48 countries, or their successor political entities, as potential 49

beneficiaries.

 19 U.S.C. 3703(a). See also USTR, 2007 Comprehensive Report, 14. 50

 The following countries are listed in General Note 16 of the HTS as designated AGOA beneficiaries: 51

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of

the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the

Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland,

Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. See USITC, HTS 2007 (Rev. 1), June 2007, 166.

 The following 26 countries are listed in U.S. Note 7 of the HTS as eligible to receive AGOA apparel 52

benefits during 2006: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana,

Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,

Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. USITC, HTS 2007 (Rev. 1).

June 2007, sect. xxii, 98-II-3.

 USITC, HTS 2008 (Rev. 2), June 2007, 166. 53

 For more information, see USDOC, ITA, African Growth and Opportunity Act web site, 54

http://www.agoa.gov/agoa_forum/agoa_forum6.html.

 USTR, 2007 Comprehensive Report, 5. 55

 The LDB SSA countries for 2007 were Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, 56

Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Botswana and Namibia are also eligible for the special

rule, despite the fact that they are not LDBCs. Although Liberia and Mauritania are also LDBCs, they were

not eligible for the apparel provisions. In April 2008, the President designated Togo as AGOA-eligible and as

an LDBC. White House, “To Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and the

(continued...)

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TABLE 2.5 U.S. imports for consumption from AGOA countries, 2005–07

Item 2005 2006 2007

Total imports from AGOA countries (million dollars). ... ... ... ... ... . 47,003 56,010 64,532

Total duty free under AGOA, including GSP (million dollars). ... ... . . 38,146 44,239 51,051

Duty-free under AGOA, excluding GSP (million dollars). ... ... ... 32,743 36,133 42,270

AGOA duty-free as a percentage of total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 64.5 65.5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Each year, the President must consider whether SSA countries are, or remain, eligible for

49

AGOA benefits based on specific criteria. As of January 1, 2007, a total of 39 SSA 50

countries were designated as eligible for AGOA benefits, and 26 SSA countries were

51

eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits. In 2007, Liberia and Mauritania became 52

eligible for AGOA benefits. Section 105 of AGOA requires the President to establish the 53

U.S.-SSA Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum. AGOA also requires the USTR and the

Secretaries of State, Commerce, and the Treasury to host meetings with senior-level officials

from governments of countries that are eligible for AGOA benefits to discuss their trade,

investment, and development relationships. The sixth AGOA forum was held in July 2007

in Accra, Ghana. The theme of the forum was “As Trade Grows, Africa Prospers:

Optimizing the Benefits Under AGOA.” In addition, in March 2006, the USTR 54

“re-chartered the Trade Advisory Committee on Africa (TACA) in order to facilitate the

goals and objectives of AGOA. The TACA is intended to advise the USTR on trade and

economic policy matters with respect to the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. . . . The

inaugural meeting of the TACA, chaired by Ambassador Susan Schwab, was convened in

March 2007.”

55

Section 112(c)(1) of AGOA allows apparel articles produced in lesser developed beneficiary

(LDB) SSA countries from third-country fabric to enter the United States duty free, subject 56
 (...continued) 56

Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposes,” News release, April 17, 2008.

19 U.S.C. 3721(c)(1). 57

USITC, “ITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinations,” News release, 07-100, September 58

25, 2007; USITC, Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries: Certain

Denim, September 2007.

USITC, “ITC Launches Investigation on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA 59

Countries,” News release, 07-122, December 6, 2007.

 For a more detailed description of ATPA, including country and product eligibility, see USITC, Impact 60

of the Andean Trade Preference Act, September 2006.

2-16

to a cap. In late 2006, Congress amended section 112(c) of AGOA to encourage use of 57

available regional SSA fabrics in place of third-country fabrics. It provided for Commission

determinations with respect to the availability and use of regional SSA fabric, and for the

President to remove apparel articles made from third-country fabric from eligibility when

the Commission determines that regional fabric or yarn is available in commercial

quantities, but is not being used in the production ofsuch apparel articles. More specifically,

section 112(c)(2)(A)-(B) requires the Commission potentially to make three types of

determinations: (1) upon receipt of a petition, whether qualifying regional fabric or yarn is

available in commercial quantities and the quantity that will be available in the following

fiscal year (October 1-September 30); (2) if that determination is affirmative, in each

subsequent year whether such fabric will be so available and the quantity that will be

available in the next fiscal year; and (3) after the end of each fiscal year for which a

determination was made, the quantity of regional fabric that was used in LDB SSA countries

in the production of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA. In addition,

section 112(c)(2)(C) of AGOA deemed denim fabric to be so available during fiscal year

2007 in the amount of 30 million square meter equivalents (SMEs) as if a petition had been

filed and the Commission had made an affirmative determination and a determination that

denim fabric would be available in that amount.

On September 25, 2007, the Commission transmitted its report to the President in its first

investigation under section 112(c)(2) of AGOA, stating that it had determined that such

denim fabric will be available in the amount of 21,303,613 SMEs during fiscal year 2008.58

In December 2007, the Commission announced that it had initiated two additional

investigations under section 112(c)(2) for the purpose of (1) determining the quantity of

such denim fabric that was used during fiscal year 2007 in LDB SSA countries in the

production of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA, and (2)

determining the quantity of such denim fabric that will be so available during fiscal year

2009; the Commission indicated it would make its determinations in July and August 2008,

respectively. The Commission did not receive any petitions under section 112(c)(2)(A) 59

during 2007.

Andean Trade Preference Act

In 2007, articles from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru entering the United States free

of duty under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) were valued at $12.3 billion (table

2.6). ATPA was enacted in 1991 to promote broad-based economic development and viable

economic alternatives to coca cultivation and cocaine production by offering Andean

products broader access to the U.S. market. ATPA expired on December 4, 2001, but was 60

renewed retroactively on August 6, 2002, under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug 
 Public Law 107-210, Title XXXI. The four ATPA beneficiaries are not automatically eligible for 61

ATPDEA preferences. ATPDEA authorizes the President to designate any ATPA beneficiary as eligible for

ATPDEA benefits provided the President determines the country has satisfied certain requirements, including

protection of IPR and internationally recognized workers' rights. The President designated all four ATPA

beneficiaries as ATPDEA beneficiaries on October 31, 2002. President, Proclamation, “To Implement the

Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act, Proclamation 7616.” 67 Fed. Reg. 67283–67291

(October 31, 2002).

 Public Law 109-432, section 7001 et seq. 62

 Public Law 110–42. The conditional extensions were also repealed. 63

 Public Law 110–191. For additional information, see the discussion of U.S. free trade agreements in 64

chap. 4 of this report.

2-17

TABLE 2.6 U.S. imports for consumption from ATPA countries, 2005–07

Item 2005 2006 2007

Total imports from ATPA countries (million dollars). ... ... ... ... . . 20,060 22,511 20,923

Total under ATPA (million dollars)...... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,464 13,484 12,307

Imports under ATPDEA (million dollars). ... ... ... ... . . 9,303 10,559 9,497

Total under ATPA, excluding ATPDEA (million dollars). . . 2,161 2,925 2,810

Total under ATPA as a percent of total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 59.9 58.8

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Eradication Act (ATPDEA), part of the Trade Act of 2002. ATPA, as amended by 61

ATPDEA, expired on December 31, 2006, but was extended for six months for all ATPA

beneficiary countries and for one year for beneficiary countries that meet certain milestones

for completing a trade promotion agreement with the United States by June 30, 2007.

62

ATPA was extended until February 29, 2008, for all beneficiary countries on June 30,

2007, and was extended again until December 31, 2008, on February 29, 2008. 63 64

A wide range of products is eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA. ATPDEA amended

ATPA to provide duty-free treatment for certain products previously excluded from ATPA,

including certain textiles and apparel (discussed in more detail below), footwear, petroleum

and petroleum derivatives, watches and watch parts assembled from parts originating in

countries not eligible for normal trade relations (NTR) rates of duty, and certain tuna

packaged in foil or other flexible airtight packages (not cans). In addition, certain products

previously eligible for reduced-duty treatment are now eligible for duty-free entry under

ATPA, including certain handbags, luggage, flat goods (such as wallets, change purses, and

eyeglass cases), work gloves, and leather wearing apparel. Products that continue to be

excluded from ATPA preferential treatment include textile and apparel articles not

otherwise eligible for preferential treatment under ATPDEA, and certain agricultural

products. With the exception of tuna in foil or flexible airtight packages, ATPDEA did not

grant new benefits to agricultural products. Thus, canned tuna, rum and tafia, and abovequota imports of certain agricultural products subject to tariff rate quotas (primarily sugar,

beef, and dairy products) continue to be excluded from the program.

Total (dutiable and duty-free) U.S. imports from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru were

valued at $20.9 billion in 2007, a decrease of 7.1 percent from $22.5 billion in 2006 (table

2.6). U.S. imports entered under ATPA preferences in 2007 were valued at $12.3 billion and

accounted for 58.8 percent of all imports from ATPA countries. U.S. imports under

ATPDEA were valued at $9.5 billion and accounted for 77.2 percent of imports under

ATPA in 2007. U.S. imports under the original ATPA (ATPA excluding ATPDEA)

accounted for the remaining 22.8 percent, valued at $2.8 billion.
 See “Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA” later in this chapter. 65

 CBERA was enacted August 5, 1983, as Public Law 98-67, title II; 97 Stat. 384, 19 U.S.C. 2701 et seq. 66

and became effective January 1, 1984 (Presidential Proclamation 5133, 48 Fed. Reg. 54453). Minor

amendments to CBERA were made by Public Laws 98-573, 99-514, 99-570, and 100-418. Major

amendments were made to CBERA by Public Law 106-200, the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act.

Further modifications were made by Public Law 107-210, the Trade Act of 2002; Public Law 109-53, the

Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act ; and Public

Law 109-432, sec. 5001 et seq., the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership Encouragement

Act of 2006 (HHOPE Act).

 On May 22, 2008, Congress passed (over veto) Public Law No. 110-234, which extended CBTPA by 67

two years until September 30, 2010.

 For CBTPA provisions related to textiles and apparel, see “Textile and Apparel-Related Legislation” in 68

this report.

 Only watches assembled from parts originating in countries that are not eligible for normal trade 69

relations tariff treatment were ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBERA, see USITC, Caribbean Basin

Economic Recovery Act, September 2007, 1-10.

 Table 2.10, and appendix tables A.17, and A.18 include data of four CAFTA-DR countries that were

70

eligible for CBERA benefits during a portion of 2006 and data for the Dominican Republic that was a

CBERA beneficiary during part of 2007. When the CAFTA-DR enters into force for a country, such a

country is removed from the enumeration of designated beneficiary countries under CBERA, CBTPA, and

the GSP. CAFTA-DR entered into force in 2006 for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. U.S.

(continued...)

2-18

In 2007, U.S. imports under ATPA decreased from each of the four beneficiary countries

(appendix table A.15). Ecuador became the largest source of U.S. imports under ATPA in

2006; imports from Ecuador decreased by 13.4 percent in value during 2007 mainly because

of lower petroleum production in that country. Colombia fell to the second-leading supplier

of ATPA imports in 2006 and continued in that position in 2007. Petroleum products

accounted for 67 percent of U.S. imports under ATPA in 2007 and represented 4 of the top

25 U.S. imports under the program. Apparel was the next-largest category of imports under

ATPA, accounting for 9 percent of such imports and 5 of the 25 leading imports under

ATPA. Other leading imports under ATPA in 2007 included copper cathodes, fresh cut

flowers, asparagus, and gold jewelry (appendix table A.16). Textile and apparel imports

under ATPA (including ATPDEA) are discussed in more detail below.65

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act

The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) was enacted in 1984 as part of the

Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) to encourage economic growth and development in the

Caribbean Basin countries by promoting increased production and exports of nontraditional

productsthrough duty preferences. The Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) 66

amended CBERA in 2000 and extended the authority through September 30, 2008. The 67

list of newly qualifying articles under the CBTPA included certain apparel (described in

more detail below), the assembly of which is an important Caribbean Basin industry. The 68

CBTPA also extends NAFTA-equivalent treatment (that is, rates of duty equivalent to those

accorded to goods under the same rules of origin applicable under NAFTA) to a number of

other products previously excluded from CBERA, including certain tuna, petroleum

products, certain footwear, and some watches and watch parts. In the discussions that 69

follow, references to CBERA include CBERA as enhanced by the CBTPA.

In 2007, articles from 19 countries and territories in the Caribbean Basin and Central

America entering the United States free of duty or at reduced duties under CBERA were

valued at $5.5 billion. Table 2.7 shows U.S. imports under CBERA from 2005 to 2007. 70
 (...continued) 70

FTAs are discussed in more detail in chap. 4 of this report.

 For a description of the current level of economic development and some of the possible future trade 71

and development strategies including the 18 remaining CBERA beneficiary countries, see USITC, Caribbean

Region: Review of Economic Growth and Development, May 2008.

 See previous note. 72

 See “Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA” later in this chapter. 73

2-19

TABLE 2.7 U.S. imports for consumption from CBERA countries, 2005–07

Item 2005 2006 2007a

Total imports from CBERA countries (million dollars). ... ... ... ... . . 31,814 25,755 19,058 

Total under CBERA, including CBTPA (million dollars).... ... ... 12,336 9,915 5,496 

Total under CBTPA (million dollars). ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8,773 5,961 2,662 

Total under CBERA, excluding CBTPA (million dollars). ... . 3,563 3,955 2,834 

Percent of total under CBERA includes CBTPA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 38.5 28.8 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

 Data for 2006 and 2007 include U.S. imports from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the a

Dominican Republic only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits before

CAFTA-DR entered into force.

U.S. imports entering under CBERA provisions decreased by 44.6 percent in 2007. The

marked decline in U.S. imports under CBERA provisions in 2007 reflects the fact that El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua are no longer CBERA beneficiaries and the

Dominican Republic was a beneficiary only during a portion of the year, and their imports

now enter under CAFTA-DR. U.S. imports under CBERA (including the CBTPA) 71

provisions amounted to $12.3 billion in 2005, $9.9 billion in 2006, and $5.5 billion in 2007.

During this three year period, duty-free or reduced-duty imports under CBERA (including

the CBTPA) accounted for a declining share of all U.S. imports from CBERA

countries—38.8 percent in 2005, 38.5 percent in 2006, and 28.8 percent in 2007.

Appendix table A.17 shows U.S. imports entered under CBERA provisions from each of the

CBERA countries from 2005 to 2007. Trinidad and Tobago continued as the leading 72

supplier of U.S. imports under CBERA in 2007. Appendix table A.18 shows the leading 25

U.S. imports entered under CBERA provisions from 2005 to 2007. Mineral fuels, methanol,

and apparel products dominated the list of duty-free imports in 2007. Four of the leading

products were mineral fuels; 8 were knitted and nonknitted apparel; and the remaining 13

were products that had already qualified for benefits under the original CBERA before the

implementation of the CBTPA—methyl alcohol; pineapples; undenatured ethyl alcohol;

polystyrene; frozen concentrated orange juice; new pneumatic radial tires; articles of

jewelry; ethyl alcohol; cantaloupes; nonautomotive gaskets, washers, and seals; other sugar;

raw sugar; and automatic circuit breakers. Textile and apparel imports under CBERA

(including the CBTPA) are discussed in more detail below.73
 The data in this section were compiled by USITC from official statistics of the U.S. Department of 74

Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel (OTEXA). Most of the data included in this section are available

on the OTEXA Website, http://otexa.ita.doc.gov. The percentage figures included in this section are based on

unrounded SMEs.

2-20

Textile and Apparel Developments in 2007

U.S. Textile and Apparel Imports in 200774

In 2007, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel totaled 53.1 billion SMEs ($96.4 billion), an

increase of 1.8 percent by volume and 3.4 percent by value over 2006. Similar to previous

years, 2007 was characterized by a shift in U.S. textile and apparel imports from Central

American and South American countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliers—primarily

China, but also Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia (table 2.8). China’s share

of the U.S. import market expanded to 40.2 percent by volume in 2007, compared with 35.7

percent in 2006.

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from Southeast Asian countries increased by

approximately 2.6 percent in volume during 2007 to 5.9 billion SMEs (table 2.8). The

largest part of the increase in these imports was from lower-priced suppliers in the region,

namely Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia. The volume of U.S. imports of textiles and

apparel from these three countries during 2007 increased, respectively, by 31.2 percent (to

1.5 billion SMEs), 2.0 percent (to 887 million SMEs), and 1.6 percent (to 1.6 billion SMEs).

However, while U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from Vietnam, Cambodia, and

Indonesia increased by a sizable amount over the past several years, each country’s share

of the U.S. market remained relatively small. U.S. import volumes from India and

Bangladesh continued to expand during 2007, while imports from Pakistan declined by more

than 11 percent during the year. Nevertheless, these three countries combined accounted for

14.8 percent of the U.S. import market by volume in 2007.

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from FTA and trade preference partners in the Western

Hemisphere declined in 2007 from 2006 levels. In 2007, U.S. textiles and apparel imports

from NAFTA, ATPA, CBERA, and CAFTA-DR countries fell by 15.5 percent, 8.8 percent,

2.5 percent, and 2.3 percent by volume, respectively.

U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from SSA countries increased by nearly 2 percent

during 2007 to 346 million SMEs ($1.3 billion), a slight turnaround compared to the 13

percent decrease during 2006. This overall increase can be attributed to increased imports

from Madagascar and Kenya—two of the three largest SSA exporters of textiles and apparel

to the United States. Textiles and apparel imports from Lesotho, the region’s largest U.S.

supplier, remained essentially unchanged in 2007. In 2007, 94 percent (327 million SMEs)

of U.S. textile and apparel imports from SSA countries entered duty free under AGOA.
2-21

TABLE 2.8 U.S. imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity, percentage change in imports

2006–07, and share of total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel, for major U.S. suppliers, selected

regional groups, and the world

Country or region U.S. imports 2007

Change in imports

2006–07

Share of total U.S. textile and

apparel imports

2006 2007

Million SMEs ------------------------------Percent------------------------------

a

World. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 53,112 1.8 100.0 100.0

China. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 21,371 14.8 35.7 40.2

Pakistan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,173 -11.1 6.8 6.0

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,041 -11.2 6.6 5.7

India. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,723 2.6 5.1 5.1

Korea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,953 -8.7 4.1 3.7

Canada.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,913 -21.3 4.7 3.6

Indonesia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,625 1.6 3.1 3.1

Bangladesh.... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,555 4.0 2.9 2.9

Vietnam. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,506 31.2 2.2 2.8

Honduras. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,235 8.0 2.2 2.3

Taiwan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,134 -3.2 2.3 2.1

Thailand. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 965 -5.1 2.0 1.8

Cambodia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 887 2.0 1.7 1.7

Southeast Asian countries .. . . . . . . . . .

b 5,906 2.6 10.1 11.1

Central American/Caribbean countries .

c 3,701 -2.5 8.2 7.0

Sub-Saharan African countries . . . . . . .

d 346 1.8 0.8 0.7

Andean countries . ... ... ... ... ... .

e 240 -8.7 0.5 0.5

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel, “Major Shippers Report.”

 Square meter equivalents. a

 Southeast Asian countries include ASEAN members Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,

b

Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam.

 Central American/Caribbean countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, c

British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent

and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.

 Sub-Saharan African countries include AGOA participants: Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; d

Cameroon; Cape Verde; Chad; Republic of Congo; Democratic Republic of Congo; Djibouti; Ethiopia; Gabon; The

Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritius;

Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; São Tomé and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South

Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania; Uganda; and Zambia.

 Andean countries are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

e
 USDOC, OTEXA, “Major Shippers Report: China.” China is the largest supplier of textiles and apparel 75

to the U.S. market, and, in 2007, accounted for 41.2 percent of the total U.S. trade deficit in textiles and

apparel. 

 For the purposes of the MOU, several categories of textile and apparel products (using the U.S. Textile

76

and Apparel Category System) were grouped together and subject to the same quota. For example, for the

period January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2008, products in categories 340 (men's and boys' cotton

woven shirts) and 640 (men’s and boys’ man-made fiber woven shirts) are subject to the same restraint level

of 8,724,590 dozen. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of

America and the People’s Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Products,” Nov. 8,

2005.

 Likewise, in June, 2005, China and the EU signed an MOU establishing quotas on 10 product 77

categories of Chinese textile and apparel products, effective through December 31, 2007. The product

categories included: pullovers, men’s trousers, blouses, t-shirts, dresses, bras, flax yarn, cotton fabrics, bed

linens, and table and kitchen linens. The quotas limited the export growth rates of these products to 8–12.5

percent annually. Upon the expiration of quotas in 2007, the EU and China established a program to jointly

monitor Chinese exports of textiles and apparel to the EU through 2008, with a goal of avoiding market

disruptions.

 U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 78

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/import/textiles_and_quotas/textile_status_report/archived/2007_year_rpt/.

 19 U.S.C. 3721(b)(1)-(3).

79

 Amending 19 U.S.C. 3202(e)(1)(B)(i). 80

 Amending 19 U.S.C. 2703(b)(2)(A). 81

 U.S. HTS heading 9819.11.09. 82

2-22

U.S.-China Textile and Apparel Trade

During 2007, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $5.3 billion to

$32.3 billion. This increase is mainly attributed to a $4.2 billion increase in U.S. imports

75

of apparel from China. Major U.S. imports of apparel from China included knit sweaters,

pullovers, and vests; knit babies’ garments and accessories; and women’s or girls’ trousers

and shorts. Major U.S. imports of textiles from China include certain made-up textiles

articles, bedding articles, and curtains. Of the total U.S. textile and apparel imports from

China in 2007, $22.7 billion were imports of apparel and $9.6 billion were imports of

textiles.

In 2007, 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21 quotas under the

2005 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and China, which 76

established quotas on U.S. imports of selected textile and apparel products from China from

January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008. During 2007, quotas filled at an average rate 77

of 61.9 percent. This represents a slight increase over 2006, when the average fill rate stood

at 59.7 percent. In 2007, quota fill rates ranged from 93.2 percent for certain articles of

hosiery to 3.3 percent for certain man-made fiber furnishings.78

Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA, ATPA, and CBERA

The United States grants unlimited duty-free treatment to imports of textiles and apparel

made from U.S. yarns and fabrics in eligible beneficiary countries under AGOA, ATPA 79

(as amended by ATPDEA), and CBERA (as amended by the CBTPA). These programs 80 81

also extend duty-free entry to apparel made in the beneficiary countries from “regional

fabrics,” subject to a ceiling, or cap, on the quantity of such apparel that can enter free of 82
 LDBCs with apparel benefits for 2007 were: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, 83

Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. See the discussion of AGOA above.

Botswana and Namibia are also eligible for the special rule, despite the fact that they are not least developed

countries. The special rule for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012.

 AGOA IV (see AGOA section above for additional information) increased the cap for apparel made 84

from third-country fabric to 3.5 percent of U.S. apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-

month period beginning October 1, 2006.

 USDOC, OTEXA, “Major Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated).” This figure includes U.S. 85

imports that were eligible for benefits under HHOPE starting in March 2007.

 The Commission recently completed its study of the effects of the HHOPE Act on textile and apparel 86

markets in Haiti, the United States, and countries with which the United States has a free trade agreement or

preferential trade relationship in June 2008. The report concluded that the HHOPE Act likely benefited Haiti

in terms of increased employment and increased exports over what might have occurred in the absence of the

Act, but that the benefits were small, and that little additional investment in Haiti had taken place. The

HHOPE Act only had negligible effects on the United States and its beneficiary countries, although there

may be a very small positive effect on the Dominican Republic. See USITC, Textiles and Apparel: Effects of

Special Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and Industries.

 72 Fed. Reg. 13655 (March 22, 2007). 

87

 CBERA is discussed earlier in this chapter. 88

 On May 22, 2008, Congress passed (over veto) the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Public 89

Law No. 110-234), which amends the special rules for apparel and other textiles from Haiti in section

213A(b) of CBERA, including rules enacted in 2006 by the HHOPE Act. The legislation generally modified

the rules and extended them through September 30, 2018.

2-23

duty under each program. In addition, AGOA permits apparel made in LDBCs from third- 83

country fabrics (made in countries other than the United States or SSA) to enter free of duty

under the AGOA regional fabric cap.84

In 2007, imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry into the United States

totaled $1.3 billion (327 million SMEs) under AGOA, $1.2 billion (177 million SMEs)

under ATPA/ATPDEA, and $927 million (481 million SMEs) under the CBERA/CBTPA.85

For the first time since 2004, the volume of U.S. imports under AGOA increased slightly

(2.8 percent). The volume of U.S. imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 under

both ATPA/ATPDEA (14.0 percent) and CBERA/CBTPA (65.8 percent).

Textile and Apparel Imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity

through Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act86

The HHOPE Act of 2006 authorizes duty-free treatment to apparel made with inputs from

any country, subject to certain requirements and an annual cap. On March 20, 2007,

President Bush, in accordance with section 5002 of the HHOPE Act, issued a presidential

proclamation indicating that Haiti had met these requirements, after which the special rules

for Haiti went into effect. Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under the 87

HHOPE Act beginning in the second half of 2007.

Section 5002 of the HHOPE Act amended section 213A(b) of CBERA (19U.S.C. 2703a(b))

to provide special rules for apparel imported directly from Haiti, a CBERA beneficiary,88

for a 5-year period from the date of enactment (i.e., from December 20, 2006 to December

19, 2011). These special rules for Haiti grant duty-free treatment to U.S. imports of apparel 89

assembled or knit-to-shape in Haiti, regardless of the source of the fabric or other inputs

used in production, provided that a specified percentage of the value of such apparel comes

from processing in and/or inputs from Haiti, the United States, or any country with which
 Beginning from the date of enactment through the third 1-year period of the Act, the value-added 90

requirement is 50 percent. In the fourth and fifth 1-year periods, the value-added requirement increases to 55

and 60 percent, respectively.

 The cap is successively raised each year by the addition of 0.25 percent, for a final overall quantitative 91

limit in the fifth and final 1-year period of 2 percent of total U.S. imports of apparel. 

 USDOC, OTEXA, “Major Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated).” U.S. imports were

92

eligible for benefits under the HHOPE Act beginning in March 2007.

 Upon entry into force of CAFTA-DR, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and 93

Nicaragua were no longer eligible for CBERA benefits. Although Costa Rica has not yet ratified the CAFTADR, for the purposes of this section U.S. apparel trade with Costa Rica is included in the CAFTA-DR

grouping rather than the CBERA grouping. CAFTA-DR is described in more detail in chap. 4 of this report.

 U.S. import data from CAFTA-DR countries entered under that agreement are not yet publicly available 94

by quantity from the U.S. Department of Commerce.

2-24

the United States has an FTA or a preferential trading program. The HHOPE Act also 90

includes a single transformation rule for brassieres (HTS subheading 6212.10), in place for

the duration of the Act, which allows for the components of these garments to be sourced

from anywhere in the world, as long as the garments are both cut and sewn or otherwise

assembled in Haiti, the United States, or both countries.

The HHOPE Act establishes an overall limit, or cap, on the total quantity of apparel

imported under the above provisions in the first 1-year period to no more than 1 percent of

the SMEs of all apparel articles imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month

period for which data are available. In addition, the HHOPE Act extends duty-free 91

treatment for three years to a specified quantity of woven apparel from Haiti (chapter 62 of

the HTS) that does not meet the aforementioned value-added requirements. Such woven

apparel must be wholly assembled in Haiti but can be made from inputs from any country.

The quantity allowed under this provision of the HHOPE Act is in addition to the overall

quantitative limit noted above for brassieres and woven and knit garments meeting the

value-added rule.

In 2007, U.S. imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPE

Act totaled $13.6 million (4.0 million SMEs), or 3 percent of total U.S. textile and apparel

imports from Haiti. Overall U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from Haiti in 2007 92

decreased by 2 percent in terms of quantity over the previous year, from 252 million SMEs

to 247 million SMEs, but rose in value over the previous year by less than 1 percent, to $452

million, the smallest increase since 2000. Haiti is a small supplier to the United States,

accounting for less than 0.5 percent of total U.S. apparel imports in 2007. Haiti became the

leading supplier of apparel to the United States in the CBERA region after CAFTA-DR went

into effect in 2006.

93

U.S. Textile and Apparel Imports under CAFTA-DR

In 2007, total U.S. imports of textiles and apparel from CAFTA-DR countries declined 6

percent by value to $7.9 billion and by just under 1 percent by quantity to 222.7 million

SMEs. U.S. imports of textiles and apparel entering under the CAFTA-DR accounted for

71 percent of total imports by value ($5.6 billion) from the CAFTA-DR countries in 2007, 94

up from 39 percent of total imports in 2006. Honduras, the largest CAFTA-DR supplier of

textiles and apparel, accounted for more than one-third of total U.S. imports of textiles and

apparel from the CAFTA-DR countries ($2.2 billion) entering under the FTA in 2007. El

Salvador was the second largest CAFTA-DRexporter, supplying $1.2 billion of textiles and
 Proclamation 8213, 72 Fed. Reg. 73555 (December 27, 2007).

95

 72 Fed. Reg. 46611(August 21, 2007).

96

 USDOC, International Trade Administration, “Administration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard on 97

Cotton Socks from Honduras,” News release, January 18, 2008.

2-25

apparel to the United States. Products leading U.S. imports of textiles and apparel under

CAFTA-DR included cotton knit shirts and blouses, cotton underwear, and cotton trousers

and slacks.

During 2007, the United States reached agreement with the five signatory countries on

modification of certain rules of origin pertaining to CAFTA-DR, but the modifications have

not been implemented. The modification required that pocketing fabrics be made in the

CAFTA-DR region; established single transformation rules for additional apparel items such

as women’s wool anoraks, women’s and girls’ ensembles, and certain men’s suit-type

jackets; reduced tariffs on certain non-originating items; changed the Costa Rica wool tariff

preference level (TPL); created a separate TPL for certain women’s swimwear from Costa

Rica; and changed the rules on cumulation for wool apparel. After meeting certain statutory

layover and review requirements, including receipt of USITC advice, the President issued

a proclamation on December 27, 2007, to revise CAFTA-DR rules of origin.95

On August 21, 2007, the Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA)

initiated a textile safeguard proceeding to determine whether imports of Honduran cotton,

wool, or man-made fiber socks are causing serious damage, or actual threat thereof, to the

U.S. industry producing socks. On January 18, 2008, as provided for under Article 3.23 96

of CAFTA-DR, CITA formally advised Honduras of its intent to apply a textile safeguard

measure on imports of Honduras-origin cotton socks because of the substantial growth (99

percent) in imports of these products from Honduras in the first eleven months of 2007 over

the previous year.97

 The TNC met informally January 31, April 20, June 22, and November 30, 2007. 1

 The General Council met February 7, May 9, July 27, October 9, and December 18, with the Aid for 2

Trade debate occurring November 21, 2007.

3-1

CHAPTER 3

Selected Trade Developments in the WTO,

OECD, and APEC

During 2007, multilateral trade negotiations underway in the Doha Development Agenda

resumed in February but stalled again in June over the issue of establishing full negotiating

modalities for liberalizing agricultural market access, agricultural support payments, and

nonagricultural market access. In regular WTO General Council proceedings, key

developments included the council’s regular reviews concerning Aid for Trade measures,

China’s commitments made in its WTO Protocol of Accession under the Transitional

Review Mechanism, and U.S. maritime legislation widely known as the Jones Act

legislation.

In a major development in the OECD, new rules under the Aircraft Sector Understanding

came into effect in July 2007 regarding aircraft financing provisions annexed to the 1978

OECD Export Credit Arrangement.

In APEC developments, ministers formulated a new Action Agenda following their annual

ministerial meeting in September, aimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmental

protection among member states, and also pushed forward the group’s Bogor Goals of free

and open trade in the region through several initiatives agreed upon in APEC's Committee

on Trade and Investment.

World Trade Organization

The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC), chaired by the WTO Director-General Pascal

Lamy, held one formal meeting during the year, on June 22, 2007, as well as a number of

informal meetings. Despite the resumption of negotiations in February 2007, Lamy in June 1

2007 called together participants in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) of multilateral

trade negotiations to announce that the trade talks had reached an impasse over how to

approach the negotiating structure or “modalities” that aim at liberalizing agricultural market

access, agricultural support payments, and nonagricultural market access, essentially the

same issues that led to suspension of the talks in 2006.

During 2007, the WTO General Council met five times, plus a meeting in November

dedicated to its annual debate on Aid for Trade. In addition to its debate of Aid for Trade 2

measures for developing and least developed countries, council activity also addressed small

and vulnerable economies, special and differential treatment for developing countries, and

several regular reports including the biennial report by the United States regarding its so-
 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 7 February 2007,” WT/GC/M/107, March 19, 2007. 3

 WTO, “WTO: 2007 News Items: General Council: Lamy: ‘We Have Resumed Negotiations Fully

4

Across the Board,’” February 7, 2007.

 WTO, TNC, “Informal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation—Wednesday, 31 January 5

2007—Chairman’s Remarks,” JOB(07)/12, February 1, 2007; USDOS, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “TNC

Meeting—Doha Restart (Geneva 000255),” February 2, 2007, par. 1; U.S. Department of State, U.S.

Mission, Geneva, “February WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva

000331),” February 9, 2007, par. 2.

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “February WTO General Council Meeting Confirms 6

Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva 000331),” February 9, 2007, par. 2.

 The G-4 group comprises Brazil, the EU, India, and the United States. The G-6 group comprises 7

Australia, Brazil, EU, India, Japan, and the United States.

 WTO, TNC, “Informal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of Delegation—Friday, 20 April 8

2007—Chairman’s Remarks,” JOB(07)/51, April 20, 2007; U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva,

“WTO Trade Negotiations Committee, April 20, 2007 (Geneva 001023),” April 25, 2007, par. 1–2.

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO Trade Negotiations Committee, April 20, 2007 9

(Geneva 001023),” April 25, 2007, par. 2.

3-2

called Jones Act legislation and the annual report by China under the Transitional Review

Mechanism regarding commitments made by China under its WTO accession protocol.

Doha Trade Negotiations

Negotiations Resumed in February 2007

WTO Director-General Lamy reported to the WTO General Council on February 7, 2007,

that the DDA negotiations had resumed (the negotiations had been suspended in July 2006).

3

The suspension resulted fromthe inability of participants to agree on setting full negotiating

modalities for several key areas, notably agriculture and nonagricultural market access. As 4

he first related to participants at an informal meeting of the TNC on January 31, 2007, Lamy

reported that recent high-level contacts—such as at the World Economic Forum held in

Davos, Switzerland, January 24–28, 2007—pointed to signs of renewed commitment to

resuming the Doha Round negotiations and that participants indicated flexibility in their

negotiating positions. He said that bilateral contacts among WTO members had been 5

intensifying, but that these were not a substitute for multilateral negotiations.6

On April 20, 2007, the Director-General, in his capacity as TNC chairman, reported to the

TNC that he welcomed the meetings among members of such groups as the G-4 and G-6,7

held in New Delhi, India, April 11–12, 2007, but reiterated that the broader multilateral

negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland, should not be made to wait on decisions taken by

smaller groupings of participants. He reported that the chairmen of the negotiating groups 8

in Geneva were working toward revised texts in their individual subjects, and asked that

participants show flexibility in their positions as this process moved forward, particularly

concerning setting modalities for negotiations in agriculture and nonagricultural market

access.9

At the General Council meeting held May 9, 2007, Lamy reported that the chairman of the

Committee on Agriculture Special Session had issued a paper outlining possible areas of

commonality regarding the “three pillars” under discussion that address import market
 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 May 2007,” WT/GC/M/108, June 26, 2007; U.S. 10

Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO General Council, May 9, 2007 (Geneva 001216),” May

16, 2007, par. 2–4.

 Ibid. 11

 Ibid., par. 4–5. 12

 USTR, “Statement from USTR Ambassador Susan C. Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns on 13

Doha Round,” June 21, 2007; U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, “Guidance on WTO Doha Round

(State 087141),” June 21, 2007, par. 2-6. For details concerning tariff formula modalities under negotiation at

Potsdam, see ICTSD, “G-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down, Doha Round's Fate in the Balance Once Again,”

June 27, 2007.

 U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, “Reporting Cable—Potsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha 14

Negotiations (State 087923),” June 23, 2007, par. 4.

 European Commission, Directorate General for Trade, Information Centre, “Potsdam G4 Meeting 15

Ends with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cuts,” June 21, 2007.

 Ibid. 16

3-3

access, export competition, and domestic support. The Director-General reported as well

that intensive consultations were to begin immediately to assist the chairman of the

Negotiating Group on Market Access in drafting a revised negotiating text for his group.10

G-4 Meetings at Potsdam

Trade and agriculture ministers from the G-4 members met in Potsdam, Germany, June

19-21, 2007, in an effort to reach convergence in negotiating positions regarding agriculture,

nonagricultural market access, and services. During discussions on June 20, 2007,

concerning the formula to be used by the more advanced developing countries to reduce

tariffs, the U.S. State Department reported that Brazil—endorsed by India—reiterated its

“uncompromising position” that very few of the current tariffs on manufactured goods

imports would be reduced. Negotiations continued only partly into June 21, 2007, before

11

being adjourned.

According to the U.S. State Department, the position taken by the United States was to seek

meaningful creation of new trade flows, a situation not possible if currently applied tariffs

on trade in industrial products were not reduced. The United States issued a statement on

12

June 21, 2007, expressing its disappointment at the outcome of the negotiations at Potsdam,

saying that the talks did not generate the political consensus necessary to meaningfully open

markets to new trade, particularly for manufactured goods.

13

The EU stated that a strong outcome in negotiations on nonagricultural market access

(NAMA)—such as reductions in tariffs on industrial goods in large emerging markets like

Brazil and India—was a necessary condition for further EU flexibility in opening up its

agricultural market. The EU negotiator, Peter Mandelson, said that Europe was “prepared 14

to pay a lot” but not “for next to nothing in return.” He went on to say: “It emerged from

15

the [G-4] discussion on NAMA that we would not be able to point to any substantive or

commercially meaningful changes in the tariffs of the emerging economies as a reasonable

return on what we are paying into the round.”

16

Indian officials attributed the breakdown in the G-4 Potsdam talks to “the failure of the

developed countries to accept effective reductions in their agricultural subsidies and at the
 Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce, “Why G4 Talks 17

Broke Down in Potsdam,” June 22, 2007.

 WTO, TNC, “Informal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of Delegation—Friday, 22 June 18

2007—Chairman’s Opening Remarks,” JOB(07)/105, June 22, 2007; U.S. Department of State, U.S.

Mission, Geneva, “WTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting, June 22, 2007 (Geneva 001650),” June 25,

2007, par. 1–4.

 U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, “Reporting Cable—Potsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha 19

Negotiations (State 087923),” June 23, 2007, par. 4.

 Ibid. 20

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting, June 21

22, 2007 (Geneva 001650),” June 25, 2007, par. 5–11.

 Ibid., par. 6. 22

 Ibid., par. 10. 23

 Ibid., par. 11. 24

3-4

same time, seeking additional market access in the developing countries for their [the

developed countries’] agricultural products, including for their highly subsidized ones.”

17

Negotiations Suspended in June 2007

WTO Director-General Lamy convened an informal TNC meeting in Geneva on June 22,

2007, to discuss the impasse reached at the Potsdam talks and what should be the next key

steps in the Doha Round multilateral trade negotiations. The EU representative reported 18

to the TNC that the EU considered that the Potsdam talks made real progress concerning

agricultural market access, export competition, and subsidized domestic support payments,

as well as substantive progress about services and concerning multilateral trade rules (such

as under discussion in the Negotiating Group on Rules). However, he noted that the EU 19

was at the limit of what it can offer on agricultural market access without further opening

from the more advanced developing countries on nonagricultural market access.20

Brazil said that the Potsdam negotiations failed because the developed countries were trying

to change the development mandate of the DDA toward trade negotiations focused on

market access, where developing countries would make tariff cuts that would result in

greater market access in their markets than would result in developed countries’ markets.21

India said that the differences at Potsdam were too wide to bridge, largely reflecting

differences between developed and developing countries over the meaning of the

development agenda and how to give effect to the economic development factors that are

the focus of the DDA. South Africa, another major G-20 member, although not present at 22

the Potsdam negotiations, said that under the current NAMA positions in the round the

United States and EU were asking developing countries to make tariff cuts that “would have

devastating effects on their industrial production and employment.” A number of countries 23

called for more transparency and inclusion in the negotiations process, reflecting the fact

that only four participants were in negotiations at Potsdam.24

The United States also addressed the meeting, stating that the developed countries have the

largest responsibility to open their markets to the goods and services of the developing

countries, but that the fastest growing markets over the coming 5 to 10 years would be in the
 Ibid., par. 22-23. 25

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 October 2007,” WT/GC/M/110, November 15, 26

2007; U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO General Council Meeting, October 9, 2007

(Geneva 002406),” October 22, 2007, par. 2.

 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Mission, Geneva, “WTO General Council Meeting, (Geneva 002406),” 27

par. 2.

 WTO, “Informal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation, Friday, 30 November 2007, 28

Chairman’s Opening Remarks,” Job(07)/191, November 30, 2007.

3-5

more advanced developing countries, and that therefore these advanced developing countries

should make more significant contributions than in the past.

25

October 2007 General Council and TNC Meetings

On October 9, 2007, the Director General reported to the WTO General Council that the

chairmen of the Committee on Agriculture Special Session and the Negotiating Group on

Market Access were working toward sufficient convergence in each group to be able to draft

revised negotiating texts. He reported that the chairmen for the groups negotiating services 26

and rules would be issuing revised texts at approximately the same time. On October 30, 27

2007, the chairmen of the various Doha Round negotiating groups presented their progress

reports to the TNC chairman.

November 2007 TNC Meeting

On November 30, 2007, Lamy held an informal TNC meeting in Geneva to review the status

of the various areas in the negotiations. On agriculture, he noted that progress had been 28

made in the final months of 2007 concerning export competition, but that more work was

still needed concerning agricultural market access and domestic support in order to reach

a convergence that would allow the group to establish negotiating modalities in this area.

On nonagricultural market access, he said that progress toward clarifying certain areas was

reported by the group’s chair, but that further technical work appeared necessary for certain

other issues.

On services, Lamy said that the group chairman had held a number of consultations on

elements pertinent to producing a revised draft of a negotiating text for services, although

the chairman reported that some delegates have questioned the need for such a revised text.

While he reported that some progress had been made toward drafting a services text

concerning disciplines on domestic services regulation, little progress was reported

regarding other rulemaking issues in the services negotiations such as on emergency

safeguards, subsidies, and government procurement.

In the rules negotiating group, the chairman released a revised draft text on November 30,

2007, addressing antidumping, subsidy, and countervailing measures, including fishery

subsidies.

In the negotiating group on intellectual property rights, the chairman reported some new

ideas had been put forward and discussed recently, and that consultations and discussions

continue in an effort to close gaps in negotiating positions among delegations, especially on
 WTO, “Ministerial Declaration,” WT/MIN(05)/DEC, December 22, 2005, par. 31. 29

3-6

issues regarding the legal effects of and participation in any register created to cover

geographical indications.

On trade and environment, it was reported that members had recently begun work on

elements of the relationship between WTO rules and specific trade obligations of

multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). A draft text regarding cooperation 29

between the WTO Secretariat and MEA secretariats was reported to be well advanced.

However, discussions on identification of products that could qualify as environmental

goods under paragraph 31 were held up over how to approach this part of the group’s

mandate, reportedly stymied in part by several participants until modalities are first agreed

upon in the agriculture and nonagricultural market access groups.

On trade and development, the group chairman reported that discussions were continuing

on draft texts for 7 of the 16 remaining agreement-specific proposals. He said that

participants were addressing specifically the possible elements of a monitoring mechanism

for special and differential treatment.

On trade facilitation, progress wasreported in the areas of special and differential treatment,

as well as technical assistance and capacity building, with efforts forthcoming to address the

area of needs assessment. The chairman reported that efforts to produce a draft text had

recently intensified.

On dispute settlement, although a subject not technically bound to the “single undertaking”

of the DDA, the group chairman said that further consultations were underway on the

various legal texts submitted to date in an effort to reach convergence within the group.

In conclusion, Lamy reported on the topics of extending negotiations on geographical

indications beyond wine and spirits, and the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement to the

United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Proposals by some participants to

commit to negotiations in these two areas have to date met with opposition from other

members and, as a consequence, he said that consultations continue in an effort to find

common ground.

General Council

During 2007, the General Council heard periodic reports on the Doha Round trade

negotiations as well as about ongoing work programs; considered waivers and exemptions

involving various members' changes to their tariff schedules arising from changes in

Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature, as well as involving trade preferences approved for

various groups of developing and least developed countries; and concluded the biennial

review of the U.S. exemption concerning certain foreign maritime vessels (commonly

known as “the Jones Act” exemption). Several Latin American members continued to voice

their concerns to the council regarding preferential treatment granted by the EU to certain

developing countries under the EU banana regime.
 With the adoption of the decision in December 2006, the council tasked the committee to consider, 30

without prejudice concerning the adopted decision, the issue of transparency for preferential trade

arrangements under the “Enabling Clause,” the 1979 WTO Decision on Differential and More Favorable

Treatment, Reciprocity, and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries. The CTD was asked to report back

to the council in six months. WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 27 July 2007,”

WT/GC/M/109, October 24, 2007, par. 96.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 27 July 2007,” WT/GC/M/109, October 24, 2007, 31

par. 97, 100.

 WTO, Committee on Rules of Origin, “Technical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules of 32

Origin Harmonization Work Programme—Note by the Secretariat,” G/RO/W/113, March 4, 2008.

 WTO, General Council, “Annual Report (2007),” WT/GC/114, January 21, 2008. 33

 The SVE members include Barbados, Fiji, Nicaragua, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the 34

Solomon Islands.

 In early 2002, the General Council approved as a standing item on the council’s agenda a work 35

program that was to address the special needs of SVEs. The council designated the CTD to meet in dedicated

session on the subject and report regularly to the council on progress made. At the WTO Sixth Ministerial

Conference in Hong Kong in December 2005, ministers instructed the CTD to continue this work program,

monitoring the progress of the SVEs' proposals in the Doha Round and elsewhere. In December 2006, the

chairman of the CTD in Dedicated Session reported to the council on future directions involving the work

program. WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 October 2007,” WT/GC/M/110, November

(continued...)

3-7

Work Programs, Decisions, and Reviews

Transparency for preferential trade arrangements

In July 2007, the chairman of the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) reported on

informal consultations held concerning the WTO Decision with Regard to Transparency for

Preferential Trade Arrangements, adopted by the General Council in December 2006. The 30

CTD noted in July 2007 that Brazil and India had indicated that they were near completion

of a working paper containing suggested elements for members' notifications of preferential

trade arrangements, and requested additional time to consider the matter. The council agreed

to extend the deadline to the end of 2007, when the CTD was to report back on possible

action. In December 2007, the committee requested additional time to consider its task, and 31

the council extended the deadline for recommendations until July 2008.32

TRIPS Council matters

In December 2007, the General Council agreed to extend the acceptance period until

December 31, 2009, for the 2003 protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement concerning

public health matters. The extension allows additional time for members to implement the

WTO Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS

Agreement and Public Health that was adopted by the General Council in August 2003, and

which is to enter into force upon acceptance by two-thirds of the WTO members.33

Small economies

The CTD met formally in July 2007, as well as informally in February and May, to discuss

issues concerning small and vulnerable economies (SVEs), while individual SVE members 34

met more frequently in bilateral and multilateral consultations to coordinate positions on

issues of interest in various Doha Round negotiating groups.35
 (...continued) 35

15, par. 32.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 October 2007,” WT/GC/M/110, November 15, 36

2007, par. 57.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 May 2007,” WT/GC/M/108, June 26, 2007, par. 37

29.

 Ibid. 38

 These revisions covered one proposal addressing Article XVIII of the GATT, two proposals relating to 39

Article 10.3 of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS Agreement), and three

proposals concerning Article 3.5 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. Consultations continued

on a seventh related to Article 10.2 of the SPS Agreement. WTO, Trade Negotiations Committee, “Minutes

of Meeting ... on 26 July 2007,” TN/C/M/27, October 30, 2007, par. 51.

 As a consequence, the CTDSS chairman said it foresaw no further action likely on these proposals for 40

the time being. WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 May 2007,” WT/GC/M/108, June 26,

2007, par. 29.

 Ibid., Annex III. 41

 However, the chairman remarked that it was "his sense that there had been no significant development 42

on these proposals." WTO, Trade Negotiations Committee, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 26 July 2007,”

TN/C/M/27, October 30, 2007, par. 53.

3-8

The SVEs focused on negotiations on agriculture, nonagricultural market access, trade

facilitation, and trade in services, particularly concerning domestic services regulation. The

group focused in particular on several subsidies issues, one concerning fisheries subsidies

in the DDA Negotiating Group on Rules, and another in the WTO Committee on Subsidies

and Countervailing Measures (SCM) regarding the July 2007 council decision to extend the

transition period for eliminating export subsidies under SCM Article 27.4 (see below for

further detail).36

Special and differential treatment

Ministers at the December 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong instructed the

Committee on Trade and Development in Special Session (CTDSS) to (1) review all the

outstanding proposals specific to particularWTO agreements, and report to the council with

recommendations for a decision on these proposals; (2) consider the so-called Category II

proposals (those not agreement-specific) that had been referred to other WTO bodies; (3)

coordinate the CTDSS efforts with these other bodies; and (4) resume work on all other

outstanding issues including crosscutting issues, a monitoring mechanism for special and

differential (S&D) treatment provisions, as well as ways to incorporate these provisions

more effectively into WTO rules.37

In 2007, the chairman of the CTDSS reported to the General Council on the status of

progress made, highlighting five key points. These concerned (1) progress made in revising 38

6 and possibly 7, of the 16 agreement-specific proposals; (2) an impasse reached 39

concerning the remaining nine proposals; (3) some progress identifying elements for a 40

monitoring mechanism to be focused on more effective implementation of S&D provisions

under WTO rules; (4) continued coordination with other WTO bodies regarding Category

41

II proposals; and (5) continued discussion of a decision on duty-free quota-free market 42

access for least developed country members, including a new submission on rules of origin

and another on market access recently submitted by these least-developed countries.
 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 9 May 2007,” WT/GC/M/108, June 26, 2007, par. 43

29, Annex I.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 27 July 2007,” WT/GC/M/109, October 24, 2007, 44

par. 78. Under a mandate from the Uruguay Round Agreements, the Committee on Rules of Origin has

pursued a work program directed at the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin. In July 2002, the

committee reported 94 core policy issues to the General Council for discussion and decision, with the council

instructing the committee to continue work toward an agreement. In February 2008, the committee issued a

revision of its draft consolidated text of non-preferential rules of origin that had been reached to date,

reflecting committee discussions through October 2007. In March 2008, the WTO Secretariat issued a text

containing the technical issues to be resolved in an effort to focus attention on how to move forward with the

harmonization program. WTO, Committee on Rules of Origin, “Draft Consolidated Text of Non-preferential

Rules of Origin—Harmonization Work Programme—Note by the Secretariat—Revision,”

G/RO/W/111/Rev.1, February 25, 2008; WTO, Committee on Rules of Origin, “Technical Issues to Be

Resolved in the Committee On Rules of Origin Harmonization Work Programme—Note by the Secretariat,”

G/RO/W/113, March 4, 2008.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 27 July 2007,” WT/GC/M/109, October 24, 2007, 45

par. 79–80.

3-9

The CTDSS chairman stated that elements of a package on S&D treatment were likely to

include (1) the agreement-specific proposals on which the group had reached agreement in

special session; (2) the 28 agreement-specific proposals that had been agreed to in principle

before the September 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun, Mexico; and (3) a 43

possible framework for a monitoring mechanism.

Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin

The Committee on Rules of Origin continued its work on the harmonization of

nonpreferential rules of origin, seeking to complete negotiations on an overall agreement,

core policy issues, and technical matters by the end of 2007.44

In July 2007, the committee chairman reported an impasse regarding the application of

value-added rules of origin to the machinery sector, which some members supported while

others opposed. As a consequence, the chairman proposed the adoption of a two-rule system

for 607 tariff lines for machinery (HS Chapters 84 to 90), with each member notifying its

choice to the WTO. Although some members supported the two-rule proposal as pragmatic,

others expressed concern that the complex and costly mechanisms that would be needed to

track the origin of imports under the proposed rule would be an unjustifiable cost in

comparison to the benefits gained.

Opponents also pointed out that the two-rule system could prove problematic in trade

remedy situations, unless and until the Negotiating Group on Rules concluded negotiations

with respect to a decision on anticircumvention of trade remedy import duties. Proponents

expressed the view that the 12 years of negotiations in the Committee on Rules of Origin

had accomplished a great deal toward developing harmonized rules of origin for

nonpreferential trade, completing the main technical work on all products from HS Chapters

1 to 96 and covering more than 6,000 tariff lines, although all agreed that further technical

work was needed.

45

Given the impasse reached over the two-rule approach for machinery as well as its possible

implications in trade remedy situations, the committee chairman proposed to the General

Council that the committee (1) continue consultations with the council; (2) suspend work
 Ibid., par. 80. 46

 Ibid., par. 81. 47

 WTO, Aid for Trade Task Force, “Communication from the Chairman of the Integrated Framework 48

Task Force—Draft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May

2006),” WT/AFT/W/16, June 2, 2006. In May 2006, the AFT Task Force reported to the General Council its

“Draft Recommendations Of The Task Force On An Enhanced Integrated Framework,” and in July 2006

issued its “Recommendations Of The Task Force On Aid For Trade.”

 The IF was established in October 1997 as a technical assistance fund to help the least developed 49

countries in matters concerning trade-related development. The IF is managed by six major multilateral

economic institutions—the IMF, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United

Nations Development Programme, World Bank, WTO, and the UNCTAD/WTO joint technical cooperation

agency, the International Trade Centre.

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, March 1, 2008. In July 2006, the Task 50

Force also proposed recommendations to strengthen country and regional needs assessments, donor response,

the nexus between coordinating trade assistance needs raised by countries and regions and the response by

donors to those needs, as well as a proposal to establish a monitoring and evaluation body for these AFT

projects. WTO, Aid for Trade Task Force, “WTO Work Programme on Aid-for-Trade—Background Note

Prepared by the WTO Secretariat,” WT/AFT/W/26, May 29, 2007, par. 11. The council adopted the

recommendations in October 2006 and, in December 2006, the Director-General suggested that the

Committee on Trade and Development undertake periodic reviews of progress as a means to monitor AFT

projects in order to keep WTO Members informed. WTO, Committee on Trade and Development, “First

Session on Aid for Trade—Note on the Meeting of 2 April 2007,” WT/COMTD/AFT/M/1, May 18, 2007,

par. 3.

3-10

on the two points at issue about the two-rule approach and its trade remedy implications

until the council can provide further guidance; and (3) continue work on technical questions

toward a possible agreement as part of regular committee work.46

The chairman also remarked that during a meeting of the World Semiconductor Council,

committee members found consultations with industry useful regarding development of

rules of origin for semiconductors and, as a result, the chairman indicated an intent to open

similar private sector consultations regarding the three machinery product categories of

consumer electronics, household appliances, and heavy machinery.47

Aid for Trade 

In 2007, the General Council moved forward with its Aid for Trade (AFT) initiative,

launched in 2006. Following direction from trade ministers at the December 2005 WTO

Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, the WTO Director-General established the Aid for

Trade Task Force in February 2006. The task force was to examine ways to assist

developing and, in particular, the least developed countries in building their supply-side

trade capacity and trade-related infrastructure to help them better implement the WTO

Agreements and thereby expand their exports of goods and services.48

In 2006, the AFT Task Force issued its recommendations for an Enhanced Integrated

Framework (EIF). Discussions among agencies and countries participating in the Integrated

Framework (IF) led to the formal launch of the EIF in May 2007. Also in 2006, the task 49 50

force proposed recommendations regarding strengthening the linkages for trade assistance

between donors and recipients, including a monitoring and evaluation system.
 WTO, Committee on Trade and Development, “First Session on Aid for Trade—Note on the Meeting 51

of 2 April 2007,” WT/COMTD/AFT/M/1, May 18, 2007, par. 4–5. The CTD focused on a monitoring

capability in conjunction with the OECD; trade facilitation and standards and testing, with contributions from

the World Bank, World Customs Organization, OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, World Organization for Animal Health (“OIE”), and the WTO; trends in trade-related infrastructure

in conjunction with the World Bank, Japan, the EU, and the OECD; building productive capacity and

assistance for adjustment, trade diversification, and competitiveness, in conjunction with the United States

Agency for International Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization,

UNCTAD/WTO ITC, and the IMF; as well as reports and recommendations arising out of three regional

reviews held in September and October 2007 for the Latin American and Caribbean region, one for the

Asia-Pacific region, and one for the Africa region, in conjunction with the Inter-American Development

Bank, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, and the United Nations Economic Commission

for Africa. WTO, General Council, “Minutes Of Meeting ... on 21 November 2007—Annual Debate On Aid

For Trade—21 November 2007,” WT/GC/M/111, December 18, 2007, Annex 1.

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes Of Meeting ... on 21 November 2007—Annual Debate On Aid For 52

Trade—21 November 2007,” WT/GC/M/111, December 18, 2007.

 Ibid., par. 6. 53

 Ibid., par. 8. 54

3-11

In April 2007, the CTD chairman in conjunction with the WTO Secretariat proposed a

tentative monitoring and evaluation regime at three levels: (1) a global picture of financial

flows assembled each year in cooperation with the OECD; (2) a donor self-evaluation that

details AFT activities carried out by its development agencies; and (3) a country assessment

to provide country-specific views on trade and financial needs.

51

In November 2007, the General Council held its first annual Global Aid for Trade session

to review this monitoring and evaluation project, as well as to chart a future course for the

AFT work program. The review concluded that progress was made on a monitoring system 52

during 2007, the program’s initial year. Following three regional AFT seminars held in

2007, members noted that a greater emphasis on country and regional monitoring might be

useful, as well as an evaluation ofthe actual impact of AFT projects,ratherthan focus solely

on AFT financial flows. Other conclusions from the regional seminars led to proposals to 53

encourage countries and regions to map out their key priorities and constraints, and to

develop country and regional action plans that devise AFT networks that could help set

priorities and develop plans, develop guidance to assess results, and implement follow-up

plans.54

Cotton initiative

In December 2007, the WTO Director-General updated the General Council on his work

concerning development assistance aspects regarding cotton. Following the December 2003

WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun, Mexico, consultations between the

Director-General and members led to a cotton initiative aimed at addressing issues raised

about domestic agricultural support payments to cotton producers in the developed countries

that affect unsubsidized cotton production in and exports from least developing countries,

in particular, from the four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and

Mali. The General Council subsequently tasked the Director-General in 2004 to pursue these

consultations. In 2007, the Director-General reported that the WTO Secretariat would begin

monitoring development assistance aspects of domestic cotton sector reforms, but that
 WTO, General Council, “Annual Report (2007),” WT/GC/114, January 21, 2008. 55

 Ibid. 56

 WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 7 February 2007,” WT/GC/M/107, March 19, 57

2007; WTO, General Council, “Minutes of Meeting ... on 18 December 2007,” WT/GC/M/112, March 4,

2008.

 The designated developing country members were Bolivia, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, 58

Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Morocco, Nicaragua,

Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe, countries whose GNP per capita had not

reached $1,000 per annum in 1995 when the WTO was established.

 WTO, Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, “Annex VII,” 1995. 59

 WTO, Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, “Procedures for Extensions under 60

Article 27.4 for Certain Developing Country Members,” G/SCM/39, November 20, 2001.

 Ibid., par. 1(e)-(f). 61

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agreement on an adjustment mechanism regarding income declines in the cotton sector has

to date remained elusive.55

Annual Review of China's Protocol of Accession to the WTO 

In December 2007, the General Council held its annual review of China’s implementation

of the WTO Agreement under the provisions of China’s WTO Protocol of Accession. The

council conducted the review under the Transitional Review Mechanism, based on

information provided by China as well as on reports submitted by a number of subsidiary

WTO bodies.56

Biennial review of U.S. Jones Act legislation 

GATT 1994, paragraph 3(a), provides the United States with an exemption from certain

GATT obligations for measures taken under legislation existing prior to the GATT 1947 that

prohibit the use, sale, or lease of foreign-built or foreign-reconstructed vessels in

commercial applications between points in national waters or waters of an exclusive

economic zone (so-called cabotage). The biennial review of the operation of this legislation,

commonly known in the United States as the “Jones Act,” was held in February 2007, with

further clarification provided in December 2007, based on the annual report provided by the

United States.57

Draft decision on Article 27.4 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing

Measures

Article 27.4 of the WTO SCM Agreement states that certain developing country members

designated in the agreement are to phase out their export subsidies within eight years of

58

the establishment of the WTO, that is, by year-end 2003. Countries seeking to apply such

59

subsidies beyond 2003 were required to request an extension from the SCM Committee. In

2001, the committee agreed on procedures for these requests that would extend the

phase-out period through 2007, with the possibility at that time of seeking to continue the 60

extension.61
 WTO, Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, “Article 27.4 of the Agreement on 62

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures—Decision of the Committee of 13 July 2007,” G/SCM/120, July 17,

2007, esp. par. 1(d).

 WTO, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Art. 63

IV:1, 1995.

 WTO, General Council, “Annual Report (2007),” WT/GC/114, January 21, 2008. 64

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In July 2007, the committee drafted a decision that agreed on procedures for the

continuation of this extension of the phase-out period, which would require these countries

to end their notified export subsidy programs not later than December 31, 2015.

62

Accessions

The Kingdom of Tonga became the 151st WTO member on July 27, 2007 (table 3.1). In

December 2007, the General Council also approved final membership arrangements for the

WTO accession of Cape Verde. In 2007, the council established two accession working

parties, as requested, one for the Comoros and a second for Liberia. Another 30 countries

are observers or in various stages of accession to the WTO (table 3.2).

Waivers

During 2007, the General Council agreed to grant or extend waivers from WTO obligations,

particularly regarding members’ schedules of concessions resulting from the adoption of

newer HS tariff schedule nomenclature (notably HS 1996, HS 2002, and HS 2007), as well

as waivers from most-favored-nation obligations when granting nonreciprocal trade

preferences approved by members. The council also granted several waivers to members

regarding particular individual obligations resulting from past concessions.

Seventh WTO ministerial conference

In October 2007, the chairman of the General Council reported on broad consultations with

members, which concluded that it would not be possible to convene a WTO conference at

the ministerial level before the end of 2007 (a conference is required at that level at least

every other year). The council and members agreed that the failure to hold the Seventh 63

Session of the Ministerial Conference in 2007 should not establish a precedent for the

future and agreed to return to the issue as soon as the situation could be clarified, in

particular regarding a ministerial-level conference in conjunction with a conclusion to the

Doha Round of trade negotiations.64
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TABLE 3.1 WTO membership in 2007

Albania

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bolivia

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burma

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African Rep.

Chad

Chile

China

Chinese Taipeia

Colombia

Congo, Democratic Rep. of

Congo, Rep. of

Costa Rica

Côte d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Rep.

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Estonia

European Communities

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hong Kong, China

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kenya

Korea, Rep. of

Kuwait

Kyrgyz Rep.

Latvia

Lesotho

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Macao, China

Macedonia

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Moldova

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Nepal

Netherlands and Dutch Antilles

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and

 the Grenadines

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovak Rep.

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Tanzania

Thailand

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States of America

Uruguay

Venezuela

Vietnam

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Source: WTO, “Members and Observers.” http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm

(accessed Feb. 28, 2008).

 In the WTO, the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu is informally referred to as a

Chinese Taipei, although elsewhere it is commonly referred to as Taiwan.
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TABLE 3.2 WTO observers in 2007

Afghanistan

Algeria

Andorra

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Belarus

Bhutan

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cape Verde

Comoros

Ethiopia

Guinea, Equatorial

Iran

Iraq

Kazakhstan

Laos

Lebanon

Libya

Montenegro

Russia

Samoa

São Tomé and Principe

Serbia

Seychelles

Sudan

Tajikistan

Ukraine

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Vatican (Holy See)

Yemen

Source: WTO, “Members and Observers.” http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm

(accessed Feb. 28, 2008).

Dispute Settlement

Consultations and New Panels Established

During 2007, WTO members filed 13 new requests for WTO dispute settlement

consultations. This compares with 22 in 2006, 12 in 2005, and 19 in 2004. There were 13

new dispute settlement panels established in 2007, compared to 14 in 2006, 7 in 2005, and

8 in 2004. One of these panels (DS358) was later terminated when the United States and

China reached a mutually agreed settlement in December 2007, and another (DS359) was

terminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in February 2008.

Table 3.3 shows the 13 cases in which panels were established during 2007.

Four of the panels established during 2007 were at the request of the United States (DS358,

DS360, DS362, DS363). Other panels were established in 2007 at the request of Argentina

(3), Brazil (1), the EU (3), Mexico (1), and Panama (1). The United States was named as the

respondent in two of the cases (DS350, DS365). Other countries named as respondents in

cases before newly established panels in 2007 were Brazil (1), Chile (2), China (4),

Colombia (1), India (2), and Mexico (1). The trade issues involved in these cases included

measures affecting antidumping, countervailing duty, and safeguard matters; intellectual

property rights; tax matters; as well as measures affecting border and internal trade issues.

Appendix table A.19 shows developments during 2007 in the WTO dispute settlement cases

to which the United States was a party.

Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States

During 2007, the DSB established panels in four cases at the request of the United States.

The issues raised and procedural history of each of the four are summarized below.
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TABLE 3.3 WTO dispute settlement panels established in 2007

Case No. Complainant Respondent Case Name

Panel

Established

DS341 EU Mexico Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive \

Oil from the EU

Jan. 23, 2007

DS350 EU United States Continued Existence and Application of

“Zeroing” Methodology

June 4, 2007

DS351 Argentina Chile Provisional Safeguard Measure on Certain 

Milk Products

Apr. 24, 2007

DS352 EU India Measures Affecting the Importation and Sale 

of Wines and Spirits from the EU

Apr. 24, 2007

DS355 Argentina Brazil Antidumping Measures on Imports of Certain

Resins from Argentina

July 24, 2007

DS356 Argentina Chile Definitive Safeguard Measures on Certain 

Milk Products

Apr. 24, 2007

DS358 United States China Certain Measures Granting Refunds,

Reductions, or Exemptions from Taxes

and Other Payments

Aug. 31, 2007

DS359 Mexico China Certain Measures Granting Refunds, 

Reductions, or Exemptions from Taxes

and Other Payments

July 12, 2007

DS360 United States India Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on 

Imports from the United States

June 20, 2007

DS362 United States China Measures Affecting the Protection and 

Enforcement of Intellectual Property

Rights

Sept. 25, 2007

DS363 United States China Measures Affecting Trading Rights and

Distribution Services for Certain

Publications and Audiovisual

Entertainment Products

Nov. 27, 2007

DS365 Brazil United States Domestic Support and Export Credit

Guarantees for Agricultural Products

Dec. 17, 2007

DS366 Panama Colombia Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of

Entry

Oct. 22, 2007

Source: Derived from WTO, “Dispute Settlement: The Disputes, Chronological List of Disputes Cases.”

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm (accessed Feb. 27, 2008).

Note: The United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS358 in December 2007.

Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS359 in February 2008.

Measures by China Granting Refunds, Reductions, or Exemptions from Taxes and

Other Payments (DS358)

The United States claimed that certain refunds, reductions, or exemptions to firms in China

were inconsistent with Article 3 of the SCM Agreement in that they were conditioned on the

purchase of domestic over imported goods, or that they required the firm to meet certain

export performance criteria. The United States also claimed that the measures were
 Derived from WTO, “Dispute Settlement: The Disputes—Chronological List of Dispute Cases,”

65

DS358, April 11, 2008.

 USTR, “China To End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Dispute,” November 29, 66

2007.

 Derived from WTO, “Dispute Settlement: The Disputes—Chronological List of Dispute Cases,”

67

DS360, April 11, 2008.

 USTR, “United States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in China’s Intellectual 68

Property Rights Laws,” August 13, 2007.

3-17

inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 and Article 2 of the Trade-Related

Investment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement to the extent that they accord imported products

less favorable treatment than like domestic products. The United States claimed, in addition,

that the measures did not comply with certain provisions in China’s Accession Protocol and

the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China. The United States filed its

request for consultations on February 2, 2007. After consultations failed to resolve the

dispute, the United States requested establishment of a panel, and a panel was established

on August 31, 2007. On December 19, 2007, China and the United States informed the DSB

that they had reached an agreement in relation to the dispute in the form of a MOU. Under 65

the MOU, China committed to complete a series of steps by January 1, 2008, to ensure that

the WTO-prohibited subsidies cited in the U.S. complaint have been permanently

eliminated, and that they will not be reintroduced in the future.

66

Measures by India Imposing “Additional Duties” or “Extra Additional Duties,”

Including Wines and Distilled Products (DS360)

In its complaint, the United States claimed that certain “additional duties” and “extra

additional duties” imposed by India on certain goods, including wines and distilled products,

are inconsistent with Articles II:1(a) and (b) and III:2 and III:4 of the GATT 1994. The

United States filed its request for consultations on March 6, 2007. After consultations failed

to resolve the dispute, the United States requested establishment of a panel, and a panel was

established on June 20, 2007, and composed on July 3, 2007. On December 17, 2007, the

panel chairman announced that the panel expects to issue its final report in March 2008.67

Measures by China Affecting the Protection of and Enforcement of Intellectual

Property Rights (DS362)

The United States claimed that various measures taken by China were inconsistent with

China’s obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. These measures include (a) quantitative 68

thresholds in China’s criminal law that must be met in order to start criminal prosecutions

or obtain criminal convictions for copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting; (b) rules

allowing infringing goods seized by Chinese customs authorities to be released into

commerce after removal of fake labels or other infringing features; and (c) apparent denial

of copyright protection for works poised to enter the market but awaiting Chinese censorship

approval. The United States filed its request for consultations on April 10, 2007. After

consultations failed to resolve the dispute, the United States requested establishment of a
 Derived from WTO, “Dispute Settlement: The Disputes—Chronological List of Dispute Cases,”

69

DS362, April 11, 2008.

 Ibid. 70

 In general, a “zeroing” methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show 71

dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin. WTO, “Update of WTO

Dispute Settlement Cases—New Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January

2008),” WT/DS/OV/32, January 24, 2008, 88.

 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, 72

commonly referred to as the Antidumping Agreement.

 Ibid. 73

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panel; a panel was established on September 25, 2007, and composed on December 13,

2007.

69

Measures by China Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain

Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (DS363)

The United States alleged that various Chinese measures reserve trading rights for certain

publications and audiovisual entertainment products to certain Chinese state-designated and

wholly or partially state-owned enterprises, and that various Chinese measures impose

market access restrictions or discriminatory limitations on foreign service providers seeking

to engage in the distribution of publications (e.g., books, magazines, newspapers, and

electronic publications) and certain audiovisual home entertainment products (e.g., video

cassettes and DVDs). The United States claimed that such measures are inconsistent with

China’s obligations under its Protocol of Accession, the GATT 1994, and the General

Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The United States filed its request for

consultations on April 10, 2007. After consultations failed to resolve the dispute, the United

States requested establishment of a panel, and a panel was established on November 27,

2007. The panel was composed on March 27, 2008. 70

Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent

Continued Existence and Application of “Zeroing” Methodology in U.S.

Antidumping Duty Reviews (DS350)

In its complaint the European Communities asserted that United States Department of

Commerce (USDOC) implementing regulations, “zeroing” methodology, practice, 71

administrative procedures, and measures for determining the dumping margin in

administrative reviews are inconsistent with various provisions of the Antidumping

Agreement and Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 1994. The EC filed its request for 72

consultations on October 2, 2006. After consultations failed to resolve the dispute, the

European Community (EC) requested establishment of a panel, and a panel was established

on June 4, 2007, and composed on July 6, 2007. On October 1, 2007, the chairman of the

panel informed the DSB that the panel expects to complete its work in June 2008.

73
 Ibid. 74

 Ibid. 75

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U.S. Subsidies and Other Domestic Support for Corn and Other Agricultural

Products (DS357)

In its complaint Canada claimed (1) that the United States provides subsidies to the U.S.

corn industry that are specific to U.S. producers of primary agricultural products and/or the

U.S. corn industry; (2) that the United States, through export credit guarantee programs and

other measures, makes available to its exporters premium rates and other terms more

favorable than those which the market would otherwise provide; and (3) that the United

States, through the improper exclusion of domestic support, provides support in favor of

domestic producers in excess of its agreed to commitment levels. Canada claimed that the

U.S. measures are contrary to U.S. obligations in Article 3.1(a) and 3.2 of the SCM

Agreement; Articles 3.2, 3.3, 8, 9.1, and 10.1 of the Agreement on Agriculture; and Section

1 of Part IV of the U.S. Schedule. Canada filed its request for consultations on January 8,

2007. After consultations failed to resolve the dispute, Canada, on June 7, 2007, requested

establishment of a panel; the decision to establish a panel was deferred. On November 8,

2007, Canada and Brazil, following consultations relating to similar issues in DS365 (see

below), requested establishment of a panel in that dispute, and a single panel was

established on December 17, 2007, in that dispute. On November 15, 2007, Canada

withdrew its June 7, 2007, request to establish a panel in DS357. No panel has been 74

composed as of mid-2008.

U.S. Domestic Support and Export Credit Guarantees for Agricultural Products

(DS365)

In its complaint, Brazil claimed possible inconsistencies in the case of two categories of U.S.

agricultural measures: (1) domestic support for agricultural products, and (2) export credit

guarantees for agricultural products. Brazil claimed that the U.S. domestic support measures

exceeded U.S. commitment levels in 1999-2001, 2002, and 2004-2005, resulting in possible

inconsistencies with Article 3.2 of the Agreement on Agriculture. Brazil also claimed that

various U.S. programs for agricultural products made export credit guarantees available on

more favorable terms than those otherwise available in the market, resulting in possible

inconsistencies with U.S. obligations under Articles 3.3, 8, 9.1, and 10.1 of the Agreement

on Agriculture and Article 3.1(a) and 3.2 of the SCM Agreement. Brazil filed its request for

consultations on July 11, 2007, and Canada and several other members subsequently

requested to join the consultations. After consultations failed to resolve the dispute, Canada

and Brazil each requested establishment of a panel, and a single panel was established on

December 17, 2007. No panel has been composed as of mid-2008.

75

Appellate Body and Panel Reports Adopted during 2007 that Involved the

United States

During 2007, the WTO DSB adopted Appellate Body and/or Panel reports in three dispute

settlement cases in which the United States was either the complaining party (one report)
 This list does not include panel and Appellate Body compliance reports adopted by the DSB during 76

2007 relating to challenges of implementation actions taken by responding parties in response to earlier

reports adopted by the DSB.

3-20

or the responding party (two reports). The status of each of these cases is summarized 76

below (including a summary of adopted reports). In addition, there is a discussion of a fourth

case in which an appeal of a panel report was pending at the end of 2007 and the Appellate

Body report was adopted in early 2008; the United States was the complaining party in that

case.

There were additional cases in which the United States was the complainant or the

respondent that remained pending throughout 2007, with rulings made or expected during

2008. These included a case brought by the United States against China (DS340, Measures

Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts), and cases brought against the United States by the

European Communities (DS350, Continued Existence and Application of Zeroing

Methodology, with a panel report expected in June 2008; and DS353, Large Civil Aircraft,

2nd Complaint, with a panel report expected in July 2008); India (DS346, Customs Bond

Directive for Merchandise Subject to Antidumping/Countervailing Duties, panel report

circulated Feb. 29, 2008); Mexico (DS344, Final Antidumping Measures on Stainless Steel

from Mexico, panel report circulated December 20, 2007, and appealed to the Appellate

Body); and Thailand (DS343, Measure Relating to Shrimp from Thailand, panel report

circulated Feb. 29, 2008).

Reports in which the United States was the complainant

Measures by Turkey Affecting the Importation of Rice (DS334)

This dispute involved a complaint filed by the United States challenging Turkey’s import

restrictions on rice. The United States alleged that Turkey (1) requires an import license to

import rice but fails to grant such licences to import rice at Turkey’s bound rate of duty; and

(2) that Turkey also operates a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for rice imports that requires

importers, in order to import specified quantities of rice at reduced tariff levels, to purchase

specified quantities of domestic rice. The United States alleged that such measures were

inconsistent with Turkey’s obligations under Article 2.1 and Annex 1 of the TRIMs

Agreement, Articles III (para. 4, 5, and 7) and XI:1 of the GATT 1994, and certain articles

of the Import Licensing Agreement. The United States filed a request for consultations on

November 2, 2005. After consultations failed to resolve the dispute, the United States

requested establishment of a panel, and the DSB established a panel on March 17, 2006. The

panel was composed on July 31, 2006. The panel circulated its report on September 21,

2007. The panel found that Turkey’s decision to deny or fail to grant Certificates of Control

to import rice outside of the TRQs constituted a quantitative import restriction as well as a

practice of discretionary import licensing within the meaning of footnote 1 to Article 4.2 of

the Agreement on Agriculture. The panel also found that Turkey’s requirement that

importers must purchase domestic rice in order to import rice at reduced-tariff levels under

the tariff quotas accorded less favorable treatment to imported rice than to domestic rice, in

a manner inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. The DSB adopted the panel

report on October 22, 2007.
 In general, a “zeroing” methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show 77

dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin. WTO, “Update of WTO

Dispute Settlement Cases—New Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January

2008),” WT/DS/OV/32, January 24, 2008, 88. Specifically, the USDOC calculation of a weighted average

dumping margin for a company generally involves numerous comparisons between sales in the United States

and sales in the home market or third country market (or costs in the home market). While some comparisons

reveal dumping (e.g., the price in the United States is lower than the home market price), other comparisons

may reveal no dumping (e.g., the price in the United States is higher than the home market price). Where a

comparison reveals no dumping, the USDOC assigns a zero to that comparison, rather than a negative

number equal to the amount by which the U.S. price exceeds the home market price. This practice is

generally referred to as “zeroing.” The WTO Antidumping Agreement contemplates three methodologies for

calculating a dumping margin in investigations: average-to-average, transaction-to-transaction, and

average-to-transaction. These issues in these disputes involve the use of zeroing for each of these

methodologies as well as whether the zeroing methodology can be used in different types of antidumping

proceedings, including original investigations, administrative reviews, and 5-year reviews. USTR, “WTO

Panel Finds for United States in ‘Zeroing’ Dispute with Japan,” September 20, 2006.

 WTO, “United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews—Report of the Appellate 78

Body,” WT/DS322/AB/R, January 9, 2007.

 USTR, “Dispute Settlement Update—September 21, 2007,” April 17, 2008, 23. 79

 WTO, DSB, “United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews,”April 11, 2008. In 80

June 2007 the United States submitted a proposal to the WTO Negotiating Group on Rules to “correct” the

Appellate Body’s rulings on zeroing. USTR, “U.S. Proposes to Address ‘Zeroing’ in World Trade

Organization Negotiations,” June 4, 2007. 

3-21

Reports in which the United States was the respondent

U.S. Antidumping “Zeroing” Methodology (DS322)

This dispute involved a complaint brought by Japan in 2004 against the United States

regarding a methodology used by the United States in calculating dumping margins, known

as “zeroing.” Japan contested U.S. laws, regulations, and methodologies involving zeroing 77

as such and as applied, and in particular when zeroing is used in transaction-to-transaction

comparisons to calculate dumping margins and when margins calculated using zeroing are

relied on in 5-year reviews. Japan alleged that U.S. measures are inconsistent with certain

provisions of the Antidumping Agreement and Articles VI:1, VI:2, and XVI:4 of the GATT

1994. Japan filed its request for consultations on November 24, 2004, and after

consultations failed to resolve the dispute, requested establishment of a panel; the DSB

established a panel on February 28, 2005. The panel was composed on April 15, 2005. The

panel found in favor of the United States on most issues and circulated its report on

September 20, 2006. Both Japan and the United States appealed the panel report; and the

Appellate Body, in a report adopted on January 23, 2007, reversed the panel’s findings and

concluded that U.S. use of a zeroingmethodology when calculating dumping margins on the

basis of transaction-to-transaction comparisons and its reliance on dumping margins

involving zeroing in 5-year reviews, among other practices, were not consistent with U.S.

WTO obligations. The United States subsequently reached agreement with Japan to 78

implement the DSB recommendations and rulings by December 24, 2007. As a result of a

separate proceeding, the USDOC announced that it would no longer engage in zeroing in

average-to-average comparisons in investigations. On January 10, 2008, Japan requested

79

DSB authorization to suspend concessions on the ground that the United States had failed

to implement the DSB recommendations and rulings. On January 18, 2008, the United States

objected to the level of suspension and requested that the matter be referred to arbitration.

On January 21, 2008, the DSB agreed that the matter had been referred to arbitration.80
 WTO, DSB, “United States—Anti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador,”April 11, 2008. 81

 USTR, “Dispute Settlement Update—September 21, 2007,” April 17, 2008, 23. 82

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 148th 83

Session of the Trade Committee, 16-17 October 2007,” TAD/TC/M(2007)3/PROV, February 11, 2008, par.

3; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 187.

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 146th 84

Session. . . ,” May 30, 2007; and OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft

Summary Record of the 148th Session. . . ,” February 11, 2008.

3-22

U.S. Antidumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador (DS335)

This dispute involved a complaint by Ecuador concerning a final affirmative antidumping

duty determination and antidumping duty order by the USDOC regarding certain frozen

warm-water shrimp from Ecuador. Ecuador raised concerns particularly about the USDOC’s

practice of “zeroing” negative antidumping margins, and alleged that the USDOC

determinations and order are inconsistent with various provisions of Article VI of the GATT

1994 and Article 18.1 of the Antidumping Agreement. Ecuador filed a request for

consultations on November 17, 2005. Following consultations that failed to resolve the

dispute, Ecuador requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on July 19,

2006. The panel was composed on September 26, 2006. The panel report was circulated on

January 20, 2007, and adopted by the DSB on February 20, 2007. The panel found that the

USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 2.4.2 of the Antidumping Agreement in its

determinations and order and requested that the United States bring its measures into

conformity with its obligations. Neither party appealed. The United States agreed to

implement the DSB recommendations and rulings by August 20, 2007. The USDOC 81

recalculated the margins, which were de minimis, and revoked the order.82

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

In 2007, the OECD Trade Committee held several global policy forums addressing subjects

such as trade and labor market adjustment, and the international sourcing of information

technology services. The committee completed in 2007 its comprehensive reviews of the

economies of China and India, and continued discussions on trade issues regarding other

83

major nonmember economies. For the medium-term future, the committee decided to focus

on the issues of international disciplines on export credits, trade in services, the costs and

benefits of continued trade liberalization, and the interaction of domestic and trade policies.

The Trade Committee also continued to monitor developments in the WTO Doha Round

trade negotiations during the year, and continued its ongoing work program.

Global Policy Forums

During 2007, the Trade Committee members held two global policy forums, one concerning

trade and labor market adjustments, and a second concerning the role of international

sourcing of business processing and information technology services in trade, innovation,

and growth.

84
 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 146th 85

Session. . . ,” TAD/TC/M(2007)1/PROV, May 30, 2007, par. 12.

 Ibid. 86

 Ibid., par. 13. 87

 Ibid. 88

 Ibid., par. 16. 89

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 148th 90

Session. . . ,” February 11, 2008.

 Ibid., par. 2. 91

 Ibid. 92

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 188. 93

 OECD, Council, “Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement,” 94

C/MIN(2007)4/FINAL, May 16, 2007.

3-23

Regarding labor adjustments to trade, the Secretariat noted at a policy forum in March 2007

that its studies indicate that, despite increases over the past decade in total employment and

labor productivity, labor demand in manufacturing sectors has nonetheless become more

elastic over the years. According to the Secretariat, this situation has rendered workers in 85

member countries more vulnerable than before to economic shocks, such as increased import

competition. Concerning developing countries, members examined the issue raised by 86

other studies that suggest that increased trade was in part responsible for increasing

inequality in both China and Latin America. The committee reported that the economic 87

literature generally finds no automatic linkage between economic growth and poverty

reduction, or between increased trade and economic development. Committee members 88

offered the idea that education and job training may provide a remedy to capture the

potential gains from trade liberalization that might help offset such imbalances.89

At a second policy forum on the role of international sourcing of business processing and

information technology services in trade, innovation, and growth, in October 2007

committee members discussed trends in outsourcing services jobs in the business processing

and information technology areas. Members concluded that outsourcing can yield 90

significant economic benefits, but that governments need to have proper domestic policies

in place at home to address related worker concerns that may arise as a result of

outsourcing. Some members suggested that binding current outsourcing policies under 91

WTO disciplines might be desirable considering that few trade barriers exist currently in this

area. The forum also touched on issues of technology transfer through trade, competition’s 92

effect on innovation, global value chains, trade in services, and how innovation affects

information and communication technologies.93

Nonmember Focus

Following the May 2007 OECD ministerial decision on OECD enlargement and “enhanced

engagement” with nonmember economies, the OECD strengthened its involvement with

94

leading developing economy nonmember countries. Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and

Slovenia were invited to begin the OECD accession process. In addition, the OECD offered

an “Enhanced Engagement” partnership arrangement to Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and

South Africa, whereby these countries could participate in OECD activities of interest,
 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 148th 95

Session . . .,” February 14, 2008, par. 1–3.

 Ibid., par. 3. 96

 Ibid. 97

 Ibid. 98

 Ibid. 99

 Ibid., par. 1. 100

 Ibid., par. 3. 101

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 146th 102

Session . . .,” May 30, 2007, par. 4–5.

 Ibid.; OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 103

148th Session of the Trade Committee, 16–17 October 2007,” TAD/TC/M(2007)3/PROV, February 11,

2008, par. 4–5.

3-24

including committees, economic surveys, sector-specific peer reviews, OECD instruments,

integration into OECD information and statistical reporting systems, and similar work.95

The Trade Committee also examined in 2007 progress in, and the impact of, the integration

of China and India into the world trading system. The committee remarked that China’s 96

trade reforms, in particular regarding manufacturing, have been key to China’s improved

economic performance. The committee noted that India retains moderate protection on its

97

external trade, despite some tariff reductions on nonagricultural products. Committee 98

members noted that India shows a comparative advantage in certain services sectors, but that

India’s trade policy concerning services in general is still very restrictive compared to

China. The committee also reviewed its outreach discussions with government officials 99

in China and India during 2007, addressing regulatory reform and market openness in China

and global and country-specific trade policy issues in India.100

In addition, the committee renewed observer status in the OECD Trade Committee for

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Hong Kong (China) for the 2008–09 period.101

Trade Committee Priority Topics

During 2007, the Trade Committee considered its medium-term work priorities as part of

a “reflection process” initiated in October 2006. Delegations agreed that the committee 102

should move from its previous broad consideration of trade issues to an approach that

addressed, in a more focusedmanner,the specific key policy priorities raised by delegations.

Delegates expressed strong support for more focused work on the policy priorities of (1)

international disciplines on export credits; (2) trade in services; (3) committee support for

better understanding of the costs and benefits to be gained from further trade liberalization;

and (4) committee interest in examining in more detail the interaction of domestic policies

and international trade, although delegations raised the need to be mindful of careful

definition in such studies.103
 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 147th 104

Session of the Trade Committee, 27 June 2007,” TAD/TC/M(2007)2/PROV, October 24, 2007, par. 12–13.

 OECD, Trade Directorate, Trade Committee, Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees, 105

“OECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Credits,” TD/ECG(2006)24,

December 18, 2006.

 OECD, Council, “Draft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environment 106

and Officially Supported Export Credits,” C(2007)65, May 18, 2007.

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Work in Progress—148th Session of 107

the Trade Committee—Paris, 16–17 October 2007,” TAD/TC/RD(2007)7, October 11, 2007, pt. 1, sec. 4;

OECD, “Brazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Credits,” July 30, 2007;

OECD, “Remarks by Angel Gurria—OECD Secretary General, during the Signing Ceremony of the Aircraft

Sector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraft,” July 30, 2007.

 OECD, “Brazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Credits,” July 30, 108

2007.

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, March 1, 2008, 192. 109

 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Draft Summary Record of the 147th 110

Session of the Trade Committee, 27 June 2007,” TAD/TC/M(2007)2/PROV, October 24, 2007, par. 6–13;

USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, March 1, 2008, 192.

3-25

Export Credits

The Trade Committee finalized a number of sectoral revisions to the 1978 OECD

Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (Export Credit Arrangement or ECA).

The Trade Committee considered strengthening its work on international export credit

disciplines as part of its medium-term priorities, in particular through dialogue with

nonmembers. The committee highlighted two OECD recommendations recently adopted 104

by the OECD Council, one on antibribery measures concerning export credits, and a 105

second on export credits and their environmental impact.

106

Aircraft sector understanding

In July 2007, the OECD concluded its review of the 1986 provisions governing aircraft

financing that are annexed to the 1978 ECA. The new rules under the Aircraft Sector

Understanding (ASU) went into effect on July 1, 2007, with the final text signed on July 30,

2007, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The ASU limits official subsidies for export credits among 107

its signatories, allowing aircraft sales to focus purchasing decisions on price and quality

108

rather than on financing terms where export subsidies have in the past influenced purchasing

decisions. The committee recognized in particular the significance of Brazil as a

109

negotiating party and first-time signatory of the ASU because Brazil is both a non-OECD

member in addition to being a major regional aircraft producer. The committee considered

the ASU a model for cooperation and strengthened dialogue between OECD members and

nonmember countries. The committee viewed the understanding as an important approach

in addressing the use of export credits in likely future competitive emerging nonmember

economies such as Brazil, China, India, Israel, Romania, South Africa, and Slovenia.110
 OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Trade Committee, “Work in Progress—148th Session of 111

the Trade Committee— Paris, 16–17 October 2007,” TAD/TC/RD(2007)7, October 11, 2007, pt. 1, sec. 4.

 Ibid. 112

 APEC was established in 1989. Its 21 members are Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; 113

China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea;

Peru; the Philippines; Russia; Singapore; Chinese Taipei (Taiwan); Thailand; the United States; and

Vietnam. For more information, see APEC, “APEC at a Glance,”

http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec.html.

 APEC, “Outcomes & Outlook 2005–06,” 114 www.apec.org/content/apec/about_apec.html (accessed

February 1, 2007).

3-26

Export credit understandings for other sectors

In April 2007, the participants in the 1978 ECA extended the trial period for the Sector

Understanding on Export Credits, Renewable Energies, and Water Projects—initially agreed

in 2005—through June 30, 2009. In 2009, participants are expected to consider whether 111

to modify the understanding and whether to incorporate it into the ECA.

In October 2007, the participants in the 1978 ECA concluded their update of the Sector

Understanding on Export Credits for Ships, which was first agreed in 2003. In the update, 112

ECA participants in conjunction with the OECD Council Working Party No. 6 agreed to

future work plans that are to include examination of rules on minimum premium rates and

interest rates.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

APEC is an international organization comprised of Pacific Rim countries seeking to

facilitate intraregional economic growth, trade, investment, and cooperation. The 113

organization operates as a cooperative, multilateral economic and trade group, whose

decisions are made by consensus, and whose commitments are undertaken voluntarily.

APEC leaders meet annually to provide direction to the organization in the form of actionoriented work programs and to define priorities for its committees, working groups, senior

officials’ meetings, and special task groups. To reach its objective, member countries

committed to the “Bogor Goals” in 1994, which set forth a timetable for creating a free and

open trade and investment area in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for industrialized

countries and by 2020 for developing countries. Various annual APEC initiatives have been

undertaken to provide member countries with direction on how to successfully meet the

long-term objectives agreed upon in Bogor, Indonesia, in 1995.114

Two major developments resulted from the September 2007 annual ministerial meeting in

Sydney, Australia and its related workshops. Ministers formulated a new “Action Agenda”

aimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmental protection among member nations

and advanced the Bogor Goals of a free and open trade region through several initiatives

agreed upon in APEC’s Committee on Trade and Investment.
 APEC, Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean 115

Development, September 9, 2007.

 APEC, “APEC Model Measures for RTAs/FTAs,” September 5–6, 2007. 116

 APEC, “APEC’s Second Trade Facilitation Action Plan,” July 2007. 117

 APEC, “Intellectual Property Rights: Convenor’s Summary Reports to CTI,” June 29-30, 2007. 118

http://aimp.apec.org/Documents/2007/CTI/CTI3/07_cti3_022.pdf.

 APEC, “APEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Procedures,” July 3, 2007. 119

3-27

Action Agenda

APEC ministers agreed upon an action plan that is designed to stimulate energy efficiency

and environmental protection in the Asia-Pacific region. They set objectives of reducing

energy consumption throughout the region by 25 percent by 2030, increasing forest cover

in the region by at least 20 million hectares by 2020, and establishing an Asia-Pacific

Network for Energy Technology to promote collaboration on energy research.115

Committee on Trade and Investment

APEC’s Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI) accomplished four main tasks in 2007.

First, members agreed upon model measures with respect to regional agreements and free

trade agreements, electronic commerce, rules of origin and origin procedures, and sanitary

and phytosanitary measures. Second, members formulated APEC’s Second Trade 116

Facilitation Action Plan, which aims to reduce intraregional transaction costs associated

with trade by 5 percent by 2010. Third, its members developed guidelines to enhance IPR 117

capacity building in the region, by promoting regional IPR protection and enforcement.118

Finally, CTI members agreed upon common procedures for acquiring new patents in

member countries.119

 The agreement with respect to the Dominican Republic entered into force on March 1, 2007. The 1

agreement entered into force with respect to the other listed parties during 2006. The status of Costa Rica’s

adherence to CAFTA-DR is discussed below in the section “Other FTA Developments during 2007.”

4-1

CHAPTER 4

 U.S. Free Trade Agreements

This chapter reviews developments related to U.S. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) during

2007. It describes trends in U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2006–07,

reviews the status of U.S. FTA negotiations during the year, and reviews major NAFTA

activities, including NAFTA dispute settlement developments during the year.

FTAs in Force During 2007

The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of December 31, 2007. These included a

multiparty agreement with the countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic

(CAFTA-DR), implemented with respect to the Dominican Republic, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (2006–07); the U.S.-Bahrain FTA (2006); the 1

U.S.-Morocco FTA (2006); the U.S.-Australia FTA (2005); the U.S.-Chile FTA (2004); the

U.S.-Singapore FTA (2004); the U.S.-Jordan FTA (2001); NAFTA (1994); and the

U.S.-Israel FTA (1985).

Table 4.1 shows U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2005–07. In 2007, total

U.S. exports of goods to FTA partners were valued at $405.5 billion. U.S. exports to FTA

partners accounted for 38.8 percent of total U.S. exports. Total U.S. imports of goods from

FTA partners were valued at approximately $593.4 billion and accounted for 32.2 percent

of U.S. imports from the world. The overall U.S. merchandise trade balance with FTA

partners was a deficit of $187.8 billion. In 2007, the U.S. trade deficit with its NAFTA

partners ranked a record high $190.2 billion and decreased with Israel, Jordan, Chile, and

Bahrain. Australia, Singapore, Morocco, and the CAFTA-DR countries were the only FTA

partners with which the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007.

The value of U.S. imports entered under FTA provisions has risen steadily from $263.7

billion in 2005 to $313.9 billion in 2007 (table 4.2). U.S. FTA imports increased by 19.0

percent during 2005–07, outpacing the increase in overall U.S. imports of 16.9 percent

during the same period. NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico accounted for more than 93.0

percent of the value of U.S. FTA imports in 2007. The large increase in imports under

CAFTA-DR during 2006–07 was the result of the staged implementation of that FTA during

the period. Imports from all FTA partners accounted for 16.2 percent of total U.S. imports

in 2007.
4-2

TABLE 4.1 U.S. merchandise trade with FTA partners, total trade, 2005–07

2005 2006 2007

Million dollars

Exports:

Israel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,497 8,094 9,940

NAFTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284,902 312,789 332,500

Jordan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 623 832

Singapore.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,680 21,911 23,577

Chile.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,668 6,221 7,610

Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,638 16,836 17,917

Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 869 1,334

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

– 471 565

CAFTA-DR .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b

– 9,657 11,257

FTA partner total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329,992 377,471 405,532

World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803,992 929,486 1,046,358

FTA partner share of world (percent).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 40.6 38.8

Imports:

Israel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,680 19,157 20,817

NAFTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456,750 500,090 522,663

Jordan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267 1,421 1,333

Singapore.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,084 17,750 19,080

Chile.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,745 9,551 8,969

Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,360 8,244 8,633

Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 546 626

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

– 632 626

CAFTA-DR .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b

– 10,206 10,627

FTA partner total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505,886 567,598 593,374

World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,662,380 1,845,053 1,942,863

FTA partner share of world (percent).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 30.8 32.2

Balance:

Israel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -10,373 -11,063 -10,877

NAFTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -171,848 -187,302 -190,163

Jordan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -660 -798 -501

Singapore.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,596 4,161 4,497

Chile.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,077 -3,330 -1,359

Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,278 8,592 9,284

Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 323 708

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

– -161 -61

CAFTA-DR .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b

– -549 630

FTA partner total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -174,084 -190,127 -187,842

World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -858,388 -915,567 -798,695

FTA partner share of world (percent).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.8 23.5

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Data represent U.S. bilateral trade flows (i.e., trade under FTA provisions as well as non-FTA trade) with FTA partners. The

symbol “–” indicates not applicable because an FTA was not in force.

 FTA in force for part of 2006.

a

 CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua during 2006. Includes Dominican Republic

b

beginning in 2007.
4-3

TABLE 4.2 U.S. imports entered under FTA provisions, by FTA partner, 2005–07

2005 2006 2007

Percent

change

2005–07

Million dollars

Israel.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,824 2,771 2,755 -2.4

NAFTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 253,458 286,959 293,057 15.6

Jordan.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 246 309 313 27.2

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 800 868 935 16.9

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,679 5,508 5,001 35.9

Australia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,670 3,248 3,155 18.2

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 116 176 – 

Bahrain . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a

 – 47 199 – 

CAFTA-DR... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . – 3,976 8,289 – 

El Salvador. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . – 993 1,490 – 

Guatemala.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . – 561 1,286 – 

Honduras.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 2,003 2,855 – 

Nicaragua. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . – 418 706 – 

Dominican Republic. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – – 1,952 – 

FTA partner total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 263,677 303,802 313,880 19.0

World.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,662,380 1,845,053 1,942,863 16.9

Share of total partner imports

Israel.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16.7 14.5 13.2

NAFTA. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 55.5 57.4 56.1

Jordan.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 19.5 21.7 23.5

Singapore. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5.3 4.9 4.9

Chile. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54.5 57.7 55.8

Australia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 36.3 39.4 36.5

Morocco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – 21.2 28.1

Bahrain . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a – 7.4 31.8

CAFTA-DR . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

b – 39.0 78.0

FTA partner total share of world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 16.5 16.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

 FTA in force for part of 2006. a

 CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua during 2006. Includes Dominican

b

Republic beginning in 2007.

Other FTA Developments During 2007

Costa Rica is also a party to the CAFTA-DR, but the United States and Costa Rica have not

yet implemented the agreement. In a national referendum held on October 7, 2007, the

citizens of Costa Rica voted to join CAFTA-DR. However, the Costa Rican government did

not complete the necessary implementing legislation during the year. CAFTA-DR

establishes a 2-year period for signatory countries to join the agreement after it first takes

effect. CAFTA-DR first took effect on March 1, 2006, and therefore the 2-year period for

all parties to join the agreement was to end on March 1, 2008. On February 27, 2008,
 USTR, “USTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DR,” 2

News release, February 27, 2008.

 USTR, “United States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreement,” June 28, 2008. The U.S.-Panama 3

TPA is described in more detail below.

 USTR, “United States and Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreement,” News release, 4

June 30, 2007. The U.S.-Korea FTA is described in more detail below.

 FTA negotiations with those countries were concluded during 2006. For information on FTA 5

developments during 2006, see USITC, The Year in Trade 2006: Operations of the Trade Agreement

Program—58th Report, 2007, 4-3.

 USTR, “Bipartisan Trade Deal,” May 2007, 6

http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/TPA/05-11-07FinalBipartisanTradeDeal.pdf.

 USTR, “Statement by USTR Schwab on Today’s Signing of the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion 7

Agreement,” December 14, 2007; and USTR, “Schwab Statement on Amendments to U.S.-Peru Trade

Promotion Agreement,” June 25, 2007.

 OAS, “Colombia—United States,” http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/AND_USA/COL_USA_e.ASP. 8

 The Trade Act of 2002 (title XXII of the Trade Act of 2002), was enacted on August 2, 2002. 9

4-4

however, the USTR announced that Costa Rica would be granted an extension until October

1, 2008 to complete its implementing process.2

The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Panama on December 19, 2006, and the

two parties signed the U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28, 2007.

3

The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Korea on April 1, 2007, and the two

parties signed the agreement on June 30, 2007. The United States signed bilateral 4

agreements with Colombia, Oman, and Peru in 2006. However, none of those bilateral 5

FTAs entered into force during 2007.

On May 10, 2007, Congress and the Administration agreed on a Bipartisan Agreement on

Trade Policy to provide a path for Congressional approval for the FTAs with Peru,

Colombia, Panama, and Korea. The Agreement calls for the inclusion into the text of

pending and future trade agreements provisions on basic labor standards, environmental

standards, patents and IPR, government procurement, port security, investment, and strategic

worker assistance and training.6

As a result of that bipartisan arrangement, the United States negotiated amendments with

Colombia and Peru to the bilateral TPAs signed with those countries in 2006. The United

States and Peru concluded negotiations for an amended U.S.-Peru TPA on June 25, 2007

(the amendments reflected the provisions of the May 10, 2007 Bipartisan Agreement on

Trade Policy described above), which was ratified by Peru on June 27, 2007. The U.S.

House of Representatives and Senate approved the U.S.-Peru TPA Implementation Act on

November 2, and December 4, 2007, respectively. President Bush signed the implementing

legislation on December 14, 2007, and the agreement is expected to enter into force once

Peru takes the necessary steps to implement it. The United States and Colombia concluded

7

negotiations for an amended U.S.-Colombia TPA on June 28, 2007, which was ratified by

Colombia on October 30, 2007, and approved by the President of Colombia on November

22, 2007.8

Trade Promotion Authority, the President’s statutory authority to negotiate trade agreements

that the Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend, expired on July 1, 2007,

without being renewed. There was no significant change in status of the FTA negotiations 9

launched in prior years with Ecuador, Malaysia, the South African Customs Union,

Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates, or countries involved with the Free Trade Area of

the Americas. The status of U.S. FTA negotiations during 2007 is shown in table 4.3.
 USTR, “United States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreement,” News release, June 28, 2007. 10

 USTR, “The Case for the U.S.-Panama FTA,” Fact Sheet, September 12, 2007. 11

4-5

TABLE 4.3 Status of U.S. FTA negotiations during 2007

FTA partner(s)

Negotiations

launched

Negotiations

concluded

Agreement

signed by parties

Date of entry

into force

Central America and the Dominican Republic:

El Salvador

Honduras and Nicaragua

Guatemala

Dominican Republic

Costa Rica

Jan. 8, 2003 

Jan. 8, 2003

Jan. 8, 2003

Jan. 14, 2003

Jan. 8, 2004

Dec. 17, 2003

Dec. 17, 2003

Dec. 17, 2003

Mar. 15, 2004

Jan. 25, 2004

May 28, 2004

May 28, 2004

May 28, 2004

Aug. 5, 2004

May 28, 2004

Mar. 1, 2006

Apr. 1, 2006

July 1, 2006

Mar. 1, 2007

– 

Korea Feb. 2, 2006 Apr. 1, 2007 June 30, 2007 – 

Oman Mar. 12, 2005 Oct. 3, 2005 Jan. 19, 2006 – 

Andean TPA

Peru May 18, 2004 Dec. 7, 2005

June 25, 2007a

Apr. 12, 2006 ( )

b

Colombia May 18, 2004 Feb. 27, 2006 Nov. 22, 2006 – 

June 28, 2007 – 

c

Ecuador May 18, 2004 – – – 

Panama TPA Apr. 26, 2004 Dec. 19, 2006 Jun. 28, 2007 – 

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Apr. 18, 1998 – – – 

d

Malaysia Mar. 8, 2006 – – – 

South African Customs Union (Botswana,

Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland) June 2, 2003 – – – 

Thailand June 28, 2004 – – – 

United Arab Emirates Mar. 12, 2005 – – – 

Source: USTR, various press releases, http://www.ustr.gov.

 Amendments to the U.S.-Peru TPA signed April 12, 2006, reflecting the terms of the May 10, 2007, “Bipartisan a

Agreement on Trade” between Congress and the Administration.

 Implementing legislation signed by President Bush on Dec. 14, 2007. b

 Amendments to the U.S.-Colombia TPA signed Nov. 22, 2006, reflecting the terms of the May 10, 2007, c

“Bipartisan Agreement on Trade” between Congress and the Administration.

 Other negotiating parties to the FTAA are: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, d

Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia,

St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement

The United States and Panama signed the United States-Panama TPA on June 28, 2007,

after 10 months of negotiations. The agreement was approved by Panama’s legislature on

10

July 11, 2007. Panama is predominantly a service-based economy, with services accounting

for about 80 percent of economic activities. The Panama Canal is the focal point of

Panama’s economy, with much of the country’s economic activity tied to the canal’s

infrastructure and to the logistics and financing of international shipping. According to the

USTR, the trade agreement will provide U.S. exporters significant opportunities to

participate in the $5.25 billion expansion plan for the Panama Canal that is due to begin in

2008.

11
 USTR, “Free Trade with Panama: Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion 12

Agreement—Final (Brief),” July 2, 2007.

 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the U.S.-Panama TPA on the U.S. economy as a whole and on 13

specific industry sectors in USITC, U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and

Selected Sectoral Effects, September 2007.

 USTR, “Free Trade with Panama: Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion 14

Agreement—Final (Brief),” July 2, 2007.

 Hornbeck, "The Proposed U.S.-Panama Free Trade Agreement, Updated January 18, 2008," January 18, 15

2008.

 USTR, “United States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreement,” Press Release, June 28, 2007. 16

 USTR, “Panama—Trade Summary—Trade Promotion Agreement,” National Trade Estimates Report 17

(NTE), 2008.

 GSP and CBERA are discussed in more detail in chap. 2 of this report. 18

 USTR, “United States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreement,” News release, 19

June 30, 2007.

4-6

Under the agreement, more than 88 percent of U.S. exports of consumer and industrial

goods to Panama would become duty free immediately, with remaining tariffs phased out

over the next 10 years. The agreement includes “zero-for-zero” immediate duty-free access 12

for key U.S. sectors, including agricultural and construction equipment, information

technology products, and medical and scientific equipment. Nearly 50 percent of U.S.

agricultural exports become duty free immediately, and the agreement provides that

remaining tariffs and TRQs on agricultural products would be phased out over the next 17

years. Other key export sectors such as motor vehicles and parts, paper and wood products,

and chemicals would also obtain significant access to Panama’s market.

13

The agreement includes an enforceable reciprocal obligation for the countries to adopt and

maintain in their laws and practice the principles concerning the fundamental labor rights

as stated in the 1998 International Labor Organization’s Declaration on Fundamental

Principles and Rights at Work, including the prohibition on the worst forms of child labor.14

The agreement also commits both countries to effectively enforce their own domestic

environmental laws and adopt, maintain, and implement laws, regulations, and all other

measures to fulfill obligations under covered multilateral environmental agreements. In

addition, the agreement includes a separate sanitary and phytosanitary agreement in which

Panama recognizes U.S. food and safety inspection standards as equivalent to Panamanian

standards, which would expedite the entry of U.S. meat and poultry exports. According

15

to the USTR, the agreement establishes a stable legal framework for U.S. investors operating

in Panama, and all forms of investment are protected under the agreement.16

Apparel products made in Panama will be duty free under the agreement if they use U.S. or

Panamanian fabric or yarn, thereby supporting U.S. fabric and yarn exports and jobs.17

Panama already enjoys broad duty-free access to the U.S. market through various trade

preference programs designed to promote economic development, including the GSP and

CBERA programs.18

U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement

The United States-Korea FTA negotiations were concluded on April 1, 2007, and an

agreement was signed on June 30, 2007, after eight formal rounds of negotiations over a 10-

month period. According to the USTR, approximately 95 percent of bilateral trade in 19

consumer and industrial products will become duty free within three years of entry into

force of the agreement, and tariffs on almost all goods would be eliminated within 10
 USTR, “United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement,” April 2, 2007. 20

 USTR, “United States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreement,” News release, 21

June 30, 2007.

 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the U.S.-Korea FTA on the U.S. economy as a whole and on 22

specific industry sectors in USITC, U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and

Selected Sectoral Effects, September 2007.

 USTR, “Fact Sheet on Auto-related Provisions in the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement,” April 3, 2007 23

 USDA, FAS, “Fact Sheet: U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement,” February 2008; and USTR, “Free Trade 24

with Korea—Brief Summary of the Agreement,” June 2007.

 On January 1, 2008, the last remaining restrictions on U.S.-Mexico trade were removed. These include 25

restrictions on a few agricultural commodities such as U.S. exports to Mexico of corn, dry edible beans,

nonfat dry milk, and high fructose corn syrup, as well as U.S. imports from Mexico of sugar and certain

horticultural products. U.S.-Canada agricultural restrictions were removed before January 1, 1998, under the

provisions of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA), which was incorporated into NAFTA in 1994.

USDA, ERS,“Fact Sheet: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),” January, 2008; USDA,

“Statement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on the Full Implementation of the North America

Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan. 2, 2008”; and USTR, “U.S.–Mexican Officials Meet to Discuss

NAFTA.” News Release, January 11, 2008.

 U.S. bilateral trade relations with Canada and Mexico are described in chap. 5 of this report. 26

4-7

years. The USTR reports that roughly 64 percent of U.S. agricultural exports would 20

become duty free immediately. The agreement eliminates tariffs and nontariff barriers on 21

U.S. auto exports, most notably the immediate elimination of Korean tariffs on most U.S.

passenger vehicles and trucks. The USTR also said that Korea agreed to overhaul its

22

system for taxing cars based on engine displacement.23

The USTR also reported that the agreement grants Korean apparel products preferential

access to the U.S. market (provided they are made from U.S. or Korean fabric and yarn),

ensures that U.S. investors in Korea will have the same rights and enjoy equal footing with

Korean investors, expands market access and investment opportunities in a number of

Korean services sectors (including financial, telecommunications, broadcasting, express

delivery, and legal), provides for high standards for protection and enforcement of

intellectual property rights (including trademarks, copyrights, and patents), establishes a

committee to enhance cooperation and consultation on sanitary and phytosanitary matters,

and requires both countries to enforce their own labor and environmental laws.24

North American Free Trade Agreement

NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. All of its trade provisions became fully

effective on January 1, 2008. In 2007, total two-way (exports plus imports) U.S. 25

merchandise trade with NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico increased by 5.2 percent over

2006, with U.S.-Canada merchandise trade amounting to $525.6 billion and U.S.-Mexico

merchandise trade totaling $329.5 billion (table 4.4). In 2007, the U.S. merchandise trade

deficit with NAFTA partners increased for a seventh consecutive year, but at a rate (1.5

percent) that was substantially lower than in 2006 (9.0 percent). The U.S. merchandise trade

deficit with NAFTA partners increased to $190.2 billion in 2007 from $187.3 billion in

2006.

26

The following sections describe the major activities of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission

(FTC), the Commission for Labor Cooperation (CLC), the Commission for Environmental
 The representatives are the U.S. Trade Representative, the Canadian Minister for International Trade, 27

and the Mexican Secretary of Economy.

 USTR, “Joint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meeting,”August 14, 2007; USTR, 2008 Trade 28

Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119.

 Ibid. 29

 The first set of changes to the rules of origin, affecting approximately $20 billion in annual trilateral 30

trade, was implemented in 2005, while the second set of changes, affecting an estimated $15 billion, was

implemented in 2006. See USITC, The Year in Trade 2006, 58 Report, 4-7; USTR, 2008 Trade Policy th

Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119; and USTR, “Joint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission

Meeting,”August 14, 2007. The Commission has recently completed two studies on NAFTA: Certain Sugar

Goods: Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goods of Mexico, and Certain

Textile Articles: Probable Effect of the Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goods of Canada and

(continued...)

4-8

TABLE 4.4 U.S. merchandise trade with NAFTA partners, 2005–07

Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balance

Two-way trade

(exports plus imports)

Billion dollars

2007 Canada.... ... ... ... ... . . 213.1 312.5 -99.4 525.6

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... . . 119.4 210.2 -90.8 329.5

Canada and Mexico. . . . . . . . 332.5 522.7 -190.2 855.2

2006 Canada.... ... ... ... ... . . 198.2 303.0 -104.8 501.3

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... . . 114.6 197.1 -82.5 311.6

Canada and Mexico. . . . . . . . 312.8 500.1 -187.3 812.9

2005 Canada.... ... ... ... ... . . 183.2 287.5 -104.3 470.8

Mexico. ... ... ... ... ... . . 101.7 169.2 -67.5 270.9

Canada and Mexico. . . . . . . . 284.9 456.7 -171.8 741.7

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Cooperation (CEC), and dispute settlement activities under NAFTA chapters 11 and 19

during 2007.

Free Trade Commission

NAFTA’s central oversight body is the FTC, which is chaired jointly by representatives

from the three member countries. The FTC is responsible for overseeing the 27

implementation and elaboration of NAFTA, as well as for its dispute settlement provisions.

At its most recent annual meeting, in August 2007, in Vancouver, Canada, the FTC agreed

to develop a work plan to enhance North American competitiveness. The plan is to address

key issues that impact NAFTA’s trade and identify the most effective means to facilitate it.

The plan will be presented for review at the next FTC meeting hosted by the United States

in 2008. The FTC also agreed to work to facilitate trade in four specific sectors—swine, 28

steel, consumer electronics, and chemicals—and to identify a second set of sectors for

review at the 2009 FTC meeting. Next, the FTC agreed to analyze the FTAs that each 29

country has negotiated subsequent to NAFTA, beginning with those in the Western

Hemisphere. The analysis will focus on identifying specific differences among the

agreements, especially those related to trade facilitation and regulatory transparency.

Finally, the FTC agreed to a third set of changes to the rules of origin affecting an 30
 (...continued) 30

Mexico. 

 USTR, “Joint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meeting,” August 14, 2007; USTR, 2008 Trade 31

Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119.

 CLC, “The National Administrative Offices.” 32

 The responsible office in the United States was the National Administrative Office (NAO) until

33

December 17, 2004, when it became OTAI. U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL), Bureau of International

Labor Affairs, “Notice of Renaming the National Administrative Office.” OTAI is now located in the

USDOL, Bureau of International Labor Affairs; USDOL, “The Office of Trade Agreement Implementation.”

 CLC, “Rules of Procedure for Evaluation.” 34

 Information on the submissions and the status of the submissions under NAALC is available in 35

USDOL, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, “Status of Submissions.”

 USDOL, “Public Report of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairs Submission No. 2005-03 36

(HIDALGO)”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119.

 USDOL, “U.S. NAO Submission No. 2006-01 (Coahuila)”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 37

2007 Annual Report, 119.

 USDOL, “Mexico NAO Submission No. 2005-1 (H-2B Visa Workers)”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy 38

Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119.

 USDOL, Office of Trade and International Affairs, “Submissions Filed Under the North American 39

Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC); and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual

Report, 119.

4-9

estimated $100 billion in trilateral trade. The NAFTA countries agreed to work to

implement these new rules in 2008.31

Commission for Labor Cooperation

The CLC, comprised of a ministerial council and an administrative secretariat, was

established under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), a

supplemental agreement to NAFTA that aims to promote effective enforcement of domestic

labor laws and foster transparency in their administration. The CLC is responsible for the

implementation of the NAALC. Each NAFTA partner has established a National

Administrative Office (NAO) within its labor ministry to serve as the contact point with the

other parties and the secretariat, to provide publicly available information to the secretariat

and the other parties, and to provide for the submission and review of public

communications on labor law matters. In the United States, that office is the Office of 32

Trade Agreement Implementation (OTAI). If the OTAI determines that a violation of the 33

agreement has occurred in a partner country, the matter is referred to the CLC Council to

hold ministerial consultations with the respective party to resolve the issue.34

The NAALC provides for the review of public submissions related to the labor laws of the

NAFTA partners. In 2007, no new submissions were filed under the NAALC, but the U.S. 35

and Mexican NAOs addressed various submissions filed in years prior to 2007. On August

2007, the U.S. NAO released its public review of U.S. Submission 2005-03 (Hidalgo),

requesting consultations with the Mexican NAO regarding several issues on labor law

enforcement. In August 2007, the U.S. NAO declined for review U.S. Submission 2006-01 36

(Coahuila), concerning freedom of association and occupational safety and health for mine

workers in Mexico. In October 2007, the Mexican NAO requested responses from the U.S. 37

NAO to questions related to two submissions filed in Mexico–-the first concerning H2-B

Visa workers (Mexican NAO submission 2005-1), and the second concerning the 38

collective bargaining rights of public-sector workers in North Carolina (Mexican NAO

Submission 2006-01).39
 CLC, “Workplace Anti-Discrimination.”

40

 Ibid. 41

 CLC, “High Performance Work Systems;” and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual 42

Report, 119.

 CLC, “Labor Markets”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119. 43

 CLC, “Trinational Government Experts Workshop”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 44

Annual Report, 119.

 The CEC Council consists of the Canadian Environment Minister, the Mexican Secretary for 45

Environment and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator.

 CEC, “CEC Secretariat”; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report,119. 46

 CEC, “A Guide to Articles 14 and 15.” 47

 CEC, “CEC Ministerial Statement,” June 27, 2007. 48

4-10

In 2007, as part of its research program, the NAALC Secretariat released a report on

workplace antidiscrimination and equal-pay laws . This volume is a comparative guide to 40

labor law in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The NAALC Secretariat also released

41

a report on high-performance work systems in North America and the third edition of a 42

report that describes the economic conditions and characteristics of the labor market in the

three countries. Additionally, in October 2007, the Secretariat hosted a trinational 43

workshop in Guadalajara, Mexico, on mine safety and health issues.44

Commission for Environmental Cooperation

The CEC was established under the North American Agreement on Environmental

Cooperation (NAAEC), a supplemental agreement to NAFTA designed to ensure that trade

liberalization and efforts to protect the environment are mutually supportive. The CEC

oversees the mandate of the NAAEC and is composed of (1) the Council—the governing

body of the CEC—made up of the environmental ministers from the United States, Canada,

and Mexico; (2) the Joint Public Advisory Committee, made up of five private citizens 45

from each of the NAFTA parties; and (3) the Secretariat, made up of professional staff,

located in Montreal, Canada.46

Articles 14 and 15 of the NAAEC provide citizens and nongovernmental organizations with

a mechanism to aid in enforcing environmental laws in the NAFTA countries. Article 14

governs alleged violations submitted for review by the CEC. It sets forth specific guidelines

regarding criteria for submissions and parties that can file complaints. Article 15 outlines

the Secretariat’s obligations in considering the submissions and publishing findings in the

factual record. Eleven files remained active under article 14 at the end of 2007, two of

47

which had been submitted in 2007 (table 4.5). There were 14 active files during 2007, based

on citizen submissions under article 15; five involved Canada, eight involved Mexico, and

one involved the United States (table 4.6). Also in 2007, the CEC publicly released two final

factual records for submissions that had first been filed in 2002 with respect to Canada.

At the 2007 annual ministerial session in Morelia, Mexico, the CEC Council reaffirmed its

interest in addressing trade and the environment in an integrated manner. At the meeting, 48

the Council instructed the Secretariat to prepare a succinct report on key issues related to

the state of North America’s environment, in addition to directing the Secretariat to review
4-11

TABLE 4.5 Active files through 2007, under article 14 of the North American Agreement on

Environmental Cooperation 

Name Case First Filed Country Status

Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23, 2003 Mexico The Council voted to instruct the Secretariat to develop a 

factual record on May 30, 2008.

Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17, 2003 Mexico The Secretariat submitted a final factual record to

Council for Council’s vote on whether to make the

final factual record publicly available on March 28,

2008.a

Montreal 

Technoparc

SEM-03-005 Aug. 14, 2003 Canada The Secretariat submitted a final factual record to

Council for Council’s vote on whether to make the

final factual record publicly available on March 28,

2008.

Coal-fired Power

Plants

SEM-04-005 Sept. 20, 2004 United

States

The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission warranted

development of a factual record on December 5,

2005.

Quebec 

Automobiles

SEM-04-007 Nov. 3, 2004 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant 

to the factual record on its Web site on September 1,

2006.

Environmental 

Pollution in 

Hermosillo II 

SEM-05-003 Aug. 30, 2005 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission warrants development

of a factual record on April 4, 2007.

Ex Hacienda El 

Hospital II

SEM-06-003 July 17, 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission warrants development

of a factual record on May 12, 2008.

Ex Hacienda El 

Hospital III

SEM-06-004 Sept. 22, 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission warrants development

of a factual record on May 12, 2008.

Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct. 10, 2006 Canada The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat 

considers that the submission warrants development

of a factual record on September 10, 2007.

Minera San 

Xavier

SEM-07-001 May 2, 2007 Mexico The Secretariat requested additional information from the

concerned government party under article 21(1)b on

March 7, 2008.

Drilling Waste in 

Cunduacán

SEM-07-005 July 26, 2007 Mexico The Secretariat received the requested information from

the concerned government party on May 16, 2008.

Source: CEC, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Active Files.”

 The final factual record was publicly released on June 2, 2008. a
 Ibid. 49

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, 119. 50

 North American Development Bank, BECC-COCF Joint Status Report, 2. 51

 Ibid. 52

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 53

4-12

TABLE 4.6 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement on

Environmental Cooperation, submissions active during 2007

Name Case First Filed Country Status a b

Drilling Waste in Cunduacán SEM-07-005 July 26, 2007 Mexico Open

Minera San Xavier SEM-07-001 May 2, 2007 Mexico Open

Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct. 10, 2006 Canada Open

Ex Hacienda El Hospital III SEM-06-004 Sept. 22, 2006 Mexico Open

Ex Hacienda El Hospital II SEM-06-003 July 17,2006 Mexico Open

Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II SEM-05-003 Aug. 30, 2005 Mexico Open

Quebec Automobiles SEM-04-007 Nov. 3, 2004 Canada Open

Coal-fired Power Plants SEM-04-005 Sept. 20, 2004 United States Open

Montreal Technoparc SEM-03-005 Aug. 14, 2003 Canada Open

Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17, 2003 Mexico Open

Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23, 2003 Mexico Open

Pulp and Paper SEM-02-003 May 8, 2002 Canada February 5, 2007

Ontario Logging SEM-02-001 Feb. 6, 2002 Canada February 5, 2007

Tarahumara SEM-00-006 June 9, 2000 Mexico January 9, 2006

Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Current Status.” 

 Refers to the country against which an allegation was filed. a

 Status as of Dec. 31, 2007. Date indicates when the final factual record was publicly released.

b

and synthesize current assessments of the major environmental trends affecting North

America.49

In November 1993, Mexico and the United States agreed on arrangements to help border

communities with environmental infrastructure projects to further the goals of NAFTA and

the NAAEC. The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North 50

American Development Bank (NADB) reported working with more than 140 communities

throughout the Mexico-U.S. border region to address their environmental infrastructure

needs. As of March 31, 2008, the BECC had certified 137 environmental infrastructure

51

projects, which will cost an estimated $2.9 billion to build. To date, the NADB has

contracted a total of $808 million in loans and grants to support 108 certified infrastructure

projects, with approximately 44 percent going to projects in the United States and the

remaining 56 percent to projects in Mexico.

52

Dispute Settlement

The dispute settlement provisions of NAFTA chapters 11 and 19 cover a variety of areas.53

Developments during 2007 are described below with respect to NAFTA chapter 11 investorstate disputes and chapter 19 binational reviews of final determinations of antidumping and

countervailing cases. Appendix table A.20 presents an overview of developments in NAFTA

dispute settlement cases to which the United States was a party in 2007.
 Internationally recognized channels include the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment 54

Disputes (ICSID) at the World Bank or Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law

(UNCITRAL Rules).

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 55

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the United States”; 56

and International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA-Chapter 11: Cases Filed Against the

Government of the United States.”

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the Government of 57

Canada”; and International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA—Chapter 11: Cases Filed Against

the Government of Canada.”

 U.S. Department of State, “NAFTA Investor–State Arbitrations: Cases Filed Against the United 58

Mexican States”; International Trade Canada, “Dispute Settlement, NAFTA—Chapter 11: Cases Filed

Against the Government of the United Mexican States”; and Secretaría de Economía, Tratado de Libre

Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN). Solución de Controversias en Materia de Inversión.

 NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.” 59

4-13

Chapter 11 Dispute Settlement Developments

Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designed to protect cross-border investors and

facilitate the settlement of investment disputes. An investor who alleges that a NAFTA

country has breached its investment obligations under chapter 11 may pursue arbitration

through internationally recognized channels or remedies available in the host country’s 54

domestic courts. A key feature of the chapter 11 arbitral provisions is the enforceability in

domestic courts of final awards made by arbitration tribunals.55

In 2007, there were five active chapter 11 cases filed against the United States by Canadian

investors. In the same year, there were six active chapter 11 cases filed by U.S. investors 56

against Canada, and four active chapter 11 cases filed by U.S. investors against Mexico. 57 58

Chapter 19 Dispute Panel Reviews

Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review by a binational panel,

as an alternative to judicial review by domestic courts, of final determinations made by

national investigating authorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases. A panel may

be established at the request of any involved NAFTA country.59

At the end of 2007, the NAFTA Secretariat listed 12 binational panels active under chapter

19 (table 4.7). The two binational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged U.S.

agencies’ determinations on products from Mexico.
4-14

TABLE 4.7 NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panels, active reviews in 2007

Country Case National agencies' final determination Product description a

Mexico

MEX-USA-2005-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of carbon steel tubing

with straight longitudinal

seam from the United

States

MEX-USA-2006-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of pork originating in the 

United States

MEX-USA-2006-1904-02 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of fresh, red delicious

and golden delicious

apples originating in the

United States

United States

USA-CDA-2004-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty

 Administrative Reviews

Pure magnesium and alloy

magnesium from Canada

USA-CDA-2005-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty

 Administrative Review and Rescission of

 Certain Company-Specific Reviews

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-CDA-2005-1904-03 USITC Implementation of the New

 Determination under Section 129(a)(4) of the

 Uruguay Round Agreements Act

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty

 Administrative Review

Carbon and certain alloy steel

wire rod from Canada

USA-CDA-2006-1904-05 USDOC Final Scope Ruling Regarding Entries

 Made Under HTSUS 4409.10.05

Certain softwood lumber

products from Canada

USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review

 of the Antidumping Duty Order

Gray Portland cement and

cement clinker from

Mexico

USA-MEX-2005-1904-06 USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping

 Duty Order

Stainless steel sheet and strip

in coils from Mexico

USA-MEX-2007-1904-01 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Stainless steel sheet and strip

in coils from Mexico

USA-MEX-2007-1904-03 USITC Final Determination of Antidumping 

 Duty Review

Certain welded large diameter 

line pipe from Mexico

Source: NAFTA Secretariat, “Status Report of Panel Proceedings.” 

 In Canada, final dumping and subsidy determinations are made by Canada Border Services Agency, and injury

a

determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal. In Mexico, all determinations are made by

the Secretaría de Economía. In the United States, dumping and subsidy determinations are made by the U.S.

Department of Commerce (USDOC), and injury determinations are made by USITC, NAFTA Secretariat, “Overview

of the Dispute Settlement Provisions.”
 The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria (effective January 1, 2007), Cyprus, 1

Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania (effective January 1, 2007),

Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

 Primarily certain aromatic or modified aromatic drugs of other heterocyclic compounds. 2

 WTO, “European Communities—Measures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of Biotech 3

Products—Modification of the Agreement under Article 21.3(b) of the DSU,” WT/DS291/36, November 23,

2007.

5-1

CHAPTER 5

 U.S. Relations with Major Trading Partners

This chapter reviews U.S. bilateral trade relations with eight selected trading partners during

2007: the European Union, Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and India.

Appendix tables A.21 through A.44 provide detailed information on U.S. trade with these

selected partners.

European Union

The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) U.S. trading partner behind 1

the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico. In 2007, U.S. two-way merchandise

trade with the EU increased 9.5 percent over 2006 to $578.4 billion, representing nearly onefifth of U.S. trade with the world. U.S. exports of goods to the EU increased by 14.7 percent

to $226.3 billion in 2007. U.S. imports of goods from the EU increased by 6.4 percent to

$352.2 billion in 2007, resulting in a 5.6 percent decline in the U.S.-EU merchandise trade

deficit to $125.9 billion. Leading U.S. exports to the EU during the year included certain

aircraft and aircraft parts, medicaments, passenger cars, blood fractions (e.g., antiserum),

and gold. Leading U.S. imports from the EU included certain medicaments, passenger cars,

petroleum derivatives, and nucleic acids and their salts. U.S.-EU merchandise trade data 2

are shown in appendix tables A.21 through A.23.

During 2007, there were developments of varying scope in several World Trade

Organization dispute settlement cases involving the United States and EU (see appendix

table A.19). Two cases brought by the EU related to U.S. zeroing methodology, DS294 and

DS350, are summarized in chapter 3 of the report. In two compliance actions, the United

States challenged EU actions (or failure to take action) following earlier rulings adopted by

the DSB in the biotechnology case (DS291) and the bananas case (DS27). In the

biotechnology case, the United States twice agreed to an extension of the EU’s deadline for

implementation of the DSB’s recommendations and rulings during 2007, with EU

implementation now set for January 11, 2008. In the bananas case, the United States 3

requested establishment of an Article 21.5 panel to determine whether the EU’s 2005

replacement import regime for bananas complied with the EU’s WTO obligations. In May

2008, the panel found the replacement regime to be inconsistent with the EU’s GATT 1994
 WTO, “European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of 4

Bananas—Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States—Report of the Panel,”

WT/DS27/RW/USA, May 19, 2008.

 DS347 (second complaint). DS316, the first complaint brought by the United States, remained pending 5

in 2007.

 DS353 (second complaint). DS317, the first complaint brought by the EU, also remained pending in 6

2007. 

 Germany held the EU Council presidency from January through June 2007. 7

 White House, “2007 U.S.-EU Summit,” April 30, 2007. 8

 Ibid.; and White House, “Press Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the U.S.-EU Summit,”

9

April 30, 2007.

 White House, “Framework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United 10

States of America and the European Union,” April 30, 2007.

 U.S. Mission to the European Union, “New Transatlantic Economic Council Works to Dismantle 11

Regulatory Barriers,” November 9, 2007; and EU, Delegation of the European Commission to the United

States, “Joint Statement of the Transatlantic Economic Council,” November 9, 2007.

 U.S. Department of State, “U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement,” April 30, 2007. 12

5-2

obligations. Two additional cases involving alleged subsidies for large civil aircraft, one 4

brought by the United States against the EU, and one brought by the EU against the United 5

States, were active during 2007. 6

U.S.-EU Summit

Leaders from the United States, Germany, and the European Commission met April 30,

7

2007, in Washington, D.C. to hold their annual U.S.-EU summit. At the summit meeting, 8

the leaders reached an agreement on a Framework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic

Integration. The agreement contained three segments: (1) a regulatory focus on ways to

converge the different regulatory structures and regulatory approaches and ways to

streamline regulations where possible; (2) accelerated work on priority issues for

transatlantic economic integration identified at the April summit (so-called lighthouse

projects), including intellectual property rights (IPR), secure trade, investment promotion,

financial markets, and innovation; and (3) the creation of a new cabinet-level organization,

the Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC), staffed by key ministerial-level members from

both sides. The TEC is to oversee and guide efforts to lower barriers to trade and 9

investment between the United States and the EU. The TEC held its first meeting on 10

November 9, 2007, in Washington, D.C., and discussed issues such as investment,

accounting standards, security, “orphan” drug designations, poultry pathogen reduction

treatment, product standards, biofuels, and patents.11

On April 30, 2007, the United States and the EU also signed a first-stage Air Transport

Agreement that replaced existing bilateral agreements and established an “Open-Skies Plus”

framework between the EU and the United States. The agreement allows every U.S. and 12

EU airline to fly between every city in the EU and in the United States and allows airlines

to operate without restrictions on the number of flights, aircraft, and routes; airlines may

also set fares according to market demand, and airlines may enter into cooperative

arrangements, including code sharing, franchising, and leasing. The agreement also permits

U.S. investors to invest in EU airlines as long as the majority ownership is controlled by an

EU member state; allows EU investors to hold up to 49.9 percent equity in a U.S. airline;

and opens the possibility for EU investors to own airlines in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, the

European Common Aviation Area, Kenya, and America’s Open Skies partners in Africa. It
 Ibid.; and U.S. Mission to the European Union, “Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Host U.S.-EU 13

Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremony,” April 27, 2007.

 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Background Note: Canada,” January

14

2008.

 USTR, 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2007, p. 61. 15

 Ibid. 16

 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Background Note: Canada,” January

17

2008.

5-3

also grants new traffic rights to EU carriers and permits cross-border mergers and

acquisitions within the EU. The agreement is to apply provisionally starting March 30, 2008,

and calls for negotiations toward a second stage of liberalization to begin within two months

of that date.13

Canada

Canada was the largest single-country market and the second-largest export market after the

EU for U.S. goods in 2007, with two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) reaching

$525.6 billion, an increase of 4.9 percent over 2006. U.S. exports to Canada were valued at

$213.1 billion in 2007 and U.S. imports from Canada were valued at $312.5 billion,

increases of 7.5 and 3.1 percent, respectively, from 2006. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit

with Canada was $99.4 billion in 2007, down from $104.8 billion recorded in 2006, and

$104.3 billion in 2005.

Manufactured products figured prominently in U.S.-Canada merchandise trade, with leading

U.S. exports to Canada during the year including passenger and transport motor vehicles;

parts and accessories for motor vehicles, such as cabs, engines, and gear boxes; and energy

products such as natural gas and crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals and

their preparations. The U.S. exports in 2007 showing the greatest percentage increase over

last year were airplanes and aircraft, followed by motor vehicle and related products, such

as drive axles, and energy products such as natural gas and heavy petroleum oils and their

preparations.

Leading U.S. imports from Canada in 2007 included similar products, such as natural gas

and crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals, and passenger motor vehicles. In

2007, imports of metals, such as raw nickel and refined copper, as well as imports of

pharmaceuticals and medicaments showed the greatest percentage increase over 2006. U.S.-

Canadian merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A.24 through A.26.

U.S.-Canadian trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA, which entered into

force January 1, 1994, replacing the 1989 bilateral U.S.-Canada FTA. NAFTA 14

progressively eliminated tariff and nontariff barriers for bilateral trade in most agricultural

and all industrial products that originate in the United States and Canada. In addition, 15

NAFTA improved access for trade in services, established rules on investment, strengthened

IPR protection, and created a NAFTA dispute settlement mechanism. Since the 16

implementation of NAFTA, total two-way trade in merchandise goods between the United

States and Canada has grown by 250 percent.

17

Certain trade-related disputes between the United States and Canada are governed by

NAFTA as well as by WTO dispute settlement rules. Major procedural developments in
 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Background Note: Canada,” January

18

2008.

 Ibid. 19

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, March 1, 2008, p. 125. 20

 Ibid.; and U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Background Note: 21

Canada,” January 2008.

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report, March 1, 2008. 22

5-4

these bilateral dispute cases are listed in table 4.7 or appendix table A.20. Established in

March 2005, the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America provides another

forum in which to address additional border issues that affect the three NAFTA countries,

including nontrade as well as trade matters.18

Agriculture

Canada was the leading U.S. agricultural market, taking 58 percent of U.S. agricultural

exports at the end of 2006. In 2007, the U.S.-Canada Consultative Committee on 19

Agriculture, as well as the Province/State Advisory Group, both established as a result of

the 1998 U.S.-Canada Record of Understanding in Agricultural Matters, met several times

to discuss agricultural issues, including issues concerning livestock, fruits and vegetables,

seed, and processed food and plant trade, as well as pesticide and animal drug regulations

and biotechnology matters.20

Livestock

U.S. imports of Canadian livestock products fell steeply in early 2003 following the

discovery of a single case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known

as “mad cow disease”). Shipments of most Canadian beef to the United States resumed in

late 2003, and bilateral trade in live cattle under 30 months of age resumed in July 2005. In

July 2007 the government of Canada agreed to allow full market access for imports of all

U.S. beef and beef products regardless of age, consistent with the World Organization for

Animal Health (OIE) guidelines. By November 2007, all remaining U.S. restrictions 21

affecting bilateral beef trade were lifted.22

Potatoes

In 2007, the United States and Canada implemented the Technical Arrangement Concerning

Trade in Potatoes, which helps to liberalize the longstanding prohibition on the entry into

Canada of bulk shipments of fruits and vegetables in packages that exceed certain standard

sizes. When the arrangement is fully implemented after three years, a forward contract

between a U.S.supplier and a Canadian importer will suffice to meet the requisite economic

test showing a shortage of Canadian potatoes that permits the import of U.S. potatoes to

meet Canadian demand. In addition, the United States will allow some Canadian specialty

potatoes to enter the U.S. market under the arrangement.
 USTR, U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab Announces Entry into Force of U.S.-Canada 23

Softwood Lumber Agreement, October 12, 2006.

 As set out in the agreement, the “prevailing monthly price” is the most recent 4–week average of the 24

weekly Framing Lumber Composite Price published by Random Lengths Publications Inc, Oregon, U.S.A.,

and is available 21 days before the beginning of the month to which it applies. Also set out in the agreement,

“expected U.S. consumption" is the average monthly apparent U.S. consumption calculated over a 12–month

period ending three months prior to the month in which “expected U.S. consumption” applies, multiplied by

a seasonal adjustment factor. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Export and Import Controls,

“Monthly Report on Softwood Lumber Prices and Consumption—Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA)

2006.”

 “Softwood Lumber Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the 25

Government of Canada,” esp. Article VII; and LCIA, “The United States Of America, Claimant, v. Canada,

Respondent—Award on Liability,” Case No. 7941, 12.

 USTR, “Statement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement Between 26

Canada & United States,” January 16, 2008.

 Ibid. 27

 LCIA, “The United States Of America, Claimant, v. Canada, Respondent—Statement Of The Case,” 28

Case No. 7941. October 19, 2007.

 USTR, “Hearing Notice: The United States of America v. Canada (LCIA Arbitration No. 7941),”

29

December 10, 2007. In March 2008, the LCIA issued its decision, agreeing in part with the U.S. position that

Canada had not properly adjusted the export quota volumes of Eastern Canadian provinces during the first

half of 2007, agreeing in part with the Canadian position that the same adjustment was not required for the

Western Canadian provinces. USTR, “USTR News—USTR Disappointed with Tribunal's Mixed Decision on

Softwood Lumber—Statement from Gretchen Hamel, USTR spokeswoman, on the issuance of the decision

in the softwood lumber arbitration,” March 4, 2008.

 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Background Note: Canada,” January

30

2008.

5-5

Softwood Lumber Agreement

The U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) was signed on September 12, 2006,

and entered into force on October 12, 2006. The agreement ties export measures to the

monthly U.S. price of lumber as well as the U.S. consumption of lumber. When the

23

“prevailing monthly price” of U.S. lumber is above $355 (U.S.) per thousand board feet, 24

Canada’s exports of lumber are unrestricted under the agreement. When the market price

of lumber in the United States declines below $355, Canada is to impose more stringent

export measures.25

On March 30, 2007, the United States requested formal consultations with Canada to resolve

concerns regarding Canada’s implementation of the export measure provisions under the

agreement, as well as several federal and provincial assistance programs targeting the

Canadian softwood lumber industry. Failing to resolve these issues, the United States

26

requested international arbitration under the terms of the agreement on August 13, 2007,

challenging Canada’s application of the import surge mechanism and quota volume

provisions of the agreement. In October, the parties presented their case before the London 27

Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) tribunal. In December, the parties presented 28

additional material to the tribunal.

29

Aviation

In March 2007, the United States and Canada implemented the bilateral U.S.-Canada Open

Skies Air Service Agreement that removes remaining restrictions on civil aviation services

between the two countries. The agreement, originally signed in November 2005 and 30
 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, “Ottawa Studies Further International Aviation 31

Liberalization. . . Again (Ottawa 001374),” November 24, 2006.

 Transport Canada, “Flying The ‘Open Skies,’” November 11, 2005. 32

 Ibid. 33

 The JCCT serves as a government-to-government consultative mechanism to address bilateral trade 34

issues.

 President Bush and President Hu created the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue on September 35

20, 2006, to create a forum for high–ranking officials to discuss specialized bilateral trade issues and support

JCCT and other bilateral diplomatic forums. For more information, see White House, “President’s Statement

on the Creation of the U.S-China Strategic Economic Dialogue”; and U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Fact

Sheet: Creation of the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue.” 

 USTR, “2008 Special 301 Report.” 36

5-6

subsequently reviewed by U.S. and Canadian authorities during 2006, expanded on the 31

February 1995 Air Services Agreement that liberalized air passenger and cargo service

between the two countries, but did not address air service that continues on to third

countries. The 2005 Agreement addressed this constraint by allowing carriers from either 32

country to continue on to third countries from one another's territory as part of a carrier’s

service.33

China

In 2007, the U.S. merchandise trade deficit with China amounted to $262.1 billion, 29.2

percent of the U.S. global merchandise trade deficit. The widening of the bilateral deficit

resulted from increases in U.S. merchandise imports from China, which in 2007 grew more

in value terms than corresponding U.S. merchandise exports to China.

U.S. merchandise exports to China amounted to $61.0 billion in 2007. The 18.2 percent

growth of U.S. exports to China over the year before, elevated China above Japan as the

third largest destination for U.S. exports in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to China included

airplanes, soybeans, and electronic integrated circuits, as well as copper and aluminum

waste and scrap. U.S. merchandise imports from China grew by 12.6 percent to $323.1

billion in 2007. Leading U.S. imports from China in that year included computers and their

parts, wireless telephones, miscellaneous wheeled toys, video games, and footwear. U.S.-

China merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A.27 through A.29.

In 2007, U.S.-China bilateral trade relations focused on intellectual property rights

enforcement, product safety, and market access for goods and services in China, as well as

the United States and China’s global trade imbalances. Many of these issues were addressed

during the December 2007 meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and

Trade (JCCT) , and during the May and December 2007 semiannual U.S.-China Strategic 34

Economic Dialogues (SED).35

Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement

According to USTR’s Special 301 annual assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of

IPR protection in a host of U.S. trade partner countries, China’s counterfeiting and piracy

problems have distinguished it as one of the most egregious IPR violators in 2007. As 36

such, China remained on USTR’s PriorityWatch List in that year, and an action was brought
 Ibid. 37

 International Intellectual Property Alliance, “2008 Special 301 Report: People’s Republic of China 38

(PRC).”

 USTR, “2008 Special 301 Report.” 39

 Ibid.; and U.S. Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement, "Report to the President and 40

Congress on Coordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protection.”

 USTR, “2008 Special 301 Report.” 41

 Ibid. 42

 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Joint Fact Sheet: The Third U.S. - China Strategic Economic 43

Dialogue.”

 U.S. Department for Health and Human Services, “New Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food 44

and Feed Imported from the People's Republic of China.”

5-7

for dispute settlement to the WTO by the United States for three IPR-related protection and

enforcement issues. According to U.S. copyright industries, approximately 85 to 95 percent

of their members’ copyrighted material sold in China in 2007 was pirated, suggesting no

improvements over the year before. Moreover, the International Intellectual Property

37

Alliance estimated 2007 losses due to copyright piracy in China at $2.9 billion, which was

22.4 percent higher than in 2006.38

Despite China’s identified IPR violations, the USTR recognized improvement with regard

to China’s related enforcement measures in 2007. For example, China acceded to the WIPO

Internet Treaties, implemented requirements to preinstall computers with licenced operating

systems, and increased its antipiracy campaigns and the number of cases in Chinese courts.39

In addition, the U.S.-China “Summer Solstice” investigations between the Federal Bureau

of Investigation (FBI) and China’s Ministry of Public Security (MPS) resulted in the largest

bilateral piracy investigations and prosecutions measures to date. Through those joint 40

enforcement investigations, more than half a billion dollars worth of counterfeit software

disks were seized, and many manufacturing plants in China were discovered and closed.41

During the December 2007 JCCT meeting, the United States and China agreed to exchange

customs seizure information on counterfeit goods to help Chinese authorities identify

companies exporting such products from China. China also agreed to enforce laws 42

pertaining to unlawful use of company names, and to curtail the practice of registering

legitimate U.S. trademarks without the appropriate legal authority from the trademark

owner. Finally, China eliminated certain regulatory requirements, such as those related to

the mandatory provision of seed samples for biotechnology products, which the USTR

anticipates will reduce the possibility of illegal copying of patented agricultural materials.

Product Safety

During the 2007 Strategic Economic Dialogue(s), the United States and China signed

several agreements aimed at improving safety standards for traded goods, such as toys,

fireworks, lighters, electrical products, motor vehicles, and pesticides. The signed 43

agreements included the following:

! A memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services and China’s General Administration of Quality

Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ) aimed at enhancing the

safety of food and feed imported from China;44
 Ibid.; and USTR and U.S. Department of Commerce, “Fact Sheet: U.S.-China Joint Commission 45

Commerce and Trade (JCCT).”

 U.S. Embassy, Beijing, “Fact Sheet: The Third U.S.–China Strategic Economic Dialogue.”

46

 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Joint Fact Sheet: The Third U.S.-China Strategic Economic 47

Dialogue.”

 Ibid. 48

 Congressional Research Service, “China-U.S. Trade Issues.”

49

 USTR, China: 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers.

50

 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Joint Fact Sheet: The Third U.S.-China Strategic Economic 51

Dialogue.”

 Ibid. 52

5-8

! An agreement between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

and China’s State Food and Drug Administration aimed at enhancing the

regulation and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medical

devices imported from China;45

! A memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) and China’s AQSIQ to enhance environmental

compliance in traded goods; and 46

! Memorandums of understanding between U.S. Treasury and China’s

AQSIQ to enhance bilateral communication regarding regulatory standards

for alcohol and tobacco products.47

In addition to these measures, the United States and China agreed to intensify cooperation

in areas of product and consumer safety by the next SED meeting, in 2008, through both

new and existing mechanisms.48

Market Access

During the 2007 U.S.-China JCCT and SED meetings, emphasis was placed on expanding

market access in China in both the goods and services sectors. 

Goods

Despite the lack of a resolution to open China’s market fully to U.S. beef in 2007, the 49

JCCT and SED meetings made progress with respect to expanding market access for other

goods in China. For example, China agreed to eliminate redundancies in testing and

certification requirements for imported medical devices, and suspended the implementation

of additional regulations. The U.S. medical device industry estimates that costs associated 50

with such testing redundancies amounted to tens of millions of dollars. For agricultural 51

goods, China allowed six U.S. pork processing facilities to resume their export activities to

China, and (as mentioned above in the IP discussion) agreed to remove requirements that

forced U.S. companies to submit biotech seeds for redundant testing.52
 USTR, China: 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers.

53

 USTR, 2007 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance.

54

 Congressional Research Service, “China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues.” 55

 Bloomberg, “Yuan Rises Most in Two Weeks; Paulson Defends Currency Policy.” 56

 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Win-Win High Technology Trade With China”; and U.S. Department 57

of Commerce, “Revisions and Clarification of Export and Re-export Controls For the People’s Republic of

China (PRC); New Authorization Validated End-User.” 

 In the past, all foreign exchange trading was highly regulated and exclusively run by China’s State 58

Administration for Foreign Exchange.

 Based on USITC estimations based on foreign exchange rates provided by the IMF International 59

Financial Statistics database. 

 Congressional Research Service, “China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues.” 60

5-9

Services

According to the USTR, several of China’s WTO membership commitments regarding

services sector market access remained incomplete by 2007. Despite some improvements

that China made in the wholesale and retail distribution, insurance, architecture, and

engineering service sectors, more prominent problems persisted in 2007. Among these 53

were limitations of banking sector activities, which inhibited U.S. firms from expanding

their domestic currency businesses, and restrictions in the electronic payment sector for

money transmission services, which were anticipated to have been lifted by 2007. In

addition to not meeting the liberalization schedules put forth in China’s WTO accession

agreement, the USTR also claimed that in 2007, China imposed excessive capital

requirements for insurance, banking, motor vehicle financing, securities and asset

management, telecommunications, and construction sector firms.54

Global Trade Imbalances and China’s Exchange-Rate Regime

The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with China of $262.1 billion in 2007 grew by $26.6

billion relative to the year before, and accounted for nearly 29 percent of the 2007 U.S.

global trade deficit (up from nearly 26 percent the year before). The magnitude and growth

of this bilateral trade deficit, the increasing imbalances in the global economy, and policies

limiting the Chinese currency’s flexibility all remained as concerns to U.S. policy makers

in 2007.55

Since China officially ended its exchange rate peg to the U.S. dollar on July 21, 2005, the

yuan appreciated by approximately 10 percent in nominal terms by year-end 2007. China’s 56

current exchange rate policy of managing the yuan against a broader set of currencies, while

allowing the yuan to fluctuate by as much as 0.3 percent daily against the dollar, has

continued since mid-2005. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, China has 57

reformed its currency market by authorizing non-state banks to administer spot trading and 58

allowing the yuan-dollar exchange rate to broach progressively higher thresholds.59

In the recent JCCT and SED meetings, both the United States and China agreed to work on

reducing global imbalances by increasing both domestic consumption and exchange rate

flexibility in China, and by promoting higher savings in the United States.60
 The increase of 8.7 percent in the value of U.S. imports from Mexico of the leading crude oil import in 61

this category—HTS 2709.00.10—was attributable to a 12.7 percent increase in the average unit value of

imports as quantity imported actually declined by 3.6 percent in 2007.

 The final merchandise trade provisions of NAFTA were fully implemented on January 1, 2008. USDA, 62

FAS, “North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),” Fact sheet, January 2008. NAFTA is discussed in

chap. 4 of this report. Bilateral U.S. trade relations with Canada, the third NAFTA partner, are discussed

above.

 See the section on “Dispute Settlement” in chap. 3 of this report. 63

 The U.S. Department of Transportation estimated that 75 percent of this trade is carried by commercial 64

trucks. U.S. Department of Transportation, “Cross-Border Truck Safety Inspection Program—Ready to

Deliver Long-Distance Cross-Border Trucking,” Fact sheet, February 23, 2007. In 2006, the number of truck

crossings into the United States from Mexico was 4.8 million. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), NAFTA Safety Statistics.

5-10

Mexico

Mexico was the third largest single-country U.S. trading partner (based on two-way trade)

after Canada and China in 2007. U.S. merchandise exports to Mexico increased by 4.2

percent to $119.4 billion in 2007, while U.S. merchandise imports from Mexico increased

by 6.6 percent to $210.2 billion. The trade deficit amounted to $90.8 billion in 2007,

increasing from $82.5 billion in 2006.

In 2007, as in the previous year, machinery and transportation equipment continued to be

the largest product group in bilateral trade, of which automotive trade was an important

component in both imports and exports. Other leading U.S. exports to Mexico included

petroleum oils and computer parts. U.S. exports to Mexico were up in all major SITC

product categories (at the 1-digit level) in 2007. Leading U.S. imports from Mexico included

petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals and motor vehicles. U.S. imports

from Mexico also increased in all SITCproduct categories during the year, except chemicals

and related products. Particularly important were the increases in machinery and

transportation equipment and mineral fuels—together responsible for a share of more than

80 percent of the 6.6 increase in total U.S. imports from Mexico. U.S.-Mexico 61

merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A.30 through A.32.

U.S.-Mexican trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA, which provides

duty-free status for substantially all bilaterally traded goods originating in the United States

and Mexico. There were a number of trade disputes between the United States and Mexico 62

that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement proceedings in 2007. The 63

procedural developments in each of these cases are listed in appendix tables A.19 and A.20,

respectively. Recent developments in cross-border trucking provisions between Mexico and

the United States are summarized below.

Cross-Border Trucking Between the United States and Mexico

From the inception of NAFTA in 1994, two-way merchandise trade between the United

States and Mexico has increased at a compound rate of 9.8 percent annually to $329.5

billion in 2007 from $97.7 billion in 1994. Most of this trade is carried by commercial

trucks. On September 6, 2007, the U.S. Department of Transportation initiated the 64
 U.S. Department of Transportation, OST, OIG, “Interim Report on NAFTA Cross-border Trucking 65

Demonstration Project,” March 10, 2008. A limited demonstration program to test implementation of the

trucking provisions of the NAFTA, supported by Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton, was

approved by Congress in 1993. U.S. Department of Transportation, “Cross-Border Truck Safety Inspection

Program. . . ,” Fact sheet, February 23, 2007.

 72 Fed. Reg. 23883 (May 1, 2007). Since 1982, trucks from Mexico have been able to drive only in the 66

roughly 25-mile commercial zone along the U.S. border and can make deliveries in U.S. cities like San

Diego, CA; and El Paso and Brownsville, TX. U.S. Department of Transportation, “Cross Border Truck

Safety Inspection Program. . . ,” Fact sheet, February 23, 2007.

 In 1995, the NAFTA cross-border provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority to 67

provide cross-border truck services to or from border states (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas);

and in 2000, to enter and depart the territory of the United States through different ports of entry. See

NAFTA Secretariat, “Legal Texts—North American Free Trade Agreement,” April 28, 2008. Developments

in cross-border truck services between the United States and Mexico from 1981 to 2004 are summarized in

U.S. Department of Transportation, “Cross-Border Truck Safety Inspection Program. . . ,” Fact sheet,

February 23, 2007; and USITC, The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints—Fifth Update

2007, February 2007, 99. For 2004 to 2007, 72 Fed. Reg. 23883 (May 1, 2007).

 72 Fed. Reg. 23883 (May 1, 2007); 72 Fed. Reg. 31877 (June 8, 2007); and 72 Fed. Reg. 46263 68

(August 17, 2007).

 Ibid. 69

 Ibid. 70

 Fewer Mexican carriers than anticipated are participating in the demonstration project. In August 2007, 71

FMCSA estimated that 540 vehicles would be participating in the project if 100 Mexican carriers eventually

received provisional authority. FMCSA anticipated granting provisional authority to 25 carriers a month,

until 100 were participating. U.S. Department of Transportation, OST, OIG, “Interim Report on NAFTA

Cross-border Trucking Demonstration Project,” March 10, 2008.

 Ibid. 72

 Ibid. 73

5-11

Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project. The 1-year demonstration program aims 65

at demonstrating the ability of Mexico-based motor carriers to operate safely in the United

States beyond the commercial zones along the U.S.-Mexico border. The NAFTA 66

cross-border trucking provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority to

provide cross-border truck services but implementation has been delayed because of safety

concerns.67

The demonstration program permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operate

throughout the United States for one year. Up to 100 U.S.-domiciled motor carriers will

68

be granted reciprocal rights to operate in Mexico for the same period. Participating Mexican

carriers and drivers are required to comply with all applicable U.S. laws and regulations,

including those concerned with motor carrier safety, customs, immigration, vehicle

registration and taxation, and fuel taxation. The safety of the participating carriers is being

69

tracked closely by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and its state

partners, a joint U.S.- Mexico monitoring group, and an evaluation panel independent of the

U.S. Department of Transportation.70

As of February 25, 2008, 16 Mexican carriers with 70 vehicles had participated in the

program after being granted provisional operating authority. FMCSA records show 3,680 71

crossings into the United States by project participants with 247, or 6.7 percent, listing

destinations beyond the commercial zone. About 89 percent of these appear to be to one

72

state—California. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will provide 73
 U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act,

74

2007. Pub. L. 110-28 (2007), sec. 6901, 121 Stat. 183-185 (May 25, 2007). But see consolidated

Appropriations Act, 2008, Pub. L. 110-161, sec. 136, Title I of Div. K, 121 Stat. 2391 (Dec. 26, 2007)

(stating that “none of the funds” may be used).

 Japan was one of several countries that banned imports of U.S. beef and beef products in December 75

2003 after a cow of Canadian origin, found in a U.S. herd, was determined to be infected with BSE. USDA

implemented an export verification program in 2006 to identify animals that meet the Japanese age

restrictions and ensure that banned Canadian beef did not mix with U.S. beef exported to Japan. USDA, Food

Safety and Inspection Service, “Export Requirements for Japan, JA-139 (Apr 23, 2008), Red Meat Export

Requirements for Japan,” http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations/Japan_requirements/index.asp; and USTR,

2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report.

 Global Trade Atlas. 76

5-12

a final report on the demonstration project to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation

60 days after the conclusion of the demonstration project.

74

Japan

U.S. merchandise exports to Japan totaled $58.1 billion in 2007, a 4.5 percent increase from

$55.6 billion in 2006. U.S. merchandise imports from Japan totaled $144.9 billion in 2007,

a 2.1 percent decrease from $148.1 in 2006. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit with Japan

was $86.8 billion in 2007, which was $5.6 billion smaller than the year before. Leading U.S.

exports to Japan during the year included airplanes and other aircraft, corn, parts of

airplanes or helicopters, machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor

devices or electronic integrated circuits, and soybeans. Leading U.S. imports from Japan

included passenger motor vehicles; parts and accessories of printing machinery; television

cameras, digital cameras, and video camera recorders; and gear boxes and parts for motor

vehicles. U.S.-Japan merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A.33 through

A.35.

The U.S.-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth has served as the primary forum for trade

and economic dialogue between the two countries since its establishment in 2001. In 2007,

discussions under this framework focused on U.S. beef exports to Japan and deregulation

of Japan’s economy, including economy-wide and sector-specific reforms like certification

of communications equipment and air transport restrictions.

Beef

Although Japan lifted its ban on imports of certain U.S. beef products in December 2005,

Japan continues to restrict U.S. beef exports by requiring all products be from animals 20

months old or younger because of concerns about BSE. These restrictions on U.S. beef 75

exports to Japan have had a substantial adverse impact on U.S. beef exports as Japan was

the single-largest market for U.S. beef in 2003, prior to the closure of the Japanese market

to U.S. beef. Total U.S. exports of beef were $3.6 billion in 2003 of which $1.3 billion, or

37.1 percent, went to Japan. In 2007, total U.S. exports of beef were $2.3 billion, and only

$244 million or 10.8 percent went to Japan.76
 According to U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns, that classification indicates “that U.S. 77

regulatory controls are effective and that U.S fresh beef and beef products from cattle of all ages can be safely

traded due to our interlocking safeguards.” USDA, Statement by Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding U.S.

Classification by OIE,” Release No. 0149.0, May 22, 2007.

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda.

78

 USDA, FAS, “Statement by Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding Progress in Expanding Beef 79

Trade,” USDA Release No. 0165.07, June 13, 2007; and USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007

Annual Report.

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda; and Global Trade Atlas. 80

 USTR, “Sixth Report to the Leaders on the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy 81

Initiative,” Fact Sheet, June 6, 2007; and USTR, “Annual Reform Recommendations from the Government of

the United States to the Government of Japan Under the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition

Policy Initiative,” October 18, 2007.

 USTR, “Sixth Report to the Leaders on the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy 82

Initiative,” Fact Sheet, June 6, 2007.

 Ibid. 83

 USTR, 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report.

84

 USTR, “Sixth Report to the Leaders on the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy 85

Initiative,” Fact Sheet, June 6, 2007.

5-13

After the OIE determined the United States to be a “controlled risk” for BSE in May 2007,77

the United States subsequently requested that Japan lift the 20-month old or younger age

restriction on U.S. beef and beef products given that appropriate risk materials are

removed. In June 2007, Japan ended its policy of 100-percent reinspection of U.S. beef and

78

beef products (replaced with a sampling-based protocol). This change was expected to 79

result in modest increases in U.S. beef sales to Japan by reducing bottlenecks, although no

significant increase in U.S. beef exports occurred in the remainder of 2007. As of the end

80

of 2007, Japan’s 20-month or younger age restriction was still in place.

Deregulation

During 2007, bilateral dialogue on the deregulation of Japan’s economy continued under a

component of the partnership known as the Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy

Initiative. Discussions focused on Japan’s 2007 deregulation initiatives and U.S.

recommendations for subsequent reform.81

Japan undertook some cross-sectoral reform initiatives in 2007 in response to U.S. concerns

about competitive conditions for U.S. businesses operating in Japan. Among these reform

initiatives were changes in laws and regulations concerning public sector contracting aimed

at preventing bid rigging, the creation and implementation of new procedures to promote

transparency in the regulatory environment, and commercial law and legal system reform

designed to open Japan’s economy to more foreign investment and cooperation. Japan also 82

initiated new programs in conjunction with the U.S. Government to fight counterfeiting and

pirating.83

In 2007, Japan also initiated many sector-specific reforms to promote competition. On

October 1, 2007, the Japan Post officially started a 10-year privatization process. Japan 84

stated that Japan Post, which provides banking, insurance, and express delivery services,

would operate in a free-market environment with other firms and that the privatization

process would be transparent. Other examples of sector-specific reforms include allowing 85

mobile phone number portability, passing legislation to prohibit recording of movies in
 Ibid. 86

 USTR, “United States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in Telecommunications 87

Equipment,” Press Release, February 16, 2007.

 USTR, “U.S.-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air Transportation Liberalization Package,”

88

Press Release, September 14, 2007.

 

89 USTR, “Schwab Urges Japan’s Continued Commitment to Reform—Annual U.S. Reform

Recommendations Presented to Japan,” Press Release, October 18, 2007.

 USTR, “Annual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to the 90

Government of Japan Under the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiative,” October

18, 2007.

5-14

movie theaters, and forming a task force to improve reviews of medical device technology

upgrades.86

The United States and Japan entered into two bilateral regulatory agreements in 2007

designed to promote trade and investment. In February 2007, the United States signed a

Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) of the Results of Conformity Assessment

Procedures for telecommunications equipment. The MRA was signed by the Government

of Japan on June 2007. The MRA expanded the acceptance in both the United States and

Japan of testing and certification determinations of telecommunications terminal and radio

equipment by private-sector entities in both the United States and Japan. The agreement

went into force on January 1, 2008.87

In September 2007, the United States and Japan reached an agreement to further liberalize

air transport relations. The agreement allows U.S. cargo carriers to service the Japanese

cities of Osaka and Nagoya directly from the United States. The new agreement also lifts

restrictions on airline pricing, expands code-sharing opportunities for passenger and cargo

carriers, and eliminates the annual limit on the number of overall U.S.-Japan charter

flights.88

On October 18, 2007, the United States submitted its annual deregulation reform

recommendations to Japan outlining steps that Japan can take to improve “the overall

business climate and competitive position for innovators in Japan’s market while expanding

opportunities for U.S. exporters.” The recommendations focused on the 89

telecommunications, information technology, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and

financial services sectors, as well as cross-sectoral issues such as competition policy,

commercial law and legal system reform, government transparency, privatization, and

distribution issues. Examples of the United States recommendations to the government of

Japan include the following: reforming its health-care pricing policies in the medical devices

and pharmaceuticals sectors to better reward innovation; continuing deregulation of its

telecommunications market; and continuing to improve the efficiency of the distribution

system in order to allow traded goods to move more freely through Japanese customs and

territory.90

Korea

Korea was the fifth largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United States with

two-way merchandise trade valued at $78.4 billion in 2007. U.S. exports to Korea were

valued at $33.0 billion in 2007, an increase of 7.2 percent over 2006. U.S. imports from

Korea totaled $45.4 billion, an increase of 1.5 percent from 2006. The United States
 The U.S.-Korea FTA is described in more detail in chap. 4 of this report. 91

 USTR, “United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement.” 92

 Ibid., 85–90. 93

 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the U.S.-Korea FTA on the U.S. economy as a whole and on 94

specific industry sectors in USITC, U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and

Selected Sectoral Effects, September 2007.

 OIE, “Resolution No. XXIV: Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member 95

Countries.”

5-15

recorded a $12.4 billion trade deficit with Korea in 2007. Leading U.S. exports to Korea

during the year included aircraft, semiconductor production machinery, and computer chips.

Leading U.S. imports from Korea included automobiles, cellular phones, computer parts and

accessories (mainly memory modules), and computer chips. U.S.-Korea merchandise trade

data are shown in appendix tables A.36 through A.38.

U.S.-Korean trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations and negotiations

over the resumption of Korean imports of U.S. beef, which had been suspended in late 2003.

U.S.-Korea FTA

The United States and the Republic of Korea signed a FTA on June 30, 2007, after

concluding negotiations in April. The United States-Korea FTAisthe “most commercially 91

significant” agreement for the United States since NAFTA. At the end of 2007, the 92

agreement was pending approval by the U.S. Congress and the Korean National Assembly.

Automobiles are a major area of contention for the United States. A number of U.S.

automobile manufacturers, union groups, and legislators have publically opposed the FTA

based on their concerns about U.S. access to the Korean market. Korea is a major vehicle 93

producer and exporter, but has low levels of import penetration.

94

Beef

On January 13, 2006, the United States and Korea announced an initial import protocol for

the resumption of Korean imports of U.S. beef, which had been suspended in December

2003 after a cow of Canadian origin in Washington State was found to have BSE. On

September 7, 2006, three shipments of U.S. beef to Korea following the resumption of

imports were rejected by the Korean authorities due to the presence of “bone chips” and

further shipments from the United States were effectively suspended.

The United States has urged Korea to recognize guidelines set by the OIE and to reopen its

market. On May 22, 2007, the OIE Scientific Commission formally classified the United

States as a controlled risk country for BSE, classification that recognizes that U.S.

regulatory controls are effective and that U.S. fresh beef and beef products from cattle of

all ages can be safely traded.

95
 American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), “U.S. and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperation.”

96

 USTR, “Taiwan: National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers,” 531. 97

 USTR, “2007 Special 301 Report,” 36. 98

 Ibid. 99

 USTR, “Taiwan: National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers,” 537. 100

5-16

Taiwan

Taiwan was the ninth largest single-country U.S. trading partner in 2007, based on two-way

merchandise trade that amounted to $62.6 billion. Two-way U.S. merchandise trade flows

with Taiwan have exhibited positive growth since 2004, with U.S. exports to Taiwan

amounting to $24.5 billion in 2007, and U.S. imports from Taiwan amounting to $38.1

billion, resulting in a $13.5 billion U.S. trade deficit in the same year. Leading U.S. exports

to Taiwan in 2007 included digital integrated circuits, semiconductor and flat panel

manufacturing and assembly equipment, aircraft, corn, and soybeans. Leading U.S. imports

from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits, transmission apparatuses for

radiotelephony, reception apparatus for televisions, computer parts, and navigational and

remote control radar machines. U.S.-Taiwan merchandise trade data are shown in appendix

tables A.39 through A.41.

The Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was established in 1994 as the

primary forum in which U.S. and officials from Taiwan could address bilateral trade issues

and the promotion of economic cooperation. During TIFA’s sixth session, in July 2007, 96

U.S.-Taiwan negotiations focused on intellectual property rights enforcement and

agricultural trade.97

Intellectual Property Rights

Taiwan’s sustained IPR enforcement measures in 2007 were sufficient to keep the country

off USTR’s Special 301 Priority Watch List of most egregious IPR violator countries. In

December 2004, the USTR moved Taiwan from its Special 301 Priority Watch List to its

regular IPR Watch List, following Taiwan’s increased efforts to combat domestic IPR

violations. According to the USTR, these efforts were sustained in 2007 through such

measures as the passage of legislation that established a specialized IPR court, the creation

of an IP section at the Special Prosecutor’s Office, the imposition of increased penalties for

pharmaceutical counterfeiting, as well as higher frequency raids and seizures of pirated

optical media, counterfeit pharmaceuticals, and counterfeit luxury goods. The USTR has 98

also noted that Taiwan’s sustained vigilance against intellectual property infringement in

2007 has resulted in more frequent arrests.

Despite Taiwan’s 2007 progress in IPR protection and enforcement, the USTR maintained

several of its concerns from previous years. These include the magnitude of counterfeit

99

pharmaceuticals in Taiwan, ongoing Internet piracy, unlawful peer-to-peer downloading,

textbook copying at universities, and the lack of sufficient IPR protection for the packaging,

configuration, and outward appearance of products (trade dress).

The U.S. Intellectual PropertyAlliance estimated the 2007 losses to U.S. industries resulting

from intellectual property rights violations in Taiwan to have been $327.8 million. By the 100

first half of FY2007, the value of counterfeit goods from Taiwan seized by U.S.
 Ibid. 101

 USDA, FAS, FAS Online Database.

102

 USTR, “Taiwan: National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers,” 532. 103

 Ibid. 104

 The ruminant and nonruminant products intended to use for animal feed and pet food include tallow 105

(including protein free tallow), lard, poultry, and porcine meal.

 USTR, “Taiwan: National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers,” 532. 106

 U.S. Department of State, “Taiwan Profile.” 107

 USITC Dataweb, accessed March 29, 2008. 108

5-17

Customs—many of which were transshipped clothing and luxury products from China—has

been estimated to have risen to $2.8 million, compared to $1.8 million over the course of the

entire year in 2006.

101

Agriculture

Taiwan remained a significant market for U.S. agriculture in 2007, importing $2.9 billion

of U.S. agricultural products. During that year, agricultural trade negotiations focused on 102

providing U.S. beef and beef product companies with more comprehensive market access,

and reforming Taiwan’s rice procurement practices.

Beef

In 2007, Taiwan permitted imports of U.S. boneless beef originating from cattle 30 months

of age or younger, following the lifting of a ban that precluded such trade the year before.103

However, according to the USTR, Taiwan has still not fully opened its market to all U.S.

beef and beef products. For example, in 2007, Taiwan still required that specified risk

material tissue be removed from cattle 30 months of age or younger, despite the more

internationally accepted standard of removing this from cattle over 30 months of age.104

Moreover, due to sustained concerns over BSE, imports of ruminant and nonruminant

products intended for use in animal feed and pet food are still mostly banned in Taiwan.

105

Exceptions to this include certain foreign pet food companies that have been either

individually reviewed by Taiwanese officials, or whose plants have been inspected.

According to the USTR, Taiwan’s 2007 progress in providing full market access for the

entire range of U.S. beef and beef products has not been comprehensive. For example, by 106

mid-2007, the United States was still requesting that Taiwan’s import practices and

classifications of U.S. ruminant and non-ruminant products remain consistent with

guidelines set forth by the World Organization for Animal Health. Also, the United States

requested that Taiwan complete its regulatory review process of BSE-related imports of U.S.

beef and beef products.

The reopening of Taiwan's market to U.S. beef exports in January 2006 followed official

decisions by the Japanese, Hong Kong, and South Korean governments to reinitiate their

respective beef trade with the United States. In 2003, before the impositions of any of the 107

bans, the United States exported $70 million worth of fresh/chilled and frozen beef. By 108
 Ibid. 109

 USDA, “GAIN Report, Public Rice Tender for 2007 Import Quotas,” November 11, 2007. 110

 USTR, “Taiwan: National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers,” 532. 111

 Ibid., p. 533. 112

 USITC, Dataweb (accessed March 20, 2008). 

113

5-18

2006 and 2007, U.S. exports of fresh/chilled and frozen beef to Taiwan amounted to $101

and $107 million, respectively.109

Rice

Taiwan implemented a country-specific quota (CSQ) for public-sector rice imports in 2007

after receiving certification fromthe WTO on modifications and rectifications to its existing

TRQ import regime on June 22 of that year. This measure is one of several policy changes 110

that have been implemented over the past few years by Taiwan. Prior to its accession to the

WTO, Taiwan banned rice imports altogether, and in 2003, changed its minimum access

agreement to a TRQ. According to the USTR, Taiwan made progress towards addressing 111

rice procurement concerns in 2007, but U.S. companies’ ability to win bids has remained

inhibited by price ceilings imposed in Taiwan since 2005.112

U.S. exports of rice to Taiwan amounted to $36 million in 2007, compared to $19 million

in 2006. The growth was mostly attributable to surges in U.S. exports of medium-grain

husked brown rice.113

India

In 2007, India wasthe 17th leading U.S. trading partner (based on two-way trade of exports

and imports). U.S. two-way trade with India totaled $40.2 billion in 2007. U.S. exports to

India grew by 80.7 percent to $16.3 billion in 2007, after increasing by 29.6 percent in 2006.

Much of this increase was accounted for by U.S. exports of aircraft that increased from

$467.6 million in 2005 to $5.7 billion in 2007 to account for 34.8 percent of total U.S.

exports to India in 2007. In 2007, the Boeing Company delivered 36 commercial aircraft

(mostly 737 and 777 models) valued at nearly $5.5 billion to India’s various airlines.

In 2007, U.S. imports from India increased by 10.1 percent to $23.9 billion, after increasing

by 15.8 percent in 2006. The United States recorded a $7.5 billion trade deficit with India

in 2007, compared to $12.6 billion in 2006. In 2007, nonindustrial diamonds and jewelry

accounted for 24.7 percent of total U.S. imports from India. Leading U.S. exports to India

during the year included aircraft, fertilizers, nonindustrial diamonds, and nonmonetary gold.

Leading U.S. imports from India include nonindustrial diamonds; articles of jewelry and

parts of preciousmetals (excluding silver);women’s or girls’ cotton blouses, shirts, and shirt

blouses (not knitted or crocheted); oils and preparations from petroleum oils; men’s or boys’

cotton shirts (not knitted or crocheted); and shrimp and prawns. U.S.-India merchandise

trade data are shown in appendix tables A.42 through A.44.
 USDA, FAS, “U.S.-India Trade Relations.” 114

 GOI, Department of Commerce and Industry, “India and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath and 115

Susan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investment,” June 23, 2006.

 USDA, FAS, “U.S.-India Agricultural Cooperation: A New Beginning,” September 2006. 116

 USDA, FAS, “U.S.-India Trade Relations.” 117

 USTR, “U.S.-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New York,” September 24, 2007. 118

 USITC, The Year in Trade 2006: Operations of the Trade Agreement Program—58th Report, 2005, 119

5-33.

 USDA, APHIS, “USDA to Allow Mango Imports from India,” March 13, 2007. 120

 APHIS approved the use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment for fruits and vegetables in October 121

2002. APHIS published another rule in January 2006 approving a minimum generic dose (400 gray) of

irradiation for imported fruits and vegetables. Until the availability of this generic dose, the pests associated

with the mangoes, specifically the mango seed weevil and the mango pulp weevil, could not be mitigated

with any other APHIS-approved treatments. USDA, APHIS, “Questions and Answers: Importing Indian

Mangoes into the United States,”

5-19

Trade Dialogue

The U.S.-India Trade Policy Forum (TPF) serves as the primary forum for trade and

economic dialogue between the two countries. Established in 2005, the TPF is a key 114

element of the U.S.-India Economic Dialogue and is co-chaired by the United States Trade

Representative and India’s Minister of Commerce and Industry. The TPF was created to

help facilitate and promote bilateral trade and investment, and discuss other bilateral trade

and multilateral issues such as the ongoing WTO DDA negotiations. The TPF serves as a

venue for discussions in five key areas: tariff and nontariff barriers, agriculture, investment,

services, and innovation and creativity. The fourth ministerial-level meeting was held in 115

April 2007 in New Delhi, India, where discussions covered issues such as U.S. almonds,

U.S. pulses, Indian mangoes, and Indian organic products.116

Also in April 2007, the two governments announced the formation of the Private Sector

Advisory Group (PSAG), a senior-level advisory group made up of private sector trade

experts from corporations, associations, think tanks, and other organizations. PSAG’s 117

principal function is to assist and provide the TPF with strategic direction to enhance

U.S.-India economic integration over the next 5 to 10 years. The PSAG first met in New

York City, USA, in September 2007, and then again in December 2007 when it presented

a Vision Statement to the TPF on key policy areas including a bilateral investment treaty,

the advancement of sectoral openings and regulatory cooperation, IPR protection, and the

promotion of technology transfer.

118

Mangoes

In 2005, the United States and India signed a bilateral agreement permitting India to export

mangoes to the United States, ending an 18-year trade dispute concerning health and

sanitary problems involving pests. On March 12, 2007, the U.S. Department of

119

Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) amended its fruit

and vegetable regulations to allow the importation of fresh Indian mangoes into the United

States. To eliminate the risk of pests, such as fruit flies and weevils, Indian mangoes are

required to undergo irradiation at an APHIS certified facility before entering the United

States. Indian mangoes are the first fruit irradiated in a foreign country and approved for

120

importation into the United States. Each shipment must also be accompanied by a 121
 (...continued) 121

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/faq_imp_indian_mango.pdf.

 USDA, APHIS, “USDA to Allow Mango Imports from India,” March 13, 2007; and USTR, “U.S.- 122

India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes into United States.”

 The “additional duty” is calculated in addition to, and after applying, India’s basic customs duties. The 123

“extra-additional duty” is calculated in addition to, and after applying, India’s basic customs duties as well as

the additional duty. India alleges that these additional duties are designed to offset certain internal Indian

taxes such as state-level value-added tax, central government sales taxes, and other taxes. India also alleged

that these duties also apply to Indian wines and spirits sold across state lines within India. WTO, “Dispute

Settlement: Dispute DS360: India—Additional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the United

States,” accessed April 15, 2008; and USTR, “United States Files WTO Case Against India Challenging

Excessive Duties on U.S. Wine and Spirits,” March 6, 2007.

 USTR, “Statement by USTR Susan C. Schwab on India’s Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on Beer, 124

Wine, and Distilled Spirits,” July 6, 2007.

 WTO, “India - Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States,” DS360, 125

Summary up to date, January 22, 2008.

5-20

phytosanitary certificate issued by India’s national plant protection organization. On May

1, 2007, the first consignment of 150 boxes of King Alphonso and Kessar mangoes from

India arrived in the United States. The United States is the world’s largest importer of 122

mangoes, and imports from Mexico and South America currently account for 99 percent of

the 250,000 metric tons of mangoes consumed in the United States each year.

Alcoholic beverages

On March 6, 2007, the United States requested WTO consultations with India concerning

duties that India applies to imports of wines, distilled spirits, and other imports from the

United States, as mentioned in Chapter 3. In addition to a basic customs duty, India 123

imposes an “additional duty” and an “extra-additional duty” on imported wines and spirits.

India’s additional duty on imported wine and beer ranges from 20 to 75 percent ad valorem

and from 25 to 150 percent ad valorem for imported distilled spirits. In addition, India

applies an extra-additional duty of 4 percent ad valorem on imported wine and spirits from

the United States. These additional duties have the effect of increasing the cumulative duty

rate to between 264 percent and 550 percent ad valorem. India also applies these duties to

other imports from the United States including milk, raisins, and orange juice. These duties,

in some cases, can exceed India’s WTO bound tariff rates. The United States and India held

WTO dispute settlement consultations on April 13, 2007, without resolving the dispute. On

May 25, 2007, the United States requested that the WTO establish a dispute settlement panel

regarding India’s ordinary customs duties on these products.

In July 2007, India announced the withdrawal of the additional duty on beer, wine, and

distilled spirits (alcoholic beverages). A panel was composed in July 2007, and in 124

December 2007, the panel chair announced that because of the complexity of the case, a

ruling would be postponed to March 2008.

125
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Biblio-12

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______. The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference Act—Twelfth Report 2005, USITC Publication

3888. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, September 2006.

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______. The Year in Trade 2005—Operations of the Trade Agreement Program—58th Report. USITC

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______. Textiles and Apparel: Effects of Special Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and Industries,

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______. U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral Effects,

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______. U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral

Effects, USITC Publication 3948. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, September

2007.

______. U.S.-Taiwan FTA: Likely Economic Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between the United

States and Taiwan, USITC Publication 3548. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission,

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______. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev.1). Washington, DC: Government

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______. “ITC Launches Investigations on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA Countries.”

News release 07-122, December 6, 2007.

______. “ITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinations.” News release 07-100, September 25, 2007.

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Biblio-15

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______. “2007 Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa

and Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity Act.”

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______. “Annual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to the

Government of Japan under the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiative,”

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______. “China to End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Dispute.” Press release,

November 29, 2007.

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______. “European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of

Bananas—Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States (WT/DS27)—Executive Summary

of the Second Written Submission of the United States of America,” October 3, 2007.

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Biblio-16

______. “Hearing Notice: The United States of America v. Canada (LCIA Arbitration No. 7941)." Press

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______. “India—Additional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the United States

(WT/DS360)—First Submission of the United States of America.” Press release, July 24, 2007.

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______. “Joint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meeting.” Press release, August 14, 2007.

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______. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of America and

the People’s Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Products,” November 8, 2005.

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______. “Schwab Statement on Amendments to U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement.” Press release,

June 25, 2007.

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to_US-Colombia_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “Schwab Urges Japan’s Continued Commitment to Reform—Annual U.S. Reform

Recommendations Presented to Japan.” Press release, October 18, 2007.

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______. “Schwab, Conner to Lead Congressional Delegation Visit to Colombia” Press release, October

31, 2007.

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______. “Sixth Report to the Leaders on the U.S.-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy

Initiative,” June 6, 2007.

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______. “Statement by Stephen Norton on U.S.-Malaysian FTA Negotiations.” Press release, March 23,

2007.

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_US-Malaysia_FTA_Negotiations.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “Statement by USTR Schwab on Today’s Signing of the U.S. - Peru Trade Promotion

Agreement.” Press release, December 14, 2007.

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Biblio-17

______. “Statement by USTR Susan C. Schwab on India’s Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on Beer,

Wine and Distilled Spirits.” Press release, July 6, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/July/Statement_by_USTR_Susan_C_Schw

ab_on_Indias_Withdrawal_of_the_Additional_Duty_on_Beer,_Wine_Distilled_Spirits.html (accessed

April 15, 2008).

______. “Statement from Gretchen Hamel, Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairs,

regarding a Section 301 Peition on Canadian Film Subsidies.” Press release, October 19, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/October/Statement_from_Gretchen_Hamel

,_Deputy_Assistant_USTR_for_Public_Media_Affairs,_regarding_a_Section_301_Petition_on_Canadia

n.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “Statement from USTR Ambassador Susan C. Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns on

Doha Round.” Press release, June 21, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/June/Statement_from_USTR_Ambassador

_Susan_C_Schwab_USDA_Secretary_Mike_Johanns_on_Doha_Round.html (accessed March 21, 2008).

______. “Statement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement Between

Canada & United States.” Press release, January 16, 2008.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2008/January/Statement_from_USTR_Spokesm

an_Sean_Spicer_on_Softwood_Lumber_Agreement_Between_Canada_United_States.html (accessed

May 20, 2008).

______. “The Case for the U.S.-Colombia FTA.” In “The Case for the U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion

Agreement." Trade Facts. Fact sheet, September 12, 2007.

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______. “The Case for the U.S.-Korea FTA.” Trade Facts. Fact sheet, August 2007.

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______. “The Case for the U.S.-Panama FTA.” In “The Case for the U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion

Agreement.” Trade Facts. Fact sheet, September 12, 2007.

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(accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)

(DS353)—Executive Summary of the First Written Submission of the United States,” July 16, 2007.

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______. “United States and India Discuss Key Trade Issues.” Press release, June 22, 2006.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/June/United_States_India_Discuss_Key_T

rade_Issues.html (accessed April 25, 2008).

______. “United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement.” Press release, April 2, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/April/United_States_Korea_Conclude_His

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Biblio-18

______. “United States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreement.” Press release, June 28, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/June/United_States_Panama_Sign_Trade_

Promotion_Agreement.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “United States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreement.” Press release,

June 30, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/June/United_States_the_Republic_of_Kor

ea_Sign_Lmark_Free_Trade_Agreement.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “United States Files WTO Case Against India Challenging Excessive Duties on U.S. Wine and

Spirits.” Press release, March 6, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/March/United_States_Files_WTO_Case_

Against_India_Challenging_Excessive_Duties_on_US_Wine_Spirits.html (accessed April 15, 2008).

______. “United States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in China’s Intellectual

Property Rights Laws.” Press release, August 13, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/August/United_States_Requests_WTO_Pa

nel_in_Case_Challenging_Deficiencies_in_Chinas_Intellectual_Property_Rights_Laws.html (accessed

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______. “United States Requests WTO Panel in Challenge of India’s Duties on Wine and Spirits and

Other Imports from the United States.” Press release, May 25, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/May/United_States_Requests_WTO_Panel

_in_Challenge_of_Indias_Duties_on_Wine_Spirits_Other_Imports_from_the_United_States.html

(accessed February 27, 2008).

______. “United States Requests WTO Panel to Review European Union’s Banana Import Regime.”

Press release, June 29, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/June/United_States_Requests_WTO_Panel

_to_Review_European_Unions_Banana_Import_Regime.html (accessed March 27, 2008).

______. “United States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in Telecommunications

Equipment.” Press release, February 16, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/February/United_States_Signs_Agreement

_with_Japan_to_Facilitate_Trade_in_Telecommunications_Equipment.html (accessed March 27, 2008).

______. “USTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DR.”

Press release, February 27, 2008.

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______. “USTR News—USTR Disappointed with Tribunal’s Mixed Decision on Softwood

Lumber—Statement from Gretchen Hamel, USTR spokeswoman, on the issuance of the decision in the

softwood lumber arbitration.” Press release, March 4, 2008.

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Biblio-19

______. “USTR Statement on Extension of Andean Trade Preferences.” Press release, February 29,

2008.

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______. “USTR Welcomes Full Reopening of Korean Market to U.S. Beef.” Press release, April 18,

2008.

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df (accessed May 27, 2008).

______. “U.S.-India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes Into United States.” Press release, May 1, 2007.

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/May/US-India_Agreement_Brings_Indian_

Mangoes_into_United_States.html (accessed May 8, 2008).

______. “U.S.-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New York.” Press release, September 24,

2007.

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______. “U.S.-India Trade Policy Forum.” Trade Facts. Fact sheet, June 22, 2006.

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______. “U.S.-Mexican Officials Meet to Discuss NAFTA.” Press release, January 11, 2008.

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______. “U.S. Proposes to Address ‘Zeroing’ in World Trade Organization Negotiations.” Press release,

June 4, 2007.

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n_World_Trade_Organization_Negotiations.html (accessed April 16, 2008).

______. “U.S. Trade Representative Susan Schwab and India’s Minister of Commerce and Industry

Kamal Nath Pledge Increased U.S.-India Trade and Investment; Announced Formation of Private Sector

Advisory Group.” Press release, April 13, 2007.

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Biblio-20

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Biblio-21

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Biblio-22

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______. “Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS360: India—Additional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports

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http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds360_e.htm (accessed April 15, 2008).

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Biblio-23

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______. “European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products

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G/AG/W/17, January 31, 1996.

______. “European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products

(Hormones)—Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States.” WT/DS26/6, April 25,

1996.

______. “European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of

Bananas—Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States—Request for the Establishment of a

Panel.” WT/DS27/83, July 2, 2007.

______. “European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of

Bananas—Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Ecuador—Report of the Panel.”

WT/DS27/RW2/ECU, April 7, 2008.

______. “European Communities and Certain Member States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil

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G/L/697/Add.1, G/SCM/D62/1/Add.1, February 7, 2006.

______. “Informal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation, Friday, 30 November 2007,

Chairman's Opening Remarks.” JOB(07)/191, November 30, 2007.

______. “Ministerial Declaration—Doha Work Programme—Adopted on 18 December 2005.”

Ministerial Conference—Sixth Session—Hong Kong. December 13–18, 2005. WT/MIN(05)/DEC,

December 22, 2005.

______. “United States—Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones Dispute—Request

for Consultations by the European Communities.” WT/DS320/1, G/L/713, November 10, 2004.

______. “United States—Continued Suspension of Obligations In the EC-Hormones Dispute—Request

for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities.” WT/DS320/6, January 14, 2005.

______. “United States—Measures Affecting Trade In Large Civil Aircraft—Request for Consultations

by the European Communities—Addendum.” WT/DS317/1/Add.1, G/L/698/Add.1,

G/SCM/D63/1/Add.1, July 1, 2005.

______. “United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft—Request for Consultations

by the European Communities,” WT/DS317/1, G/L/698, G/SCM/D63/1, October 12, 2004.

______. “United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second

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WT/DS317/1/Add.2, G/L/698/Add.2, G/SCM/D63/1/Add.2, December 4, 2006.

______. “United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing And Sunset Reviews—Report of the Appellate

Body." WT/DS322/AB/R, January 9, 2007.
Biblio-24

______. “United States, Continued Suspension of Obligations In the EC, Hormones

Dispute—Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European Communities—Note by

the Secretariat." WT/DS320/7, June 7, 2005.

______. “Update of WTO Dispute Settlement Cases—New Developments since Last Update (From 21

August 2007 until 22 January 2008).” WT/DS/OV/32, January 24, 2008.

______. “WTO: 2007 News Items: General Council: Lamy: ‘We Have Resumed Negotiations Fully

Across the Board,’ Report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committee,” February 7, 2007.

http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news07_e/gc_dg_stat_7feb07_e.htm (accessed March 7, 2008).
APPENDIX TABLES

TABLE A.1 U.S. merchandise trade with world, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Exports: Million dollars

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46,380.7 52,174.5 

1 Beverages and tobacco.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,331.1 4,911.5 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,196.8 49,243.8 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,240.2 34,733.2 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765.7 1,984.9 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,476.4 135,051.3 1

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,304.2 90,260.1 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,483.3 423,845.4 4

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 88,791.5 99,475.4 1

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . 32,022.1 37,806.0 

Total all exports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 803,991.9 929,486.0 1,0

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51,343.6 56,013.7 

1 Beverages and tobacco.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 13,484.0 15,348.2 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,162.9 32,820.1 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,244.0 315,706.8 3

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,399.7 2,854.4 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,377.1 149,566.7 1

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,485.1 222,810.2 2

7 Machinery and transport equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649,335.9 708,611.3 7

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,809.2 275,580.4 2

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . 60,738.2 65,741.3 

Total all imports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,662,379.7 1,845,053.2 1,9

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
A-4

TABLE A.2 U.S. private services exports to the world, by category, 2005–07

Service industry 2005 2006 2007

Percent change

2006–07

Million dollars

Travel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 81,799 85,694 97,097 13.3

Royalties and license fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,409 62,378 71,345 14.4

Business, professional, and technical services. . . . . 41,874 47,400 56,122 18.4

Financial services.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31,039 37,114 45,309 22.1

Port services.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 24,865 29,031 32,368 11.5

Passenger fares. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 20,970 22,187 25,329 14.2

Freight. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 16,470 17,266 19,486 12.9

Education... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 14,076 14,570 14,987 2.9

Insurance services... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,787 9,276 10,490 13.1

Telecommunications.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5,231 6,257 7,110 13.6

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 64,293 73,154 82,591 12.9

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 367,813 404,327 462,234 14.3

Source: USDOC, BEA, "Private Services Transactions," Table 3, from Interactive U.S. International Accounts Data,

available at htp://www.bea.gov (accessed March 21, 2008).

Note: Data are preliminary.
A-5

TABLE A.3 U.S. private services imports from the world, by category, 2005–07

Service industry 2005 2006 2007

Percent change

2006-07

Million dollars

Travel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 68,970 72,029 76,426 6.1

Freight. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 43,920 45,700 45,632 -0.1

Insurance services... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28,540 33,582 38,030 13.2

Passenger fares. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 26,149 27,503 28,574 3.9

Royalties and license fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,632 26,432 27,924 5.6

Port services.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 18,009 19,582 21,462 9.6

Business, professional, and technical services. . . . . 14,824 15,845 21,215 33.9

Financial services.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,720 8,497 11,840 39.3

Telecommunications.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4,527 4,557 4,899 7.5

Education... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,962 4,403 4,780 8.6

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 41,354 49,640 54,521 9.8

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 281,607 307,770 335,303 8.9

Source: USDOC, BEA, “Private Services Transactions,” Table 3, from Interactive U.S. International Accounts Data,

available at http://www.bea.gov (accessed March 21, 2008).

Note: Data are preliminary.
TABLE A.4 Antidumping cases active in 2007, by USITC investigation number

USITC

investigation

number Product Country of origin Date of institution USITC prelim ITA prelim ITA final USIT

a 

(Affirmative = A; Negative = N)

731-TA-1103 Certain activated carbon China 03/08/06 A A A A 

731-TA-1104 Polyester staple fiber China 06/23/06 A A A A 

731-TA-1105 Lemon juice Argentina 09/21/06 A A ( ) ( ) 

c c

731-TA-1106 Lemon juice Mexico 09/21/06 A A ( ) ( ) 

c c

731-TA-1107 Coated free sheet paper China 10/31/06 A A A N 

731-TA-1108 Coated free sheet paper Indonesia 10/31/06 A A A N 

731-TA-1109 Coated free sheet paper Korea 10/31/06 A A A N 

731-TA-1110 Sodium hexametaphosphate China 02/08/07 A A ( ) ( ) 

d d 

731-TA-1111 Glycine India 03/30/07 A A ( ) ( ) 

d d 

731-TA-1112 Glycine Japan 03/30/07 A A A ( ) 

d 

731-TA-1113 Glycine Korea 03/30/07 A A A ( ) 

d 

731-TA-1114 Certain steel nails China 05/29/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1115 Certain steel nails UAE 05/29/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1116 Circular welded carbon-quality steel pipe China 06/07/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1117 Certain off-the-road tires China 06/18/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1118 Light-walled rectangular pipe and tube China 06/27/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1119 Light-walled rectangular pipe and tube Korea 06/27/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1120 Light-walled rectangular pipe and tube Mexico 06/27/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1121 Light-walled rectangular pipe and tube Turkey 06/27/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1122 Laminated woven sacks China 06/28/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1123 Steel wire garment hangers China 07/31/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1124 Electrolytic manganese dioxide Australia 08/22/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1125 Electrolytic manganese dioxide China 08/22/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1126 Certain lightweight thermal paper China 09/19/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1127 Certain lightweight thermal paper Germany 09/19/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1128 Certain lightweight thermal paper Korea 09/19/07 N ( ) ( ) ( ) 

e e e

731-TA-1129 Raw flexible magnets China 09/21/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1130 Raw flexible magnets Taiwan 09/21/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1131 PET film Brazil 09/28/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1132 PET film China 09/28/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1133 PET film Thailand 09/28/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1134 PET film UAE 09/28/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1135 Sodium metal France 10/23/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1136 Sodium nitrite China 11/08/07 A ( ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1137 Sodium nitrite Germany 11/08/07 A ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d 

731-TA-1138 ATMP/HEDP China 12/31/07 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d d 

731-TA-1139 ATMP/HEDP India 12/31/07 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d d 

731-TA-1140 Uncovered innerspring units China 12/31/07 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d d 

731-TA-1141 Uncovered innerspring units South Africa 12/31/07 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d d 

731-TA-1142 Uncovered innerspring units Vietnam 12/31/07 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 

d d d d 

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

Note: UAE stands for the United Arab Emirates.

 International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

a

 For cases in which the final action was taken by the ITA, the date shown is the Federal Register notice date of that action. For cases in which the fin

b

USITC, the date of the USITC notification of Commerce is shown.

 The parties and the U.S. Department of Commerce signed an agreement suspending the investigation.

c

 Pending as of Dec. 31, 2007.

d

 Not applicable.

e
A-7

TABLE A.5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2007

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

Argentina:

Honey Dec. 10, 2001

Barbed wire and barbless wire strand Nov. 13, 1985

Belarus:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils May 21, 1999

Brazil:

Certain orange juice Mar. 9, 2006

Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb. 1, 2005

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan. 28, 2004

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6, 1999

Stainless steel bar Feb. 21, 1995

Silicomanganese Dec. 22, 1994

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov. 2, 1992

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec. 17, 1986

Iron construction castings May 9, 1986

Canada:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Iron construction castings Mar. 5, 1986

Chile:

Preserved mushrooms Dec. 2, 1998

China:

Certain polyester staple fiber June 1, 2007

Certain activated carbon April 27, 2007

Certain lined paper school supplies Sept. 28, 2006

Artist' canvas June 1, 2006

Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24, 2005

Magnesium April 15, 2005

Tissue paper Mar. 30, 2005

Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb. 1, 2005

Crepe paper Jan. 25, 2005

Wooden bedroom furniture Jan. 4, 2005

Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec. 29, 2004

Hand trucks Dec. 2, 2004

Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug. 9, 2004

Ironing tables Aug. 6, 2004

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Aug. 6, 2004

Color television receivers June 3, 2004

Malleable iron pipe fittings Dec. 12, 2003

Refined brown aluminum oxide Nov. 19, 2003

Barium carbonate Oct. 1, 2003

Polyvinyl alcohol Oct. 1, 2003

Saccharin July 9, 2003

Lawn and garden steel fence posts June 12, 2003
A-8

TABLE A.5–Continued

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

China–Continued

Non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings Apr. 7, 2003

Ferrovanadium Jan. 28, 2003

Folding metal tables and chairs June 27, 2002

Folding gift boxes Jan. 8, 2002

Honey Dec. 10, 2001

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov. 29, 2001

Pure magnesium (granular) Nov. 19, 2001

Foundry coke Sept. 17, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Non-frozen apple juice concentrate June 5, 2000

Preserved mushrooms Feb. 19, 1999

Carbon steel plate Oct. 24, 1997

Crawfish tail meat Sept. 15, 1997

Persulfates July 7, 1997

Brake rotors Apr. 17, 1997

Furfuryl alcohol June 21, 1995

Pure magnesium (ingot) May 12, 1995

Glycine Mar. 29, 1995

Cased pencils Dec. 28, 1994

Silicomanganese Dec. 22, 1994

Paper clips Nov. 25, 1994

Fresh garlic Nov. 16, 1994

Helical spring lock washers Oct. 19, 1993

Sulfanilic acid Aug. 19, 1992

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6, 1992

Sparklers June 18, 1991

Silicon metal June 10, 1991

Axes and adzes Feb. 19, 1991

Bars and wedges Feb. 19, 1991

Hammers and sledges Feb. 19, 1991

Picks and mattocks Feb. 19, 1991

Tapered roller bearings June 15, 1987

Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec. 2, 1986

Petroleum wax candles Aug. 28, 1986

Iron construction castings May 9, 1986

Natural bristle paint brushes Feb. 14, 1986

Barium chloride Oct. 17, 1984

Chloropicrin Mar. 22, 1984

Potassium permanganate Jan. 31, 1984

Greige polyester cotton printcloth Sept. 16, 1983

Finland:

Carboxymethylcellulose July 11, 2005

France:

Stainless steel bar Mar. 7, 2002

Low enriched uranium Feb. 13, 2002

Ball bearings May 15, 1989
TABLE A.5–Continued

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

A-9

France–Continued Brass sheet and strip Mar. 6, 1987

Sorbitol Apr. 9, 1982

Germany:

Stainless steel bar Mar. 7, 2002

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Seamless pipe Aug. 3, 1995

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993

Ball bearings May 15, 1989

Brass sheet and strip Mar. 6, 1987

Hungary:

Sulfanilic acid Nov. 8, 2002

India:

Certain lined paper school supplies Sept. 28, 2006

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb. 1, 2005

Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec. 29, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan. 28, 2004

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1, 2002

Silicomanganese May 23, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Preserved mushrooms Feb. 19, 1999

Stainless steel bar Feb. 21, 1995

Forged stainless steel flanges Feb. 9, 1994

Stainless steel wire rod Dec. 1, 1993

Sulfanilic acid Mar. 2, 1993

Welded carbon steel pipe May 12, 1986

Indonesia:

Certain lined paper school supplies Sept. 28, 2006

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec. 3, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Preserved mushrooms Feb. 19, 1999

Iran:

Raw in-shell pistachios July 17, 1986

Italy:

Stainless steel bar Mar. 7, 2002

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb. 23, 2001

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod Sept. 15, 1998

Pasta July 24, 1996

Ball bearings May 15, 1989

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug. 30, 1988

Brass sheet and strip Mar. 6, 1987

Pressure sensitive plastic tape Oct. 21, 1977
TABLE A.5–Continued

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

A-10

Japan:

Superalloy degassed chromium Dec. 22, 2005

Ceramic station post insulators Dec. 30, 2003

Polyvinyl alcohol July 2, 2003

Welded large diameter line pipe Dec. 6, 2001

Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet Aug. 28, 2000

Large diameter seamless pipe June 26, 2000

Small diameter seamless pipe June 26, 2000

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products June 29, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod Sept. 15, 1998

Clad steel plate July 2, 1996

Stainless steel bar Feb. 21, 1995

Gray portland cement and clinker May 10, 1991

Ball bearings May 15, 1989

Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug. 24, 1988

Brass sheet and strip Aug. 12, 1988

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Mar. 25, 1988

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb. 10, 1987

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Dec. 8, 1978

Polychloroprene rubber Dec. 6, 1973

Kazakhstan:

Silicomanganese May 23, 2002

Korea:

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan. 28, 2004

Polyvinyl alcohol Oct. 1, 2003

Stainless steel bar Mar. 7, 2002

Polyester staple fiber May 25, 2000

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod Sept. 15, 1998

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 19, 1993

Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec. 30, 1992

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov. 2, 1992

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film June 5, 1991

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan. 20, 1987

Latvia:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Malaysia:

Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug. 9, 2004

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb. 23, 2001

Mexico:

Lemon juice (suspended) Sept. 21, 2007

Carboxymethylcellulose July 11, 2005

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan. 28, 2004
TABLE A.5–Continued

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

A-11

Mexico–Continued

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Fresh tomatoes (suspended) Nov. 1, 1996

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov. 2, 1992

Gray portland cement and clinker Aug. 30, 1990

Moldova:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Netherlands:

Carboxymethylcellulose July 11, 2005

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr. 12, 1991

Philippines:

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb. 23, 2001

Poland:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Portugal:

Sulfanilic acid Nov. 8, 2002

Romania:

Small diameter seamless pipe Aug. 10, 2000

Russia:

Magnesium April 15, 2005

Silicon metal Mar. 26, 2003

Ammonium nitrate (suspended) May 19, 2000

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (suspended) July 12, 1999

Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct. 24, 1997

Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium July 10, 1995

Uranium (suspended) Oct. 16, 1992

Solid urea July 14, 1987

South Africa:

Ferrovanadium Jan. 28, 2003

Stainless steel plate in coils May 21, 1999

Spain:

Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24, 2005

Stainless steel wire rod Sept. 15, 1998

Stainless steel bar Mar. 2, 1995

Sweden:

Carboxymethylcellulose July 11, 2005

Taiwan:

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov. 29, 2001

Polyester staple fiber May 25, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27, 1999

Stainless steel plate in coils May 21, 1999

Stainless steel wire rod Sept. 15, 1998

Forged stainless steel flanges Feb. 9, 1994
TABLE A.5–Continued

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

A-12

Taiwan–Continued

Helical spring lockwashers June 28, 1993

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings June 16, 1993

Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec. 30, 1992

Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov. 2, 1992

Light-walled rectangular pipe Mar. 27, 1989

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec. 17, 1986

Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec. 2, 1986

Small diameter carbon steel pipe May 7, 1984

Thailand:

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb. 1, 2005

Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug. 9, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan. 28, 2004

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov. 29, 2001

Canned pineapple July 18, 1995

Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6, 1992

Welded carbon steel pipe Mar. 11, 1986

Trinidad and Tobago:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Turkey:

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Apr. 17, 1997

Pasta July 24, 1996

Welded carbon steel pipe May 15, 1986

Ukraine:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 29, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov. 29, 2001

Ammonium nitrate Sept. 12, 2001

Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept. 7, 2001

Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct. 24, 1997

Silicomanganese Oct. 31, 1994

Solid urea July 14, 1987

United Kingdom:

Stainless steel bar Mar. 7, 2002

Ball bearings May 15, 1989

Venezuela:

Silicomanganese May 23, 2002

Vietnam:

Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb. 1, 2005

Frozen fish fillets Aug. 12, 2003

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.
TABLE A.6 Countervailing duty cases active in 2007, by USITC investigation number

USITC

investigation

number Product

County of

origin

Date of

institution

USITC

prelim ITA prelim ITA final 

a

(Affirmative = A; Negative = N

701-TA-444 Coated free sheet paper China 10/31/06 A A A 

701-TA-445 Coated free sheet paper Indonesia 10/31/06 A A A 

701-TA-446 Coated free sheet paper Korea 10/31/06 A A A 

701-TA-447 Circular welded carbon-quality steel pipe China 06/07/07 A A ( ) 

c 

701-TA-448 Certain off-the-road tires China 06/18/07 A A ( ) 

c 

701-TA-449 Light-walled rectangular pipe and tube China 06/27/07 A A ( ) 

c 

701-TA-450 Laminated woven sacks China 06/28/07 A A ( ) 

c 

701-TA-451 Certain lightweight thermal paper China 09/19/07 A ( ) ( ) 

cc

701-TA-452 Raw flexible magnets China 09/21/07 A ( ) ( ) 

cc

701-TA-453 Sodium nitrite China 11/08/07 A ( ) ( ) 

cc

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

a

 The date of the USITC notification of Commerce is shown.

b

 Pending as of Dec. 31, 2007.

c
A-14

TABLE A.7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31, 2007

Country Commodity Effective date of original action

Argentina:

Honey Dec. 10, 2001

Belgium:

Stainless steel plate in coils May 11, 1999

Brazil:

Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct. 22, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6, 1999

Heavy iron construction castings May 15, 1986

Hungary:

Sulfanilic acid Nov. 8, 2002

India:

Certain lined paper school supplies Sept. 28, 2006

Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec. 29, 2004

Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Feb. 4, 2004

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1, 2002

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Sulfanilic acid Mar. 2, 1993

Indonesia:

Certain lined paper school supplies Sept. 28, 2006

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec. 3, 2001

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Iran:

Roasted in-shell pistachios Oct. 7, 1986

Raw in-shell pistachios Mar. 11, 1986

Italy:

Stainless steel bar Mar. 8, 2002

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Pasta July 24, 1996

Korea:

DRAMs and DRAM modules Aug. 11, 2003

Carbon steel plate Feb. 10, 2000

Stainless steel sheet and strip Aug. 6, 1999

Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug. 17, 1993

Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan. 20, 1987

Norway:

Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr. 12, 1991

South Africa:

Stainless steel plate in coils May 11, 1999

Thailand:

Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec. 3, 2001

Turkey:

Pasta July 24, 1996

Welded carbon steel pipe Mar. 7, 1986

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.
A-15

TABLE A.8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007 by date of

completion

USITC

investigation

number Product Country of origin Completion date Action a

731-TA-678 Stainless steel bar Brazil 01/05/07 Continued

731-TA-679 Stainless steel bar India 01/05/07 Continued

731-TA-681 Stainless steel bar Japan 01/05/07 Continued

731-TA-682 Stainless steel bar Spain 01/05/07 Continued

AA1921-197 Certain carbon steel products Taiwan 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-319 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-320 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-325 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-326 Certain carbon steel products Spain 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-327 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-348 Certain carbon steel products France 01/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-350 Certain carbon steel products Korea 01/25/07 Continued

731-TA-573 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-574 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-576 Certain carbon steel products Finland 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-578 Certain carbon steel products Germany 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-582 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-583 Certain carbon steel products Poland 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-584 Certain carbon steel products Romania 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-585 Certain carbon steel products Spain 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-586 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-587 Certain carbon steel products United Kingdom 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-612 Certain carbon steel products Australia 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-614 Certain carbon steel products Canada 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-615 Certain carbon steel products France 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-616 Certain carbon steel products Germany 01/25/07 Continued

731-TA-617 Certain carbon steel products Japan 01/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-618 Certain carbon steel products Korea 01/25/07 Continued

731-TA-739 Clad steel plate Japan 03/01/07 Continued

731-TA-895 Pure magnesium China 03/01/07 Continued

731-TA-706 Canned pineapple fruit Thailand 03/29/07 Continued

731-TA-921 Folding gift boxes China 04/30/07 Continued

731-TA-707 Seamless pipe Argentina 05/02/07 Revoked

731-TA-708 Seamless pipe Brazil 05/02/07 Revoked

731-TA-709 Seamless pipe Germany 05/02/07 Continued

731-TA-711 Oil country tubular goods Argentina 06/18/07 Revoked

731-TA-713 Oil country tubular goods Italy 06/18/07 Revoked

731-TA-714 Oil country tubular goods Japan 06/18/07 Revoked

731-TA-715 Oil country tubular goods Korea 06/18/07 Revoked

731-TA-716 Oil country tubular goods Mexico 06/18/07 Revoked

731-TA-894 Ammonium nitrate Ukraine 06/19/07 Continued

701-TA-402 Honey Argentina 06/29/07 Continued

731-TA-892 Honey Argentina 06/29/07 Continued

731-TA-893 Honey China 06/29/07 Continued

731-TA-873 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Belarus 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-874 Steel concrete reinforcing bar China 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-875 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Indonesia 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-877 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Korea 07/26/07 Revoked

731-TA-878 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Latvia 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-879 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Moldova 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-880 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Poland 07/26/07 Continued

731-TA-882 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Ukraine 07/26/07 Continued

701-TA-365 Pasta Italy 09/27/07 Continued

701-TA-366 Pasta Turkey 09/27/07 Continued

731-TA-734 Pasta Italy 09/27/07 Continued

731-TA-735 Pasta Turkey 09/27/07 Continued

731-TA-932 Folding metal tables and chairs China 09/28/07 Continued

731-TA-919 Welded large diameter line pipe Japan 10/16/07 Continued

731-TA-920 Welded large diameter line pipe Mexico 10/16/07 Revoked
A-16

Table A.8–Continued

USITC

investigation

number Product Country of origin Completion date Action a

701-TA-404 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 10/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-405 Hot-rolled steel products India 10/25/07 Continued

701-TA-406 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 10/25/07 Continued

701-TA-407 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 10/25/07 Revoked

701-TA-408 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-898 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 10/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-899 Hot-rolled steel products China 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-900 Hot-rolled steel products India 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-901 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-902 Hot-rolled steel products Kazakhstan 10/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-904 Hot-rolled steel products Romania 10/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-905 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 10/25/07 Revoked

731-TA-906 Hot-rolled steel products Taiwan 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-907 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-908 Hot-rolled steel products Ukraine 10/25/07 Continued

731-TA-929 Silicomanganese India 11/28/07 Continued

731-TA-930 Silicomanganese Kazakhstan 11/28/07 Continued

731-TA-931 Silicomanganese Venezuela 11/28/07 Continued

731-TA-909 Low-enriched uranium France 12/13/07 Continued

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 The completion date shown is the date of the USITC notification of Commerce. a
TABLE A.9 Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the U.S. International Trade Commission du

pending on December 31, 2007

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Completed:

337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages

(Enforcement II) (Remand)

No foreign

respondents

One related (ancillary) enforcement proceeding; 

adjustment in amount of civil penalties.

337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs

and Rewritable Compact Discs

Hong Kong, Taiwan One related (ancillary) remand proceeding; issue

order and cease and desist orders.

337-TA-493 Certain Zero-Mercury-Added Alkaline

Batteries, Parts Thereof, and Products

Containing Same

China, Hong Kong,

Indonesia, Japan,

Singapore

One related (ancillary) remand proceeding; term

of no violation.

337-TA-524 Certain Point of Sale Terminals and

b

Components Thereof

France, Israel,

Korea, Ireland

One related (ancillary) sanctions proceeding; ter

issuance of a sanction.

337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips

and Chipsets, Transmitter and

Receiver (Radio) Chips, Power Control

Chips, and Products Containing Same,

Including Cellular Telephone Handsets

No foreign

respondents

Issued a limited exclusion order and cease and d

337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Korea, Ireland,

China, Canada

Issued a general exclusion order and cease and 

337-TA-546 Certain Male Prophylactic Devices India Terminated based on a finding of no violation.

337-TA-550 Certain Modified Vaccinia Ankara

("MVA") Viruses and Vaccines and

Pharmaceutical Compositions Based

Thereon

United Kingdom Terminated based on a consent order.

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and

Scan Engines, Components Thereof

And Products Containing Same

China Issued a limited exclusion order and cease and d
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Completed–Continued

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and

Scan Engines, Components Thereof

And Products Containing Same

China Issued a limited exclusion order and cease and d

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and

Scan Engines, Components Thereof

And Products Containing Same

China One related (ancillary) advisory opinion terminat

the subject article does not infringe.

337-TA-553 Certain NAND Flash Memory Devices

and Products Containing Same

Japan Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting

Diodes and Products Containing Same

Taiwan Issued a limited exclusion order.

337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Issued a general exclusion order.

337-TA-559 Certain Digital Processors and Digital

Processing Systems, Components

Thereof, and Products Containing

Same

Netherlands Terminated based on a finding of no violation.

337-TA-560 Certain NOR and NAND Flash Memory

Devices and Products Containing

Same

Switzerland Terminated based on a finding of no violation.

337-TA-561 Certain Combination Motor and

Transmission Systems and Devices

Used Therein, and Products Containing

Same

Japan Terminated based on a finding of no violation.

337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators,

Components Thereof and Products

Containing Same

No foreign

respondents

Issued a limited exclusion order.

337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and

Components Thereof

Hong Kong, China,

Germany, Korea

Issued a general exclusion order, a limited exclu

and desist orders.
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Completed–Continued

337-TA-572 Certain Insulin Delivery Devices,

Including Cartridges Having Adaptor

Tops, and Components Thereof

Germany, France Terminated based on withdrawal of the complain

337-TA-575 Certain Lighters Hong Kong, China Issued a general exclusion order.

337-TA-577 Certain Wireless Communication

Equipment, Articles Therein, and

Products Containing the Same

Sweden Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-579 Certain Nickel Metal Hydride

Consumer Batteries, Components

Thereof, and Consumer Electronic

Products Containing Same

Germany Terminated based on an arbitration agreement.

337-TA-580 Certain Peripheral Devices and

Components Thereof and Products

Containing the Same

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-581 Certain Inkjet Ink Supplies and

Components Thereof

China Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-583 Certain Wireless Communication

Devices, Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Korea Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-584 Certain Alendronate Salts and

Products Containing Same

India Terminated based on withdrawal of the complain

337-TA-585 Certain Engines, Components Thereof,

and Products Containing Same

China Terminated based on a consent order.

337-TA-590 Certain Coupler Devices for Power

Supply Facilities, Components Thereof,

and Products Containing Same

Taiwan, Germany,

China

Issued a limited exclusion order and cease and d
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Completed–Continued

337-TA-591 Certain Wireless Conference Calling

Devices, Components Thereof, and

Devices Containing Same

Denmark Terminated based on withdrawal of the complain

337-TA-592 Certain NAND Flash Memory Devices

and Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Korea Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-594 Certain Lighting Products, Components

Thereof, and Products Containing

Same

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-599 Certain Lighting Control Devices

Including Dimmer Switches and/or

Switches and Parts Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on withdrawal of the complain

337-TA-600 Certain Rechargeable Lithium-Ion

Batteries, Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Hong Kong, Japan Terminated based on a settlement agreement.

337-TA-614 Certain Wireless Communication Chips

and Chipsets, and Products Containing

Same, Including Wireless Handsets

and Network Interface Cards

No foreign

respondents

Terminated based on an arbitration agreement.

Pending:

337-TA-487 Certain Agricultural Vehicles and

Components Thereof

Canada, Germany One related (ancillary) remand proceeding pend

Commission.

337-TA-501 Certain Encapsulated Integrated Circuit

Devices and Products Containing

Same

Malaysia Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips

and Chipsets, Transmitter and

Receiver (Radio) Chips, Power Control

Chips, and Products Containing Same,

Including Cellular Telephone Handsets

No foreign

respondents

One related (ancillary) enforcement proceeding 
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Pending–Continued

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and

Scan Engines, Components Thereof

And Products Containing Same

China One related (ancillary) bond forfeiture proceedin

337-TA-558 Certain Personal Computer Consumer

Electronic Convergent Devices,

Components Thereof, and Products

Containing Same

Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-567 Certain Foam Footwear Canada Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-569 Certain Endoscopic Probes for Use in

Argon Plasma Coagulation Systems

Germany Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-571 Certain L-Lysine Feed Products, Their

Methods of Production and Genetic

Constructs for Production

Hong Kong, China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-574 Certain Equipment for

Telecommunications or Data

Communications Networks, Including

Routers, Switches, and Hubs, and

Components Thereof

France Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-578 Certain Mobile Telephone Handsets,

Wireless Communication Devices, and

Components Thereof

Finland Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-582 Certain Hydraulic Excavators and

Components Thereof

Canada Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-586 Certain Stringed Musical Instruments

and Components Thereof

France, Germany Pending before the Commission.
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Pending–Continued

337-TA-587 Certain Connecting Devices ("Quick

Clamps") For Use With Modular

Compressed Air Conditioning Units,

Including Filters, Regulators, and

Lubricators ("FRL'S") That Are Part of

Larger Pneumatic Systems and The

FRL Units They Connect

Japan, China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-588 Certain Digital Multimeters, and

Products with Multimeter Functionality

China, Hong Kong Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-589 Certain Switches and Products

Containing Same

Taiwan, Japan Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-593 Certain Digital Cameras and

Component Parts Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-595 Certain Dynamic Random Access

Memory Devices and Products

Containing Same

Korea Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-596 Certain GPS Chips, Associated

Software and Systems, and Products

Containing Same

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-597 Certain Bassinet Products No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-598 Certain Unified Communications

Systems, Products Used With Such

Systems, and Components Thereof

France Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-601 Certain 3G Wideband Code Division

d

Multiple Access (WCDMA) Handsets

and Components Thereof

Korea Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-602 Certain GPS Devices and Products

Containing Same

Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Pending–Continued

337-TA-603 Certain DVD Players and Recorders

and Certain Products Containing Same

China, Hong Kong Pending before the Commission.

337-TA-604 Certain Sucralose, Sweeteners

Containing Sucralose, and Related

Intermediate Compounds Thereof

China, United

Kingdom, Hong

Kong

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-605 Certain Semiconductor Chips with

Minimized Chip Package Size and

Products Containing Same

Canada,

Switzerland

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-606 Certain Personal Computers and

Digital Display Devices

Taiwan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-607 Certain Semiconductor Devices, DMA

Systems, and Products Containing

Same

Japan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-608 Certain Nitrile Gloves Australia, China,

c

Indonesia, Malaysia

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-609 Certain Buffer Systems and

Components Thereof Used in

Container Processing Lines

Germany Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-610 Certain Endodontic Instruments France Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-611 Certain Magnifying Loupe Products

and Components Thereof

China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-612 Certain Nitrile Rubber Gloves Malaysia Pending before the ALJ.

c

337-TA-613 Certain 3G Mobile Handsets and

d

Components Thereof

Finland Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-615 Certain Ground Fault Circuit

Interrupters and Products Containing

the Same

China Pending before the ALJ.
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Pending–Continued

337-TA-616 Certain Hard Disk Drives, Components

Thereof, and Products Containing the

Same

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-617 Certain Digital Televisions and Certain

Products Containing Same and

Methods of Using Same

Taiwan, Hong Kong,

China

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-618 Certain Computer Systems, Printers

and Scanners

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-619 Certain Flash Memory Controllers,

Drives, Memory Cards, and Media

Players and Products Containing Same

Taiwan, Hong Kong,

China, Japan,

British Virgin

Islands, France,

Ireland, Korea

Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-620 Certain Low Antimony Phosphoric Acid Japan Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-621 Certain Probe Card Assemblies,

Components Thereof and Certain

Tested DRAM and NAND Flash

Memory Devices and Products

Containing Same

Japan, Korea Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-623 Certain R-134a Coolant (Otherwise

known as 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)

China Pending before the ALJ.

337-TA-624 Certain Systems for Detecting and

Removing Viruses or Worms,

Components Thereof, and Products

Containing Same

Spain Pending before the ALJ.
Table A.9–Continued

Status of Investigation Article Country Commission determination

a

Pending–Continued

337-TA-625 Certain Self-Cleaning Litter Boxes and

Components Thereof

No foreign

respondents

Pending before the ALJ.

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation.

a

 Inv. No. 337-TA-524 was terminated on July 8, 2005; sanctions proceeding pending.

b

 Inv. Nos. 337-TA-608 and 337-TA-612 were consolidated.

c

 Inv. Nos. 337-TA-601 and 337-TA-613 were consolidated.

d
A-26

TABLE A.10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31, 2007

Investigation No. Article Country Date patent expires

a b

337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Nonpatent

337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan, Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and

Components Thereof

Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games and

Components Thereof

Japan, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan, Japan, Canada Nonpatent

337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and

Rubber Soles

Korea Nonpatent

337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan, Hong Kong,

Korea

Nonpatent

337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan, South Africa Nonpatent

337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips 

and Components Thereof

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines, Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls, Popularly Known 

as "Cabbage Patch Kids," Related

Literature, and Packaging Therefore

No foreign respondents Nonpatent

337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore, Taiwan,

Korea, Thailand, Hong

Kong

Nonpatent

337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and 

Components Thereof and Methods of

Using, and Products Incorporating, the

Same

France Nonpatent

337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes Hong Kong, Taiwan Nonpatent
A-27

Table A.10–Continued

Investigation No. Article Country Date patent expires

a b

337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator 

Caps and Related Packaging and

Promotional Materials

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their Containers Colombia Nonpatent

337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan Oct. 12, 2008c

337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Turbines and 

Components Thereof

Germany Feb. 1, 2011

c

337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Kamaboko Fish Cakes Japan Nonpatent

337-TA-380 Certain Agricultural Tractors Under 50 Power 

Take-Off Horsepower

Japan Nonpatent

337-TA-383 Certain Hardware Logic Emulation Systems and

Components Thereof

France Oct. 5, 2008

Oct. 5, 2008

Oct. 5, 2008

Apr. 28, 2009

Apr. 28, 2009

337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages China, Hong Kong, Korea Apr. 5, 2008

Nov. 5, 2008

Mar. 7, 2009

Aug. 10, 2010

Aug. 13, 2010

Nov. 1, 2011

Jan. 10, 2012

Apr. 18, 2012

July 25, 2012

337-TA-413 Certain Rare-Earth Magnets and Magnetic 

Material and Articles Containing Same

China, Taiwan June 7, 2015

337-TA-416 Certain Compact Multipurpose Tools China, Taiwan July 1, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

Oct. 21, 2011

337-TA-422 Certain Two-Handle Centerset Faucets and 

Escutcheons, and Components Thereof

Taiwan, China May 31, 2008

337-TA-424 Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Thereof No foreign respondents Nonpatent

337-TA-440 Certain 4-Androstenediol China July 13, 2018

337-TA-446 Certain Ink Jet Cartridges and Components

Thereof

Taiwan Nov. 3, 2007

Dec. 22, 2008

Apr. 25, 2012

337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers, Sprinkler 

Components, and Nozzles

Taiwan, Israel, Germany July 8, 2014

July 8, 2014
Table A.10–Continued

Investigation No. Article Country Date patent expires

a b

A-28

337-TA-473 Certain Video Game Systems, Accessories, and

Components Thereof

No foreign respondents Dec. 18, 2015

Dec. 25, 2015

337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs and 

Rewritable Compact Discs

No foreign respondents June 11, 2008

Nov. 1, 2008

May 23, 2012

337-TA-481/491 Certain Display Controllers with Upscaling

Functionality and Products Containing

Same; and Certain Display Controllers

and Products Containing Same

Taiwan Feb. 24, 2017

337-TA-482 Certain Compact Disc and DVD Holders Denmark, Hong Kong,

Taiwan

May 1, 2015

337-TA-486 Certain Agricultural Tractors, Lawn Tractors,

Riding Lawnmowers, and Components

Thereof

China Nonpatent

337-TA-489 Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically 

Acceptable Salt Thereof, Such as

Sildenafil Citrate, and Products Containing

Same

Belize, Israel, Nicaragua,

Syria, United Kingdom,

India, China

40711

337-TA-492 Certain Plastic Grocery and Retail Bags Thailand, China,

Singapore, Hong Kong

Dec. 6, 2010

337-TA-494 Certain Automotive Measuring Devices, 

Products Containing Same, and Bezels for

Such Devices

Taiwan Nonpatent

337-TA-498 Certain Insect Traps No foreign respondents Jan. 30, 2018

337-TA-500 Certain Purple Protective Gloves Malaysia Nonpatent

337-TA-505 Certain Gun Barrels Used in Firearms Switzerland, Netherlands Sept. 25, 2015

Aug. 25, 2017

337-TA-511 Certain Pet Food Treats China Sept. 23, 2011

337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes And Products

Containing Same

Malaysia July 27, 2018

July 27, 2018

July 27, 2018

Jan. 18, 2015

337-TA-514 Certain Plastic Food Containers China Oct. 19, 2013

Dec. 23, 2017

Dec. 23, 2017

337-TA-518 Certain Ear Protection Devices China, Taiwan June 2, 2015

337-TA-522 Certain Ink Markers and Packaging Thereof China, India, Korea Nonpatent
Table A.10–Continued

Investigation No. Article Country Date patent expires

a b

A-29

337-TA-528 Certain Foam Masking Tape Spain, Netherlands,

Portugal, Canada,

France, Germany

May 10, 2011

337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants, Components 

Thereof, and Products Containing Same

China, Korea June 21, 2011

June 21, 2011

337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated Circuits, 

and Products Containing Same

China Nov. 20, 2020

Nov. 20, 2020

337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or Solvate Thereof,

and Products Containing Same

India, Panama, Haiti,

Nicaragua, Mexico,

Australia

June 12, 2016

337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and Products 

Containing Same

Taiwan Sept. 24, 2019

Sept. 24, 2019

337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips and

Chipsets, Transmitter and Receiver

(Radio) Chips, Power Control Chips, and

Products Containing Same, Including

Cellular Telephone Handsets

No foreign respondents June 8, 2010

337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Canada, China, Malaysia,

Korea

June 10, 2017

337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink Printers Korea Apr. 29, 2022

Apr. 29, 2022

Apr. 29, 2022

337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and Scan 

Engines, Components Thereof and

Products Containing Same

China Oct. 30, 2009

Nov. 16, 2010

337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting Diodes 

and Products Containing Same

Taiwan Jan. 18, 2009

337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Feb. 4, 2017

June 22, 2018

July 27, 2018

Sept. 28, 2018

Oct. 5, 2018

Oct. 26, 2018

Mar. 1, 2019

Mar. 22, 2019

337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and Packaging 

Thereof

China Feb. 4, 2017

337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators, Components

Thereof and Products Containing Same

No foreign respondents Mar. 23, 2013
Table A.10–Continued

Investigation No. Article Country Date patent expires

a b

A-30

337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and Components Thereof Hong Kong, China,

Germany, Korea

Apr. 1, 2014

Oct. 1, 2013

Jan. 30, 2103

May 18, 2019

May 18, 2019

Apr. 3, 2022

Aug. 26, 2023

Aug. 17, 2023

337-TA-575 Certain Lighters China Nonpatent

337-TA-590 Certain Coupler Devices for Power Supply

Facilities, Components Thereof, and

Products Containing Same

Taiwan, Germany, China Aug. 5, 2024

Source: U.S. International Trade Commission.

 This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigation. a

 Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigation. b

 Patent term extended pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 154(c). c
A-31

TABLE A.11 U.S. imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports, 2007

(Million dollars)

HTS No. Description Total imports

GSP

eligible

GSP duty

free

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, 

crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . . 107,385.6 12,710.8 7,904.3

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of

precious metal except silver, except necklaces

and clasps. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6,265.2 3,155.5 1,936.5

Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, 2709.00.10

crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . 68,825.0 2,625.7 904.5

7113.19.29 Gold necklaces and neck chains, other than 

rope or mixed link. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,144.9 703.4 593.2

7606.12.30 Aluminum alloy plates, sheets, and strip, of a 

thickness exceeding 0.2 mm, rectangular

(including square), not clad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,365.7 585.9 416.9

7113.11.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of silver,

n.e.s.o.i., valued over $18 per dozen pieces or

parts.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,191.8 474.0 413.8

8544.30.00 Ignition wiring sets, other wiring sets of a kind 

used in vehicles, aircraft or ships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,557.7 738.7 396.3

7202.41.00 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of 

carbon. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 398.1 393.7 389.7

2905.11.20 Methanol (methyl alcohol), n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700.2 1,545.4 345.7

4011.10.10 New pneumatic radial tires, of rubber, of a kind

used on motor cars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,395.6 646.5 307.1

7202.30.00 Ferrosilicon manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489.2 297.0 292.5

3907.60.00 Polyethylene terephthalate in primary forms. . . . . . . 1,121.0 276.5 265.0

4011.20.10 New pneumatic radial tires, of rubber, of a kind

used on buses or trucks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,951.7 278.4 206.5

Zinc, unwrought, not alloyed, other than casting7991.12.50

grade, containing by weight less than 99.99

percent zinc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 554.5 201.9 200.7

Fatty substances of animal or vegetable origin 3824.90.40

and mixtures thereof. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 446.9 200.1 184.8

8708.99.81 Parts and accessories of motor vehicles,

n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,570.6 213.0 174.2

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or

coloring. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 534.0 300.7 167.4

Plywood, each ply not over 6 millimeters thick, 4412.31.40

with at least one outer ply of specified tropical

woods, not surface-covered beyond clear. . . . . . . . 416.0 180.0 167.4

Ferroniobium, by weight more than 0.02 percent 7202.93.80

of phosphorus or sulfur or more than 0.4 percent

silicon.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 164.6 151.2 150.4

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends)

derived from petroleum or oils from bituminous

minerals, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . 30,704.4 441.7 148.3

Top 20 items.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 244,183.4 26,119.8 1 5,564.9

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,687,757.7 24,888.3 1 5,284.0

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,931,941.2 51,008.1 3 0,849.0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Figures do not include U.S. Virgin Island imports. The abbreviation “n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere

specified or included."
TABLE A.12 U.S. imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment, by import categories under the Harmon

2007

(Million dollars)

HTS Sector Rank Description

Total

imports

Section I 1 Live animals; animal products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 20,777 

Section II 2 Vegetable products.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 22,981 

Section III 3 Animal and vegetable fats, oils, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,393 

Section IV 4 Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits; tobacco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,297 

Section V 5 Mineral products.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 338,275 

Section VI 6 Chemical products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 147,086 

Section VII 7 Plastics and rubber.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 52,802 

Section VIII 8 Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins, saddlery; handbags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,121 

Section IX 9 Wood; charcoal; cork; straw and other plating materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,350 

Section X 10 Wood pulp; paper and paperboard.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 27,192 

Section XI 11 Textiles and textile articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 99,115 

Section XII 12 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas; artificial flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,757 

Section XIII 13 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos ceramic and glass articles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,382 

Section XIV 14 Pearls, precious or semi-precious stones; imitation jewelry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,539 

Section XV 15 Base metals and articles of base metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,711 

Section XVI 16 Machinery and appliances; electrical equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498,070 

Section XVII 17 Vehicles, aircraft, vessels, transport equipment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,410 

Section XVIII 18 Optical, photographic, medical, and musical instruments; clocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,212 

Section XIX 19 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,191 

Section XX 20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,712 

Section XXI 21 Work of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,719 

Section XXII 22 Special classification provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,850 

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,931,941 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.
A-33

TABLE A.13 U.S. imports for consumption under AGOA provisions, by source, 2005–07

Rank Source 2005 2006 2007

Percent

Change 

2006–07

1,000 dollars

1 Nigeria. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 22,460,052 25,823,091 30,137,133 16.7

2 Angola. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,216,469 4,532,941 4,767,934 5.2

3 Gabon.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,487,326 1,290,031 1,673,605 29.7

4 Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571,419 774,536 1,604,868 107.2

5 Chad.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,028,954 1,531,433 1,487,552 -2.9

6 Republic of South Africa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455,316 717,439 1,076,985 50.1

7 Lesotho.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 388,344 384,452 379,592 -1.3

8 Madagascar. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 273,193 229,541 281,443 22.6

9 Kenya. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 272,131 265,051 250,352 -5.5

10 Cameroon.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100,910 152,394 169,173 11.0

11 Swaziland. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 160,462 135,425 135,838 0.3

12 Mauritius.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 146,807 145,843 112,347 -23.0

13 Ghana.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49,927 34,874 56,151 61.0

14 Democratic Rep. of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 39478 N/A

15 Botswana. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30,044 28,225 31,331 11.0

16 Namibia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 53,058 33,019 28,579 -13.4

17 Malawi. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 32,375 29,901 27,568 -7.8

18 Ethiopia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,646 5,000 4,741 -5.2

19 Tanzania.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,812 3,022 2,815 -6.9

20 Uganda.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,854 1,490 1,189 -20.1

21 Mozambique. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,828 940 825 -12.2

22 Zambia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 8 73 796.8

23 Guinea. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 27 N/A

24 Niger.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 24 1 27 3840.0

25 Senegal. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9 14,239 14 -99.9

26 Mali.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 3 9 199.2

27 The Gambia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 0 ( ) N/A

a

28 Cape Verde. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,115 85 0 -100.0

29 Burkina Faso. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 6 0 -100.0

30 Rwanda. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1 0 0 N/A

31 Benin. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 N/A

32 Burundi. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . ( ) 0 0 N/A

b

33 Djibouti... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 N/A

34 Guinea-Bissau. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 N/A

35 Liberia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) ( ) 0 N/A

b b

36 Mauritania.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 ( ) 0 N/A

b

37 São Tomé and Principe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 N/A

38 Seychelles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 0 0 0 N/A

39 Sierra Leone.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 0 0 N/A

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32,743,077 36,132,990 42,269,649 17.0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

 U.S. value is less than $500. a

 Not AGOA-eligible. b
TABLE A.14 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA, 2005–07

HTS No. Description 2005 200

1,000 dollars

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . .

28,013,930 31,161,47

2709.00.10 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . 1,269,922 1,722,91

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from 

bituminous minerals, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105,736 870,67

2710.11.25 Naphthas, not motor fuel/blending stock, from petroleum oils/oils from bituminous minerals, 

minimum 70 percent by weight of such products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380,440 318,06

8703.23.00 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity 1,500-3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,082 328,80

6204.62.40 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . 284,633 267,69

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of

cotton, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,664 227,53

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing

15 percent or more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,972 225,84

7202.11.50 Ferromanganese containing by weight more than 4 percent carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,785 97,83

6205.20.20 Men's or boys' shirts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not certified hand-loomed and folklore 

product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,563 64,87

2710.11.15 Light motor fuel, 70 percent or more by weight from petroleum oils and bituminous minerals, 

other than crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,028 17,65

6104.62.20 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,505 57,45

6105.10.00 Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,886 49,01

6110.30.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of manmade fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,620 66,50

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,984 51,36

3823.70.60 Industrial fatty alcohols, other than derived from fatty substances of animal or vegetable

origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,693 46,09

0805.10.00 Oranges, fresh or dried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,420 46,17

6106.10.00 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,282 23,37

2204.21.50 Non-sparkling wine of fresh grapes, other than Tokay, not over 14 percent alcohol, in containers not

over 2 liters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,356 27,46

2207.10.60 Undenatured ethyl alcohol for nonbeverage purposes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,409 29,22

6204.63.35 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, of synthetic

fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,308 15,90

6104.63.20 Women's or girls' trousers, breeches and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. 32,980 30,40

2710.19.05 Distillate/residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils or oils of 

bituminous minerals, testing 25 degrees A.P.I or more.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,489 49

6103.43.15 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches and shorts, knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . 29,984 20,41

2710.11.45 Mixtures of hydrocarbons n.e.s.o.i., none comprising over half of product, 70 or more by weight 

from petroleum oils and bituminous minerals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,094 47,80

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,436,764 35,815,07

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,313 317,91

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,743,077 36,132,99

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”
A-35

TABLE A.15 U.S. imports for consumption under ATPA provisions, by source 2005–07

Rank Source 2005 2006 2007

Percent 

change

2006–07

Million dollars

1 Ecuador. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4,370.7 5,325.2 4,613.8 -13.4

2 Colombia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,653.2 4,791.2 4,527.7 -5.5

3 Peru. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,282.7 3,201.9 3,017.2 -5.8

4 Bolivia.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 157.4 166.2 148.1 -10.9

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,463.9 13,484.4 12,306.8 -8.7

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
TABLE A.16 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA, 2005–07

HTS No. Description 2005 

Million 

2709.00.10 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,182.1 5

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,770.3 2

7403.11.00 Refined copper cathodes and sections of cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.4 

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminous minerals, testing 

under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.5 

0603.11.00 Roses, fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

263.1 

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . 295.2 

2710.11.25 Naphthas, not motor fuel/blending stock, from petroleum oils/oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent 

by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.2 

0603.19.00 Anthuriums, alstroemeria, gypsophilia, lilies, snapdragons and other flowers, n.e.s.o.i., fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b

159.4 

6105.10.00 Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.8 

0709.20.90 Asparagus, fresh or chilled, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1 

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.2 

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing 15 percent or 

more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.4 

1604.14.30 Tunas and skipjack, not in oil, in airtight containers, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 

0603.14.00 Chrysanthemums, fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c

63.5 

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver, except necklaces and clasps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.1 

6106.10.00 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 

3904.10.00 Polyvinyl chloride, not mixed with any other substances, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 

0603.12.10 Carnations, other than miniature, fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d

33.2 

2005.99.80 Artichokes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e

16.6 

2613.90.00 Molybdenum ores and concentrates, not roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 

0710.80.97 Vegetables n.e.s.o.i., uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water, frozen, reduced in size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 

2611.00.60 Tungsten concentrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 

0804.50.40 Guavas, mangoes, and mangosteens, fresh, if entered during the period September 1 through May 31 of the

following year, inclusive.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 

0603.12.30 Miniature (spray) carnations, fresh 29.3 

f

7610.10.00 Doors, windows, and their frames and thresholds for doors, of aluminum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,235.0 12

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228.9 1

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,463.9 13

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff line 0603.10.60.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS statistical line 0603.10.7040. And HTS tariff line 0603.10.80.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS statistical line 0603.10.7010 and 0603.10.7020. 

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS statistical line 0603.70.30.

d

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff line 2005.90.80.

e

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff line 0603.10.30.

e
A-37

TABLE A.17 U.S. imports for consumption under CBERA provisions, by source, 2005–07

Rank Source 2005 2006 2007

Percent

change

2006–07

1,000 dollars

1 Trinidad and Tobago. ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,734,524 3,677,726 2,832,296 -23.0

2 Costa Rica. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,157,763 1,382,065 1,417,864 2.6

3 Haiti. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 303,390 379,321 430,389 13.5

4 Dominican Republic... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,483,579 2,481,035 310,104 -87.5

5 Jamaica. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 152,163 245,755 235,947 -4.0

6 Bahamas. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 111,345 125,056 137,351 9.8

7 Belize. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 54,749 72,221 54,460 -24.6

8 Panama. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40,751 33,828 31,191 -7.8

9 St. Kitts and Nevis. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 25,211 24,750 16,189 -34.6

10 Guyana.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6,721 5,098 10,099 98.1

11 St. Lucia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6,353 7,076 8,594 21.4

12 Barbados. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,859 4,765 7,100 49.0

13 Netherlands Antilles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,763 2,157 3,598 66.9

14 Aruba. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 30 171 295 72.1

15 St. Vincent and the Grenadines. . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 210 216 2.9

16 Antigua. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 34 23 132 466.3

17 British Virgin Islands.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 223 65 -71.0

18 Dominica.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 66 45 -31.9

19 Grenada...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9 56 25 -56.3

20 El Salvador. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,226,033 154,121 0 -100.0

21 Guatemala. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,246,183 652,845 0 -100.0

22 Honduras. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,372,315 555,925 0 -100.0

23 Montserrat. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 0 0 0 N/A

24 Nicaragua. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 403,798 110,981 0 -100.0

Total. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 12,336,372 9,915,473 5,495,960 -44.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. Data for 2006 include U.S. imports from El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible for

CBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force.
TABLE A.18 U.S. imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA, 2005–07

HTS No. Description 2005 2

Million dol

2709.00.20 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude, testing 25 degrees A.P.I. or more.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076.0 1,69

2905.11.20 Methanol (methyl alcohol), n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700.6 1,02

0804.30.40 Pineapples, fresh or dried, not reduced in size, in crates or other packages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.8 24

2207.10.60 Undenatured ethyl alcohol for nonbeverage purposes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.6 27

2710.11.25 Naphthas, not motor fuel/blending stock, from petroleum oils/oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent

by weight of such products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5 7

6109.10.00 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,301.4 60

6110.20.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats, and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 1,033.2 39

3903.11.00 Polystyrene, expandable, in primary forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.5 12

6203.42.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not containing 15 percent or 

more down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.1 44

2009.11.00 Frozen concentrated orange juice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 5

2710.11.45 Mixtures of hydrocarbons n.e.s.o.i., none comprising over half of product, 70 percent or more by weight from

petroleum oils and bituminous minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.2 24

4011.10.10 New pneumatic radial tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars, including station wagons and racing cars. . . 58.7 6

2710.19.05 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminous minerals, testing 

under 25 degrees A.P.I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474.6 51

6115.95.90 Stockings, socks, other hosiery n.e.s.o.i., and footwear without applied soles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton, not

lace or net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

2207.20.00 Ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 1

6109.90.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, knitted or crocheted, of man-made fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.5 12

6108.21.00 Women's or girls' briefs and panties, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.8 9

7113.19.50 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal except silver, except necklaces and clasps. . . . . . . . . . . . 192.9 23

0807.19.20 Cantaloupes, fresh, not entered Aug. 1-Sept. 15.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.7 9

6203.43.40 Men's or boys' trousers, breeches, and shorts, not knitted or crocheted, of synthetic fibers, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . 306.7 16

6107.11.00 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, knitted or crocheted, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.5 17

4016.93.50 Nonautomotive gaskets, washers, and seals of vulcanized rubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 5

1701.11.20 Other sugar to be used for the production (other than distillation) of polyhydric alcohols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 1

1701.11.10 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 14

8536.30.80 Electrical apparatus for protecting electrical circuits, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . 22.8 1

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,840.6 7,59

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,495.8 2,31

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,336.4 9,91

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included." Data for 2

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR 

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS tariff line 6115.92.90.

a
A-39

TABLE A.19 W TO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments in

2007

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS27 European Communities –

Regime for the Importation,

Sale and Distribution of

Bananas

Ecuador;

Guatemala;

Honduras; Mexico;

United States

Ecuador requests consultations under Article 21.5

(11/16/06).

Ecuador submits revised request for consultations

(11/28/06).

Colombia (11/29/2006), Belize, Côte d'Ivoire,

Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia, St.

Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname

(11/30/06), Cameroon (12/04/06), Jamaica

(12/06/06), and Panama and the United States

(12/11/06) request to join the consultations. The

European Communities accept their requests.

Ecuador requests establishment of an Article 21.5

panel (02/23/07).

DSB agrees, if possible, to refer the matter raised by

Brazil to the original panel (03/20/07).

Panel composed (06/15/07).

The United States request establishment of a 21.5

panel (06/29/07).

DSB agrees, if possible, to refer the matter raised by

Brazil to the original panel (07/12/07)

Panel composed (08/13/07).

DS267 United States – Subsidies on

Upland Cotton

Brazil DSB adopts Appellate Body report and panel report

(as modified by Appellate Body report) (03/21/05).

After the reasonable period of time for

implementation expires (09/21/05), Brazil seeks

authorization to suspend concessions, and the United

States seeks arbitration. The parties subsequently

seek suspension of arbitration proceedings

(11/21/05).

Brazil requests the establishment of a panel

(08/18/06).

DSB defers the establishment of a panel (09/01/06).

DSB agrees, if possible, to refer the matter raised by

Brazil to the original panel (09/28/06).

Panel is established (10/25/06).

Compliance panel report circulated (12/18/07).

DS268 United States – Sunset

Reviews of Anti-Dumping

Measures on Oil Country

Tubular Goods from

Argentina

Argentina The United States informs DSB it has implemented

earlier DSB recommendations and rulings in the

case; Argentina expresses doubts (12/20/05).

Argentina requests consultations (01/26/06).

Argentina requests the establishment of a panel 

(03/06/06).

DSB refers the matter raised by Argentina to the

original panel (03/17/06).

Compliance panel composed (03/20/06).

Panel report circulated (11/30/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (04/12/07).

DSB adopts Appellate Body report (05/11/07).

DS281 United States – Antidumping

Measures on Cement from

Mexico

Mexico Mexico asks the panel to suspend its proceedings in

the context of negotiations to find a mutually agreed

solution, and the panel agrees (01/16/06).
A-40

TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

DS282 United States – Antidumping

Measures on Oil Country

Tubular Goods from Mexico

Mexico Appellate Body report circulated (11/02/05).

The United States issues statement of intent to

implement the recommendations and rulings of the

DSB (12/20/05).

Agreement reached on the reasonable period of time

for implementation (02/15/06).

Statement by Mexico of non-conformity regarding

agreed timelimits (05/30/06).

Mexico requests consultations under DSU Article

21.5 (08/21/06).

Mutually agreed solution is reached (05/16/07).

DS285 United States – Measures

Affecting Cross-Border

Supply of Gambling and

Betting Services

Antigua and

Barbuda

Parties agree to procedures under DSU Articles 21

and 22 (05/24/06).

Antigua and Barbuda request consultations

(06/08/06).

Antigua and Barbuda request establishment of a

panel (07/06/06).

DSB refers matter to original panel if possible

(07/19/06).

Panel composed (08/16/06).

Panel report circulated (03/30/07).

DSB adopts panel report (05/22/07).

Antigua and Barbuda seeks authorization to suspend

concessions (06/21/07).

The United States objects and seeks arbitration

(07/23/07).

DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (07/24/08).

Arbitrator’s decision circulated (12/21/07).

DS291 European Communities –

Measures Affecting the

Approval and Marketing of

Biotech Products

United States Panel reports circulated (09/29/06).

DSB adopts the panel reports (11/21/06).

The European Communities announce its intention to

implement recommendations and rulings and

announce intent to discuss appropriate timeframe

pursuant to DSU Article 21.3(b) with Argentina,

Canada and the United States (12/19/06).

The United States and European Communities agree

on a reasonable period of time for implementation

(06/21/07).
TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

A-41

DS294 United States – Laws,

Regulations and

Methodology for Calculating

Dumping Margins (Zeroing)

European

Communities

Panel report circulated (10/31/05).

The European Communities notify its decision to

appeal (01/17/06).

The United States notifies its decision to appeal

(01/30/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (04/18/06).

DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the panel

report, as modified by the Appellate Body report

(5/9/06).

The United States announces that it intends to

implement the DSB recommendations and rulings

(05/30/06).

The United States and the European Communities

agree, pursuant to DSU Article 21.3(b), to the

reasonable period of time for implementation

(07/28/06).

The United States and the European Communities

reach an Understanding on Article 21 and 22

procedures (05/04/07).

The European Communities request Article 21.5

consultations (07/09/07).

Brazil and Korea request to join the consultations

(07/20/07).

The European Communities request establishment of

a panel (09/13/07).

DS295 Mexico – Definitive

Antidumping Measures on

Beef and Rice

United States DSU adopts Appellate Body report and panel report

as modified by the Appellate Body report (12/20/05).

Mexico states that it will implement the

recommendations and rulings of the DSB but needs

agreement on the reasonable period of time for

implementation; Mexico agrees to consult with the

United States (01/20/06).

Mexico and the United States inform DSB that they

have reached agreement on the reasonable period of

time for implementation; Mexico will comply in August

2006 (in part) and in December 2006 (in part)

(05/18/06).

Parties reach an Understanding on procedure for

Articles 21 and 22 (01/16/07).

DS322 United States – Measures

Relating to Zeroing and

Sunset Reviews

Japan Panel report circulated (09/20/06).

Japan notifies decision to appeal certain issues of law

(10/11/06).

The United States notifies its decision to appeal

certain issues of law (10/23/06).

Appellate Body report circulated (01/9/07).

DSB adopts appellate body report (01/23/07).

Agreement reached on the reasonable period of time

for implementation (05/04/07).

Japan seeks authorization to suspend concessions

(01/10/08).

The United States seeks arbitration (01/18/08).

DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (01/21/08).
TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

A-42

DS334 Turkey – Measures Affecting

the Importation of Rice

United States Th United States requests establishment of a panel

(02/06/06).

Panel established (03/17/06).

Panel composed (07/31/06).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (01/31/07).

Panel report circulated (09/21/07).

DSB adopts panel report (10/22/07).

DS335 United States – Antidumping

Measure on Shrimp from

Ecuador

Ecuador Ecuador requests establishment of a panel

(06/08/06).

Panel established (07/19/06).

Panel composed (09/26/06).

Panel report circulated (01/30/07).

DSB adopts panel report (02/20/07).

Agreement reached on the reasonable period of time

for implementation (03/26/07).

DS340 China – Measures Affecting

Imports of Automobile Parts

United States The United States requests consultations with China

(03/30/06).

The United States requests establishment of a panel

(09/15/06).

DSB establishes a single panel pursuant to DSU

Article 9.1 to consider similar complaints against

China made by the European Communities (DS339),

the United States (DS340), and Canada (DS342)

(10/26/06).

Panel composed (01/29/07).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (07/16/07).

DS343 United States – Measures

Relating to Shrimp from

Thailand 

Thailand Thailand requests consultations (04/24/06).

Thailand requests establishment of a panel

(09/15/06).

Panel established (10/26/06).

Panel composed (01/26/07).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (07/21/07).

Panel report circulated (02/29/08).

DS344 United States – Final

Antidumping Measures on

Stainless Steel from Mexico

Mexico Mexico requests consultations (05/26/06).

Japan requests to join the consultations (06/09/06).

Mexico requests establishment of a panel (10/12/06).

Panel established (10/26/06).

Panel composed (12/20/06).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (05/21/07).

Panel report circulated (12/20/07).
TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

A-43

DS345 United States – Customs

Bond Directive for

Merchandise Subject to

Anti-Dumping/Countervailing

Duties

India India requests consultations (06/06/06).

Brazil, China, and Thailand request to join the

consultations (06/21/06).

India requests establishment of a panel (10/13/06).

Panel established (11/21/06).

Panel composed (01/26/07).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (07/27/07).

DS347 European Communities and

Certain Member States –

Measures Affecting Trade in

Large Civil Aircraft (Second

Complaint)

United States The United States requests consultations with

France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and

the European Communities (01/31/06).

The United States requests establishment of a panel

(04/10/06).

Panel established (05/09/06).

Panel composed (07/17/06).

The United States requests the panel to suspend its

work in accordance with DSU Article 12.12

(10/06/06).

Panel agrees to suspend work (10/09/06).

Authority of the panel lapsed (10/07/07).

DS350 United States – Continued

Existence and Application of

Zeroing Methodology

European

Communities

The European Communities request consultations

(10/02/06).

The European Communities expand their request for

consultations (10/09/06).

Japan (10/10/06),Thailand (10/12/06), Brazil, and

India (10/13/06) request to join the consultations. The

United States accepts their requests.

The European Communities request establishment of

a panel (05/10/07).

DSB defers establishment of a panel (05/22/07).

Panel established (06/04/07).

Panel composed (07/06/07).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (10/01/07).

A panelist resigns (11/08/07).

New panelist appointed (11/27/07).

DS353 United States – Measures

Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft (Second Complaint)

European

Communities

The European Communities request consultations

with the United States (06/27/05).

The European Communities request establishment of

a panel (01/20/06).

Panel established (02/17/06).

Panel composed (11/22/06).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (05/18/07).
TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

A-44

DS357 United States – Subsidies

and Other Domestic Support

for Corn and Other

Agricultural Products

Canada Canada requests consultations with the United States

(01/08/07).

Australia (01/18/07), Argentina, Brazil, the European

Communities, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Thailand

(01/19/07), and Uruguay (01/22/07) request to join

the consultations. The United States accepts their

requests. Canada requests establishment of a panel

(06/07/07).

DSB defers establishment of the panel (06/20/07).

Canada withdraws its request for establishment of a

panel (11/15/07).

DS358 China – Certain Measures

Granting Refunds,

Reductions or Exemptions

from Taxes and Other

Payments

United States The United States requests consultations with China

(02/02/07).

The United States requests establishment of a panel

(07/12/07).

DSB defers establishment of a panel (07/24/07).

Panel established (08/31/07).

China and the United States inform the DSB they

have reached an agreement (12/19/07).

DS360 India – Additional and

Extra-Additional Duties on

Imports from the United

States

United States The United States requests consultations with India

(03/06/07).

The European Communities (03/16/07) and Australia

(03/21/07) request to accepts their requests.

The United States request establishment of a panel

(05/24/07).

DSB defers the establishment of a pane (06/04/07).

Panel established (06/20/07).

Panel composed (07/03/07).

Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will not

be able to complete its work within the standard 6-

month time frame (12/17/07).

DS362 China – Measures Affecting

the Protection and

Enforcement of Intellectual

Property Rights

United States The United States requests consultations with China

(04/10/07). Japan (04/20/07), the European

Communities, Canada (04/25/07), and Mexico

(04/26/07) request to join consultations. China

accepts their requests.

The United States requests establishment of panel

(08/13/07).

DSB defers establishment of panel (08/31/07).

Panel established (09/25/07).

Panel composed (12/13/07).

DS363 China – Measures Affecting

Trading Rights and

Distribution Services for

Certain Publications and

Audiovisual Entertainment

Products

United States The United States requests consultations with China

(04/10/07).

The European Communities request to join the

consultation (04/25/07). China accepts the request.

The United States requests establishment of a panel

(10/10/07).

DSB defers establishment of a panel (10/22/07).

Panel established (11/27/07).
TABLE A.19–Continued

Case No. Title Complainant Action (Month/Day/Year)

A-45

DS365 United States – Domestic

Support and Export Credit

Guarantees for Agricultural

Products

Brazil Brazil requests consultations with the United States

(07/11/07).

Canada (07/20/07), Guatemala (07/23/07), Costa

Rica, Mexico (07/24/07), the European Communities

(07/25/07), Argentina, Australia, India, Nicaragua

(07/26/07), and Thailand (07/27/07) request to join

the consultations. The United States accepts the

requests.

Canada and Brazil request establishment of a panel

(11/08/07).

DSB defers establishment of the panel (11/27/07).

Panel established (12/17/07).

DS368 United States – Preliminary

Anti-Dumping and

Countervailing Duty

Determinations on Coated

Free Sheet Paper from

China

China China requests consultations with the United States

(09/14/07).

Source: WTO, "Chronological List of Disputes Cases,"

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm.

Note: This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007; pending cases in which little or no formal

action occurred are omitted. Where appropriate, pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actions

in context.
A-46

TABLE A.20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party, developments in

2007

File No. Dispute Action (Month/Day/Year)

Chapter 19 Binational Panel Decisions

USA-MEX-2001-1904-03 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (Commerce Full Sunset

Review of the Antidumping Duty

Order)

Commerce issues third redetermination on remand

(08/17/06).

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to

Commerce (01/17/07).

Commerce issues fourth redetermination on remand

(2/6/07).

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to

Commerce (06/01/07).

Commerce issues fifth redetermination on remand

(06/11/07).

Panel affirms Commerce’s fifth redetermination

(07/19/07).

USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (Commerce Final Results

of the 4th Antidumping Duty

Administrative Review)

Panel remands to Commerce (08/11/06).

Commerce issues second redetermination on

remand (10/05/06).

Panel affirms second redetermination on remand

(01/16/07).

USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 Oil Country Tubular Goods from

Mexico (USITC Five-Year Review

of the Antidumping Duty)

Oral argument held (08/22/06).

Panel affirms Commission determination (03/22/07).

USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 Certain Softwood Lumber

Products from Canada

(Commerce Final Affirmative

Antidumping Determination)

Panel grants motion to dismiss on grounds that

revocation of antidumping duty order renders

proceeding moot (01/05/07).

USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel

Wire Rod from Canada

(Commerce Final Affirmative

Antidumping Determination)

Panel constituted (01/17/07).

Panel affirms in part and remands in part to

Commerce (11/28/07).

Source: NAFTA Secretariat, "Status Report NAFTA & FTA Dispute Settlement Proceedings,"

htp://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=9.

Note: This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007; pending cases in which little or no formal

action occurred are omitted. Where appropriate, pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actions

in context.
TABLE A.21 U.S. merchandise trade with the European Union by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

a

SITC Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5,126.2 5,132.0 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,271.5 1,544.1 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,173.8 8,421.6 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,981.8 5,636.1 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.1 249.4 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,210.2 41,428.7 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,604.9 13,337.4 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 74,245.4 85,161.4 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 23,883.1 26,840.4 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . 6,655.4 9,529.5 

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 168,289.4 197,280.6 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,558.7 4,681.4 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,976.5 9,160.5 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,206.1 3,456.9 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,150.4 23,957.8 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882.1 980.9 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,192.2 72,553.7 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,603.6 36,730.2 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119,613.6 124,866.9 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 36,505.5 38,674.1 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,939.3 15,835.7 

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 308,628.0 330,898.1 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."

 Includes 27 EU countries.

a
TABLE A.22 Leading U.S. exports to the European Union by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

a

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 

Millio

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,700.0 

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,493.1 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,611.4 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over

1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,486.4 

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,114.3 

3002.10 Antisera and other blood fractions, and modified immunological products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,060.5 

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, excluding powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.2 

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,179.9 

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,257.9 

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by weight of 

such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,020.4 

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, including 

switching/routing apparatus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,620.7 

8703.33 Passenger motor vehicles with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel), cylinder capacity over

 2,500 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.2 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,486.4 

3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, except pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,001.3 

2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,274.4 

9701.10 Paintings, drawings and pastels, executed entirely by hand, framed or not framed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.0 

8411.99 Gas turbines parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,593.9 

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,605.7 

2933.39 Heterocyclic compounds containing an unfused pyridine ring, whether or not hydrogenated, in the structure, n.e.s.o.i.. 1,116.0 

7112.99 Waste and scrap of precious metals, other than of gold or platinum, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.5 

9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and accessories thereof.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514.8 

9021.90 Appliances n.e.s.o.i., worn, carried, or implanted in the body, to compensate for a defect or disability; parts and 

accessories thereof.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,435.7 

9018.19 Electro-diagnostic apparatus n.e.s.o.i., and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993.7 

3824.90 Other chemical products and preparations of the chemical and allied industries, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.7 

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,154.7 6

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,134.7 13

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,289.4 19

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."

 Includes 27 EU countries.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8517.30 and 8517.50.

b
TABLE A.23 Leading U.S. imports from the European Union by HTS subheading, 2005–07

a

HTS subheading Description 2005 20

Million doll

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . 17,021.1 19,22

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17,711.6 17,87

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,393.2 15,87

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,175.2 14,11

2934.99 Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not chemically defined; other heterocyclic compounds, 

n.e.s.o.i..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,553.1 6,53

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent 

by weight of such products, not light. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5,296.7 5,06

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 4,453.6 4,92

2933.99 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,301.7 6,48

9701.10 Paintings, drawings and pastels, executed entirely by hand, framed or not framed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,792.0 3,65

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,072.4 2,93

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,901.2 2,90

2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,236.9 1,89

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,047.6 2,46

2204.21 Wine n.e.s.o.i. of fresh grapes or fortified wine, in containers not over 2 liters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,938.8 2,20

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,808.4 2,30

3004.39 Medicaments, in measured doses, containing hormones or derivatives/steroids used primarily as 

hormones, but not containing antibiotics, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,864.5 2,12

3302.10 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures with a basis of these substances, used in the 

food or drink industries. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,025.6 2,01

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 1,407.5 1,58

8502.31 Electric generating sets, wind-powered. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 407.2 88

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.7 1,63

2203.00 Beer made from malt. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,417.5 1,59

3002.10 Antisera and other blood fractions, and modified immunological products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163.6 1,26

8481.80 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,214.1 1,35

9021.39 Artificial parts of the body and parts and accessories thereof, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.5 49

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 107,625.8 121,45

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 201,002.2 209,44

Total of all commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 308,628.0 330,89

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Includes 27 EU countries.

a
TABLE A.24 U.S. merchandise trade with Canada, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code No. Description 2005 200

Million dolla

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9,523.5 10,773

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 533.4 639

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,356.1 6,077

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,051.6 8,413

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 292.1 318

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 21,153.9 22,924

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,458.1 29,326

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 88,563.3 94,284

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 17,338.0 18,812

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,965.0 6,655

Total all exports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 183,234.9 198,226

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 12,811.5 13,759

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 849.1 833

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13,287.8 13,424

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,362.7 72,853

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 444.4 561

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 19,764.9 22,176

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,447.6 48,084

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 98,973.1 98,002

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 16,269.9 16,451

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,322.7 16,886

Total all imports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 287,533.5 303,034

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
TABLE A.25 Leading U.S. exports to Canada, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

sub-heading Description 2005 200

Million dolla

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,713.3 6,563.

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,893.8 5,830.

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine, gross vehicle

weight not exceeding 5 mt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,666.6 4,353.

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,334.0 5,168.

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,454.9 3,956.

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,526.7 2,578.

2711.21 Natural gas, gaseous state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,787.1 2,048.

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,526.2 4,370.

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by weight 

of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,617.8 2,003.

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.4 733.

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511.8 1,727.

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,602.7 1,407.

8708.50 Drive axles with differential for motor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.4 882.

7606.12 Rectangular plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick, of aluminum alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,198.6 1,369.

7112.91 Gold waste and scrap, including metal clad with gold but excluding sweepings containing other precious 

metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471.6 1,013.

8704.22 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i., with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine, 

weighing 5 to 20 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,183.5 1,291.

8708.30 Brakes and servo-brakes for motor vehicles, and parts thereof.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

1,144.4 2,003.

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055.1 994.

8716.10 Trailers and semi-trailers for housing or camping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647.2 908.

8704.21 Trucks, n.e.s.o.i., diesel engine, gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.1 986.

8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,556.0 1,744.

8523.40 Optical media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) ( 

b b

4902.90 Newspapers, etc. appearing less than 4 times per week.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.7 965.

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606.2 2,003.

2716.00 Electrical energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039.1 1,052.

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,027.3 54,003.

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,207.6 144,222.

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,234,877 198,226.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under Schedule B subheadings 8708.31 and 8708.39.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B headings 8523 and 8524.

b
TABLE A.26 Leading U.S. imports from Canada, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS subheading Description 2005 20

Million dol

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,119.8 32,88

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder

capacity over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31,373.7 30,90

2711.21 Natural gas, gaseous state.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 26,871.8 24,21

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine, gross 

vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,803.4 6,64

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,902.3 5,58

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products, not light...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,324.8 5,21

4407.10 Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, of thickness exceeding 6mm.. . . . . . . 6,610.4 6,03

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,181.9 4,21

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 1,743.3 2,58

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,377.0 3,08

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,079.5 4,83

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,059.0 2,43

7601.10 Unwrought auminum, alloys. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,073.8 2,88

2716.00 Electrical energy.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,479.3 2,51

7601.10 Aluminum, not alloyed, unwrought. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,709.9 2,42

4802.61 Uncoated paper/paperboard for writing/printing/other graphic purposes n.e.s.o.i., over 10 percent fiber

by mechanical process, in rolls.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,281.2 2,21

4801.00 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,979.2 2,98

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,472.8 1,82

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, excluding powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,418.9 1,80

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,097.4 1,59

7502.10 Nickel, not alloyed, unwrought. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 773.2 1,10

4703.21 Chemical woodpulp, soda or sulfate, other than dissolving grades, semibleached or bleached, 

coniferous wood. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,680.4 1,65

2711.12 Propane, liquefied.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,651.5 1,79

7403.11 Refined copper, cathodes and sections of cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878.4 1,31

3104.20 Medicaments, for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, in measured doses, containing antibiotics other

than penicillins.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,236.6 1,19

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 147,179.4 153,97

All other.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 140,354.1 149,05

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 287,533.5 303,03

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc
TABLE A.27 U.S. merchandise trade with China, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,108.3 1,412.1 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15.2 81.1 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 9,693.7 13,630.0 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.0 200.1 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 21.7 72.1 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5,318.9 6,153.0 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,004.1 3,606.1 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16,347.9 22,508.3 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,834.4 3,475.5 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.6 485.9 

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38,856.7 51,624.1 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,756.6 3,568.9 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28.6 29.7 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,337.8 1,487.9 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.0 1,088.7 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 15.8 22.6 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5,135.0 6,191.4 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,077.1 36,258.2 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108,947.0 131,221.4 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 92,490.6 103,705.3 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,900.3 3,478.4 

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 242,638.0 287,052.4 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
TABLE A.28 Leading U.S. exports to China, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 2

Million d

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,715.1 5,2

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,253.1 2,5

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

7404.00 Copper waste and scrap.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 676.3 1,4

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 702.5 1,4

5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,397.1 2,0

8542.32 Electronic integrated circuits, memories.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

a 

8542.39 Electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s.o.i..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) 

a 

8486.20 Machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits.. ( ) 

b 

7204.29 Waste and scrap, of non-stainless alloy steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.4 6

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 510.4 7

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.3 8

4101.50 Whole raw bovine or equine hides and skins, weight exceeding 16 kilograms, fresh, pickled or 

preserved but not tanned or further prepared. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 485.0 6

4707.90 Recovered waste and scrap paper or paperboard, n.e.s.o.i., including unsorted such waste and scrap.. . 166.9 4

0207.14 Chicken cuts and edible offal, including livers, frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 2

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.3 3

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 595.0 4

2603.00 Copper ores and concentrates. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 111.9 2

7204.21 Waste and scrap, of stainless steel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 233.4 2

4707.10 Waste and scrap of unbleached kraft paper or paperboard or of corrugated paper or paperboard.. . . . . . 311.7 3

4707.30 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard, mainly of mechanical pulp (for example,

newspapers, journals and similar printed matter). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 2

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, 

including switching/routing apparatus.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

c 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 109.9 2

2804.61 Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99 percent of silicon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 1

3902.10 Polypropylene, in primary forms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 193.3 2

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13,047.5 18,9

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25,809.1 32,6

Total of all commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38,856.7 51,6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8517.30, and 8517.50.

c
TABLE A.29 Leading U.S. imports from China, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2005 2

Million do

8471.30 Portable digital automated data processing machines not exceeding 10 kg, with at least a CPU,

keyboard and display. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 10,670.3 12.8

8517.12 Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,466.8 11,3

9503.00 Tricycles, scooters, similar wheeled toys; dolls, doll’s carriages, and other toys, puzzles, reduced 

b

scale models.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 8,481.5 8,5

9504.10 Video games used with television receiver and parts and accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,356.5 3,6

6403.99 Footwear not covering the ankles, with outer soles of rubber or plastics or composition leather and

uppers of leather.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 5,252.3 5,7

8528.51 Monitors, other than cathode-ray tube, designed for use with automatic data processing machines. . . ( ) 

c 

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, 

including switching/routing apparatus.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) 

d 

8525.80 Television cameras, digital cameras, and video camera recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e 2,709.4 3,2

8528.72 Reception apparatus for televisions, incorporating a screen or video display device, color.. . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

f 

8471.70 Automatic data processing storage units. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,356.3 2,9

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,576.1 1,9

6402.99 Footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber and plastics, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,671.7 2,8

8528.59 Monitors, other than cathode-ray tube, not designed for use with automatic data processing machines. ( ) 

g 

9403.60 Wooden furniture, other than of a kind used in the bedroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,612.3 2,8

8443.99 Parts and accessories of printers, copying and facsimile machines, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

h 

8504.40 Static converters.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,993.9 2,4

9504.90 Game machines except coin-operated; board games; mah-jog; dominoes; dice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,292.1 2,0

8521.90 Video recording or producing apparatus, whether or not including a video tuner, other than magnetic 

tape-type.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,894.7 3,4

8443.31 Machines that perform two or more of the functions of printing, copying, facsimile transmission, able 

to connect to a computer or network.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . () 

i 

4202.92 Trunks, cases, bags and similar containers, with outer surface of plastic sheeting or of texting

materials. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,831.5 2,1

9403.20 Metal furniture, other than of a kind used in offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

j 1,692.2 1,8

8443.32 Other printers, copying and facisimile machines, capable of connecting to a computer or network,

n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,349.2 4,4

9505.10 Articles for Christmas festivities and parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,855.8 1,9

8519.81 Other apparatus using magnetic, optical or semiconductor media.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

k 

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65,042.8 74,1
TABLE A.29–Continued

HTS

subheading Description 2005 2

Million do

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 177,595.2 212,9

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 242,638.0 287,0

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8425.20.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS headings 9501, 9502, and 9503.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8471.60.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8517.30, 8517.50, and 8525.10.

d

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS subheadings 8525.30 and 8525.40.

e

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8528.12 and 8528.13.

f

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8528.21 and 8528.22.

g

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS headings 8472, 8473, 8517, 8529, and 9009.

h

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8417.60.

i

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff lines 8471.60.51 through 8471.60.67 inclusive, 8517.21.00, and 8517.22.00.

j

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS headings 8519 and 8520.

k
TABLE A.30 U.S. merchandise trade with Mexico, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,630.8 8,009.2 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 114.8 144.0 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,913.7 4,568.3 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,342.4 5,701.0 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.9 374.5 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 13,807.1 15,934.2 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,312.6 18,527.5 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 41,370.1 46,221.4 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9,680.9 10,457.3 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,093.4 4,625.0 

Total exports commodities... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 101,666.7 114,562.3 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,960.1 7,752.6 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,072.2 2,463.1 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,195.3 1,224.1 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,997.6 32,161.4 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 52.6 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,319.4 3,982.2 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,740.2 14,983.5 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 88,330.6 104,474.4 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21,756.8 21,857.4 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,796.0 8,104.4 

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 169,216.1 197,055.6 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
TABLE A.31 Leading U.S. exports to Mexico, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 20

Million doll

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70

percent by weight of such products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,244.3 3,21

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,316.5 2,89

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent

by weight of such products, not light.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,292.2 1,49

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999.6 1,24

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,751.9 2,11

8408.20 Compression-ignition internal-combustion piston engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583.6 1,49

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,779.5 1,52

3926.90 Articles of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 3901 to 3914, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539.7 1,59

8703.23

Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,165.2 1,47

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 652.1 1,07

8538.90 Parts for electrical apparatus for electrical circuits; for electrical control n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,404.8 1,52

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 845.7 90

8529.90 Parts, except antennas, for transmission, radar, radio, television, etc., n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2 91

7326.90 Articles of iron or steel n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 890.4 1,06

8536.90 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028.3 1,09

8544.49 Insulated electric conductors, for a voltage not exceeding 80 volts, not fitted with connectors,

n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 545.0 67

7408.11 Wire of refined copper, with a maximum cross sectional dimension over 6 millimeters.. . . . . . . . . . . 493.3 92

3902.10 Polypropylene, in primary forms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 610.1 74

3923.10 Boxes, cases, crates and similar articles, of plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.1 77

2902.43 Para-xylene. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 441.7 64

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 543.2 53

9504.10 Video games used with television receiver and parts and accessories .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.0 15

0201.30 Meat of bovine animals, boneless, fresh or chilled.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.0 75

7606.12 Rectangular plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick, of aluminum alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.6 56

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 445.8 41

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25,972.9 29,85

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 75,693.8 84,70

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 101,666.7 114,56

Source : Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc
TABLE A.32 Leading U.S. imports from Mexico, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2005 2006 

Million dollar

2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,364.0 29,195.5 

8528.72 Reception apparatus for televisions, incorporating a screen or video display device, color.. . . . . ( ) ( 

a a

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,179.4 10,639.0 

8704.31 Motor vehicles for transporting goods, with spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engine,

gross vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3,044.0 4,694.4 

8544.30 Insulated ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, aircraft or ships.. . 4,339.1 4,285.0 

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 8471.41 and 8471.49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,654.7 3,644.4 

8528.71 Reception apparatus for televisions, not designed to incorporate a screen or video display 

device...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) ( 

a a

9401.90 Parts of seats (except medical, barbers, dentist, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998.3 3,111.

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,284.6 3,039.8 

8517.12 Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) ( 

b b

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other

data, including switching/routing apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) ( 

c c

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,617.5 3,011.9 

8517.70 Parts of telecommunications apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . ( ) ( 

d d

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,309.5 2,583.2 

8704.22 Motor vehicles for goods transport n.e.s.o.i, with compression-ignition internal combustion 

piston engine, weighing 5 to 20 metric tons. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 730.6 801.9 

8704.21 Trucks, n.e.s.o.i., diesel engine, gorss vehicle weight not exceeding 5 mt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075.0 2,808.5 

8537.10 Boards, panels, consoles, other components incorporating apparatus for control or distribution 

of electricity, for voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,425.4 1,662.6 

8418.10 Combined refrigerator-freezers, fitted with separate external doors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991.0 1,701.5 

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . 1,310.6 1,555.4 

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295.1 1,493.0 

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,355.6 1,364.5 

2203.00 Beer made from malt. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,340.5 1,600.4 

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046.2 1,199.4 

8407.34 Reciprocating spark-ignition piston engines, of a cylinder capacity over 1,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,821.7 1,453.5 

6203.42 Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts not knitted or crocheted, 

of cotton. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,430.9 1,327.5 

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 67,613.6 81,172.6 
TABLE A.32–Continued

HTS

subheading Description 2005 2006 

Million dollar

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 101,602.5 115,883.0 

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 169,216.1 197,055.6 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8528.12 and 8528.13.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8425.20.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8517.30, 8517.50, and 8525.10.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8473.30, 8517.90, and 8529.10.

d
TABLE A.33 U.S. merchandise trade with Japan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 7,431.0 7,805.3 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,210.8 1,244.3 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,939.3 3,566.2 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680.7 600.8 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 64.6 65.1 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7,907.1 8,459.5 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,815.7 3,293.4 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18,793.5 20,631.5 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 7,934.6 8,571.5 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.4 1,357.9 

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51,498.7 55,595.5 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 424.3 446.7 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 51.6 47.3 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 323.2 442.7 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519.7 955.9 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0 26.2 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,293.1 7,826.2 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,988.3 8,796.8 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 104,236.3 113,407.9 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 11,812.5 11,400.8 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,156.3 4,720.4 

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 137,831.3 148,070.7 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
TABLE A.34 Leading U.S. exports to Japan, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 2

Million do

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,099.4 3,4

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,592.0 1,9

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,611.2 1,9

8486.20 Machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated 

circuits.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

a 

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 787 8

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 762.1 9

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . 552.4 7

2804.61 Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99 percent of silicon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450.9 5

2844.20 Uranium and its compounds enriched in u235; plutonium and its compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.1 5

2402.20 Cigarettes containing tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 877.9 9

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 506.2 5

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 509.9 5

0203.19 Meat of swine, n.e.s.o.i, fresh or chilled. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 493.7 4

3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, except pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454.2 4

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.4 4

9018.39 Medical etc. needles n.e.s.o.i., catheters, cannulae and the like; parts and accessories thereof. . . . 488.9 4

8529.90 Parts, except antennas, for transmission, radar, radio, television, etc., n.e.s.o.i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.8 6

0203.29 Meat of swine, n.e.s.o.i., frozen. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 394.9 3

4403.20 Coniferous wood in the rough, not treated. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 458.4 4

7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal (excluding silver). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.6 5

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650.9 6

1214.90 Rutabagas (swedes), mangolds, fodder roots, hay, clover, kale, vetches, and other forage products,

n.e.s.o.i., whether or not in pellet form. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 347.4 3

9031.41 Optical instruments for inspecting semiconductor wafers or devices, or photomasks or reticles used 

in manufacturing these items. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 365.2 3

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration or voice, images or other

data, including switching/routing apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

c 

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 15,948.7 18,2

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 35,549.9 37,3

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 51,498.7 55,5

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8517.30, and 8517.50.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

c
TABLE A.35 Leading U.S. imports from Japan, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2005 

Million 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 18,662.1 20,4

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder 

capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 12,932.0 17,4

8703.22 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine

over 1,000 but over 1,500 cc.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,490.9 5,

8443.99 Parts and accessories of printers, copying and facsimile machines, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

8525.80 Television cameras, digital cameras, and video camera recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b 3,655.7 3,4

8708.40 Gear boxes for motor vehicles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,924.4 2,

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,173.5 3,

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,038.0 1,4

8486.20 Machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits.. . ( ) 

c 

8429.52 Self-propelled mechanical shovels and excavators, with a 360-degree revolving superstructure. . . . . . . . . 1,787.1 2,

8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition internal-combustion piston engines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295.4 1,

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . 1,275.6 1,

3818.00 Chemical elements doped for use in electronics, in the form of discs, wafers, similar forms; chemical

compounds doped for use in electronics. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 792.1 

8471.30 Portable digital automated data processing machines not exceeding 10 kg, with at least a CPU, keyboard

and display. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 841.0 1,

8711.50 Motorcycles and cycles, with an auxiliary motor, with a reciprocating internal combustion piston engine,

cylinder capacity over 800 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 898.4 1,

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 570.5 

8701.90 Tractors, n.e.s.o.i..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,074.4 1,

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleium oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by 

weight of such products, not light 203.8 

8711.40 Motorcycles and cycles with auxiliary motor, with reciprocating internal combustion piston engine,cylinder

capacity 500 to 800 cc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 942.6 

8523.29 Magnetic media, other than cards incorporating a magnetic stripe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

d 

8542.32 Electronic integrated circuits, memories.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) 

d 

4011.10 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars, including station wagons and racing cars. 839.7 

8542.31 Electronic monolithic digital integrated circuits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

e 

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.0 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685.7 3,

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 61,000.8 70,
TABLE A.35–Continued

HTS

subheading Description 2005 

Million 

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 76,830.4 77,

Total of all commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 137,831.3 148,

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS headings 8472, 8473, 8517, 8529, and 9009.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS subheadings 8525.30 and 8525.40.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS chapters 84, 85, and 90.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS headings 8523 and 8524.

d

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

e
TABLE A.36 U.S. merchandise trade with Korea, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,745.5 2,478.4 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 52.5 65.1 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,028.0 2,082.1 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.0 872.1 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32.4 60.9 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,302.6 4,331.4 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,095.6 1,288.6 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 13,119.5 15,894.7 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,835.3 3,281.3 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.9 439.2 

Total all exports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 26,210.4 30,793.9 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 238.0 245.8 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 59.6 67.4 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 346.7 317.1 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.1 1,857.9 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.9 1.1 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,704.0 1,856.8 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,878.9 5,827.7 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 31,044.0 30,958.3 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,876.8 2,697.4 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.5 884.5 

Total all imports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 43,154.5 44,713.9 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified.”
TABLE A.37 Leading U.S. exports to Korea, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 

Million 

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,212.2 2

8486.20 Machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

8542.39 Electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.4 

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850.2 1

9030.82 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking semiconductor wafers or devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.5 

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

c 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489.6 

8541.29 Transistors, other than photosensitive, with a dissipation rate greater than or equal to 1 watt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.8 

2926.10 Acrylonitrile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.1 

8541.50 Other semiconductor devices, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.3 

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.5 

2902.50 Styrene (vinylbenzene; phenylethylene). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.2 

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.7 

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.1 

8486.90 Parts and accessories of machines and apparatus used in the manufacture of semiconductors, flat panels, or

electronic integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

9001.90 Lenses, except contact and spectacle, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, unmounted, other than of glass not

optically worked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.8 

8542.90 Parts for electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by weight of such 

products, not light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.1 

2707.30 Xylenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 

7407.00 Copper waste and scrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.5 

9305.91 Parts and accessories for military weapons, excluding revolvers and pistols, and swords, bayonets, lances, and

similar arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 

2608.00 Zinc ores and concentrates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.2 

Total of items shown.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,398.4 8

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,812.0 22

T. .o.ta.l .o.f .a.ll. c.o.m. .m.o.d.it.ie. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,210.4 30

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included.”

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

c
TABLE A.38 Leading U.S. imports from Korea, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2005 20

Million dol

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 1,500 but not over 3,000 cc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,138.1 6,12

8517.12 Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks ( ) 

a 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine, 

cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,746.7 2,97

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765.5 2,07

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by

weight of such products, not light...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 882.9 1,43

8542.32 Electronic integrated circuits, memories.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

b 

8542.39 Electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) 

b 

8708.29 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582.0 72

4011.10 New pneumatic tires, or rubber, or a kind used on motor cars, including station wagons and racing 

cars. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 418.9 50

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

2902.20 Benzene. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 253.4 43

8418.10 Combined refrigerator-freezers, fitted with separate external doors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.0 40

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 

percent by weight of such products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,158.0 38

8450.20 Household- or laundry-type washing machines, with a dry linen capacity exceeding 10 kilograms.. . . 100.9 13

8429.52 Self-propelled mechanical shovels and excavators, with a 360-degree revolving superstructure. . . . . 335.2 43

8451.29 Drying machines for textile yarns, fabrics, or made up textile articles, with a dry linen capacity 

c

exceeding 10 kilograms. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 97.6 17

8708.30 Brakes and servo-brakes for motor vehicles, and parts thereof.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.9 17

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.5 20

8517.70 Parts of telecommunications apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

d 

8471.80 Automated data processing machines storage units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.0 15

4810.19 Writing/graphic paper and paperboard, coated with kaolin, not over 10% fiber obtained by a 

mechanical process, in sheets, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 197.2 21

4011.20 New pneumatic tires, of rubber, of a kind used on buses or trucks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.9 24

8525.60 Transmission apparatus for radio-brocasting or television, incorporating reception apparatus. . . . . . . ( ) 

e 

8504.23 Liquid dielectric transformers having a power handling capacity exceeding 10,000, kva. . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 9

8528.51 Monitors, other than cathode-ray tube, designed for use with automatic data processing machines. . ( ) 

f 
TABLE A.38–Continued

HTS

subheading Description 2005 20

Million dol

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 14,799.7 16,90

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28,354.8 27,80

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 43,154.5 44,71

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or incl

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8425.20.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS subheadings 8708.31 and 8708.39.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8473.30, 8517.90, and 8529.10.

d

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff lines 8525.20.05 through 8525.20.30 inclusive, and part of 8525.20.90.

e

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8471.60.

f
TABLE A.39 U.S. merchandise trade with Taiwan, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,505.4 1,564.5 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70.4 61.5 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,317.0 1,683.0 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 76.2 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7.0 4.7 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,899.6 3,208.7 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.5 1,123.3 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10,810.8 10,641.2 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,467.9 2,581.5 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.4 431.9 

Total all exports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,527.1 21,376.3 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 255.2 242.0 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9.8 9.5 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 182.5 233.1 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.5 410.3 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5.7 6.0 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1,014.1 1,090.2 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,469.5 6,454.6 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,077.6 22,343.1 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 6,114.1 5,973.4 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113.4 1,323.5 

Total all imports commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34,574.4 38,085.7 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified."
TABLE A.40 Leading U.S. exports to Taiwan, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2005 

Million 

8486.20 Machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,769.2 

8542.32 Electronic integrated circuits, memories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

8542.39 Electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.8 

1201.00 Soybeans, whether or not broken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430.0 

9031.41 Optical instruments for inspecting semiconductor wafers or devices, or photomasks or reticles used in manufacturing

these items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.8 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.1 

8486.90 Parts and accessories of machines and apparatus used in the manufacture of semiconductors, flat panels, or 

electronic integrated circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

c 

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 

7003.19 Cast glass and rolled glass, in nonwired sheets, not body tinted, opacified, flashed, nor having an absorbent or 

reflecting layer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.0 

9030.82 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking semiconductor wafers or devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299.6 

2902.50 Styrene (vinylbenzene; phenylethylene). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.3 

1001.90 Wheat and meslin, excluding durum wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.4 

7204.21 Waste and scrap, of stainless steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.1 

2926.10 Acrylonitrile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 

9001.90 Lenses, except contact and spectacle, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, unmounted, other than of glass not

optically worked.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.1 

7602.00 Aluminum waste and scrap, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 

8543.90 Parts for electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.0 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.1 

5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.9 

8536.90 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 

4101.50 Whole raw bovine or equine hides and skins, weight exceeding 15 kilograms, fresh pickled or preserved but not 

tannied or further prepared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.0 

Total of items shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,758.8 

All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,767.3 16

Total of all commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,527.1 21

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or included."

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

c
TABLE A.41 Leading U.S. imports from Taiwan, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2005 20

Million d

8542.39 Electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) 

a 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automated data processing machines and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,520.7 2,52

8526.91 Radio navigational aid apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 470.8 82

8517.12 Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

b 

8542.32 Electronic integrated circuits, memories.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

a 

8542.31 Electronic integrated circuits, processors or controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

a 

8528.72 Reception apparatus for television, incorporating a screen or video display device, color. . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

c 

8523.40 Optical media... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

d 

8528.71 Reception apparatus for television, not designed to incorporate a screen or video display device. . . . . . . ( ) 

c 

7318.15 Threaded screws and bolts, of iron or steel, n.e.s.o.i., whether or not with their nuts or washers. . . . . . . . 459.3 46

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent 

by weight of such products. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 103.0 9

8523.51 Solid state nonvolatile semiconductor storage devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) 

d 

7318.14 Self-tapping screws of iron or steel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 412.3 44

8534.00 Printed circuits. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 360.1 37

8512.20 Electrical lighting or visual signaling equipment, for use on cycles or motor vehicles, except for use on 

bicycles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 291.2 32

8481.80 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.1 33

8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs) for motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.9 32

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, 

including switching/routing apparatus.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) 

e 

8504.40 Static converters.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 294.4 30

8471.80 Other units of automated data processing machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745.8 52

7318.16 Nuts, threaded, or iron or steel.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 260.6 26

8708.99 Parts and accessories of motor vehicles, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.4 27

8525.50 Transmission apparatus for radio-brocasting or television.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g 95.8 17

8528.59 Monitors, other than cathode-ray tube, not designed for use with automatic data processing machines. . ( ) 

g 

9506.91 Gymnasium, playground or other exercise articles and equipment; parts and accessories thereof. . . . . . 286.6 27

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7,147.3 7,54
TABLE A.41–Continued

HTS

subheading Description 2005 20

Million d

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 27,427.0 30,54

Total of all commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34,574.4 38,08

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8542.21, 8542.29, and 8542.60.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheading 8425.20.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8528.12 and 8525.13.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS headings 8523 and 8524.

d

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8517.30, 8517.50, and 8525.10.

e

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under HTS tariff lines 8525.10.10 through 8525.10.70 inclusive.

f

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in HTS subheadings 8528.21and 8528.22.

g
TABLE A.42 U.S. merchandise trade with India, by SITC codes (revision 3), 2005–07

SITC

Code

No. Description 2005 2006 

Million dollars

Exports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 204.9 264.1 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2.8 2.6 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 548.8 590.5 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.6 389.8 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18.0 18.9 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,418.3 1,772.9 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.0 738.5 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 2,852.3 4,070.9 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 842.3 970.2 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.2 206.2 

Total all exports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6,965.2 9,024.8 

Imports:

0 Food and live animals.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 910.6 894.1 

1 Beverages and tobacco. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 18.1 17.5 

2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 320.2 373.3 

3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590.4 284.0 

4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45.2 45.9 

5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,520.1 1,996.7 

6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,174.9 8,126.2 

7 Machinery and transport equipment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 1,960.5 2,731.7 

8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5,947.4 6,876.5 

9 Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.7 327.8 

Total all imports commodities. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 18,710.0 21,673.6 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s." stands for "not elsewhere specified.”
TABLE A.43 Leading U.S. exports to India, by Schedule B subheading, 2005–07

Schedule B

subheading Description 2004 2005 

Million dollar

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft, of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467.5 1,313.3 

3100.00 Fertilizers..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 413.2 586.7 

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 55.3 232.2 

7108.12 Nonmonetary gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought, including powder. . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 ( ) 

a

8431.43 Parts for boring and sinking machinery, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 106.9 

2707.99 Oils and products of the distillation of high temperature coal tar, n.e.s.o.i.; similar products with 

predominate aromatic constituent.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 98.9 215.6 

8517.62 Machines for the reception, conversion, transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other

data, including switching/routing apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( ) ( ) 

b b

8523.40 Optical media... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . ( ) ( ) 

c c

7106.91 Silver, other than powder. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ( ) ( ) 

a a

8411.91 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 74.0 96.8 

7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, n.e.so.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.8 77.7 

8802.30 Airplanes and aircraft, of an unladen weight over 2,000 kg but not over 15,000 kg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 92.2 

8471.50 Digital processing units other than those of 847.41 and 847149. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 54.4 

7204.21 Waste and scrap, of stainless steel. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 45.3 43.8 

0802.11 Almonds, fresh or dried, in shell. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 94.4 114.3 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 66.9 

8411.12 Turbojets of a thrust exceeding 25 kN. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18.4 76.7 

2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverized, but not aggolomerated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.2 101.2 

4707.10 Waste and scrap and unbleached kraft paper or paperboard or of corrugated paper or paperboard. 35.0 41.5 

3815.19 Supported catalysts, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7.1 53.0 

8517.51 Parts of telecommunications apparatus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . ( ) ( ) 

d d

5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41.5 52.5 

2926.10 Acrylonitrile.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60.8 70.6 

9018.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences instruments, appliances, and parts, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . . 31.6 47.1 

7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal (excluding silver). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.0 100.6 

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 2,094.5 3,546.0 

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4,870.7 5,478.8 

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 6,965.2 9,024.8 

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc

 U.S. value is less than $50,000.

a

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B subheadings 8517.30 and 8517.50.

b

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B headings 8523 and 8524.

c

 Trade in 2005 and 2006 reported under parts of items contained in Schedule B chapters 84, 85, and 90.

d
TABLE A.44 Leading U.S. imports from India, by HTS subheading, 2005–07

HTS

subheading Description 2004 2

Million do

7102.39 Nonindustrial diamonds, n.e.s.o.i.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3,079.6 3,2

7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal (excluding silver). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,676.3 3,3

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum 70 percent by

weight of such products, not light...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 303.2 1

3004.90 Certain medicaments put up in measure doses or in forms or packages for retail saie, n.e.s.o.i.. . . . . 1,205.2 2

6302.60 Toilet and kitchen linen, of terry toweling or similar terry fabrics, of cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.4 3

7305.19 Line pipe used in oil or gas pipelines, external diameter over 406.4 millimeters, or iron or steel, 

riveted or similarly closed, n.e.s.o.i.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 112.0 

6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests) and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, of 

cotton. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 270.8 2

6206.30 Women’s or girl’s blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted. . . . . . . . . . . . 336.1 3

6302.31 Bed linen, other than printed, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220.8 2

6105.10 Men’s or boys’ shirts, of cotton, knitted or crocheted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.9 2

8502.31 Electric generating sets, wind-powered. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12.5 2

2933.99 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only, n.e.s.o.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 

6204.62 Women’s or girls’ trouser, etc., of cotton, not knitted or crocheted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.5 1

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts not knitted or crocheted, of 

cotton. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.4 1

6205.20 Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton, not knitted or crocheted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.0 2

8701.90 Tractors, n.e.s.o.i. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 143.7 1

3004.20 Lead oxides, n.e.s.o.i...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 89.6 1

801.32 Cashew nuts, fresh or dried, shellled. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 260.9 2

5701.10 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, knotted, whether or not made up, of wool or fine animal 

hair. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 181.9 1

8504.40 Static converters.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 126.7 1

6109.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops and similar garments, of cotton, knitted or crocheted.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.6 1

0306.13 Shrimps and prawns, including in shell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water, frozen. . . . . . . . . 289.6 2

6802.93 Work monumental or building stone n.e.s.o.i., of granite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.4 1

7210.49 Flat-rolled iron or nonalloy steel, not corrugated, 600 mm or more wide, plated or coated with zinc 

other than electrolytically. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 246.6 5

7305.11 Line pipe for oil or gas pipelines, external diameter over 406.4 millimeters, or iron or steel, 

longitudinally submerged arc welded. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 

Total of items shown. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 8,790.5 10,3

All other. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9,919.5 11,3

Total of all commodities.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18,710.0 21,6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation "n.e.s.o.i." stands for "not elsewhere specified or inc