GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1982 

December 1 982 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Research and Development 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does not 

constitute an endorsement by NOAA Environmental 

Research Laboratories. Use for publicity or advertising 

purposes of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products is 

not authorized. 
PREFACE 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory (GLERL) has completed its 8th year of 

operation in Ann Arbor. Our mission at GLERL is to 

conduct research directed toward understanding the 

environmental processes and solving problems in 

resource management and environmental services in 

coastal and estuarine waters, with a special emphasis 

on the Great Lakes. The environmental information 

developed is made available to NOAA, other 

government agencies, universities, industries, and 

individual citizens to aid them in their environmental 

services, plans, and operations. 

Understanding the complex lake-land-atmospheresediment system of the areas in and around the Great 

Lakes and coastal and estuarine waters and the many 

interactions that influence the lives of those in these 

regions requires a team of scientists with different 

backgrounds working together on field, laboratory, 

and analytic investigations on the limnological, 

hydrological, and meteorological properties of the 

lakes, their basins, and the overlying atmosphere. The 

ultimate goal of the GLERL program is to understand 

the lake-land-atmosphere-sediment system to the 

extent that environmental simulation and prediction 

models can be built that will provide sufficiently 

precise information on Great Lakes and coastal and 

estuarine processes and phenomena to support 

enlightened use of the regions' resources. 

This annual report is intended to inform the 

scientific community, decision-makers, and other 

interested individuals of GLERL's capabilities, 

program, significant results, and plans for the future. 

It is also intended to encourage an exchange of 

information between laboratory staff and those in 

need of environmental information for operational, 

planning, or management activities. 

Examples of some of the major problem areas that 

th: GLERL program addresses are the dynamics of 

certain chemical and biological properties and 

systems-critical to understanding and prediction of 

the natural ecosystem, of human influences on the 

ecosystem, and of toxic substance movement and to 

water quality, water supply, and fisheries management; lake water levels and connecting channel flow 

prediction-critical to erosion control, shipping, 

recreation, and power generation; lake ice 

prediction-critical to shipping and shoreline structure 

design and protection; lake circulation-critical to 

ecosystems analysis and an understanding of the 

transport and dispersion of pollutants; and surface 

waves and oscillations-critical to shipping, 

recreational boating, and the control of shore erosion 

and flooding. 

GLERL staff continue to work with Great Lakes 

regulatory and management agencies, in both Canada 

and the United States, to provide them with the 

research products, data, and expertise they need. 

They also serve as officers, board members, or 

committee members of such organizations as the 

International Joint Commission (IJC), the Great Lakes 

Commission, and the International Association for 

Great Lakes Research. These activities provide an 

outlet for GLERL products and a means of identifying 

environmental problems requiring further study. 

Other outlets for GLERL products include requests 

from private organizations and individual citizens. 

The scientific community is informed of the products 

through journal articles, NOAA technical reports and 

memoranda and data reports, and presentations at 

society meetings. The location of GLERL in Ann Arbor 

near the University of Michigan provides the 

opportunity for cooperative research programs and 

for graduate student participation in GLERL projects. 

Visiting scientists participate in GLERL research 

studies on a continuing basis. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Preface 

Highlights 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics 

Lake Hydrology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

Special Projects 

Information Services 

International and Interagency Activities 

Facilities 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 

Page 

i i i 

1 

5 

10 

16 

22 

26 

30 

32 

35 

40 

42 

44 
I LAKE HYDROLOGY I 

GROUP 

1 F. H. Quinn, Head I 

D LABORATORY 

CL3 LIBRARY 

GLERL ORGAN17ATION CHART 

[ and :yz:7 PARTICLE DYNAMICS 1 [Nfiy~~~~~CS) [w2:l~ir] [ sPEclt7EcTS 

W. C. Sonzogni, Head 

B. J. Eadie, Head W. S. Gardner, Head J. R. Bennett. Head 

DIRECTOR 

E J. Aubert 

AST. TO DIRECTOR 

S. J. Bolsenga 

PARTICLE 

OYNAMICS 

LABORATORY 

\ 

5 

R/V Shenehon 

LABORATORIES LABORATORY 

COMPUTER FAClUTY ' INFORMATION 

SERVICES 

R. H. Bramlet Head G. E. Spaldings Head S. J. Bolsenga. Head 

( 1 CHEMISTRY 1 J 

LABORllrCORlES 
HIGHLIGHTS 

For 8 years the Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory (GLERL) has conducted research on significant processes and problems in the Great Lakes Region 

and other coastal and estuarine waters. GLERL research 

is diversified in form. As is shown by the organization 

chart, process research is aligned along five primary disciplines. But problem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff from more than one group, is also 

conducted. The in-house research program is supplemented by grants and contracts with private institutions. In turn, GLERL supports the efforts of other 

government agencies. GLERL research products are disseminated by publications or presentations and discussions at scientific and user meetings. During FY 1982, 

50 papers authored by GLERL staff and 12 papers by 

contractors were published, and 55 papers prepared by 

GLERL staff were presented at meetings. 

Research 

The GLERL research program continues to evolve. 

Some major research accomplishments during the past 

fiscal year are indicated below. 

A program to study the cycling, transport, and fate of 

toxic organic compounds continued. In cooperation 

with NOAA's Office of Marine Pollution Assessment 

(OMPA), a GLERL in-house modeling team composed 

of chemical, toxicological, ecological, and physical scientists calibrated a long term near-equilibrium model 

for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Recent data from 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicate that the predictions are reasonable. Disturbing information hidden in the model output and data 

indicates that the distribution of PCB's is shifting toward 

the more toxic highly chlorinated compounds. 

During the past year, measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and PCB's in laboratory experiments and sediment-pore water matrices have 

shown very high concentrations of contaminants in the 

dissolved phase. Because synthetic organic contaminants tend to associate with (or sorb onto) particles in 

the water, the movement and fate of particles play an 

important role in the behavior and influence of these, 

often toxic, compounds. This study indicates that these 

contaminants desorb at the sediment-water interface, 

rather than being buried with the particles that have 

served to move them through the water column. Continuing research will be necessary to determine 

whether these compounds diffuse back into the water 

column or are available to the biota. This is an important factor in the movement of toxics up the food chain. 

*The interdependent tank-cascade model of basin 

runoff, which uses analytical solutions of climatological 

considerations relevant to large watersheds, has been 

refined and applied to the Lake Ontario Basin. Although predictions are limited by available meteorological information, the model is practical for forecasting if 

data can be supplied on a near real-time basis. Since 

the requisite data are precipitation and air temperature, 

this may soon be possible for many areas of the Great 

Lakes Basin. Work is underway to create the necessary 

data links with agencies in the United States and Canada. The model has been chosen by the International 

Joint Commission (IJC) for use in their assessment of 

data network needs in the Great Lakes Region. 

Laboratory studies of intact sediment cores indicated 

that significant quantities of nutrients were released 

from aerobic sediments. Processes releasing phosphorus from sediments back into the water must be understood and quantified to develop predictive models 

of nutrient cycling in lake ecosystems because aerobic 

sediments are the major sink for phosphorus in lake systems. Laboratory microcosm experiments are currently 

testing the effects of sediment type and organism composition on the release of phosphorus. 

Mathematical models were used to examine rotating 

current patterns in Lake Michigan and the results compared with observations recorded in previous years. 

The method consisted of running time-dependent circulation models and analyzing the results to determine 

the distribution of kinetic energy with frequency. The 

average kinetic energy spectrum of current computed 

from 3-hourly wind-stress values is very similar to the 

spectrum of the observed currents and to the spectrum 

of the wind stress. Results of a simulation employing 

this model were used to plan where to deploy current 

meters for a rotational mode experiment. 

A toxic substances model for easy implementation by 

managers was developed and refined this past year. It 

simulates the concentration of a contaminant in the 

sediments and overlying water column of a lake. The 

contaminant being considered is divided into that associated with organic and inorganic particles and that dissolved in the water. The principal application of such a 

model is to predict the year-to-year and steady-state 

responses of the sediments and water column to 

changes in the loading rate of contaminants and/or particulate matter. 

Box and gravity cores were collected from locations 

of maximum sediment accumulation in the lower four 

lakes and a few kilometers away where sedimentation 

was significantly lower. The assumption is that the distribution of compounds reaching these high and low sedimentation areas would be similar. The analysis of these 
data will provide information on the rates of early 

diagenesis of compounds in recent lake sediments. This 

will aid in the understanding of the fate of various compounds in the Great Lakes. 

The kinetics of uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of selected PAH's by certain organisms are currently being examined. These processes are important 

because they may play a role in the direct decrease of 

potentially toxic compounds through biotransformation 

and they can be an important first step in the concentration of PAH's in fish. Bioconcentration factors from water of 1 (r to 10' have been measured in several types of 

benthic organisms. 

A monthly climatic water balance model was developed and calibrated for Lake Erie. The model was used 

as part of a study of the impact of secular changes in 

precipitation and air temperatures on the water supplies to the Lake Erie Basin. The study concluded that 

the primary cause of the recent (since 1966) high water 

supplies has been an increase in precipitation averaging 

6 percent, which resulted in an increase in runoff of 16 

percent. Tests also indicated that a 0.5"C decrease in air 

temperature will increase runoff by 6 percent. The 

model is currently being used to improve water supply 

forecasts for Lake Erie. 

Field data acquisition has now been completed for 

the Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Project conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Science Education Administration (SEA) with 

input from the U.S. Geological Survey. Specially prepared plots of agricultural lands were exposed to 

computer-controlled precipitation from SEA'S rainulator, furnished by the National Soil Erosion Laboratory at 

Purdue University. The theory developed and tested 

will be useful in ultimate assessments of sediment loadings to the lakes from agricultural lands. 

Studies have been performed to determine the composition and bioavailability of phosphorus compounds 

in lake water and in input sources. Results have indicated that the composition of the soluble reactive phosphorus pool in lake water is heterogeneous, free 

orthophosphate is often an order of magnitude lower 

than indicated by chemical measurements, and the major fraction of the soluble reactive phosphorus pool is 

unavailable for immediate use by microorganisms. This 

information is necessary for evaluation of the impact of 

phosphorus from various sources on the biota of the 

lakes. 

Fifteen current meter moorings were deployed on a 

widely-spaced grid in Lake Michigan to study the important properties of rotational waves in the lake basin. 

Earlier studies revealed a powerful mode in the southern basin of the lake. This study will determine the 

lake-scale structure of the waves and their propagation 

characteristics. 

A consumptive use study of Great Lakes water aided 

in estimates of a fivefold increase in consumptive use 

over the next 60 years. Consumptive use (water removed from the system but not returned) could result in 

an average lake level drop of 21 centimeters on the unregulated lakes (Michigan, Huron, and Erie) by the year 

2035. 

GLERL scientists studied variations'in the concentration of nutrients around zooplankters in an effort to explain why phytoplankton growth has been observed to 

be much greater than would be expected based on 

measurable concentrations of "available" phosphorus 

in the lake water. This study demonstrated that excreted 

nutrient plumes influence both growth and nutrient selection of phytoplankton, changing traditional theories 

of phytoplankton-zooplankton nutrient interactions. 

Beginning this year, a procedure was implemented to 

update United States tributary pollutant inputs of total 

phosphorus, nitrate, ammonia, and chloride. The 

ratio-estimator technique used accounts for the effects 

of the variability of flow over an annual cycle. These estimates of long term variability of pollutant loads will be 

very useful in prediction models and as an aid in understanding lake ecosystem dynamics. 

l nformation Services 

During the past year, as part of GLERL's lnformation 

Service, over 3,600 research products were provided in 

response to nearly 2,400 documented requests. Of 

these, 42 percent came from institutions of higher learning, 31 percent from U.S. and foreign federal governments, 15 percent from private industry, 7 percent from 

domestic and foreign state governments, and 5 percent 

from private citizens. This activity is in addition to regular mailings to alist of recipients who have indicated interest in a 6-month listing of one or more of the five 

types of GLERL publications. There were eight Draft Environmental Impact Statements evaluated during the 

year. 

l nternational and l nteragency Activities 

GLERL staff members were active in several IJC task 

forces, boards, and committees, including the Nonpoint Source Control Task Force, International Great 

Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Use Reference 

Working Committee, Levels and Flows Advisory Board, 

and Technical lnformation Network Board. 

GLERL also participated in the activities of the Great 

Lakes Commission, the International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, the Regional Response Team for 
Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances, the Joint 

United States-Canadian Ice Information Working 

Group, the Winter Navigation Program, and the Interagency Great Lakes Hydromet Steering Committee. 

Facilities 

To monitor island effects of wave generation in the 

western basin of Lake Erie, marine instrumentation 

laboratory staff deployed two Waverider buoys, one 10 

miles east and one 10 miles west of the Bass Islands. 

Marine instrumentation laboratory engineers have been 

working with the GLERL computer facility staff to provide an automatic dial-up system for real-time wave 

data transmission from these buoys. 

In a combined effort of the staffs of the chemistry and 

biology laboratories, nutrient release patterns of various 

groups of pelagic and benthic invertebrates have been 

measured. 

The research vessel Shenehon supported benthic, 

planktonic, and bacterial experiments studying nutrient 

cycling by collecting specimens of benthic organisms in 

Lakes Huron and Michigan. In support of other nutrient 

cycling studies, benthic invertebrates were collected 

from the Grand River and adjacent Lake Michigan waters to determine whether they release significant quantities of phosphorus by metabolic and digestive 

processes. 

GLERL library staff are expanding the on-line literature search support they provide to researchers. 
STAFF AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 

Permanent Employees 

Part Time and 

Full Time Intermittent 

Office of Director 11 0 

Lake Hydrology Group 11 1 

Ecosystems and Nutrient 

Dynamics Group 7 3 

Synthetic Organics and 

Particle Dynamics Group 7 2 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 11 4 

Special Projects Group - 2 - 5 

TOTAL 49 15 

Assel, R. A. 

Aubert, E. J. 

Bell, G. L. 

Bennett, J. R. 

Boatright, J. G. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 

Booker, H. L. 

Bramlet, R. H. 

Burns, W. R. 

Campbell, J. E. 

Carrick, B. J. 

Clites, A. H. 

Croley, T. E., II 

Del Proposto, D. J. 

Derecki, J. A. 

Dungan, J. E. 

Dunivan, E. M. 

Eadie, B. J. 

Fahnenstiel, G. L. 

Faust, W. R. 

Field, L. P. 

Gardner, W. S. 

Gray, M. J. 

Greene, G. M. 

Grimes, J. E. 

Hawley, N. 

Herche, L. R. 

Kelley, J. M. 

Kelley, R. N. 

Kistler, R. D. 

Landrum, I? F. 

Lang, G. A. 

LH 

OD 

SOPD 

PLM 

END 

OD 

PLM 

OD 

SP 

PLM 

LH 

PLM 

LH 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

OD 

SOPD 

END 

SOPD 

PLM 

END 

SOPD 

LH 

SP 

SOPD 

OD 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

SOPD 

SP 

Lawton, 6. J. 

Lee, J. I? 

Leshkevich, G. A. 

Liebig, J. R. 

Liu, P. C. 

Lojewski, N. L. 

Losey, D. A. 

Malczyk, J. M. 

McCormick, M. J. 

Miller, G. S. 

Miller, T. C. 

Moorhead, N. R. 

Morse, D. V. 

Muzzi, R. W. 

Nalepa, T. F. 

Noble, I? E. 

Norton, D. C. 

Pickett, R. L. 

Pinsak, A. P. 

Quigley, M. A. 

Quinn, F. H. 

Robbins, J. A. 

Saylor, J. H. 

Scavia, D. 

Schwab, D. J. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 

Soo, H. K. 

Spalding, G. E. 

Stubblefield, B. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 

Vreeland, S. A. 

LH 

OD 

LH 

END 

PLM 

SP 

LH 

END 

SOPD 

PLM 

PLM 

SOPD 

SP 

PLM 

END 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

SP 

END 

LH 

SOPD 

PLM 

END 

PLM 

SP 

PLM 

OD 

LH 

END 

END 

OD 

LH-Lake Hydrology Group 

OD-Office of Director 

SOPD-Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

PLM-Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

END-Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

SP-Special Projects Group 
SYNTH ETlC ORGANICS AND 

PARTICLE DYNAMICS 

The Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

concentrates on studies of the movement and fate of 

synthetic contaminants in the Great Lakes and cohstal 

marine ecosystems. This work is grouped into the areas 

of toxic organic cycling, the role of benthic invertebrates in the fate of pollutants, synthetic organic partitioning, particle flux dynamics, and early diagenesis in 

Great Lakes sediments. 

With the increase in population and industrial and 

mining activities over the last half century, more 

human-induced pollution has been added to the Great 

Lakes. Many of these contaminants are foreign to the 

biosphere and some are highly resistant to decomposition. Because many of these pollutants are highly toxic 

and tend to concentrate as they move up the food 

chain, it is vitally important that water resource managers and other decision-makers have precise information on their nature and movement. Often the toxics 

sorb onto particles and move through the water and 

sediments in that way, making it important to understand the movement of particles within the lakes. 

Models have proven to be the best method of supplying fast, accurate information on the movement, storage, and resuspension of chemicals and particles in the 

water and sediments of the Great Lakes, as well as 

coastal marine ecosystems. Recent modeling efforts 

have concentrated on the movement and distribution 

of PCB's and fallout radionuclides such as cesium-1 37. 

Studies on the adsorption and desorption of synthetic 

organics, the movement of total suspended matter, the 

composition of sediments, and xenobiotic biotransformation (the way in which living organisms alter the foreign chemicals they encounter in the water and ingest) 

will provide the basis for additional modeling work. 

Toxic Organic Cycling 

The 1978 Water Quality Agreement between the 

United States and Canada included language designed 

to minimize future pollutant loads and mitigate the impact of existing contaminants. It is necessary to improve 

our understanding of how such chemicals move 

through a large aquatic ecosystem so that regulation 

and management of trace contaminants can be effective. 

In August 1979 the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory began a research program in cooperation with OMPA. The purpose of this program is to 

develop the ability to predict the environmental consequences of persistent synthetic organic contaminants in 

the Great Lakes ecosystem. The assurance of long term 

OMPA funding has allowed GLERL to develop cooperative agreements with several research institutions and to 

pursue a comprehensive research program focused on 

a few questions regarding the flow of selected organics 

within the Great Lakes. The results generated will be 

transferable to coastal marine systems. 

A predictive capability requires models. Therefore, an 

in-house modeling team, consisting of chemical, toxicological, ecological, and physical scientists, has been 

established. This modeling group is supported by researchers working on primary ecosystem processes. 

Most of the process research has been conducted either 

in-house or at the University of Michigan; however, our 

program has now been expanded to include several research groups, an arrangement that allows for a maximum of flexibility. 

Our early modeling results indicated that the contaminant concentrations in biota appear to come into relatively rapid equilibrium with the water column and that 

water column concentrations are mediated by sorption, 

settling, and resuspension. Benthic organisms appear to 

be somewhat different and are discussed below. During 

the past year, a long term near-equilibrium model has 

been calibrated for PCB's. In this model, all decomposition processes are handled as first order. Recent data 

from the U.S. EPA indicate that the predictions are reasonable. Hidden in both the model output and data is 

the fact that the isomeric distribution of PCB's is shifting 

toward the more toxic highly chlorinated compounds. 

Other models that simulate the movement of synthetic contaminants within the Great Lakes at different 

time and space scales are also being calibrated. More 

detailed information on the movement of particle associated contaminants is needed for these simulations. 

Role of Benthic Invertebrates in the Fate 

of Pollutants 

Many of the major pollutants of concern in the Great 

Lakes are primarily associated with sediments. One 

probable mode of entry of these contaminants into the 

food chain is through ingestion of sediments by benthic 

organisms, remobilizing the compounds. Benthic organisms may play an additional role in the fate of pollutants through xenobiotic biotransformation. This would 

result in a direct decrease in the pool of potentially 

toxic compounds. There have been few studies on accumulation of toxics from sediments. Thus, there is little 

known about the interaction of infauna with contaminated sediments. 

Currently, scientists in the Synthetic Organics and 

Particle Dynamics Group are examining the kinetics of 

uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of selected 
Lake Michigan Fish PCB in Biota; Winter Conditions 

A Coho Salmon \ 

2r (a) Total PCB 

PCB in Sediments; Winter Conditions 

Or (b) 

Years Time (years) 

PCB's in Lake Michigan fish. The smooth lines are model out- Distribution of PCB's in Lake Michigan biota and sediments. 

put using maximum pollutant removal rates (summer) and The model predicts decay of total PCB's, but the remaining 

minimum rates (winter). Fish data through 1978 are from the contaminants will have higher chlorine content and thus may 

International Joint Commission; 1979 and 1980 data are from be more toxic. 

W. A. Wilford (personal communication, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor). 

PAH's by Pontoporeia hoyi and other selected benthic 

organisms. These studies include the influence of temperature and concentration, as well as sediment sorption, on the bioconcentration kinetics of PAH's. The 

studies are being performed in temperature controlled 

chambers of both static and flow-through design. Complementing these studies is a field program to measure 

the PAH content in benthic organisms, sediments, pore 

waters, and overlying waters. 

During the past year, concentrations of 0.1 to greater 

than 1 part per million of individual PAH's have been 

measured in several types of benthic organisms from 

Lakes Erie and Michigan. These concentrations represent bioconcentration factors from water of lo4 to lo5, 

and they have been confirmed in controlled laboratory 

studies. These organisms can contribute a substantial 

fraction of the PAH exposure to fish. 

GLERL scientists have determined the preliminary relationship between an organism's bioconcentration factor and the octonallwater partition coefficient 

(proportional to solubility). Benthic organisms appear 

to be quite different from fish in their ability to concentrate synthetic organic contaminants, presumably because of their direct exposure to high concentrations in 

the sediments. 

Synthetic Organic Partitioning 

The association of synthetic organic contaminants 

with particles in an aquatic system plays an important 

role in determining the compounds' behavior and fate. 

This association is generally expressed as a ratio of concentrations in the two phases, termed the partition coefficient (K,). The magnitude of K, is a function of the 

compounds' water solubility and the organic carbon 

content of the solid substrate. 

Recent evidence indicates that this association is proportional to the concentration of particles in the system. 

During the past year, measurements of PAH's and PCB's 

in laboratory experiments and sediment-pore water 

matrices have shown very high contaminant concentrations in the dissolved phase. This indicates that desorption occurs at the sediment-water interface, and it 
The equilibrium distribution of PAH's (and other organic contaminants) within the Great Lakes water 

column. The fraction of dissolved contaminant is defined as f,, = 11(1 + K,*TSM). K, (10) represents the 

partition coefficient assuming 10-percent substrate organic carbon, equivalent to 10*K,. The region of PAH 

solubility is indicated. At equilibrium, PAH's are predominately dissolved. 

appears that the desorbed contaminants are being complexed with high molecular weight organic compounds. Whether these are free to diffuse back into the 

water column or are available to the biota is not yet 

known. 

Lake Particle Flux Measurements 

Most polluting and enriching substances in the 

aqueous environment have a strong affinity for fine suspended particles; thus their transport and fate are dictated by the fine particle dispersal system. Total 

suspended matter (TSM) plays a vital role in the solution 

chemistry of the Great Lakes. TSM sorbs pollutants from 

the water, providing a potential mechanism for cleansing the lakes through sedimentation. In some cases, 

however, the sediments serve as only a temporary reservoir for the sorbed contaminants, later releasing them 

into overlying water and exposing the ecosystem to 

"trapped" contaminants. It is necessary at this time not 

only to know the concentrations of TSM and associated 

contaminants and nutrients, but to determine the net 

flux of these substances into the lakes and sediments 

and the rates of reentrainment. 

Some of our previous studies with sediment traps 

have shown open Lake Michigan metalimnetic TSM 

flux to be about 0.7 grams per square meter per day 

during the stratified, non-storm periods. This agrees 

well with lead-210 and cesium-137 sediment accumulation rates from the same region, leading us to believe 

that, during the period of stratification, our traps at 35 

meters are measuring gross downward flux of suspended material and its associated contaminants. For 

storm and non-stratified periods, our measurements 

show a TSM flux of about 4.6 grams per square meter 

per day. To improve our model estimates of sedimentation and resuspension, 11 1 sediment traps were deployed at 12 locations throughout the stratified period 

and a subset of these (at five locations) were redeployed 

throughout the winter. A mass balance for PCB's in Lake 

Michigan can be calculated from this information. Resuspension is seen as a significant input into the water 

column. 

Lake Michigan PCB Budget 

(MT or MT/yr) 

Atmosphere (1 + 1) 

n 

Annual mass fluxes and distribution of PCB's in Lake Michigan. Units for fluxes (arrows) are metric tons per year; 

units for inventories (boxes) are metric tons. The width of 

the boxes and arrows are proportional to average inventory and flux values, respectively. Inventory estimates are 

as follows: atmospheric concentration is 2 + 2 nanograms PCB's per cubic meter, about 20-kilometers thick 

layer; water concentration is 5 + 5 nanograms PCB's per 

liter. The shaded arrow coming out of the sediment represents the conservatively estimated reentrainment of sediment-bound PCB's. 

I I 

Studies of Early Diagenesis in the 

Great Lakes 

Tributary - 1.0 

As part of the study of the long term behavior and fate 

of toxic organic compounds in the Great Lakes, GLERL 

scientists have carefully collected box and gravity cores 

from locations of maximum sediment accumulation 

from the four lower lakes. At the same time, cores were 

collected from a few kilometers away, where accumulation was significantly slower, on the assumption that the 

w V 

Dissolved Particulate 

16 + 16 8k8 C Net Sediment 

Resuspension Accumulation 

< 0.1 

I Sediments 33 + 53 

- - 

Tributary - 0.5 
88" 87" 86" 

46' 46' 

4s0 45O 

44O 44O 

1980-81 summer 

43" 43O 

42' 42' 

87" 86' 85' 

Locations of sediment trap arrays deployed for collection throughout the stratified season. Sediments 

play an important role in the movement and storage of contaminants. 

8 
distribution of compounds reaching these locations 

would be similar. The field program could not have 

been conducted without the assistance of the United 

States EPA, Region V, and the Canada Centre for Inland 

Waters (CCIW). Analysis of these sets of high and low 

sedimentation cores will allow scientists to deduce information on the rates of early diagenesis of compounds in recent lake sediments. 

At this time, scientists have finished analyzing organic 

carbon in the high sedimentation cores from Lakes Ontario and Michigan, along with preliminary results of 

trace organic (PCB, DDT, PAH, mirex, etc.), radionuclide (cesium-1 37, beryllium-7, hydrogen-3, cerium-144, lead-210, etc.), and trace metal (mercury, 

lead, iron, manganese, etc.) analyses. This work is underway at GLERL, CCIW, Argonne National Laboratory, 

and the Universities of Michigan and Minnesota. 

Tentative dates derived from the cesium-1 37 profiles, 

presently uncorrected for compaction, will be altered 

slightly after further analytical results are completed. 

The accumulation rate for the Lake Ontario high sedipg Organic Carbon / ml or mg 

Year 0 10 20 30 40 50 

1980r 1 I 1 I -0- I ,I I - 

mentation core (0.37 centimeters per year) is approximately twice that of the Lake Michigan high 

sedimentation core (0.20 centimeters per year). Recent 

(upper 10-centimeter) organic carbon content in the 

two sediments are the same, but earlier sections of the 

Lake Ontario core have significantly less organic carbon 

than the Lake Michigan cores. It is not known whether 

this difference can be attributed to changes in lake productivity due to cultural eutrophication or differences 

in diagenesis within the sediments. Pore water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the 0- to 1-centimeter 

section of the Michigan core is 35 parts per million, approximately 25 times the DOC in overlying waters. This 

high DOC content may be important in resolubilizing 

sedimentary contaminants and moving them back into 

the active ecosystem through diffusion, resuspension, 

or interaction with benthic organisms. The results generated from this study will be incorporated into GLERL's 

models of the behavior and fate of persistent contaminants in the Great Lakes, work partially supported by 

NOAA's OMPA. 

p g Organic Carbon / rng 

10 20 30 40 50 Year 11 1980 

, j1g70 

1960 

1950 

Sediment 1940 

1930 

1920 

,A, 

Lake Ontario 

Hi Sed 

Concentration of pore water organic carbon (milligrams carbon per liter) and sedimentary organic carbon (milligrams carbon per gram) in the Lakes Michigan (left) and Ontario (right) high sedimentation 

cores. Dates (based on cesium-1 37) are approximate. The amounts and types of nutrients added to a 

lake influence the entire ecosystem. 
ECOSYSTEM 

DYNAMICS 

AND NUTRIENT 

The health or well being of an aquatic ecosystem 

such as the Great Lakes is evidenced by the quantity 

and composition of biota in the system. Benthic organisms can indicate long term trends in water quality, 

whereas pelagic biota reflect water quality more immediately. Planktonic plants and animals are of particular 

interest because they are at the base of the aquatic food 

chain. The ability to predict quantitatively types and 

amounts of these organisms in the lakes is important to 

assessing potential effects resulting from anthropogenic 

(man-induced) activities or natural changes in lakes or 

marine coastal ecosystems. The composition and successional patterns of organisms in aquatic ecosystems 

are affected by the interactions of physical (e.g., light, 

temperature, ice cover, water movements), chemical 

(e.g., nutrient supply and availability, toxic substances), 

and biological (e.g., food chain dynamics, predation, 

nutrient uptake, and regeneration) factors. 

To accurately predict the effects of man-induced 

changes on the Great Lakes or marine coastal ecosystems, critical factors affecting the biota must be recognized and quantified as parts of a mathematical model 

of the system. Conceptual and mathematical models 

developed at GLERL and elsewhere have demonstrated 

that nutrient limitation is a major force controlling the 

quantity and composition of plankton in photic zones 

of the Great Lakes. Mechanisms controlling nutrient cycling must therefore be understood before changes in 

the biota and water quality of the lakes can be predicted. The close interrelationships between nutrients, 

phytoplankton, and aquatic invertebrates require an interdisciplinary research program so that critical processes can be quantified and integrated into simulative 

and predictive models. The Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group is investigating factors controlling nutrient cycling and ecological succession in the Great 

Lakes and is integrating experimental results into ecosystem models applicable to the Great Lakes, as well as 

to other freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. 

Atmospheric P 

Schematic diagram of phosphorus compartments (bold print) and processes (arrows) important to phosphorus cycling in 

nearshore zones of the Great Lakes. Phosphorus is the nutrient of most concern to Great Lakes managers because it is often the 

limiting factor in the growth of phytoplankton. 
Nutrient Cycling 

A state-of-the-art document completed in 1980 resulted in a conceptual model defining important compartments and processes affecting phosphorus cycling 

in the Great Lakes and has been used to focus GLERL's 

nutrient cycling research effort. This conceptual model, 

along with mathematical models of Lake Ontario's ecosystem, points out the quantitative importance of internal nutrient recycling mechanisms within that lake. 

These processes must be understood before the effects 

of nutrients supplied from outside sources can be evaluated. 

Model calculations have demonstrated that, without 

internal nutrient cycling, available phosphorus in the 

Great Lakes could be removed by phytoplankton on a 

time scale of approximately a day. Thus, the ability of 

the lakes to sustain phytoplankton populations is dependent on the recycling of nutrients by pelagic animals, such as zooplankton, or on other internal 

regeneration processes. Nutrient release by zooplankton and its relationship to food quantity and quality 

have been difficult to quantify experimentally because 

of the close connection between nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. To provide more information about zooplankton nutrient regeneration, 

microchemical kinetic techniques were developed to 

assess patterns and amounts of nutrient release for individual animals. Experiments using these techniques 

demonstrated that phosphorus is released continuously 

by freshwater cladocerans, with additional spurts at intervals. The marine copepod Eucalanus pileatus excretes ammonium continuously, but also occasionally 

releases amino acid nitrogen in large spurts. Experiments relating quality and quantity of ingested food to 

nutrient excretion rates further demonstrated the importance of nutrient interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Studies are now under way 

to quantify nutrient release by Great Lakes zooplankton. This information will be incorporated into ecosystem models to allow more accurate simulation and 

prediction of nutrient cycling and biological changes in 

the lakes. 

Since aerobic sediments are the major sink for phosphorus in lake systems, processes releasing phosphorus 

from sediments back into the water must be understood 

and quantified to develop predictive models of nutrient 

cycling in lake ecosystems. Nutrient regeneration from 

lake sediments appears to be an important mechanism 

providing nutrients to phytoplankton in nearshore 

zones. Laboratory studies of intact Lake Michigan sediment cores indicated that significant quantities of nutrients (phosphorus and silica) were released from aerobic 

sediments. Invertebrates of these same intact sediment 

c 

7 

Or-z:le U) 

E $ kIq9.2 pg AFDW .F 

p 40 420 ? 

..***- I 

a 

72.9 pg AFDW 

a, 

0 

- Off Scale .-* Q) 

- tl u 

E Off Scale 

, E' 40 a 

; : 20 O 

, . :".> 

0 

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 

0 

Time After Feeding (min) 

Patterns of ammonia and o-phthalaldehyde reactive 

amino acid nitrogen release with time after feeding for six 

individual Eucalanus pileatus fed on 3 cubic millimeters 

Thalassiosira fluviatilis per liter for 18-22 hours. 

cores were partially counted and identified to correlate 

faunal abundance with nutrient flux values. Laboratory 

studies of nutrient excretion by nearshore benthic invertebrates, chironomid larvae and tubificid worms, indicated that excretion by invertebrates could account 

for most of the phosphorus regenerated from the sediments. Studies on nitrogen excretion by these same animals indicated that the molar ratios of ammonia to 

phosphate in released materials were greater for the 

burrowing tubificid worms (35:l) than for the 

filter-feeding chironomids (15:l). Laboratory microcosm experiments are currently testing the effects of 

sediment type and organism composition on the release of phosphorus from aerobic Lake Michigan sediments. 

Although bacteria and other microbes are thought to 

be important to the cycling of phosphorus and other 

nutrients in lakes, their exact role needs to be more 

completely defined. For example, it is unclear whether 

bacteria compete with phytoplankton for uptake of in- 
Time 

Representative continuous traces of soluble reactive 

phosphorus release for 30 minutes after animals (Daphnia magna) were removed from their food. + P represents animals fed for 3 hours on algae grown on 

full-strength medium. -P represents animals fed for 3 

hours on phosphorus-starved algae. Animal wet weight 

is indicated on each trace. Height of the trace is proportional to soluble reactive phosphorus release per individual. Nutrient release by pelagic animals must be 

considered when calculating the cycling rate of the nutrient in the lake. 

organic phosphorus in lakes, but size fractionation experiments examining phosphate-phosphorus uptake by 

bacteria and microalgae in Lake Michigan suggest that 

bacterial uptake is not a major pathway for biological 

removal of inorganic phosphorus from lake water. 

Moreover, the decomposition rates of complex organic 

nutrients into the elementary forms required by phytoplankton are unknown and should be quantified and included in ecosystem models. 

Chemical Speciation 

A major factor hindering development of realistic 

models of phosphorus cycling in aquatic ecosystems is 

our general lack of understanding of the chemistry of 

naturally occurring phosphorous compounds. The 

composition and availability of phosphorus compounds 

in lake water and in input sources (e.g., tributaries and 

atmospheric precipitation) must be known before it is 

possible to evaluate the impact of phosphorus from different sources on the biota of the lakes. For example, 

the calculation of kinetic factors, such as the velocity of 

phosphorus uptake by phytoplankton, is strongly dependent on accurate measurements of ambient available phosphorus concentrations. Since traditional 

phosphorus methodology does not always measure 

forms actually available to phytoplankton, additional 

research is essential to both an understanding of the 

limitations of current approaches and to development 

of new approaches to calculate biologically meaningful 

estimates of phosphorus fractions in the water. GLERL 

studies have shown that the composition of the soluble 

reactive phosphorus pool in lake water is heterogeneous and free orthophosphate often is an order of 

magnitude lower than indicated by chemical measurements, and also that the major fraction of the soluble reactive phosphorus pool is unavailable for immediate 

use by microorganisms. Direct methods of water sample analysis by liquid chromatography in conjunction 

with element and gfoup-specific detectors were developed to speciate phosphorus and to examine how it is 

associated with metals and organic materials in Lake 

Extraction jlo /. 

PO,- P Concentration (pg P. L-I) 

The kinetics of phosphate-phosphorus uptake by a 

mixed microbial population in Lake Michigan based on 

two estimates of ambient phosphate-phosphorus 

concentrations: chemical (extraction) and radioassay 

estimates of maximum possible phosphate-phosphorus 

concentrations (MPPC). The curved lines are the result 

of plotting the velocity of phosphorus uptake versus 

phosphate-phosphorus concentration. K, (the affinity 

of microorganisms for phosphate-phosphorus) is obtained by linear transformation, that is, plotting the 

phosphate-phosphorus concentration divided by the 

velocity (SN) versus the phosphate-phosphorus concentration and extrapolating through the negative y 

axis. The negative sign is dropped by convention. 
Michigan and tributary waters. As a result of this work, 

techniques were developed to directly fractionate ambient levels of major metals and ultraviolet absorbing 

organic materials into chemically unique fractions. 

Chromatographic phosphorus fractionation results suggest that, in their ionic characteristics, acidhydrolyzable forms of phosphorus are similar to 

unassociated phosphorus ions; more information is 

needed to determine the availability of isolated phosphorus forms to algae in the lakes. 

Ecosystem and Experimental Models 

Simulation and prediction of the effects (both short 

term and long term) of human impact on the Great 

Lakes is a vital component of GLERL's research program. GLERLis present nutrient cycling and modeling 

projects are oriented toward current problems in 

coastal areas and embayments. This modeling program 

is designed to synthesize existing information and to coordinate emerging data and theory in such a way as to 

eventually improve our understanding of, and ability to 

simulate and predict, the lakes' dynamics. 

Errors associated with ecosystem modeling must be 

assessed to evaluate the usefulness of these models in 

simulating and predicting environmental phenomena. 

The effects of uncertain inputs, parameters, and forcing 

functions on the output of ecosystem models were investigated via first-order variance propagation and by 

Monte Carlo simulation. For a food-web, nutrientcycle model of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, parametervalue errors were by far the largest contributors to 

state-variable output errors. It was determined that specific model constructs and associated parameters require further refinement to reduce overall model 

uncertainty. The work demonstrates certain limits to the 

accuracy of strictly deterministic models. 

A major problem in testing the predictive effectiveness of ecosystem models is the limited amount of comprehensive long term field data available for aquatic 

ecosystems. Physical, chemical, and biological data collected continuously from Lake Washington over the last 

30 years are being used to test a generalized ecosystem 

model for natural waters, including the Great Lakes. As 

part of this effort, Lake Washington thermal simulations 

were modified to include a complete airlwater heat balance. Statistical comparisons between airport and lakeshore meteorological observations were completed, 

and they verified the airport observations. Data on 

chemical properties and loads have been accumulated 

and now augment long term physical observations. 

Evaluating the ability of the model to simulate ecological succession in Lake Washington will help determine 

its usefulness for predicting biological and chemical 

trends in the Great Lakes and other coastal ecosystems. 

Microscale Patchiness 

The phenomenon of spatial heterogeneity in nutrient 

supplies caused by excreted nutrient plumes around 

zooplankters has been suggested as an important factor 

in the control of both growth and species selection of 

phytoplankton. Using autoradiographic techniques, 

GLERL scientists were the first to demonstrate microscale heterogeneous phytoplankton uptake of nutrients 

excreted by zooplankton. This finding explains the apparent paradox that observed growth of phytoplankton 

in lakes is much greater than would be expected based 

on measurable concentrations of "available" phosphorus. Demonstration of this phenomenon changes 

traditional theories of phytoplankton-zooplankton nutrient interactions and increases our understanding of 

possible mechanisms responsible for plankton successional patterns in lake and marine ecosystems. Mathe- 

-1.00 1 1 I I I I I I 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 

Distance Behind Animal (mm ) 

Contour diagrams for the steady-state plume of phosphorus, 

in nanomoles per liter, (A) behind a swimming Daphnia pulex 

and (B) with algal uptake of phosphorus included. 
matical models developed at GLERL indicate that the 

effective sizes of the plumes are substantially reduced 

in the presence of phytoplankton. Current laboratory 

studies are designed to demonstrate the significance of 

patchiness to phytoplankton competition and to provide data for models of species competition based on 

small-scale processes.. 

Zooplankton Feeding and Particle 

Transport 

It is necessary to understand zooplankton feeding 

processes and rates so that the role of these invertebrates in cycling nutrients and controlling phytoplankton successional patterns in the lakes can be 

determined. The feeding rate of Diaptomus sicilis (an 

important zooplankton species in the Great Lakes) was 

related to selectivity, effective food concentration, and 

food concentration in Lake Michigan by describing the 

functional relation between feeding rate and food concentration for natural seston and for cultured Chlamydomonas spp. When the concentration of various 

mixtures of Chlamydomonas species is expressed as effective food concentration, instead of total food concentration, a better fit to the feeding rate-food 

concentration curve is obtained for the copepod D. sici- 

/is. Effective food concentration is the weighted sum of 

algal concentrations, where the weights are independently obtained selectivity coefficients for different 

kinds of algae. Selectivity information can be combined 

with feeding rate information to predict feeding rate for 

any set of environmental seston concentrations. 

The biological aggregation of small particles into 

larger fecal pellets by zooplankton is an important 

mechanism for the transport of nutrients and other materials (e.g., toxic organics) to the sediments because 

large particles settle more rapidly than small ones. Particle egestion and fragmentation by D. sicilis and other 

zooplankton were studied by microscopically examining prerinsed algae from control (without D. sicilis) and 

experimental (with D. sicilis) bottles used in feeding experiments on natural Lake Michigan seston. Differences 

in pellet size and composition lead to variable sinking 

rates. For example, fecal pellet sinking rates are higher 

in September because of their high calcium carbonate 

content at that time. 

Long Term Trends and Composition of 

Benthos in Lake Michigan 

Perhaps no other biological group of organisms is a 

better indicator of water quality than the benthic fauna. 

Communities respond to and reflect environmental 

changes over long periods of time. Thus, GLERL scienR* = 0.54 

Chl. sp. 

+ Chl. proteus 

A Chl. oblonga 

D o Chl. mixtures 

The relationship between feeding rate as a function of effective food concentration (EFC) and as 

a function of total food concentration (TFC). It is 

important to distinguish between the total 

amount of food in the water and the amount 

available to given zooplankton groups. For exarnple, some food is too large to be ingested by a 

particular group. 

tists are continuing to evaluate present-day distributions of benthic invertebrates in southern Lake 

Michigan. By comparing the number and kinds of organisms now in the lake to those found 17-50 years ago, 

they are gaining insight into the lake's changing trophic 

nature. 

Mean and range (in parentheses) of the ratio of the biomass 

of the macrobenthos to that of the meiobenthos at each 

depth for each year, 1976-79 

Depth (meters) 

Year 11 17 23 

1976 2: 1-191 14:l (10-2O:l) 37:l (28-53:l) 

1977 81 6-121 21:l (10-73:l) 45:l (15-118:l) 
Although small benthic animals (meiobenthos) may 

be important to the cycling of nutrients and toxic materials in the sediments, the composition and relative 

abundance of these organisms in the Great Lakes have 

not yet been determined. To quantify the meiobenthos 

of nearshore southeastern Lake Michigan, benthic samples were taken at three depths at monthly intervals 

from May to November 1976-79. The abundance of 

the meiobenthos in nearshore Lake Michigan was 

greater than that of most freshwater lakes and was comparable to abundances found in nearshore marine environments. The biomass of the meiobenthos was at 

times 20 percent as large as the biomass of larger benthic animals (macrobenthos). The meiobenthos has an 

estimated metabolic rate fivefold higher than that of the 

macrobenthos. Thus, energy flow (or materials movement) through the meiobenthos can equal that of the 

macrobenthos. 
LAKE HYDROLOGY 

The emphases of the Lake Hydrology Group are on 

the hydrologic cycle, including channel hydraulics, and 

on ice research. The objectives of the hydrologic research are to develop improved methods of predicting 

and simulating water supplies, lake levels, connecting 

channel flows, and flows in tributary streams and to improve understanding of hydrologic processes. The objectives of the ice research are to improve the 

prediction of freezeup, breakup, areal extent, and 

thickness of ice in the Great Lakes and their bays, harbors, and channels and to improve understanding of 

the natural variability and optical properties of lake ice 

cover. The research involves an integrated program of 

data collection, data base development, analysis, prediction, model development and testing, and advisory 

service. 

Prediction and simulation information on water supplies, lake levels, and flows is necessary for water resource planning and management and for the solution 

of problems with water supply, water quality, shore erosion, hydropower, navigation, recreation, and flooding. 

Primary users of hydrologic information are the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers, the Great Lakes shipping industry, the U.S. EPA, recreational boating enthusiasts, 

the power utilities, the Great Lakes States, and the general public. 

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great 

Lakes is of interest to all those who use the lakes in winter. Prediction information on Great Lakes ice is of value 

to shoreline engineering, winter navigation, hydropower generation, water supply management, and 

waste disposal. Primary users of ice information are the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Coast Guard, 

the National Weather Service (NWS), the St. Lawrence 

Seaway Development Corporation, the Great Lakes 

shipping industry, and the general public, including 

shoreline property owners. 

Hydrology - ~ 

Lake Hydrology scientists continue to develop mathematical models to simulate and predict basin runoff into 

each of the Great Lakes. Runoff predictions are necessary for water supply and lake level forecasting. The 

models will also help scientists understand the response 

of watersheds to natural forces. The GLERL Large Basin 

Runoff Model is an interdependent tank-cascade representation of basin runoff that uses analytical solutions of 

climatological considerations relevant to large watersheds. A mass balance is coupled with physically-based 

concepts of linear-reservoir storages, partial-area infiltration, complementary evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration opportunity based on available supply, 

and heat balance determinations of snowmelt and net 

supply. Daily air temperature, precipitation, and runoff 

data are used to calibrate the model's nine parameters. 

The model, developed and tested last year, has been 

refined and applied to major data sets this year. This involved data acquisition and reduction for all Great 

Lakes basins; about 148 flow station and 217 meteorological station records, representing 25-30 years of 

daily values, have been assembled. These data are now 

being reduced to hydrometeorological data sets for 

each of the 121 subbasins around the lakes. This work 

has been completed for Lakes Superior, Erie, St. Clair, 

and Ontario and is about one-third completed for 

Lakes Michigan and Huron. 

The model was applied to Lake Ontario data and 

grouped for 15 subbasins around the lake, as well as for 

the entire basin above Kingston, Ontario. Both 

lumped- and distributed-parameter approaches were 

used to apply the model. Eleven subbasins and the entire basin were modeled at weekly and monthly massbalance computation intervals. 

Results of this test indicate that the large basin runoff 

model is an accurate, fast model of weekly or monthly 

runoff volumes from large watersheds. An added advantage is the model's relatively simple calibration and 

data requirements. Parameters have physical significance and calibrated values obtained from parameter 

optimizations are reasonable; those obtained from 

weekly applications are consistent with those from 

monthly applications. For the Lake Ontario Basin data, 

weekly applications make significantly better use of 

available data on a monthly basis than do the monthly 

applications, and cost about four times as much to use. 

The distributed-parameter applications are marginally 

better than the lumped-parameter applications, and 

cost 11 times as much to use. The weekly distributedparameter application to Lake Ontario yielded a weekly 

correlation of 0.93, a monthly correlation of 0.95, and 

an annual correlation of 0.97. The model is now being 

applied to the remaining Great Lakes basins. 

The model has good potential for use in predictive 

studies since basin storages are represented directly. Although predictions are limited by available meteorological information, forecasting is practical if data can be 

supplied on a near real-time basis. This may soon be 

possible for many areas of the Great Lakes Basin since 

the requisite data are precipitation and air temperature. 

Work is underway for the necessary data links with 

agencies in the United States and Canada. 

The International Great Lakes Technical Information 

Network Board of the IJC has chosen to use the model 
CLERP Large Basin Runoff Model weekly distributed-parameter application ro Lake Ontario runoff 

above Kingston, Ontario. This comparison of actual flow versus flow srmulated by the model indicates 

close correlation. 

in their assessment of data network needs in the Great 

Lakes Region. It is also being used in connection with 

the joint United States-Canadian experimental gamma 

radiation snow water equivalent and soil moisture surveys to be conducted by flights over Lake Superior during the 1982-83 winter. Model applications will assess 

the information value of the experiments and enable 

such data to be incorporated into predictive models. 

The model is also being considered for use by the W.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers' Hydrologic Engineering Center at Davis, California. 

During the past year, a monthly climatic water balance model was developed and calibrated for the 

United States and Canadian land basins of Lake Erie. 

This model is less complex than the large basin runoff 

model. The model uses inputs of monthly average air 

temperatures and precipitation and computes the runoff into Lake Erie and the moisture conditions of the basin. The potential evapotranspiration used in the model 

is determined by the Thornwaite procedure. On an annual basis, the model has a root mean square error of 5 

centimeters or 7 percent and a correlation coefficient 

(between model and measured annual runoffl in excess 

of 92 percent. 

The model was used as part of a study to determine 

the impact of secular changes in precipitation and air 

temperature an the water supplies to the Lake Erie Basin. Existing precipitation and temperature data bases 

used as input by the model generated the runoff time 

series between 1900 and 1937, for which few data had 

been available. The study concluded that the primary 

cause of the recent high water supplies since 1966 has 

been an increase in precipitation averaging 6 percent 

over the long term average. The model indicated that 

this increase caused a 16-percent increase in runoff. 

Another factor has been a 0.3"C decrease in the average air temperature for this period. In general, model 

tests have indicated that ,-I 0.S0C decrease in air temperature will increase runoff by 6 percent. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the model to fill in runoff 

data gaps and to access quantitatively the impact of climatic changes and trends on basin runoff. 

The model is currently being used to improve water 

supply forecasts for Lake Erie. It is run at the beginning 

of each month using antecedent data to determine the 

basin moisture conditions and thus the relative runoff 

potential. Predicted or statistical air temperature and 

precipitation values can then be used as input to the 

model to provide forecasted runoff from 1 month to 1 

year in the future. During the upcoming year, this form 

of the model will also be applied to the Lake Superior 

and Lake Ontario drainage basins. 
I HIGH RUNOFF1POTENTiAL 

F '""I- ' ' I 'G7 

1% Exceedance 

., JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 

1981 Months 1982 

50 

n 

Lake Erie Basin moisture content from the Lake Erie climatic 

water balance model. When the soil moisture content IS 

above the 20-percent exceedence curve, the runoff potential 

for the basin is high. When the soil moisture content is below 

the 80-percent exceedence curve, the runoff potential is relatively low. The snowmelt contribution to the spring runoff is 

given by thelanuary or February maximum soil moisture content. 

Last year marked the end of field data acquisition for 

the Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Project. CLERL 

is conducting this project in cooperation with the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture's SEA with input from the 

U.S. Geological Survey. SEA conducted the experiments, and CLERL is providing the theoretical developments. Specially prepared plots of agricultural lands 

were exposed to computer-controlled precipitation 

from SEA'S rainulator, furnished by the National Soil 

Erosion Laboratory at Purdue University. As simulated 

rain fell, flow rate and sediment concentration were 

monitored in 15-second increments at the end of rills 

(the channels cut into the soil by the moving water). 

Data collected are currently being reduced. Preliminary 

analysis suggests that the rising part of the characteristic 

humped shape of the sediment concentration-time 

curve results from delivery of sediment from the areas 

between rills in excess of its flow removal within the rill 

during the early portion of the hydrograph. The drop 

down to steady state occurs because, as the flow geometry develops, deposition increases. Early indications 

are that rills develop naturally to the point at which sed- 

- 

LOW RUNOFF 

IIIIIIIIIII 

JoFnt GLERL-Science Education Administration (SEA) rainulator experiments. The ralnulator delivers predetermined precipitatron to specially prepared plots of agricultural land in a 

study ofthe relationship between precipitation and sediment 

loading. 

POTENTIAL 

llIIII1ILIII 

over existing concepts for describing sediment concentrations. Unsteady flow and sedimentation in overland 

rills are described by continuity equations and approximations of flow, entrainment, and transport capacity. 

For an assumed rill pattern on an overland plot, the 

equations are reduced to one-dimensional equations 

of motion, which do not use sheet flow approximations. 

The method of characteristics solution to these equations for uniform rainfall excess yields both the hydrograph (rising limb and uniform crest) and a three-part 

sediment concentration graph, with a predicted time 

lag between peaks of these graphs. The resulting model 

can use reasonable parameter values rather than requiring conventional sheet flow approximations. This is an 

advance over earlier, less complex models. In particular, the exponent on depth for entrainment is far greater 

than that obtained from distorted sheet flow models. 

The theory developed and tested in these experiments will be useful in ultimate assessments of sediment 

loadings to the lakes from agricultural lands. The theory 

provides physical understanding of the processes involved from whish to build expanded models of overland sedimentation. Other applications include 

modeling of atmospheric transport of pollutants to the 

Great Lakes and other coastal and estuarine ecosvstems. 

iment flow from them balances the additions to them Artificial channel changes in the .outlet of Lake Huron 

from the interrill areas. through the St. Clair River during - the ~resent century 

Sediment flux to fluid flow in a rill is represented by consist of dredging for commercial gravel removal in 

physically based models of simultaneous sediment en- the upper river during 1908-25 and uncompensated 

trainment (detachment), deposition (settlement), and navigation improvements for the 25-foot and 27-foot 

lateral inflow. This is proving to be an improvement projects completed in 1933 and 1962, respectively. 
These artificial changes increased the outlet channel capacity and permanently lowered the levels of Lakes 

Michigan and Huron. The total effect of these changes 

on the levels of Lake Michigan-Huron and on the upper St. Clair River profile above St. Clair was determined with dynamic flow models, which is a more 

sophisticated approach than that used in previous determinations. The ultimate effect of the dredging described above was a lowering of lake levels by 0.27 

meters, which represents a tremendous loss of fresh water resource (32 cubic kilometers). The water level was 

lowered less in the river downstream at the St. Clair 

gage. This lowering is nearly the same regardless of wal7"Okhi , Control Conditions 

176.8 1973: Flow = 6,577 rn3 s-1 

St. Clair = 176.35 rn 

176.6 

- 

- E 

176.4 

0, 

0) 

(II 

5 

\ 1970: Flow = 6,019 m3 s-1 

St. Clair = 175.87 rn 

176.0 

175.8 

River Distance (km ) 

St. Clair River water levels at various points down the river 

from the Fort Gratiot gage with the present channel conditions and with the 1900 channel conditions (before gravel removal and dredging for navigation improvements deepened 

the river). The levels with each channel condition are shown 

under two flow conditions-high flow (1973) and average 

flow (1970) to indicate that water supply has very little effect 

on the profiles during the two periods. 

ter supply conditions, as shown by the upper river 

open-water profiles for the years 1970 and 1973, representing median and high-water levels and flows, respectively. 

The Great Lakes connecting channels are used intensively for navigation, and in addition, a large number of 

industrial concentrations and municipalities are located 

along their banks. These factors carry a risk of oil spills 

or other chemical spills in these channels. The likelihood of spills, along with their trajectories, travel times 

in the channels, and containment, is the primary interest of the National Response Organization for Oil and 

Hazardous Spills, in which GLERL participates. Travel 

time tables were prepared for the St. Clair and Detroit 

Rivers in response to a request from the organization. 

The total travel time along the main channels of these 

two rivers is quite similar-21 hours for the St. Clair 

River and 19 hours for the Detroit River under mean 

flow conditions. However, the travel time is relatively 

uniform throughout the Detroit River, while more than 

a third of the total time (8 hours) in the St. Clair River is 

occupied in the delta, known as the St. Clair Flats. The 

initial information request was later expanded to include the St. Lawrence River and the Illinois Waterway 

(Illinois River complex). These two rivers are completely regulated, complex hydraulic systems, with 

large short term fluctuations in flows; thus, travel time 

tables for these rivers consider the high and low flow 

conditions in addition to the mean flows. The travel 

time tables for the upper St. Lawrence River (international section) were prepared by using the GLERL dynamic flow model to compute sufficient velocity 

distribution along the river and then by verifying with 

measurements, where available. The total travel time in 

the international section of the St. Lawrence River 

varies from 135 hours for the high flow to 216 hours for 

the low flow, with 164 hours for the mean flow. Work 

on the travel time tables for the upper Illinois Waterway 

is in progress, but will require field measurement of velocities. 

The study of the winter flow regimes of the St. Clair 

and Detroit Rivers was advanced with the successful 

completion of the first field season (October 1981 -May 

1982) of continuous velocity measurements in the St. 

Clair River. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates 

substantial differences in winter flows obtained from 

the current meters and from the GLERL dynamic flow 

models. Ice effects are suspected to be the main reason 

for these deviations. The ice concentration and, thus, 

effects are progressively higher downstream, raising the 

water level gage readings in the same order and reducing the river slope and flows computed by the models. 

The analysis also shows that the previous ice monitoring program was insufficient and must be improved. 
The program is being expanded to simultaneous winter 

flow measurements in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, 

with additional meters ordered for this purpose. 

Ice 

Analysis of a 20-year digital ice concentration data 

set for the Great Lakes continued in 1982. The NOAA 

Ice Atlas scheduled for publication in late 1982 was delayed to early 1983 because of unforeseen delays in the 

production of the charts. Products of the statistical analysis of the 20-year data set include graphs that portray 

lake-wide averaged ice concentrations of the maximum, minimum, median, mode, and average ice concentration for nine half-month periods. The maximum 

and minimum graphs illustrate the extremes and variation of lake-wide averaged ice concentration and the 

median, mode, and average graphs are representative 

of the normal progression of ice-cover concentration 

over the nine half-month periods for each Great Lake. 

The maximum and minimum graphs over the 20-year 

period of record indicate that ice concentration is most 

variable during the middle of the winter when ice 

covers normally reach their greatest areal extent on the 

Great Lakes. The median ice cover during the time of 

greatest ice cover, the second half of February, varies 

from 90 percent on Lake Erie to 24 percent on Lake Ontario. A comparison of all five values for each Great 

Lake shows that Lake Erie, because it is by far the shallowest of the five Great Lakes and therefore responds 

rapidly to changing atmospheric conditions, develops 

the most extensive ice cover and has had the greatest 

ice-cover variation over the 20-year period of record. 

A report documenting the file structure and format of 

the computerized 20-year ice concentration data set 

was completed in 1982. That report will facilitate the 

distribution of that data set, which is scheduled to be archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center of the 

Environmental Data and Information Service, Boulder, 

Colorado, in 1983. It is hoped that this data set will 

prove useful to a broad spectrum of users in the fields of 

research, operations, and planning. Further analysis of 

these data will include space and time correlations of 

the ice concentrations on a sublake spatial scale. 

Over the past year, a set of ice forecasting techniques 

has been developed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. The general problem was to see 

how well ice-cover formation, growth, and breakup 

could be predicted on the St. Marys River, the connecting channel between Lakes Superior and Huron. Although the river is one of the busiest commercial 

waterways in the world, it is ice covered for up to 4 

months of the year, causing significant ship movement 

problems. To provide the greatest flexibility in forecasting lead time, methods were chosen that relied only on 

observed ice cover and water conditions and air temperature projections. In the cases of forecasting 

Lake Erie Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario 

J1 F1 MI A1 J1 F1 MI A1 J1 F1 MI A1 J1 F1 MI A1 J1 F1 MI A1 

Time (half month periods) 

The maximum, median, mode, minimum, and average ice-cover concentration (in percent) for each of the Great Lakes for the 

nine half-month periods from the last half of December (D2) through the last half of April (A2) over the 20-year period 1960-79. 

Mean lake depth and air temperatures are two of the most important factors determining ice-cover concentration. 
freezeup and ice growth, quasi-analytical methods 

were developed to allow both water temperature decay 

and ice growth rates to be expressed as a function of air 

temperature. The breakup of the ice cover does not occur simply as a function of air temperature. Therefore, 

linear regression techniques were used to relate 

breakup to observable ice conditions or events earlier 

in the season. All of the techniques are more accurate 

than forecasting from historically average conditions. 

Their greatest value, however, is the projection of ice 

conditions or events no more than a month in advance. 

The reason for this 1-month limitation is not only that 

forecasting air temperature is so uncertain but also that 

the effects of a given state of the system extend only so 

far into the future. 

An analysis of nearshore ice thickness data for 30 stations around the Great Lakes was completed this' year. 

The purpose of the study was to evaluate to what extent 

ice growth is a function of air temperature alone, as 

measured at the nearest National Climatic Center reporting weather station. Although forecasting ice 

growth was not a goal of this study, the results suggested that site-specific forecasts could be developed 

WATER.LEVEL 

Snow Ice 

Lake Ice 

1 1 I I I 1 I I 1 

0 30 60 90 120 

Julian Date 1977 

1 I I I 1 

J F M A 

Months 

Weekly observations of ice-cover stratigraphy at a site on the 

St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. 

Snow cover initially acted as a thermal insulator. Ice thickness 

increased later in the season, however, as snow-ice formed at 

the ice-snow interface. 

solely on the basis of air temperature projections. 

Growth rates at the individual sites were reasonably 

consistent over the 10-year period of study although 

there was considerable variability between sites. The 

major cause of variability is the snow-cover thickness, 

which can either accelerate growth (if the ice cover 

floods) or inhibit it. A secondary result of the study was 

that it documented the widespread presence of 

snow-ice in the Great Lakes. This ice type is optically 

and mechanically different .from lake ice ("black ice) 

and can contribute up to 50 percent of the ice-cover 

thickness. 

A study testing the applicability of an Environmental 

Research Institute of Michigan's classification scheme 

to Landsat satellite imagery of Great Lakes ice cover has 

been concluded. The work may have both practical significance to the shipping industry in route selection and 

theoretical significance to energy balance studies since 

it indicates methods of measuring lake-wide radiation 

reflectance. By identifying two calibration points with 

known reflectance values for the four spectral bands received by Landsat, it is possible to convert satellite digital counts to ice-cover reflectance values without the 

need to compute the magnitude of atmospheric effects 

under clear skies. A number of ice types can be differentiated on the basis of their spectral signature and 

hence can be identified in the satellite image. This study 

relied upon a previously determined classification training set for Great Lakes ice types. Results, however, indicated some errors in the set that can be corrected in the 

course of long term studies of spectral reflectance for 

different ice types. 

Under contract to G LERL, a deterministic Great Lakes 

ice dynamics simulation model has been developed 

and calibrated for use as an aid in forecasting Lake Erie 

ice conditions. The model permits short duration forecasts (on the order of days) to be made on the basis of 

predicted winds and air temperatures and ice conditions observed at the beginning of the forecast period. 

The model can be periodically updated as meteorological conditions become known and as new information 

is acquired about ice conditions. It is also possible to 

operate the model with probabilistic input data. Future 

ice conditions can then be specified in terms of likelihood, giving the user an additional basis for decision 

making. 
PHYSICAL LlMNOLOGY AND predict the future state of the lake. Experimental data, 

METEOROLOGY in turn, can validate the accuracy of these predictions. 

Water Movements and Temperature 

The Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

studies the physic'al variables describing the lake environment and the way they change with external forces. 

The relevant variables are currents, temperatures, 

waves, water level fluctuations, sediments, and suspended matter. The primary driving forces are the wind 

acting on the lake surface, the heat exchanged between 

the lakes and the atmosphere, and the river flows. The 

purpose of this group is to develop and test models that 

improve prediction of these variables. These models 

will, in turn, allow estimates of chemical and biological 

properties of the lakes that are important in waste disposal, power generation, fisheries management, and 

water supply planning. In addition, waves and water 

level oscillations are hazards that may result in loss of 

lives and in damage to shoreline property, shipping, 

and recreational activities. 

The scales of the variables that need to be modeled 

and predicted range from years to seconds and from the 

size of the lake down to a few meters. In view of this tremendous range in time and space, the various phenomena must be separated according to their scales to 

understand and model them better. Hence, research in 

the Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group has 

been arranged in two areas. The first is water movements and temperature, which encompasses studies of 

lake-wide and nearshore circulation, seasonal changes 

in circulation, and upwelling. The second area is winds 

and waves, which deals with wind-generated waves, 

storm surges, seiches, and overlake winds. The latter 

area involves prediction on a real-time basis. The group 

also contributes to studies of particle dynamics conducted by the Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group and scientists at the University of 

Michigan. This program was initiated because toxic organic substances and nutrients enter the lake attached 

to particles. Hence the pathways and ultimate fate of 

these pollutants in the lakes depend on the movement 

of various types of particles through the lake environment. 

The approach used in studying the above problems is 

a combination of experimental (laboratory and field), 

theoretical, and modeling efforts. Experimental data 

provide information on what happens in the lake. Theoretical studies predict new phenomena and help plan 

new experiments. Modeling studies incorporate the important physical processes into governing mathematical 

equations and extrapolate the equations over time to 

Mathematical models were used to examine rotating 

current patterns (called rotational modes) in Lake Michigan and the results compared with observations 

recorded in previous years. The method consisted 

of running time-dependent circulation models to 

determine the distribution of kinetic energy with frequency. Numerical results for a 5-kilometer grid were 

computed and analyzed for impulsive wind stress and 

for observed (3-hourly) and daily averaged, timedependent wind stress. 

The impulsive wind stress generated a multitude of 

spectral peaks, several near observed periodicities. 

Some of the spatial structures associated with the peaks 

were confined to relatively smal l topographic features 

in the numerical grid, while others showed large-scale 

spatial dependence. Results of this simulation were 

used in planning where to deploy current meters for the 

Lake Michigan rotational mode experiment described 

below. The average kinetic energy spectrum of currents 

computed from the 3-hourly wind stress values is very 

similar to the spectrum of the observed currents and to 

the spectrum of the wind stress itself, whereas the spectrum of currents computed from daily-averaged wind 

stress values is less similar to observed. This interesting 

result has important implications for all our applications 

of current modeling. 

A rotational mode field experiment was designed and 

implemented in Lake Michigan to explore further the 

spatial structure and intensity of these important oscillations. Based on observations of southern Lake Michigan 

in 1976 and from numerical simulation, an array of current meters (with temperature recorders) was deployed 

at 15 locations in the lake in July 1982. Two of the locations were near the sites of meteorological buoys deployed by NOAA's National Data Buoy Office (NDBO). 

These buoys measure wind speed and direction, air and 

water column temperatures, solar radiation, air pressure, and wave height. The other sites were selected because models indicated they would be important in 

determining wave phase and propagation characteristics. All of the moorings were fitted with current meters 

at 15 and 50 meters below the water surface. At the 

NDBO sites, current meters were also placed at 75 meters below the water surface to provide added information for mooring design and cable configuration of the 

meteorological buoys because NDBO eventually plans 

to add other sensors (e.g., current meters) to the stations. 
A GLERL sc~entist ~mpect~ng the Nat~onal Data Ruoy Ofi~ce 

(NDBO) permanent meteorological buoy in southern Lake 

Mich~gan. He found storm darnage to the subsurface temperature sensors. 

Phnrn courtesy of the NDBO. 

The moorings are scheduled to he retrieved in summer 1983. This long deployment period, necessary for 

the analysis of the long period (longer than about 60 

hours) rotational modes also afforded an opportunity 

for the long term deployment of sediment traps in Lake 

Michigan. Eleven of the moorings (i.e., all except four of 

the closely spaced ones across the mid-lake ridge) have 

a suspended sediment trap 20 meters below the surface. Four of these eleven, including those at the NDBO 

sites and two other moorings near the centers of the 

deepest lake basins, have three other sediment traps 

suspended to provide a vertical profile of concentrations. These additional traps are at 7, 25, and 100 meters above the lake floor. Quantity and physical 

properties of the trapped suspended sediments will subsequently be related to the intensity and character of 

the current flows and to the lake-wide circulation and 

transpart patterns. 

While this fixed current metering program was in progress, a moving current meter experiment was also attempted. Satellite-tracked current drifters were 

launched within the fixed current meter array. The objective was to compare the two methods of measuring 

currents and to test the CLERL spill model. Since this 

spill model should predict the same trajectories as are 

obtained from the satellite-tracked drifters, a comparison of observed (from drifter buoys) and predicted 

(from spill model) trajectories would test the model's 

accuracy. 

locations of 1982 current meter statlonr. Two of the buoys 

were located near the permanent National Data Buoy Office northern (NDBO-N) and southern (NDBO-5) buoys. 

The other 73 sites were selected because the bathyrnetry 

and wave structure in those areas indicated they would be 

critical in determining pha5e and propagation character~stics of topographic waves. 

Deployment of a current meter in Lake Michigan. These meters record currents and temperatures for 1 year and provide 

the fixed array data used In water movement studies. 
To determine whether the drifters wash ashore so 

quickly in the Great Lakes that they are of limited value 

and whether the frequency and accuracy of their transmitted positions is sufficient, GLERL purchased four 

drifters from the Polar Research Laboratory in Santa 

Barbara, California. The surface float contains the transmitter and batteries (with a life of 6 months), and communicates with the ARGOS system onboard TlROSl 

NOAA satellites. The position of the drifter, within 

about 0.5 kilometers, is determined by Doppler shift 

and transmitted to a ground station. These data are 

available via a portable computer terminal at any telephone. Since deployment, the drifters have stayed offshore. One drifter path indicates they are capable of 

following the contour of the shoreline without being 

beached. As of yet, satellite contact has not been lost 

for any extensive length of time. 

the increased capability of the computing facility at 

the Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL) Headquarters in Boulder. It will be used to improve our spill 

models, and the drifter trajectories will provide an important learning and fine-tuning data set. 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology scientists continue to analyze Lake Erie data toward the goal of describing the year-round currents in the lake. 

Movements of the summer hypolimnion (the cold water 

layer confined to depths below the thermocline) in relation to wind stresses are being charted because the 

movement or stagnation of the layer plays an important 

role in determining whether or not anoxic conditions 

develop in this bottom water mass. The oxygen usage of 

biological processes and bottom resuspended materials 

can deplete the oxygen supply in these hypolimnion 

waters if they are isolated from the surface water and 

from atmospheric recharge. The intensity and duration 

of the stratification that isolates the bottom layer and 

causes its volume to vary from year to year are dependent on externally applied physical forces. Knowing 

how these forces determine bottom water dynamics is a 

key to understanding the oxygen depletion phenomenon. 

Winds and Waves 

Satellite drifter tracks from September 15, 1982, to October 15, 1982. The satellite drifters will be used to test the 

GLERL spill model. 

To examine the drifter movements in Lake Michigan, 

a three-dimensional current model will be used. It uses 

Another important, continuing effort is that to improve predictions of winds and waves on the Great 

Lakes. During 1981 scientists completed the field measurements and preliminary analyses of currents, waves, 

water levels, and winds recorded in a cross section of 

the coastal boundary layer and surf zone of Lake Erie. 

The purpose of that experiment was to observe the response of the coastal boundary layer and surf zone to 

the passage of storms. Data were collected during four 

major storms, of approximately 2-days duration each, 

from September 19 to October 4, 1981. From these detailed measurements, momentum fluxes during the 

growth and decay phases of the four episodes are now 

available. The experimental setup consisted of a surf 

zone array designed and operated by the University of 

Michigan and deep water current meter and Waverider 

buoy moorings and a tower operated by GLERL. The 

surf zone array consisted of a dense array of 

bi-directional current meters and wave staffs extending 

from shore through the surf zone and nearshore region. 

The tower, located 6 kilometers offshore in 13 meters of 

water, recorded directional wave, current, and meteorological information. The entire experimental setup 

was located on a transect extending 8 kilometers offshore. 
During one episode, wind direction changed suddenly from alongshore to onshore. Prior to the wind 

shift, overwater fetch was generally long, offshore currents weak, and offshore waves strong, with only about 

half of the wave energy reaching the surf zone. After the 

wind shift, overwater fetch decreased and the wave 

heights were reduced. Wave potential energy in thewrf 

zone was closer to offshore energy. The nearshore currents were stronger. Strong winds generated a longshore pressure gradient opposite the wind direction 

that was strong enough to overcome direct wind forcing of the current at the offshore station even before the 

wind shift. The nearshore currents were wind- and 

wave-driven. 

In addition to its use by oceanographers for estimation of waves, currents, and water level fluctuations bn 

the lakes, overlake wind information is required by 

mariners for navigation purposes, by meteorologists for 

weather forecasts, and by climatologists for evaporation 

calculations. Regular, year-round, and overland meteorological observations are recorded by the offices of 

the United States NWS and Canadian Meteorological 

Service. GLERL scientists used these available data and 

the buoys deployed in Lake Erie during 1979 by Canadian scientists to test three different methods of determining overlake wind speed as a function of overland 

wind speed and air-sea temperature difference. The 

results show that different methods provide generally 

similar estimations with root mean square errors above 

2 meters per second. Thus, the statistical methods for 

determining overlake wind speed from overland wind 

speed have not improved markedly. Further significant 

improvements will require a new method with a different approach. 

A new wave measurement program has ken implemented in western Lake Erie to study wave characteristics as affected by island chains. This Lake Erie 

experiment consists of two Waveriders, one deployed 

to the east of the western basin island chain and one to 

the west. The eastern Waverider is in the proximity of 

the NDBO NOMAD buoy. Therefore the measurements, in addition to providing a study of island chain 

effects on wave characteristics, can also be used to 

compare Waverider and NOMAD buoy measurements. 

The Waverider wave data will be telemetered to a shore 

receiving station and transmitted via telephone line to 

GLERL; they are also available in real-time to the Cleveland NWS Office for their marine wave forecasts. 

The NOAA NBDO has been deploying NOMAD 

buoys in the Great Lakes for collecting routine wave 

and meteorological data since 1980. The network 

now consists of eight NOMAD buoy stations in Lakes 

Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie. The abundant 

data available provide an excellent data base for model 

development and calibration. GLERL scientists have initiated several studies to use these data to improve wave 

prediction models. 
SPECIAL PRO) ECTS 

The Special Projects Group emphasizes environmental systems studies and applied modeling. The objectives are (1) to predict the effects on the Great Lakes 

ecosystem of management alternatives and maninduced changes, (2) to develop and apply systems 

analysis methods, such as optimization analysis and risk 

assessment, to help solve water resource problems, (3) 

to develop predictive models for practical application 

in assessing management alternatives, and (4) to develop information to minimize costs and risks in pollution management. 

Research conducted by the Special Projects Group 

tends to be holistic in scope, i.e., it attempts to take an 

overall approach. Therefore, research focuses on long 

term rather than short term ecological effects. It also integrates or synthesizes research from a variety of disciplines and agencies (GLERL as well as other agencies 

and academic institutions) for practical applications and 

considerations. This requires a great deal of coordination between GLERL staff and scientists and engineers 

from other organizations. 

This year Special Projects research has emphasized 

the practical aspects of three major topics that are expected to be the major Great Lakes research thrust during the 1980's-(1) trace toxic contaminant pollution, 

(2) the response of the lakes to the nutrient abatement 

program of the 1970's, and (3) water quantity. The 

Great Lakes appear to be especially susceptible to toxic 

substance problems, and because these toxics may affect human health, practical means must be developed 

to deal with this problem. During most of the 1970's, 

however, most research was on nutrient pollution, with 

virtually billions of dollars spent to reduce the load of 

the nutrient phosphorus to the lakes. It is important 

now to evaluate the effects of phosphorus control programs to determine whether these programs have been 

cost-effective. Finally, because of world-wide water 

shortages, the allocation of the vast quantity of water in 

the Great Lakes is becoming an important issue, with 

far-reaching consequences. 

Inherent in the Special Projects program is the premise that cost-effective management of the Great Lakes 

requires that the lakes be managed as an integrated system. Management actions applied to one lake or one 

use affect the other lakes or other uses. For example, a 

fisheries management plan for Lake Michigan cannot 

be developed without taking into account the influences it will have on Lake Erie. Nor can a toxics contaminant control program be implemented without 

weighing the economic implications of such a program. 

Just as modern medicine is beginning to develop an approach called holistic health care, whereby nutrition, 

stress management, biofeedback, and other approaches are all used to maintain and promote good 

health in humans (as opposed to the conventional 

patch-up method, which treats symptoms), an ecosystem or holistic management concept must be instituted 

to promote the good health of the lakes. 

Toxic Substances 

The Great Lakes have probably been more susceptible to toxic contaminant problems than any other area 

in the world. This problem has been especially difficult 

to control. As a result, considerable effort was expended this year to develop and refine an easily implemented toxic substances budget model for use by 

managers " and other decision-makers. 

The management model developed and documented 

simulates the concentration of a contaminant in the 

sediments and overlying water column of a lake. The 

contaminant being considered is divided into that associated with organic and inorganic particulate matter 

and that dissolved in the water. Adsorptionldesorption 

plays an important role because only the portion of a 

contaminant associated with particulate matter is subject to settling and resuspension and only the dissolved 

component is subject to diffusion and vaporization. The 

principal application of such a model is to predict the 

r Water Column Concentration 

1950 1960 1970 1980 

Time 

Projected water column concentration of plutonium-239 in picocuries (pCi) per cubic meter of water in Lake Michigan. Dots show actual plutonium 

measurements. The radioactive substance plutonium is used as a tracer to test the toxic budget substance model. 
year-to-year and steady-state responses of the water 

column and sediments of the Great Lakes to changes in 

the loading rate of a contaminant and/or particulate 

matter. 

Although the human health threat has been the main 

motivation for research on Great Lakes toxicants, few 

contaminants have been evaluated with regard to the 

actual risk they pose to human health. Therefore, an assessment of the possible health risks of PCB's, one of 

the chemicals that bioaccumulates dramatically in 

Great Lakes fish and the subject of considerable environmental research by GLERL scientists, was undertaken. 

Individuals who habitually consume large quantities 

of fish from the Great Lakes, especially Lake Michigan, 

will have substantially higher intakes of PCB's than the 

general population. Based on conservative extrapolations from animal studies, such individuals face an increased, although relatively small, risk of developing 

cancer. More information, such as may be provided by 

ongoing epidemiological studies of subpopulations exposed to higher-than-normal PCB levels, is needed to 

define the associated risks more clearly. Further, more 

information is needed on the possible health effects of 

PCB's transferred from mother to infant. 

Despite concern over the potential health effects of 

contaminants found in the Great Lakes, the fact that 

levels of such contaminants as PCB's and DDT are decreasing is cause for optimism. It would appear that 

control measures previously established are beginning 

to be effective. Nevertheless, it is necessary to continue 

assessing the distribution and fate of Great Lakes toxicants because of their effect on human health. 

Nutrient Loads 

Excessive nutrient loads pollute lakes by upsetting the 

ecological balance. Reliable information on nutrient 

pollutant inputs to the Great Lakes is necessary for successful application of many of the mathematical models 

developed at GLERL. Understanding the relative importance of nutrient inputs is also essential if the most 

cost-effective management strategy for the Great Lakes 

is to be determined. Furthermore, during the 1970's, 

billions of dollars were spent on pollution control in the 

Great Lakes Basin. The results of this unprecedented 

abatement effort have only begun to be manifested, so 

observations of pollutant inputs to the lakes in coming 

years should provide valuable information on the effectiveness of cleanup efforts. 

Beginning this year, a procedure was implemented to 

update information on United States tributary pollutant 

inputs of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, suspended solids, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia, and chloride. The ratio-estimator technique 

used accounts for the effects of the variability of flow on 

pollutant loads over an annual cycle. In addition, 

GLERL scientists developed a procedure to estimate 

flows and concentrations in unmonitored and ungaged 

areas. These data will provide the long term estimate of 

the variability of pollutant loads so necessary for an understanding of lake dynamics. 

Phosphorus continues to be the key nutrient considered in Great Lakes management. However, not all of 

the phosphorus entering the lakes affects biological productivity. GLERL scientists, in cooperation with university researchers, synthesized information from around 

the basin and found that significant portions (40 percent 

or more) of the phosphorus added to the lakes by association with particulate material cannot be used in the 

growth of algae and higher plants and thus are not pollutants. Whether particulate phosphorus becomes all or 

partly bioavailable in the lakes depends on the concentration of soluble inorganic phosphorus in the receiving 

water and the position (location) of the particle in the 

lake. A mathematical model was used to illustrate the 

special importance of positional limitation. Information 

on bioavailability is of great practical importance since 

it can lead to considerable savings in the cost of phosphorus control programs. 

Although not a nutrient, chloride loads to the Great 

Lakes are important indicators of pollution. Therefore, 

as part of this year's activities, a Great Lakes chloride 

budget was developed. Chloride loads were found to 

be as follows: Lake Superior-0.3 x lo6 metric tons per 

year, Lake Michigan-0.9 x 106 metric tons per year, 

Lake Huron-1.1 x lo6 metric tons per year, Lake 

Erie-3.7 x lo6 metric tons per year, and Lake Ontario-6.3 x lo6 metric tons per year. Of late, chloride 

inputs, especially industrial inputs, have decreased, indicating progress in pollution control. 

Although chloride loads are decreasing, they are still 

much higher than before 1900. As a result, in the large 

upper Great Lakes, which respond very slowly to loads 

of chemicals such as chloride, concentrations are still 

rising. Of most concern is the projected buildup in Lake 

Michigan, where chloride concentrations are predicted 

to increase over the long term from 8 to nearly 20 milligrams per liter if current loads continue. Although the 

ecological effects are not clearly established, elevated 

concentrations of chloride and associated ions (e.g., sodium cations) have been linked to less desirable algal 

assemblages. 

Water Quantity 

With water in short supply in many areas of the 

United States, national attention has been focused on 
Total phosphorus loads to each of the Great Lakes. The size of each circle is proportional to the total 

phosphorus load to each lake. The shaded areas indicate the potentially bioavailable phosphorus portion of the different sources. The shaded areas of the tributary and shoreline erosion inputs denote upper estimates of bioavailable phosphorus. The dashed line within the tributary area separates point 

(adjacent to direct point sources) and diffuse contributions. 

the vast reserve of high quality water held in the Great 

Lakes system. Based on a preliminary analysis done this 

year, it was concluded that a considerable volume of 

water could conceivably be withdrawn from the system 

without causing a large drop in lake levels relative to 

natural conditions. A diversion of 60 cubic meters per 

second, less than the current diversion out of Lake 

Michigan through the Chicago Sanitary Canal, would 

supply the water needs of New York City. Nevertheless, 

a drop in lake levels of only a few centimeters has an 

important effect on the hydropower production at various locations along the system. Furthermore, international treaties restrict the amount of water that can be 

removed. Therefore, it is unlikely that water will be exported out of the lakes in the near future. But, because 

Great Lakes water may someday be exported, it is pru- 
dent national policy to maintain or improve the quality 

of the lakes through careful and diligent research and 

management. 

Another concern for the future is an increase in the 

consumptive use of Great Lakes water. Water lost from 

the system because of consumptive use is water withdrawn but not returned. Examples of consumptive use 

include evaporation losses from power plant cooling 

systems and incorporation of water into industrial products. (Water diversions from the Great Lakes are not 

considered to be a consumptive use.) Recently, based 

partly on work done by GLERL scientists, it was estimated that consumptive use could increase about fivefold over the next 60 years. To put this projected 

increase into perspective, a hydrologic response model 

developed at GLERL was used to project the effect on 

lake levels. Results indicate that the unregulated lakes 

(Michigan, Huron, and Erie) will be most affected. On 

the basis of consumptive use projections for all the 

lakes, the average lake level on the unregulated lakes 

could be lowered about 21 centimeters by the year 

2035. Although this change is not large relative to natural fluctuations in lake levels, some impact on navigation, hydropower, fisheries, wildlife, and recreation 

could occur. Little or no impact on lakeshore interests is 

expected, however. Thus, in the years ahead, consumptive use of Great Lakes water will have to be a factor in 

lake management. 

- 12 - 

.o -16 - C 

.g -20 - 2 -24 IIIIIIIIII~~ 

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 

Year 

Projected impact of consumptive water use on lake levels. 

The apparent anomaly of a rise in Lake Ontario water levels 

after the year 2026 with a continuing increase in consumptive 

water use is due to the inability of the existing regulation plan 

to accommodate the progressively decreasing supply of water 

into the lake after that time. 
INFORMATION SERVICES 

The dissemination of scientific products in a form 

compatible with user needs is vital to fulfillment of the 

GLERL mission. Since research costs cannot be justified 

if the results are unused, a principal GLERL activity is 

maintenance of an advisory service as a means of providing scientific information in a form geared to user 

needs. 

This past year, as part of that service, GLERL provided 

over 3,600 research products in response to over 2,400 

documented requests. Of these, 42 percent came from 

institutions of higher learning, 31 percent from U.S. and 

foreign federal governments, 15 percent from private 

industry, 7 percent from domestic and foreign state governments, and 5 percent from private citizens. This is in 

addition to regular mailings to those who have indicated interest in a 6-month listing of available publications and one or more of the five types of GLERL 

publications: chemistry and biology, environmental 

systems engineering, ice, lake hydrology, and physical 

limnology and meteorology. Yet publications are but 

one form of environmental information. Also included 

are predictions and simulations produced from environmental models, forecasts and forecast techniques, 

descriptive or analytical information on the present or 

past status of one or more limnological characteristics 

of a lake or of the system, and data bases. Many of these 

involve what might be termed "technology transfers." 

A partial list of GLERL technology transfers effected this 

year and users is given below. 

Technology Transfers 

Equation of State Derivation and Method to Convert 

Observed Pressures to Depths. 

User: NDBO 

Waverider Deployment to Provide Real-Time Data to 

Forecasters and for Comparisons With NDBO 

NOMAD Buoy Measurements. 

User: NWS-Cleveland, Ohio, NDBO 

Climatological Mean Lake Surface Temperature 

Computer Program. 

User: NWS-Ann Arbor 

Overlake From Overland Wind Forecast Program. 

User: NWS-Ann Arbor 

Optimum Location of Wood Pulp Processing Plants 

Considering Lake Circulation Patterns. 

User: State of Michigan 

Microtechniques for Phosphorus Chemistry and 

Availability. 

User: Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service 

Settling Chambers for Autoradiographic Techniques. 

User: University of Michigan 

Kinetic Technique to Measure Ammonium Excretion 

by Pelagic Zooplankton. 

User: Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique 

to Fractionate Dissolved Constituents in Natural 

Waters. 

User: University of Missouri 

Uncertainty Analysis for Water Quality Monitoring. 

User: University of Southern California 

In Situ Chamber for Measuring Zooplankton 

Predation. 

User: University of Michigan 

Chloride Budget for the Great Lakes. 

User: U.S. EPA 

Great Lakes Environmental Quality Index. 

User: State of Michigan 

Diffusion Parameterization for Reservoir Problems in 

the United Kingdom. 

User: University of Salford 

Techniques for Investigating Toxicokinetics of 

Xenobiotics in Aquatic Invertebrates. 

User: University of Michigan 

Sediment Trap Designs. 

User: U.S. Department of the Interior, University 

of Wisconsin, University of Michigan 

Gamma Scan System for Sediment Reworking by 

Benthic Organisms. 

User: University of Michigan 

Large Basin Runoff Model. 

User: IJC, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Model. 

User: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture 

St. Marys River Ice Forecast Method. 

User: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements are reviewed 

and critiqued in support of NOAA's Office of Ecology 

and Environmental Conservation. The Draft Environmental Impact Statements are required by law to be 

submitted by the company or agency planning the activity for review by all interested or affected entities. 

They are intended to ensure that proposed activities in 

and around the lakes have been designed to have little 

or no long term adverse effects on the environment. 
This past year, eight draft environmental impact statements were reviewed by GLERL. 

Other responsibilities carried out under this activity 

include identification of and communication with potential users, determination of user interests and needs, 

and liaison between the laboratory and users. Committee and board memberships and attendance at workshops, conferences, and other scientific gatherings are 

some means of informing people about GLERL; certain 

special publications, such as the technical plan and this 

annual report, are others. Advice was provided in such 

widely diverse areas as the NOAA Sewage Sludge 

Dumping Policy for the New York Bight, the proposed 

IJC Great Lakes Science Advisory Board's Task Force on 

Modeling, numerous information requests directed to 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and subsequently referred to GLERL, and northern Lake Michigan water 

temperature data (to assist in selecting a training site for 

the oldest person to successfully swim the English 

Channel), to name a few. 

International treaties and agreements between the 

United States and Canada, such as the Water Quality 

Agreement of 1978 and the Boundary Waters Treaty of 

1909, are considered and agreed to at the federal level. 

Legislation pertaining to navigation, water quality, and 

water levels has been enacted by the Congress. GLERL 

has advised both the legislative and executive branches 

on these and other matters. 

Publications Unit 

Publications are a major GLERL product and a critical 

part of our efforts to make research findings available to 

a broad spectrum of users for application to environmental problems and decisions. 

The publications unit has responsibility for the preparation of manuscripts, including editing, typing, proofreading, and procurement of graphics. Manuscripts are 

edited, typed, and proofread in-house, while graphics 

and photographic services are procured under contract. Manuscripts are formatted according to the requirements of the publication form: articles and notes 

in professional journals, NOAA technical reports and 

memoranda and data reports, or in-house reports. During the last fiscal year, 52 manuscripts were processed 

in the GLERL publications unit. 

Every 6 months, a listing of GLERL publications is sent 

to a mailing of individuals who have requested that list, 

and requests are filled until supplies are exhausted. 

Copies of publications are also available through the 

National Technical Information Service. 
INTERNATIONAL AND of Great Lakes Research, published by that organization. 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES Another serves as an Associate Editor. GLERL scientists 

also hold positions on the Board of Directors and the 

Awards Committee. 

The GLERL program includes support activities for, ~~~i~~

R~~~~~~~ -ream for spills of and participation in, the work of many agencies in both 

the United States and Canada. This is one of the mecha- Oil and Hazardous Substances 

nisms whereby our research product is used; in addition, we obtain information on requirements for 

environmental information to support planning and 

management activities. This user need information is 

helpful in shaping future GLERL research programs. 

lnternational Joint Commission 

GLERL staff members actively participate in a wide 

variety of the activities of the IJC. This past year, a 

GLERL staff member was appointed to the Water Quality Board's Nonpoint Source Control Task Force. This 

task force is charged with developing an overview of 

the progress made in implementing land runoff controls 

in the Great Lakes Basin, as well as with assessing the 

scientific problems involved in nonpoint source management. Also included is participation in the International Great Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Uses 

Working Committee. This committee provided a 

60-year projection of consumptive water use in the 

Great Lakes Basin to be used in evaluating its potential 

impact on lake levels. A final report including recommendations has been submitted to the IJC for further 

action. In related areas, GLERL holds membership on 

the Levels and Flows Advisory Board and the Technical 

lnformation Network Board. 

Great Lakes Commission 

A GLERL staff member serves on two subcommittees 

of the Great Lakes Commission's Natural Resources 

Management Committee-the Subcommittee on Land 

and Air and the Subcommittee on Water. The Natural 

Resources Management Committee is responsible for 

initial commission consideration of all natural resource 

issues and legislation. The two subcommittees cover 

broad spectrums of related resource management and 

environmental protectionlpollution control programs 

administrated at both State and Federal Government 

levels. 

lnternational Association for Great 

Lakes Research 

Members of GLERL actively participate in activities of 

the lnternational Association for Great Lakes Research. 

A senior GLERL scientist serves as Editor of the lournal 

GLERL continues to play a role in spill response in the 

Great Lakes by providing the Department of Commerce 

representative to the Regional Response Team (RRT) 

and the regional Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC). 

The RRT is a standing committee that evaluates and revises the regional contingency plan for response to 

spills of oil and hazardous materials. The RRT may be 

called upon to provide specialized resources in response to a spill. A full-time SSC was assigned to work 

at GLERL in FY 1982. The SSC establishes and maintains 

contacts with the regional scientific community, identifies vulnerable resources in conjunction with State and 

Federal agencies, and assists in the preparation of regional and local contingency plans. When a spill has 

occurred, the SSC provides liaison between the 

on-scene coordinator and the scientific community. 

GLERL scientists have provided assistance to the U.S. 

Coast Guard and the U.S. EPA in regional spills and 

have participated in drills conducted by the U.S. Coast 

Guard and NOAA's OMPA. 

Joint United States-Canadian Ice 

lnformation Working Group 

A GLERL staff member is the U.S. Cochairman of this 

group, the primary mission of which is to coordinate 

the gathering and dissemination of ice information and 

data for the Great Lakes. 

lnternational Coordinating Committee 

on Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

Because much of the Great Lakes data base is used internationally, Canadian and United States users of hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a coordinating 

committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee 

are to reach agreement upon hydraulic, hydrologic, 

and related physical data concerning the Great Lakes; 

to assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international data; to provide basic data to anyone with a recognized need; to reach agreement on methods and 

procedures for measuring, collecting, and storing pertinent data; and to publish coordinated data. GLERL participates on the River Flow Subcommittee with a charge 

to coordinate data on tributary stream inflow to the 

Great Lakes system, to coordinate studies of flow in the 
SCALE: [AT 45 DEGREES LAT.) 

0 60 120MILES 

0 90 180 KILOMETERS 

LEGEND: 

WATER BOUNDARY 

- DRAINAGE BASIN DIVIDE 

t DATA STATION LOCATION 

t 

t 

325 [ 332 1 STAT IONS t+ t 

I I I I , 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I 

United States and Canadian precipitation stations. A GLERL scientist on the International Great Lakes Technical Information Network Board of the International Joint Commission (IJC) is preparing a directory of the hydrometeorological data network. In addition to aiding the IJC in determining future data needs, the directory will be a research tool for scientists. 

connecting channels and the St. Lawrence River, and to ducted prior to possible operational implementation of 

establish procedures for updating and disseminating winter navigation extension. 

river flow data. 

Winter Navigation Program 

In the past, GLERL has worked in support of the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers in a multiagency program to 

examine the feasibility of extending the navigation season in the Great Lakes. Because a large portion of the 

demonstration program has been completed, much of 

GLERL's involvement has ended; however, GLERL staff 

continue to participate in an ad hoc capacity to advise 

the Corps on environmental studies that should be conlnteragency Great Lakes Hydromet 

Steering Committee 

The lnteragency Great Lakes Hydromet Steering 

Committee was established to coordinate the efforts of 

the participating U.S. Government agencies in planning 

and implementing a Great Lakes Hydrometeorological 

Forecast System. Participating agencies are NOAA, the 

U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 
International Field Year for the Great resulting from analytical and numerical simulations of 

Lakes (I FYG L) the dynamical events recorded in the IFYGL data bases 

and published separately in 454 United States and Canadian articles and reports. Thirteen chapters (plus apThe book IFYGL-The International Field Year for the pendices), dealing with subjects covering tne meteorGreat Lakes has been printed. The publication summa- ology, hydrology, limnology, and biology-chemistry of 

rizes and synthesizes the major scientific achievements Lake Ontario, are included. 
FACI LIT1 ES Chemistry Laboratories 

GLERL's laboratory and support facilities are an integral part of its research program. These are housed in 

four leased buildings in Ann Arbor, including offices 

and support facilities, and in a warehouse and dock facility at Monroe, Michigan. 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

The marine instrumentation laboratory staff selects, 

calibrates, repairs, and, when necessary, adapts or designs instruments to collect data in the lakes and their 

environs. Engineers and technicians in this unit work 

closely with GLERL researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible with the purpose of the experiment. 

As in the past, current meter mooring maintenance 

and deployment constituted a significant portion of the 

workload of the marine instrumentation laboratory during FY 1982. This past summer, 15 moorings using 

acoustical releases, 35 vector-averaging current meters, and 15 subsurface floats were deployed in the middle and southern basins of Lake Michigan. Sediment 

traps were also attached to the moorings and will remain in place for 1 year. 

To monitor island effects of wave generation in the 

western basin of Lake Erie, marine instrumentation 

laboratory staff deployed two Waverider buoys, one 10 

miles east and one 10 miles west of the Bass Islands. 

Marine instrumentation laboratory engineers have been 

working with the GLERL computer facility staff to provide an automatic dial-up system for real-time wave 

data transmission from these buoys. 

The fabrication of a flow tank has made it possible to 

evaluate the accuracy and reliability of various current 

meters and sensors. Working closely with the manufacturer, marine instrumentation laboratory staff refined 

the Marsh McBirney, Inc., ARC 585 electromagnetic 

current meter. These meters will be used in a flow monitoring project in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers using 

the automatic dial-up data acquisition system. A Neil 

Brown Instrument Systems, Inc., acoustical current meter has been ordered, with testing and evaluation 

scheduled for winter and spring 1983. 

Development of a data concentrator designed for use 

in multisensor slow process environments, such as 

those encountered in chemical analysis, is on schedule. 

It uses the marine instrumentation laboratory 280 

microcomputer system with multichannel analog to 

digital converter, digital to analog converter, and file 

management. 

There are two major types of compounds analyzed by 

GLERL's chemistry laboratories: trace synthetic organic materials and nutrients. The synthetic organics, 

primarily PAH's, are extracted from various ecological 

matrices by Soxhlet extraction and cleaned on Sephadex and silica. Separation and analysis are performed 

on a glass capillary Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph and on our recently acquired Waters liquid chromatograph equipped with ultraviolet and fluorescent 

detectors. Yields are calculated by recovery of 

carbon-14-labeled spikes introduced into the original 

sample matrix. 

The uptake and release rates of selected PAH's by 

benthic organisms is being followed through 

carbon-14-labeled-compound metabolism. Compounds are extracted, cleaned on thin layer or high performance liquid chromatography, and counted by 

liquid scintillation. 

The nutrient program has concentrated on the measurement of recycling rates and on the characterization 

of forms of phosphorus in lake waters. Microtechniques 

for filtration and analysis were developed to examine 

nutrients in warers of small-scale laboratory biological 

nutrient regeneration experiments. Speciation of phosphorus forms is needed to understand and predict 

chemical and biological cycling mechanisms in the 

lakes. We have developed new ways to fractionate and 

characterize organic and inorganic dissolved phosphorus forms in lake and river water. Liquid chromatographic methods have been designed to separate 

dissolved compounds directly into chemically distinct 

groups. This fractionation scheme is being interfaced 

with specific detection systems for phosphorus (organic 

and inorganic), ultraviolet-absorbing organic material, 

and major metals to examine the incorporation or association of phosphorus with other dissolved components 

in the water. 

Biology Laboratories 

The biology laboratories' equipment and instrumentation include a multichannel Coulter Counter used to 

measure particle size selection and zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and seston. An array of instruments, including a liquid scintillation spectrometer, is 

used to investigate nutrient uptake, growth rates, competition for nutrients by algae, and cycling rates of selected algal nutrients. Facilities also include a full 

complement of sampling gear and instrumentation, 

growth chambers, stereo and inverted microscopes, 

and cultured populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton species for model studies. A mobile trailer has 
been fitted for lakeside investigations of the physiology , 1 cm , and feeding rates of planktonic and benthic organisms. 

This past year, nutrient release patterns of various 

groups of animals have been measured as a joint effort 

with chemistry laboratory staff. This involves putting individual pelagic and benthic invertebrates into known 

quantities of lake water and measuring the phosphorus 

and nitrogen release patterns. Continuous nutrient release rates by individual zooplankton are measured 

with a flow-through incubation cell in conjunction with 

high performance liquid chromatographic plumbing 

and a modified Technicon AutoAnalyzer. 

The biology laboratories continue to support the survey of benthic invertebrates in southern Lake Michigan. 

Ice Laboratory Injection Valve 

The ice laboratory makes it possible to extend the schematic diagram of rnicrofiltering device designed to rewinter measurement season and to expand o~~ortuni- move particles from small (less than 1 milliliter) water samples 

ties for measurements of ice characteristics. The facility during injection into nutrient analyzers. 

Elution Volume (mL) 

a) Grand River Surface Water c) Lake Michigan Surface Water 

(1 9 pg Mg mL-1) (12pg Mg mL-I) 

Mg 

Direct injection liquid chromatograms for magnesium and ultraviolet absorbing organic matter for filtrates (0.5 milliliters) of Grand River and Lake Michigan surface and sediment pore water sampled in 

May 1981. 

1 

UVDOM 

8 

c 

0 

Q 

8 

t 

E 

0 

0 

2 

A # 

b) Grand River Sediment Pore Water d) Lake Michigan Sediment Pore Water 

(69 pg Mg mL-I) (12pg Mg mL-I) 

UVDOM UVDOM 
is composed of a work room and an ice storage room. 

The work room, held at -7.0°C, can be used to conduct 

experiments on natural ice harvested in previous field 

seasons, as well as to calibrate instrumentation for the 

ice research program in an environment similar to that 

encountered in the field. For example, scientists are investigating new optical diffusers for the dual spectroradiometers used in measuring ice reflectance. These 

new diffusers will allow the instrument to be used under clear sky conditions without mathematical correction factors. The cold room is also being used to test the 

sensitivity of a variety of instruments, such as spectroradiometers and current meters, under low temperature conditions. The interior walls are painted flat black 

to facilitate optical experiments. Ancillary equipment 

includes a high intensity light source, a mercury line 

source, and an optical bench. 

Adjacent to the work room is a smaller room held at 

-29.0°C. In addition to providing low temperature storage for ice samples and a limited number of field Samples from the chemistry and biology programs, the 

facility serves as an additional calibration room. 

Particle Dynamics Laboratory 

Natural and artificially produced radionuclides introduced into the Great Lakes serve as excellent model 

contaminant and process indicators. The particle dynamics laboratory can be used to detect and measure 

very low levels of many such radioactive substances 

present in water, sediment, and biota. The laboratory 

was established recently as part of the cooperative program with the University of Michigan, Great Lakes and 

Marine Waters Center. 

Facilities include several gas flow proportional 

counters with automatic sample changers for total alpha and beta counting. These systems are used both for 

low-level counting of environmental samples and for 

laboratory radiotracer studies. The laboratory has one 

absolute geometry alpha spectroscopy system and has 

recently added two additional alpha spectroscopy modules. This addition is a significant improvement in capability for extremely low-level (about 10 femtocuries), 

high resolution measurement of alpha emitting radionuclides, such as the plutonium and thorium isotopes 

and polonium-210. Currently under development is a 

radon gas counting system in which the radioactive gas 

is transferred to a zinc sulfide lined chamber, where 

used for routine measurement of fallout cesium-137 in 

sediment and in trap samples. Several 2-by-2-inch sodium iodide detectors are presently used in gamma 

scan systems. In these systems the detectors are housed 

in extremely well-collimated lead shields (shields that 

direct light waves) mounted on hydraulically operated 

platforms. The gamma scan systems are used to determine the vertical distribution of gamma emitting tracers 

added to laboratory microcosms containing sediments, 

water, and zoobenthos. In addition, the laboratory includes a major gamma detection system-a high volume, high resolution, well-shielded lithium-drifted 

germanium detector coupled to a state-of-the-art multichannel analyzer. The system is interwired with the 

University of Michigan computer facility, allowing for 

on-line data processing. The system is designed for simultaneous determination of many radioisotopes, including berylium-7, potassium-40, cesium-137, and 

other: fallout radionuclides. The system may also be 

used for quantitative determination of stable element 

concentrations via neutron activation analysis. 

Computer Facility 

The computer systems group supports the work of 

GLERL scientists by designing, coding, debugging, and 

testing systems and applications programs. They also 

counsel and train scientist-technician programmers to 

increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their use of 

computing resources. 

General scientific computing is done on ERL's CDC 

Cyber 1701750 located in Boulder. This computer is accessed by means of a remote-job-entry station and 

about 25 interactive terminals located throughout the 

laboratory. A statistical multiplexer is used to control 

data traffic on a 9,600-baud telephone link to Boulder; 

it supports the remote-job-entry station, two 

1,200-baud and five 2,400-baud hard-wired terminals, 

and nine 300-baud dial-up lines. Four of the interactive terminals have screen graphics capabilities; one of 

these also has a hard-copy graphics capability. 

Computer systems also supports and operates a 

Hewlett-Packard 9603A minicomputer as a data acquisition system. This system is used to process tapes from 

field instruments, to collect data transmitted by field instruments over radio-telephone links, and to collect 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite 

data and data from NWS's Great Lakes Marine Circuit. 

scintillations produced by its decay are detected by a 

photomultiplier. This system, once operational, will Research Vessel Shenehon 

provide a basis for radiometric studies of vertical diffu- The primary platform used in support of open lake 

sivity within the benthic boundary layer. There is now field investigations is theshenehon. The vessel is a conan extensive capability for gamma analysis. A verted T-boat 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot mean 

well-shielded 3-by-5-inch sodium iodide detector is draft, a 600-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 
10-knot cruising speed. A hydraulic articulated crane 

with a 1,630-pound lifting capacity at 21-foot extension is used for deployment and retrieval of heavy instrument moorings. Winches handle hydrographic wire 

and multiconductor cable for sample casts and in situ 

measurements of water variables. An on-board laboratory facilitates onsite physical, chemical, and biological 

experiments. A LORAN C navigation system provides 

the capability and precision for the ship to return to an 

exact site in the lakes for equipment retrieval. 

During FY 1982 the Shenehon was based at the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers' boat yard at Crand Haven, 

Michigan. The Corps also provided warehouse facilities 

and space for a mobile shore based laboratory at that 

location. The range of ship operations in FY 1982 included Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. 

Biological work supported by the Shenehon during 

the past year included benthic, planktonic, and bacterial experiments studying nutrient cycling in the aquatic 

environment and the long term effects of toxic material 

inputs. As part of a toxics materials study, specimens of 

the organism P hqi were collected in Lakes Huron and 

Michigan to measure uptake of PAH's. 

In a nutrient cycling study, benthic invertebrates were 

collected from the Crand River and adjacent Lake 

Michigan to determine whether they release significant 

quantities of phosphorus by metabolic and digestive 

processes and to examine mechanisms of nutrient release. In another nutrient investigation, dissolved phosphorus was collected from the Grand River and 

adjacent lake and fractionated into its various forms as a 

prerequisite to determining its bioavailability. Water 

and zooplankton samples were also collected in Lake 

Michigan for a laboratory study of selection and volume 

of food ingested by the copepod Diaptomus. 

In ongoing cooperative programs with the University 

of Michigan, the Shen~hon was used to sample an area 

offshore of Grand Haven during different seasons to 

support a study of bacterial distribution and microbial 

transformations of nutrients. The vessel was also used in' 

a University of Michigan cooperative program to collect 

suspended sediment and zooplankton at a station 

about 20 kilometers offshore of Crand Haven to identify and quantify release of toxic materials by zooplankton and to determine sorption rates of toxic organic 

materials onto the suspended particles. In another cooperative program, equipment was regularly deployed 

and retrieved off the eastern shore of Lake Michigan 

and samples and measurements taken in an investigation of the physical factors affecting phytoplankton populations in a stratified lake and the correlation between 

areal distribution and nutrient gradients. 

dn support of the Physical Limnology and Meteorology program, the Shenehon crew took measurements at 

38 

WG?, *- "I. '& 

Sc~entist lowcring temperature sensors into south-central 

Lake Michigan from the research vessel Shenehon. The National Data Buoy Office (NDBO) buoy is just visible in the distance. 

the NDBO NOMAD buoy in southern Lake Michigan 

for verification of output of meteorological and underwater sensors. These buoy data are used in GLERL investigations and are routinply used in NWS forecasts. 

The vessel also supported the NDBO in servicing the 

buoy sensors. As part of another cooperative program 

with NDBO, the vessel was used to deploy and retrieve 

free-drifting drogues that tracked water current trajectories in take Michigan. 

At the end of the 1981 season, the Shenehon was engaged in retrieving an instrumented tower, Waveriders, 

and current meter moorings at a site in Lake Erie northeast of Ashtabula, Ohio. This experiment, in conjunction with a University of Michigan contractor, provided 

data input to analyses of wave directional characteristics under varying wind conditions, wave dissipation 

due to bottom friction, and the longshore momentum 

in the coastal area. 
In the data collection phase of an investigation of the 

rotational mode currents induced in Lake Michigan by 

suddenly imposed wind stresses, the boat was used to 

deploy 16 current meter moorings throughout the lake, 

with the bulk of these along the juncture of the northern and southern basins. These current meters will remain in Lake Michigan through winter 1982-83. 

Sediment traps were also deployed on the current meter moorings to take advantage of the water current 

data to provide greater insight into the mass movement 

of settling and resuspended particles in Lake Michigan. 

Library and Information Services 

GLERL library staff supplies necessary library and information services support for laboratory activities by 

maintaining a tailored research collection and offering 

special retrieval services when the collection cannot 

meet the documentation or information needs of the researchers. The current GLERL library collection consists 

of research materials in the areas of climatology, hydrology, hydraulics, ice, limnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, oceanography, sedimentation, and 

wave motion with emphasis on the Great Lakes Basin. 

Toxic organics and nutrients are now being included as 

major subject areas. Holdings include 2,574 books, 

2,758 unbound periodical volumes, and 2,494 reports 

(excluding an estimated 200 books, 2,300 reports, and 

1,220 unbound periodical volumes kept in a remote 

storage location). Space limitations have necessitated 

both local and distant area storage facilities. A large 

number of materials obtained at the closing of the Lake 

Survey Center library continue to be recataloged and 

incorporated into the GLERL Library collection as time 

and shelf space permit. 

Library staff perform reference, interlibrary loan, photocopying, acquisition, circulation, and bibliographic 

services, including on-line information retrieval, for 

laboratory affiliated personnel. In addition, the library 

staff expedite on-demand document retrieval and increase reference capability on behalf of GLERL scientists through on-site access arrangements with the 

University of Michigan library system. Limited services 

to others are provided upon special request. 

During FY 1982 library staff performed 118 on-line 

literature searches, retrieved 544 interlibrary loans, and 

added 306 books and 226 reports to the collection. 

They also updated holdings in JOURNALINK, a national 

union list of serials, and actively participated in the formation of the Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network. 

FY 1983 GLERL library plans call for: (1) participating in the newly formed Washtenaw-Livingston Library 

Network Union List of Serials and (2) expanding on-line 

bibliographic literature searching capabilities through 

the addition of the new IS1 Search Network to the list of 

library accessible on-line search systems. The union list 

will not only enhance resource sharing in the local area, 

but will also link into the national capabilities of the 

OCLC Union Listing Component, thus providing 

on-line access to serial holdings of network participants. 
PUBLICATIONS 

A 6-month listing of our available publications can be obtained from. 

Information Services 

Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Bennett, J. R., and Schwab, D. J. 1981. Calculation of the rotational 

normal modes of oceans and lakes with general orthogonal coordinates. I. Comput. Phys. 44359-376. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1982. Mathematical models of slope development-A 

review. GLERL Open File Report. 

Bolsenga, S. J., and Kistler, R. D. 1982. A dual spectroradiometer system for measuring spectral reflectances. I. Appl. Meteorol. 

21 :642-647. 

Chapra, S. C.* 1982. A budget model accounting for the positional 

availability of phosphorus in lakes. Water Res. 16:205-209. 

Chapra, S. C.* 1982. Long term models of interactions between solids 

and contaminants in lakes. Ph.D. dissertation, the University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor. University Microfilms. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. Creat Lakes Basins runoff modeling. NOAATechnical Memorandum ERL GLERL-39. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. Unsteady overland sedimentation. 1. Hydrol. 

56:325-346. 

Croley, T. E., II, Carvey, D. G.t, and Robb, J. G.t 1982. Watershed 

evaluation and research system application. In Applied modeling 

in catchment hydrology, ed. VP. Singh, pp. 229-258. Littleton, 

Colorado: Water Resources Publications. 

Dannelongue, H. H.t, Meadows, G. A.t, and Pickett, R. L. 1981. The 

growth and decay of nearshore circulation. In Proceedings of mechanics of oil slicks conference, pp. 107-120. Paris, 

France: lnternational Association for Hydraulic Research. 

Derecki, J. A. 1981. Operational estimates of Lake Superior evaporation based on IFYGL findings. Water Resour. Res. 17:1453-1462. 

Derecki, J. A. 1981. Stability effects on Great Lakes evaporation. I. 

Creat Lakes Res. 7:357-362. 

Derecki, J. A. 1982. Effect of channel changes in the St. Clair River 

since 1900. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-40. 

Derecki, J. A. 1982. Effect of the 1981 Fort Gratiot gage modifications 

on the hydraulic regime of the St. Clair River. GLERL Open File Report. 

Eadie, B. J., McCormick, M. J., Rice, C.t, Levon, P*, and Simmons, 

M.t 1981. An equilibrium model for the partitioning of synthetic 

organic compounds incorporating first-order decomposition. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-37. 

Eadie, B. J., Faust, W., and Landrum, P. F. 1982. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in the benthic organisms of the Great Lakes. Coast. 

Ocean Pollut. Assess. News 2:4. 

Eadie, B. I., Faust, W., Gardner, W. S., and Nalepa, T. F. 1982. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and associated benthos 

in Lake Erie. Chemosphere 1 1 :185-191. 

Eadie, B. J., Nihart, S., and Robbins, J. A. 1982. Study of early diagenesis of compounds in Great Lakes sediments is underway. Coast. 

Oceanogr. Climatol. News 4:43. 

Gardner, W. S., Landrum, P. F., and Yates, D. A.t 1982. Fractionation 

of metal forms in natural waters by size exclusion chromatography with inductively coupled argon plasma detection. Anal. 

Chem. 54:1196-1198. 

Gardner, W. S., and Paffenhiifer, G. A.t 1982. Nitrogen regeneration 

by the subtropical marine copepod Eucalanus pileatus. I. Plankton 

Res. 4:725-734. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1981. Annual report 

for the Creat Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann 

Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1982. Technical plan 

for the Creat Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann 

Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory and the University of 

Michigan. 1981. Second annual progress report to the Office of 

Marine Pollution Assessment: The cycling of toxic organic substances in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Greene, G. M. 1981. Breakup of ice cover occurs early on St. 

Lawrence River in 1981. Coastal Oceanogr. Climatol. News 4:2-3. 

Hore, R. C.t, Pinsak, A. P., and Vallery, D. 1.t 1981. Annex F-Consumptive water use. In Report to the lnternational joint Commission by the lnternational Creat Lakes Diversions and Consumptive 

Uses Study Board. Detroit, Michigan: U.S. Department of the 

Army, Corps of Engineers. 

Huang, J. C. K.*, and Sloss, P. W.* 1981. Simulation and verification of 

Lake Ontario's mean state. 1. Phys. Oceanogr. 1 1 :1548-1566. 

Huang, J. C. K.*, and Saylor, J. H. 1982. Vorticity waves in a shallow 

basin. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 6:177-196. 

Huner, K.t, and Schwab, D. J. 1982. Internal report on baroclinic 

channel models. Report prepared by Versuchsanstalt fir Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie. 

Kelley, R. N. 1982. Comparison of Creat Lakes consumptive use impacts on water levels under Lake Superior regulation plans "1977" 

and "55 modification of the 1949 rule." GLERL Open File Report. 

Krezoski, J. R.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1981. Radiotracer studies of interactions between sediments and freshwater macrobenthos. Verh. 

Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21:382. 

Lehman, J. T.7, and Scavia, D. 1982. Microscale nutrient patches produced by zooplankton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79:5001-5005. 

Lehman, J. T.t, and Scavia, D. 1982. Microscale patchiness of nutrients in plankton communities. Science 216:729-730. 

Leversee, G. J.t, Giesy, J. P.t, Landrum, P. F., Bartell, S.7, Gerould, S.t, 

Bruno, M.t, Spacie, A,?, Bonling, I.?, Haddock, I.?, and Fannin, 

T.t 1981. Disposition of benzo(a)pyrene in aquatic system components: Periphyton, chironomids, daphnia, fish. In Chemical 

analysis and biological fate: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 

ed. M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, pp. 357-366. Columbus, 

Ohio: Battelle Press. 

Miller, G. S., and Saylor, J. H. 1981. Winter temperature structure in 

Lake Huron. I. Creat Lakes Res. 7:201-206. 

Quigley, M. A. 1982. Freshwater macroinvertebrates. 1. Water Pollut. 

Control. Fed. 54:868-877. 

Quinn, F. H. 1981. Secular changes in annual and seasonal Great 

Lakes precipitation, 1854-1979, and their implications for Great 

Lakes water resource studies. Water Resour. Res. 17:1619-1624. 

Quinn, F. H., and Croley, T. E., II. 1981. The role of precipitation climatology in hydrologic design and planning on the Laurentian 

Great Lakes. In Proceedings, fourth conference on hydrometeorology, pp. 7-1 1. Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. 

Quinn, F. H., Assel, R. A., and Gaskill, D. W.* 1982. An evaluation of 

the impact of the Niagara River ice boom on the air temperature 

regime at Buffalo, New York. I. Appl. Meteorol. 21:342-349. 

Robbins, J. A. 1982. Sediments of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: 

Elemental composition and accumulation rates. Final report to the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Large Lakes Research Station, Grosse Ile, Michigan. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Robbins, J. A. 1982. Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos. Hydrobiologia 92:611-622. 

Scavia, D. 1982. Use arid interpretation of detailed, mechanistic 

models of phytoplankton dynamics. In Phytoplanktonenvironmental interactions in reservoirs, Technical Report 

E-81-13, vol. 1, ed. M. W. Lorenzen, pp. 196-222. Vicksberg, 

Mississippi: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experimental Station. 

Scavia, D., and McFarland, M. 1.t 1982. Phosphorus release patterns 

and the effects of reproductive stage and ecdysis in Daphnia 

magna. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:1310-1314. 

Schwab, D. J. 1982. An inverse method for determining wind stress 

from water-level fluctuations. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 6:251-278. 

Schwab, D. J., Liu, !? C., Bennett, I. R., and Meadows, G. A.t 1981. 

Lake Erie coastal boundary layer study measures flux of energy 

during storms. Coastal Oceanogr. Climatol. News 4:lO. 

Schwab, D. J., Bennett, J. R., and Jessup, A. T.7 1981. A twodimensional lake circulation modeling system. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL GLERL-38. 

Schwab, D. J. Liu, P. C., Bennett, J. R., Meadows, G. A.t, Schultz, 

H. J.t, Campbell, J. E., and Dannelongue, H. H.t 1982. Coastal 

boundary layer study records response of Lake Erie to storms. 

Coastal Oceanogr. Climatol. News 4:30-31. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. Great Lakes: A look to the future. In Oceans 

82-Conference proceedings of the Marine Technology Society 

and the lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 

1186-1 189. Marine Technology Society and the lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington, D.C. 

Tarapchak, S. J., and Rubitschun, C.* 1981. Comparisons of soluble 

reactive phosphorus and orthophosphorus concentrations at an 

offshore station in southern lake Michigan. I. Great Lakes Res. 

7:290-298. 

Tarapchak, S. J., Bigelow, S. M.*, and Rubitschun, C.* 1982. Overestimation of orthophosphorus concentrations in surface waters of 

southern Lake Michigan: Effects of acid and ammonium molyb 

date. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:296-304. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., and Ondricek-Fallscheer, R. L.* 1982. lntersetule 

distances are a poor predictor of particle-retention efficiency in 

Diaptomus sicilis. ). Plankton Res. 4:237-244. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Bowers, J. A.7, Chapelski, O.t, and Soo, H. K. 

1982. Measuring in situ predation by Mysis relicta and observations on underdispersed microdistributions of zooplankton. Hydrobiologia 93: 109-1 19. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

41 
PRESENTATIONS Klahr, P. C.t, White, D. 5.7, and Robbins, J. A. 1982. Effects of temperature and density on the rate of sediment reworking-by Stylodrilus 

herinnianus. 30th Annual Meeting of the North American BeqthoAssel, R. A. 1982. A digital Great Lakes ice-cover climatology and 

data base. Second Symposium on Applied Glaciology, August 

23-27, 1982, Hanover, New Hampshire. 

Bell, G. L., and Eadie, B. J. 1982. Variations in the distribution of suspended particulates and sedimentation rates in southern Lake 

Michigan. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 

1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. GLERL large basin runoff model. National 

Weather Service/National Environmental Satellite Service/Environmental Research Laboratories Technical Exchange Conference, May 10-15, 1982, Estes Park, Colorado. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. GLERL large basin runoff model. Joint United 

States-Canadian Gamma Radiation Snow Water Equivalent and 

Soil Moisture Survey Technical Planning Conference, September 

16, 1982, Detroit, Michigan. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. Great Lakes Basins runoff modeling. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. 

Marie, Ontario. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. A tank-cascade runoff model for large forested 

basins. Canadian Hydrology Symposium 82, June 13-16, 1982, at 

the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 

Eadie, B. J. 1981. The role of the benthic boundary layer in the cycling 

of PCB's in the Great Lakes. Workshop on the Physical Behavior 

of PCB's in the Great Lakes, December 16-18, 1981, Toronto, 

Ontario. 

Eadie, B. J., Chambers, R. L.', Bell, G. L., and Robbins, J. A. 1982. 

Fluxes and characteristics of particulate matter in Lake Michigan. 

Fourth Winter Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, February 16-1 9, 1982, San Antonio, Texas. 

Gardner, W. S., and Landrum, P. F. 1981. Characterization of ambient 

levels of ultra-violet-absorbing dissolved humic materials in natural waters by aqueous liquid chromatography. Symposium on 

Terrestrial and Aquatic Humic Materials, November 4-5, 1981, 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 

Gardner, W. S., Yates, D. A.t, and Landrum, P. F. 1981. Fractionation 

of metal forms in natural waters by distilled water size exclusion 

chromatography with inductively coupled argon plasma detection. Fourth Midwest Water Chemistry Workshop Program, October 22-23, 1981, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Gardner, W. S., and Paffenhafer, G. A.t 1982. Nitrogen regeneration 

by the subtropical marine copepod Eucalanus pileatus. 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 14-17, 1982, at North Carolina State University, 

Raleigh, North Carolina. 

Gardner, W. S., and Malczyk, J. M. 1982. Speciation of soluble unreactive phosphorus in Lake Michigan and Grand River waters. 

25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault 

Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Glover, R. M.t, and Vanderploeg, H. A. 1982. Microscopic observations on particle selection and fragmentation by Diaptomus sicilis 

in offshore Lake Michigan. 45th Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 14-17, 1982, at 

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 

Greene, G. M. 1982. A comparison of linear and non-linear temperature gradient models of river ice cover. Seminar series, March 11, 

1982, at Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, New York. 

Heidtke, T. M.7, Chapra, S. C.*, and Wicke, H. D.' 1981. Cost effectiveness of treatment to meet phosphorus objectives in the Great 

Lakes. 54th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control 

Federation, October 5, 1981, Detroit, Michigan. 

logical Society, May 18-21, 1982, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Landrum, P. F. 1982. Toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Pontoporeia hoyi. 30th Meeting of the North American 

Benthological Society, May 18-21, 1982, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1982. Comparison of visual and machine interpretation of northern Green Bay ice cover using Landsat 1 data-A 

case study. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 

1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1982. Some uses of remote sensing in Great Lakes 

ice research. Cold Regions Engineering Conference, March 30, 

1982, at the State University of New York, Amherst Campus, Buffalo, New York. 

Liu, P. C. 1982. A representation for the frequency spectrum of 

wind-generated waves. Joint Oceanic Assembly, August 2-13, 

1982, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Liu, P. C., Schwab, D. J., Bennett, J. R., Meadows, G. A.t, Dannelongue, H. H.t, Campbell, J. E., and Schulz, H. J.7 1982. Measurement of directional wave spectra and coastal dynamics in Lake 

Erie. American Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences Meeting, Feb 

ruary 16-1 9, 1982, San Antonio, Texas. 

McCormick, M. J. 1982. The future of Lake Ontario mirex-Vertical 

dynamics. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 

1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

McCormick, M. J., Wharram, B. L., and Scavia, D. 1982. Comparison 

of phytoplankton growth constructs in the context of vertically 

segmented plankton-profile models. Third International Conference on State-of-the-Art in Ecological Modeling, May 24-28, 

1982, at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1982. Some quantitative aspects of the meiobenthos in 

southeastern Lake Michigan. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 

Pickett, R. L. 1982. The future of Lake Ontario mirex-Horizontal dynamics. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 

1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Pickett, R. L. 1982. A Great Lakes spill model. American Geophysical 

Union Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 16-19, 1982, San Antonio, Texas. 

Quigley, M. A. 1982. Kinetics of phosphorus and silica release from 

nearshore Lake Michigan sediments. 25th Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Quinn, F. H. 1982. Recent changes in the seasonal water level cycle of 

Lake St. Clair. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Quinn, F. H. 1982. Trends and extremes of Lake Erie water supplies. 

International Symposium on Hydrometeorology, June 13-17, 

1982, Denver, Colorado. 

Robbins, J. A. 1982. Bioturbation and lake recovery times. 30th Annual Meeting of the North American Benthological Society, May 

18-21, 1982, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Rumer, R. R.t, Bialas, W. F.t, Quinn, F. H., Assel, R. A., and Gaskill, 

D. W.* 1981. Environmental impact study of the Lake 

Erie-Niagara River ice boom. Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Civil Engineers, October 26-30, 1981, St. Louis, Missouri. 

Saylor, J. H. 1982. Circulation of southern Lake Michigan. American 

Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 16-19, 

1982, San Antonio, Texas. 

Scavia, D. 1981. Microscale patchiness of nutrients in plankton 

communities: Empirical evidence for presence and utilization. 

Seminar series, November 17, 1981, at the University of 

Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Scavia, D. 1981. Microscale patchiness of nutrients in plankton 

communities: Empirical evidence for presence and utilization. 

Seminar series, November 18, 1981, at the University of 

Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Scavia, D. 1981. Uncertainty analysis of a lake eutrophication model. 

American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, December 7-1 1, 

1981, San Francisco, California. 

Scavia, D. 1982. Nutrient supply and utilization in plankton micropatches. Ecological Society of America Meeting, August 9-13, 1982, 

at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. 

Scavia, D. 1982. Use and limits of ecosystem models: A Great Lakes 

perspective. Marine Ecosystems Modeling Workshop, April 6-8, 

1982, Frederick, Maryland. 

Scavia, D., and Lehman, 1.T.t 1982. Mechanisms of nutrient supply 

and utilization in plankton micropatches. 45th Annual Meeting of 

the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 

14-17, 1982, at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North 

Carolina. 

Schwab, D. J. 1982. Calculation of seiches in closed basins with the 

Lanczos procedure. Internal Colloquium Series-Research Institute for Hydraulics, Hydrology, and Glaciology, June 24, 1982, 

Zurich, Switzerland. 

Schwab, D. J. 1982. An inverse method for determining wind stress 

from water level fluctuations. American Geophysical Union and 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Joint Meeting, 

February 16-19, 1982, San Antonio, Texas. 

Schwab, D. J. 1982. Storm surge research on Lake Erie. Geophysical 

Colloquium Series-University of Hamburg, June 10, 1982, at the 

University of Hamburg, Hamburg, West Germany. 

Schwab, D. J., and Morton, J. A. 1982. Calculation of overlake winds 

from overland winds: Comparison and methods. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, 

Ontario. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Partners in research-The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Semiannual Meeting of the Michigan Chapter, American Fisheries Society, November 6, 1981, Ann 

Arbor, Michigan. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. Environmental effects of energy from coal. 

73rd Annual Conference of the Special Libraries Association, June 

5-10, 1982, Detroit, Michigan. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. Great Lakes: A look to the future. Oceans 82, 

September 20-22, 1982, Washington, D.C. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. Great Lakes: Love them, don't leave them. 

Ann Arbor Women's Club Meeting, February 2, 1982, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. Great Lakes management. Guest lecture, February 15, 1982, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan., 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1982. A look to the future. Meeting of Great Lakes 

Conservation Groups, May 21, 1982, Mackinac Island, Michigan. 

Sonzogni, W. C., and Quinn, F. H. 1982. Perspectives on hypothetical 

water exports from the Great Lakes. 25th Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1982. Causes of method-specific differences in soluble reactive phosphorus determinations. 25th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1982. Does Rigler's radiobioassay method overestimate phosphate-phosphorus concentrations in lake water? 45th 

Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, June 14-17, 1982, at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1982. Hypothesis to explain slow orthophosphorus 

turnover times and high dissolved phosphorus concentrations in 

Lake Michigan. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J., and Slavens, D. R.' 1981. Autoradiographic analysis 

of phytoplankton: Effects of preservation on carbon-14 and 

phosphorus-33 loss from algae. Third Winter Meeting of the 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, December 

27-30, 1981, at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1982. Seasonal feeding rate and selectivity patterns of Diaptomus sicilis in offshore Lake Michigan. 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 4-6, 1982, Sault Ste. Marie, 

Ontario. 

White, D. S.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1982. Burrowing activities and displacement of sediment by Stylodrilus heringianus. 30th Annual 

Meeting of the North American Benthological Society, May 

18-21, 1982, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

43 
CONTRACTOR PUBLICATIONS 

Churchill, J. H., and Pade, 6. H. 1981. Acoustically and visually 

tracked drogue measurements of nearshore water velocities in 

Lake Huron plus observations of a coastal upwelling. Woods Hole 

Oceanographic Institution Report No. WHOI-81-91. Technical 

Report prepared for GLERL by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution under Contract No. 03-5-022-26. 

Dorazio, R. M., and Lehman, J. T. 1982. Optimal reproductive strategies in age-structured p~pulations of zooplankton. Final report 

prepared for GLERL by the University of Michigan, Division of Biological Sciences, under Contract No. NA79RAC00120. 

Hewett, S. W., and Kitchell, J. F. 1982. Implementation of 

predator-prey models for Creat Lakes fishes. Final report prepared 

for GLERL by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratory of 

Limnology, under Contract No. 144P436. 

Jacobs, S. J. 1982. Wave prediction methods: Mass transport in water 

waves. Final report prepared for GLERL by the University of Michigan, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, 

under Grant No. 04-7-022-44020. 

Rea, D. K., Owen, R. M., and Meadows, G. A. 1981. A flux model for 

suspended particulates and associated chemical substances in 

large lakes. Final report prepared for the University of 

Michigan-GLERL Long-Range Effects Cooperative Program by 

the University of Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division of the 

Great Lakes and Marine Water Center. 

Shen, H. T., and Yapa, I? N. D. D. 1982. Simulation of undersurface 

roughness coefficient of river ice cover. Report No. 82-6 prepared 

for GLERL by Clarkson College, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. 

Shen, H. T., Pasquarell, G. C., and Ruggles, R. W. 1982. Winter flow, 

ice, and weather conditions of the upper St. Lawrence River, 

1971-81. Vol. I: Ice cover charts (part A). Report No. 82-1 prepared for GLERL by Clarkson College, Department of Civil and 

Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. 

Shen, H. T., Pasquarell, G. C., and Ruggles, R. W. 1982. Winter flow, 

ice, and weather conditions of the upper St. Lawrence River, 

1971-81. Vol. I: Ice cover charts (part B). Report No. 82-2 prepared for GLERL by Clarkson College, Department of Civil and 

Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. 

Shen, H. T., and Yapa, P. N. D. D. 1982. Winter flow, ice, and weather 

conditions of the upper St. Lawrence River, 1971-81. Vol. 11: Ice 

cover thickness. Report No. 82-3 prepared for GLERL by Clarkson 

College, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. 

Shen, H. T., and Yapa, P. N. D. D. 1982. Winter flow, ice, and weather 

conditions of the upper St. Lawrence River, 1971-81. Vol. 

111: Water level, discharge, and temperature. Report No. 82-4 

prepared for GLERL by Clarkson College, Department of Civil and 

Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. 

Shen, H. T., and Yapa, P. N. D. D. 1982. Winter flow, ice, and weather 

conditions of the upper St. Lawrence River, 1971-81. Vol. IV: Air 

temperature and precipitation. Report No. 82-5 prepared for 

GLERL by Clarkson College, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, under Contract No. NA8ORAC00147.. 

Simmons, M. S. 1982. Assimilation rates of carbon by'autoradiographic 

analysis in Creat Lakes phytoplankton. Final report prepared for 

GLERL by the University of Michigan under Grant No. 

NA80RAD00003. 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1982 

Principal 

Investigator 

A. M. Beeton 

Institution 

University of Michigan 

Title 

A Cooperative Program in Great Lakes 

Long Term Effects Research 

The Cycling of Toxic Organic 

Substances in the Great Lakes 

Ecosystem 

Models for Behavior and Fate of LongLived Contaminants 

University of Michigan 

j. E. Breck 

D. M. Di Toro 

Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory 

Manhattan College Long Time Scale Investigation of 

Organic Particle Transport and Fate 

in Lake Erie 

Toxic Organic-Sediment Dynamics in 

the Great Lakes 

S. j. Eisenreich 

J. F! Giese 

University of Minnesota 

Michigan State University Lysosomal Enzyme Release Assay as a 

Measure of Stress in Freshwater 

Clams 

j. F. Kitchell 

j. T. Lehman 

B. M. Lesht 

University of Wisconsin 

(Madison) 

Predator-Prey Models for Great Lakes 

Fishes 

University of Michigan Formulation of Zooplankton in Lake 

Ecosystem Models 

Argonne National Field Study of Sediment Resuspension 

Laboratory 

G. A. Meadows University of Michigan The Growth and Decay of the Coastal 

Boundary Layer 

R. A. Moll 

C. H. Mortimer 

University of Michigan Bacterial Dynamics 

Coupling of Physical and Biological 

Dyamics in Large Lakes 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin 

(Milwau keel 

Argonne National 

Laboratory 

Inertial Motion and Related Internal 

Waves 

Removal of Radionuclides From 

Watersheds of the Great Lakes 

D. Nelson 

K. H. Reckhow Duke University Uncertainty and Risk Management of 

Toxic Substances in Aquatic Systems 

Ice-Cover Effects on Hydraulic 

Transient Analysis 

Assimilation Rates of Carbon in Great 

Lakes Phytoplankton 

H. T. Shen Clarkson College 

M. S. Simmons University of Michigan 

Q U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983-654-W4