## Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Fruit of Pitaya Fruit, Hylocereus spp. and several other genera and species, from Mexico into the Continental United States

September 15, 2010

Rev. 01

Agency Contact

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 2 

## 1. Introduction

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epid emiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Anim al and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in creating this pest list was to examine pest risk s associated with the importation of fresh pitaya fruit ( Hylocereus spp. and several other genera and speci es) from Mexico in to the continental United States. This pest list is commodity-based or “pathway-initiated” because pitaya fruit are a potential pathway for the introduc tion of plant pests. This pest list is based on a previous pest risk assessment (PPQ, 2002).



## 2. Pest list

This pest list (Table 1) include s pests reported on pitayas (in any country) and present in Mexico (on any host). We identified the presence or abse nce of these pests in the United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the path way and enter the United States on commercially exported pitayas, and pertinent c itations for either the distributi on or the biology of the pest. We shaded quarantine pests considered likely to fo llow the pathway with a gray background (Table 1), and summarized these pests in a separate ta ble (Table 2). Quarantin e pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not subjected to further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were asso ciated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodit y, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have b een intercepted as biolog ical contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but woul d not be present in commercial shipments.

In this pest list, for the commodity to be imported, we covered the genera Acanthocereus

, Cereus

, Echinocereus

, Hylocereus

, Pachycereus

, and Stenocereus because the terms “pitaya” and “pitahaya” commonly refer to a number of ta xonomically related genera and species (Jacobs, 1999; Mizrahi et al., 1997; Pope noe, 1939) that have strong phyt osanitary resemblance (similar pests, similar production systems). We identif ied the pests associated with “pitahaya”, “pitajaya”, “pitajuia”, “pitalla” or “pithaya” and any hybrids among these plants (Mejia et al., 2002; Mizrahi and Nerd, 1999; Raveh et al., 1993; Tel-Zur et al., 2001; Tel-Zur et al., 1999; Weiss et al., 1995). We use the term “pitaya” here to refer to all these botanically related cacti that produce edible fruit except for species of Opuntia

.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 2 Table 1. Pests associated with Hylocereus 1 

### spp. (in any country) and pres ent in Mexico (on any host)
Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway ARTHROPODA Acari: Tetranychidae Tetranychus desertorum Banks CABI, 2006 Bolland et al

. , 1998 Bolland et al

. , 1998 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cantharidae Apisoma sp. . 4 Romero 1994 Romero, 1994 

### Yes S (Romero, 1994) No

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Stenygra histria (Serville) [= S. histrio ] Blackwelder, 1985; Romero 1994 Romero, 1994 Yes S (Romero, 1994) No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Calligrapha pantherina Stal. Romero, 1994 Romero, 1994 Yes I S (Romero, 1994) No

Diabrotica balteata (Leconte) Blackwelder, 1982; Romero 1994 CABI, 2006 Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

Ogdoecosta biannularis (Boheman) Blackwelder, 1982; PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 5

Systena sp. 4 Blackwelder, 1982; PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Cycloneda sanguinea L. Arnett, 2000; Blackwelder, 1982; Romero, 1994 Blackwelder, 1982; CABI, 2006 Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

1 Genera of “pitaya” or “pitahaya” searched throughout literature includes: Acanthocereus

, Cereus

, Echinocereus

, Hylocereus

, Pachycereus

, and Stenocereus spp. 2 FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, PR = Puerto Rico, TX = Texas, VI = US Virgin Islands
3 F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaves, R = Roots; S = Stems; Sd = Seeds. In this document, “stem” refers to the vine-like, triangular, fleshy, jointed, branched stem s, which may reach 20 ft (6.1 m) long.
4 Pests at the genus level or higher taxonomic order are not analyzed due to the lack of precise information. The lack of biological information on any given organism should not be equated with low risk, since vague taxonomic identifications can hide the occurrence of known or unknown quarantine pests. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus, family, or order level are intercepted on pitaya from Mexico in the future, their species specific determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a re-evaluation of their risk may be necessary.
5 Ogdoecosta biannularis are highly mobile pests, and therefore are highly unlikely to remain with the commodity during harvest and processing.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 3 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Epilachna borealis (F.) [= E. tredecimnotata (Latreille)] Arnett, 2000; Blackwelder, 1982; Romero, 1994 Blackwelder, 1982 Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Cactophagus fahraei (Gyllenhal) [= C. striatoforatus = C. fahraei striatoforatus = Metamasius fahraei striatoforatus ] Blackwelder, 1982; Romero, 1994 Romero, 1994 Yes S (Romero, 1994) No

Cactophagus spinolae (Gyllenhal) [= C. rubroniger Fisher] Blackwelder, 1982 Romero, 1994 

### Yes S (Romero, 1994) 

### No

Cactophagus sp. 4 Blackwelder, 1982 Blackwelder, 1982 Romero, 1994 

### Yes S (Romero, 1994) No

Coleoptera: Lampyridae Photinus scintillans (Say) Canto, 1993 Canto, 1993 

### Yes I F (Canto, 1993) 

### Yes

Coleoptera: Scarabaediae Cotinis mutabilis (Gory) Arnett, 2000; Barbeau, 1993; Blackwelder, 1982; Morton, 1997 Arnett, 2000 Maes, 2004; Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

Cyclocephala sp. 4 Blackwelder,1982; CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Blackwelder, 1982 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 Yes I F (Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996) No 6

Euphoria limatula (Janson) Blackwelder, 1982; Morton, 1997; Romero, 1994 Romero, 1994 Yes I F (Romero, 1994) No 7

Diptera: Drosophilidae Drosophila sp. 4 Heed & Mangan, 1986 Heed & Mangan, 1986 Heed & Mangan, 1986 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Otitidae Euxesta major (Van der Wulp) Romero, 1994 Romero, 1994 Yes I (Romero, 1994) No

6 Adults of the scarab beetle Cyclocephala sp. are large and mobile, making it unlikely that this pest would stay with fresh pitaya fruit through picking, processing, and shipping.
7 Adults of the scarab beetle Euphnoria limatula are large and mobile, making it unlikely that this pest would stay with fresh pitaya fruit through picking, processing, and shipping.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 4 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann CABI, 2006 Patiño, 2002 Yes I F (Canto et al., 1993; Patiño, 2002) Yes

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) CABI, 2006 Norrbom, n.d. Yes F (Canto et al., 1993; Norrbom, n.d.) Yes

Anastrepha sp. 4 White and Elson-Harris, 1992; PestID, 2010 Canto, 1993; PestID, 2010 Yes F (Canto, 1993; PestID, 2010) Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) MX 8 (Chiapas only; APHIS, 2002) PestID, 2010 F (APHIS, 2002) Yes

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis gossypii Glover CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006; Smith & Cermeli, 1979 PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) [= Anisoscelis
zonatus ] Barbeau, 1993; Morton, 1997; Romero, 1994 Buss et al., 2005 Barbeau, 1990; Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus sp. 4 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Buss et al., 2005 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 No N/A N/A

Narnia femorata Stal. De Lestang and Miller, 2009 De Lestang and Miller, 2009 Essig, 1926 No N/A N/A

Veneza phyllopus (L.) [=

Leptoglossus phyllopus ] Canto, 1993 CABI, 2006 Canto, 1993 

### No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes 9 F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 

### No N/A N/A

Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 

### No N/A N/A

8 Ceratitis capitata is listed because occasional incursio ns of Medfly occur in the Southern state of Chiapas from Guatemala (APHIS, 2002).
9 While Acutaspis albopicta is a quarantine pest in the United States, no action is taken on this scale when it is intercepted on fruit or vegetables for consumption (Cavey, 2007). Therefore, we did not list it here.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 5 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré & Charmoy) Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 

### No N/A N/A

Opuntiaspis philococcus (Cockerell) PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes 10 F S (PestID, 2010) Yes

Quadraspidiotus sp. CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Yes 11 F S (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) Yes

Hemiptera: Eriococcidae Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell) [= Eriococcus coccineus ] Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 

### No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Membracidae Vanduzea sp. 4 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Yes S (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Chlorochroa sp. 4 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Yes F S (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) Yes

Euschistus servus (Say) CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) Yes F S (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) Yes

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) PestID, 2010; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 FL HI PR VI (Miller and Miller, 2002; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) PestID, 2010 Yes 12 F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A Planococcus minor (Maskell) PestID, 2010; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 VI (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

10 While Opuntiaspis philococcus is a quarantine pest in the United States, no action is taken on this scale when it is intercepted on fruit or vegetables for consumption (Cavey, 2007). Thus, we did not list it in Table 2.
11 While Quadraspidiotus sp. is a quarantine pest in the United States, no acti on is taken on this scale when it is intercepted on fruit or vegetables for consumption (Cavey, 2007).
12 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2009).Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 6 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Planococcus sp. 4 PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Pseudococcus

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller CABI, 2006 FL HI TX (CABI, 2006) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 No N/A N/A

Puto sp. 4 PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F S (PestID, 2010) Yes

Spilococcus mamillariae (Bouché) Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 2006 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Reduviidae Apiomerus sp. 4 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996; Romero, 1994 No N/A N/A

Hymenoptera: Apidae Melipona sp. 4 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 Yes F S (CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) Yes

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Atta cephalotes (L.) CABI, 2006 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996; Romero, 1994 Yes F S (Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996; Romero, 1994) No 13

Atta sp. 4 Barbeau, 1993;CastilloMartinez et al., 1996; Morton, 1997 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 Yes F S (Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996) No 14

Ectatomma ruidum (Roger) Romero, 1994 Romero, 1994 

### No 15 N/A 

### N/A

Solenopsis geminata Fabricius Hill, 1983; Morton, 1997 CABI, 2006 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 No N/A N/A

13 Adults of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes are large and mobile, making it unlikely that this pest would stay with fresh pitaya fruit through picking, processing, and shipping. Also, st erile insect stages (ant workers) can be transported in a shipment but are unable to establish viable populations upon entry (Borror et al., 1989).
14 Adults of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sp. are large and mobile, making it unlikely that this pest would stay with fresh pitaya fruit through picking, processing, and shipping. Also, sterile insect stages (ant workers) can be transported in a shipment but are unable to establish viable populations upon entry (Borror et al., 1989).
15 The genus Ectatomma is listed as non-reportable in the PestID database, and therefore is not considered a quarantine pest (2010).Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 7 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Solenopsis sp. 4 Hill, 1983; Morton, 1997 CABI, 2006 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996; Romero, 1994 Yes F (CABI, 2006; Romero, 1994) S (Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996) No 16

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Estigmene acrea Drury [= E. ocrea ] Arnett, 2000;CastilloMartinez et al., 1996; CABI, 2006 Capinera, 2001 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Maracayia chlorisalis Walker 

### SDR, 2007 SDR, 2007 Yes F S (SDR, 2007) Yes

Ozamia sp. 4 PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha sp. 4 PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Platynota sp. 4 PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

VIRUS
Cactus Virus X Bellec et al., 2006 Bellec et al., 2006 Bellec et al., 2006 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA
Erwinia carotovora (L. R. Jones) Holland (Entero-bacteriaceae) Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 CABI, 2006 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 No N/A N/A

Soft Rot Isolate 1 17 

### Botin et al., 2003 Botin et al., 2003 Yes S F ( 

### Botin et al., 2003 ) 

### Yes

Soft Rot Isolate 2 18 

### Botin et al., 2003 Botin et al., 2003 Yes S F ( 

### Botin et al., 2003 ) 

### Yes

16 Adult ants, such as Solenopsis sp., are large and mobile, making it unlikely that this pest would stay with fresh pitaya fruit through picking, processing, and shipping. Al so, sterile insect stages (ant workers) can be transported in a shipment but are unable to establish viable populations upon entry (Borror et al., 1989). 17 The study by Botin et al (2003) was able to demonstrate that the soft rot attributed to Erwinia carotavora was caused by another unidentified species of bacteria. Altho ugh it is not possible to refute the previous Erwinia identification, the study does cast doubt upon those previous identifications. Since the disease causing bacteria is unidentified, we have no way to ascertain its presence or ab sence in the United States; however, we do not analyze the dis ease further because we the pathogen cannot be identified.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 8 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway FUNGI and CHROMISTANS 18 Ascochyta opuntiae (Scalia) 

### ( Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 

### Yes L( PestID, 2010 

### ) No

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug:FR) CES. And De Not (Anamorph: Fusicoccum sp.) (Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales) Botin et al., 2004 CABI, 2006 Botin et al., 2004 

### No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Anamorph: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) (Ascomycetes : Helotiales) Farr et al., 2007 Farr et al., 2007 Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Dothiorella sp. = Dothiorela sp. (Ascomycetes : Dothideales) Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 Yes S F (Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996) Yes

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito Anamorph: Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht ex Fries) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Farr et al., 2007 CABI, 2006; Farr et al., 2007 Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 No N/A N/A

Gloeosporium sp. 4 (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) VillalobosCalderón and Cárdenas-Díaz, 2002 VillalobosCalderón andCárdenasDíaz, 2002 Yes S (VillalobosCalderón andCárdenasDíaz, 2002) No

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & Schrenk Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes Penz. & Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis ) CABI, 2006, Castillo Martínez et al

. , 1996 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006; Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

18 Taxonomy according to Farr et al., 2007.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 9 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. = Botryodiplodia theobromae (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006;VillalobosCalderón andCárdenasDíaz, 2002 No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis sp. 4 (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) VillalobosCalderón and Cárdenas-Díaz, 2002 VillalobosCalderón andCárdenasDíaz, 2002 Yes S (VillalobosCalderón andCárdenasDíaz, 2002 No

Phomopsis sp. 4 (Ascomycetes) PestID, 2010 PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Placoasterella sp. (Dothideomycetes) PestID, 2010 PestID. 2010 

### Yes S (PestID, 2010) 

### Yes

Pythium sp. 4 (Oomycetes) Farr et al., 2007 Starmer et al

. , 1990 Yes F I S (Starmer et al

. , 1990) Yes

Rhizoctonia sp. 4 (Basidiomycetes) Farr et al., 2007 Farr et al., 2007 Farr et al., 2007 Yes R ,S (Farr et al., 2007) Yes

Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani (Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006; Farr et al., 2007 

### N/A N/A No

MOLLUSCS
Milax sp. 19 (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) CastilloMartinez et al., 1996, SDR, 2006 CastilloMartinez et al., 1996 

### Yes F (SDR, 2006) S(CastilloMartinez et al., 1996) 

### Yes

NEMATODA
Belonolaimidae Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A

Hoplolaimidae Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, ) Sher, CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A

19 All members of the genus Milax , except M. gagates , are actionable pests in PestID (PestID, 2010). Milax gagates is the only member of the Milax genus found in the United States (Pilsbry, 1948) and it is not found in Mexico (Pilsbry, 1948). Therefore, any Milax sp. intercepted from or found in Me xico is probably an actionable pest.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 10 Pest Mexico distribution United States distribution 2 Reported on pitaya Quarantine pest Plant part(s) association 3 Follow pathway Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira CABI, 2006 Coile & Dixon, 1999; CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A

Heteroderidae Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White,) Chitwood CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A



## 3. Quarantine pests following the pathway

The following quarantine pests are likely to fo llow the pathway when importing pitayas from Mexico (Table 2).

Table 2. Summary of quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of fresh pitayas imported from Mexico into the United States
Pest Taxonomy Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha ludens Diptera: Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata Diptera:Tephritidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Euschistus servus Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Maracayia chlorisalis Lepidoptera: Pyralidae
Milax sp. Stylommatophora: Limacidae
Planococcus minor Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae



## 4. Literature Cited

APHIS. 2002. La Mosca del Mediterraneo (Moscamed). Un ited States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 2 pp. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_hea lth/content/printable_version/fs_phmed_sp.pdf Arnett, R. H., Jr. 2000. American Insects, 2 ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY 1003 pp. Barbeau, G. 1993. Red pitaya, a new exotic fru it. Western Australian Nut Tree Crops Assn. (WANATCA) Yearbook 17: 74-80. Bellec, F. L., F. Vaillant, and E. Imbert. 2006. Pitahaya ( Hylocereus spp.) a new fruit crop, a market with a future. Fruits 61:237-250. Ben-Dov, Y., D.R. Miller, and G.A.P. Gibson. 2006. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm. (Archived at PERAL) Bolland, H. R., J. Gutierrez, and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 1998. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill, Boston, 392 pp. Botin, A. J., P. C. Hernandez, and A. R. Canto. 20 03. Avances en la etiologia y manejo de la pudricion blanda de tallos de pitahaya, Hylocereus undatus H. (Cactaceae). Fitosanidad 7:11-16.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 11 Botin, A. J., J. S. Islas, E. C. Soriano, T. J. Mi chailides, and G. R. Sanchez. 2004. A new stem spot disease of Pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus (Haw) britton and Rose) caused by a Fusicoccum-like anamorph of Botryospheatia dothidea (Moug::Fr) Ces and De Not, in Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia 22:140-142. Blackwelder, R. E. 1982. Checklist of the coleopter ous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. 1492 pp. Buss, L. J., S. E., Halbert, and S. J. Johnson. 2005. Leptoglossus zonatus – A new leaffooted bug in Florida (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Pest Alert: Florida Dept. of Ag. & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. http://www.doacs.state. fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/l.zonatus.html CABI. 2006. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. Canto, A. R., J. C. G. Albarado, M. G. G. Santarosa, C. J. Ramos, M. C. M. García, L. J. P. Hernández, V. R. Lazo, L. R. Medina, R. R. Rodríguez, E. T. Torres, S. V. García, and E. Z. Eloísa. 1993. El Cultivo de Pitahaya en Yucatan. Maxcanú, Yucatán. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Gobiernodel Estado de Yucatán. 14 pp. http://www.crupyuach.org.mx/img/biblioteca/doc/47f37f0d62841fc3895f03ac3f6e3c21.pdf Capinera, J. L. 2001. Saltmarsh Caterpillar – Estigmene acrea (Drury). Featured Creatures, Dept. Ent. & Nemat., Div. Plant Ind., Univ. Florida. July 2001, revised November 2005. Available online: http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/veg/leaf/salmarsh_caterpillar.htm Castillo-Martinez, R.; De Dios, H.C. and Canto, A.R. 1996. Guia tecnica para el cultivo de pitahaya. Quintana Roo, Mexico pp.20-105. Cavey, J. F. 2007. Email from Joseph F. Cavey to Ma rina A. Zlotina. Subject: RE: Actionable pests? 5 April 2007. On file with USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Coile, N. C. and W. N. Dixon. 1999. TR I-OLOGY, Vol. 38, No. 2, MARCH-APRIL 1999. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/99-mar-apr.htm Farr, D. F., A. Y. Rossman, M. E. Palm, and E. B. McCray. 2007. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Rese arch Service, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. http://nt.ars-grin .gov/fungaldatabases/. (Archived at PERAL) Heed, W. B. and R. L. Mangan. 1986. Community ecology of the Sonoran desert Drosophila

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, Academic Press, United Kingdom, 3e: 311-345. Hill, D. S. 1983. Agricultural insect pests of the tr opics and their control, 2ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY, 746 pp. De Lestang, F. N. and C. W. Miller. 2009. Eff ects of diet on development and survivorship of Narnia femorata nymphs (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Florida Entomologist

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### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 12 Morton, J. F. 1987. Strawberry pear. In : Fruits of warm climates. Creative Resource Systems, Inc., NC. http://hort.purdue.edu/NewCropCenter. NIS. 2009. Quarantine Status Confirmations. Personal communication to L. C. Millar on June 18, 2009, from United States Department of Agriculture, Anim al and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, National Identification Services (NIS). Archived at PERAL, Raleigh, NC. Norrbom, A. (Ed.). n.d. Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Plant Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sy stematic Entomology Laboratory, The Diptera Site. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:591/di ptera/tephritidae/TephHosts/search.html Patiño, M. L. M. 2002. Identificaión y caracterizaci ón de moscas de las frutas en los departamentos del Valle del Cauca, Tolima y Quindío. Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Agronomia. 27 pp. http://webapp. ciat.cgiar.org/ipm/pdfs/mosca_fruta.pdf PestID. 2010. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/lo gin.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North Americ a. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Penn. 624 pp. Popenoe, W. 1939. Manual of tropical and s ubtropical fruits. MacMillan Co., NY p. 451. PPQ, 2002. Qualitative Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessmen t of the Importation of Fresh Pitaya Fruit from Mexico and Central America into the Continen tal United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Commodity Risk Assessment Staff. Riverdale, MD. 31p. Raveh, E., J. Weiss, A. Nerd, and Y. Mizrahi. 1993. Pitayas (genus Hylocereus ): New fruit crop for the Negev Desert of Israel. http ://hort.purdue.edu/NewCropCenter Romero, A. 1994. Manejo fitosanitario de la pitahaya en Nicaragua Insectos, In : Encuentro Nacional de la Pitahaya (Memoria 23-25 Aug. 1994) Co mite Organizador. Nicaragua pp. 86-90. SAGARPA. 2009. Modificación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-008-FITO-1995, Por la que se establecen los requisitos y especificaciones fitosanitarios para la importación de frutas y hortalizas frescas. Secretaria de Agricultura, Gana deria, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca Y Alimentacion (SAGARPA), México. 2 pp. SDR. 2006. Plagas del cultivo de la pitahaya. Secret aria de Desarollo Rural (SDR), Puebla, Mexico, Puebla, Mexico. http://www.sdr.gob.mx/Contenido/CadenasProductivas/PLAGAS/7-6.pdf. SDR. 2007. Paquete tecnológico – Pitahaya (Extensi on Bulletin). La Secretaria de Desarollo Rural (SDR), Puebla State, Mexico.. 24 pp. http://www.sdr.gob.mx/Contenido/CadenasPr oductivas/paquetes%20tecnologicos/PITAHAYA.p df Smith, C. F., and M. M. Cermeli. 1979. An annotated list of Aphididae (Homoptera) of the Caribbean Islands and South and Central America. North Caro lina Agricultural Research Service, Tech. Bul. No. 259. 131 pp. Starmer, W.T., M.A. Lachance, H.J. Phaff and W. B. Heed. 1990. The biogeography of yeasts associated with decaying cactus tissue in North America, the Caribbean, and No rthern Venezuela. In : Hecht, M.K.; Wallace, B. and MacIntyre (eds). Evoluti onary Biology. Plenum Publishing Corp., NY 24: 253-296. Tel-Zur, N., S. Abbo, D. Bar-Zvi, and Y. Mizrahi. 2001. Hybridization between species and genera of fruit-crop vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus . Hortscience, 36(3): 441. Tel-Zur, N., S. Abbo, D. Myslabodski, and Y. Mizrahi. 1999. Modified CTAB procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molec. Biol. Reporter 17: 249-254 [Abstr]. Villalobos- Calderón, J. L. and F. Cárdenas-Díaz. 2002. Lista de Enfermedades de los Cultivos Agrícolas de Costa Rica. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado Diagnóstico Fitosanitario. San José, Costa Rica. 70 pp.Pest List for Pitaya from Mexico



### Rev. Original September 15, 2010 13 Weiss, J., L. Scheinvar, and Y. Mizrahi. 1995. Selenicereus megalanthus (the yellow pitaya), a climbing cactus from Colombia and Peru. Cact us Succulent J., 67(5): 280-283. White, I. M. and M. M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: Identification and bionomics. CAB Int’l., United Kingdom 601 pp Williams, D. J. and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB Int’l., United Kingdom 635 pp.



## 5. Preparers

Christie Bertone, Entomologist a 

### John Rogers, Plant Pathologist a

a 

### Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Labor atory, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology