NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-188

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

April 2006

Northeast Region

Commercial Fishing

Input-Output Model
172. Variability of Temperature and Salinity in the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine Based on Data Collected as

Part of the MARMAP Ships of Opportunity Program, 1978-2001. By Jack W. Jossi and Robert L. Benway. March 2003. vi + 92

p., 74 figs., 5 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2004-100835.

173. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Barndoor Skate, Dipturus laevis, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. By

David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 23 p., 14 figs., 1 table. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-104257.

174. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Clearnose Skate, Raja eglanteria, Life History and Habitat Characteristics.

By David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 50 p., 25 figs., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-

104260.

175. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Little Skate, Leucoraja erinacea, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. By

David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 66 p., 27 figs., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-104259.

176. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Rosette Skate, Leucoraja garmani virginica, Life History and Habitat

Characteristics. By David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 17 p., 11 figs., 1 table. NTIS Access.

No. PB2003-104258.

177. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Smooth Skate, Malacoraja senta, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. By

David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 26 p., 15 figs., 1 table. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-104256.

178. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Thorny Skate, Amblyraja radiata, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. By

David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 39 p., 18 figs., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-104255.

179. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Winter Skate, Leucoraja ocellata, Life History and Habitat Characteristics.

By David B. Packer, Christine A. Zetlin, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. March 2003. v + 57 p., 25 figs., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2003-

104254.

180. Variability in Blood Chemistry of Yellowtail Flounder, Limanda ferruginea, with Regard to Sex, Season, and Geographic

Location. By Renee Mercaldo-Allen, Margaret A. Dawson, Catherine A. Kuropat, and Diane Kapareiko. September 2003. vi + 20 p., 1

fig., 10 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2004-107074.

181. Characterization of the Fishing Practices and Marine Benthic Ecosystems of the Northeast U.S. Shelf, and an Evaluation

of the Potential Effects of Fishing on Essential Fish Habitat. By David Stevenson, Louis Chiarella, Dianne Stephan, Robert Reid, Kurt

Wilhelm, John McCarthy, and Michael Pentony. January 2004. ix + 179 p., 34 figs., 83 tables. [Online publication only.]

182. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments – 2003. By Gordon T. Waring, Richard M. Pace, Janeen

M. Quintal, Carol P. Fairfield, and Katherine Maze-Foley, eds., Nicole Cabana, Phillip J. Clapham, Timothy V.N. Cole, Gregory L. Fulling,

Lance P. Garrison, Aleta A. Hohn, Blair G. Maise, Wayne E. McFee, Keith D. Mullin, Debra L. Palka, Patricia E. Rosel, Marjorie C. Rossman,

Frederick W. Wenzel, and Amy L. Whitingham, contribs. May 2004. vii + 287 p., 47 figs., 58 tables, 4 app., index. NTIS Access. No.

PB2004-106431.

183. NOAA Fisheries Service's Large Marine Ecosystems Program: Status Report. By Kenneth Sherman, Peter Celone, and Sally

Adams. July 2004. iv + 21 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2006-102420.

184. A Large Marine Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management and Sustainability. By Frank J. Gable. August 2004. v +

84 p., 38 figs., 10 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2005-101435. [Online publication only.]

185. Revised and Updated Edition of F. Bruce Sanford's 1957 "Planning Your Scientific Research Paper." By Jon A. Gibson.

August 2004. x + 36 p., 5 figs., 12 tables.

186. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Silver Hake, Merluccius bilinearis, Life History and Habitat Characteristics.

2nd ed. By Meredith C. Lock and David B. Packer. August 2004. v + 68 p., 28 figs., 6 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB2005-101436. [Online

publication only.]

187. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: American Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides, Life History and Habitat

Characteristics. 2nd ed. By Donna L. Johnson. August 2004. vi + 72 p., 23 figs., 6 tables. [Online publication only.]

Recent Issues in This Series:
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., USN (ret.), Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

William T. Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

April 2006

This series represents a secondary level of scientific publishing. All issues employ

thorough internal scientific review; some issues employ external scientific review.

Reviews are -- by design -- transparent collegial reviews, not anonymous peer

reviews. All issues may be cited in formal scientific communications.

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-188

Northeast Region Commercial Fishing

Input-Output Model

Scott R. Steinback1,2 and Eric M. Thunberg1,3

Postal Address: 1National Marine Fisheries Serv., 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543

E-Mail Address: 2

Scott.Steinback@noaa.gov; 3Eric.Thunberg@noaa.gov
Notes on This Issue

Scientific Review and IQA Certification

This document has undergone scientific review and federal Information Quality Act certification through

the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's "manuscript review system." The document was initially

submitted to the system on July 27, 2005, and ultimately cleared the system on September 30, 2005.

Editorial Production

This document has undergone light editing for format, but no editing for style.

Issue Number vs. Publication Date

This issue -- No. 188 -- would normally have a publication date of either August 2004 (when Issue No. 187 came

out) or September 2004 (when Issue No. 189 came out). However, due to the withdrawl of the report which had been targeted

for this slot in the series, this report was slipped into the slot, even though it has a April 2006 publication date.
Page iii

Contents 

Summary........................................................................................................................................................................v 

1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 

2. Input-output modeling ........................................................................................................................................1 

3. Components of the Northeast Region Input-Output Model (NERIOM).............................................................3

 Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S.................................................................................................................3 

 IMPLAN Pro Adjustments .................................................................................................................................3 

 Product Flow Assumptions .................................................................................................................................4 

4. Background Data ................................................................................................................................................4 

 Sales (Output) .....................................................................................................................................................4 

 Employment........................................................................................................................................................5 

 Cost-Earnings......................................................................................................................................................6 

 Inshore and Offshore Lobster...................................................................................................................6 

 Bottom Trawl ...........................................................................................................................................6 

 Scallop Dredge.........................................................................................................................................7 

 Surfclam, Ocean Quahog Dredge.............................................................................................................7 

 Sink Gillnet ..............................................................................................................................................7 

 Diving Gear..............................................................................................................................................7 

 Midwater Trawl........................................................................................................................................7 

 Fish Pots and Traps ..................................................................................................................................7 

 Bottom Longline ......................................................................................................................................7 

 Other Mobile Gear ...................................................................................................................................8 

 Other Fixed Gear......................................................................................................................................8 

 Hand Gear ................................................................................................................................................8 

 Small Dredge............................................................................................................................................8 

 Wholesale Seafood Dealers......................................................................................................................8 

 Fish Exchange/Auctions...........................................................................................................................8 

 Seafood Processors...................................................................................................................................8 

 Exports .....................................................................................................................................................8 

5. Model Construction ............................................................................................................................................8 

 Model Construction Steps...................................................................................................................................9 

 IMPLAN Pro Table Adjustments .......................................................................................................................9 

 Industry/Commodity Codes .....................................................................................................................9 

 Type Codes ............................................................................................................................................10 

 US Absorption........................................................................................................................................10 

 US Absorption Totals.............................................................................................................................10 

 US Byproducts .......................................................................................................................................10 

 SACommodity Sales ..............................................................................................................................11 

 SAEmployment......................................................................................................................................11 

 SAFinal Demands ..................................................................................................................................11 

 SAForeign Exports.................................................................................................................................11 

 SAOutput ...............................................................................................................................................12 

 SAValue Added .....................................................................................................................................12 

 Observed RPCs ......................................................................................................................................12 

 RPC Methods .........................................................................................................................................13 

 Deflator1 ................................................................................................................................................13 

 rptSAFinal Demands..............................................................................................................................13 

 rptSAIndustry Data ................................................................................................................................13 

6. Impact Estimation.............................................................................................................................................13 

Allocation of Indirect and Induced Impacts to Subregions...............................................................................14 

 Hypothetical Impact Assessment......................................................................................................................15 

7. Discussion.........................................................................................................................................................16 

Endnotes ......................................................................................................................................................................18 

References ................................................................................................................................................................18 
Page iv

Figures 

Figure 1. Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S. ........................................................................................................21 

Figure 2. NERIOM Product Flows.............................................................................................................................22 

Tables 

Table 1. Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S...........................................................................................................23 

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes..........................................................................................................................24 

Table 3. Cost-Earnings Data Sources ..........................................................................................................................30 

Table 4. Commercial Fishing Production Functions ...............................................................................................31 

Table 5. Seafood Wholesale and Fish Exchange/Auction House Production Functions............................................33 

Table 6. IMPLAN Pro Tables.....................................................................................................................................34 

Table 7. Summary of IMPLAN Modification Procedure ...........................................................................................35 

Table 8. Industry Sectors Purchasing from the Default Commercial Fishing Sector .................................................35 

Table 9. Industry Sectors Purchasing from the Default Seafood Processing Sector...................................................36 

Table 10. Total New England Coastal Region Sales Impacts.....................................................................................37 

Table 11. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Sales Impacts......................................................................................38 

Table 12. Total New England Coastal Region Income Impacts .................................................................................39 

Table 13. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Income Impacts ..................................................................................40 

Table 14. Total New England Coastal Region Employment Impacts.........................................................................41 

Table 15. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Employment Impacts .........................................................................42 

Appendices 

Appendix A. Bridge between Expenditures and IMPLAN Pro Sectors ......................................................................43

Acronyms 

NERIOM = Northeast Region Input-Output Model 

NEPA = National Environmental Policy Act 

SIA = Social Impact Assessment 

CGEM = Computable General Equilibrium Model 

NAICS = North American Industry Classification System 

NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service 

VTR = NMFS’ Vessel Trip Reports 

URI = University of Rhode Island 
Page v

Summary 

This manuscript describes several years of work on improving input-output models for use in regulatory 

analyses of fisheries management actions in the Northeast U.S. Its primary intent is to provide a description of the 

partial multiregional input-output modeling approach we developed and to inform peers in how to make the required 

adaptations to the widely distributed regional input-output modeling system known as IMPLAN Pro. A hypothetical 

impact assessment is also conducted to illustrate the types of impacts that can be generated with the model. 

Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

The economic effects of fishery management policies

that alter commercial harvesting levels in a regional economy

can be far-reaching. As commercial harvest levels change

ancillary industries that supply the commercial fishing industry with inputs in turn adjust their production levels

and expenditure patterns, initiating further rounds of backward linked repercussions in the economy. Working up the

marketing chain, industries such as wholesale seafood dealers and seafood processors may be required to adjust their

production levels when the availability of local seafood

changes, thereby affecting input requirements from their

other suppliers, and triggering a whole series of additional

multiplier effects as the economy adapts to the policy action.

 The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Executive Order 12866, and National Standard 8 of the Sustainable Fisheries Act require federal regulators to consider the

impacts on businesses that are directly and indirectly affected by proposed management actions. The scope of most

economic analyses of management actions in the Northeast Region has been limited to analysis of impacts on directly affected businesses and the preparation of benefit/

cost analysis which have a national perspective. While

assessments of distributional effects are generally included

in a Social Impact Assessment (SIA), the focus of an SIA is

on the social implications of a management action on fishermen, fishing families, and social networks in a community.

This means that much of the discussion of the implications

of management actions on the larger fishing-related and

regional economy is left for vetting in public hearings.

In an attempt to resolve this shortcoming, we have developed a partial multiregional input-output model that is

capable of predicting the multiplier effects of proposed fishery management actions in the Northeast. The model is

constructed at the regional level, but it has been designed

so that the multiplier effects, expressed in terms of sales by

businesses, average annual employment (both full and parttime), and personal income (labor income) can be determined for 24 specific sub-regions within the Northeast.

While a full, disaggregated, multiregional model that explicitly measures the economic connections between all business sectors in 24 different regions is beyond possibility

because of data availability, the approach developed here

can be described as a partial multiregional model because it

explicitly accounts for the interconnections between the

fishing-related businesses (commercial harvesters, wholesale seafood dealers, bait suppliers, and seafood processors) in all 24 sub-regions in the Northeast. The intra and

inter-regional seafood linkages are captured through the

addition of up to 21 new fishing-related industry sectors in

each of the coastal sub-regions. All of the remaining nonfishing business sectors in the model measure Northeast

region-level activity, but an allocation procedure is employed

that apportions the estimated region-wide effects for these

businesses to the appropriate sub-regions in the model

based on the relative importance of a sub-region’s economy

to the total Northeast region’s economy.

The model was constructed using a ready-made regional

input-output system called IMPLAN Pro (Minnesota

IMPLAN Group, Inc.). The IMPLAN Pro system consists

of software and data that may be purchased from Minnesota IMPLAN Group. The software provides the mathematical algorithms to estimate I/O models and their resulting multipliers, as well as providing a user interface that

makes conducting impact assessments and organizing model

outputs easier. Default data sets available for purchase

include county-level data for 509 economic sectors for every county in the U.S. Data sets for each coastal state from

Maine to North Carolina were acquired to construct the I/O

model for the Northeast region.

The IMPLAN Pro system has considerable appeal due

to its extensive use in practical applications and its readily

available support literature. Further, since the conceptual

basis for input-output methodology is quite intuitive, the

results of impact assessments can be readily explained to

fishery managers and the Public. This is important because

it is our hope that the model’s multiplier effects will be used

by managers to compare and contrast the outcomes of proposed management strategies prior to deciding upon a preferred alternative. The ability to determine how policy-induced changes in sales, income, and employment will be

distributed among businesses in 24 different sub-regions

in the Northeast should provide regional decision makers

with better information to make more informed policy decisions.

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Northeast Region input-output model’s

(NERIOM) operations and model outputs. This includes a

comprehensive delineation of the adjustments that were

made to the default IMPLAN system, a description of the

underlying data, and the impact estimation approach we

followed. A hypothetical impact assessment is also conducted to illustrate the types of impacts that can be generated with the model. Finally, the advantages and limitations

of using the NERIOM approach for assessing the multiplier

effects of fishery management actions are considered, along

with a discussion of potential model improvements through

additional research.

2. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELING

In addition to input-output analysis, there are a variety

of other methods available for analyzing the economic impacts of fishery management actions. These range from

simplistic approaches such as economic-base models to

sophisticated approaches such as computable general equilibrium models (CGEM) and models that link economic and

ecological or biological considerations. Although these

types of models produce total impact estimates that are
Page 2

similar to those generated from input-output models, they

either lack the detail and complexity of those created with

input-output analysis (i.e., economic-base models) or are

more data intensive and generally necessitate even greater

sectoral aggregation (i.e., CGEM and economic-ecological

models).

In 1973, professor Wassily Leontief received the Nobel

Prize in Economic Science for developing the analytical

framework which came to be known as input-output analysis. Input-output analysis is generally described as a static

general equilibrium approach to quantitative economic

analysis. The common fabric underlying all input-output

models is a comprehensive accounting system which

records the sales and purchases of goods and services

among industries (manufacturers), final consumers (households, government, and exports), and resource owners (land,

labor, and capital) in a regional economy during a specified

time period (usually one year). As such, input-output models are generally employed to predict the backward linked

ripple effects (i.e., multiplier effects) of changes in the economic activity of a particular industrial sector. For example,

a decrease in the output of one industry decreases the demand for output in its supplying industries, and in industries which support the suppliers, and so on. However,

forward linked industries may also experience reductions in

output through diminished supply of local production. If

one is able to exogenously determine how these forward

linked sectors might be impacted, the additional backward

linked ripple effects associated with these changes could

also be estimated with input-output analysis. This is discussed further in Section 6 - Impact Estimation.

Mathematically, the Leontief input-output approach

derives sectoral outputs from exogenously specified final

demands as

(1) 

where X is a n x 1 column vector denoting output; I is a n x

n identity matrix; A is a n x n direct input coefficient matrix;

and Yˆ is a n x 1 column vector denoting exogenous final

demand. The elements of A ( aij ) are called direct input

coefficients and are denoted as

where zij is the level of sales from sector i to sector j; and Xj

is the total output of sector j. The (I-A)-1 matrix is often

referred to as the Leontief inverse, comprised of the interdependence coefficients (ij) alpha ij or what are commonly

referred to as industry output multipliers. These multipliers

indicate how much the output of each row sector would

change if the final demand for sector j’s output changed by

one dollar. In a regional input-output model that treats

household income and spending as endogenous1

, the column sum of the industry specific output multipliers measures the total direct, indirect, and induced backward linked

multiplier effects from each sector of the economy required

to satisfy a one dollar change in final demand for sector j’s

output. The direct industry multiplier measures the initial

effect of sector j’s one dollar final demand change on itself,

which implies a multiplier value of 1. The total indirect

multiplier represents the additional region-wide output

changes necessitated by the one dollar change in final demand, and the total induced multiplier measures the

economy-wide output effects of changes in household

spending generated by the direct and indirect effects. Total

output multipliers are used to estimate the economy-wide

backward linked output effect associated with exogenously

specified changes in final demand.2

The standard Leontief input-output approach must be

modified before it can be applied to fishery management

actions, however. From equation (1) it is clear that the model

is designed to ascertain the economy-wide effects of

changes in the demand for a product at the final consumption level. However, fishery management policies act by

controlling gross industry output at the point of production, rather than operating to control the sale of outputs in

final markets. For example, fisheries policies are generally

implemented to control landings and thus directly affect

the production of seafood at the harvesting level. Therefore, the basic form of equation 1 must be modified to assess the effects of management policies that induce gross

changes in industry output.

To accommodate the problem of handling constraints

on sectoral output within an input-output context, a procedure was developed that explicitly transforms the traditional

Leontief model into one that is capable of accepting gross

output changes as entries as opposed to only final demand

changes (Johnson and Kulshreshtha 1982). This technique,

now commonly referred to as a mixed exogenous/endogenous variables model (Miller and Blair 1985, p. 325), was

used by Leung and Pooley (2002) in assessing the total

economic impacts of a reduction in output of the Hawaiibased longline fishery. Unfortunately, the number of sectors contained in mixed exogenous/endogenous variables

models is generally not sufficient to derive detailed estimates of indirect multiplier effects. In part, this is because

all of the existing ready-made commercial regional inputoutput models, such as IMPLAN Pro, which provide considerable sectoral detail to trace backward linkages, are

based on traditional Leontief techniques and it is not possible to incorporate the modified relationships embodied in

the mixed exogenous/endogenous variables approach into

these ready-made models (see Steinback 2004). As a consequence, mixed exogenous/endogenous variables models

are usually derived from condensed versions of ready-made

models and therefore offer rather limited evaluations of how

total estimated impacts are dispersed throughout a particular region.

a

z

X ij

ij

j



X IA Y   ( )*1 Page 3

In an attempt to provide fishery policymakers with a

higher level of sectoral detail than that contained in a mixed

exogenous/endogenous variables model, another modification technique which provides the same aggregate solution as the mixed exogenous/endogenous variables model

was adopted for this study. The procedure, first introduced

by Tanjuakio, Hastings, and Tytus (1996), can accept gross

output changes as entries within a traditional Leontief model

by setting the directly impacted sectors’ regional purchase

coefficients (RPCs) to zero and then by modeling the

changes “as if” they originated from final demand.3

 In contrast to the mixed exogenous/endogenous variables model,

Tanjuakio, Hastings, and Tytus’ (1996) approach is based

on the traditional Leontief relationships shown in equation

(1) so it can be incorporated into ready-made input-output

models such as IMPLAN Pro. This is important because

ready-made models reduce the cost and complexity of model

formulation and the time required to generate impact estimates.4

The ready-made IMPLAN Pro system that was used in

this study provides a user-friendly media for customizing

input-output models to a specific application, and offers

the capability to create custom sectors such as commercial

fishing that are not well configured in the default IMPLAN

Pro data base. In fact, constructing an IMPLAN Pro model

capable of calculating the multiplier effects of proposed

fishery management actions on businesses in 24 different

sub-regions in the Northeast required creating many additional fishing-related sectors. These adjustments are explained in detail in the next section.

3. COMPONENTS OF THE

NORTHEAST REGION

INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL (NERIOM)

FISHING REGIONS IN THE NORTHEAST U.S.

A distinguishing feature of the NERIOM is its ability to

assess the impacts of management alternatives on the entire Northeast Region’s economy and on the economies of

24 specific sub-regions. The 24 sub-regions represent semi

self-sufficient fishing areas that have similar economic networks and fishing-related attributes. The sub-regional designations were based on several criteria. First, data on fishing and non-fishing industrial sectors were generally only

available at a county-level. Therefore, the sub-regional impact area designations represent either individual counties

or groups of counties within each of the 11 Northeast Region States. Data obtained from federal Northeast vessel

trip reports, Northeast dealer weigh-out slips, Northeast

permit applications, and County Business Patterns were

used to classify sub-regions that have similar economic

networks and fishing-related attributes. These data provide an indication of regional distribution channels of seafood as it flows from harvesters through dealers and finally

on to processors in the Northeast. The sub-regional designations consist mainly of a coastal county or groups of

coastal counties, for these are the counties where the majority of the impacts accrue and where the employees and

owners of fishing businesses, seafood dealers, and processors reside. However, if it were determined that fish are

regularly being sold to dealers and processors in adjacent

non-coastal counties, the sub-regional designations were

expanded to account for these transactions. There are 23

coastal and one non-coastal sub-region contained in the

NERIOM (see Figure 1 and Table 1).

IMPLAN PRO ADJUSTMENTS

The IMPLAN Pro sector classification system is based

on the U.S. Census Bureau’s North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and contains county-level estimates of business activity for up to 509 industry sectors.

Included in the coding system are four industry sectors

that either directly produce seafood or are directly involved

in the seafood marketing chain. These sectors are: animal

production including aquaculture (sector 13), fishing (sector 16), seafood product preparation and packaging (sector

71), and wholesale trade (sector 390). These four sectors,

however, are constructed from aggregate industrial sector

level data which do not distinguish businesses of different

types and sizes. For example, all commercial fishing harvesters, regardless of gear type or size, are included in one

aggregate “catch-all” fishing sector (sector 16). This level

of aggregation is too gross for conducting impact assessments of fishery management actions on specific fisheries

or gear types. Furthermore, since businesses that produce

similar types of products or services are generally pooled

into a single IMPLAN Pro sector, the underlying data may

not accurately portray the establishments of interest. For

instance, businesses engaged in the wholesale distribution

of seafood comprise only a small portion of the wholesale

activity included in the single default “wholesale trade sector”. The production functions, tradeflows, and value-added

estimates associated with seafood wholesalers that deal

with a perishable product may be different from those of

wholesalers that distribute other durable or nondurable

goods. Therefore, the fishing-related sectoral designations

and underlying data must be refined before IMPLAN Pro

can be used to describe the economic activity associated

with fishery management actions.

To the extent that the businesses most impacted by

fishery management actions are commercial fishing, wholesale distribution of seafood, and seafood processing, our

refinements focused on improving on the aggregate information contained in IMPLAN Pro sectors 16 (fishing), 390,

(wholesale trade), and 71 (seafood product preparation and

packaging). Since the National Marine Fisheries Service

(NMFS) is not directly responsible for managing the activities associated with aquaculture establishments no adjustments were made to sector 13 (animal production).
Page 4

We began by deleting IMPLAN Pro’s single commercial fishing sector and adding new harvesting sectors based

on gear type and vessel size class. Consideration was given

to classifying sectors according to primary species landed,

but since management regulations often target specific gear

sectors or vessels of a given size class it was necessary to

incorporate these characteristics into the NERIOM. Further, the number of modifications necessary to construct a

species-specific model would have been much larger than

was necessary to develop gear-based sectors. Commercial

fishing businesses were grouped into 18 distinct gear sectors in 22 of the 23 coastal county sub-regions. No harvesting sectors were added for the North Carolina north subregion or for inshore and offshore lobster vessels in the

North Carolina central sub-region. An IMPLAN Pro model

is limited to 1,000 industry sectors and this constraint would

have been exceeded after adding all of the new harvesting

sectors and the remaining fisheries-related sectors to be

discussed below. Therefore, since there were no recording

landings in the North Carolina north sub-region in 2001 (the

base year of the NERIOM) nor for the North Carolina central inshore and offshore lobster harvesting sectors in 2001,

these industries were excluded from the model. A total of

394 new harvesting sectors were added to the NERIOM.

Table 2 delineates all of the new sectors that were added to

the default IMPLAN Pro model. The data used in the construction of the fisheries-related sectors are discussed in

the next section. Additional modifications included separating the wholesale seafood dealer component from the

default wholesale trade sector and adding 23 new wholesale seafood dealer sectors (one for each coastal sub-region). Since seafood also passes through fish exchanges/

auctions in four sub-regions in New England a fish exchange

sector was created in each of these sub-regions (Lower

Mid-Coast Maine, Massachusetts North Shore, Massachusetts Boston Area, and Massachusetts New Bedford

Coast).5

 Purchases of bait by longline, hand gear, and lobster vessels were accounted for by assigning the purchases

directly to 23 new midwater trawl bait supplying sectors

and 23 medium bottom trawl bait supplying sectors (one in

each coastal sub-region). In the Northeast, midwater and

bottom trawls land the majority of the species used as bait

by the longline, handgear, and lobster sectors. Lastly, we

removed the default seafood processing sector (sector 71)

and added a sub-regional processing sector in each of the

23 coastal sub-regions.

PRODUCT FLOW ASSUMPTIONS

The distribution patterns of seafood among harvesters, wholesalers, processors, and final demand establishments in the Northeast U.S. are complex. Product flow patterns are influenced by product type, market demand (both

domestic and foreign), location of buyers and sellers, sales

agreements/contracts between buyers and sellers, management regulations, and a host of other immeasurable factors

that present challenges to modeling. In a regional inputoutput model each successive level of sale among seafood

industry establishments adds value to the product, thereby

generating additional economic impacts. Thus, it is important to account for the origin and destination of purchases

and sales that will be impacted (either directly or indirectly)

by management regulations.

Unfortunately, limited available data on this complicated

product flow within the Northeast region called for some

simplifying assumptions. In the NERIOM, harvesters are

assumed to sell all of their output to wholesale dealers via

direct sales or through fish exchanges/auctions (see Figure

2). Since federally permitted harvesters are required to sell

to establishments that hold a valid federal dealer permit,

this assumption is reasonable. For state water fisheries or

where some vessels may engage in direct sales to final consumers this assumption is tenable. Wholesale dealers, in

turn, are then assumed to sell their output to final consumers, intermediate demand industries (including seafood processors) and to businesses located outside of the Northeast region. However, due to the number of available seafood substitutes at the retail level, the impacts of most fishery management actions on final consumers and intermediate demand industries other than seafood processors are

likely to be negligible. Therefore, impacts that may accrue

beyond the processor level are not incorporated in the

NERIOM (see Section 7 for more detail).

4. BACKGROUND DATA

SALES (OUTPUT)

Estimates of sales by the harvesting sectors (i.e., exvessel revenues) were derived from 2001 Northeast dealer

weigh-out slips for each sub-region. In cases where the

value of landings for a given state was not assigned to a

county, sales were prorated to each sub-region within the

state based on calculated revenue shares by gear sector

and sub-region for data that was assignable.

Total wholesale seafood dealer sales in each sub-region were derived from 2002 Economic Census data (U.S.

Census Bureau 2004), 2001 County Business Patterns data

(U.S. Census Bureau 2003) and the average 2001 Fulton

Market margin. The Economic Census estimates of National wholesale seafood dealer sales and employment were

used to calculate a value for average sales per employee.

This value was then multiplied by the County Business

Patterns estimates of number of employees in each subregion to obtain sales estimates for the sub-regions. Note

that in the NERIOM the wholesale seafood dealer sectors

are treated as margin sectors. That is, the value of sales

excludes the “cost of goods sold.” In so doing, the sales
Page 5

estimate for a margin sector includes only the value added

to the product being sold (i.e., total value of sales less the

cost of the purchased raw material). Therefore, the subregional sales estimates were multiplied by the average

Fulton Market mark-up (i.e., margin) in 2001 (40%).

Fish exchange/auction houses are also required to hold

a valid federal dealer permit so it was possible to obtain

sales estimates for seafood that passed through these establishments from the 2001 Northeast dealer weigh-out data.

Fish exchange/auction houses were also treated as margin

sectors in the NERIOM, however, so the weigh-out data

had to be refined so that it represented only the value added

by the auction houses. Value added by auction houses is

generally associated with a small per-pound commission to

unload, sort, ice, and display the seafood. The fees cover

employee expenses and operating costs, which, in turn,

generate additional economic impacts in the Northeast region. Average handling fees vary slightly across species

and auction houses, but were assumed to be 11 cents per

pound (7 cents paid by the boat and 4 cents by the buyer

(R. Ciulla, co-manager Gloucester Seafood Display Auction,

personal communication). Given handling fees, the sales

estimates (i.e., the value of production) for the 4 fish exchange sectors were calculated by first dividing the average handling fee by the average annual price per pound of

seafood sold at each exchange in 2001, and then multiplying the result by the total annual value of seafood sold at

each exchange.

IMPLAN Pro default values for sector 17 (seafood product preparation and packaging) in each of the 23 coastal

sub-regions were used to determine the value of the processing sectors’ sales. These values were obtained by constructing separate default IMPLAN Pro models for each of

the 23 coastal sub-regions and then incorporating the resulting 23 processor sales values into the NERIOM.

EMPLOYMENT

Employment estimates for fishermen are typically not

compiled according to type of harvesting gear. In fact,

because self-employed fishermen are generally not included

in U.S. labor statistics, there is often a great deal of uncertainty even in aggregate estimates of commercial fishing

employment. However, all federally permitted harvesters in

the Northeast are required to fill out vessel trip reports in

which they indicate the type of gear employed and the

number of crew (including captain) that participated on each

trip. This data provided the basis for calculating the majority of the harvesting sector employment estimates in each

sub-region. Limited Northeast vessel trip reports were available for the hand gear trips, dive gear trips, and ocean quahog dredge gear trips, so another method for estimating

employment was employed for those gear sectors. Employment calculations for both methods are shown below.

The steps used to calculate employment from vessel

trip reports (VTR) were as follows:

(1) Identify a gear sector for all VTR trips in each subregion;

(2) Calculate the average number of crew by vessel for all

vessels that participated in a gear sector in each subregion;

(3) Sum total annual value of landings by vessel for all

vessels that participated in a gear sector in each subregion;

(4) Sum total annual value by gear sector and sub-region;

(5) Sum average crew by gear sector and sub-region;

(6) Calculate the value/labor ratio by dividing the result

of step 4 by the result of step 5; and

(7) Divide the value/labor ratio from step 6 into the total

value of production (i.e., sales values discussed

above) by gear sector and sub-region to obtain employment estimates.

Employment numbers for the hand gear sectors, dive

gear sectors, and ocean quahog dredge gear sectors were

estimated by dividing the sectoral production values (sales

values) by IMPLAN Pro’s default value/labor ratios for sector 16 (Fishing) in each sub-region. The value/labor ratios

were obtained by creating 23 default sub-regional IMPLAN

Pro models.

 Wholesale seafood dealer employment estimates were

obtained from 2001 County Business Patterns Data (NAICS

sector 42246; U.S. Census Bureau 2003). Employment values for counties with suppressed seafood dealer data were

estimated by multiplying the average state-level employment per establishment by the total establishments contained in the county (County Business Patterns provides

estimates of number of establishments even if employment

data is suppressed).

Employment estimates for the four fish exchange/auction sectors were obtained by making several simplifying

assumptions as follows:

(1) Average earnings per employee in each of the four

sub-regions where the fish exchange/auction sectors

are located were assumed to be equal to the wholesale

seafood dealer average earnings values in those subregions.

(2) Calculate total employee earnings for each fish exchange/auction sector by multiplying the sectoral production values by the percent of total value that is

used to pay employee earnings (the derivation of these

employee compensation percentages is described in

the next section).

(3) Divide total employee earnings for each fish exchange/

auction sector by the average earnings per employee

from step 1 to obtain employment estimates.
Page 6

COST-EARNINGS

The validity of impact estimates generated by inputoutput models depends to a large degree on the underlying

industry cost data, and in identifying which combination of

IMPLAN Pro sectors is most likely to represent the distribution of these costs. In the development of the NERIOM,

a significant effort was made to incorporate the best available cost and earnings data for harvesters, wholesale dealers, fish exchanges/auctions, and seafood processors. Cost

and earnings data are the heart of an input-output model

because they are used to construct production functions

that link the purchasing activities of a particular sector to all

other sectors in the model. This section describes the origin of these data and explains how the production functions were created.

We also extended considerable effort in developing a

bridge that was used to allocate each industry expenditure

item to its appropriate IMPLAN Pro sector or sectors. The

description of this bridge is quite lengthy, however, so it

was placed in Appendix A. Nonetheless, readers are encouraged to review the bridging process shown in Appendix A because input-output model results are particularly

sensitive to how industry expenditures are distributed

among sectors.

Cost and earnings estimates for harvesters were derived from Northeast Observer data, Northeast Dealer data,

and surveys of specific gear sectors in the Northeast. A

detailed description of these data sources by gear type is

provided below and a summary is shown in Table 3.

Inshore and Offshore Lobster Trap

As part of a larger project to develop a simulation model

of the lobster fishery researchers at the University of Rhode

Island conducted a series of focus groups with lobster vessel owners (Anonymous, 1995). These focus groups were

conducted in selected ports throughout New England and

were conducted with both inshore and offshore participants.

In addition to gathering data on trap management and notable changes in the fishery, the researchers collected information on operating costs, fixed costs, and crew remuneration. Since these data were originally collected in 1993-1994

the cost estimates were adjusted to 2001 dollars using

IMPLAN Pro price deflators.

Linear production functions for offshore lobster, Northern inshore lobster (Maine and New Hampshire) and Southern inshore lobster (Massachusetts southward) were then

developed by calculating the proportion of total costs (including payments to crew and profits) each expenditure

item represented (Table 4). Before these production functions could be incorporated into the NERIOM, however,

several of the proportions (i.e., absorption coefficients) had

to be adjusted for wholesale and retail trade margins. Commodities and services purchased directly from manufacturers (i.e., mooring fees, repair and maintenance services, permit fees, etc.) have no transportation, wholesale, or retail

markups so no adjustments were made to these absorption

coefficients (Table 4). However, expenditures for commodities obtained from wholesalers or retailers (i.e., groceries,

fuel, trip supplies, etc.) must be subdivided into the portion

going to the retailer, wholesaler, transportation industries,

and the manufacturer. The IMPLAN Pro system provides

margin tables for each manufactured commodity that is purchased at the wholesale and retail level, to determine how a

dollars worth of consumer expenditures is distributed among

the manufacturing, wholesale, transportation, and retail industries that contribute to its production and distribution.

These margin tables were used to distribute the absorption

coefficients in Table 4 that pertained to commodities purchased from wholesalers or retailers, into the amount paid

to the retailer, wholesaler, transportation industries, and the

manufacturer. The adjusted values were then incorporated

into the production functions shown in Table 4 and entered

into the NERIOM. The adjusted production functions were

too large to present in this document, but the margined

proportions used to adjust the absorption coefficients

shown in Table 4 are contained in Appendix A.

Bottom Trawl

Cost and earnings data for the small (< 50 feet), medium

(50 to 70 feet), and large (> 70 feet) bottom trawl vessels

were obtained from three sources. Average variable cost

estimates (e.g., ice, fuel, oil, water, food, bait, and supplies)

were obtained through the Northeast Fisheries Science

Center’s sea sampling program. These data are collected

for all commercial fishing trips that carry onboard observers and represent the best available trip-level data for many

fisheries. Northeast observer data from 2003 were used to

estimate average trip-level expenditures because the coverage in 2003 was considerably higher than in 2001. IMPLAN

Pro’s deflators, which are derived from the Bureau of Labor

Statistics Growth Model, were used to adjust these average

values to their 2001 equivalent.

All fixed cost expenditures were derived from studies

conducted by researchers at the University of Rhode Island (URI). The data for the studies were collected from

mail surveys of Northeast fishing vessels whose primary

gear was an otter trawl. Results of the studies were published in two reports: one for small trawlers (Lallemand et al.

1998) and one for large trawlers (Lallemand et al. 1999). Small

trawlers were defined as vessels of 65 feet or less and large

trawlers consisted of all vessels greater than 65 feet. These

length categories are different than those contained in the

NERIOM, however, so we obtained access to the raw survey data and recalculated average fixed cost estimates for

the three categories of vessels contained in our model (i.e.,

small, medium, and large trawlers). All data were then adjusted to their 2001 equivalent using IMPLAN Pro inflators.
Page 7

Average gross stock estimates were derived from 2001

Northeast dealer data and pertained only to those vessels

that were surveyed in the URI reports. In combination with

average crew and vessel remuneration percentages obtained from the raw URI survey data, the gross stock estimates were used to calculate the value of crew payments

(employee compensation) and boat profits (proprietary income). Linear production functions for the three categories

of bottom trawl vessels could then be developed by calculating the proportion of total costs (including payments to

crew and profits) each expenditure item represented (Table

4). Appendix A contains the adjustments made for commodities purchased at the wholesale or retail level.

Scallop Dredge

The cost and earnings data for scallop dredge vessels

were obtained from a study conducted by researchers at

the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (see

Georgianna, Cass, and Amaral 1999). The study design

involved a mail survey to all vessels that held a federal sea

scallop permit in the Northeast in 1997. The researchers

categorized the data by small (< 50 feet), medium (50 to 70

feet), and large (> 70 feet) vessels, so the average variable

and fixed cost estimates published in the report were directly applicable to the vessel size classifications used for

scallop vessels in the NERIOM. Average earnings estimates for crewmen, captains, and vessel owners were also

determined from the survey data for each of the vessel size

categories. After all of the average expenditures were obtained (including payments to crew and profits) linear production functions were created to be incorporated into the

NERIOM (Table 4). Appendix A contains the adjustments

made for commodities purchased at the wholesale or retail

level.

Surfclam, Ocean Quahog Dredge

Cost and earnings data for this gear sector were unavailable so the production function created for the medium scallop dredge sector was used a placeholder until

estimates for clam dredge vessels are obtained.

Sink Gillnet

Variable costs for sink gillnet vessels were derived from

2003 Northeast observer data and adjusted to their 2001

equivalent using IMPLAN Pro deflators. The availability

of fixed costs and earnings data for these vessels was quite

limited, however, so values that pertained to bottom longline

vessels (described below) were used as placeholders until

these data are collected. Fishing costs for bottom longline

vessels are likely to be similar to vessels fishing with sink

gillnets because they generally operate in the same manner.

Nonetheless, the production function created for sink gillnet

vessels was derived from a combination of observer data

and bottom longline proxy data (see Table 4). Appendix A

contains the adjustments made for commodities purchased

at the wholesale or retail level.

Diving Gear

The southern inshore lobster production function was

used as a proxy to describe the purchasing activities of the

diving gear sectors until cost and earnings estimates for

vessels fishing with this gear are obtained. Note that purchases unique to the lobster fishery such as bait and traps

were excluded from the dive gear production function. Expenditures for these items were reallocated to the remaining

cost categories according to the relative shares contained

in the production function.

Midwater Trawl

Northeast observer coverage for this fishery is quite

limited and information on fixed costs and earnings could

not be found for vessels that fish with midwater trawls.

Therefore, the production function created for the medium

bottom trawl fishery was used as a placeholder until these

data become available.

Fish Pots and Traps

The operating characteristics of inshore lobster fishing

are very similar to fishing with fish pots and traps. Since

specific cost and earnings data for this gear sector could

not be located, the production function created for southern inshore lobster fishing was used to represent the purchasing activities associated with the fish pots and traps

sectors in the NERIOM.

Bottom Longline

Average variable cost estimates were generated with

data obtained from the Northeast observer program in 2003.

IMPLAN Pro deflators were used to estimate 2001 equivalent values. Data collected by researchers at the University

of Massachusetts Dartmouth, for a study of longline vessel owners in the Northeast in 1997, were used to calculate

average fixed costs and value-added estimates (see

Georgianna and Cass 1998). After these estimates were

adjusted to 2001 values, they were combined with the Northeast observer variable cost data and linear production functions were created by calculating the proportion of total

costs attributable to each expenditure item (Table 4). Ap-
Page 8

pendix A contains the adjustments made for commodities

purchased at the wholesale or retail level.

Other Mobile Gear

This gear sector includes all mobile gear except trawls

and dredges. Vessels fishing with purse seines, scottish

seines, danish seines, stop seines, bag nets, lift nets, shrimp

beam trawls, stop nets, runaround gillnets, and trammel nets

were classified as other mobile gear in the NERIOM. The

production function created for medium bottom trawls was

used to represent the purchasing activities of these other

mobile gear sectors.

Other Fixed Gear

Landings from fixed gears such as pound nets, weirs,

harpoons, fyke nets, pelagic longlines, box traps, and drift/

anchor gillnets were combined into an other fixed gear sector. The sink gillnet production function was used to characterize industry purchases for these gear types.

Hand Gear

Cost and earnings data for vessels fishing with hand

gear were estimated from surveys of jig and pole vessel

owners that fished for groundfish in New England in 1997

(see Georgianna, Cass, and Brough 1998). IMPLAN Pro’s

inflators were used to adjust mean expenditure values to

their 2001 equivalent. The predominant gear in this sector

is hand lines, but also includes dip nets, cast nets, tongs

and grabs, oyster rakes, picks, shovels, forks, hoes, and

common and long seines. Linear production functions were

also generated for these gears by calculating the proportion of total costs each expenditure item represented (Table

4). Appendix A contains the adjustments made for commodities purchased at the wholesale or retail level.

Small Dredge

This sector is comprised of oyster, clam, crab, conch,

mussel, and urchin dredge gear. The production function

created for small scallop dredges was used to represent the

purchasing activities of these dredge sectors.

Wholesale Seafood Dealers

A production function developed for wholesale seafood dealers in the Mid-Atlantic region by Kirkley, Ryan,

and Duberg (2004) was used to characterize the purchasing

behavior of the 23 wholesale seafood sectors in the NERIOM

(Table 5). As previously mentioned, the wholesale seafood

dealer sectors are treated as margin sectors so the production function does not include the cost of purchasing seafood from the commercial fishing sectors. Appendix A contains the adjustments made to the production function for

commodities purchased at the wholesale or retail level.

Fish Exchange/Auctions

Expenditures by the 4 fish exchange/auction sectors

contained in the NERIOM were modeled with a production

function developed by Kirkley, Ryan, and Duberg (2004) for

Fulton Fish Market in New York (Table 5). The data utilized

in their report were obtained from TechLaw, Inc. (2001) and

represent the operating costs associated with the provision of services offered by the Fulton Market. These services are similar to those offered by the fish exchange/auction houses in the NERIOM. See Appendix A for the adjustments made to the production function for commodities

purchased at the wholesale or retail level.

Seafood Processors

The default IMPLAN Pro production functions for Sector 71 Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging, in the

23 coastal sub-regions, were used to allocate purchases to

their appropriate IMPLAN Pro sectors in the NERIOM. The

default sub-regional production functions were too large to

include in this document.

Exports

Foreign trade data by species and product type were

obtained from the Fisheries Statistics and Economics Division of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). These

data provide information on trade (value and pounds)

through specific U.S. customs districts such as New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions. The procedures used

to incorporate these trade data into the NERIOM are delineated in the next section.

5. MODEL CONSTRUCTION

An IMPLAN Pro model consists of more than 60 underlying Microsoft Access tables (Table 6). These tables can

be grouped into four general categories. The tables in the

first category contain unique code numbers for industries,

commodities, margins, value-added sectors, household expenditure groups, institutions, transfer payments, and trade.

Tables in the second category contain raw input data used
Page 9

in the impact assessment portion of the program. Default

model building information about the study area and model

specs are contained in the third category of tables; and the

remaining tables contain report data that are created during

the model construction stage, the impact analysis stage,

and for viewing final impact runs. In constructing the

NERIOM, changes were made to the majority of the Access

tables in the first and second categories and a few of the

Access tables in the fourth category (modified Access

tables are indicated with an * in Table 6).

The modification procedure generally consisted of exporting the data contained in the relevant Microsoft Access tables to Microsoft Excel, adding new data, and then

importing the modified tables back into Microsoft Access.

A brief summary of the modification procedure is shown in

Table 7, and the detailed steps involved in building the

Northeast Region input-output model are presented below.

This section also includes a description of the adjustments

made to each of the individual Microsoft Access tables.

MODEL CONSTRUCTION STEPS

Step 1 -- A default Northeast Region input-output model

with a set of estimated multipliers was first created by opening the IMPLAN Pro software, importing the default 2001

IMPLAN data for all of the counties in Table 1, and then

constructing a default IMPLAN model along with a set of

estimated multipliers.

Step 2 -- The default model was then opened using Microsoft

Access 2000. IMPLAN Pro data bases require this version

of Access.

Step 3 -- The three US tables and the Observed RPCs table

were then deleted. This step was necessary because all

IMPLAN Pro models share the following five tables (as

indicated by black arrows to the left of the tables when the

model is opened in Access):

 US Absorption Table

 US Absorption Totals

 US Byproducts Table

 Observed RPCs

 Margin Codes

Deletion of these tables “breaks” the link so that any subsequent changes will not affect other IMPLAN models. No

changes were made to the Margin Codes table so it was not

necessary to remove the link to this table.

Step 4 -- The deleted tables (the three US tables and the

Observed RPCs table) were then replaced with the same

tables contained in the 2001 IMPLAN Pro structural matrix

file 01NAT509.IMS through the import feature in Access.

Step 5 -- In Access, the default data in the 16 tables that

needed to be modified were exported to Excel. Note that

since the US Absorption table consisted of over 80,000 rows

of data, it was necessary to create two Excel tables to house

this information since Excel has a capacity of 65,536 rows.

Step 6 -- All of the default data in the 16 tables to be modified were deleted. The table layout including column and

table names was not changed so that the updated data could

be imported back into the original Access file structure.

Step 7 -- Data in these 16 tables were modified to better

reflect the sectoral linkages among fisheries-related industries. Consistent with Step 6, the variable names and record

formats were maintained so that the files were compatible

with the original Access file structure.

Step 8 -- Once all 16 data files had been modified they were

imported into Access. An append query in Access was

used to combine the two US Absorption Excel files into one

US Absorption table.

Step 9 -- The modified model was then opened in IMPLAN

Pro, the model was reconstructed and multipliers were reestimated. This step was necessary because IMPLAN Pro

is not capable of recognizing the direct changes made to

the underlying Access tables, so the model must be reconstructed to use the updated data.

IMPLAN PRO TABLE ADJUSTMENTS

 The following provides a more detailed discussion of 

modifications to certain Access tables.

Industry/Commodity Codes

This table contains unique code numbers for industries

and commodities. Industries and commodities share the

same name and number in an IMPLAN Pro model. Modifications began by removing the default commercial fishing

sector (IMPLAN sector number 16) and adding 394 new

harvesting sectors to the model (sector’s 510-903 in Table

2). These industry sectors designate different commercial

fishing gear and vessel length categories in each of the

sub-regions in the Northeast.

Additional changes included adding 23 wholesale seafood dealer sectors (sector’s 904-926 in Table 2), 4 fish exchange sectors (sector’s 927-930 in Table 2), 23 midwater

trawl bait supplying sectors, and 23 medium bottom trawl

bait supplying sectors (sectors’s 931-976 in Table 2). Finally, we removed the default seafood processing sector

(IMPLAN sector number 71) and added 23 sub-regional

processing sectors (sector’s 977 - 999 in Table 2).
Page 10

Type Codes

The Type Codes table contains coding information on

all transaction types in the data sets. For this table, we

added the 490 industry/commodity code designations as

assigned above and the associated 490 SAM Commodity

codes. Transaction codes associated with Factors, Households, Institutions, Transfers, Employment, Output, and

Trade remained the same.

US Absorption

This table contains the United States absorption matrix

which, in input-output terminology, is the coefficient form

of the use table. The default 2001 table contains 80,285

rows of data that show the proportions of commodities each

industry uses in its production process (i.e., its production

function). We removed the 213 rows of data contained in

the production functions for the default commercial fishing

sector (sector 16) and the default seafood processing sector (sector 71), and then added 55,425 rows of data that

contained the production functions of each of the 490 fisheries-related sectors that were added to the model.

Sectors that purchase commodities from the default

commercial fishing sector (i.e., seafood) and the default seafood processing sector required adjustments to their production functions, since these two default sectors were

removed from the Northeast Region input-output model.

Adjustments were made by first identifying the industries

that purchase seafood from these sectors. The commodity

balance sheet report option in IMPLAN Pro provides information on all industry sectors that purchase from a particular sector. Using this option, we were able to identify the 11

industry sectors that purchase seafood from the default

commercial fishing sector, and the 27 industries that purchase from the default seafood processing sector in the

2001 data (Tables 8 and 9). However, in our Northeast

Region model wholesale seafood dealers are assumed to

purchase 100% of the commercial fishing output. Thus, it

was necessary to change the assignment of seafood purchases for the 11 industry sectors that purchase commercial fishing output. We assumed that 7 of the 11 sectors

would purchase seafood from seafood processors and the

remaining 4 would purchase from wholesale seafood dealers (see Table 8).

This reassignment strategy, however, entailed an additional step because the Northeast Region model includes

23 sub-regional wholesale seafood dealer sectors and 23

sub-regional seafood processing sectors. A method had to

be developed to determine from whom of the sub-regional

dealers and processors the industries in Tables 8 and 9

would purchase their seafood. At the suggestion of the

software vendor, we decided to allocate purchases according to output proportions in each sub-region. In other

words, we used the sub-regional shares of total wholesale

seafood dealer output and seafood processing output in

the Northeast Region to allocate purchases. These shares

were then multiplied by the default commercial fishing

sector’s and/or the default seafood processing sector’s

gross absorption coefficient contained in the production

functions of each of the sectors shown in Tables 8 and 9.

The resulting vector of absorption coefficients was then

inserted into the US Absorption Table in place of the default values for each of the sectors shown in Tables 8 and 9.

Note that the sum of the values contained in the vector of

absorption coefficients must sum exactly to the absorption

coefficient contained in the default data or the model will

not build correctly.

US Absorption Totals

The US Absorption Totals table contains the sum of the

absorption coefficients for each industry sector. We removed the default commercial fishing sector’s total absorption coefficient and the default seafood processing sector’s

total absorption coefficient, and then added the appropriate absorption coefficients for the 490 new sectors in the

Northeast Region model. The sum of the coefficients from

each sector in the US Absorption table must match the coefficients in the US Absorption Totals table.

US Byproducts

This table contains US estimates of the proportions of

each commodity an industry produces. In input-output

terminology it is the coefficient form of the “make” table

derived by dividing each element by the make table row

totals. Industries often produce more than one commodity.

Commodities other than primary commodities are called secondary commodities or byproducts. For this table, we first

examined if any of the 509 default industry sectors produced commercial fishing seafood or processed seafood as

a byproduct. The commodity balance sheet report option

in IMPLAN Pro provides information on commodity production by all industries. From this report we found that no

other industries produced commercial fishing seafood as a

byproduct in the 2001 data. However, there were three industries (Frozen food manufacturing, Fruit and vegetable

canning and drying, and Meat processed from carcasses)

that produced processed seafood as a byproduct. If we

allowed these sectors to produce processed seafood as a

byproduct, the model would not construct properly because

the default seafood processing sector was removed from

the model. Therefore, we removed the proportion associated with processed seafood for these three sectors and

added it to their primary commodity share, so that the sum

of each sector’s byproducts coefficients remained equal to

one. The byproducts coefficients, which include the primary commodity share coefficient, must sum to one for each

sector in the model in order for the model to construct properly.
Page 11

We also assumed that each of the 490 new sectors that

were added to the model would produce only primary commodities. Thus, we added a single record to the US

Byproducts table for each of the 490 new sectors and set

each sector’s primary commodity share coefficient to one.

SACommodity Sales

This table shows sales of commodities by households

and institutions in the study area. There were no sales of

seafood by households in the default data so no changes

were made to the commodity sales rows for the nine household expenditure sectors (i.e., Type Codes 10001 - 10009).

There were also no institutional sales of raw harvested seafood or processed seafood. However, zeros are entered into

the commodity sales field when no sales are present so we

had to remove the records that pointed to these commodity

codes in the default institutional sales data. In addition,

since we assumed that there are no institutional sales of

commodities produced by the 490 new industries that were

added to the model, rows with zeros in the commodity sales

field were inserted into the table.

We also removed inventory additions (Type Code 14002)

that existed in the default data for the seafood processing

sector (Sector 71) because we eliminated this sector from

the Northeast Region model. Sales estimates for the 23 new

sub-regional seafood processing sectors in the model were

estimated by first constructing 23 separate sub-regional

IMPLAN Pro models to obtain the default inventory seafood processing values in each sub-region, and then assigning them to the 23 sub-regional seafood processing

commodity codes in the SA Commodity Sales table.

SAEmployment

The SAEmployment table delineates average annual

jobs for each industry in the study area. Jobs are measured

in terms of both full-time and part-time workers combined.

For this table, we removed the employment estimates for

the default commercial fishing sector (Sector 16) and the

default seafood processing sector (Sector 71), and then

inserted our employment estimates for the 490 new sectors.

SAFinal Demands

The final demand table consists of purchases of commodities for final consumption by households and institutions. Several modifications were made to this table. The

first step entailed removing final demands associated with

the default commercial fishing sector and the default seafood processing sector for all nine of the household expenditure type codes and for all of the institution type codes.

We then used these default values in combination with

output data and the dealer transaction matrix (see Section

6) to estimate final demands by type codes for the new

harvesting sectors, seafood dealer sectors, and seafood

processing sectors.

Final demands for each of the 394 new harvesting sectors were estimated by first calculating the proportion of a

sector’s output to the total output across all 394 sectors,

and then multiplying this proportion by each default commercial fishing sector’s (Sector 16) final demand value contained in a Northeast Region-level model across type codes.

Final demands at the wholesale seafood dealer level

were more difficult to calculate because the wholesale seafood dealer sector is lumped into in an all-encompassing

wholesale trade sector in an IMPLAN Pro model. Thus,

there were no default final demand values specifically for

seafood purchased at the wholesale level to use as a benchmark in our new model. Therefore, we used the average

2001 wholesale seafood mark-up from Fulton fish market

(40%) in combination with the dealer transaction matrix to

determine final demands by type code for all 23 wholesale

seafood dealers in the model. Assuming that all commercially landed seafood flows through wholesale dealers, we

first divided the commercial fishing final demand sales calculated above by 0.4 to calculate the wholesale dealer final

demand sales associated with each of the 394 new harvesting sectors. We then multiplied these values by the proportions contained in the dealer transaction matrix to determine final demand sales by wholesale dealer and type code

associated with each new harvesting sector. Lastly, we

summed the final demand sales across harvesting sectors

for each wholesale dealer by type code. The resulting final

demand vector contained final demand sales for all 23 wholesale seafood dealers by type code and was incorporated

into the SAFinal Demands table. These final demands were

also subtracted from the default wholesale trade final demand values since they were reassigned to 23 new sectors

in our model.

Last, final demands for the 23 seafood processing sectors were calculated in the same manner as the harvesting

sector’s final demands. The proportion of a sector’s output

to the total output across all 23 sectors was multiplied by

each default seafood processing sector’s (Sector 71) final

demand value contained in a Northeast Region-level model

across type codes.

SAForeign Exports

The SAForeign Exports table shows demands made for

goods and services by consumers and industries outside

the US. For this table, we removed the foreign export estimates for the default commercial fishing sector (Sector 16),

re-estimated foreign exports for raw seafood from new data

(see below) and assumed that foreign exports of raw seafood occur at the wholesale level and not the harvesting

level. Additionally, foreign exports for the 23 new process-
Page 12

ing sectors added to the model were estimated by constructing 23 separate sub-regional IMPLAN Pro models to obtain

the default inventory seafood processing export values in

each sub-region.

Foreign exports of seafood produced at the wholesalelevel in the Northeast Region were calculated according to

the following six steps.

Step 1 -- Northeast dealer reports were used to calculate the

value of landings by species for the top three to five species landed (by value) for each harvesting sector gear type

in the model.

Step 2 -- The proportion of total value by species and product type that is exported out of the US was calculated. New

England and Mid-Atlantic foreign trade data by species

and product type is available from the Fisheries Statistics &

Economics Division of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) at http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/trade/index.html.

These data are purchased from the Foreign Trade Division

of the U.S. Census Bureau and provide information on trade

($s and lbs) through specific U.S. customs districts such as

the New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions. We divided the value exported by species and product type by

the region-wide export value of total landings (average export price multiplied by total landings) to obtain the proportion of total sales exported out of the U.S. by product type.

Step 3 -- Fresh fillets and fresh and frozen whole fish were

assumed to be exported by wholesalers. The remaining product type categories (frozen fillets, salted, dried, minced frozen, smoked, and an other product type category) were assumed to be exported by seafood processors. We summed

the export proportions from Step 2 across the three wholesale product type categories to estimate total Northeast

Region export proportions (in terms of value) by species.

Step 4 -- Weighted average wholesaler export proportions

were calculated from the harvesting gear types. The export

proportions from Step 3 were weighted by the proportions

of landed value by species (for the top three to five valued

species) to total landed value for each of the harvesting

gear types. These species-level proportions for each gear

type were then summed across species to obtain the proportions of wholesaler output that will be exported out

of the U.S., originating from the 18 different gear types in

the model. Note that the export rates derived from each

gear type are assumed to be the same across the 23 subregions.

Step 5 -- The wholesale export rates from Step 4 were then

multiplied by the output values contained in the dealer transaction matrix (adjusted upward assuming a margin of 40%)

to obtain the wholesale dealer export values across the 23

wholesale sectors associated with each harvesting sector

in the model.

Step 6 -- We then summed the wholesale export values from

Step 5 across harvesting sectors for each of the 23 wholesalers and divided this value by the total sales from each

wholesale sector. The resulting values show the average

proportion of total seafood sales that is exported out of the

U.S. by each wholesaler. The average amount exported by

seafood dealers ranges from a low of 18% in the VA North

sub-region to 70% in the Southern ME sub-region. These

proportions were then multiplied by the margined wholesale output values contained in the SAOutput table (the

wholesale sectors are treated as margin sectors in the model)

to determine the value of foreign exports for each of the 23

wholesale sectors in the model.

SAOutput

The SAOutput table is a vector of output values in

millions of dollars that represents an industries total production. There is a single value for each of the 997 sectors

in the model. We removed the default commercial fishing

sector’s output value and the default seafood processing

sector’s output value, and then added the appropriate production values for the 490 new sectors in the Northeast

Region model.

SAValue Added

This table details payments made/received by each industry to employee compensation (wage and salary payments, insurance, retirement, etc.), proprietary income (all

income received), other property type income (payments

from interest, rents, royalties, dividends, corporate profits,

etc.) and indirect business taxes (primarily excise and sales

taxes). The value added transactions associated with the

default commercial fishing and seafood processing sectors

were removed and the appropriate values for the 490 new

sectors were added to the table.

Observed RPCs

The Observed RPCs table contains forced regional purchase coefficient values for all states in the model. We

removed the values associated with the default commercial

fishing and seafood processing sectors and added the appropriate RPC values by state FIPS codes for the 490 new

sectors added to the model. We used the average RPC

option in IMPLAN Pro so the same RPC value was applied

across states for each of the 490 new sectors. However,

because of the way the model calculates impacts across

sectors, virtually all of the RPC values for the new sectors

were set to zero: the RPCs for the bait sectors were set to

one. The model-generated default RPC values were used

for the other 507 sectors in the model.
Page 13

RPC Methods

This table contains information for creation of the regional purchase coefficients. Similar to the modifications

made for to many of the other tables, we removed the information associated with the default commercial fishing and

seafood processing sectors and then added the relevant

information for the 490 new sectors to the table.

Deflator1

The Deflator1 table contains deflators that account for

relative price changes during different time periods. The

IMPLAN Pro deflators are derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Growth Model. The 2001 IMPLAN Pro data

base contains deflators from 1977 to 2010 for each commodity in the model. We eliminated the default commercial fishing sector deflators and applied these same values to the

394 new harvesting sectors in the table. We also removed

the default seafood processing sector and applied those

deflators to the 23 new sub-regional seafood processing

sectors that we added to the table.

rptSAFinal Demands

This is a report table that is used by the IMPLAN Pro

software to view final demand purchases of industry outputs. Report tables are not used by the IMPLAN Pro software for model construction or impact analysis; they simply provide a means to view data from within the IMPLAN

Pro system. Therefore, modifications to this table are not

absolutely necessary, but are required in order to use the

IMPLAN Pro reporting feature.

To keep the software fully functional we modified the

final demand values in this table. We removed the final

demand values associated with both the default commercial fishing and seafood processing sectors, and added the

appropriate data from the SAFinal Demands and SAForeign

Exports table. Note that modifications in ACCESS are not

acknowledged by the IMPLAN Pro software so the social

accounts must be regenerated after changes are made in

order for the reporting features in IMPLAN Pro to work

properly.

rptSAIndustry Data

This is another report table that is used by the IMPLAN

Pro software to show industry output, employment, and

value added information by sector. Changes to this table

will not effect model construction or impact analysis, but

need to be made in order to use the reporting feature in the

IMPLAN Pro software. We eliminated the industry data

associated with the default commercial fishing and processing sectors, and added the appropriate data from the

SAOutput table, SAEmployment table, and the SAValue

Added table.

6. IMPACT ESTIMATION

The NERIOM provides analysts with a tool for assessing how the impact of fishery management decisions may

be distributed across different sectors of regional and subregional economies. However, any impact assessment must

begin with an externally derived estimate of how any such

action would affect commercial fishing sales. The economywide backward-linked impacts of proposed fishery management actions are estimated by applying these exogenously

determined gross output changes to the appropriate

NERIOM multipliers. As discussed in Section 2, an IMPLAN

Pro model can accept exogenous gross output (i.e., sales)

changes as entries if the RPCs of the directly impacted sectors are set to zero. In addition to deriving exogenous gross

output changes for the harvesting sectors, however, the

NERIOM also requires exogenous estimates of how the sales

will change for wholesale seafood dealers, fish exchange/

auctions, and seafood processors. Thus, the RPCs for all

of the fishing-related sectors in the NERIOM were set to

zero. By simultaneously multiplying the estimated exogenous gross output changes for the harvesting sectors,

wholesale seafood dealer sectors, fish exchange/auction

sectors, and seafood processing sectors by their corresponding model-generated multipliers, the backward-linked

effects associated with changes in commercial fishing sales

and the additional backward-linked multiplier effects that

may occur through changes in local supply to wholesalers,

auction houses, and seafood processors can be measured.

This modeling approach, however, requires not only an external estimate of how management actions will impact harvesting revenues, but also how the actions will impact the

revenues of auction houses, wholesalers, and seafood processors.

In previous applications of this approach, we began

with a mathematical programming model to estimate how

ex-vessel revenues for each of the commercial harvesting

gear sectors in the NERIOM might change upon implementation of the proposed regulations. Mathematical programming models are but one method that may be used to estimate potential changes in harvesting revenues. Other methods may be appropriate depending upon the management

changes that may be under consideration.

Once the exogenous ex-vessel revenue changes are

determined, adjustments can be made to account for the

additional revenue changes that may occur to the auction

houses, seafood wholesalers, and seafood processors. To

estimate these changes, we first constructed a dealer transaction matrix from 2001 Northeast dealer weigh-out data.

Northeast weigh-out slips record all transactions between

federally permitted harvesters and wholesale dealers. Thus,

it was possible to create a transaction matrix that showed

the value of seafood sold by each of the 394 commercial
Page 14

fishing gear sectors in the NERIOM to each of the 23 wholesale dealers and 4 fish exchange/auction houses in the

model. Fish/exchange auction houses are also required to

hold a federal dealer permit. The transaction matrix could

then be used to determine how changes in a particular harvesting sector’s ex-vessel revenues would affect the value

of purchases associated with the 23 wholesale dealers and

the 4 fish exchange/auction houses. Wholesale seafood

dealer gross revenue changes were then calculated by assuming the mark-up on these purchases was 40% - the average Fulton Market margin in 2001. The values of the

mark-ups were then entered as the change in direct sales for

each wholesale dealer sector in the NERIOM since these

sectors are treated as margin sectors by the model. The 4

fish exchange/auction houses are also treated as margin

sectors in the model. The values of these mark-ups were

calculated by dividing the average exchange fee per pound

(11 cents) by the average price per pound of seafood sold

at each exchange. The estimated gross revenue changes

associated with the 4 fish exchange/auction houses were

then multiplied by the mark-up values (approximately 9.7%)

and entered as the change in direct sales for each fish exchange/auction house. Gross revenue changes for seafood processors are estimated following the steps described

below.

Step 1 -- Calculate the estimated value of seafood exported

by wholesale seafood dealers. Multiply the estimated gross

revenue changes for each wholesaler by the average proportion of total seafood sales that is exported out of the

U.S. by each wholesaler (derivation of these proportions

were explained in Section 5).

Step 2 -- Calculate the value of seafood left in the Northeast

that is available to be purchased by Northeast seafood processors. This step simply requires removing the estimated

value of seafood exported by wholesale dealers. Thus, these

values are obtained by subtracting the export estimates

calculated in Step 1 for each wholesale dealer from the estimated wholesaler’s gross revenue change.

Step 3 -- Calculate the estimated value of wholesale seafood that will actually be purchased by seafood processors

in the Northeast. As noted earlier IMPLAN Pro data for the

Northeast shows seafood processors purchasing approximately 48% of the sales produced by the commercial fishing sector in the Northeast in 2001. This value can be determined by constructing a default Northeast IMPLAN Pro

model and then viewing the commodity balance sheet for

the commercial fishing sector. As we have said, most of the

seafood purchased by seafood processors generally flows

through wholesalers before reaching the processing level

and all federally permitted commercial harvesters are required to sell to establishments that hold federal dealer permits. Thus, in the NERIOM it is assumed that seafood

processors will purchase product from wholesalers and not

directly from commercial harvesters. As such, 48% of Northeast wholesale dealer sales – and not commercial harvester

sales - are assumed to be purchased by seafood processors

in the region. The value of the purchases are then calculated by multiplying the result of Step 2 by 0.48 for each

wholesale dealer in the model. The other 52% of wholesale

seafood sales are purchased by industries such as eating

and drinking establishments, hospitals, hotels, etc. and by

final demand sectors other than exports (i.e., households

and government entities; see Figure 2). These purchases

are assumed to remain constant in the NERIOM, however.

Step 4 -- Determine the value of purchases by seafood processors that will be derived from each wholesaler. In Step 3,

the value of wholesale seafood dealer output that is purchased by seafood processors was calculated. In this step,

we have to allocate the purchases to specific seafood processors. In states with more than one sub-region, seafood

processors are assumed to purchase from all in-state wholesale dealers according to seafood processor output proportions contained in the NERIOM.

Step 5 -- Convert the impacts on purchases to gross revenue changes. To calculate estimated gross revenue

changes, margins are applied to the values estimated in

Step 4. The margins were derived from each sub-regional

seafood processing sector’s production function and represent the value of output less the cost of the seafood

purchased. The margins varied from 62% to 67% across

sub-regions, and since seafood processors are considered

producing sectors in the NERIOM, the estimates calculated

in Step 4 were marked-up according to the appropriate subregional margin values. These producer values are then

entered as the change in direct sales for each seafood processing sector.

The estimated direct changes in gross revenues for

harvesters, fish exchanges/auctions, wholesale seafood

dealers, and seafood processors are then compiled into an

impact vector and entered into a Microsoft Excel template

that can be imported into IMPLAN Pro (see Appendix I in

Olson and Lindall, 1999 for details about the template). The

impact vector can then be applied to the multipliers in the

NERIOM to arrive at the economy-wide impacts of the proposed regulation in the Northeast.6

Allocation of Indirect and Induced Impacts to

Sub-regions

The NERIOM explicitly addresses sub-regional impacts

for the seafood producing sectors that are estimated to be

directly affected: the commercial harvesting gear sectors,

the fish exchange/auction sectors, the wholesale seafood

dealer sectors, and the seafood processing sectors. The

sum of the sub-regional impact estimates for these sectors
Page 15

in the NERIOM equals the regional impact. The 

NERIOM, however, calculates only Northeast region-level 

impacts for the sectors that are estimated to be indirectly 

affected, therefore a method had to be developed that could 

apportion the estimated region-wide effects on indirectly 

affected sectors to the sub-regions contained in the 

NERIOM. 

The allocation method we developed is based on the 

relative importance of each sub-region’s economy 

(determined to be directly affected) to the total Northeast 

region’s economy. We assumed that the indirect impacts 

would be distributed according to output, personal income, 

and employment shares in each of the sub-regions that 

were directly impacted. The shares were first determined 

by constructing separate default IMPLAN Pro models for 

each of the 24 sub-regions. Then the default output, 

personal income, and employment estimates contained in 

each sub-regional model were divided by the regional 

totals. Using output estimates as an example, if Tir is 

equal to the total default output for each industry sector (i ) 

in each sub-region (r ), then the shares can be represented 

as 



R

r

ir

ir

ir

T

T S . These shares are then adjusted three 

times before they are applied to the IMPLAN-generated 

region-wide estimates of indirect impacts. 

The first adjusted share calculation maintains the 

unadjusted shares ( Sir s) for industries located in the 

directly impacted sub-regions and the non-maritime subregion and sets the remaining shares to zero. If Dr

indicates the sub-regions that are directly impacted (i.e., 

revenue changes will occur for commercial harvesters, 

seafood dealers, fish exchange/auction houses, or seafood 

processors in that sub-region) and 1 Air equals the first 

adjusted share then for all Dr >0 1 Air = Sir . If Dr = 0 

then 1 Air = 0. Additionally, if the subscript r equals the 

non-maritime sub-region then let NMr and 

1 Air = SiNM . 

The shares are then adjusted a second time to capture 

the relative importance of industry output in each of the 

directly affected sub-regions to total industry output across 

all of the directly affected sub-regions. If Bir is set equal 

to 

I

i

Air

1 and 2 Air equals the second adjusted share then 

  ir iNM

ir

iNM

ir

iNM

ir

ir

ir SB

A S

B

S

B

A A  



	 


























1 1

2 * 

for ir  SB iNM , otherwise if ir SB iNM then 0 2 Air . 

 

Finally, the non-maritime Northeast region shares for 

each industry i are then subdivided into non-maritime 

New England shares and non-maritime Mid-Atlantic 

shares. The adjusted shares are calculated based on the 

proportion of direct impacts that occur in each of the two 

aggregate sub-regions to the total direct impacts in the 

Northeast region. Mathematically, if 3 Air equals the third 

adjusted share and the subscripts NE and MArepresent

New England and Mid-Atlantic sub-regions, respectively, 

then for NMr , R iNM

r

r

NE

r

r

iNMNE S

D

D

A * 3





and 

R iNM

r

r

MA

r

r

iNMMA S

D

D

A * 3





. For all  NMr , 

23 AA irir . 

The region-wide IMPLAN-generated impact estimates 

for each of the indirectly affected sectors can then be 

apportioned across the directly impacted sub-regions by 

multiplying the estimates by the third adjusted shares. The 

shares sum to one which ensures that the sum of the 

resulting sub-regional impacts will equal the modelgenerated region-wide impacts. 

Hypothetical Impact Assessment 

Hypothetical reductions in medium bottom trawl exvessel revenues are used to illustrate the outputs produced 

by the NERIOM. If it is assumed that a reduction in 

landings is required to meet an annual rebuilding target, 

and the reduction in landings is predicted to cause a 

$500,000 decline in total ex-vessel revenues for medium 

bottom trawl vessels in each of the coastal sub-regions 

from Maine through New York, the NERIOM can be 

employed to assess the multiplier effects (sales, personal 

income, and employment) associated with the estimated 

decline in revenues. Tables 10 through 15 show the results 

of this hypothetical impact assessment. 

The total exogenously determined direct loss in exvessel revenues for medium bottom trawl vessels across all 

the sub-regions in the Northeast sums to $5.5 million ($5.0 

million across the sub-regions in New England and $500 

thousand in the Mid-Atlantic sub-regions; Tables 10 and 

11, respectively).7

 Exogenously determined losses in 

wholesale dealer sales of seafood are estimated to approach 

$1.16 million in New England and $230 thousand in the 

Mid-Atlantic. Additionally, exogenously determined 

losses in sales by fish exchange/auction houses in New 
Page 16

auction houses in New England are estimated to be $196

thousand. Finally, exogenously estimated losses in seafood processing revenues are estimated to be $5.56 million

in New England and $430 thousand in the Mid-Atlantic. As

previously mentioned, wholesale dealers and fish exchange/

auction houses are treated as margin sectors so their sales

estimates in the NERIOM reflect only the value added to

the seafood being sold (i.e., total gross sales less the cost

of the purchased seafood). The NERIOM then uses all of

the exogenously determined estimates of revenue changes

to the commercial harvesters, wholesale dealers, fish exchange/auction houses, and seafood processors to calculate the indirect and induced multiplier effects of those

changes. At the greatest level of detail, indirect and induced effects can be estimated for up to 507 sectors in each

of the 24 sub-regions. Thus, for presentation purposes, the

results have been aggregated into 15 summary categories

for each sub-region. Of the total sales impact in New England, 68% is associated with direct gross revenue losses

to medium bottom trawlers, seafood dealers, fish exchange/

auction houses, and seafood processors. The remaining

32% of the losses in New England are the indirect and induced effects that occur among industries that provide

goods and services in the production of seafood. The largest indirect revenue losses in New England are estimated

for establishments classified as service industries ($1.83

million). Across the Mid-Atlantic, however, the indirect

and induced effects comprise nearly 84% of the total sales

impact. This seeming disproportionate effect is mainly a

function of the substantial industry-level infrastructure that

exists in the Mid-Atlantic sub-regions. Mid-Atlantic based

businesses produce a greater percentage of the goods and

services that are used in the production of seafood in the

Northeast region. The largest indirect and induced revenue losses in the Mid-Atlantic are predicted to occur in

service industries ($1.83 million), finance, insurance, and

real estate ($947.36 thousand), and wholesale trade ($812.35

thousand).

Important differences in impacts across the 23 sub-regions are also predicted to occur. Revenue losses are estimated to range from a high of $4.35 million in the New York

Seacoast sub-region to no estimated losses in the 9 subregions south of New Jersey (excluding the non-maritime

Mid-Atlantic sub-region). The comparatively large losses

shown for the New York Seacoast sub-region can generally

be traced to a greater reliance on goods and services produced from within the New York Seacoast sub-region than

from any of the other sub-regions in the NERIOM. In the 9

sub-regions south of New Jersey, there are no predicted

direct revenue losses for any of the seafood producing sectors (i.e., medium bottom trawlers, seafood dealers, fish exchange/auctions, or seafood processors). It is assumed,

therefore, that there will also be no indirect or induced effects in these sub-regions. In the Downeast Maine subregion and in the New Jersey North and New Jersey South

sub-regions there are no predicted direct revenue losses

associated with medium bottom trawlers, but there are direct losses associated with one or more of the other seafood producing sectors. Indirect and induced effects are,

therefore, predicted to occur as supporting businesses supply fewer goods and services to seafood dealers, fish exchanges/auctions, and seafood processors. It is also worth

noting that supporting businesses in the non-maritime subregions in New England and the Mid-Atlantic are predicted

to incur substantial revenue losses even though there are

no direct revenue losses associated with any of the seafood producing sectors in these sub-regions. These losses

result because as the revenues of businesses located in the

coastal sub-regions decline, they, in turn, purchase smaller

quantities of goods and services from non-maritime businesses (i.e., indirect effects). In addition, as employee earnings decline, household spending falls, initiating further

rounds of revenue repercussions in the non-maritime subregions (i.e., induced effects).

Although losses in sales represent a loss in output,

losses in personal income and jobs are a more telling indicator of economic impact. The total loss in personal income is

estimated to range up to $1.67 million in the New York Seacoast sub-region (Tables 12 and 13). In terms of jobs, the

are no estimated impacts in the 9 sub-regions south of New

Jersey while the New York Seacoast sub-region is predicted

to incur the largest job impact (35; Tables 14 and 15). As

was the case for changes in sales, a much larger proportion

of the total income and employment impacts fall on the seafood producing sectors in New England than in the MidAtlantic. Nearly 70% of the total income impact and total

employment impact in New England can be traced to medium bottom trawlers, seafood dealers, fish exchange/auctions, and seafood processors. In the Mid-Atlantic, however, only 18% of the total estimated income changes and

23% of the total employment changes can be traced to the

seafood producing businesses. As previously indicated,

the disparity is generally due to the substantial industrylevel infrastructure that supplies seafood establishments in

the Mid-Atlantic region.

7. DISCUSSION

The NERIOM has been designed to calculate the backward linked multiplier effects induced by exogenous changes

in gross revenues for commercial harvesters, fish exchange/

auction houses, seafood dealers, and seafood processors.

Assessments such as this are essential to fishery management agencies that want to know how management actions

will impact regional economies.

One of the more useful features of the modeling approach presented here is that it is based on traditional

Leontief input-output relationships, so it can be incorporated into ready-made input-output systems such as

IMPLAN Pro. Ready-made models reduce the cost and

complexity of model formulation and the time required to
Page 17

generate impact estimates. This is important, because the

primary reason for building the NERIOM is for use in relative policy appraisals of alternative fishery management

actions. The ability to be able to predict the multiplier effects of policy-induced changes in a timely manner, will

allow regional decision makers in the Northeast to compare

and contrast the outcomes of alternative management strategies prior to choosing the final measures.

Ready-made regional input-output models also offer

considerable industry detail to trace backward linkages and

to generate disaggregated estimates of indirect and induced

multiplier effects. In contrast, the multiplier effects generated from other types of input-output models (e.g., mixed

exogenous/endogenous variables models and spreadsheettype models based on limited input-output multipliers) are

usually derived from aggregated or condensed versions of

these same ready-made models. As a consequence, the

models lack the sectoral detail contained in the NERIOM

and generally do not provide the multiplier effects necessary for fully informed decision making.

The multiplier effects generated by the NERIOM, however, are static and should be viewed as the immediate/

short-term impacts of the change being analyzed. There are

several technological assumptions built into the model, such

as fixity of prices and zero-substitution elasticities in consumption and production that make it difficult to assess

how the seafood producing sectors will adjust over time.

For example, vessels may be able to offset initial ex-vessel

revenue losses due to a cutback in a landings quota by

switching to other fisheries. In addition, direct revenue

losses to seafood dealers, auction houses, and seafood

processors may also decline over time as seafood flows

from other fisheries increase. The reduction in local supply

may also cause prices and/or imports to increase lowering

the estimated direct revenue losses even further. Unfortunately, these types of longer run adjustments are generally

not captured in input-output models. As harvesters, seafood dealers, and seafood processors adapt to policy-induced reductions in supply over time, it is likely that at least

some of the losses estimated with the NERIOM will be

avoided through shifts to other fisheries, price increases,

and additional imports.

The impacts estimated by the NERIOM also exclude

the retail level. Although it is possible that restaurants and

food service establishments in the Northeast could experience a reduction in local supply because of a restrictive

fishery management action, we have assumed that consumers would simply choose from among the many other close

substitutes (e.g., other fish species, chicken, turkey, etc.)

such that retail level gross revenues would remain unchanged.

At present, the NERIOM can accept input data for the

years 2001 through 2010. Although the data contained in

IMPLAN Pro are based on economic relationships in 2001,

the impacts of management actions in succeeding years are

determined by converting the estimated changes in gross

revenues to year 2001 dollars before the impacts are estimated. The NERIOM then automatically converts the impact estimates back to the year of the input data (through

2010). This process accounts for the effects of inflation on

the impact estimates. However, the economic relationships

that existed in 2001 are only approximations of the ones that

may exist in subsequent years. Technological change and

price variability may alter an industry’s production process

over time, and hence the businesses that are impacted by

changes in fishery management actions. Technology and

prices tend to change rather slowly, however, so the mismatch between the economic relationships in 2001 and near

subsequent years is likely to be minimal. Nonetheless, since

the NERIOM assumes these economic relationships remain

constant, an element of uncertainty is introduced into the

model’s estimates.

Product flow assumptions are another source of possible uncertainty. The federal Northeast dealer data base

tracks the flow of seafood from harvesters to seafood dealers and most fish exchange/auction houses (e.g., the flow

of seafood to Fulton Market in New York is unknown), but

documentation of successive levels of sales among seafood industry establishments in the Northeast region are

not available. In particular, virtually no data is available to

measure transactions between and among fish exchange/

auction houses, seafood dealers, and seafood processors.

Thus, the NERIOM assumes a linear flow of product sales

from harvesters to fish exchange/auction houses and wholesale seafood dealers, and then finally onto seafood processors. To the extent that these simplifying assumptions underestimate the number of transactions between the seafood producing establishments in the Northeast region, the

value added by each successive level of sale will be underestimated. If this is the case, the impacts generated by the

NERIOM are also underestimated.

The allocation method used to translate region-wide

indirect impacts into sub-regional impacts ensures that that

the sum of the sub-regional impacts will equal the modelgenerated region-wide impacts, but the method is based on

weighted ratios that may only approximate true economic

relationships in the Northeast region. For example, the total

Northeast region ice manufacturing sales impact in the hypothetical impact assessment shown above was $40.69 thousand (Tables 10 and 11). This model-generated indirect

impact was then distributed across sub-regions that were

predicted to be directly impacted based on the relative importance of ice manufacturing across each of the directly

impacted subregions and the non-maritime sub-regions.

Since ice manufacturing output (i.e., sales) in the Boston

Massachusetts sub-region comprises 6.48% of the regional

total, 6.48% ($6,283) of model-generated regional total is

allocated to the Boston Massachusetts sub-region. While

the proportional allocation method is computationally efficient and concise, it only distributes the model-generated

region-wide indirect and induced impacts to sub-regions

where direct impacts are predicted to occur. If businesses
Page 18

located in sub-regions that are not predicted to be directly

impacted are affected the weighting method may misrepresent the distribution of impacts.

Consideration was given to allocating indirect and induced impacts across all 24 sub-regions according to the

default fixed output, income, and employment shares in each

sub-region. This method would result in estimates of indirect and induced impacts in all 24 sub-regions, but it is

insensitive to the location of the direct impacts. The allocation method we followed places more weight on indirectly

affected businesses located in the sub-regions where the

direct effects take place. Construction of a full multi-regional model that explicitly measures the linkages between

indirectly affected sectors in each of the sub-regions would

likely provide more accurate sub-regional estimates of indirect impacts. However, a model of this kind in the Northeast

region is computationally unworkable since it would require over 12 thousand sectors to measure the economic

relationships that exist between the indirectly affected sectors in each of the 24 sub-regions (i.e., 507 possible indirectly affected sectors * 24 sub-regions = 12,168 sectors).

ENDNOTES

1. This is known as closing the model with respect to households. In a closed input-output model, the household

sector is moved from the final-demand column and placed

inside the A matrix, making it one of the endogenous

sectors.

2. Employment and personal income multipliers can also

be derived from input-output models by multiplying the

model-generated output changes by an industry’s employment to output ratio, and an industry’s personal

income (employee compensation plus proprietor’s income) to output ratio, respectively.

3. An RPC measures the portion of the total regional demand for a particular industry sector’s output that is

supplied by local producers.

4. For a derivation of the equivalence between the total

aggregate impact estimates generated from a mixed exogenous/endogenous variables model and the approach

described in Tanjuakio, Hastings, and Tytus (1996) see

Steinback 2004.

5. The addition of fish exchanges/auctions could not be extended to the New York sub-region where the largest wholesale market in the Northeast operates – the Fulton Market,

because specific data on the flow of seafood through this

market, though formerly available is not now so.

6. Although the effects on the economy of direct changes

in gross revenues for harvesters, fish exchanges/auctions, wholesale seafood dealers, and seafood processors are estimated simultaneously in the NERIOM, the

model avoids double counting because the RPC’s for

these sectors have been set to zero. Setting the RPCs

of the outputs produced by the directly impacted sectors to zero prior to constructing the direct input coefficient matrix (A matrix) effectively prevents other local

industries from buying these outputs and, thus, removes

the possibility of double counting impacts. In other

words, the impacts associated with changes in seafood

dealer revenues and fish exchange revenues exclude

the impacts associated with changes in commercial harvesting revenues, and revenue changes associated with

seafood processors exclude those changes attributable

to seafood dealers, fish exchanges, and commercial harvesters. Thus, the impacts associated with revenue

changes to these sectors can be summed to obtain the

total effect on sales, income, and employment without

double counting impacts.

7. In 2001, there were no reported landings for medium

bottom trawl vessels in the Downeast Maine sub-region. Thus, there are no losses in ex-vessel revenues

reported for the medium bottom trawl sector in this subregion in Table 10.

REFERENCES CITED

Anonymous, 1995. “SIMLOB - The resource and harvest sector components of the North American Lobster (Homarus

americanus) market model: final report,” Department of

Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.

Georgianna, D.; Cass A.; Amaral, P. 1999. “The cost of fishing

for sea scallops in Northeastern United States,” University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Marine Education and Research Award, National Marine Fisheries Service, Contract Number NA67FEO420.

Georgianna, D.; Cass A.; Brough K. 1998. “The cost of hook

fishing for groundfish in Northeastern United States,”

University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Marine Education and Research Award, Contract Number

NA67FEO420.

Johnson, T.G.; Kulshreshtha, S.N. 1982. Exogenizing agriculture in an input-output model to estimate relative impacts

of different farm types. Western Journal of Agricultural

Economics 7(2):187-198.

Kirkley, J.E.; Ryan, W.; Duberg, J. 2004. “Assessing the economic importance of commercial fisheries in the Mid-Atlantic region: A user’s guide to the Mid-Atlantic input/

output model,” Virginia Institute of Marine Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Marine Education and Research Award.
Page 19

Lallemand, P.; Gates, J.M.; Dirlam, J.; Cho, J. 1998. “The costs

of small trawlers in the Northeast,” Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, The University of Rhode Island.

Lallemand, P.; Gates, J.M.; Dirlam, J.; Cho, J. 1999. “The costs

of large trawlers in the Northeast,” Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, The University of Rhode Island.

Leung, P.; Pooley, S. 2002. Regional economic impacts of reductions in fisheries production: a supply-driven approach. Marine Resource Economics 16(4), 251-262.

Miller, R.E.; Blair, P.D. 1985. Input-output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. Prentice-Hall, London.

Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc., IMPLAN System (data and

software), 1725 Tower Drive West, Suite 140, Stillwater,

MN 55082 www.implan.com.

Olson, D.; Lindall, S. 1999. IMPLAN Professional Software,

Analysis, and Data Guide. Minnesota IMPLAN Group,

Inc., 1725 Tower Drive West, Suite 140, Stillwater, MN

55082, www.implan.com.

Steinback, S.R. 2004. Using ready-made regional input-output

models to estimate backward-linkage effects of exogenous

output shocks. The Review of Regional Studies 34(1):57-

71.

Tanjuakio, R.V.; Hastings, S.E.; Tytus, P.J. 1996. The economic

contribution of agriculture in Delaware. Agricultural and

Resource Economics Review 25(1):46-53.

TechLaw, Inc. 2001. “The Economic Contribution of the Sport

Fishing, Commercial Fishing, and Seafood Industries to

New York State,” Prepared for New York SeaGrant.

U.S. Census Bureau, 2004. “Groceries and Related Products:

2002,” 2002 Economic Census, Wholesale Trade, Industry Series.

U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. 2001. County Business Patterns

(NAICS) Summary Tables, http://censtats.census.gov/

cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml, generated (7 October 2004)
Page 20

 Blank page 
Page 21

Figure 1. Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S.

Maine Downeast

Maine upper mid-coast

Maine lower mid-coast

Maine southern

New Hampshire

Massachusetts north shore

Massachusetts Boston area

Massachusetts Cape & Islands

Massachusetts New Bedford coast

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey north

New Jersey south

Delaware

Maryland west

Maryland east

Virginia east

Virginia north

Virginia south

North Carolina north

North Carolina central

North Carolina south Legend

Fishing Regions

Near Coastal Northeast Region

Rest of the U.S.

Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S.
Page 22

Figure 2. NERIOM Product Flows*

* Product flows illustrated by solid lines are captured in the NERIOM. Product flows illustrated with the dashed lines are excluded in the NERIOM. 

Exports Exports

Intermediate

Demand other than 

Processing

Final Consumers 

Fish Exchanges and 

Auctions

Wholesale Dealers

Harvesters

Processors

Final Consumers 

Intermediate

Demand
Page 23

Table 1. Fishing Regions in the Northeast U.S. 

Northeast Region

Sub-region Counties

1. Maine Downeast Washington 

2. Maine upper mid-coast Hancock, Knox, Waldo 

3. Maine lower mid-coast Androscoggin, Cumberland, Kennebec, Lincoln, Sagadahoc 

4. Maine southern York 

5. New Hampshire Hillsborough, Rockingham, Strafford 

6. Massachusetts north shore Essex 

7. Massachusetts Boston area Norfolk, Middlesex, Plymouth, Suffolk 

8. Massachusetts Cape & Islands Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket 

9. Massachusetts New Bedford coast Bristol 

10. Rhode Island Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, Washington 

11. Connecticut Fairfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London 

12. New York Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester 

13. New Jersey north Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, Union, Warren 

14. New Jersey south Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Mercer, 

Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Salem, Somerset 

15. Delaware Kent, New Castle, Sussex 

16. Maryland west Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Baltimore City, Carroll, Cecil, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince 

Georges 

17. Maryland east Calvert, Caroline, Charles, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne’s, St. Mary’s, Somerset, Talbot, 

Wicomico, Worcester 

18. Virginia north Essex, Fairfax, King and Queen, King George, King Williams, Lancaster, Middlesex, Monassas, 

Monassas Park, New Kent, Northumberland, Prince William, Richmond, Stafford, Westmoreland 

19. Virginia east Accomack, Northampton 

20. Virginia south Charles City, Chesapeake, Chesterfield, Colonial Heights, Gloucester, Hampton, Henrico, 

Hopewell, Isle of Wight, James City, Mathews, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, 

Prince George, Richmond City, Suffolk, Surry, Virginia Beach, Williamsburg, York 

21. North Carolina north Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrell, Washington 

22. North Carolina central Beaufort, Carteret, Craven, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico, Pitt 

23. North Carolina south Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender 

24. Near Coastal Northeast Remaining counties in the 11 coastal Northeast states 
Page 24

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes 

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

510 Downeast ME Inshore Lobster 558 Lower Mid-Coast ME Midwater Trawl 

511 Downeast ME Offshore Lobster 559 Lower Mid-Coast ME Pots and Traps 

512 Downeast ME Large Bottom Trawl 560 Lower Mid-Coast ME Bottom Longline 

513 Downeast ME Medium Bottom Trawl 561 Lower Mid-Coast ME Other Mobile Gear 

514 Downeast ME Small Bottom Trawl 562 Lower Mid-Coast ME Other Fixed Gear 

515 Downeast ME Large Scallop Dredge 563 Lower Mid-Coast ME Hand Gears 

516 Downeast ME Medium Scallop Dredge 564 Southern ME Inshore Lobster 

517 Downeast ME Small Scallop Dredge 565 Southern ME Offshore Lobster 

518 Downeast ME Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 566 Southern ME Large Bottom Trawl 

519 Downeast ME Small Dredge 567 Southern ME Medium Bottom Trawl 

520 Downeast ME Sink Gillnet 568 Southern ME Small Bottom Trawl 

521 Downeast ME Diving Gear 569 Southern ME Large Scallop Dredge 

522 Downeast ME Midwater Trawl 570 Southern ME Medium Scallop Dredge 

523 Downeast ME Pots and Traps 571 Southern ME Small Scallop Dredge 

524 Downeast ME Bottom Longline 572 Southern ME Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

525 Downeast ME Other Mobile Gear 573 Southern ME Small Dredge 

526 Downeast ME Other Fixed Gear 574 Southern ME Sink Gillnet 

527 Downeast ME Hand Gears 575 Southern ME Diving Gear 

528 Upper Mid-Coast ME Inshore Lobster 576 Southern ME Midwater Trawl 

529 Upper Mid-Coast ME Offshore Lobster 577 Southern ME Pots and Traps 

530 Upper Mid-Coast ME Large Bottom Trawl 578 Southern ME Bottom Longline 

531 Upper Mid-Coast ME Medium Bottom Trawl 579 Southern ME Other Mobile Gear 

532 Upper Mid-Coast ME Small Bottom Trawl 580 Southern ME Other Fixed Gear 

533 Upper Mid-Coast ME Large Scallop Dredge 581 Southern ME Hand Gears 

534 Upper Mid-Coast ME Medium Scallop Dredge 582 NH Seacoast Inshore Lobster 

535 Upper Mid-Coast ME Small Scallop Dredge 583 NH Seacoast Offshore Lobster 

536 Upper Mid-Coast ME Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 584 NH Seacoast Large Bottom Trawl 

537 Upper Mid-Coast ME Small Dredge 585 NH Seacoast Medium Bottom Trawl 

538 Upper Mid-Coast ME Sink Gillnet 586 NH Seacoast Small Bottom Trawl 

539 Upper Mid-Coast ME Diving Gear 587 NH Seacoast Large Scallop Dredge 

540 Upper Mid-Coast ME Midwater Trawl 588 NH Seacoast Medium Scallop Dredge 

541 Upper Mid-Coast ME Pots and Traps 589 NH Seacoast Small Scallop Dredge 

542 Upper Mid-Coast ME Bottom Longline 590 NH Seacoast Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

543 Upper Mid-Coast ME Other Mobile Gear 591 NH Seacoast Small Dredge 

544 Upper Mid-Coast ME Other Fixed Gear 592 NH Seacoast Sink Gillnet 

545 Upper Mid-Coast ME Hand Gears 593 NH Seacoast Diving Gear 

546 Lower Mid-Coast ME Inshore Lobster 594 NH Seacoast Midwater Trawl 

547 Lower Mid-Coast ME Offshore Lobster 595 NH Seacoast Pots and Traps 

548 Lower Mid-Coast ME Large Bottom Trawl 596 NH Seacoast Bottom Longline 

549 Lower Mid-Coast ME Medium Bottom Trawl 597 NH Seacoast Other Mobile Gear 

550 Lower Mid-Coast ME Small Bottom Trawl 598 NH Seacoast Other Fixed Gear 

551 Lower Mid-Coast ME Large Scallop Dredge 599 NH Seacoast Hand Gears 

552 Lower Mid-Coast ME Medium Scallop Dredge 600 Gloucester, North Shore Inshore Lobster 

553 Lower Mid-Coast ME Small Scallop Dredge 601 Gloucester, North Shore Offshore Lobster 

554 Lower Mid-Coast ME Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 602 Gloucester, North Shore Large Bottom Trawl 

555 Lower Mid-Coast ME Small Dredge 603 Gloucester, North Shore Medium Bottom Trawl 

556 Lower Mid-Coast ME Sink Gillnet 604 Gloucester, North Shore Small Bottom Trawl 

557 Lower Mid-Coast ME Diving Gear 605 Gloucester, North Shore Large Scallop Dredge 
Page 25

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes - Continued

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

606 Gloucester, North Shore Medium Scallop Dredge 654 New Bedford, South Shore Inshore Lobster 

607 Gloucester, North Shore Small Scallop Dredge 655 New Bedford, South Shore Offshore Lobster 

608 Gloucester, North Shore Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 656 New Bedford, South Shore Large Bottom Trawl 

609 Gloucester, North Shore Small Dredge 657 New Bedford, South Shore Medium Bottom Trawl 

610 Gloucester, North Shore Sink Gillnet 658 New Bedford, South Shore Small Bottom Trawl 

611 Gloucester, North Shore Diving Gear 659 New Bedford, South Shore Large Scallop Dredge 

612 Gloucester, North Shore Midwater Trawl 660 New Bedford, South Shore Medium Scallop Dredge 

613 Gloucester, North Shore Pots and Traps 661 New Bedford, South Shore Small Scallop Dredge 

614 Gloucester, North Shore Bottom Longline 662 New Bedford, South Shore Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

615 Gloucester, North Shore Other Mobile Gear 663 New Bedford, South Shore Small Dredge 

616 Gloucester, North Shore Other Fixed Gear 664 New Bedford, South Shore Sink Gillnet 

617 Gloucester, North Shore Hand Gears 665 New Bedford, South Shore Diving Gear 

618 Boston Area Inshore Lobster 666 New Bedford, South Shore Midwater Trawl 

619 Boston Area Offshore Lobster 667 New Bedford, South Shore Pots and Traps 

620 Boston Area Large Bottom Trawl 668 New Bedford, South Shore Bottom Longline 

621 Boston Area Medium Bottom Trawl 669 New Bedford, South Shore Other Mobile Gear 

622 Boston Area Small Bottom Trawl 670 New Bedford, South Shore Other Fixed Gear 

623 Boston Area Large Scallop Dredge 671 New Bedford, South Shore Hand Gears 

624 Boston Area Medium Scallop Dredge 672 Rhode lsland Inshore Lobster 

625 Boston Area Small Scallop Dredge 673 Rhode lsland Offshore Lobster 

626 Boston Area Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 674 Rhode lsland Large Bottom Trawl 

627 Boston Area Small Dredge 675 Rhode lsland Medium Bottom Trawl 

628 Boston Area Sink Gillnet 676 Rhode lsland Small Bottom Trawl 

629 Boston Area Diving Gear 677 Rhode lsland Large Scallop Dredge 

630 Boston Area Midwater Trawl 678 Rhode lsland Medium Scallop Dredge 

631 Boston Area Pots and Traps 679 Rhode lsland Small Scallop Dredge 

632 Boston Area Bottom Longline 680 Rhode lsland Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

633 Boston Area Other Mobile Gear 681 Rhode lsland Small Dredge 

634 Boston Area Other Fixed Gear 682 Rhode lsland Sink Gillnet 

635 Boston Area Hand Gears 683 Rhode lsland Diving Gear 

636 Cape and Islands Inshore Lobster 684 Rhode lsland Midwater Trawl 

637 Cape and Islands Offshore Lobster 685 Rhode lsland Pots and Traps 

638 Cape and Islands Large Bottom Trawl 686 Rhode lsland Bottom Longline 

639 Cape and Islands Medium Bottom Trawl 687 Rhode lsland Other Mobile Gear 

640 Cape and Islands Small Bottom Trawl 688 Rhode lsland Other Fixed Gear 

641 Cape and Islands Large Scallop Dredge 689 Rhode lsland Hand Gears 

642 Cape and Islands Medium Scallop Dredge 690 CT Sea Coast Inshore Lobster 

643 Cape and Islands Small Scallop Dredge 691 CT Sea Coast Offshore Lobster 

644 Cape and Islands Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 692 CT Sea Coast Large Bottom Trawl 

645 Cape and Islands Small Dredge 693 CT Sea Coast Medium Bottom Trawl 

646 Cape and Islands Sink Gillnet 694 CT Sea Coast Small Bottom Trawl 

647 Cape and Islands Diving Gear 695 CT Sea Coast Large Scallop Dredge 

648 Cape and Islands Midwater Trawl 696 CT Sea Coast Medium Scallop Dredge 

649 Cape and Islands Pots and Traps 697 CT Sea Coast Small Scallop Dredge 

650 Cape and Islands Bottom Longline 698 CT Sea Coast Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

651 Cape and Islands Other Mobile Gear 699 CT Sea Coast Small Dredge 

652 Cape and Islands Other Fixed Gear 700 CT Sea Coast Sink Gillnet 

653 Cape and Islands Hand Gears 701 CT Sea Coast Diving Gear 
Page 26

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes - Continued

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

701 CT Sea Coast Diving Gear 749 NJ South Large Scallop Dredge 

702 CT Sea Coast Midwater Trawl 750 NJ South Medium Scallop Dredge 

703 CT Sea Coast Pots and Traps 751 NJ South Small Scallop Dredge 

704 CT Sea Coast Bottom Longline 752 NJ South Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

705 CT Sea Coast Other Mobile Gear 753 NJ South Small Dredge 

706 CT Sea Coast Other Fixed Gear 754 NJ South Sink Gillnet 

707 CT Sea Coast Hand Gears 755 NJ South Diving Gear 

708 NY Inshore Lobster 756 NJ South Midwater Trawl 

709 NY Offshore Lobster 757 NJ South Pots and Traps 

710 NY Large Bottom Trawl 758 NJ South Bottom Longline 

711 NY Medium Bottom Trawl 759 NJ South Other Mobile Gear 

712 NY Small Bottom Trawl 760 NJ South Other Fixed Gear 

713 NY Large Scallop Dredge 761 NJ South Hand Gears 

714 NY Medium Scallop Dredge 762 DE Inshore Lobster 

715 NY Small Scallop Dredge 763 DE Offshore Lobster 

716 NY Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 764 DE Large Bottom Trawl 

717 NY Small Dredge 765 DE Medium Bottom Trawl 

718 NY Sink Gillnet 766 DE Small Bottom Trawl 

719 NY Diving Gear 767 DE Large Scallop Dredge 

720 NY Midwater Trawl 768 DE Medium Scallop Dredge 

721 NY Pots and Traps 769 DE Small Scallop Dredge 

722 NY Bottom Longline 770 DE Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

723 NY Other Mobile Gear 771 DE Small Dredge 

724 NY Other Fixed Gear 772 DE Sink Gillnet 

725 NY Hand Gears 773 DE Diving Gear 

726 NJ North Inshore Lobster 774 DE Midwater Trawl 

727 NJ North Offshore Lobster 775 DE Pots and Traps 

728 NJ North Large Bottom Trawl 776 DE Bottom Longline 

729 NJ North Medium Bottom Trawl 777 DE Other Mobile Gear 

730 NJ North Small Bottom Trawl 778 DE Other Fixed Gear 

731 NJ North Large Scallop Dredge 779 DE Hand Gears 

732 NJ North Medium Scallop Dredge 780 MD West Inshore Lobster 

733 NJ North Small Scallop Dredge 781 MD West Offshore Lobster 

734 NJ North Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 782 MD West Large Bottom Trawl 

735 NJ North Small Dredge 783 MD West Medium Bottom Trawl 

736 NJ North Sink Gillnet 784 MD West Small Bottom Trawl 

737 NJ North Diving Gear 785 MD West Large Scallop Dredge 

738 NJ North Midwater Trawl 786 MD West Medium Scallop Dredge 

739 NJ North Pots and Traps 787 MD West Small Scallop Dredge 

740 NJ North Bottom Longline 788 MD West Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

741 NJ North Other Mobile Gear 789 MD West Small Dredge 

742 NJ North Other Fixed Gear 790 MD West Sink Gillnet 

743 NJ North Hand Gears 791 MD West Diving Gear 

744 NJ South Inshore Lobster 792 MD West Midwater Trawl 

745 NJ South Offshore Lobster 793 MD West Pots and Traps 

746 NJ South Large Bottom Trawl 794 MD West Bottom Longline 

747 NJ South Medium Bottom Trawl 795 MD West Other Mobile Gear 

748 NJ South Small Bottom Trawl 796 MD West Other Fixed Gear 
Page 27

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes - Continued

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

797 MD West Hand Gears 845 VA South Diving Gear 

798 MD East Inshore Lobster 846 VA South Midwater Trawl 

799 MD East Offshore Lobster 847 VA South Pots and Traps 

800 MD East Large Bottom Trawl 848 VA South Bottom Longline 

801 MD East Medium Bottom Trawl 849 VA South Other Mobile Gear 

802 MD East Small Bottom Trawl 850 VA South Other Fixed Gear 

803 MD East Large Scallop Dredge 851 VA South Hand Gears 

804 MD East Medium Scallop Dredge 852 VA East Inshore Lobster 

805 MD East Small Scallop Dredge 853 VA East Offshore Lobster 

806 MD East Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 854 VA East Large Bottom Trawl 

807 MD East Small Dredge 855 VA East Medium Bottom Trawl 

808 MD East Sink Gillnet 856 VA East Small Bottom Trawl 

809 MD East Diving Gear 857 VA East Large Scallop Dredge 

810 MD East Midwater Trawl 858 VA East Medium Scallop Dredge 

811 MD East Pots and Traps 859 VA East Small Scallop Dredge 

812 MD East Bottom Longline 860 VA East Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

813 MD East Other Mobile Gear 861 VA East Small Dredge 

814 MD East Other Fixed Gear 862 VA East Sink Gillnet 

815 MD East Hand Gears 863 VA East Diving Gear 

816 VA North Inshore Lobster 864 VA East Midwater Trawl 

817 VA North Offshore Lobster 865 VA East Pots and Traps 

818 VA North Large Bottom Trawl 866 VA East Bottom Longline 

819 VA North Medium Bottom Trawl 867 VA East Other Mobile Gear 

820 VA North Small Bottom Trawl 868 VA East Other Fixed Gear 

821 VA North Large Scallop Dredge 869 VA East Hand Gears 

822 VA North Medium Scallop Dredge 870 NC Central Large Bottom Trawl 

823 VA North Small Scallop Dredge 871 NC Central Medium Bottom Trawl 

824 VA North Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 872 NC Cental Small Bottom Trawl 

825 VA North Small Dredge 873 NC Cental Large Scallop Dredge 

826 VA North Sink Gillnet 874 NC Central Medium Scallop Dredge 

827 VA North Diving Gear 875 NC Central Small Scallop Dredge 

828 VA North Midwater Trawl 876 NC Central Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

829 VA North Pots and Traps 877 NC Central Small Dredge 

830 VA North Bottom Longline 878 NC Central Sink Gillnet 

831 VA North Other Mobile Gear 879 NC Central Diving Gear 

832 VA North Other Fixed Gear 880 NC Central Midwater Trawl 

833 VA North Hand Gears 881 NC Central Pots and Traps 

834 VA South Inshore Lobster 882 NC Central Bottom Longline 

835 VA South Offshore Lobster 883 NC Central Other Mobile Gear 

836 VA South Large Bottom Trawl 884 NC Central Other Fixed Gear 

837 VA South Medium Bottom Trawl 885 NC Central Hand Gears 

838 VA South Small Bottom Trawl 886 NC South Inshore Lobster 

839 VA South Large Scallop Dredge 887 NC South Offshore Lobster 

840 VA South Medium Scallop Dredge 888 NC South Large Bottom Trawl 

841 VA South Small Scallop Dredge 889 NC South Medium Bottom Trawl 

842 VA South Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 890 NC South Small Bottom Trawl 

843 VA South Small Dredge 891 NC South Large Scallop Dredge 

844 VA South Sink Gillnet 892 NC South Medium Scallop Dredge 
Page 28

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes - Continued

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

893 NC South Small Scallop Dredge 941 CT Sea Coast Midwater Trawl, Bait 

894 NC South Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 942 NY Midwater Trawl, Bait 

895 NC South Small Dredge 943 NJ North Midwater Trawl, Bait 

896 NC South Sink Gillnet 944 NJ South Midwater Trawl, Bait 

897 NC South Diving Gear 945 DE Midwater Trawl, Bait 

898 NC South Midwater Trawl 946 MD West Midwater Trawl, Bait 

899 NC South Pots and Traps 947 MD East Midwater Trawl, Bait 

900 NC South Bottom Longline 948 VA North Midwater Trawl, Bait 

901 NC South Other Mobile Gear 949 VA South Midwater Trawl, Bait 

902 NC South Other Fixed Gear 950 VA East Midwater Trawl, Bait 

903 NC South Hand Gears 951 NC North Midwater Trawl, Bait 

904 Downeast ME Seafood Dealer 952 NC Central Midwater Trawl, Bait 

905 Upper Mid-Coast ME Seafood Dealer 953 NC South Midwater Trawl, Bait 

906 Lower Mid-Coast ME Seafood Dealer 954 Downeast ME Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

907 Southern ME Seafood Dealer 955 Upper Mid-Coast ME Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

908 NH Seacoast Seafood Dealer 956 Lower Mid-Coast ME Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

909 Gloucester, North Shore Seafood Dealer 957 Southern ME Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

910 Boston Seafood Dealer 958 NH Seacoast Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

911 Cape and Islands Seafood Dealer 959 Gloucester, North Shore Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

912 New Beford, South Shore Seafood Dealer 960 Boston Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

913 Rhode Island Seafood Dealer 961 Cape and Islands Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

914 CT Sea Coast Seafood Dealer 962 New Beford, South Shore Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

915 NY Seafood Dealer 963 Rhode Island Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

916 NJ North Seafood Dealer 964 CT Sea Coast Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

917 NJ South Seafood Dealer 965 NY Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

918 DE Seafood Dealer 966 NJ North Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

919 MD West Seafood Dealer 967 NJ South Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

920 MD East Seafood Dealer 968 DE Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

921 VA North Seafood Dealer 969 MD West Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

922 VA South Seafood Dealer 970 MD East Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

923 VA East Seafood Dealer 971 VA North Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

924 NC North Seafood Dealer 972 VA South Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

925 NC Central Seafood Dealer 973 VA East Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

926 NC South Seafood Dealer 974 NC North Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

927 Lower Mid-Coast ME Fish Exchange (Portland) 975 NC Central Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

928 Gloucester Fish Exchange 976 NC South Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait 

929 Boston Fish Exchange 977 Downeast ME Seafood Processing 

930 New Bedford Fish Exchange 978 Upper Mid-Coast ME Seafood Processing 

931 Downeast ME Midwater Trawl, Bait 979 Lower Mid-Coast ME Seafood Processing 

932 Upper Mid-Coast ME Midwater Trawl, Bait 980 Southern ME Seafood Processing 

933 Lower Mid-Coast ME Midwater Trawl, Bait 981 NH Seacoast Seafood Processing 

934 Southern ME Midwater Trawl, Bait 982 Gloucester, North Shore Seafood Processing 

935 NH Seacoast Midwater Trawl, Bait 983 Boston Seafood Processing 

936 Gloucester, North Shore Midwater Trawl, Bait 984 Cape and Islands Seafood Processing 

937 Boston Midwater Trawl, Bait 985 New Beford, South Shore Seafood Processing 

938 Cape and Islands Midwater Trawl, Bait 986 Rhode Island Seafood Processing 

939 New Beford, South Shore Midwater Trawl, Bait 987 CT Sea Coast Seafood Processing 

940 Rhode Island Midwater Trawl, Bait 988 NY Seafood Processing 
Page 29

Table 2. Industry/Commodity Codes - Continued

Industry 

Code Description 

Industry 

Code Description 

989 NJ North Seafood Processing 

990 NJ South Seafood Processing 

991 DE Seafood Processing 

992 MD West Seafood Processing 

993 MD East Seafood Processing 

994 VA North Seafood Processing 

995 VA South Seafood Processing 

996 VA East Seafood Processing 

997 NC North Seafood Processing 

998 NC Central Seafood Processing 

999 NC South Seafood Processing 
Page 30

Table 3. Cost-Earnings Data Sources 

Harvesting Sectors Data Sources 

1. Inshore Lobster Variable costs, fixed costs, and crew payments from focus group 

surveys conducted by URI study (see Anonymous, 1995). 

2. Offshore Lobster Variable costs, fixed costs, and crew payments from focus group 

surveys conducted by URI study (see Anonymous, 1995). 

3. Large Bottom Trawl 

4. Medium Bottom Trawl 

5. Small Bottom Trawl 

Variable costs from Northeast observer data, 2001 adjusted fixed 

costs from raw URI CMER study data (see Lallemand et. al. 1998 

and Lallemand et. al. 1999), and gross stock estimates from 

Northeast dealer data that pertained only to those vessels that were 

surveyed by the CMER study 

6. Large Scallop Dredge 

7. Medium Scallop Dredge 

8. Small Scallop Dredge 

All cost and earnings data obtained from UMASS Dartmouth study 

(see Georgianna, Cass, and Amaral 1999). 

9. Surfclam, Ocean Quahog 

Dredge 

Medium scallop dredge cost-earnings data as proxy 

10. Sink Gillnet Variable costs from Northeast observer data, fixed costs and valueadded proportions from bottom longline data 

11. Diving Gear Southern inshore lobster as proxy 

12. Midwater Trawl Medium bottom trawl as proxy 

13. Fish Pots and Traps Southern inshore lobster as proxy 

14. Bottom Longline Variable costs from Northeast observer data, 2001 adjusted fixed 

costs from raw UMASS CMER study data (see Georgianna et. al. 

1998), and gross stock estimates from Northeast dealer data that 

pertained only to those vessels that were surveyed by the CMER 

study 

15. Other Mobile Gear Medium bottom trawl as proxy 

16. Other Fixed Gear Sink gillnet as proxy 

17. Hand Gear All cost and earnings data obtained from raw UMASS CMER study 

data (see Georgianna et. al. 1998) 

18. Small Dredge Small scallop dredge as proxy 

 

Wholesale Seafood Dealers Production function obtained from VIMS CMER study (see Kirkley, 

Ryan, and Duberg 2004) 

Fish Exchanges/Auctions 2001 adjusted variable costs, fixed costs, and value-added 

proportions estimated for Fulton Market in the VIMS CMER study 

(see Kirkley, Ryan, and Duberg 2004) 

Seafood Processors 2001 sub-regional defaults for IMPLAN sector 71 (seafood product 

preparation and packaging) 
Page 31

Table 4. Commercial Fishing Production Functions Expenditure Categories

Northern 

Inshore 

Lobster 

Southern 

Inshore 

Lobster 

Offshore

Lobster 

Large

Bottom

Trawl 

Medium 

Bottom

Trawl 

Small

Bottom

Trawl 

Large

Scallop Dredge 

Medium 

Scallop Dredge 

Small

Scallop Dredge 

Surfclam

Ocean 

Quahog

Dredgeb

Percentage Distribution 

Miscellaneous trip supplies 1.72% 3.95% 1.26% 0.95% 2.02% 1.57% 0.70% 0.52% 0.52% 0.52% Repair & maintenance: fishing gear 5.66% 4.34% 4.41% 3.03% 2.27% 3.93% 8.41% 5.76% 4.91% 5.76% Repair & maintenance: vessel & engine 

 By Yard 1.69% 0.40% 4.20% 3.17% 4.06% 3.50% 3.43% 3.35% 3.14% 3.35%  By Owner 3.04% 4.17% 2.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Repair & maintenance: electronics 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.56% 0.61% 1.13% 1.04% 0.72% 0.79% 0.72% 

Groceries 0.21% 0.41% 3.78% 2.12% 2.69% 2.52% 2.64% 1.56% 0.84% 1.56% 

Fuel & lubricants 4.87% 6.44% 7.35% 11.32% 10.16% 9.84% 15.57% 27.74% 6.12% 27.74% Ice 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.48% 2.29% 3.29% 1.90% 8.32% 1.36% 8.32% Loading, unloading 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.11% 0.72% 1.39% 1.81% 0.78% 1.99% 0.78% Moorage, dockage, haulout 1.03% 2.48% 0.53% 3.00% 3.12% 4.41% 2.60% 1.24% 1.70% 1.24% Licenses, permits 0.29% 0.35% 0.11% 0.26% 0.27% 0.60% 0.30% 0.18% 1.26% 0.18% Business associations 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.19% 0.22% 0.69% 0.21% 0.14% 1.41% 0.14% Consignment 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.27% 0.86% 0.72% 0.45% 0.95% 1.02% 0.95% Professional fees 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.76% 0.73% 1.20% 1.08% 0.67% 0.00% 0.67% Boat insurance 2.29% 2.09% 3.15% 4.29% 3.77% 1.59% 6.32% 5.50% 2.53% 5.50% Crew insurance (lobster vessels) 0.49% 0.28% 4.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Interest payment: short term loan 0.09% 2.15% 0.11% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Interest payment: vessel 1.81% 0.37% 2.84% 1.03% 1.92% 1.13% 2.09% 0.42% 0.77% 0.42% Shorefront property expenses 

Rent (40%) 0.35% 0.79% 0.00% 0.18% 0.33% 0.54% 0.11% 0.30% 0.24% 0.30% Utilities (20%) 0.18% 0.40% 0.00% 0.09% 0.17% 0.27% 0.05% 0.15% 0.12% 0.15% 

Supplies (30%) 0.26% 0.60% 0.00% 0.13% 0.25% 0.41% 0.08% 0.23% 0.18% 0.23% Advertising (10%) 0.09% 0.20% 0.00% 0.04% 0.08% 0.14% 0.03% 0.08% 0.06% 0.08% 

Vehicle 3.28% 3.41% 1.26% 0.73% 1.02% 2.23% 0.82% 0.68% 4.75% 0.68% Boat principal payment 5.43% 1.26% 3.66% 2.48% 2.81% 3.56% 5.12% 1.02% 1.35% 1.02% Short term loan principal payment 0.28% 7.53% 0.13% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Bank service charge 0.11% 0.33% 0.07% 0.07% 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 

Gear replacement (lobster vessels) 7.93% 7.95% 3.85% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Bait 12.11% 11.96% 10.54% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Miscellaneous expenses 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.52% 1.76% 3.16% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Taxes 0.59% 0.04% 0.09% 0.25% 0.26% 0.47% 0.88% 0.97% 5.05% 0.97% Employee compensationa 14.00% 16.00% 37.87% 54.88% 46.79% 35.87% 38.91% 32.28% 38.33% 32.28% 

Proprietary income 32.21% 22.11% 8.59% 6.09% 10.71% 15.76% 5.34% 6.40% 21.53% 6.40% Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 

a Includes captain and crew insurance payments made by all vessel owners except lobster vessel owners. Crew insurance paid by lobster vessel owners is included in the category crew insurance (lobster vessels). b The percentage distribution of expenditures for the medium scallop dredge sector was used to represent the purchasing activities of the surfclam, ocean quahog dredge sector. 
Page 3

2 Table 4. Commercial Fishing Production Functions - Continued 

Expenditure Categories

Sink

Gillnet

Diving

Gearc

Midwater 

Trawld

Fish Pots 

and

Trapse

Bottom

Longline

Other 

Mobile

Gearf

Other 

Fixed 

Gearg

Hand

Gear

Small

Dredgeh

Percentage Distribution 

Miscellaneous trip supplies 0.82% 5.85% 2.02% 3.95% 1.65% 2.02% 0.82% 0.98% 0.52% 

Repair & maintenance: fishing gear 8.44% 4.86% 2.27% 4.34% 7.30% 2.27% 8.44% 3.87% 4.91% 

Repair & maintenance: vessel & engine 0.00%

 By Yard 8.47% 0.44% 4.06% 0.40% 6.02% 4.06% 8.47% 11.13% 3.14% 

 By Owner 0.00% 4.66% 0.00% 4.17% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Repair & maintenance: electronics 1.49% 0.00% 0.61% 0.00% 1.69% 0.61% 1.49% 2.34% 0.79% Groceries 0.94% 0.46% 2.69% 0.41% 0.56% 2.69% 0.94% 2.04% 0.84% 

Fuel & lubricants 2.59% 7.21% 10.16% 6.44% 3.39% 10.16% 2.59% 8.07% 6.12% 

Ice 1.21% 0.00% 2.29% 0.00% 1.21% 2.29% 1.21% 0.98% 1.36% 

Loading, unloading 0.39% 0.00% 0.72% 0.00% 0.17% 0.72% 0.39% 0.71% 1.99% 

Moorage, dockage, haulout 5.36% 2.77% 3.12% 2.48% 5.53% 3.12% 5.36% 6.88% 1.70% 

Licenses, permits 0.60% 0.39% 0.27% 0.35% 0.62% 0.27% 0.60% 2.11% 1.26% 

Business associations 0.33% 0.00% 0.22% 0.00% 0.34% 0.22% 0.33% 0.50% 1.41% Consignment 0.00% 0.00% 0.86% 0.00% 0.14% 0.86% 0.00% 0.00% 1.02% 

Professional fees 0.95% 0.00% 0.73% 0.00% 0.98% 0.73% 0.95% 1.38% 0.00% 

Boat insurance 5.61% 2.34% 3.77% 2.09% 4.06% 3.77% 5.61% 5.12% 2.53% 

Crew insurance (lobster vessels) 0.00% 0.32% 0.00% 0.28% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Interest payment: short term loan 0.00% 2.40% 0.00% 2.15% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Interest payment: vessel 3.58% 0.42% 1.92% 0.37% 2.82% 1.92% 3.58% 5.13% 0.77% 

Shorefront property expenses 0.00%

Rent (40%) 0.32% 0.89% 0.33% 0.79% 0.33% 0.33% 0.32% 0.56% 0.24% 

Utilities (20%) 0.16% 0.44% 0.17% 0.40% 0.16% 0.17% 0.16% 0.28% 0.12% 

Supplies (30%) 0.24% 0.67% 0.25% 0.60% 0.25% 0.25% 0.24% 0.42% 0.18% Advertising (10%) 0.08% 0.22% 0.08% 0.20% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.14% 0.06% 

Vehicle 3.14% 3.82% 1.02% 3.41% 3.23% 1.02% 3.14% 6.42% 4.75% 

Boat principal payment 9.12% 1.41% 2.81% 1.26% 6.57% 2.81% 9.12% 11.97% 1.35% 

Short term loan principal payment 0.00% 8.43% 0.00% 7.53% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Bank service charge 0.18% 0.37% 0.09% 0.33% 0.13% 0.09% 0.18% 0.24% 0.03% 

Gear replacement (lobster vessels) 0.00% 8.90% 0.00% 7.95% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Bait 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 11.96% 4.86% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 0.00% 

Miscellaneous expenses 0.00% 0.00% 1.76% 0.00% 1.46% 1.76% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Taxes 9.58% 0.05% 0.26% 0.04% 9.86% 0.26% 9.58% 4.47% 5.05% 

Employee compensation 30.01% 17.91% 46.79% 16.00% 30.47% 46.79% 30.01% 18.22% 38.33% 

Proprietary income 6.38% 24.76% 10.71% 22.11% 6.11% 10.71% 6.38% 3.83% 21.53% 

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 

c The distribution of expenditures for the southern inshore lobster sector were used as proxy values for the diving gear sector. d The percentage distribution of expenditures for medium bottom trawls was used to represent the purchasing activities of the midwater trawl sector. e The distribution of expenditures associated with the southern inshore lobster sector was used to represent the expenditures of the fish pots and traps sector. f The percentage distribution of expenditures for medium bottom trawls was used to represent the purchasing activities of the other mobile gear sector. g The distribution of expenditures for the sink gillnet sector was used to characterize the industry purchases for the other fixed gear sector. h The percentage distribution of expenditures for the small scallop dredge sector was used to represent the expenditures of the small dredge sector.
Page 33

Table 5. Seafood Wholesale and Fish Exchange/Auction House Production Functions 

Seafood Fish

Wholesale Exchange/

Expenditure Categories Dealer Auction

 Percentage Distribution

Ice 2.80% 3.00%

Packaging: boxes 2.70% 2.94%

Shipping 4.10% 0.00% 

Storage 14.70% 22.88%

Advertising 4.00% 4.40%

Rent 6.80% 0.00%

Repair & Maintenance: building 6.90% 5.30%

Vehicle 4.10% 0.00%

Utilities: electric 1.37% 1.49%

Utilities: gas 1.37% 1.49%

Utilities: telephone 1.37% 1.49%

Insurance 4.10% 6.64%

Professional fees 0.70% 0.76%

Building principal payment 4.00% 7.41% 

Interest payment: building 1.40% 1.20%

Bank service charge 0.08% 0.30%

Taxes 2.12% 0.00%

Employee compensation 33.35% 40.70%

Proprietary income 4.05% 0.00%

Total 100.00% 100.00%
Page 34

Table 6. IMPLAN Pro Tables 

Table Name Description Category

*Industry/Commodity Codes Codes (Modified) 

*Type Codes Codes (Modified) 

Margins Codes Codes 

1 

 

*US Absorption Table 

*US Absorption Totals 

*US Byproducts Table 

Raw input data (Modified) 

*SACommodity Sales 

*SAEmployment 

*SAFinal Demands 

*SAForeign Exports 

*SAOutput 

*SAValue Added 

Raw input study area data (Modified) 

SATransfers Raw input study area data 

*Observed RPCs Raw input data (Modified) 

*RPC Methods Raw input data (Modified) 

Margins Raw input data 

*Deflators Raw input data (Modified) 

2 

General Information Model-building information 

Model Specs 

Multiplier Specs 

Model-building information 

SARatios Ratios for impact and multiplier calculations 

3 

IMCommodity Transactions 

IMEvents 

IMFactor Transactions 

IMGroups 

IMIndustry Transactions 

IMInstitutions Transactions 

IMMargins 

IMProjects 

 

Impact report data 

(Empty before impact analysis) 

Regional Absorption 

Regional Byproducts 

Regional Commodity Balances 

Regional Direct Institutional Requirements 

Regional Factor Balances 

Regional Industry Balances 

Regional Institution Balances 

Regional Institution Demand 

Regional IxI 

Regional Market Shares 

Regional Multipliers Induced 

Regional Multipliers Type I 

Regional SAM Balances 

Regional SAM Balances Aggregated 

Regional SAM Balances Industry Detail 

Regional SAM Balances IxI 

Regional SAM Balances IxI Industry Detail 

Regional Sam Distribution 

Regional Value Added Coefficients 

Output/report data for regional I-O model 

(Empty before ‘Construct Model’) 

rptEC Multipliers 

rptEmployment Multipliers 

rptIBT Multipliers 

rptOPTI Multipliers 

rptOutput Multipliers 

rptPersonal Income Multipliers 

rptPropInc Multipliers 

rptTotal VA Multipliers 

Output reports 

*rptSAFinal Demands Data from SAFinal Demands and SAForeign Exports (Modified) 

*rptSAIndustry Data Data from SAOutput, SAEmployment & SAValue Added (Modified) 

SAM Rollup SAM report data 

Tax Impacts Tax report data 

Type Code Rollup Type code report data 

CGE Account Output data for computable general equilibrium models 

4 
Page 35

Table 7. Summary of IMPLAN Modification Procedure 

General Steps for

Model Construction General Instruction

1 In IMPLAN, select new model, name the new model, locate the relevant regional 

data, build study area

2 Open the new model in ACCESS

3 Delete the three US tables and the Observed RPCs table

4 Import the three US tables and the Observed RPCs table from 01NAT509

5 Export the default data in the 16 ACCESS tables that will be modified to EXCEL

6 Delete all default data in the 16 ACCESS tables 

7 Create 16 new tables with modified data in Excel 

8 Import the 16 updated tables from EXCEL into ACCESS

9 In IMPLAN, reconstruct the model and multipliers 

Table 8. Industry Sectors Purchasing from the Default Commercial Fishing Sector (Sector 16) 

Industry Sector Description IMPLAN Sector Purchases Reassigned to 

Rendering and meat byproduct processing 69 Seafood processing 

Seafood product preparation and packaging 71 Wholesale seafood dealers 

Water Transportation 393 Wholesale seafood dealers 

Hospitals 467 Seafood processing 

Nursing and residential care facilities 468 Seafood processing 

Other amusement- gambling- and recreation industries 478 Seafood processing 

Hotels and motels- including casinos 479 Wholesale seafood dealers 

Other accommodations 480 Seafood processing 

Food services and drinking places 481 Wholesale seafood dealers 

Civic- social- professional and similar organizations 493 Seafood processing 

Other Federal government enterprises 496 Seafood processing 
Page 36

Table 9. Industry Sectors Purchasing from the Default Seafood Processing Sector (Sector 71) 

Industry Sector Description IMPLAN Sector 

Dog and cat food manufacturing 46 

Other animal food manufacturing 47 

Fats and oils refining and blending 54 

Frozen food manufacturing 60 

Meat processed from carcasses 68 

Frozen cakes and other pastries manufacturing 72 

Bread and bakery product- except frozen- manufacturing 73 

Cookie and cracker manufacturing 74 

Soft drink and ice manufacturing 85 

Leather and hide tanning and finishing 109 

Petroleum refineries 142 

Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing 145 

Water transportation 393 

Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support 397 

Advertising and related services 447 

Hospitals 467 

Nursing and residential care facilities 468 

Social assistance- except child day care services 470 

Museums- historical sites- zoos- and parks 475 

Fitness and recreational sports centers 476 

Other amusement- gambling- and recreation industries 478 

Hotels and motels- including casinos 479 

Other accommodations 480 

Food services and drinking places 481 

Civic- social- professional and similar organizations 493 

Other Federal government enterprises 496 
Page

37

Table 10. Total New England Coastal Region Sales Impacts (2003 $'s) 

 Downeast Upper Mid-Coast Lower Mid-Coast Southern NH Seacoast Gloucester Boston Cape & Islands New Bedford Rhode Island CT Seacoast Non-Maritime Total

Sector ME ME ME ME NH MA MA MA MA RI CT New England New EnglandCommercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl 0 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 0 -5,000,000

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Midwater Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture -8,649 -1,665 -3,384 -1,070 -1,290 -660 -1,658 -538 -605 -1,818 -5,162 -197,059 -223,557

Mining 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 -129 -597 -41 -95 -4 -1,185 -14,226 -16,285

Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities -708 -1,475 -12,365 -1,403 -15,203 -10,009 -89,562 -3,876 -9,413 -21,875 -55,706 -354,369 -575,964

Water Transportation 0 -2,756 -1,859 -1,692 -1,136 -433 -20,688 -9,018 -1,473 -4,390 -37,587 -28,738 -109,770

Warehousing and storage -8 -13 -1,666 -152 -2,027 -714 -6,066 -10 -1,116 -869 -2,220 -24,331 -39,190

Construction -117 -808 -2,996 -808 -3,046 -2,266 -15,615 -1,456 -1,524 -2,901 -8,578 -47,512 -87,627Manufacturing -235 -1,009 -11,646 -3,500 -17,517 -15,736 -52,163 -1,207 -8,214 -16,211 -47,971 -363,503 -538,911

Seafood Processing -115,966 -497,779 -193,363 -77,484 -707,740 -1,483,438 -997,031 -2,586 -725,666 -408,514 -346,827 0 -5,556,395Ice 0 -73 -952 -12 -961 -323 -6,283 -277 -1,081 -2,747 -824 -13,564 -27,098

Boat Building -67 -2,295 -909 -28 -194 -64 -1,298 -77 -151 -13,343 -479 -5,466 -24,370

Paperboard Containers 0 0 -131 -25 -212 -493 -1,120 0 -440 -591 -1,148 -9,009 -13,170

Trade -491 -2,641 -13,129 -3,115 -19,857 -12,749 -60,751 -6,413 -10,399 -15,259 -44,757 -237,818 -427,381

Seafood Dealers 0 -22,718 -27,442 -527 -260,131 -38,104 -181,636 -85,784 -143,017 -198,803 -200,000 0 -1,158,161

Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0 -116,768 0 0 -35,591 -8,496 0 -35,218 0 0 0 -196,072

Wholesale Trade -239 -1,876 -14,223 -1,440 -31,376 -20,737 -158,932 -2,657 -12,457 -20,344 -76,007 -335,632 -675,919

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate -129 -1,561 -17,491 -1,164 -19,360 -11,383 -167,205 -4,523 -4,719 -25,443 -85,495 -323,129 -661,602

Services -1,462 -8,073 -48,618 -9,950 -61,762 -48,751 -383,148 -20,049 -29,623 -72,712 -199,551 -944,607 -1,828,306Government -347 -1,654 -7,407 -4,588 -12,236 -11,233 -61,990 -4,259 -6,949 -13,788 -37,747 -192,325 -354,523

Total -128,418 -1,046,397 -974,350 -606,959 -1,654,050 -2,192,812 -2,714,238 -642,772 -1,492,161 -1,319,611 -1,651,245 -3,091,288 -17,514,301

Sales ($'s)
Page 3

8

Table 11. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Sales Impacts (2003 $'s) 

 NY Seacoast NJ North NJ South DE State MD West MD East VA North VA South VA East NC North NC Central NC South Non-Maritime Total

Sector NY NJ NJ DE MD MD VA VA VA NC NC NC Mid-Atlantic Mid-Atlantic

Commercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl -500,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -500,000

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gea r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

Midwater Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture -2,997 -2,930 -20,829 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19,177 -45,933

Mining -9,610 -1,639 -211 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1,384 -12,844

Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities -392,866 -167,951 -129,829 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34,486 -725,131

Water Transportation -96,893 -49,461 -18,195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2,797 -167,346

Warehousing and storage -9,286 -18,793 -10,878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2,368 -41,324

Construction -38,615 -12,555 -15,388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4,624 -71,181

Manufacturing -130,488 -170,294 -149,217 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -35,375 -485,374

Seafood Processing -422,859 -2,868 -4,160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -429,886Ice -7,613 -1,381 -3,278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1,320 -13,592

Boat Building -55 -15 -9,345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -532 -9,948

Paperboard Containers -2,019 -2,963 -1,649 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -877 -7,508

Trade -165,415 -75,631 -86,909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -23,143 -351,098

Seafood Dealers -225,697 -3,256 -252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -229,204

Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Wholesale Trade -407,085 -206,230 -166,371 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -32,662 -812,348

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate -652,462 -161,766 -101,684 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -31,446 -947,358

Services -1,061,522 -335,526 -344,964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -91,925 -1,833,938

Government -219,939 -69,440 -68,126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -18,716 -376,222

Total -4,345,419 -1,282,701 -1,131,286 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -300,831 -7,060,237

Sales ($'s)
Page

39

Table 12. Total New England Coastal Region Income Impacts (2003 $'s) 

 Downeast Upper Mid-Coast Lower Mid-Coast Southern NH Seacoast Gloucester Boston Cape & Islands New Bedford Rhode Island CT Seacoast Non-Maritime Total

Sector ME ME ME ME NH MA MA MA MA RI CT New England New England

Commercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl 0 -275,947 -275,947 -269,846 -287,497 -281,396 -270,297 -283,047 -283,047 -287,497 -287,496 0 -2,802,015

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Midwater Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture -2,673 -412 -833 -159 -144 -83 -358 -69 -101 -245 -1,290 -43,596 -49,963

Mining 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -8 0 0 -1 -5 -2,995 -3,014

Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities -194 -435 -4,049 -435 -4,747 -2,957 -30,133 -1,075 -2,693 -6,777 -18,046 -112,922 -184,464

Water Transportation 0 -154 -125 -88 -262 -111 -2,420 -545 -169 -315 -5,999 -3,781 -13,969

Warehousing and storage -5 -7 -966 -86 -1,186 -419 -3,557 -6 -636 -500 -1,394 -14,370 -23,132

Construction -40 -306 -1,314 -336 -1,574 -1,189 -9,388 -698 -739 -1,477 -4,748 -22,626 -44,433

Manufacturing -42 -188 -2,546 -745 -4,435 -3,301 -13,752 -254 -1,858 -3,514 -11,004 -77,117 -118,758

Seafood Processing -11,641 -66,123 -31,118 -8,817 -122,106 -385,807 -246,882 -306 -121,505 -76,908 -79,358 0 -1,150,570

Ice 0 -22 -182 -1 -136 -44 -1,084 -42 -187 -464 -143 -1,988 -4,292Boat Building -14 -593 -217 -7 -50 -16 -431 -21 -22 -4,166 -170 -1,493 -7,199

Paperboard Containers 0 0 -25 -6 -38 -82 -251 0 -91 -108 -255 -1,951 -2,807

Trade -200 -1,095 -5,669 -1,331 -9,348 -5,863 -28,895 -2,871 -4,734 -6,925 -21,271 -106,521 -194,724

Seafood Dealers 0 -8,497 -10,263 -197 -97,289 -14,251 -67,932 -32,083 -53,488 -74,352 -74,800 0 -433,152Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0 -47,527 0 0 -14,486 -3,458 0 -14,334 0 0 0 -79,805

Wholesale Trade -88 -709 -5,434 -547 -12,132 -8,010 -61,612 -1,011 -4,742 -7,792 -29,467 -129,163 -260,706

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate -26 -404 -4,617 -269 -5,145 -2,542 -46,945 -972 -1,149 -6,308 -26,069 -85,563 -180,008

Services -507 -3,112 -20,689 -3,919 -27,543 -22,247 -195,283 -8,423 -12,479 -32,204 -99,285 -423,963 -849,655

Government -17 -143 -467 -2,408 -1,043 -560 -6,263 -548 -431 -753 -1,515 -12,115 -26,263

Total -15,447 -358,146 -411,988 -289,198 -574,675 -743,366 -988,949 -331,972 -502,407 -510,307 -662,314 -1,040,162 -6,428,930

Income ($'s)
Page 40

Table 13. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Income Impacts (2003 $'s) 

 NY Seacoast NJ North NJ South DE State MD West MD East VA North VA South VA East NC North NC Central NC South Non-Maritime Total

Sector NY NJ NJ DE MD MD VA VA VA NC NC NC Mid-Atlantic Mid-AtlanticCommercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl -283,046 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -283,046

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Midwater Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture -613 -376 -3,723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4,243 -8,955

Mining -2,231 -261 -18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -291 -2,802

Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities -130,824 -59,437 -42,630 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10,989 -243,880

Water Transportation -10,871 -6,487 -2,718 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -368 -20,444

Warehousing and storage -5,727 -11,805 -6,776 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1,398 -25,706

Construction -21,951 -7,194 -8,514 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2,202 -39,860

Manufacturing -26,436 -29,289 -22,748 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7,505 -85,978

Seafood Processing -103,641 -504 -683 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -104,828Ice -1,386 -241 -541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -193 -2,362Boat Building -7 -3 -2,825 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -145 -2,980

Paperboard Containers -483 -680 -362 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -190 -1,714

Trade -79,241 -36,859 -41,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10,366 -167,466

Seafood Dealers -84,411 -1,218 -94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -85,722

Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wholesale Trade -156,921 -79,680 -64,215 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -12,570 -313,386

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate -193,467 -41,994 -28,334 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8,327 -272,121

Services -550,348 -162,366 -161,934 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -41,258 -915,906

Government -21,088 -5,781 -4,603 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1,179 -32,651

Total -1,672,693 -444,174 -391,719 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -101,224 -2,609,810

Income ($'s)
Page 41

Table 14. Total New England Coastal Region Employment Impacts (2003) 

 Downeast Upper Mid-Coast Lower Mid-Coast Southern NH Seacoast Gloucester Boston Cape & Islands New Bedford Rhode Island CT Seacoast Non-Maritime Total

Sector ME ME ME ME NH MA MA MA MA RI CT New England New England

Commercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl 0 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 0-80

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Midwater Trawl 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3 -3

Mining 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities 0 0 00 0 0 -1 0 0 00-2 -4

Water Transportation 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Warehousing and storage 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1

Construction 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1

Manufacturing 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -2

Seafood Processing -1 -3 -1 0 -4 -7 -5 0 -4 -2 -2 0 -27Ice 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Boat Building 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paperboard Containers 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trade 0 0 00 0 0 -1 0 0 0-1 -5 -8

Seafood Dealers 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -6Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0-20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3Wholesale Trade 0 0 00 0 0 -1 0 0 00-3 -4

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 0 0 00 0 0 -1 0 0 00-2 -4Services 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -4 0 0 -1 -2 -14 -25

Government 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total -1 -11 -12 -9 -15 -17 -22 -9 -14 -13 -15 -31 -168

Employment (Jobs)
Page 4

2

Table 15. Total Mid-Atlantic Coastal Region Employment Impacts (2003) 

 NY Seacoast NJ North NJ South DE State MD West MD East VA North VA South VA East NC North NC Central NC South Non-Maritime Total

Sector NY NJ NJ DE MD MD VA VA VA NC NC NC Mid-Atlantic Mid-AtlanticCommercial Fishing

Inshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Offshore Lobster Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Bottom Trawl -9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9

Small Bottom Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Large Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Medium Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Scallop Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Surf Clam, Ocean Quahog Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Small Dredge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Sink Gillnet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Diving Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Midwater Trawl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Fish Pots and Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Bottom Longline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Mobile Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Other Fixed Gear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Hand Gears 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1

Mining 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Transportation, Communications and Public Utilities -2 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4

Water Transportation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Warehousing and storage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1

Construction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1

Manufacturing -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2

Seafood Processing -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2

Ice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Boat Building 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0Paperboard Containers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

Trade -3 -1 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6

Seafood Dealers -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1

Fish Exchanges / Auctions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wholesale Trade -2 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate -2 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4Services -12 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 -1 -21

Government 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1

Total -35 -9 -9 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 -3 -56

Employment (Jobs)
Page 43

APPENDIX A 

Bridge between Expenditures and IMPLAN Pro Sectors

The expenditures by harvesters, seafood wholesalers, fish exchanges/auctions, and seafood processors were allocated 

across a number of industry sectors contained in the NERIOM. If an expense was assumed to occur at the retail level, 

transportation, wholesale, and retail margins were also included. This Appendix shows the bridge that we created to 

allocate each industry expenditure item to its appropriate IMPLAN Pro sector or sectors. 

Harvester Expenditures 

Association Fees

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

493 Civic, Social, Professional and Similar Organizations 1

 Total 1

Association fees were allocated to establishments primarily engaged in promoting the business interests of their 

members. These establishments conduct research on new products and services, develop market statistics, lobby public 

officials, or publish newsletters, books, or periodicals for distribution to their members.

Bait: Hand Gear Vessels

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

394 Truck Transportation .0012

400 Warehousing and Storage .0002

390 Wholesale Trade .1641

393 Water Transportation .0190

954-976 Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait .8155

 Total 1

For the most part, a large portion of the bait used by hand gear vessels in the Northeast is locally landed squid. Since 

the bulk of squid landings in the Northeast generally occur aboard otter trawl vessels, bait purchases were allocated to 

medium bottom trawl bait sectors. However, it was assumed that the purchases occurred at the wholesale level so 

transportation and storage margins were included. Squid purchases by hand gear vessels in a particular sub-region were 

allocated across medium bottom trawl bait sectors in the state where the sub-region was located. The relative importance of 

each sub-region’s medium bottom trawl bait sector’s output value to total state-level output was used to allocate bait 

purchases across sub-regions within a state. 

Bait: Lobster Vessels

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

394 Truck Transportation .0012

400 Warehousing and Storage .0002

390 Wholesale Trade .1641

393 Water Transportation .0190

931-953 Mid-Water Trawl, Bait .8155

 Total 1

In the NERIOM it was assumed that the bait used by lobster vessels is locally landed herring or mackerel. Since the 

bulk of herring and mackerel landings generally occur aboard midwater trawl vessels, bait purchases were allocated to 

midwater trawl bait sectors. However, it was assumed that the purchases occurred at the wholesale level so transportation 

and storage margins were included. Herring and mackerel purchases by hand gear vessels in a particular sub-region were 

allocated across midwater trawl bait sectors in the state where the sub-region was located. The relative importance of each 

sub-region’s midwater trawl bait sector’s output value to total state-level output was used to allocate bait purchases across 

sub-regions within a state.
Page 44

Bait: Longline Vessels 

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

394 Truck Transportation .0012 

400 Warehousing and Storage .0002 

390 Wholesale Trade .1641 

393 Water Transportation .0190 

931-976 Mid-Water Trawl, Bait and Medium Bottom Trawl, Bait .8155 

 Total 1 

Commonly used bait in the Northeast longline industry is frozen squid, mackerel, and herring. Since the bulk of these 

landings in the Northeast occur aboard otter trawl vessels and midwater trawl vessels, bait purchases were allocated to both 

medium bottom trawl bait sectors and midwater trawl bait sectors. However, it was assumed that the purchases occurred at 

the wholesale level so transportation and storage margins were included. Bait purchases by longline vessels in a particular 

sub-region were allocated across medium bottom trawl bait sectors and midwater trawl bait sectors in the state where the 

sub-region was located. The relative importance of each sub-region’s medium bottom trawl bait sector’s output value and 

midwater trawl bait sector to total state-level output was used to allocate bait purchases across sub-regions within a state. 

Bank Service Charge

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

430 Monetary Authorities and Depository Credit Institutions 1 

 Total 1 

Bank service charges, both real (fees, points) and imputed (services for which no fee is charged), occur every time a 

loan is dispersed. These charges make up the output of financial institutions. The annual fee for these services in 2001 was 

calculated by assuming the average charge was 2% of the principle divided by the average life of the loan. 

Consignment

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

459 Other Support Services 1

 Total 1

Consignment costs are fees paid to an independent agent or broker that sells harvesters’ seafood. These services may 

also include bartering, packaging, and labeling. Sales of seafood by harvesters through actual fish exchanges/auctions, 

however, were not classified as consignment expenditures. As previously indicated, 23 fish exchange/auction sectors were 

added to the model to account for those types of transactions. 

Fish Exchange/Auction

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

927-930 Fish Exchange/Auction 1

 Total 1

Commercial harvesters that use fish exchange/auction houses to sell their landings are generally charged about 7 cents 

per pound. Thus, fees for utilizing this service were allocated to the 4 fish exchange sectors in the NERIOM. The relative 

ex-vessel value of landings that was sold through a fish exchange sector, by each harvesting sector in the NERIOM, was 

used to allocate expenditures across the four fish exchange sectors. The 2001 Northeast Dealer data base provided this 

information. 
Page 45

Fuel and Lubricants

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

142 Petroleum Refineries 0.393794

390 Wholesale Trade 0.361077

392 Rail Transportation 0.006754

393 Water Transportation 0.005192

394 Truck Transportation 0.008658

396 Pipeline Transportation 0.004953

407 Gasoline Stations 0.219571

 Total 1

The default margin table for Sector 142 in IMPLAN Pro was used to allocate purchases of fuel and lubricants. 

Gear Replacement: Lobster Vessels

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

103 Other Miscellaneous textile product mills 0.09669

242 Spring and wire product manufacturing 0.406902

390 Wholesale Trade 0.019952

391 Air Transportation 0.007183

392 Rail Transportation 0.007981

394 Truck Transportation 0.034318

404 Building material and garden supply stores 0.426975

 Total 1

Gear replacement expenditures were assumed to be for replacement of pots and lines. Replacement of pots was 

allocated to Sector 242 which encompasses the construction of fabricated wire products. Replacement of lines was allocated 

to sector 103 which includes the production of cordage and twine. It was assumed that 80% of purchase price was for 

replacement of pots and 20% for replacement of lines. These items are usually purchased at the wholesale level so the 

default IMPLAN Pro margins associated with Sector 242 were also included. 

Groceries

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

1 Oilseed farming 6.36E-05 

2 Grain farming 0.000379 

3 Vegetable and melon farming 0.022642 

4 Tree nut farming 0.000749 

5 Fruit farming 0.014302 

6 Greenhouse and nursery production 0.000652 

10 All other crop farming 0.000203 

12 Poultry and egg production 0.006205 

15 Forest nurseries, forest products, and timber 0.000137 

26 Other nonmetallic mineral mining 1E-05 

46 Dog and cat food manufacturing 0.016556 

47 Other animal food manufacturing 0.002251 

48 Flour milling 0.00234 

49 Rice milling 0.001427 

51 Wet corn milling 0.002738 

52 Soybean processing 7.65E-05 

54 Fats and oils refining and blending 0.004478 

55 Breakfast cereal manufacturing 0.016116 

56 Sugar manufacturing 0.005154 

57 Confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans 0.003429 

58 Confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate 0.015461 
Page 46

59 Nonchocolate confectionery manufacturing 0.01315 

60 Frozen food manufacturing 0.035386 

61 Fruit and vegetable canning and drying 0.051314 

62 Fluid milk manufacturing 0.040036 

63 Creamery butter manufacturing 0.002148 

64 Cheese manufacturing 0.014711 

65 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy products 0.008433 

66 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing 0.005012 

67 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering 0.057514 

68 Meat processed from carcasses 0.054934 

70 Poultry processing 0.027721 

72 Frozen cakes and other pastries manufacturing 0.005509 

73 Bread and bakery product, except frozen, manufacturing 0.046437 

74 Cookie and cracker manufacturing 0.016265 

75 Mixes and dough made from purchased flour 0.009065 

76 Dry pasta manufacturing 0.003576 

77 Tortilla manufacturing 0.002269 

78 Roasted nuts and peanut butter manufacturing 0.004765 

79 Other snack food manufacturing 0.01767 

80 Coffee and tea manufacturing 0.012974 

81 Flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing 0.005455 

82 Mayonnaise, dressing, and sauce manufacturing 0.00848 

83 Spice and extract manufacturing 0.007112 

84 All other food manufacturing 0.018899 

85 Soft drink and ice manufacturing 0.06019 

171 Other miscellaneous chemical product manufacturing 0.000167 

390 Wholesale trade 0.098877 

391 Air transportation 0.000487 

392 Rail transportation 0.002832 

393 Water transportation 0.001729 

394 Truck transportation 0.013268 

399 Couriers and messengers 0.001554 

400 Warehousing and storage 0.000889 

402 Furniture and home furnishings stores 9.66E-05 

404 Building material and garden supply stores 0.001584 

405 Food and beverage stores 0.196583 

407 Gasoline stations 0.016591 

410 General merchandise stores 0.006296 

411 Miscellaneous store retailers 0.00834 

500 Noncomparable imports 0.006314 

 Total 1 

IMPLAN Pro’s Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) vector 1111 was chosen to approximate the industries 

involved in the manufacturing of groceries purchased by commercial fishermen. The Bureau of Economic Analysis creates 

this expenditure vector for their work on national average benchmark input-output tables. The PCE vector represents the 

national average expenditure pattern for groceries. At the time of this writing, IMPLAN Pro’s PCE vector 1111 was 

developed from SIC coded sectors. The NERIOM, however, is based on IMPLAN Pro’s new NAICS coding system that 

was implemented in conjunction with the release of the 2001 data. Thus, it was necessary to convert the old SIC-based 

IMPLAN Pro codes into the new NAICS-based IMPLAN Pro codes. The developers of the IMPLAN Pro system provided 

the bridge from which these conversions were made. The majority of the default conversions were maintained in the 

NERIOM. However, purchases associated with the two default seafood sectors (i.e., commercial fishing and seafood 

product preparation and packaging) were reallocated to Sector 60 (frozen food manufacturing) to better reflect likely 

consumption habits aboard commercial fishing vessels. 
Page 47

Ice

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

85 Soft drink and ice manufacturing 0.628331

390 Wholesale trade 0.10275

392 Rail transportation 0.000222

393 Water transportation 3.14E-05

394 Truck transportation 0.006453

405 Food and beverage stores 0.193154

407 Gasoline stations 0.069058

 Total 1

The default margin table for Sector 85 (Soft drink and ice manufacturing) in IMPLAN Pro was used to allocate 

purchases of ice. 

Insurance: Boat

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

427 Insurance Carriers 1

 Total 1

Fees for insurance were applied to IMPLAN Pro sector 427 (Insurance carriers). This sector includes establishments 

primarily engaged in underwriting and assuming the risk of insurance policies. Another insurance sector is included in 

IMPLAN Pro that contains businesses that act as agents or brokers in selling insurance policies, but this sector is similar to a 

margin sector and its production function does not account for the actual cost of the insurance policy. Sector 427 accounts 

for the underwriting cost and includes reimbursement to agents and brokers for their fees. 

Insurance: Captain and Sternman

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Employee Compensation 1

 Total 1

Employee compensation in IMPLAN Pro includes all payroll costs, including benefits such as health and life insurance. 

Interest Payment: Short term Operating Loans

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Other Property Type Income 1

 Total 1

In most input-output models, such as IMPLAN Pro, interest payments are not paid directly to an industry, they are 

included in the value-added sector Other Property Type Income. 

Interest Payment: Vessel

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Other Property Type Income 1

 Total 1

Interest payments were allocated to the value-added sector Other Property Type Income. 
Page 48

Miscellaneous Expenses: Gear, Hotel, Telephone, (excludes lobster vessels) 

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

103 Other Miscellaneous Textile Product Mills 0.35619931

390 Wholesale Trade 0.08591825

391 Air Transportation 0.00402798

392 Rail Transportation 0.00026973

394 Truck Transportation 0.01381022

408 Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores 0.10850381

410 General Merchandise Stores 0.16925327

412 Nonstore Retailers 0.10936058

422 Telecommunications 0.05088562

479 Hotels and Motels 0.10177125

 Total 1

A miscellaneous expense category was included in both the UMASS and URI CMER studies. The preceding allocation 

of expenditures is based on the responses that were filled in for this question on the surveys. Responses generally included 

additional gear purchases (70%), hotel expenditures (20%), and expenses for phone services while at sea (10%). Gear 

purchases were allocated to Sector 103 for ropes and twines; hotel expenses to Sector 479; and phone fees to Sector 422. 

Also included were the default margins for Sector 103 since rope and twine are usually purchased at the wholesale and retail 

level. 

Mooring, Dockage, Haulout

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

478 Other Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries 1 

 Total 1 

IMPLAN Pro Sector 478 includes the activities of marinas. Marinas usually offer mooring, dockage, and haulout 

services for a fee.

Loading, Unloading

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

478 Other Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries 1 

 Total 1 

Lumpers fees were assumed to be paid to marina employees. The activities of marinas are included in IMPLAN Pro 

Sector 478. 

Permits and License Fees 

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Indirect Business Taxes 1

 Total 1

Permit and license fees in an IMPLAN Pro model are allocated to value-added in indirect business taxes. These are 

fees that are paid during the normal operation of a business. 
Page 49

Principal Payment: Short term Operating Loans for Lobster Vessels

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

103 Other Miscellaneous textile product mills 0.09669

242 Spring and wire product manufacturing 0.406902

390 Wholesale Trade 0.019952

391 Air Transportation 0.007183

392 Rail Transportation 0.007981

394 Truck Transportation 0.034318

404 Building material and garden supply stores 0.426975

 Total 1

Short term operating loans for lobster vessels were assumed to cover gear replacement costs for pots and lines. 

Following the same expenditure pattern delineated above for gear replacement costs, replacement of pots was allocated to 

Sector 242 and replacement of lines to sector 103. It was assumed that 80% of the purchase price was for replacement of 

pots and 20% for replacement of lines. These items are usually purchased at the wholesale level so the default IMPLAN Pro 

margins associated with Sector 242 were also included. 

Principal Payment: Vessel 

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

357 Ship Building and Repairing 1

 Total 1

Principal payments for vessels were allocated to Sector 357 Ship Building and Repairing. This sector includes 

establishments engaged in the construction and repair of fishing boats. 

Professional Fees

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

438 Accounting and Bookkeeping Services 1

 Total 1

Businesses engaged in accounting and bookkeeping services are classified in IMPLAN Pro Sector 438 Accounting and 

Bookkeeping Services. 

Profits: Owner

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Proprietary Income 1

 Total 1

Payments received by vessel owners as income are known as value-added payments and are classified as proprietary 

income in an IMPLAN Pro model. 

Repair & Maintenance: Electronics 

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

484 Electronic Equipment Repair and Maintenance 1

 Total 1

Expenditures for electronic repairs aboard commercial fishing vessels were allocated to Sector 484 Electronic 

Equipment Repair and Maintenance. 
Page 50

Repair & Maintenance: Fishing Gear, Equipment 

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

485 Commercial Machinery Repair and Maintenance 1

 Total 1

Establishments engaged in commercial equipment repair, including hydraulic equipment repair and freezer repair are 

classified in IMPLAN Pro Sector 485 Commercial Machinery Repair and Maintenance. 

Repair & Maintenance: Vessel and Engine at Boat Yard

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

357 Ship Building and Repairing 1

 Total 1

Vessel and engine repairs conducted at the boat yard were allocated to IMPLAN Pro Sector 357 Ship Building and 

Repairing. 

Repair & Maintenance: Vessel and Engine by Owner

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

244 Turned Product and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing 0.451699 

390 Wholesale Trade 0.160032 

391 Air Transportation 0.00345 

394 Truck Transportation 0.011146 

404 Building Material and Garden Supply Stores 0.373673 

 Total 1 

Vessel and engine repairs conducted by the owner were allocated to establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing 

metal bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and washers, and other industrial fasteners. These establishments are classified in IMPLAN 

Pro Sector 244. 

Shorefront Expenses: Rent, Utilities, Supplies, Advertising

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

30 Power Generation and Supply 0.2

133 Stationery and Related Product Manufacturing 0.3

431 Real Estate 0.4

447 Advertising and Related Services 0.1

 Total 1

Onshore expenses, generally due to the ownership of storage facilities or office space, were allocated to four IMPLAN 

Pro sectors. Average rents comprised 40% of the shorefront expenses and were allocated to the Real Estate Sector. Utilities 

were assumed to be for electricity and were allocated to IMPLAN Pro Sector 30 Power Generation and Supply (20%). 

Supplies averaged 30% of onshore expenses and were assumed to be for stationery and related products (Sector 133). 

Finally, advertising expenses comprised 10%, on average, of onshore expenses and were allocated to IMPLAN Pro Sector 

447. 

Taxes

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Indirect Business Taxes 1

 Total 1

 Tax expenditures included in this sector consist of excise taxes, property taxes, and sales taxes, but exclude income 

taxes paid by businesses. These fees were allocated to IMPLAN Pro’s Value-Added Sector Indirect Business Taxes. 
Page 51

Miscellaneous Trip Supplies

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

100 Curtain and Linen Mills 0.00856 

103 Other Miscellaneous Textiles 0.007716 

125 Paper and Paperboard Mills 0.040025 

126 Paperboard Container Manufacturing 0.180838 

130 Coated and Uncoated Paper Bag Manufacturing 0.02375 

163 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing 0.047259 

164 Polish and other Sanitation Good Manufacturing 0.040146 

172 Plastics Packaging Materials 0.054372 

177 Plastic Plumbing Fixtures and all other Plastics 0.008319 

179 Tire Manufacturing 0.006631 

278 Ac, Refrigeration 0.007234 

286 Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 0.074987 

289 Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing 0.004581 

321 Watch, Clock, and Other Measuring and Controlling Devices 0.007475 

325 Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 0.012176 

333 Electric Power and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 0.005184 

338 Primary Battery Manufacturing 0.010247 

350 Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 0.0475 

392 Rail Transportation 0.001 

390 Wholesale Trade 0.161 

404 Building Material & Gardening Supplies 0.001 

405 Food and Beverage Stores 0.185 

407 Gasoline Stations 0.013 

410 General Merchandise Stores 0.014 

411 Miscellaneous Store Retail 0.038 

 Total 1 

Trip supplies consist of expenditures for chemical cleaning products, brooms, mops, soaps and detergents, boxes, 

plastic packaging materials, bulbs, furnishings, plumbing accessories, and miscellaneous machine parts. Expenditures for 

these items were allocated to manufacturing sectors according to proportions contained the default IMPLAN Pro 

commercial fishing sector’s production function. Specifically, we summed the absorption coefficients associated with the 

manufacturing sectors that produce the aforementioned items and then determined the proportion that each sector 

represented. These proportions were used to allocate miscellaneous trip expenditure estimates to the correct IMPLAN Pro 

manufacturing sector. Average wholesale, transportation, and retail margins across all of the manufacturing sectors were 

calculated and included in the expenditure estimates since the majority of these purchases occur at the retail level. 

Vehicles (20% Repair, 80% Fuel and Lubricants)

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

483 Automotive Repair and Maintenance 0.2

142 Petroleum Refineries 0.315036

390 Wholesale Trade 0.288862

392 Rail Transportation 0.005403

393 Water Transportation 0.004154

394 Truck Transportation 0.006926

396 Pipeline Transportation 0.003962

407 Gasoline Stations 0.175657

 Total 1

Vehicle expenses were assumed to cover repair (20%) and fuel (80%) costs. Automotive repair services were allocated 

to IMPLAN Pro Sector Automotive Repair and Maintenance, and the default margin table for Petroleum Refineries was 

used to allocate expenses for fuel and lubricants. 
Page 52

Wages: Captain and Crew

IMPLAN Sector Sector Title Proportion 

Value-Added Employee Compensation 1

 Total 1

The wages and salaries of employees were allocated to the Value-Added Sector Employee Compensation. 

Seafood Wholesale Dealer Expenditures 

Many of the commodities and services purchased by commercial harvesters are also purchased by wholesale seafood 

dealers. Therefore, to avoid duplication, detailed descriptions of wholesale dealer expenditures are only provided for 

products and services that were not purchased by commercial harvesters. Please see the Commercial Harvester Expenditure 

section for descriptions of the following expenses that were also incurred by wholesale seafood dealers: bank service 

charges, ice, insurance, interest expense, professional fees, profits, vehicles, taxes, and wages. 

Advertising

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

447 Advertising and Related Services 1

 Total 1

Advertising fees were allocated to IMPLAN Pro Sector 447 Advertising and Related Services. 

Packaging: Boxes

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

126 Paperboard Container Manufacturing 0.581083

390 Wholesale Trade 0.016356

391 Air Transportation 0.000463

392 Rail Transportation 0.026539

394 Truck Transportation 0.130381

411 Miscellaneous Store Retailers 0.245178

 Total 1

The default IMPLAN Pro margin table for Sector 126 Paperboard Container Manufacturing was used to allocate 

packaging expenses. 

Rent

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

431 Real Estate 1

 Total 1

Industries in the Real Estate Sector include establishments that are primarily engaged in the renting or leasing real 

estate to others, including the leasing of mini warehouses and storage buildings. 

Repair & Maintenance: Building

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

458 Services to Buildings and Dwellings 1

 Total 1

 
Page 53

Establishments contained in Sector 458 Services to Buildings and Dwellings are primarily engaged in cleaning and 

maintaining building interiors, and providing landscape care and maintenance. 

 

Shipping

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

394 Truck Transportation 1

 Total 1

The majority of seafood landings in the Northeast are shipped by truck to Northeast wholesale dealers. Therefore, 

IMPLAN Pro Sector 394 Truck Transportation was chosen to represent the costs associated with shipping. The Truck 

Transportation Sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing general freight trucking. 

Storage

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

400 Warehousing and Storage 1

 Total 1

Industries in IMPLAN Pro’s Warehousing and Storage Sector are primarily engaged in operating warehousing and 

storage facilities for general merchandise. 

Utilities: Electric

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

30 Power Generation and Supply 1

 Total 1

 IMPLAN Pro’s Power Generation and Supply Sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in generating, 

transmitting, and/or distributing electric power. 

Utilities: Gas

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

31 Natural Gas Distribution 1

 Total 1

 Establishments in IMPLAN Pro’s Natural Gas Distribution Sector are primarily engaged in transmitting and 

distributing gas to final consumers. 

Utilities: Telephone

IMPLAN 

Sector Sector Title Proportion 

422 Telecommunications 1

 Total 1

The Telecommunications Sector in IMPLAN Pro contains businesses that are primarily engaged in operating, 

maintaining, and/or providing access to facilities for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video. 

Fish Exchange/Auction Expenditures 

Commodities and services purchased by fish exchange/auction establishments in the NERIOM were assumed to be 

identical to those purchased by wholesale seafood dealers, with the exception of shipping fees, profits, and truck 

maintenance. Harvesters who sell their product through auction houses are assumed to pay for the transportation fees in the 

NERIOM, and owner profits were assumed to be zero since these establishments generally operate as nonprofit entities. 
Page 54

Expenditures included in the fish exchange/auction production function consisted of fees for advertising, bank service 

charges, ice, insurance, interest, mortgage payments, packaging supplies, professional fees, rent, building maintenance, 

storage, taxes, utilities, and employee wages. The IMPLAN Pro sectors associated with these expenses were discussed in 

the preceding two sections. 

Seafood Processor Expenditures 

The IMPLAN Pro default production function for Sector 71 Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging was used to 

allocate purchases by seafood processors in all 23 coastal sub-regions in the NERIOM to their appropriate IMPLAN Pro 

sector. This production function includes over 140 industry sectors that sell commodities and services to the 23 seafood 

processing sectors in the NERIOM.
Publishing in NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE

Manuscript Qualification

This series represents a secondary level of scientific

publishing in the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).

For all issues, the series employs thorough internal scientific

review, but not necessarily external scientific review. For most

issues, the series employs rigorous technical and copy editing.

Manuscripts that may warrant a primary level of scientific

publishing should be initially submitted to one of NMFS's

primary series (i.e., Fishery Bulletin, NOAA Professional Paper

NMFS, or Marine Fisheries Review).

Identical, or fundamentally identical, manuscripts should

not be concurrently submitted to this and any other publication

series. Manuscripts which have been rejected by any primary

series strictly because of geographic or temporal limitations

may be submitted to this series.

Manuscripts by Northeast Fisheries Science Center

(NEFSC) authors will be published in this series upon approval

by the NEFSC's Deputy Science & Research Director. Manuscripts by non-NEFSC authors may be published in this series

if: 1) the manuscript serves the NEFSC's mission; 2) the

manuscript meets the Deputy Science & Research Director's

approval; and 3) the author arranges for the printing and binding

funds to be transferred to the NEFSC's Research Communications Branch account from another federal account. For all

manuscripts submitted by non-NEFSC authors and published

in this series, the NEFSC will disavow all responsibility for the

manuscripts' contents; authors must accept such responsibility.

The ethics of scientific research and scientific publishing

are a serious matter. All manuscripts submitted to this series

are expected to adhere -- at a minimum -- to the ethical guidelines

contained in Chapter 1 ("Ethical Conduct in Authorship and

Publication") of the CBE Style Manual, fifth edition (Chicago,

IL: Council of Biology Editors). Copies of the manual are

available at virtually all scientific libraries.

edition of the United States Government Printing Office Style

Manual. That style manual is silent on many aspects of scientific

manuscripts. NEFSC publication and report series rely more on the

CBE Style Manual, fifth edition.

For in-text citations, use the name-date system. A special

effort should be made to ensure that the list of cited works contains

all necessary bibliographic information. For abbreviating serial

titles in such lists, use the guidance of the International Standards

Organization; such guidance is easily accessed through the various

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts’ serials source lists (see http://

www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/JAS.htm). Personal communications must include date of contact and full name and mailing

address of source.

For spelling of scientific and common names of fishes, mollusks, and decapod crustaceans from the United States and Canada,

use Special Publications No. 29 (fishes), 26 (mollusks), and 17

(decapod crustaceans) of the American Fisheries Society (Bethesda,

MD). For spelling of scientific and common names of marine

mammals, use Special Publication No. 4 of the Society for Marine

Mammalogy (Lawrence, KS). For spelling in general, use the most

recent edition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of

the English Language Unabridged (Springfield, MA: G.&C.

Merriam).

Typing text, tables, and figure captions: Text, tables, and

figure captions should be converted to Word. In general, keep text

simple (e.g., don't switch fonts and type sizes, don't use hard

returns within paragraphs, don't indent except to begin paragraphs).

Also, don't use an automatic footnoting function; all notes should

be indicated in the text by simple numerical superscripts, and listed

together in an "Endnotes" section prior to the "References Cited"

section. Especially, don't use a graphics function for embedding

tables and figures in text.

Tables should be prepared with a table formatting function.

Each figure should be supplied both on paper and on disk, unless

there is no digital file of a given figure. Except under extraordinary

circumstances, color will not be used in illustrations.

Manuscript Preparation

Organization: Manuscripts must have an abstract, table

of contents, and -- if applicable -- lists of tables, figures, and

acronyms. As much as possible, use traditional scientific

manuscript organization for sections: "Introduction," "Study

Area," "Methods & Materials," "Results," "Discussion" and/

or "Conclusions," "Acknowledgments," and "References Cited."

Style: All NEFSC publication and report series are

obligated to conform to the style contained in the most recent

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Operations, Management & Information Division

Research Communications Branch

Editorial Office

Manuscript Submission

Authors must submit one paper copy of the double-spaced

manuscript, one disk copy, and original figures (if applicable).

NEFSC authors must include a completely signed-off "NEFSC

Manuscript/Abstract/Webpage Review Form." Non-NEFSC authors who are not federal employees will be required to sign a

"Release of Copyright" form.

Send all materials and address all correspondence to: Editorial

Office, NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water

Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026.
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA

166 Water St.

Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026

Publications and Reports

of the

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

The mission of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is "stewardship of living marine resources

for the benefit of the nation through their science-based conservation and management and promotion of the health

of their environment." As the research arm of the NMFS's Northeast Region, the Northeast Fisheries Science

Center (NEFSC) supports the NMFS mission by "conducting ecosystem-based research and assessments of living

marine resources, with a focus on the Northeast Shelf, to promote the recovery and long-term sustainability of these

resources and to generate social and economic opportunities and benefits from their use." Results of NEFSC

research are largely reported in primary scientific media (e.g., anonymously-peer-reviewed scientific journals).

However, to assist itself in providing data, information, and advice to its constituents, the NEFSC occasionally

releases its results in its own media. Currently, there are three such media:

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE -- This series is issued irregularly. The series typically includes: data reports of longterm field or lab studies of important species or habitats; synthesis reports for important species or habitats; annual reports of overall

assessment or monitoring programs; manuals describing program-wide surveying or experimental techniques; literature surveys of

important species or habitat topics; proceedings and collected papers of scientific meetings; and indexed and/or annotated bibliographies.

All issues receive internal scientific review and most issues receive technical and copy editing.

Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document -- This series is issued irregularly. The series typically includes: data reports

on field and lab studies; progress reports on experiments, monitoring, and assessments; background papers for, collected abstracts of,

and/or summary reports of scientific meetings; and simple bibliographies. Issues receive internal scientific review, but no technical

or copy editing.

Resource Survey Report (formerly Fishermen's Report) -- This information report is a quick-turnaround report on the distribution

and relative abundance of selected living marine resources as derived from each of the NEFSC's periodic research vessel surveys of the

Northeast's continental shelf. There is no scientific review, nor any technical or copy editing, of this report.

OBTAINING A COPY: To obtain a copy of a NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE or a Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Reference Document, or to subscribe to the Resource Survey Report, either contact the NEFSC Editorial Office (166 Water St., Woods

Hole, MA 02543-1026; 508-495-2228) or consult the NEFSC webpage on "Reports and Publications" (http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/

nefsc/publications/).

ANY USE OF TRADE OR BRAND NAMES IN ANY NEFSC PUBLICATION OR REPORT DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT.

MEDIA

 MAIL