NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product 

does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA! 

ERL. Use for pUblicity Or advertising purposes, of 

information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is 

not authorized. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Edited by C.M. Darnell and D.F. Reid. 

Design and electronic production by C.M. Darnell. 

GLERL Contribution No. 944 

ii 
Contents 

Introduction ...... .......... ...... ...... ..................... ..... ......................... ............ I 

Pollutant Effects ..................................................................................... 3 

Water Resources .................................................................................... 5 

Marine Hazards ...................................................................................... 7 

Non-Indigenous Species ........................................................................ 9 

Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes ........................... 12 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) ................... 14 

CoastWatch ............................................................................................ 15 

Nearshore Processes .............................................................................. 16 

Independent Research Projects ..... ............... ....... ..... ..... ......... ...... .......... 17 

Facilities and Services ........................................................................... 21 

Outreach Activities ................................................................................ 25 

GLERL Seminars .................................................................................. 36 

FY 94 Staff ............................................................................................ 37 

Visiting Scientists .................................................................................. 38 

FY 94 Publications ................................................................................ 39 

FY 94 Presentations ............................................................................... 43 

Acronyms ............................................................................................... 47 

iii 
INTRODUCTION 

• 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

(GLERL) conducts integrated, interdisciplinary environmental 

research in support of resource management and environmental 

services in coastal and estuarine waters, with special emphasis on 

the Great Lakes. Primary research activities are organized into 

research programs that are in accordance with NOAA's mission 

and Strategic Plan and that address critical Great Lakes and 

marine coastal problems: Pollutant Effects, Water Resources. 

Marine Hazards, Non-Indigenous Species, Climate Variabiliry 

and Global Change in Large Lakes. Nutrient-Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity (NECOP), Great Lakes CoasrWatch, and 

Nearshore Hydrodynamics. These research areas correspond to 

Strategic Plan Elements in NOAA's Environmental Stewardship 

Portfolio and the Environmental Assessment and Prediction 

Portfolio. 

GLERL enhances its research activities through the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (ClLER), 

which is a joint research enterprise of the University of Michigan, 

Michigan State University, and GLERL. CILER promotes 

collaborative research between scientists from throughout the 

Great Lakes basin, addressing a wide variety of research tOpics of 

mutual interest. Many of the projects described here involve 

participation between GLERL staff and CILER Fellows, Visiting 

Fellows, and other scientific staff. 

This report describes the significant activities and accomplishments during the period October I, 1993 - September 30. 

1994. For general information on how to obtain GLERL 

products, see the Facilities and Services section of this report. 

CD 
LD 

Director 

Assistant to the Director 

Publications Unit Administrative Office 

Marine Operations and Computer and Information 

Instrumentation Laboratory Systems Group 

• Marine Instrumentation Lab • Computer Systems Support • Facllllies Support • StatIstical ServIces • Vassal Operations • Llbmry Inlonnation Services • Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

Biogeochemical 

Sciences Division Phyalcal Sciences Division 

• Aquatic Contaminants • Water Resources 

• Blogeochemlca/ Processes • Hydrodynamic Modeling 

• Ecosystem DynamIcs 

II> Research Pro 9 rams 

Pollutant Effects 

Water Resources 

Marine Hazards 

Non-Indigenous Species 

• OceanlLake Observations 

Climate Variability and Global Change in Large Lakes 

Nearshore Processes 

Independent Research Projects 

Other NOAA-wide programs 

Other Agency Progrems 

GLERL's Organization Structure 
POLLUTANT EFFECTS 

• 

The goal of this program's research is to increase our understanding of the dynamics and 

effects of contaminants in the 

ecosystem. The research effort 

combines process studies and 

mathematical modeling and focuses on toxic organic contaminants. Because the role of contaminatedsediments is the least 

well understood, but one of the 

most important. of the exposure pathways. the present research is focused on sedimentassociated contaminanrs and 

how benthic organisms are affected by exposure to rhese sediments .. 

Contaminant Effects and the 

Relationship to Exposure 

(Project Scientist: Landrum) 

Tbe goal of this project is to explote the relationship between contaminant exposure and contaminant 

effects on biota. To accomplish this 

goal, new bioassays are being developed to follow the body burdens required to elicit the effects of these contaminants. In FY 94. preliminary toxiciryand bioaccumulationexperiments 

withfluroanthenewereperformed. The 

calibration of the 28-day mortaliry bioassay for the amphipod Diporeia was 

completed. resulting in the creation of 

an annex to the American Sociery for 

TeSting and Materials (ASTM) Srandard E 1383. which established the use 

of DipoT(iIl as a bioassay organism for 

mortaliry testing. Data analyses on 

toxiciry and toxicokinerics of pyrene in 

Diportill were completed. 

Physical and Biological 

Diagenetic Processes 

in Sediments 

(Projec! Scientist: Landrum) 

This research examines how contaminants afkctthe activi ties ofbenthic 

invertebrates, and how the activities of 

benthic invertebrates contribute to sediment bioturbation. 

In FY 94, GLERL completed its 

contribution to a model of the oligoehaete worm Stylodrilus htringianus 

reworking of DDT -contaminated sediments. 

Long-Term Trends 

in Benthic Populations 

(Project Scientist: Nalepa) 

The objectives of this project are to 

determine trends in benthic invertebrate populations in selected areas of 

the Great Lakes and determine the 

significance and reasons for such trends, 

Starting in 1993. this project was expanded to incorporate the requirements 

of the Environmental Protection 

Agency's (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program 

(EMAP) for the Great Lakes. 

In FY 94, samples were obtained 

ftom southern LakeMichigan and Lake 

Superior and preserved, and the benthic 

organisms were separated from the reS! 

of the material. Counting and identification of oligochaetes (worms) and 

chironomids (midges or insect larvae) 

were completed for 1993 samples. 

Bioavailability of SedimentAssociated Toxic 

Organic Contaminants 

(Project Scientist: Landrum) 

Assessment of the risks associared 

with contaminated sediments requires 

(I) determination of the conditions 

under which sediment-associated toxic 

organk compounds accumulate in 

benthic organisms, (2) determination 

of whether the toxins are transferred 

up the food chain. and (3) development of models for describing bioaccumulation. 

In FY 94, the assimilation efficiencies for both Diporeia and the worm 

Lumbriculus variegalu, were deterOJ 
mined. The assimilation efficiencywrul 

found to depend, in part, on the assumprians used for the calculadons. 

Because none of the standard methods 

ate assumption~free> these results dem~ 

onstrated that a significant factor in 

determin ing the assimilation efficiency 

is, in fact, the methodology employed. 

Analyses of sediments from five 

starions in Lake Michigan pI us 

Florissant soil (a reference sediment) 

were completed and evaluated fat factors that affect the bioavailabiliry of 

sediment-associated contaminants. 

The variance among the Lake Michigan stations was reduced with carbon 

normalization. However, the variance 

for the Florissant soil data was not 

significantly improved by carbon normalization. Sediments from Florida, 

South Carolina, Missouri, across the 

A GLERL scientist collects sediment 

samples aboard the RIV Shenehon 

for analysis at the Ann Arbor laboratory. 

Great Lakes, and Finland were obtained and will be tested ro determine 

if the same failure of the carbon normalization technique would occur if 

the materials employed were all aquatic 

sediments. 

The bioavailabiliry of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Wrulexamined to determine the appropriate 

conditions for the use of Lumbriculus 

variegatus as a bioassay organism. No 

dimrenees in the uptake kinetics were 

observed for labor.tory-dosed \'S. fieldresident PAH in conraminated sedimenrs when the PAHs were of lower 

molecular weight, but significantly 

slower uptake kinetics were observed 

for the higher molecular weight PAHs 

in fidd samples relative to laboratory 

dosed PAHs. Addition.Uy, mixing of 

the sediments was shown to increase 

the bioavailabiliryofthe PAH, suggesting that even sim pIe man i pulations can 

influence the tesults of laboratory bioassays used in assessing sedjment-associated contaminants. 

Assessment of Extractability 

and Bioavailability 

(Project Scientist: Van Hoof) 

A major topic in assessing the exposure ofbenrhic organisms to persistent hydrophobic organic compounds 

(HOCs) is the relative importance of 

uptake via the bulk overlying water, 

interstitial pore waterj or ingestion of 

sediment. This project is ro assess the 

importance of environmental factors 

such as contact time and weathering on 

HOC sorption to sediment and bioaccumulation by the benthic organism 

Diporeiasp. In addition, the potential 

of using chemical extraction kinetics to 

assess bioavailabairy is being explored. 

In FY 94, the development and 

testing of extraction and analytical 

methodologies necessary for a study of 

bioaccumulation of laboratory-dosed 

and field-resident P AHs in Little Scioto 

River (Ohio) sedimenrwascompleted. 

Cores from Lake George, a part of the 

St. Marys River, were used in a Lumbricu/us bioaccumulation bioassay. The 

bioavailabiliry was expected to decrease 

with distance downcore as a resulr of 

increased contact time of contaminants 

with sarbem, in this cil.'le sediment. 

However, no change in bioavailabiliry 

was observed fat P AHs between 4 and 

48 Cm. These results have not yet been 

explained; examination of thed.tacontinucs, 
WATER RESOURCES 

• 

Great Lakes water is used for 

drinking. power generation. 

commercial shipping. and recreation. and it supports an extensive commercial and spOrt 

fishery. Both natural (evaporation) and anthropogenic (diversions. consumption) influences threaten this valuable resource. The purpose of this 

program is to develop improved 

predictions. cl imatology, statistics for decision-making, and 

process studies, and to interface 

with policy and decisionmakers. 

Great Lakes Hydrology 

and Ice Databases 

(Project ScientiSts: Assel & Lee) 

This goal of this project is to develop and provide new or improved 

historical hydro meteorological and ice 

cover databases. Geographic information darabases of the Great Lakes basin 

will be developed and maintained and 

the hydrology and ice cover databases 

will be linked with the geographic databases for spatial anal}"'i •. 

In FY 94. digiral station data were 

received from the National Climatic 

Data Cenrer and were used to provide 

precipitation metadata quality conrrol 

for scanning accuracy and consistency. 

Pre-1948 monthly temperature data 

for the Great Lakes states were also 

digitized. Development of a Geographic InfOrmation System (GIS) database of daily meteorological data for 

the United States was initiated, and 

data through 1993. as well as some 

Canadian data, wete added. A data 

rescue subproject was initiared with 

funding from NOAA's Earth S}"'tem 

Data and Information Management 

(ESDIM) Program. Under rhis subproject. a caralog of all historical ice 

charts at GLERL for the decade of the 

1980s and early I 990swas completed, 

and ice charts fOr 1993 and 1994 were 

obtained from the National Snow and 

Ice Center and the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. 

Great Lakes Water-Level 

Statistics fOr Decision-Making 

(Project Scientists: Quinn, Lee, Herch.) 

The long-rerm objective of this 

project is to develop improved waterlevel statistics that reflect (1) existing 

hydrologic and hydraulic conditions, 

(2) the long lag response of the lakes ro 

meteorological variability. (3) changes 

in climatic regimes. and (4) the needs 

of diverse Great Lakes decision-makers. In FY 94. a srudy of covariance 

properties of annual net basin supplies 

to the Great Lakes was completed. A 

major finding was that the residual 

method used operationally to determine net basin supplies can induce an 

artificially long tail in the autocorrelation function. This observation has 

important ramifications to efforts to 

simulate Great Lakes water levels. because simulation results are quite sensitive to the covariance structure of the 

annual net basin supplies. 

Next-Generation Runoff Models 

(Project Scientist: Lee) 

GLERL hasdevdoped conceptualmodel-based techniques for simulating moisture storages and runoff from 

the 121 watersheds draining into the 

Laurentian Great Lakes. This project 

will refine runoff models so that they 

can be in tegrated with atmospheric 

process models in another task and can 

incorporate recent advancemenrs in 

measurements of hydro meteorological 

data. Linking the surface hydrology 

process models with atmospheric process models will allow feedback beOJ 
tween climate and land surfaces and 

result in morc-aCCUrale estimates of 

regional and local climate change impacts. The goals of this project are (1) 

to develop the next-generation runoff 

models with gridded land surface parameterization, from I to 30 km. which 

can be incorporated into mesoscale 

atmo'pheric models and water supply 

simulation and forecasting packages. 

and (2) to implement the improved 

models at agencies responsible for water resources forecasting and manage~ 

menL 

In FY 94. a high-resolution (IOO 

m X 100 m) digital elevation model of 

the Great Lakes basin was completed. 

Exploratory datasets of watershed delineation, stream nerwork. flow direction, and flow accumulation were derived from the digital elevation model. 

Soil data for each of the Great Lalres 

Slates and two Canadian provinces 

were acquired. Land USe and land 

cover data were also acquired for the 

United States, and comparable data 

for Canada were located. A review of 

the Regional Atmospheric Modeling 

System (RAMS) atmospheric model 

land surface parameterizations was 

completed. Some potential programming errors were identified. and 

decoupling of the land-surface parameterizations component was initiated. 

Semi·DistrlbL.l!ooPammflter Mod9>S: 

Water Resources 

Forecasting System 

(Project Scientist: Croley) 

The availability of adequate water 

resources to support the Nation~s continuing growth and infrastructure will 

be one of the major issues of the 21 st 

century. Forecast systems that provide 

water resource forecasts of variables 

over large areas at time scales of several 

days to several weeks or months are 

needed. NOAA's program to build a 

nationwide Water Resources Forecast~ 

ing System (W ARFS) provides for 

GLERL to develop the water resource 

forecasting capabiliry in the Great Lalres 

basin. 

The goal of this project is to build 

an operational water resource forecast~ 

ing system for the Great Lakes basin. 

including development of a new suite 

of desired forecast products and integrarion of models. data management. 

and analysis techniques. In FY94, the 

conceptual plan and related documentation were completed to outline this 

ptoject through the year 2000. 

Coupled HydrosphereAtmosphere Research Model 

(Project Scientist: Croley) 

Understanding how the Great 

Lalres affect the weather. and understanding how the weather affects the 

Great Lalres will allow more-informed 

decisions to be made concerning potential impacts of altered climate and 

anomalous (wet) seasonal weather patterns. such as that experienced in parts 

of the midwest during the summer of 

1993. The main goal of this research is 

to assess the hydrologic-atmospheric 

dynamics within the Great Lalres basill. This is supported by three objectives: (I) develop a Coupled Hydtosphere-Atmosphere Research Model 

(CHARM) from existing atmospheric 

and hydrologic models by using twoway dynamic interactions. (2) enhance 

the model with second-generation SUfface parameterizations for lalre thermal 

flux and runoff. and (3) refine earlier 

climate change estimates and estimates 

from other mesoscale modeling efforts 

by developing one-way linkages between them and the Great Lalre. hydrology models. 

In FY 94. the incorporation of 

existing runoff and lalre thermodynamic 

models into the modeling system was 

completed. and ancillary software was 

developed to configure National Meteorological Center (NMC) input and 

analyze CHARM output for monthly 

means. 

GLERL's Water Resource Models 

and Past Applications. 
MARINE HAZARDS 

• 

Marine hazards are the result of 

a variety of environmental phenomena and pose threats of 

loss oflife or property and soeial or economic disruption. 

Large waves, high and low lake 

levels. heavy snowfalls. ice, and 

erosion are significant hazards 

in the Great Lakes system and 

(with the exception oflow lake 

levels) in other coastal areas as 

well. Human-caused hazards 

also pose serious threats. especially spills of petroleum products and chemicals. This research program provides modds and other service products 

to assist in marine hazard prediction, emergency response, 

damage prevention and reduction. and more effective management of water resources. 

Lake Circulation Studies 

and the Great Lakes Coastal 

Forecasting System 

(Project Scientists: Schwab. 

McCormick, & O'Connor) 

Numerical.imulation and prediction of temperatures and Currents in 

the Great Lakes i. the rocus of this 

research program. In FY 94, the title 

of the Great Lakes Forecasting System 

{GLFS} was changed to Great Lakes 

Coastal Forecasting System {GLCFS}. 

to alleviate confusion between this and 

a water resources forecast system also 

being developed at GLERL. The 

GLCFS is a collaborative effon between NOANGLERL and Ohio State 

University. The objective. of this 

GLCFS project are {l} to develop and 

test improved hydrodynamic models 

that can simulate and predict the threedimensional structure of currents and 

temperatures in the Great Lakes. {2} to 

extend the models to simulate and predict the transpon and diffusion of pollutants and nutrients, and (3) to couple 

these models ro aquatic ecology and 

water quality models. The goal of 

GLCFS is to implement and test a 

system for real-time prediction of the 

physical status of the Great Lake. based 

on the hydrodynamic model. developed under this project. A user/dient 

meeting was held with the National 

Weather Service (NWS) to discuss plans 

for operational use of the GLCFS. 

Lake Erie nowcasts were extended 

to four times a day for use by EPA in a 

Lake Erie study. Hourly water level 

data from the Buffalo, Toledo. and 

Cleveland National Ocean Service 

water level gauges were compared with 

the 1993 GLCFS nowcasts. Agreement was excellent, indicating that the 

objectively analyzed wind fields used to 

drive the nowcasts are vety aCCurate. 

Surface water temperatures from two 

weather buoys in the lake were also 

compared with nowcast values for the 

endre year. Both average daily temperatures and hourly deviations from 

the daily mean (diurnal cyde) agreed 

quite well. although there were periods 

in the spring when the model temperatures were lower than observed temperatures, and periods in the fall when 

model temperatures were higher than 

observations. The circulation model 

for Lake Erie was also evaluated in a 

hindcast mode against current meter 

data collected in an extensive field program in Lake Erie in 1979. The simulated water cemperatures, and to a lesser 

extent the velocities, show poor comparisons at nearshore locations, indicating that the calculations in thecoastal 

and thermodine areas need to be improved. The circulation model was also 

tested in a number of idealized cases 

where specific processes can be isolated. These tests led 10 a new explanarion for the persistent cyclonic circulation observed in stratified lakes. 

Coastal Hazards 

(ProjCC! ScientiSt: Schwab) 

Meteorologieal and oceanographic 

conditions in coastal areas can sometimes become dangerous enough to 

cause significant damage to property 

(boats, ships, structures, ere.) and reLlJ 
suit in loss of human life. The primary 

factor responsible for producing hazardous conditions is the marine surface 

wind. Thewind is a hazard by itselHor 

boats, ships, and other structures. but 

me danger to these is increased by 

wind-generated waves) storm surges, 

and generated currents. This project's 

goal is to develop models for coastal 

wind forecasts. T .sting, evaluating, 

and refining marine boundary layer 

physics in the mesoscale models for 

wind predictions over the Great Lakes 

are the primary objecrives. Specifically, the focus is on testing the NWSI 

NMC Eta-coordinate model for the 

Great Lakes region and looking for 

necessary changes in the grid representation of the coastline geometry and 

topography, and modifications to me 

boundary layer physics to improve its 

performance. 

In FY 94, Eta model winds from 

the 40-km experimental version were 

used to drive a free-surface hydrodynamic model fOr 16 cases. Resultswere 

compared with runs made with objectively analyzed wind observations. The 

40-km semi-operational Eta model was 

replaced by a 29-km version in May 

1994, and forecasts from the new version were acquired and archived. 

Buoy 45005 Buoy 45132 

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25 -Modol 

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150 200 250 300 350 150 200 250 300 

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Surface water temperatures from two weather buoys were compared with 

GlCfS values for average daily temperature and hourly deviations. 

350 

j 

24 
NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES 

• 

The objective of this program is 

to expand our knowledge of the 

biology and the ecological effects 

of non-indigenous species in the 

Great Lakes. Research involves 

fidd investigations to monitor 

ecosystem changes and community response to these species and 

examines biological traits of the 

organisms themselves. Research 

also indudes laboratoty experiments to determine metabolic 

!Catures and feeding rates and 

examines toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of toxics. 

Effects of the Zebra Mussel 

on the Lower Food Web 

of Saginaw Bay 

(Project Scientists: Nalepa, 

Fahnenstiel, & McCormick) 

The objectives of this project are 

(I) to identifY and understand changes 

in the abundance, biomass, and composition of the lower food web of 

Saginaw Bay that have resulted from 

the invasion of the zebra mussel (Dremena po/ymorpha), (2) to construct a 

model of carbon flow through the 

system and determine major changes 

in pathways, which may have been 

caused by the zebra mussel disrupting 

the ecosystem, and (3) ro monitor 

changes in the abundance and distribution of zebra mussels in the bay. 

During FY 94, water quality data 

from 1991 to 1993wereanalyzed,and 

processing of benthos and zooplankton samples through 1993 was completed. Dataaboutzebramusselabundance, size, length-weight parameters, 

and seasonal clearance rates were organized and summarized. The third 

(and final year) ofcurrent-metermoorings across the outer bay was COmpleted; all moorings were retrieved, 

and 3 years of raw current-meter data 

were compiled. Two years of meteorological data from the GLERL Meteorological Station established at 

Gravely Shoal were compiled. The 

1991-1993 compilations of Met Station, water quality, zooplankton, and 

zebra mussd abundance data were provided to EPA fur its Saginaw Bay ecosystem model calibration. 

T oxiookinetics and 

Bioaccumulation of Organic 

Contaminants by the 

Zebra Mussel 

(Project Scientist: Landrum) 

Assessing the impact of the zebra mussel on the distribution ofcontaminants 

in ecosystems dominated by this organism is the goal of this project. The 

feeding activities of zebra mussels may 

result in faster deposition of sediments 

and may also change the composition 

and mobility of material, on the bottom. The selected chemicals, primarily 

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 

P AHs, are representative of both their 

class and the physical and chemical 

characteristics embodied in the chemicalsas model compounds. Compounds 

from other chemical classes will be 

employed where specific characteristics will' be helpful to determine specific processes or mechanisms of action. 

In FY 94. development of analytical methods for PCBs in these different 

types of samples was begun. The 

experimental phase of a study on the 

effects of temperature on the contaminants' accumulation kinetics by the 

zebra mussel was completed. Analysis 

of data on the assimilation efficiency of 

the zebra mussel for several selected 

compounds from both suspendedsediments and algae was completed. The 

crayfish was identified as a possible link 

in the zebra mussel food chain, and 

procedures to work with it were developed, as well as preliminary experiments to determine the uptake and 

elimination kinetics of several P AHs in 

the crayfish. 

LiJ 
Direct Observations on the 

Trophic Ecology of Dreissena 

Early Lik Stages: The Critical 

Planktonic Period 

(Project Sciemist: Vanderploeg) 

The pelagic phase (eggs and larvae) 

of the zebra mussel is a weak link in its 

life ,----yelet with Inortalities of nearly 

100% depending on environmental 

conditions. This project is (1) observing feeding mechanisms, food choice, 

and feeding rates of Dreissena larvae, 

(2) determining nutritional requirements of DreiSJena larvae, and (3) determining the vulnerability of Dreissena eggs and larvae to zooplankton. 

In FY 94, methods to cultivate 

1.ebra mussel larvae were refined with a 

standard diet (Chlore/ta minuti"ima) 

'0 that larvae may now be routinely 

reared in the laboratory for research 

purposes. Methods for conducting 

predation experiments on larvae in 

bottles were fully worked out so that 

combinations of ttochopore5, veligers, 

and algae could be simultaneously presented to potential predators at realistic 

concentrations of predator and prey. 

Preliminary experiments using these 

methods were perfurmed. 

Long-Term Changes in the 

Resuspendible Sediments of 

Saginaw Bay 

(Project Scienri,,,,, Eadie & Bell) 

During feeding, adult zebra mussels capture suspended particulate matter and redeposit it as feces and pseudofeces on the bottom, thereby affecting 

the composition and mobility of materials in the sediment resuspendible 

pool in Saginaw Bay and affecting system residence times of partide-associ~ 

ared constituents. Analyzing 

resuspendible sediments for gross compositional changes, and for nutrients, 

carbon, and cesium- 137 will help to 

estimate the resuspension flux of rhese 

constituents, and will determine the 

SCUBA Divers are an important part of sample 

collection in the Non-Indigenous Species Program. 

carbon and nitrogen pathway changes 

caused by the mussel. 

In FY 94. the analyses of stable 

carbon and nitrogen isotopes in samples 

collected between 1991 and 1992 were 

completed, and additional sam pies were 

collected for comparison with organic 

contaminanrconcenttations. The data 

revealed that the mass flux of resuspended sediments more than doubled 

between 1991 and 1992, which supports our hypothesis thar the nature 

and the resuspendibilityofbottom sediments wiU change (increase) in areas 

heavily infested with the zebra mussel. 

Inaddition, theC:N ratio in suspended 

matter decreased significantly between 

1991 and 1992. The C:N ratio is a 

good indicator offoOO quality, and the 

decrease of the ratio in Saginaw Bay 

indicates a diminished food quality. 

We attribute this to the increased presence of Microcystis, a toxic algae that 

reappeared with the onset of the zebra 

mussel infestation. 

Effects of the Zebra Mussel 

on Nutrient Cycling and 

Lower Food Web Dynamics in 

Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron 

(Project Scientist: Gardner) 

By altering the biomass of both 

phytoplankton and bacteria, which 

compete for phosphotus, and removing suspended particulates, zebra mussels may affect nutrient cycles and microbial dynamics in an ecosystem. The 

goal of this project is to (1) determine 

the direcr and indirect effects of the 

zebra mussel on nutrient regeneration 

and uptake by various trophic componenes in the lower food web, (2) determine the effects of the zebra mussel on 

bacteria, (3) determine how the sources, 

cycling rates. and fate of labile dissolved organic matter are affected by 

the presence of the zebra mussel, (4) 

determine the "nutritional composition" of feces and pseudoreces produced by the zebra mussel, and (5) 
compare field observations of standing 

srocks and process rates with those 

predicted from bottle and mesocosm 

experiments. 

In FY 94, pelagic bottle experiments ro observe tile effects of thezebta 

mussel on lowet fuodweb and nutrient 

dynamics were conducted using a seties of light (natutal) and dark bottle 

experiments with additions of Nitrogen-IS-labeled ammonium and amino 

acids in the presence and absence of 

zehra mussels. Results indicate thatthe 

zehra mussel may suhstantially affect 

bacterial and nutrient dynamics hy 

changing the nature of organic substrates that are availahle to the hacteria. 

ltwas again observed that zebra mussel 

activiry was substantially decreased 

when the blue-green alga, Microcystis, 

became dominant. Benthic chamber 

experiments to observe the effects of 

the zebra mussel on benthic nutrient 

dynamics and on nutrient regenera .. 

tion rate rados were initiated at one 

field site. Contrary to our expectations, 

denitrification rates were very low at 

this location. 

Metabolic Physiology of the 

Zebra Mussd 

(Project Scientists: Nalepa) 

Although information is available 

from Europe about hiological and ecological characteristics of the zebra mussel, little is known about its physiological characteristics or variation in its 

biochemical COntent. Such data are 

imporrant as indicators of the tdative 

health of the population and may provide an understanding of fluctuations 

in the populations. Objectives of this 

project ate to determine (I) seasonal 

oxygen consumption and nitrogen (ammonia) excretion of zebra mussels collected frorn Lake St. Clair, and (2) lipid 

content and C:N ratios of soft tissue 

from zebra mussels collected from Lake 

St. Clair and Saginaw Bay. Lipid, 

carbon, and nitrogen content, and the 

amount of soft body tissue per unit 

length are determined for mussels of 

different sizes (as measured by shell 

length). 

During FY 94, another survey of 

the distribution and abundance of native mussels (unionids) and zebra mussels in Lake St. Clair was conducted. 

Surveys of the zebra mussel population 

document changes in numbers over 

time and determine if changes in rhe 

metabolic physiology of the individual 

are reflected at the level of the population. Surveys of the native mussel 

population reveal that the native mussel popularion of Lake St. Clair has 

been decimated by encroachment of 

zebra mussels and within a few years, 

the native mussels will be completely 

eliminated from the lake. 

L!!J 
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND 

GLOBAL CHANGE IN LARGE LAKES 

• 

The Great Lakes are excdlent sites 

for climate change research because of the existence of measurable physical. biological. and 

chemical signals. the existence of 

long-term records. ongoingphysical process studies, and the importance of resources (a 

multibillion dollar sport and commerciai fishery. fresh drinking 

water Ii" a large segment of the 

U.S. population, a multibillion 

dollar commercial transportation 

warerway, etc.). Large lakes are 

"dosed syste ms" wi th boundaries 

on spatial scales that make them 

more tractable for study than the 

oceans. Many of the environmental situations that make some 

of the oceanic systems desirable 

for study of climate change are 

also present in the Great Lakes 

and can be studied with smaller 

logistical budgets. This program 

combines several projects that examine the potential effects of dimate change on the Grear Lakes 

water resources and ecosystem . 

• 

Effect of Climate Change 

on Large-Lake Ice Cycles 

(Project Scientist: Asscl) 

The duration and extent of ice 

cover on the Great Lakes have a major 

impact on the economy of the region 

by impeding commetcial navigation, 

interfering with hydropower production and cooling water intakes, and 

damaging shore strucrures. The ice 

cover also has an impact on the water 

balance of the lake by affecting lake 

evaporation and other hear and momentum transfers) and impacts the bi~ 

ology and chemistry of the lakes. which 

are affected by the length and extent of 

ice cover. Oimare change associated 

with global warming will possibly affect the ice cover. which in rum will 

affect other physical, chemical. and 

biological processes. Objectivesofthis 

project include (I) developing models 

to berter simulate the seasonal cycle of 

ice formation and loss on the Great 

Lakes. (2) estimating the Gteat Lakes 

ice cover for past winters. and (3) providing historical information on ice 

cover trends, cycles, and other variations that will be useful in placing rhe 

ice cover of the 1990s and beyond in 

historical perspective. 

In FY94. freeze-up and/or ice loss 

dares from five bay and harbor sires on 

the Great Lakes were analyzed to 

identifyvariation and trends in these 

ice event dates over rhe past 170 years. 

The Great Lakes ice cover during rhe 

1993-94 wimer was unusually exrensive because of unusually low air temVariation in long-term average ice loss dates. 

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peratures. Data were obtained and 

compiled from the NOM CHmate 

Analysis Center in Camp Springs, 

Maryland, the NWS Forecast Office in 

Cleveland, Ohio, and the National Ice 

Center, in Suitland. Maryland, for 

analysis of the atmospheric circulation 

associated with the below-normal air 

temperatures and above-normal ice 

cover, and to compare with data from 

previous winters. 

Thermal Structure Monitoring 

for Climate Change 

(Project Scientist: McConnick) 

The main objectives of this project 

are (1) to develop improved climatological inrormation (by means of observations. new instrumentation, and 

improved analysis) On the distribution 

and variability of coastal and offihore 

water temperarures and study their dependence on meteorological and hydrological forces, with emphasis on 

pOtential changes in climate, and (2) to 

concurrently provide data for improving numerical models that can simulate and predict the thermal structure 

in the lakes. 

In FY 94, a surface temperature 

mooring was successfully recovered, its 

data archived. and another deployed to 

resr new data loggers. Two subsurface 

moorings, one with current meters and 

one with thermistors, were also recov· 

_red and redeployed. The dara storage 

unit in the subsurface thermistor mooring had a unexplained data gap of several months during the fall and winter. 

Warer temperature data records were 

obtained from Erie, Pennsylvania; PutIn-Bay, Ohio; Sandusky Bay, Ohio; 

Tawas City, Michigan; Bay City, 

Michigan; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; 

Muskegon, Michigan; St. Joseph, 

Michigan; Green Bay, Wisconsin; and 

Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Qualiry 

control and editing of these data were 

completed. 

Impacts of Climate Change 

on the Hydrology 

of the Great Lakes 

(Project Scientist: Croley) 

The primary goal of this task is to 

determine potential impacts of future 

climate change on the hydrology of the 

Great Lakes basin, and specifically on 

net basin water supplies. Of particular 

concern is how various climate regimes 

may affect variability from year to year 

in net basin supplies and in lake level •. 

During FY 94, several climate 

transposition analyses were performed: 

dataset. were prepared for a modified 

scenario in which lake effects were included, and the climate from the Mississippi River basin during the recent 

extreme flooding was transferred for 

five different periods. The hydrological impacts associated with each of 

these transformed climates were simulated ana used to estimate the resulting 

lake levels and flows through the conneeting channels. The Great Lakes 

Water Supply Forecast System was 

transferred to the computers of the 

Midwest Climate Cemer. the Army 

Corps of Engineers, and the New York 

Power Authority. 

Lill 
NECOP 

The Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity 

(NECOP) activity is one of a 

seriesofNOM-wide programs 

dealing with major problems 

in the coastal ocean. The central hypothesis is that increased 

nutrient input from the Mississippi River has led to increased productivity, with undesirable consequences. 

GLERL has been involved in 

the following studies, which 

are components of NECOP: 

Fate and Effects of Riverine 

(and Shdf-Derived) Dissolved 

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen 

on Mississippi River PlumeGulf Shelf Processes; Retrospective Analysis of NutrientEnhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity in Louisiana Continental Shelf Sedimenrs; Buoyaney and Nutrient Exchange 

in the Mississippi River Outflow Region; and Primaty Production and Vertical Flux of 

Organic Carbon. 

During FY 94, analyses were completed for remaining samples and all data 

were compiled for previous field years for all projects under this program. 

Principal Investigators (Pis) participated in a NECOP workshop ro identify 

progress and plans for the wrap-up of this program. During FY94. the NECOP 

program formally went into a synthesis mode; except for some monitoring 

cruises there was no field work in FY 94. An all-PI Synthesis Workshop was held 

in Baton Rouge. Louisiana. and all GLERL PIs participated in the presentations; 

summary papers will be published as a proceedings. In addition. several 

manuscripts were submitted to an issue of the journal Em,ariesdedicated to' the 

NECOP program. These papers were published in early 1995. GLERL PIs also 

co-organized and participated in a special NECOP session at the American 

Geophysical Union-American Sociery of Limnology and Oceanography (AGUASLO) meeting in San Diego. Some 44 papers were presented. andinterprogram 

communication with the northern Gulf Marine Minerals Management Louisiana Texas Experiment (LATEX) program was established. All of these activities 

will help in the final development of synthesis papers in FY 96. 

NECOP Scientist Alan Bratkovich deploying sampling equipment 

aboard the NOAA Research Vessel Malcolm Baldridge. 
COASTWATCH 

• 

CoastWatch is a NOAA-wide 

program within the Coastal 

Ocean Program (COP). As a 

CoastWatch Regional Site. 

GLERL is establishing operations 

of the Great Lakes Regional National Ocean Communications 

Network (NOCN) Node 

(RNN), identifying regional 

CoastWatch users and their 

NOAA data needs, and supplying useful products ro participants in the Great Lakes 

CoastWatch Program. 

Great lakes CoastWatch 

and NOAA Ocean 

Communications Network 

(Project Scientist: Leshkevich) 

The objectives of this task are to 

(1) establish operations of the Great 

Lakes RNN. (2) identify regional 

CoasrWatch users and supply their 

NOAA data needs. and (3) research 

and develop related CoastWatch data 

products and uses specific to the Great 

Lakes region. 

In FY 94. the Great Lakes 

CoastWatch node supported 35 users, 

up from 20 the previous year. Sur&ce 

temperature, winds, Great Lakes marine observations. and water level data 

were provided routinelyasCoastWatch 

products. 

Great Lakes CoastWatch Product 

Development and Research 

(Project Scientist' Leshkevich) 

The objective, of this task are to 

(1) evaluate and help validate Great 

Lakes CoastWatch products, (2) provide input to the National Environ· 

mental Satellite. Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) fur product 

needs and development. and (3) research and develop related products 

and uses speciflc to the Great Lakes 

region using CoastWatch data. 

In FY 94. a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) application demonstration 

and SAR ice field work were com· 

pleted. 

[ill 
NEARSHORE PROCESSES 

• 

Wind and waves are primary 

driving forces ror water movements in the oceans and lakes, 

and they are major factots in 

determining nearshore hydrodynamics. Understanding nearshore processes will enable the 

development of models to identify, forecast, and assist in managing or mitigating nearshore 

water quality and natural resource problems. The specific 

scientific objectives of this program are to (I) synthesize the 

results of research on nearshore 

hydrodynamics, biological processes, and water chemistry of 

the nearshore region and apply 

them to practical problems of 

coastal environmental management and planning, and (2) 

sponsor basic and applied research into critical coastal environmental problems. 

Dynamics of Nearshore 

Fronts and Plumes 

(Project Scientist: Brarkovich.) 

Coastal fronts and buoyant plumes 

are two rdared hydrodynamic phenomena found in nearshore waters. These 

features can have a variety of ecological 

impacts, including the deterioration or 

enhancement of coastal water quality. 

The objectives of this project are to (1) 

acquire data on nearshore ftonts and 

plumes off designared study areas chosen fur compararive purposes, (2) develop paradigms and models of the 

underlying kinematic, dynamic, and 

ecological patterns, and (3) gather, organize, and analyze historical data pertinent to meteorological fordng and 

limnologic responses. 

In FY94, field studies in thevicinity ofMilwaukce, WISConsin (western 

Lake Michigan), and Grand Haven, 

Michigan (eastern Lake Michigan), 

were completed. The use of a new 

remotely operated vehicle (ROy) was 

evaluated. The ROV was very useful 

for inspecting instrumenred moorings 

under all weather conditions. Under 

calmer conditions, it was tested for use 

asamaneuverabledataacquisition platform for environmental sensors. FORTRAN code for simulation of the thermal bar was developed as part of a 

Ph.D. dissertation effort at the University of Michigan. 

Current Measurements in the 

Nearshore Milwaukee Area 

(Project Scientist: Miller) 

This project involves a sequence of 

field measurements designed to characterize the rhree~dimensional struc~ 

ture of physical and biological fields in 

the nearshore region of Milwaukee, 

Wisconsin and determine the interaction between nearshore and offshore 

areas, 

In FY 94, a National Data Buoy 

Center (NDBe) buoy was deployed 

near Milwaukee Harbor in western 

Lake Michigan, and a curren t meter 

mooring was deployed near the NO Be 

buoy. Three additional enrrent merer 

moorings were deployed across thelake, 

and meteorological data from land stations were obtained and archived. 

Nearshore Hydrodynamics and 

Wind Wave Studies 

(Project Scientist: Liu) 

The objective of this project is to 

collect and synthesize wind and wave 

data from selected nearshore areas of 

the Great Lakes and, along with model 

studies, provide improved understanding of the wind-wave coupling. 

During FY 94, the GLERL Wave 

Rider Information Processing System 

(WRIPS) buoy was deployed near 

Grand Haven,Mi,higan to gather wave 

data in conjunction with the sediment 

resuspension and frontal projects. 
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 

• 

Several independent research 

projects are also included in the 

GLERL research program. 

These projects are considered 

important to rhe GLERL mission but do not integrate into 

one of rhe coordinared research 

programs. 

Environmental Radiotracers 

(Project Scientist: Robbins) 

This project encompasses studies 

of diverse aquatic systems and emphasizes the use of radiotracers to identify 

and model fundamental lake/watershed transport processes. Objectives 

of rhe program are (I) ro identify principal transport mechanisms in aquatic 

systems and determine associated 

space-time scales and rates. (2) to investigate and quantify sediment depositional and geochemical processes. (3) 

to develop geochronological information from sediment radionudide profiles for paleolimnological studies. (4) 

to determine and aCCOunt for relationships between system loadings and sedimentary records of tracers, contaminants, and other constituenrs, and (5) 

to apply techniques, insights, and models arising from radiotracer studies to 

specific problems of ecosystem dynamics. environmental contamination. and 

regional effects of dim ate change. 

Six new projects were developed 

during FY 94: Florida Bay (USGS. St. 

Petersburg. FL). Lake Michigan (US 

EPA, DuluthfChicago), Midwestern 

Reservoirs (USGS. Reston. VA). The 

Everglades (South Florida Water Management District, W. Palm Beach. FL), 

Lake Bailtal (Center for Great Lakes 

Studies, Milwaukee, WI), Terrace Lake 

(USGS.Atlanta),andGrear LakesLand 

Margins (Wisconsin Sea Grant, Madison, WI). 

During FY 94, a sediment chronology and history was established for 

metal and organics contamination of 

Lake George. a receptor site on the St. 

Marys river downstream from Sault 

Ste. Marie (Michigan/Ontario). The 

study demonstrates the power of using 

dated sediment records to chronicle 

rhe results of pollution abarement and 

cleanup of the system. 

The dynamic mixing model 

(DYNMX) was embedded into a multiparameter optimization scheme to establish vertical sediment transport state 

variable values. This model is used to 

reconstruct the history of contamination of aquatic systems from sediment 

profiles and to assess the impacr of 

contaminants on the behavior of sediment-dwelling animals. 

A study of particle-selective redisrribution of marine sediments by 

diffusor and conveyor-belt organisms 

using radiotracer-doped microcosms 

and the gamma scan system was completed. This is an EPA-supported collaborative study with Case Western 

Reserve U niversiry. The rate and particle-selective character of sediment 

feeding by several coastal marine organisms was determined, setting the 

stage for evaluation of their response to 

contaminant insults. 

A .'I-year study was completed on 

the long-term behavior of Chernobyl 

fallour radionuclides in water, sediments. and fIsh in Lake SniardwyPoland's largest lake. Results ,how 

that even fallout nuclides with long 

half-lives. such as cesium-I 37 (tu, = 30 

years) were cleansed from the water 

within a few months afrer the reactor 

explosion through artachment to settling partides. However. in Bream, a 

commercially important fish. some radioactiviry persisted for years as a result 

of frequent resuspension of contaminant-laden sediments into the water of 

[ill 
this shallow lake. Long-term decline in 

concentrations of cesium-B7 are tied 

to the rate at which the radionudide is 

buried below the wne of resuspendable sediments by the addition and 

mixing of new uncontaminated ma(e~ 

rial. 

Geochronological models were 

developed to interpret U-series radionudides in Lake Baikal sediments. They 

demonstrate the utlliry of the approach 

for dating sediments back to 1 million 

years before present and discovered 

that Uranium is a dimate-sensitive 

tracer of water flow in a freshwater lake. 

Combined with new measurements of 

diatom frustule abundance and type, 

U-series dating has provided a glimpse 

of planktonic life in the lake during the 

past 250,000 years. The novel U-species disequilibrium method can be applied to reconstruct the regional climate conditions and provide key data 

for modeling past global dimatechange. 

The history of the loading ofPortage Lake with railings from copper 

mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula of 

Michigan was escablish.d. Millions of 

tons of copper-laden tailings were 

dumped into or surrounding Torch 

and Portage Lakes, which are part of 

rhe Keweenaw waterway. Tailing material, particularly the fine. copper-rich 

<Islime day," remains toxic fO plankton 

normally found in the lake. Sediment 

daring, confirmed byradiometticmethods, showed that the rate of tailing 

accumulation in sediments, corre~ 

.ponded extremely well with the annual production of copper on the Peninsula. In response, the addition rate of 

planktonic remnants to sediments declined dram.tically during the period 

of active mining. Sediment records 

show that the discharge of tailings, 

along with possibly other discharges 

into the lake, all but wiped out the 

planktonic life as recorded in sediments. 

With the cessation of activiry and efforts to rem.diate the tailings impact, 

plankton remnantS are again present in 

sediment but not yet up to pre-mining 

level,. The utiliry of dated sediments to 

illustrate biologic responses of an 

aquatic system to environmental insults as well as the characteristics and 

degree of recovery oflakes is well-illustrated in this study. This project is a 

collaborative effort with Michigan 

Technological U niversirywith su pport 

from the Gre.t Lakes Protection Fund. 

A core was dated from contaminated sediments in Coeur D'Alene 

Lake, Idaho. This lake receives effluen ts from upstream mining operations 

commencing.t the turn of the century. 

Radiometric dating is consistent with 

placement of the onset of contamination in the sediment record with the 

establishment of mining activities. The 

information is used, in part, as a poten~ 

tial means to determine the role of the 

mining industry in the contamination 

of the lake and enlisting its cooperation 

in remediation efforts. This is a collaborative study with the USGS in 

Atlanta, GA. 

Sediment cores from Florida Bay 

were collected and demonstrated the 

possibiliry of assigning time to sediment layers deposited in this centurya major fmding that will enable researchers to reconstruct the history of 

biological and chemical changes in the 

system, particularly those related to 

human activities and their presumed 

ecological impact on the system. Serious, notable degradation of the bay has 

occurred during the past several decades including dedine in bird and sea 

animal populations, die-back of sea 

Sediment coring in Florida Bay. 
grasses (Thelassia) and mangroves, and 

episodes of plankton blooms. Major 

efforts are currendy underway by Federal. state) and academic institutions to 

understand the causes of degradation 

and to recommend solutions. 

Carbon Biogeochemistry in 

Lakes and Coastal Ecosystems 

(Project Scientist: Eadie) 

Great Lakes and coastal ecosystems are continually subject to a series 

of stressors that are transient in nature. 

These lead to issues such as the biogeocbemical response of systems to increased or decreased nutrient loads, 

man-induced changes in the carbon 

cycle and climate, and the introduction of toxic contaminants and their 

effects. This project focuse, on these 

issues through research on processes 

regulating the major biogeochemical 

cycles and fluxes with an emphasis on 

carbon. The long-term goal of this 

research is to develop a hierarchy of 

calibrared numerical models of processes regulating the biogeochemical 

cycle of carbon in the Great Lakes with 

subsequent applications to coastal ecosystems. Presently we are Concenttating on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 

which has an extensive trophic gradient. Experiments have been conducted 

to meaSure the sediment-water and airwater exchange of inorganic carbon. 

and a survey of the stable isotopic composition is being conducted. Currently, 

there are nve graduate students at Great 

Lakes basin universities who are working on components of this overall effort. 

Lake Ontario Resuspension 

(Project Scientist: Hawley) 

The occurrence and sources of 

Mirex. PCBs, and other hydrophobic 

organic contaminants in Lake Ontario 

continue to be a conCern because of 

their accumulation in the biota and 

aquatic food chains. Resuspension of 

contaminated sediments. which represent the major repository for such compounds, may be an important process 

affecting the flux of materials back into 

[he water column and the redistribution of contaminants throughout the 

lake. A rone of sediment containing 

very high Mirex and PCB concentrations has been identified in sediments 

along the southwest coast between 

the Niagara River and Rochester. NY. 

This study is designed to characterize 

the importance of resuspension processes in this rone to the redistribution 

of sediments and associated contaminants in the lake. 

In August 1992, moorings were 

deployed in 60 m of water to measure 

near-bottom temperature, current, and 

suspended sediment concentrations, 

and to trap particulate matler in rhe 

water column. The moorings were 

retrieved inJuly 1993 at which time we 

found that the suspended sediment 

measurements were made for only 15 

days before the instruments failed. 

Analysis of the data available shows 

that bortom currents (rather than wave 

action) are responsible for most of the 

sediment redistribution. but as yet. we 

cannot determine if most of the mate .. 

rial is resuspended locally or if it is 

transported from shallower areas nearer 

to shore. 

Nitrogen Dynamics 

(Project Scientist: Gardner) 

Results of this study will (1) provide improved methodologies to measure fluxes of important nitrogen compounds that reflect nitrogen dynamics 

in lakes. wetlands. or marine coastal 

regions, (2) identifY, quantifY, and compare major processes controlling nitrogen regeneration from lake and marine 

coastal sediments. and (3) identifY and 

quantifY major nitrogen regeneration 

processes in lake and/ot marine pelagic 

waters. 

FY 94 included the following accomplishments, (1) a project to examine nutrient transformations and limi .. 

tation in Florida Bay was initiated. (2) 

Nutrient fluxes and nitrogen transformation rateS including denitrification 

rates were measured seasonally in Old 

Woman Creek, Lake Erie. This is a 

wetland that in terfaces agricultural runoff regions to Lake Erie. Autumn denitrincation rates were typical of those 

commonly found in other aquatic ecosystems, but spring rates were high. 

Our data suggest that denitrification 

may be an important /ltctor removing 

available nitrogen from non-point 

sources in this wetland area. (3) A 

seasonal studyofpelagic nitrogen pools 

and transfurmation mechanisms and 

rates in Lake Michigan was conducted 

to examine factors controlling nitro~ 

gen and lower food web dynamics in 

large temperatelakes. (4) An improved 

high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to simplifY the measurement of 

nitrogen transformation rates in Great 

Lakes and marine coastal systems. This 

methodology has been applied to investigations in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, and Florida 

Bay. 

Lake Circulation and Bottom 

Boundary Layer Studies 

(Project Scientists: Saylor & Miller) 

The existence of a persistent 

benthic boundary layer has been documented in the offshore regiollSofallof 

the Great Lake,. Although the layer 

contains only a smal! portion of the 

total suspended material fuund in the 

lakes, sediment trap studies have shown 

that the bulk of the mass flux occurs 

within the bottom 25 m. Results of 

this studywill quantifY the distribution 

of bottom current intensities as functions of space and time in order to 

parameterize the distribution and frequency of resuspension events. 
Current measurements dose to the 

lake bottom were perfurmed in Lake 

Superior at Gull Island Shoal and in 

Lake Champlain near ValCOUt Island. 

The Lake Superior location is a spawning site fur one of only a few remnant 

stocks of native Grear Lakes lake trout. 

Favorable interactions between the reef 

materials and bottom currents create 

ideal trout spawning and nursery conditions. The Lake Champlain location 

exhibits sediment erosion and transport at frequent intervals in water as 

deep as 100 m. Currents driven by 

large amplitude internal waves were 

identified as the cause of the r.suspension evenrs. 

Microplankton in the Great 

Lakes: A Comparative Study of 

the Laurentian Great Lakes 

(Project Scientist: Fabnon,tiel) 

The microplankton (bacteria, algae, and protists) occupy a key position 

in the food web oflarge lakes and may 

constitute mose of the pelagic biomass 

as well as control carbon and n utclent 

cycling. Although these organisms 

occupy a key position, very little is 

known about the biomass and production ofthi, impottant taxa. The goal of 

this project is to examine the dynamics 

of microplankton including key ptOcesses in seve tal large lakes in order ro 

further our understanding of the food 

web. 

GLERL researchers have just completed the second year of a 3-yeat seudy 

to compare fuod web StruCture and 

ptoductiviry dynamics of Lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. This 

work is supported by GLERL and the 

National Science Foundation (NSF) 

and is a cooperative project with researchers from the U niversiry ofFlorida. 

The Microbial Food Web in the 

Great Lake. 

(Project Scientist: Fabnensrid) 

In the past few years, aquatic fuod 

webs have been discovered ro be far 

more complex than previously thought. 

The discovery of the microbial fuod 

web has forced a revision of contemporary models of plankton dynamic,. 

These new discoveries have changed 

our idea, of the classic fuod web to 

include the recognition that photosynthetic and heterotrophic picoplankton 

otten control whole-system metabolism and nutrient cycling, that pelagic 

food webs are more complex than previously thought, that a large percentage 

of primary production is not consumed 

directly by zooplankton but rather is 

channeled through a picoplankton-protozoan-crustacean zooplankton link, 

and that protozoans are an important 

prey item fur crustacean zooplankton. 

Recently a guide to ptotozoan communities in the Great Lakes was completed; it will serve to kindle research 

on microbial food webs in the Great 

Lakes. 

Ecological Monitoring 

(Project Scientist: Vanderploeg) 

Mainraininglong-rermdatatoprovide a basis fOr recognizing and fOrecasting changes in plankton dynamics 

due to climate changes is needed because potential change in both absolute temperature and the onset and 

duration of thermal strarificationcould 

lead to substantial changes in Great 

Lakes ecology. The primary objective 

of this project is to monitot plankton 

dynamics to recognize changes due to 

climate change. Collection of a detailed data set capable of separating 

normal seasonal dynamics and year to 

year variability from long-term changes 

is necessaty to detect climate-driven 

effects. These dara will also be useful 

for detecting long-term changes due to 

nutrient loadings, exotic species invasions, fish management, ondother general ecological events. 

Zebra Mussel Protocol 

(Project Scientist: Reid) 

A working group of academic and 

government scientists completed development of "Zebra-Mussel-Specific 

Containment Protocols." The Protocols document is for use nationally by 

the research community to help minimize the potential for spread of the 

zebra mussel through insufficient or 

careless containment during research 

actlvltle$. The finaJ version was ac~ 

cepted on December 29, 1993 by me 

Research Prorocol Committee of the 

Aquatic Nuisance Spedes (ANS) Task 

Force. Availability of the pre-approved 

protocol should save considerable time 

in the proposal approval process within 

federal agencies requiring the use of 

approved protocols. 
F ACILITIES AND SERVICES 

• 

Computer Facility 

The G LERL computer facility can 

be best described as a Local Area Network (LAN) of distribured computing 

resources. This network currently consists of8 V AXs, 10 UNIx/RISC workstations, 6 Macs, and about 80 PCS 

connected vi. ethernet. The LAN is 

connected to rhe Inrerner vi. a router 

roMichNet. 

A variety of scientific applicarions, 

including real-time and near real-time 

data acquisition, darareduction, graphical display, image processing, statistical and mathematical analysis, etc., are 

accessed by GLERL personnel and collaborators. A full suite of office automarion applications are also supported. 

GLERL is the Great Lakes Redistribution Node of the National Ocean 

Communication Network (NOCN), 

and, as such, makes s.rellite imagery 

available ro government, private, and 

academic users throughout rhe Grear 

Lakes region. GLERL is also. parmer 

in the Great Lakes Commission's Great 

Lakes Information Network (GUN). 

Library 

The G LERLHbrary' ,program-oriented research colleaion i, maintained 

in support of rhe laborarory', research 

activities. The collection reflects an 

emphasis on freshwater ,tudie_particularly in the Grear Lakes basin. The 

library currently receives 211 periodical subscriprions. Books dating from 

1980 onward, as well as many earHer 

books, are ineluded in the online union 

catalog by Online Computer Library 

Center, Inc (OCLC). These books are 

also reflected in the NOAA Library 

GLERL's research facility contains 17 laboratories equipped with 

general laboramry equipment. In addition, GLERL has a stable 

isotope mass spectrometer (SIMS). a fully equipped radioteacer 

Iaboramry. several gas chromatographs and liquid scintillation 

counters, a high pressure liquid chromatography system, a multichannel Coulter Counter, growth chambers and incubators, srereo 

and inverted microscopes. and a fully equipped multi-purpose 

epifluorescence microscope. GLERL also has high speed microcinematography equipment locared in a temperature-conrrolled 

environmenral chamberwhicb is mainrained for conductingexperiments and growing biological cultures at low temperatures. A new 

Geographic Information System Laboratory was established at 

GLERL during FY 93. 

Catalog available via remote online 

access, commercial CD-ROM. and the 

library's public access catalog workstation. Interactive searches may be made 

of library records using Boolean search 

options and displays in various fotmats. GLERLHbraryfaciliries are open 

to the public fur reference use during 

normal business hours. 

Library staff maintain the collection and provide library and information retrieval services. Special rerrieval 

services are provided when the collection does not meet the needs of individual scientists. Services include acquisition. circularion. document delivery. interlibrary loan. reference. and 

online/CD-ROM information retrieval. 

During FY 94. library public access equipment was upgraded. and several years ofGLERL reprints were cataloged inro a PC based database. 

The CD-ROM workstation was 

upgraded and additional CD-ROM 

databases were acquired making a total 

of 21 tirles supporting both bibliographie and reference needs. All back 

year holdings (568 reprints) of the 

library's collection of G LERL reprinrs. 

Library holdings include 

6,069 periodical volumes. 

8,272 booksltechnicai reports. and 233 dissertations 

covering the subject areas of 

climatology; contaminant organics, hydraulics. hydrology. ice, limnology. mathematical models, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, 

sediments, and wave motion. 
~ 

If you would like to be 

added to GLERL's mailing 

list, or would like additional 

information on GLERL's 

research, please write to: 

Publications Office 

NOAA/GLERL 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48105 

written by GLERUCILER authors at 

the I.boratory, were sorted and cataloged into a personal computer database. The new database system permits 

both quick access for researchers using 

printed indexes and computer access 

when detailed searching is required 

TheGLERL library is a member of 

the Michigan Library Consortium 

(MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network (WLLN). Federal Library and Information Network 

(FEDLlNK), NOAA Library and Information Network (NLlN), and the 

OCLC. 

Information Services 

• Publications Unit 

The Publications Unit staff are 

responsible for providing editorial and 

publications support to the scientific 

Staff, for preparing and distributing 

GLERL publications. and fur responding to publications and information 

requests from the public. They also 

produce and update reports. brochures, 

and displays concerning GLERL's 

work. 

Research products generated during FY 94 include 49 scientific articles, 

reports. and books and 50 formal presentations. Requests for information 

this fiscal year carne from 44 different 

countries. In addition, requests were 

answered from U ,So universities, 

schools, media, srare, local, and U.S. 

government agencies as well as from 

privare citizens in both the U.s. and 

foreign countries. There were 2.209 

items mailed in response to inforJna~ 

rion requests. 

The Publications Unit maintains a 

mailing list for dlsrribution of GLERL 

publications. The GLERL Yearly Report and the Six Month Update ace 

automatically distributed according to 

this mailing list. All new publications, 

including NOAA ceports, journal articles, and books, are added to our sixmonth update listing of new publications to keep our users informed of 

GLERL's latest product releases. 

The Publications Un;t has completed its new bibliographic database 

system that has a full text search capabiliryto assist Publications Uni[Staffin 

identifing and locating information in 

response to requests. In the future, this 

new database will hecome available to 

the public on the GLERL gopher server. 

Vessel Operations 

• Muskegon Facility 

TheGLERL Vessel Operations Faciliry is located in Muskegon, Ml at a 

focmer Coast Guard base and includes 

three buildings and research vessel dockage adjacent to the main building. 

During FY 94 a lake-side research 

laboratory was established: one building was converted to a laboratory, offices, and research storage~ and two 

research personnel were transferred 

from Ann Arbor to conduct biological 

monitoring studies. Becauseacontinuous supply of lake water is available 

from the adjacent Lake Michigan. some 

studles can now be conducted that are 

not feasible at the laboratory in Ann 

Arbor. 

There is dockage for the RlV Shenehonand asmallec cesearch launch in the 

Coast Guard mooring basin adjacent 

to the main building. A lease for 100 

feet of dockage has also been obtained 

from the Corps of Engineers at the 

Government Mooring Basin approximately 0.3 mile from the main building. 

GlERl's lake Michigan Field Station located in Muskegon. 
• Research Vessds 

The Research Vessel Shmehon is 

owned and operated by GLERL. The 

Shmehon is based at the Vessel Operations Facility, Muskegon, MI and is 

the primaty platform used in support 

ofGLERL's open lake field investigations. The Shmehonwas builtin 1953. 

It is 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot 

mean draft, a 700-nautical-mile cruising range. and a lO-knotcruisingspeed. 

Navigational equipment includes a 

Sperry Gyrocompass. Raytheon Radar, GPS and two LORAN-C posi. 

tioning systems, Sperry Auto Pilot and 

a Raytheon Depth Sounder. A 55-

channel radiotelephone is available fu r 

ship co shore communication. Electrical power is provided by a modern 20-

kW. 3-phase Onan generator. and a 

30-kW. 3-phase Onan generator. An 

electro-hydraulic articulated crane is 

used for deployment and retrieval of 

water and bottom sediment samplers 

and heavy instrument moorings. Electrohydtaulic winches handle hydrogtaphic wire and mulriconductor cable 

for sample casts and in situ measurements of water variables. An on-board 

wet laboratoty is available for on-site 

experiments and sample processing. 

Scientific equipment includes various 

sizes ofNiskin samplers. reversingthermometers, bottom samplers. including a smaD box corer. A data acquisition system records and plots data 

from aSea Tech transmissomererwhich 

is coupled to an electronic bathythermograph. The system includes equipment to record, process, and plot water 

temperature data collected using 

Sippic.n Expendable Bathythermograph (XBn probes. 

Two small boats are used as auxiliary research platforms. A 23-fuot 

Monark workboat, The Remorse. is 

outfitted as a research launch with navigational and safety equipment and an 

electric winch and crane. A SeaArk 

workboat. The Cyclops. is 28.5 feet in 

length. including a 2.5 foot deckextensian. and is used primarily for the NonIndigenous Species Program in Saginaw Bay and in Lake St. Clair. Navigational equipment includes a radar, 

magnericcompass. a91-channel radiotelephone. a Loran-C positioning system. a 50-kHz digital depth soundet 

with digital and video displays. twO 

sounder wells. and an auto pilot. An 

electric winch and crane is available lOr 

deployment and retrieval of sampling 

equipment. Safety equipment includes 

an inAatable life raft and an EPIRB 

(emergency transmitter). 

• Research Support 

The majority of the work supported by the Shm,hon, the Cyclops, 

and the Remorse was connected with 

biological studies in Lake Michigan 

and in Saginaw Bay. These studies included benthic. planktonic. and bacterial experiments relating to algal growth. 

zooplankton grazing. food chain transpon in the aquatic environment, fare 

andefrects of serument associated roxie 

organics. and long-term trends of 

benthic fauna. Exotic species such as 

the zebra mussel and Bythotrephescontinue to be a major part of the studies. 

During FY 1994. cruises were made 

in Lake Michigan. through the Straits 

of Mackinac. and in Saginaw Bay. 

Sediment traps were deployed at 

eight stations in Lake Michigan ro 

monitor the vertical mass and chemical 

Aux. Instrumented tripods were deployed in Lake Michigan ro study bottom currents and the resuspension of 

sediments. 

Cutrent meters and temperature 

sensors were deployed in Lake Michigan between Muskegon and Milwaukee as part of a nearshore and bottom 

boundatylayerstudy. CurrentandtemCLERL's Data Collection Equipment 

39 AMF Vector Averaging Current Meters 

16 Acoustical Releases 

7 LORAN Drifter Buoys 

10 GPS Drifter Buoys 

1 Adamo.Rupp WRIPSWaverider Buoy 

6 TR·l Aanderaa Thermistor String Recorders 

7 TR·7 Aanderaa Thermistor String Recorders 

5 Marsh McBirney 585 Current Meters 

3 Sediment Transport Measuring Tripods 

3 ODE EMI Current Meters with Thermistor Strings 

1 RD Instruments DR·1200 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 

(ADCP) 

2 SC·600 Narrow Band ADCPs 

1 SC-600 Broad Band ADCP 

10 Sequential Sediment Samplers 

2 Meteorological Data Collection Platforms 
perature sensors were deployed in the 

center of rhe southern basin of Lake 

Michigan. 

The 1 OO-m station off Grand Haven. MI continued to be the sire monitored using sediment traps and periodic water and plankton samplings to 

st~y the temporal variations in water 

qualiry. and thevemcal mw andchemicall1ux as determined by samples from 

the traps. Particular emphasis was 

placed on carbon pools and rhe rates of 

transfer. Several cruises were made using both the Shen.hon and the Cyclaps 

in connection with studies of frontal 

processes off Grand Haven and Muskegon. MI. 

Three new sediment traps of 

GLERL design fur collecting sequential samples in rhe water column were 

successfully tested in Lake Michigan 

and redeployed to collect samples over 

a period of 1 year. Two sequencing 

traps of Pacific Marine Environment 

Lab (pMEL) design were deployed over 

rhe winter in Lake Michigan at the 

1 OO-m station. These traps were recovered. serviced, and redeployed for the 

1994-1995 winter and spring periods. 

GLERL vessels were again providedforstudiesconductedbyrhe University of Michigan, and for classes 

from rhe Churchill School in Muskegon. MI. The lInnOTtt was provided to 

rhe NOS fur the expansion of rheir 

Mussel Watch Program in the Great 

Lakes. Their program includes monitoring 21 zebra mussel watch sires in 

Lakes Michigan. Huron. Erie. and 

Ontario. 

Marine 

Instrumentation 

Laboratory 

The Marine Instrumentation 

Laboratory (MIL) staffselect. calibrate. 

repair. and. when necessary, adapt or 

design instruments to coneer dara in 

rhe lakes and rheirenvirons. Engineers 

and technicians in this unitworkdosely 

wirh GLERL researchers to ensure that 

instruments are compatible wirh their 

needs. They also parricipate in field 

experiments by providing support fur 

rhe deployment and retrieval of field 

equipment, assistance wirh the collection of samples and data, and in-field 

maintenance or repair of equipment. 

In FY 94, MIL staff prepared and 

developed equipment fur use in southern Lake Michigan. Green Bay, WI. 

Saginaw Bay. Lake Champlain, NY, 

Cape Hateras. NC. and the Gulf of 

Mexico in support of National programs such as NECOP and the South 

Mantic Bight R.:cruirment Experiment 

(SABRE) as well as EPA contracts and 

nearshore hydrodynamics. 

A meteorological data colleerion 

platform was installed on the Gravelly 

Shoal Lighthouse located in Bay Ciry, 

MI and serviced by MIL to provide 

real-time meteorological data through 

the GOES satellite system for the :zebra 

mussel experiments being conducted 

in Saginaw Bay. 

Geographic 

Information System 

Laboratory 

The development of GLERL's 

Geographic Information System (GIS) 

laboratory was initiated in the fall of 

1992. The laboratory is composed of 

commercial GIS and relatiooal data 

base sofrware resident on a UNIX workstation, 10GB of external disk stotage, 

a high accuracy digitizer, a color thermal wax transfer printer, and a coRaM drive. A full-time GIS specialist 

operates the system. 

In supportofGLERL's hydrologic 

research, detailed topography, soils, 

land use/land cover, and hydrography 

have been obtained for the Great Lakes 

region. 

In support of the Great Lakes Ice 

Cover Data Rescue Program. Great 

Lakes ice charrs are being digitized. 

Along with ice cover extent, ice characteristics such as rype and thickness are 

being preserved. The GIS has been 

used to produce maps of monthly and 

annual thermallluxes fur each of the 

Great Lakes, to provide conversion factors between the irregular shaped areas 

of the lumped parameter runoff model 

and the 40 kID gridded RAMS atmospheric model to enablelinkage of these 

models, and to develop various graphical produces in support of technical 

papers and presentations. 
-----------~---

OUTREACH 

The GLERL mission includes the development of environmental 

information, data, and service tools for users in government and 

private organizations. Staff participation on boards, commissions, task forces, and committees helps to identify environmental information needed by our users and to guide our research 

focus and the development of usable products. During FY 94, 

GLERL staff participated as members of the boards, committees, 

and task forces listed below. 

International Joint Commission 

• Council of Great Lakes Research Managers (A. Beeton, member) 

• Great Lake, Research Inventory (A. Beeton) 

• Coordinating Committee on Great Lake, Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

Hydrometeorology and Modeling Subcommittee (T. Croley II, D. Lee) 

River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

Other interagency, professional society, and international activities: 

• American In,titute of Hydrology - Michigan State Section (T. Croley II, President) 

• American Society ror Testing and Materials Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee (P.Landrum) 

• American Society for Limnology & Oceanography 

- Editorial Board (H. Vanderploeg) 

- Finance Committee (A. Beeton, Chair) 

• American Society of Civil Engineers 

- Task Committee on Hydrodynamics of Lakes (P. Uu) 

• American Water Resources Association - Michigan State Section (D. Lee, President) 

• Chcmosphm:, Board of Editors (P. Landrum) 

• Dept. of Environmental Toxicology (P. Landrum, Adjunct Professor) 

• Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Editorial Board (P. Landrum) 

• Eastern Snow Conference Steering Committee (D. Norton) 

• Environmental Reviews, Assoc. Editor (A. Beeton) 

• German Marshall Fund of the United States, Fellowship Program (F. Quinn) 

• Great Lakes Commission 

- Drought Management and Great Lake. Water Levels Task Force (F. Quinn) 
- Grear Lakes Pand on Non-Indigenous Species (T. Nalepa. A. Beeron) 

- Grear Lakes Speakers Bureau Directory (F. Quinn) 

Task Force on Emergeney Preparedness (D. Reid) 

Ecosystem Charter Committee (A. Beeron) 

- Observer delegate (A. Beeton) 

Great Lakes Information Network (GUN) (L Herche) 

• Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeron) 

• Inrernational Association for Great Lakes Research (IAGLR) 

Board ofDirecrors (M. Quigley. G. Fahnenstiel) 

IAGLR Membership and Endowmenr Committee (M. Quigley. Chair; B. Eadie. Liaison wirh SIL) 

Journal of Crt a, Lakes Restarch (F. Quinn. D. Schwab. T. Nalepa. P. Landrum. Associate Editors) 

- Publications and Awards Committees (G. Fahnenstiel) 

• International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (A. Beeton. U.S. Representative) 

• Internarional Grear Lakes - St. Lawrence Ice Information Working Group (R. As,d. U.S. Co-chair; D. Narron. 

G. Leshkevich) 

• lnrerageney Non-Indigenous Species Research Protocol Committee (D. Reid. Member) 

• Journal of Sedimentary Research (N. Hawley. Associate Editor) 

• Kenr Stare University. Ph.D. Commirree (W. Gardner) 

• Michigan Sea Grant Research Advisory Committee (J. Saylor. A. Brarkovich) 

• Michigan Stare University - Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie) 

• Midwestern Climare Center 

- External Advisory Panel (T. Croley II) 

- Research Review Committee (T. Croley II) 

• Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Program reviewer (A. Beeton) 

• National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton. W. Gardner. H. Vandetploeg. P. Landrum. A. Brarknvich. D. Schwab) 

• National Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Review Panel (T. Nalepa) 

• National Sea Grant Chesapeake Bay Review Panel (Po Landrum) 

• National Science Foundation 

- Sreering Committee. Great Lakes Coastal Ocean Program (B. Eadie. G. Fahnenstiel) 

- Coastal Ocean Program Review (B. Eadie) 

• NOAA Climate and Global Change Program 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. Vanderploeg) 

• NOAA Coasral Ocean Program 

Planning Workshop (B. Eadie. W. Gardner. N. Hawley, J. Saylor) 

Grear Lakes Forecasting System (D. Schwab, M. McCormick) 

Coastal Hazards Component (D. Schwab) 

NOAAlERL Sarellite Requirements Committee (G. Leshkevich) 

- NOAA Mississippi River PlumeiGulfSheifRegion Research Planning Workshop (Gardner, Fahnensriel) 
- NOAANECOP Technical Advisory Committee (B. Eadie, W. Gardner) 

CoasrWatch Management Team (G. Leshkevich) 

CoastWatch Program (G. Le.hkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

CoastWatch SAR Implementation Team (G. Leshkevich) 

• NOAA ERL Technical Committee on Computer Resources (G. Spalding) 

• NOAA Measurement Technique Development/Ocean Acoustic Technique. and Climate Change Committee 

Member (M. McCormick) 

• NOAA Network Operations Group (G. Spalding) 

• NOAAlNOS Thunder Bay Marine Sanctuary (D. Reid, liaison) 

• NOAAlNURP UniversiryofConnecticut/Avery Pt. Center 

- Ctitical Body Burden Project (P. Landrum) 

- Proposal Review Pane! (T. Nalepa) 

• NOAA Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Project (P. Landrum) 

• NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New Bedford Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

• Ohio Sea Grant 

- Ph.D. Committees (D. Schwab) 

• Rouge River Wet Weather Demonstration Project, GIS Technical Advisory Group (D. Lee) 

• State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources 

Great Lakes Information System Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

Michigan Great Lakes Fund (A. Beeton) 

- Saginaw Bay National Water Quality Initiative 

- Program Advisory Committee (D. Reid) 

- Technical Advisory Committee (W. Gardner) 

• State University of New York (SUNY) Buffillo, Great Lake. Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) 

• The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology (Adjunct Associate Professor, P. Landrum) 

• The University of Michigan 

Cooperative Instirute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (ClLER) Board of Directors (A. Beeton); 

Council ofFellows (A Bratkovich, T. Croley II, B. Eadie, P. Landrum, M. McCormick, T. Nalepa, F. Quinn, 

D. Reid, D. Schwab, H. Vanderploeg) 

Biological Station Executive Committee (A. Beeton) 

Ph.D Committees (A Beeton, A. Bratkovich. G. Fahnenstiel, J. Saylor, B. Eadie, H. Vanderploeg) 

School of Natural Resources, Adjunct Prof. O. Robbins, G. Fahnenstiell 

School of Public Health. Dept. of Environmental Health, Adjunct Prof. (A Beeton. P. Landrum) 

Task Force on Environmental Studies (A. Beeton) 

• Thurston Nature Center Advisory Committee (A Bratkovich) 

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

- Mussel Work Group - Navigation Study (T. Nalepal 

• U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Group 

- Great Lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee (R. Assel, U.S. Co-chair) 
• U.S. Co ... t Guard 

• Cargo Sweeping Scientific Steering Committee (D. Reid, Chair; P. Landrum, member) 

• U.S. Department of Commerce 

• NOAA·Rep=entative to Region 5 Regional Response Team (D. Reid) 

- U.S .• CanadaJoint Response Team (D. Reid) 

• U.S. Department of Energy, Ocean Margins Program 

- Review Panel (B. Eadie) 

• U.S. Deparrment of State 

Cooperative study of Lake Maracaibo with the Institute for the Control and Conservation of Lake Maricaibo 

• Cooperative study on Chernobyl Fallout in M ... urian Lakes, Poland G. Robbins) 

Russian cooperative research programs (A. Beeton) 

• U.S. Environmenral Protection Agency 

Binational Executive CommitteelUSA-Canada (A Beeton) 

EMAP • Great Lakes Research Committee (T. Nalepa) 

Lake Michigan M ... s Balance Program 

Biota Group (G. Fahnenstiel) 

• Technical Advisory Committee (B. Eadie) 

Policy Committee (A. Beeton) 

• U.S. Soil Conservation Service (A. Beeron, Technical Advisor) 

• Muskegon Lake Public Advisory Council (G. Fohnen,tiel) 

• UniversiryofMinnesota- Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie) 

• University of Neb, ... ka • Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie) 

• University ofWiscon,in - Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie) 

• University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute (A. Beeton, Site Team Member) 

• Zebra Mussel Coordination Committee (A. Beeton, Chair) 

International Activities 

Cooperative research is often performed with scientists from around the world. In FY 94, this included scientists 

from Canada. Germany, Russia, Poland, Finland, China, Mexico, and Venezuela. 

Visiting Scientists 

Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (Soros Foundation Fellow) 

Rzeszow University of Technology. Rzeszo'w, Poland 

Fulbright Vi'iting Scholar 

Institute for the Control and Conservation of Lake Maricaibo, Venezuela 

People's Republic of China 

State University of New York 

Cooperative Research W<l!l performed with the following organizations: 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Canadian Centre for Inland Waters 
Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing 

Canadian Climate Center 

Canada Hydrographic Service 

Canadian National Hydrology Research Institute 

Case Western Reserve University 

Center of Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 

Clemson University 

Illinois State Water Survey 

Kent State University 

Michigan State University 

Middlebuty College and Lamont-Doherty 

Midwest Climate Center 

NASNGoddard 

Naval Ocean and Atmospheric Research Lab (NOARL) 

NOAA AOML 

NOAA ERL Air Resources Laboratoty, Silver Spring, MD 

NOAAlNESDIS 

NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 

Ohio State University 

Ohio Sea Grant 

St. John Associates. Beltsville, MD 

State University of New Yotk - Stony Brook 

Stockholm University, Sweden 

Texas A&M University 

USSR Academy of Sciences 

U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 

U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratories, Duluth, MN and Grosse lie, MI 

U.S. EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Madison, WI 

University of Michigan 

University of Munich, Germany 

University of Texas at Ausrin 

University of Waterloo , Ontario, Canada 

University of Wisconsin -Milwaukee on Yellowstone Lake and Green Bay 

University of Wisconsin on Nearshore Hydrodynamics 

Weber State University 
GLERLalso: 

Provided statistical consulting to scientists from The University of Michigan and The University of British 

Columbia. 

Continued coordination wirh the Midwestern Climate Center and the Illinois State Warer Survey to develop a 

Midwestern Climate InlOrmation System (MICIS). 

In cooperation with researchers from Ohio State University, NOAA Center for Ocean Analysis and Prediction 

(COAP), and the National Weather Service. developed the Great Lakes Forecasting System. a prototype coastal 

ocean prediction system lOr the Great Lakes. 

Served on a review panel lOr the Department ofInterior's Natural Resource Damage A..sessment Model lOr the 

Great Lakes, a 2-year effort to develop a computer program lOr assessing financial damages for environmental 

accidents on the Great Lakes. 

Participated in Cooperative Student Programs with The University of Michigan and Eastern Michigan University. 

Guided students on tours of our fucility and gave briefings of GLERL activities. 

Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility used in Muskegon AIea Labor Day Telethon for Muscular Dystrophy. 

Organized and convened a joint GLERL-CILER workshop on "The Environmental Implications of Cargo 

Sweeping on the Great Lakes" to assisr the U.S. Coast Guard in developing regulations affecting the shipping 

industty (D. Reid. P Landrum). 

Participated in a local initiative to develop environmentally sound management approaches for the local Miller's 

Creek Watershed; in conjunction with ERIM. Univ. ofMI, National Sanitation Foundation, Parke-Davis,local 

neighborhood organizations, and the Ann AIbor Public Schools (D. Reid, C. Sellinger). 

Shared Gamma Scan automated instrumentation with scientists at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. 

Hosted the White House lnterageney Ecosystem Management Team in cooperation with the U.S. Geological 

Survey. the National Bureau of Standards. and the Great Lakes Commission. 

Hosted the Government Accounting Office's Ecosystem Management Team in cooperation with the National 

Biological Service and the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Organized and hosted the 51st meeting of the Eastern Snow Conference (D. Norton, R. Assel). 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of GLERL staff is artendance and participation in scientific and 

technical meetings. During FY 94, GLERL sponsored in-house seminars as part of the GLERL Informal Seminar 

Series and the Great Lakes Seminar Series. Our staff made 50 presentations concerning GLERL's work at public 

and professional meetings. 

Technology Transfers 

GLERL staff responded to 744 requests for information during FY 94 and provided more than 2.209 items to 

service those requests. GLERL's mailing list contains 334 subscribers serving people in 44 countries. Requests are 

received from private citizens, foreign and U.S. universities, IOreign and U.S. government agencies. and private 

industty. Many of the products that GLERL proouces and distributes involve a transfer of both technology and 

data. During FY 94, GLERL's outreach of this nature involved the transfer of the following: 

Great Lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover Model 

- Canadian Climate Cen ter 
Plans for construction of Photosynthetron 

• Kent State University 

Great Lakes CoastWatch Data Users 

- Argonne National Laboratoty 

• Bloom Trail High School 

- CAPAC Community Schools 

- Eastern Michigan University 

- Environmental Research Instirote of Michigan (ERIM) 

• Lake Superior Center, Duluth, MN 

• McMaster University, Environmental Hydraulics Program 

Miami University, Department of Geography 

• Michigan DNR Forest Management Division 

• Michigan State University, Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Marquette 

• Michigan State University, Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Grand Haven 

· Michigan State University, Michigan Sea Grant Program 

· Michigan State University, Center fur Remote Sensing 

- Michigan Technological University, Lake Superior Ecosystems Research Center 

- Michigan Technological University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

- Ohio State University 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab 

- U.S. EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office 

- U.S. Department ofInterior, Hammond Bay Biological Station 

- U.S. Department ofIntetior, National Fisheries Research Center, Great Lakes 

- U.S. Department oflnrerior. USGS, Warer Resources Division 

- U.S. Department ofInterior, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Office 

- University of Florida, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

- University oflUinois.lllinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program 

- University of Michigan, Department of Biology 

• University of Wisconsin-Madison (Wisconsin Sea Grant Program) 

- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Great Lakes Studies 

Hydrologic Response Model 

- Ohio State University 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

- Midwestern Climate Center 

[ill 
Great Lakes Ice CoverlWater Temperature Animation 

St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corp. 

Maclaren Plansearch 

RustE&I 

DePaul Univ. 

SUNY Gene5Co 

Univ.ofWl5COnsin 

Univ. of Chicago 

Michigan State U niv. 

Univ. of Colorado 

Great NeckPublic School 

U.S. EPA 

U.S. Army CRREL 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Illinois State Water Survey 

Wiseon Dept. Natural Resources 

Milwaukee Merro Sewage DiStrict 

McM .. ter Univ. - Canada 

Canadian Centre for Inland Warers 

Ontario Weather Center 

Water Resources Simulation Package 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 

Wave Forecast Model 

- Narional Weather Service. Qeveland. OH 

"Pathfinder" Trajectory Prediction System 

- U.S. Department of the Interior 

- U.S. co .. t Guard 

- McMaster University 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

• Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 

SateUite Drifter Programs 

• Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

• Scripps Instirution of Oceanography 

- Universiry of Texas 

[ill 

Namre Conservancy 

Beak Consultants Ltd. 

Volpe Center 

SUNY Buffalo 

Cornell Univ. 

Univ.ofMichian 

Mich Tech. Univ. 

Oakland. Univ. 

Parcell Middle School 

Naval Polar Oceanog. Center 

U.S. Depr. ofInterior 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

NOAA Educational Affi..irs 

Lake Superior Centre 

NYSrareEEC 

UniveL Muchen, Germany 

Queen's Univ.-Canada 

Armas. Environment Servo 

National Water Res. Inst. 

Natural Resource. InoL-U. K. 

GeoMatics Inri., Inc. 

Montgomery Warson Consult. 

SUNY Brockport 

Univ. of Illinois 

Univ. of North Carolina 

Michigan Sea Grant. Marquet«. MI 

Ohio Srate U niv. 

Mail Sr. Element. School. NY 

U.S. Co .. r Guard. Cleveland 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

U.S. Geological Survey 

National Weather Service 

Michigan Dept. N amral Resources 

NY Stare Parks and Recrearion 

Univ. ofWaredoo. Canada 

Environment Canada 

Can.dian Coast Guard 

Sr. Lawrence Seaway Authoriry 
Evaporation and Other Data 

- National Weather Service 

- University of Wisconsin 

GLERL's data gathering equipment and Geographic Information System was shared with: 

- The University of Michigan (Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences; CoUege of Engineering) 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

- U.S. Departmem of the Inrerior. Fish and Wildlife Service 

- Canadian Centre for Inland Warers 

- University of Wisconsin 

- University ofS. Mississippi 

- Middlebury College 

- U.S. Department of Interior, National Biological Service 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Moniroring Systems Laboratory. SUNY Stony Brook 

GLERL-designed phorosynrhetron was shared wirh Kent Stare Univ., SUNY. and the Univ. of San Francisco. 

Plans for construction of sediment trap. were shared with: 

- Ocean Sciences Cemre, Newfoundland. Canada 

- University of Stockholm. Sweden 

- Grear Lakes Engineering Company 

- University of Michigan 

University of Florida 

- University of North Carolina 

- University of Minnesota 

- Duke University 

Method for culturing >:ebra mussellaevae were shared with 

- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Toxicology Laboratory 

- University of Guelph, Canada 

- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 

Other: 

- Filtration device developed at GLERL is being marketed by a smaU business (St. John Associates). 

- Great Lakes Engineering Co. is using plans developed at GLERL to build and market a pbotosynthetron. 

GLERL and Great Lakes Education 

In keeping with NOAA's desire to better inform the public of its research activities, GLERL is involved in a 

number of Great Lakes community education programs. In FY 94 GLERL staff: 

- made presentations concerning the Great Lakes and GLERL programs at area schools and gave several tours of our 

facility to interested students and teachers. 

lliJ 
• in conjunction with the Lake Michigan Federation, the R/V Shmehon worked with students from Muskegon High 

School studying zebra mussel densities 0. Grimes, Coordinator). [n addition, the Shmehon was used several times to 

provide cruises fur various other scudent groups. 

· represented GLERL at several communiry environmental awareness functions. 

· participated as judges in Lincoln Elementary school science fair 0. Cavaletto, Coordinator). 

· participated as a guest speaker in Career Day at the Universiry of Michigan (c. Sellinger). 

Partners for Excellence 

This year marks our fifth year involved in a partnership with the Science Department of the Ann Arbor Public 

Schools' Partners for Excellence Program (T. Nalepa, GLERL Coordinator). This program seeks to enrich the 

schools' curriculum in the area of environmental science, particularly with respect to the Great Lakes and aquatic 

sciences. Designated parmership activities include: 

• Providing mentors to help students with science fair projects. 

• Providing practical "hands-on" experience 10 promising science-oriented students via parricipation in a Student 

Volunteer Program. 

• Providing information on careers in environmental science and acting as consultants for [he science curriculum. 

• Inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored seminars. 

• Assisred Thurston Elemenrary School with replacement of a weather sration that was destroyed by vandals over the 

summer-provided engineering assistance and installed new weather instrumentation. 

Great Lakes Education Kit 

The Publications Unit has compiled and is continually updating a kit composed of materials for reachers who wish 

10 integrare Great Lakes educ:lrion into their curriculum. The kit is available on a loan basis. Contact the Publications Unit for more information. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

In conjunction with the 34th Annual Southeast Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored awards for 

outstanding projects in aquatic science in each of the Science Fair divisions: Senior Projects, Junior Projects, and 

Junior Modds and Collecrions. GLERL "aft (T. Croley II, T. Hunter, D. Lee, D. Schwab, H. Vanderploeg, J. 

Saylor, and A. Beeron) acted as general science fair judges and also as judges fur rhe GLERL award in rhe Sourheast Michigan Science Fair. 

Sarellite Technology Education Program (STEP) 

This is a NASA and NOAA program to inrroduce and use satellite images and dara in the classroom (K-12). This 

program was coordinated and implemented by the Environmenral Research Instirute of Michigan (ERIM). 

GLERL participates by providing Coast Warch data and products. 

Student Volunteer Program 

GLERL and rhe Ann Arbor Public Schools established a Student Volunreer Program authorized by the Civil 

Service Reform Act of 1978 {public Law 95-454}. This program provides selected high school students wirh rhe 

opporruniry to perform volunteer work at GLERL afrer school. 

lliJ 
Bring A Girl to Work nay 

GLERL's Federal Women's Program Coordinator began GLERL's participation in "Bring a Girl to Work Day." 

Each year. girls are invited to spend the day at GLERL observing and working with several GLERL employees. 

Some of their activities include collecting and testing water samples. labelling sample containers. grinding sediment samples. and digitizing zebra mussels. They are given presentations. a lab tour. a special lunch. and a 

certificatae for their participation in the program. 

Participants in HBring a Girl to Work DayH spend time in the laboratory 

conducting experiments and learning the duties of a scientist. 
SEMINARS 

• 

he following seminars were held at GLERL during FY 94: 

Meteorological and hydrological forcing in a Great Lakes 

coastal wetland. D. Mille, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 

South Region Research Center. November 23, 1993. 

The dynamic Lake Maracaibo. Gustavo Parra Pardi, 

Caracas. Venezuela. February 7, 1994. 

Coastal geologic processes involving ice with examples 

from Alaska, Lake Michigan, and Lake Erie. P.W. 

Barnes, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. 

February 14, 1994. 

Lake Biwa-ko, Japan. Shuichi Endoh, Shiga Universiry, 

Japan. February 22, 1994. 

Age composition of an unexploited population of 

Humper Lake Trout in Lake Superior. M.K BurnhamCurtis, National Biological Survey--Great Lakes Center. 

March 3, 1994. 

Decline and recovery of Lake Trout populations near Isle 

Royale. G.L. Curtis, National Biological Survey-Great 

Lakes Center. March 3, 1994. 

Tracing pollutants down the Mississippi: Twin cides to 

the Gulf. B. Meade, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, 

CO. March 4, 1994. 

High resolution current measurement in shallow water. 

A. Lohrmann, SonTek, Inc. March 25,1994. 

Carbon cycling in pelagic ecosystems: Retentiveness, size 

srructure, and the role of protozoa. H.J. Carrick, San 

Francisco State Universiry. March 29, 1994. 

Extending Lake Michigan historical lake-level record into 

geologic time: The systematic development of multiple 

derailed relative lake level curves. Todd Thompson, 

Indiana Geological Survey. April 13, 1994. 

GLERLs Geographic Information System (GIS) Laboratory. D.H. Lee, GLERL. April 21, 1994. 

Groundwater flux into eastern Lake Michigan. Cynthia 

Sellinger, GLERL. April 27, 1994. 

Find the fish: Using PROC SQL to build a relational 

database for a mark-recapture study. S.R. Nelson, 

National Biological Survey--Great Lakes Science Center. 

May 5,1994. 

Development of in vitro assays for assessing the 

immunomodulatory effecrs of environmental contaminants on Great Lakes Salmon. G.E. Noguchi, National 

Biological Survey--Grear Lakes Science Center. July 7, 

1994. 
STAFF 

• 

Office ofthe Director 

Beeton, A.M. - Director 

Williams, R.S. - Secretary 

Administrative Services 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, EX 

Publications Unit 

Darnell, CM. Head 

Sparks, K.J. Reid, D.F. - Ass!. to Director (Acting) 

Kulpanowski, K.A.-Certified Industrial Mull, R.e. 

Hygienist 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

lojewski, N.l. -Secretary 

Del Proposto, D.J. 

Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, loR. 

lefevre, J.T. 

library Facility 

Carrick, B.l. - Ubrarian 

Threm,S.M. 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

landrum, P.F. - Head (Acting) 

Fohey, J.A. - Secretary 

Bootsma, H." Kane-Driscoll, S.' 

Cavaletto,I.F. Krause, A.E.e 

DeLaSierra, R.U.e lang, G.A. 

Eadie, B.I. Lansing, M.B. 

Fahnenstiel, G.t. Liebig, J.R. 

Fanslow, D.l. Lynn, J.A. 

faust, W.R. Morehead,N.R. 

Gardner, W.S. Nalepa, T.F. 

Gluck, A.A.e Nelson, A.S." 

Gossiaux, D.C Pernie, G.t. 

Gostenik, GW.e Quigley, M.A. 

Harkey, G.A.e Robbins,I.A. 

Hartson, D.J.e Rood, R.W.c 

Hsieh, J.t.e Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Johengen, T.H.e Van Hoof, P .A. 

Johnson, !.R.c Wang, H.W.e 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo, H.K. - Head 

lojewski, N.t.· Secretary 

Bell, G.t. 

Lane, J.e. 

lee, J.P. 

Miller, T.C 

Muzzi, R.W. 

Ruberg, SA 

Shrum, A.F. 

RNShenehon 

Morse, D.V .. ShipOperator 

Burns, W.R. 

Grimes, J.E. 

Wilkinson, J.A." 

Physical Sciences Division 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Wrenn, B.S. - Secretary 

Assel, R.A. leshlievich, G.A. 

Bahatia, R." Liu, P.C . 

Bratkovich, A.W. Lofgren, B.M.e . 

Clites, A.H. McCormick, M.J. 

Cochran, S.c Meyer, D.E,c 

Croley, T.E., II Miller, G.S. 

Dong, D.Y.c Muhr, G.C 

Havens, w.e Norton, D.C 

Hawley, N. O'Connor, W.P.c 

Hibner, B.A.c Saylor, !.H. 

Hufnagel, J.A." Schwab, D.J. 

Hunter, T.S. Sellinger, CE. 

Jones, B.H." Wood, E.e 

Lee, D.H. 

•. Indicates WAEEmployee 

~.'ndicatesCo-opEmployee 

N • Indicates NRC Fellow 

e • Indicates ClLER Employee 

[ill 
VISITING SCIENTISTS 

• 

• Dmitry Beletsky 

Russian Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg. Russia 

(Soros Foundation Fellow) 

• Harvey Bootsma 

National Research Council 

Post Doctoral Research Fellow 

• Albertina Corona 

Institute for the Control and Conservation 

of Lake Maricaibo. Venezuela 

• Dr. Virgil Frizzell 

Office of Energy and Marine Geology 

U.S. Geological Survey 

• Burt Jones 

National Research Council 

Post Doctoral Research Fellow 

• Susan Kane-Driscoll 

National Research Council. 

POSt Doctoral Research Fellow 

• Dr. Jussi Kukkonen 

Universiry of Joensuu. Academy of Finland. 

• Peter Lavrenryev 

Fulbright Scholar 

Russia 

• Paul Marangelo 

Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, Connecticut 

• Nerva Morales 

Institute fur the Control and Conservation 

of Lake Maricaibo. Venezuela 

• Kenton Stewart 

State Universiry of New York. Buffalo 

• Dr. Janusz Tomazek 

International Research and Exchanges Board. Inc .• 

Rzesw'w Universiry of Technology. Rzeszo·w. Poland. 

• Hong Wei Wang 

Beijing Medical Universiry 

The People's Republic of China 
FY 94 PuBLICATIONS 

• 

Buchberger, S.G. Covariance properties of annual ner 

basin supplies ro the Great Lakes. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL GLERL-85, Great Lakes Environmental Research Labor.rory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB94-

2047321XAB) 29 pp. (\994). 

Chow, K.C.A., D.H. LEE. and D. Fay. Hydrologic 

impact of regulation 'cenario, on flood risk levels on the 

Great Lakes. Proceedings, Stochastic and Statistical 

Methods in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering. 

Volume: Environmental Management, Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, June 21-23, 1993. K1uwer Academic 

Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 14 pp. (1994). 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem 

Research and the Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory. Forming an Initiative: Coastal Zone Management and the Lauremian Great Lakes. The Great 

Lakes - Coastal Ocean Program Workshop, Ypsilanti, 

MI, November 5-6, 1992. Great Lake. Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 74 pp. (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E., II. Great Lakes climate scenarios and 

physical response. Proceedings, Global Climare Change 

Project-Research Prioride. for Assessing the Impacts of 

Climate Change in the Great Lakes Basin, C.M. Ryan, F. 

H. Quinn, and M.J. Donahue, (eds.). Ypsilanti, MI, 

December 6-8, 1993. NOAA, CILER, and the Grear 

Lakes Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 80-95 (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E., II. Probabilistic Great Lakes hydrology 

outlooks. Watrr Rtsourus Bulletin 29(5):741-753 (1993). 

CROLEY, T.E., II, and R.A. ASSEL A one-dimensional 

ice thermodynamics model for the Laurentian Great 

Lakes. Water RtSOUTus Research 30(3):625-639 (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E., II, and T.S. HUNTER. Great Lakes 

monthly hydrologic data. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-83, Great Lakes Environmental 

'CapHalized names represent GLERL authors. 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor. MI (NTIS # nor yet 

available) 83 pp. (1994). 

CROLEY, T.E., II, and B.M. LOFGREN. Coupled 

Hydrologic Armospheric Research Model (CHARM). 

Proceedings, Effects of Human-Induced Changes on 

Hydrologic Systems, Jackson Hole. WY. June 26-29, 

1994. American Watet Research Association, 109-118 

(1994). 

Dinne!. S.P .• and A.W. BRATKOVICH. Water discharge, nitrate concentration and nitrate flux in (he ]ower 

Mississippi River. Journal of Marine Science 4(1993):315-

326 (1994). 

DONG. D.Y .• A.W. BRATKOVICH. and S.P. Dinnel. 

N utrienr Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

(NECOP): CTD observarions from RN Longhorn cruise 

July 1-12. 1993. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-82. Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB94.1818721XAB) 144 

pp. (1994). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., D.G. Redalje, and S.E. Lohrenz. 

Has the importance of photoautotrophic picoplankton 

been overestimated? Limnology and Oceanography 

39(2):432-438 (I 994). 

GARDNER. W.S., E.E. Briones. E.C. Kaegi. and G.T. 

Rowe. Ammonium excretion by benthic invertebrates 

and sediment-water nitrogen flux in the Gulf of Mexico 

near the Ml$sissippi River outflow. Estuaries 16(4):799-

808 (1993). 

Gbah, M.B., G.A. Meadows. and S.]. Jacobs. A thermal 

front circulation model. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL.84, Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor. MI (NTIS# nOt yet 

available) 9 pp. (1994). 
H.melink.J.L., P.F. LANDRUM, H.L. Bergman. and 

W.H. Benson (Editors). Bioavailability; Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions. Society of Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistty. CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, 

Boca Raton. FL, 239 pp. (l994). 

Hamelink, J.L., P.F. LANDRUM, H.L. Betgman. and 

W.H. Benson. Session I. Introduction. In Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions, Society 

of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistty, Lewis 

Publishers. Inc., (1994). 

HARKEY, G.A. Investigation of the bioavailabi/ity of 

sedimmt-associated hydrophobic organic contaminantS. 

Ph.D. Dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 

158 pp. (1994). 

HARKEY, GA., P.F. LANDRUM, and S.J. Klaine. 

Comparison of whole-sediment, elucriate, and pore-water 

exposures for use in assessing sediment-associated organic 

cOfltaminan[S in bioassays. Environmmtal Toxicokgy and 

Chemistry 13(8):1315-1329 (1994). 

HARKEY, G.A., P.F. LANDRUM, and S.J. Klaine. 

Partition coefficients of hydrophobic contaminants in 

natural water, porewater, and dutriares obtained from 

dosed sediment: A comparison of methodologies. 

Chemosphere 28(3):583-596 (1994). 

HARKEY, G.A., P.F. LANDRUM. and S.J. Klaine. 

Preliminaty studies on the effect of feeding during whole 

sediment bioassays using Chironomus riparius larvae. 

Chemosphere 28(3):597-606 (1994). 

HARKEY, G.A., M.J, LYDY, J. KUKKONEN, and P.F, 

LANDRUM. Feeding selectivity and assimilation of 

PAH and PCB in Diporeia spp. Environmental Toxicolngy 

and Chemistry 13(9):1445-1455 (1994). 

Kelley,J.G .• c.-c.]. Yen. K.W. Bedford,J.S. Hobgood, 

and D.J. SCHWAB. Coupled Lake Erie air-sea. storm 

resolving rorecasts and predictions, the Viento project, 

Proceedings, 3rd Conference on Estuarine and Coastal 

Modeling, M,L. Spaulding, K W. Bedford, A. Blumberg. 

R. Cheng, and C. Swanson (eds.), Oak Brook, II., 

September 8-10, 1993. American Society of Civil 

Engineers, New York, NY, 202-215 (1994). 

KUKKONEN, J .• and P.F. LANDRUM. Toxicokinetics 

and toxicity of sediment-associated pyrene to Lumbriculus 

variegatus (oligochaeta). Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 13(9):1457-1468 (1994), 

LANDRUM, P.F., W,L. Hayton, H. Lee, L.S. McCarty, 

D, Mackay, and J,M, McKim, Synopsis of discussion 

session on the kinetics behind environmental bio.vailabuiry. In Bioavailability: Physica~ Chemica/, and Biolngical 

Interactions, J.L. Hamelink, P.F, Landrum. H.t. 

Bergman, and W,H. Benson (cds.). Boca Raton. FL, 

Lewis Publishers, 203-219 (1994). 

LANSING, M,B., W.S. GARDNER, and B.J. EADIE. 

Catecholamines as potential sub-lethal stress indicators in 

Great Lakes macrobenmic invertebrates. Journal afGreat 

Lalm Research 19(3):569-581 (1993). 

LEE, D.H., K.W, Bedford, and c.-c.], Yen. Srorm and 

entrainment effects on tributary sediment loads. Journal 

afHydraulic Engineering 120(1):81-103 (1994). 

LEE, D.H., F.H. QUINN. D. Sparks, andJ.C. Rassam. 

Modification of Great Lakes regulation plans for simulation of maximum Lake Ontario outflows. Journal of 

Great Lakes lksearch 20(3):569-582 (1994). 

LEE, D.H .. and C. Southam. Effec. and implications of 

differential isostatic rebound on Lake Superior's regulation limi ... Journal of Great Lakes Research 20(2):407-

415 (1994). 

LESHKEYICH, G,A., W. Pichel, and P. ClementeColon. Great Lakes SAR ice research application demonstration, Second ERS-l Symposium-Space at the 

Service of our Environment, Hamburg. Germany, 

October 11-14, 1993. European Space Ageney (ESA SP361),675-679 (1994), 

LIU, P.C. Estimating breaking wave statistics from 

wind-wave time series data. Anna'" Geophysicae 11:970-

972 (1993). 

LIU, p,c. Wavelet spectrum analysis and ocean wind 

waves. In Wavekts in Geophysics, E, Foufoula-Georgiou, 

and P. Kumar (eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, 151-

166 (1994). 

Lohrenz, S.E., D.G, Redalje, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, 

M.j. McCORMICK, G. LANG, K. Prasad, X. Chen. 

D.A. Arwood, and B. Chen. Phytoplankton rate pro-
cesses in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico 

and relationships to environmenral conditions. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

Workshop, Baton Rouge.1A. June 26-27. 1994. (1994). 

McCORMICK, M.J. Mixed layer models and their 

application ro water quality problems. Water PoUution 

&uarchjournai of Canada 29(2/3):221-232 (1994). 

McCORMICK, M.J., .ndJ.D. PAZDAlSKl. Moniro,-

ing midlake water temperarure in southern Lake Michigan for dima« change studies. Climatic Change 25: 119-

125 (1993). 

MILLER, G.S .• and J.H. SAYLOR. Comparison of 

acoustic doppler current profiler and vector averaging 

current merer measurements in a stratified, freshwater 

bay. Marinr Technology Sodety journa/27(3):15-20 

(1994). 

NAlEPA. T.F., J.F. CA V AlETTO. M. FORD, W.M. 

GORDON, and M. WIMMER. Seasonal and annual 

variation in weight and biochemical content of the zebra 

mussel. Dremena polymorpha, in lake St. Clair. journal 

of Great l.41", &search 19(3):541-552 (1993). 

Nelson, M.K. P.F. LANDRUM, G.A. Burton. S.]. 

Klaine. E.A. Crecelius. T.D. Byl. D.e. GOSSIAUX, 

V.N. Tsymbal. L. Cleveland, e.G. Ingersoll. and G. 

Sasson-Brickson. Toxicity of conraminated sediments in 

dilution series with control sediments. Chemospher, 

27(9):1789-1812 (1993). 

NORTON, D.e., and S.J. BOLSENGA. SpatiotemporaI trends in lake effect and continental snowf..11 in the 

Laurentian Grear Lakes, 1951-1980. journal of Climate 

6(10):1943-1956 (1993). 

O'CONNOR, W.P .• and D.J. SCHWAB. Sensitivityof 

Great Lakes Forecasting System nowcasts to meteorological fields and model parameters. Proceedings, 3rd 

International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal 

Modeling, M.L. Spaulding, K. Bedford. A. Blumberg, R. 

Cheng, and C. Swanson (eds.), Oak Brook, Il, SeptemberS-IO. 1993. ASCE. New York, NY, 149·157 (1994). 

Piehel, W .• P. Clemente-Colon, G. Huffurd. G.A. 

LESHKEVICH. G. Wahl. F. Kniskern, J. Sapper. and R. 

Carey. CoastWatch SAR applications demonstrationdevelopment phase. Proceedings, Second ERS-l Symposium, Space at the Service of our Environment, B. 

Kaldeich. Hamburg, Germany. October 11-14, 1993. 

European Space Agency. Paris, France, 669-674 (1994). 

QUINN. F.H.,J.A. DERECKI. and e.E. SELLINGER. 

Pre-1900 St. Clait River flow regime. JournalofGrtat 

l.4k" Reuarch 19(4):660-664 (1993). 

REID. D.F., J. Bidwell. J. Carlton. L. Johnson. E. 

Marsden. and S.J. Nichols (Editors). Z,bra-MusselSpecific Containment Protocols. Aquatic NuisanceSpeci .. 

Task Force, Research Protocol Committee. 24 pp. 

(1993). 

ROBBINS. J.A .• and L.R. HERCHE. Models and 

uncertainty in '''Pb dating of sediments. VtrhandlugmIntrrnationak Vereinigung Fur Theoreti!che una 

Angf!Wandte Limnologit 25:217-222 (1993). 

Ryan. e.M .• F.H. QUINN. and M.J. Donahue. Great 

lakes Climare Change-Research Priorities for Assessing 

the Impacts of Climate Change in the Great Lakes Basin. 

Proceedings, Great Lakes Climate Change Workshop, 

Ypsilanti. MI. December 6.8, 1993. NOAA. CIlER, 

and GLC. Ann Arbor. MI. 159 (1994). 

SAYLOR. J.H. Srudies ofborcom Ekman layer processes 

and mid-lake upwelling in rhe Laurenrian Great Lakes. 

Wat" PoUution &uarch journa/29(213):233-246 (1994). 

SCHNEIDER. K.. R.A. ASSEl. and T.E. CROLEY. 

Normal water temperarure and ice cover of the laurentian Great lakes: A computer animation, data base, and 

analysis tool. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL·81, Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratoty, Ann Arbor. MI (NTIS# not yet available) 47 

pp. (1993). 

SCHNEIDER. K., R.A. ASSEL. and T.E. CROLEY. 

Normal temperarure and ice cover of the Great Lakes. 

Second Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for 

Marine and Coastal Environments, New Orleans, LA. 

Januaty 31-Februaty 2,1994. 325·335 (1994). 

SCHWAB, D.J., and K W. Bedford. Initial implementation of the Great Lakes Forecasting System: A rcal-time 

system for predicting lake circulation and thermal 

structure. WIt"'r PoUution Re"arch journal of Canada 

29(213}:203·220 (l994). 

Suffet, I.H .• e.T. Jafverr, J. KUKKONEN. M.R Servos, 

A. Spade, L.L. Williams, and J.A. Noblet. Synopsis of 

[ill 
discussion session: In/luences of particulate and dissolved 

material on the bioavailability of organic compounds. 

Thirteenth Pellston Workshop, J.L. Hamelink, P. F. 

Landrum, H.L Bergman, and W.H. Benson (eds.), 

Pellston, Ml, August 17-22, 1992. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, 

Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 93-108 (1994). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A. Zooplankton partide selection 

and feeding mechanisms. In Th. Biology ofParlicks in 

Aquatic Systems, R.S. Wotton (ed.). Lewis Publishers, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 205-234 (1994). 
FY 94 PRESENTATIONS 

• 

ASSEL, RA. Project Overview: Great Lakes Ice Cover 

Data Rescue. Eighth Annual Meeting of the U.S.! 

Canada Joint lee Working Group, Seattle. WA. May II. 

1994. (1994). 

ASSEL. R.A. Summary ofGLERL's ice and snow 

research projects ror FY93. 22nd Annual Meeting of 

Grear Lakes-St. Lawrence Ice Information Network 

Group. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Sault Ste. Marie. 

MI. October 6. 1993. (1994). 

ASSEL, R.A.. D.M. RobertSon. M.H. Hoff. and J. 

Sdgeby. Long-term trends in bay and harbor freeze-up 

and break-up dates ror the Laurentian Great Lakes of 

North America. International Symposium on the Role of 

the Cryospere in Global Change. Byrd Polar Research 

Center and the Ohio State Universiry, Columbus, OH. 

August 7-12.1994. (i994). 

ASSEL. RA., T.E. CROLEY II. and K. SCHNEIDER 

Normal daily temperatures and ice cover of the laurentian Great Lakes of North America. 51st Annual Meering of the Eastern Snow Conference, Dearborn, MI, June 

15-16,1994. (i994). 

BEETON. A.M. Impacts of zebra mussel populations in 

Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron on water 

qualiry. Zebra Mussel '94 Coordination Commitree 

Meering, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Denver, CO, 

May 10, 1994. (1994). 

BEETON, A.M. NOAA's Zebra Mussel Programs. 

Zebra Mussel 94' Coordination Committee Meeting, 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Denver, CO. May 10, 

1994. (I994). 

BEETON, A.M., and R Holland. Changes in the 

plankton in western Lake Erie. 19rh Council of Grear 

Lakes Research Managers Meeting, Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada, October 24,1993. (i994). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W., S.P. Dinne!, B.H. Jones, and T. 

Whitledge. Mississippi River source functions and 

impacts. Estuarine Research Federarion Conference. 

Hilton Head, SC, November 11-16,1993. (\994). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Mississippi river fluxes and shelf 

impacts. 1994 Ocean Sciences Meeting, American 

Geophysical Union/American Sociery of Limnology and 

Oceanography, San Diego. CA. February 21-25,1994. 

(1994). 

CA V ALETTO, J.F., W.S. GARDNER. and J.R 

JOHNSON. Amino acid uptake potential and ammonium excretion as affected by zebra mussels in Saginaw 

Bay, Lake Huron. IAGLR. 37th Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Universiry of Windsor. Windsor. Ontario, 

Canada. June 6-9.1994. (1994). 

CROLEY. T.E. II. Laurentian Great Lakes dynamics, 

dimate. and response to change. NATO Advance 

Studies Institute. Castdvecchio, Italy. June 2. 1994. 

(1994). 

EADIE, B.J .• J.A. ROBBINS. G.L. BELL. and P.A. 

Meyers. Probing partide proces.es in the Great Lakes 

using sediment traps. American Chemical Sociery 

Meeting. San Diego, CA, March 14-18. 1994. (l994). 

EADIE. B.J .• M.B. LANSING. J.A. ROBBINS. B.A. 

McKee. S. Men, and J.H. Trefry. Records of nutrient 

enhanced coastal ocean productiviry in sediments from 

the Louisiana continental shelf. 1994 Ocean Science 

Meeting. American Geophysical Union/ American Socie!}' 

of Limnology and Oceanography. San Diego. CA. 

February 21-25.1994. (1994). 

FAHNENSTIEL. G.L., and H.J. Carrick. Guide to the 

common protozoa of the upper Grear Lakes. IAGLR. 

37th Conference on Great Lakes Research. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, U niversiry of 

Windsor, Windsor. Ontario, Canada, June 6-9, 1994. 

(1994). 
GARDNER. W.S. Bemhic organic nitrogen mineralization dynamics: Comparison of results from sites in Lake 

Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico. lAGLR. 37th Conference on Great Lakes Research. International Association 

for Great Lakes Research. University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. June 6-9,1994. (\994). 

GARDNER, W.S., B.J. EADIE, R Benner, D. Pakulski. 

and G. Chin-Leo. Organic marrer remineralization and 

baCterial dynamics in the Mississippi River plume. 12th 

International Estuarine Research Federation Conference, 

Hilton Head, SC, November 14-18,1993. (1994). 

GARDNER. W.S .. R Benner, R. Amon,J.B. Comer Jr., 

and J.F. CAVALETIO. Effects of high molecular 

weight labile organic marrer on bacterial nitrogen dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico Mississippi River Plume. 1994 

Ocean Sciences Meeting, American Geophysical Unionl 

American Society for Limnology and Oceanography, San 

Diego, CA, February 21-25,1994. (1994). 

GOSSIAUX, D.C.. and P.F. LANDRUM. Assimilation 

of contaminants from suspended sediment and algae by 

the zebra mussel. Drtissena polymorpha. 14th Annual 

Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, Houston, TX, November 17. 1993. (1994). 

HARKEY, GA, P.F. LANDRUM, and S.J. KJaine. 

Evaluation of feeding effects in sediment bioaccumuladon assays. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Houston, 

TX, November 18, 1993. (1994). 

HAWLEY. N. Suspended sediment transport in the 

benthic nepheloid layer in southeastern Lake Michigan. 

1994 Ocean Sciences Meeting, American Geophysical 

Union/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. San Diego, CA, February 21-25.1994. (1994). 

Holcombe. T.L., J.S. Warren, L.A. Taylor, and D.F. 

REID. Digiral data sets and graphics from new barhymetry. western Lake Erie. Poster presentarion. 37th 

Annual Conference of the International Association for 

Great Lakes Research. Windsor. Ontario. Canada. June 

6-9, 1994 (i 994). 

JOHENGEN, T.H. Comparison of the effects of zebra 

musseLs on water quality and nutrient dynamics in 

Saginaw Bay. Lake Huron and Hatchery Bay, Western 

Lake Erie. lAGLR, 37th Conference on Great Lakes 

Research. International Association fur Great Lakes 

Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada, June 6-9, 1994. (1994). 

Kukkonen. j.V.K., P.L. VAN HOOF, and P.F. LANDRUM. Biavailability of sediment assodated PAHs by 

Lumbricu!.us variegaeuS'. Comparison oflabor.tory dosed 

with environmentally resident PAH. 14th Annual 

Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, Houston, TX, November 17, 1993. (1994). 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of organic contaminams from sediments. Lecture, Department of Biological 

Sdences, Wright Stare University. Dayton. OH, January 

26.1994. (1994). 

LANDRUM, P.F. Contaminant cycling: Determining 

the connection with exposure of biota. lAGLR, 37th 

Conference on Great Lakes Research. Imernational 

Association for Great Lakes Research, University of 

Windsor, Windsor, Ontario. Canada, June 6-9, 1994. 

(1994). 

LANDRUM, P.F .. and J. Kukkonen. Evaluation of 

organic contaminant exposure to aquatic organisms: The 

significance ofbioconcentration and bioaccumulation. 

Quantitarive Ecotoxicology: A Hierarchical Approach, 

Savannah River Ecology, University of Georgia, 

Houndslake Cluh, Aiken. SC. June 21. 1994. (1994). 

LANDRUM. P.F., and KANE-DRISCOLL, S. Bioaceumulation: Critical body residues. Bioaccumulation 

Workshop. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency! 

NOAA, Melrose (Boston), MA, August 29-September 1, 

1994. (1994). 

LANDRUM, P.F., J. Kukkonen, G. HARKEY, and W. 

FAUST. Critical issues in bioavailability of sedimemassodated contaminants. Great Lakes Aquatic Research 

Consortium Colloquium. Columbus. OH. October 19. 

1993. (1994). 

LESHKEVICH. G.A. Analysis of Great Lakes ice cover 

using satellite SAR data. 22nd Annual International 

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ice Information Working 

Group Meeting, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Sault St. 

Marie. MI. October 6, 1993. 

LESHKEVICH. G.A. Great Lakes CoastWatch. Great 

Lakes Forecasting System (GLFS) User's Workshop, 

Sandusky, OR September 22. 1994. (1994). 
LESHKEVICH, G.A. The NOAA Great Lakes 

CoastW.tch Program. IIIinois-Indiana Sea Grant 

Strategic Planning Meeting, Rosemont (Chicago), IL. 

May 18.1994. (1 994}. 

LESHKEVICH. G.A. The NOAA/Great Lakes 

CoasrWatch Program. Argonne Seminar Series, Argonne 

National Laborarory, Argonne. IL, May 19. 1994. 

(1994). 

LIEBIG. J.R .• and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Progress in 

understanding the biology of Drtissma larvae: Food 

requirements and vulnerability to predarion. IAGLR, 

37th Conference on Great Lakes Research. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research. University of 

Windsor. Windsor, Ontario. Canada, June 6-9, 1994. 

(1994). 

LIU. P.c. How do wind waves grow? An .nalysis of 

SW ADE wind and wave data. Proceedings, 2nd Interna· 

tional Conference on Air-Sea Interaction and Meteorology and Oceanography, American Meteorological 

Society, Lisbon, Portugal, Seprember 23,1994, (1994). 

LIU, P.c. Wavelet spectrum analysis of nearshore waves 

in the Great Lake •. Fall Meeting, American Geophysical 

Union, San Frandsco, CA, December 8,1993. (1994). 

Lofgren, B,M., and T,E. CROLEY. II. A coupled model 

of the atmosphere and hydrology in the Great Lakes 

region. Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San 

Francisco, CA. Decembet 9,1993. (1994). 

MEYER, D .• and R.A ASSEL. Great Lakes states 

monthly precipitation and temperature dara rescue 

project - A stalUs report. Annual Meeting of the Ameri· 

can Association of State Climatologists. Madison. WI, 

July 28, 1994. (1994). 

MUZZI. R., and M. McCORMICK. A new Gps. drifter 

buoy. Oceans '94, The InstilUte of Electrical and 

Electronics Engineers, Brest, France. September 13-16. 

1994. (1994). 

NALEPA, T.F. Changes in zebra mussel populations in 

Lake St. Clair between 1990 and 1992. IAGLR,37th 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, Internarional 

Association for Great Lakes Research. University of 

Windsor. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. June 6-9. 1994. 

(1994). 

NALEPA, T.F. Trends in population and ecological 

impacts of the zebra mussel in Lake St. Clair and Saginaw 

Bay. Conference on Managing Watersheds to Protect 

High Quality Lakes. Traverse City, MI, August 25-26, 

1994. (1994). 

NALEPA, T.F. Trends in zebra mussel populations in 

Saginaw Bay and subsequent changes in water quality, 

1991-1993. 4th Inrernarional Zebra Mussel Conference. 

American Water Works, Great Lakes Sea Grant Network 

and others, Madison. WI, March 10, 1994. (1994). 

PERNIE, G.L.. T.H. JOHENGEN, and E.D. Brown. 

Lake Michigan Spring offihore 7..ooplankton (1986-

1993) in relation to phosphorus, fish. secchi disk depth, 

and chlorophyll a trends. IAGLR, 37th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research. International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, University of Windsor, Windsor. 

Ontario, Canada, June 6-9. 1994. (1994). 

SAYLOR, J .H. Observations of high-speed bottom 

currents in Lake Champlain. 1994 Ocean Sciences 

Meering. American Geophysical Union/American Society 

of Limnology and Oceanography, San Diego, CA. 

February 21-25, 1994. (1994). 

SAYLOR, J.H. Physical limnology of Gull Island Shoal, 

Lake Superior. RESTORE, Restoration of Lake Trout in 

the Great Lakes: A Critical Assessment, Ann Arbor, MI, 

January 12. 1994. (1994). 

SCHWAB. D.J. Hydrodynamic modeling in the Great 

Lakes. Watershed, Estuarine, and Large Lakes Modeling, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Environmental Supercomputer Center. Bay City, MI, April 

18-20.1994. {1994}. 

SCHWAB, D.} .. Marine forecasts for the Great Lakes. 

NOAA Colloquium on Operational Environmental 

Prediction, Camp Springs, MD,June 16-17,1994. 

(I 994}. 

SCHWAB, D.J., and W.P. O·CONNOR. A theory for 

the net cyclonic drculation in large stratified lakes. 

IAGLR, 37th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

University of Windsor. Windsor, Ontario. Canada,June 

6-9.1994. (1994). 

[ill 
TOMASZEK, J.A" W.S. GARDNER, and T.R JOHENGEN. Denitrification in Old Woman Creek 

Estuary (Lake Erie) sediments. lAGLR. 37th Conference 

on Great Lakes Research, International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, Universiry of Windsor, Windsor. 

Ontario. Canada, June 6-9,1994. (1994). 

VANDERPLOEG. H.A., and J.R. LIEBIG. Vulnerabiliry of Drtisuna larvae to copepod predation: 

The importance of the bivalve shell. 1994 Joint 

Meeting. American Sociery of Limnology and 

Oceanography (ASLO) and the Phycological Sodery of America (PSA). June 12-16. 1994. (1994). 

VANDERPLOEG. H.A.,J.R. LlEBIG.A.A. GLUCK, 

and C.E. Goulden. From egg to settling stage: The 

culture and nutritional requirements of Drtimma larvae. 

4th International Zebra Mussel Conference. Madison. 

WI. March 7-10.1994. (1994). 
ACRONYMS 

.r-------

AAPS 

ADCP 

AGU 

ANS 

AOML 

ARCS 

ASLO 

ASSP 

ASTM 

AVHRR 

BaP 

CCIW 

CD·ROM 

CER 

CHARM 

ClLER 

COP 

CSCS 

CTD 

CZE 

DOC 

DOM 

DON 

DYNMX 

~60 

EMAP 

EPA 

ERIM 

ERL 

ERS 

ESDIM 

FEDUNK 

FIBS 

FNOC 

FY 

GB 

GC/MS 

GCM 

GIS 

GLCFS 

GLERL 

GLFS 

GUN 

Ann Arbor Public Schools 

Acousric Doppler Current Pro filer 

American Geophysical Union 

Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Atlantic Oceanographic Marine Laboratory 

Assessment and Remediation of Conraminared Sediments 

American Society for Limnology and Oceanography 

Approved Species·Specific Protocol 

American Society fur Testing and Materials 

Advanced Vety High Resolution Radiomerer 

Benw(a)pyrene 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

Compact Disk - Read Only Memory 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research 

Coupled Hydrosphere Atmosphere Research Model 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research 

Coastal Ocean Program 

Consolidated Scientific Computing System 

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth 

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 

Dissolved Organic Carbon 

Dissolved Organic Matter 

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 

Dynamic Mixing Model 

Effective concentration at which 50% of worms will leave sediment. 

Equal Employmenr Opportunity 

EPA Mapping Program 

U.S. Environmenral Protection Agency 

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Earth Resources Satellite 

Earth System Data and Information Management 

Federal Library and Information Network 

Field by Information Blending and Smoothing 

Fleer Numerical Oceanographic Center 

Fiscal Year 

Gigabyee 

Gas Chromatography/Mass Specrrometty 

General Circulation Model 

Geographic Information System 

Grear Lakes Coastal Forecast System 

Great Lakes Envitonmental Research Laboratory 

Great Lakes Forecasting System 

Great Lakes Infurmation Network 
GOES 

GPS 

HCBP 

HOC 

HPLC 

IAGLR 

IDIDAS 

IJC 

IMSL 

LAN 

LATEX 

LAVe 

LC,O 

LD,O 

LORAN-C 

MAR 

MARC 

MCC 

MCSST 

MICIS 

MIL 

MLC 

MOIL 

MRP 

MRP/GS 

MRPIIGS 

NBS 

NDBC 

NECOP 

NESDlS 

NIST 

NLlN 

NLSST 

NMC 

NOAA 

NOCN 

NOS 

NRL 

NSF 

NSIPS 

NURP 

NWS 

OAR 

OCLC 

OCNMAP 

OSU 

PAH 

PCB 

PDMS 

PI 

PMEL 

[ill 

Geostationary Observational Environmental SateUite 

Global Positioning System 

Hexachlorobiphenyl 

Hydrophobic Organic Compound 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography 

International Association for Great Lakes Research 

Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis System 

International Joint Commission 

International Mathematics and Statistical Library 

Local Area Network 

(Gulf Marine Minerals Management) Louisiana Texas Experiment 

Local Area V AXclustet 

Lethal concentration in environment resulting in ,0% mortaliry. 

Lethal dose which results in 50% mortality of population. 

Location Radio Navigation-Coordinates 

Mississippi Atchafalaya River 

Machine-Readable Caraloging 

Midwest Climate Center 

Multi-Channel Sea Surface Temperature 

Midwestern Climate Information System 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

Michigan Library Consortium 

Marine Operarioos and Iostrumentation Laboratory 

Mississippi River Plume 

Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf 

Mississippi River Plumellnner Gulf Shelf 

National Bureau of Standards 

National Data Buoy Center 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NOAA Library and Information Network 

Non-Linear Sea Surface Temperature 

National Marine Center 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Ocean Communication Network 

National Ocean Service 

Naval Research Laboratory 

National Science Foundation 

NRL Satellite Impage Processing Systems 

National Undersea Research Program 

National Weather Service 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Online Computer Library Center 

Ocean Map 

The Ohio State University 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

Polydimethylsiloxane 

Principal Investigator 

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 
PMF 

POC 

POM 

RAMS 

RNN 

ROV 

SABRE 

SAR 

SEAS 

SIMS 

SPM 

SST 

SUNY 

TM 

USFWS 

USGS 

VACM 

WARFS 

WLLN 

WRIPS 

XBT 

Probable Maximum Flood 

Particulate Organic Carbon 

Particulate Organic Marrer 

Regional Atmospheric Modding System 

Regional Network Node 

Remote Operated Vehicle 

South Adantic Bight Recruitment Experiment 

Synthetic Aperture Radar 

Shipboard Environmental Acquisition System 

Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer 

Suspended Particulate Material 

Sea Surmce Temperature 

State University of New York 

Thematic Mapper 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Vector Averaging Current Meter 

Water Resources Forecasting System 

Wasbtenaw-Livingston Library Network 

Wave Rider Information Processing System 

Expendable Bathythermograph