Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory 

Annual 

Report 

.. U.S..DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE-National Oceanlc and Attnospheric Adminlstrdon 

Office of Oceanic and AtrPlospherlc RbarchrEnviranmgntd Research Laboratories 

GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 

ANNUAL 

REPORT 

FY 7997 

Director 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48 105- 1 593 
Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOAAIERL. Use 

for publicity or advertising purposes, of information 

from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is not authorized. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Special thanks to Joann Cavaletto, Mark Ford, 

Jerry Bell, and Jim Saylor for photographs of equipment and field work activities. 
CONTENTS 

Introduction ............................................................................................... 7 

Non-Indigenous Species .......................................................................... 3 

Pollutant Effects ........................................................................................ 7 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research ......................................................... 77 

Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes ........................... 73 

Marine Hazards and Water Management Research ........................... 77 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) ................. 27 

CoastWatch .............................................................................................. 23 

Independent Research Projects ............................................................. 25 

Facilities and Services.. ............................................................................. 27 

Outreach Activities ................................................................................... 35 

FY 97 Staff ................................................................................................... 43 

Visiting Scientists ........................................................................................ 44 

GLERL Seminars ......................................................................................... 45 

FY 9 7 Publications ..................................................................................... 47 

FY 97 Presentations ................................................................................... 57 

iii 

Introduction 

he Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 

is 1 of 1 1 environmental laboratories operated by 

the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

(OAR), through the Environmental Research Laboratories Directorate. 

GLERL's mission is to conduct integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource 

management and environmental services in coastal and 

estuarine waters, with a special emphasis on the Great 

Lakes. GLERL's research has traditionally been 

focused on investigations to improve our understanding 

of, and ability to predict, the biological, chemical, and 

physical processes occurring in natural ecosystems. 

Such processes influence the fate and effects of pollutants, the cycling and through-put of nutrients and 

energy within the food chain, water quality, and water 

quantity (lake levels and the hydrologic cycle), or they 

pose a hazard to the human population who use the 

natural resources of the ecosystem. In addition, 

GLERL cooperates closely with other federal, state, 

and local agencies, private industry, academia, and the 

general public on major environmental projects in the 

Great Lakes. 

The products of GLERL's research are made 

available on a regular basis as scientific publications, 

NOAA Technical Series reports, computer programs 

and computer-based models, brochures, posters, and 

presentations at scientific and public meetings. These 

products are used by government, educational, and 

private organizations for many different purposes 

ranging from informational to actual applications and 

operational use. During FY 9 1,s 1 scientific publications by GLERL authors were published, and 57 talks 

were presented by GLERL staff at scientific and public 

meetings and in schools. 

This annual report describes the significant activities and accomplishments of GLERL staff during the 

period October 1,1990 - September 30, 1991. For 

general information on how to obtain GLERL products, 

see the Facilities and Services section of this report. 

GLERL's scientific programs are organized into 

five coordinated research programs considered critical 

to the NOAA mission and to Great Lakes problems 

(Coordinated Ecosystem Research, Climate Variability 

and Global Change in Large Lakes, Marine Hazards 

and Water Management, Pollutant Effects, and NonIndigenous Species), the Nutrient Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity (NECOP) and Coastwatch programs, and several independent research projects. 

There is also a number of support units that provide 

technical, operational, and administrative assistance to 

the scientific staff: 

a Marine Instrumentation Laboratory, where instruments and systems for hands-on and automated field 

collection of data are designed, built, and maintained; 

a Computer Systems Group that maintains GLERL's 

in-house computer network, the interface with off-site 

mainframe and super computers, and provides related 

user support to the GLERL staff and others; 
- Introduction - 

a Publications Unit that is responsible for providing the RN SHENEHON, GLERL's research vessel and 

editorial and publications support to the GLERL staff, the primary platform used by GLERL staff for field 

distributing GLERL publications, and responding to operations on the lakes; 

related information requests; 

and an Administrative Office that provides persona Library that maintains a research collection nel, budget, purchasing, and facility information and 

tailored to GLERL staff needs and which offers special management of the laboratory. 

retrieval services for materials not in the existing 

holdings; 

I 

Biogeochemlcal Sciences Division 

Director 1 Assistant to the Director 

I 

Physical Sciences Division 

Publications Unit 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Marine Instrumentation Lab 

Facilities Support 

Vessel Operations 

Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

Coordinated Research Programs 

--------- Non-Indigenous Species - - - - - - - - 

---------- Pollutant Effects - - - - - - - - - 

------- Coordinated Ecosystems Research - - - - - - 

----- Climate Variability and Global Change in Large Lakes - - - - 

---- -Marine Hazards and Water Management Research - - - - 

Independent Research Projects 

Administrative Office 

Computer and information 

Systems Group 

Computer Systems Support 

Statistical Services 

Library Information Services 

Figure I. GLERL's Organizational Structure 
Non-Indigenous Species 

IF. Nalepa, Program Leader 

ecently, two species were introduced into the 

Great Lakes that have the potential to dramatically alter trophic relationships of the entire 

ecosystem: the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), 

and the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederstroemi). 

Dreissena is capable of increasing in numbers very 

rapidly. This species will likely have ecological 

implications to other species and have a profound 

impact on the cycling of materials. Bythotrephes has 

become a dominant member of the plankton in all of 

the Great Lakes. Our own preliminary work suggests 

that Bythotrephes is a voracious selective predator. 

Recent shifts in Lake Michigan zooplankton community structure from Daphnia, the favorite food of 

Bythotrephes, to copepods have been hypothesized to 

be caused by Bythotrephes. The goal of this program is 

to expand our knowledge of the biology and ecological 

impacts of non-indigenous species in the Great Lakes. 

Individual scientific studies within this coordinated 

research program including FY 91 accomplishments 

follow. 

Examining the Impacts of the Zebra Mussel, 

Dreissena polymorpha, on the Lower Food Web 

of Saginaw Bay. 

The objectives of this project are (1) to define 

changes in the abundance, biomass, and composition of 

the lower food web of Saginaw Bay that have resulted 

from the invasion of the zebra mussel, (2) to construct a 

model of carbon flow through the system and determine process-oriented changes, and (3) to monitor 

changes in the abundance and distribution of the zebra 

mussel in the bay. In FY 91, a meeting was hosted to 

plan agency coordination and resource pooling resulting in an agreement between GLERL, the Michigan 

Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to provide resources 

to enhance research efforts. A request for proposals 

was issued to address research gaps through academic 

institutions. Consultations with potential collaborators, 

reviews of proposals, and relevancy to planned GLERL 

activities in Saginaw Bay provided a basis for funding 

grants. An expanded sampling program was initiated 

in Saginaw Bay in April 199 1. A total of 26 sites were 

sampled monthly until November. In June 1991, two 

sequential sediment traps were placed in the bay to 

determine seston settling rates. Also, six current 

meters were placed in the outer bay to determine water 

exchange rates between the inner and outer bay. 

Artificial substrates were constructed and placed at four 

sites in the bay to document the rate and temporal 

variability of settling by zebra mussel veligers. Divers 

were employed to document zebra mussel densities in 

the bay. Mesocosms were constructed, and preliminary 

experiments were conducted to determine small-scale 

changes in nutrients, bacteria, phytoplankton, and 

zooplankton as a result of the filtering activities of 

zebra mussels (Figure 2). 

Metabolic Physiology of the Zebra Mussel, 

Dreissena polymorpha. 

Objectives of the program are (1) to seasonally 

determine oxygen consumption, nitrogen (ammonia) 
- Non-Indigenous Species - 

Figlire 2. Meau~u~rn~ werecons~ructed andpIaced in 

Sflginow Bay ro determine small-scale changes in nutrients, 

hncteria, pi~y~oplankron, and zooplankton as a result of she 

ft/tering activities of zebra mussels. This phoro shows a 

dnwnwurd view of a mestjcosm in the hay. The zebra 

mr~ssels are atrached ro a line in the center of the mesocosm. 

to different types of substrates were determined. 

Excretion rates (phosphorus and nitrogen) of mussels 

colIected from Lake St. Clair were measured monthly 

beginning in April 1 99 1. 

Direct Observations on the Trophic Ecology of 

Drehsena Early Life Stages: The Critical 

Planktonic Period. 

The pelagic phase (eggs and larvae) is probably the 

weak link in the life cycIe of Dreissena with mortalities 

of nearly 100% depending on environmental conditions. The larvae are at potential risk from starvation 

and from predation by zooplankton. Compared to the 

adults, little is known about the larvae. Before we can 

understand the potential of the invasion of an environment by Dreissena, its role in the ecosystem, and the 

possibility of its biological control, we need to undesstand the trophic ecology of the pelagic phase. Objectives of this new project are (1) to observe feeding 

mechanisms, particle choice, and feeding rates of 

Dreissena larvae, (2) to determine nutritiona1 requirements of Dreissena larvae, and (3) to determine 

vulnerability of Dreissena eggs and larvae to zooplankton. In FY 91, we maintained adult zebra mussels in 

the laboratory and initiated the development of methods to induce spawning of the mussels to produce a 

supply of veligers. The growth kinetics of algae to be 

excretion of zebra mussels collected from Lake St. used as foal for veIigers were also determined. 

CIair, and (2) to seasonalIy determine lipid content and 

Carbon:Nitrogen ratios of soft tissue from zebra Toxicokinetics and BioaccumuIation of Organic 

mttssels collcczed from Lake St. Clajr. Analysis of data Contaminants by the Zebra Mussel. 

collected in Lake St. Clair in FY 90 continued, and This project will primarily employ selected mempreliminary results show that lipid levels in zebra bers from two classes of compounds, the chlorinated 

mussels are very site-specific and possibly a function hydrocarbons, primarily polychlorinated biphenyls 

of abundance- A population survey of zebra mussels (PCBs), and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

was conducted in Lake St. Clair in the fall of 1990 to (PA&). These selected chemicals will be representsdetermine abundances and biomass on a lake-wide tive of both their class and of the physicallchemical 

basis. All mussels were counted and measured for characteristics embodied in the chemicals as model 

length. In addition, the proportion of mussels attached compounds. Compounds from classes 
- Non-Indigenous Species , 

Figure 3. Close-up of a zebra mussel (Dreissena 

polymorpha). The adult mussels can filler up to 

1 liter of water per dq. 

are to be employed where specific characteristics will 

he helpful to determine specific processes or mechanisms of action. Methods have recently been developed to hold zebra mussels in the laboratory safely and 

in good health for toxicokinetic studies. An experimental design was developed that permits the measurement of the toxicokinetics of organic contaminants in 

zebra mussels that were exposed only through the 

water. Calculations of the toxicokinetics required 

significant modification of existing kinetics models to 

calculate the uptake rate coefficient. Both uptake and 

elimination of benzo(a)pyrene, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, DDT, 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and 

pyrene were determined. Efforts continue to refine the 

measurement of filtration rates. 

Zooplankton Grazing vs. Zebra MusseI 

Filtering in Saginaw Ray: An Experimental 

and Modeling Study. 

Zooplankton grazing is a major force in determining particle and food web dynamics in the Great Lakes, 

It is anticipated that major changes in particle abundance and foodweb structure will occur in Saginaw 

Bay as a result of the zebra mussel invasion, owing to 

their prodigious filtering rates (Figure 3). This new 

study will compare zooplankton grazing and zebra 

mussel filtering. 

Long Term Changes in the Resuspendable 

Sediments of Saginaw Bay. 

In shallow systems, the behavior of particleassociated constituents are strongly mediated by 

sedimenvwater exchange. The influence of this 

coupling on the concentrations, transport, and residence 

times of these constituents is a function of the extent of 

bioturbation and the rate of resuspension of these 

materials back into the water column. The introduction 

of zebra mussels into this system will likely modify the 

sedimendwater exchange rate either by (1) changing 

the repackaging of particulate matter resulting in 

changes in sediment cohesion and resuspendibility, (2) 

influencing the development of increased macroph y te 

populations, or (3) changing the densityldistribution of 

benthos and thereby the rate and extent of bioturbation. 

In EY 91, the first year of this new program, two 

autosequencing sediment traps were deployed. 

Ecology of am Invader: The Physiological 

Ecology of Bythotrephes and its Direct Effect on 

Food Web Structure in the Great Lakes. 

Objectives of the program are to (I) determine in 

siru selectivity and predation rates of Byrhotrephes 

cederstroemi on zooplankton in the Great Lakes and 

examine the effect of Bythorrephes on food web 

structure, (2) determine spatial distribution of Bytho- 
- Non-Indigenous Species - 

trephes and its prey, and relate vertical distribution to 

light climate, (3) directly observe predation mechanisms of Bythotrephes using Schlieren videography to 

observe swimming and attacks and use high-speed 

videography to observe prey handling of tethered 

animals, (4) determine Nitrogen excretion, lipid 

content, respiration, and reproductive condition of 

Bythotrephes to understand its bioenergetics, life-cycle 

strategy, and ability to survive in the Great Lakes, and 

(5) develop a model of selective predation by Bythotrephes to predict its impact on Great Lakes community 

structure. In EY 91, we finished the first year of 

nearly weekly collections of Bythotrophes at the 

offshore monitoring station and at an inshore station. 

Analyses of a collection of tows made during day, 

dusk, and night of the same day over all depth strata 

showed highest abundances at night, second highest 

abundances at dusk, and extremely low abundances 

during the day. These results are consistent with net 

avoidance and suggest we may be grossly underestimating Bythotrephes abundance. 
Pollutant Effects 

RE Landrum, Program Leader 

he Pollutant Effects coordinated research program 

pursues research to increase our understanding of 

the dynamics and effects of contaminants in the 

ecosystem. The studies are developed within a conceptual framework focused around the basic toxicological 

concept that effects are related to the attainment of a 

critical dose of contaminant for a specific duration. 

This research will strive for a generic understanding of 

contaminant dynamics and effects that can be applied 

to many different systems using sites and processes 

from the Great Lakes as specific examples. The effort 

will be a combination of process studies and mathematical modeling that will improve our understanding 

and ability to predict contaminant fate and effects in the 

Great Lakes. This program will attempt to address the 

following questions: (1) For a given load of toxic 

contaminant, what level of exposure can be expected 

for various biota? (2) What is the assimilative capacity 

for toxic contaminants defining no-effect loads for both 

species and communities? (3) What kind of prediction 

can be applied to catastrophic events to insure best 

management decisions? (4) What are the effects of 

long-term low-level contaminant exposures? 

The program on contaminant cycling in an aquatic 

ecosystem can be broken down into five major areas of 

study: (1) Environmental monitoring for load estimates, validation of model, and field estimates of 

laboratory-derived parameters for model calibration. 

(2) Physical, chemical, and biological processes 

affecting the fate, transport, and degradation of contaminants. (3) Exposure, bioavailability, toxicokinetics, and biodegradation of contaminants. (4) Effects of 

contaminants at all levels of biological organization 

within an ecosystem and biological early warning 

measures of effects. (5) System assessments and 

predictive simulation modeling. While all the above 

research areas are important for a complete understanding and prediction of effects, resources limit the scope 

of the program. The program focuses primarily on 

toxic organic contaminants with emphasis on exposure 

and effects with a lesser emphasis on fate and assessment. Since the role of contaminated sediments 

remains among the least well understood, but probably 

among the most important, of the exposure pathways, 

much of the current research effort is focused on 

sediment-associated contaminants and exposure to 

benthos. Individual scientific studies within this 

coordinated research program including EY 9 1 accomplishments follow. 

Bioavailability of Sediment -Associated Toxic 

Organic Contaminants. 

This project focuses research efforts on factors that 

influence the bioaccumulation of organic contaminants 

by benthos, e.g. what is the assimilation efficiency for 

contaminants obtained through ingestion of sediment 

particles, and how does sediment particle size affect the 

bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants? 

One important issue that should be addressed in this 

project is improving the connection between laboratory 

and field research. To date, the research has focused 

on laboratory-dosed sediments. Several studies have 

suggested that material in the field may be different 

from that produced in the laboratory because of the 
, Pollutant Effects , 

. . 

- 

E 

Cb 

.-, loo 

3 - 

5 

m 50 \ 

Cb - 

.- S O - 

- 1 300 

250 C Benzo(k)fluoranthene G Phenanthrene 1 

D Benz(a)- 

anthracene 

200 

Julian Day 

Julian Day 

Figure 4. Field validation of our kinetically driven 

accumulation model yields good prediction including 

the seasonal variation of strongly sediment-sorbed 

PAH such as benzo(a)pyrene but over-estimates 

accumulation of more water-soluble PAH such as 

phenanthrene. 

different contact times between the contaminants and 

the particles in the field and those in the laboratory. In 

FY 91, quantitative structure activity models were 

employed to examine a set of data on the toxicity of 

organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides to the 

midge Chironomids. The study incorporated exposures 

to water only and to sediment-associated contaminants. 

Assimilation efficiency studies for accumulation of 

sediment-associated contaminants by Diporeia are 

under way. Preliminary findings suggest that the 

assimilation efficiency for benzo(a)pyrene is similar to 

that for other non-polar contaminants in other benthos. 

The relationship between the organic carbon content 

and toxicokinetics of sediment-associated contaminants was completed. 

Contaminant Effects and the Relationship to 

Exposure. 

This task combines research performed under two 

tasks previously titled Physiological and Biochemical 

Measures of Contaminant Effects and SedimentAssociated Toxic Organics: Fate and Effects. The 

project will develop bioassays focused on solid phase 

sediment studies which will be useful for assessing the 

extent of contaminated sediments. This research will 

continue the development of the 28 d Diporeia mortality bioassay and the avoidancelpreference bioassay. 

Additionally, the relationship between the duration and 

level of exposure for a particular effect and the amount 

of accumulated contaminant to produce the effect will 

be investigated. In FY 91, two cruises were made to 

examine the relationship between respiration and 

excretion for Diporeia found under differing conditions 

in Lake Michigan. The oxygen consumption was the 

same for organisms taken from all depths while nitrogen excretion increased for organisms collected from 

the deeper stations. Data analysis on the impact of 

increased contact time between the sediment and the 

contaminant was completed. With increasing duration 

of contact, the bioavailability is reduced (Figure 4). 

This reduction i's rapid enough to affect the bioavailability of laboratory-dosed sediments. Data analysis 

examining the relationship between respiration and 

contaminant accumulation from water was completed. 

The accumulation of selected PAH was approximately 

four times the respiration rate for Diporeia, suggesting 
- Pollutant Effects , 

either a low efficiency for oxygen consumption or 

accumulation of PAHs across more than just the 

respiratory membrane. Data analysis and modeling 

were completed for examining the field validation of 

the accumulation of PAHs by Diporeia sp. 

Physical and Biological Diagenic Processes in 

Sediments. 

This new project, which combines some of the 

previous activities in the Pollutant Effects coordinated 

research program, examines the activities of benthic 

invertebrates common to bioturbation including Figure 5. The amphipod Diporeia sp, is used in many 

feeding, burrowing, and other locomotive activities GLERL studies. 

which may be specific to certain species, such as 

swimming and tube construction. Other features of 

secondary importance include examination of the 

alteration of porosity, particle size distribution, and the 

distribution of organic carbon by animals. This study 

utilizes a unique instrument (the Gamma Scan System) 

to non-destructive1 y track the movement of particles by 

benthic organisms. The rate of particle movement for 

conveyor belt feeding organisms reflects the rate of 

feeding and can be used as a measure of effects of 

contaminants as well as to understand the basic processes involved in particle and contaminant transport. 

Data from the initial bioturbation studies were analyzed, and the reworking rate was found to decline 

significantly with increasing concentrations of DDT. 

these features, establishing the bioenergetics along with 

the toxicokinetics from the above and previous projects 

will permit the estimates of the contaminant flux 

entering the food chain through this important sediment 

link. In FY 91, PONAR grab samples of Dipomia sp. 

collected periodically during 1984- E 988 at two stations 

(45 rn and 100 rn) in southeastern Lake Michigan were 

analyzed for productivity. A complete data set describing Diporeia sp. abundance, biomass, length, weight, 

production, and production to biomass ratio (PB) 

during 1984-88 for the 45-rn station and during 1988 

for the 100-m station was compiled. A first-cut bioenergetics model was developed. 

New models to improve the data analysis of reworking Long-Term Trends in Benthic Popu]ations, 

data collected by the gamma scan system were written This study serves as the only true monitoring 

to continue the data of the project to follow the potential effects of environmental 

change in the Great Lakes. The factors that produce 

Bioenergetics of the Great Lakes Amphipod population change include nutrient changes, habitat 

D@oreia sp. changes. - and contaminant introductions. All of the 

This project establishes the production and energy potential variables will act in to produce 

budget for Diporeia which is the dominant benthic population shifts. This monitoring can help demonorganism in the Great Lakes on a mass basis, is a strate important changes in the ecosystem. However, 

primary Prey item for Great Lakes fish, and has a the mechanisms for observed changes muat be establarge biOaccumulatian (Figure 5). Because of lished through prmess research. In FY 91, progress 
, Pollutant Effects , 

was made in identifying and processing organisms 

collected in Saginaw Bay in 1987-88. Biomass estimates were obtained for all chironomids and sphueriids 

in the samples. Work continued on processing samples 

collected in Lake Superior's Whitefish Bay in 1988. 

Particle Transport and Contaminant Cycling in 

the Upper Great Lakes. 

This new study examines the cycling and accumulation of strongly particle-sorbed contaminants in the 

Great Lakes. It is an outgrowth of a smaller-scale 

carbon biogeochernistry effort to better identify the 

major transport processes for organic contaminants and 

establish the quantitative relationships for the processes. Results from that effort developed an extensive 

analytical effort centered on trap samples. 
,+- -s46-dp-;-b Coordinated Ecosystems 

Research 

G. L. Fahnenstiel, Program Leader 

he dynamics of Great Lakes ecosystems, including those of their fish populations, are controlled 

by the actions of man and nature. Long-term 

observations of ecosystem components (e.g., the 

abundance of fish, plankton, nutrients, etc.) demonstrate that they can be highly variable in time and space. 

Identifying the causes of this variability is a worthy 

goal because it will lead to an understanding of the 

relative importance of the influences of man and nature 

on ecological dynamics. The goal of the Coordinated 

Ecosystem Research (CER) program is to improve 

predictions of ecological change that result from natural 

and man made perturbations. The CER program is 

currently under review and will be reformulated during 

the upcoming year. Currently active ecosystem dynamics projects are described below. 

Microplankton in the Great Lakes: WholeLake Biomass and Production Estimates and 

their Associated Temporal and Spatial 

Variability. 

This program seeks to provide whole-lake estimates 

of microplankton biomass and examine the spatial and 

temporal variability, to provide production estimates of 

microplankton, preferably on a whole-lake basis, and to 

provide support information as is needed to evaluate the 

role of microplankton. 

ton. Progress in FY 91 iccludes ccntinued collaboration with Michigan State University to understand 

feeding mechanisms of surface feeding by the larvae of 

Anopholes mosquitoes (Figure 6), a vector of malaria. 

Data analysis of lipid storage as it relates to life-cycle 

strategy of Diaptomus sicilis, a dominant suspensionfeeding copepod in the Great Lakes, was completed. 

The feeding mechanisms of copepods (Diaptomus spp., 

Limnocalanus, Senecella, Epischura) were examined 

using high-speed microcinematography to correlate 

mouthpart usage and behavior as they relate to creation 

of scanning current (to sense prey), swimming behavior, and mode of perception (chemo- and mechno-) of 

Prey 

Food Quality in Pelagic Food Webs. Figure 6. Lateral view of interfacial feeding Anopheles larva 

The objective of this program is to develop mecha- with India ink particles in the surface microlayers. Results of 

high-speed movies like these show that the food is selected in a 

nistic models of the effect of food quality on selection, microlayer below the surface film, concentrated in the mouth, 

ingestion, assimilation, and lipid storage by zooplank- and the "filtered" water is pushed below the animal. The plume 

with distinct lamellae demonstrate that the flow is laminar. 
Coordinated Ecosystem Research , 

The Microbial Food Web in the Great Lakes. 

This program seeks to develop a carbon based 

model of the microbial food web that can be interfaced 

into existing plankton models and provide relevant 

experimental and descriptive data on the microbial food 

web as needed for the carbon based model. In EY 91 

we compared cellular production rates of picoplankton 

populations in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Great 

Lakes with differential filtration and autoradiography. 

We also conducted two cruises designed to examine the 

importance of red fluorescing picoplankton and the 

chromophore composition of Synechococcus. 

PelagicBenthic Energy Transfer and 

Bioenergetics Models of Macroinvertebrates. 

The objectives of this study are (1) to develop a 

model for the seasonal transfer of carbon from the 

Figure 7. Budget for spring 

algal carbon for nearshore 

Lake Michigan. Numbers 

associated with arrows or in 

boxes are fluxes for the spring 

bloom period of 78 days and 

have units of pnwl m-2. The 

balance of algal carbon that is 

not accounted for by Diporeia 

assimilation or bacterial 

uptake is likely either taken up 

by other benthic animals or is 

transported laterally to deeper 

portions of the lake. 

pelagic euphotic zone to benthic macroinvertebrates, 

(2) to examine mechanisms of energy transfer from 

phytoplankton to Diporeia sp. and Mysis relicta, (3) to 

provide data and develop energetics (carbon flow) 

models for the benthic macroinvertebrates Diporeia 

(and M. relicta), and (4) to estimate Diporeia production rates and variability at one site in Lake Michigan. 

Last year, carbon transfer from 14C-labeled Melosira 

sp. to Diporeia sp. was quantified in laboratory microcosm experiments. Seasonal input rates of "new 

carbon" reaching the benthos were quantified using 

sediment trap collections. A carbon budget was 

developed to quantify the input, alteration, and burial 

rates of carbon from settling particles in Lake Michigan 

(Figure 7). 

Spring Diatom Bloom . Balance: 61 

- assimilation 

- lateral 

23 

Respiration ///////I 
Climate Variability and Global 

Change in Large Lakes 

S. J. Bolsenga, Program Leader 

n order to adequately understand climate change, 

the processes included in the General Circulation 

Model (GCM) analyses must be extensively studied. 

Some of these processes include vertical dynamical 

heat fluxes, heat transport by deep lake currents, deep 

lake convective dynamics, deep water circulation, 

biogeochemical cycling, and the effect of ice. It is in 

the better understanding of these processes and in 

studying the regional aspects of climate change, that 

the GLERL Climate Variability and Global Change in 

Large Lakes coordinated research program seeks to 

contribute to the immense problem of understanding 

global climate change. A limited number of ongoing 

studies have been internally funded and are currently 

producing results. Additional studies have been 

proposed for outside funding both by GLERL researchers and by GLERL researchers jointly with scientists 

from the joint GLERLIUniversity Research Institute, 

the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER). Planning activities are 

currently underway for involvement with the NOAA 

Ecological Systems and Dynamics Project, National 

Science Foundation (NSF) Long Term Ecological 

Research Sites and Global Change Research, the 

Freshwater Initiative, the Global Exchange and Water 

Cycle Experiment, U.S.1U.S.S.R. Working Group VIII, 

and the Joint U.S./Canadian Study on the Impacts of 

Climate Change on the Great Lakes. Individual 

scientific studies within this coordinated research 

program including FY 91 accomplishments follow. 

Climate Impacts on Large Lake Hydrology. 

This research will lead to a reassessment of the 

effect of global warming, as represented by a doubling 

of atmospheric CO,, on large-lake water supplies and 

has the following objectives: (1) Refine hydrologic 

modeling abilities for basin runoff and lake evaporation. (2) Assess and improve linkages between hydrologic models and the development of atmospheric 

mesoscale models and atmospheric GCMs. (3) Estimate hydrologic impacts of anticipated or experimental 

climate changes. This year we began to compile the 

Russian data for theVolga River basin, to adapt and 

calibrate GLERL's runoff model to parts of the Caspian Sea basin (Figure 8), and began to jointly assess 

GCM simulations to study hydrological aspects of 

climatic change in Russia. 

Current Velocity Profile Measurements in the 

Straits of Mackinac using Acoustic Doppler 

Current Profilers (ADCPs): A Pilot Study. 

This study seeks to (1) measure current profiles in 

strongly stratified shear flow, (2) relate these data to 

the numerous bi-lake hydraulic and hydrodynamic 

forcing processes, and (3) provide the framework for a 

future expanded study of the water volume transport 

process through the Straits. We retrieved two ADCP 

moorings in October 1991. Preliminary analysis 

indicates the data are of high quality, extended through 

the stratified season, and the long-term mean profile 

clearly shows two-layered flow. 
- Climate Variability and Global Change, 

Thermal Structure Monitoring for Climate 

Change. 

The main objectives of this project are (1) to 

develop improved climatological information (via 

observations, new instrumentation, and improved 

analysis) on the distribution and variability of coastal 

and offshore temperatures and to study their dependence on meteorological and hydrological forces with 

emphasis on potential changes in climate, (2) to 

concurrently provide data to improve numerical models 

that can simulate and predict the thermal structure in 

the lakes, and (3) to improve our understanding of the 

physics of lakes by analyzing the results of objectives 

(1) and (2). Last year, the first year's data from the 

vector averaging current meter (VACM) mooring and 

the subsurface thermistor chain were successfully 

recovered. Most of the VACM data appears to be 

useful. Fresh VACMs and thermistor strings were 

deployed. Analysis of the thermistor data began 

shortly after their retrieval. 

Figure 8. Location map showing the 

Caspian Sea and the Embe and Ural 

River basins. 

Environmental Radiotracers. 

One objective of this program which is related to 

climate change is to develop geochronological information from sediment radionuclide profiles for paleolimnological studies. Other portions of this program are 

detailed under "Independent Research Projects." In FY 

91, gamma emitter analysis of all sediment cores from 

the 1988 collection was completed. In July, cores from 

both the central Lake Erie basin reference site and 

eastern basin reference site were collected. Very high 

quality box cores were obtained, sub-cored, and 

sectioned for radiometric analysis. 

An Exploratory Study of Great Lakes Climate 

Variability using Chaotic Dynamics. 

The objective of this study is to explore the applicability of chaotic dynamics for the analysis of Great 

Lakes climate changes as well as other physical and 

biogeochemical processes. In FY 91, we initiated 

studies on the measuring and characterization of 
- LIII IIUI~ YU~~UUII~I y UI)~ Global Chcrnge , 

models of Lake Superior were developed this year 

using a lake evaporation model. The modeled ice 

cover data were then used to re-calibrate the lake 

evaporation model. 

Large Lakes Winter Ecology. 

Many climate change scenarios indicate that significant 

changes in the ice cover of large lakes of the world will 

occur. In order to better understand climate change and 

its implications, current wintertime ecological conditions must be known in order to compare with conditions if and when climate change occurs. Growth and 

survival of freshwater phototrophic phytoplankton in 

winter depends on the amount of incident photosynthetically available radiation which penetrates through 

snow and ice surfaces. Results of a GLERL pilot study 

(Figure 9) suggest that ice cover on large lakes can 

actually enhance productivity because the ice forming 

there is often relatively clear and that the ice cover 

stabilizes the water column to allow development of 

phytoplankton blooms. Ice cover may also affect 

nutrient availability to plankton in spring because it is 

during winter storms that nutrients are released from 

chaotic processes and extracting dynamics from time 

series data. 

Impact of Climate Change on Large Lake Ice 

Cycles. 

The objectives of this program are (1) to develop 

improved models to better simulate the seasonal cycle 

of ice formation and loss on Lakes Erie and Superior, 

(2) to define trends in Grand Traverse Bay and Lake 

Mendota freezeup, breakup, and ice cover over the past 

I 40 years and quantify (model) these changes in terms 

of searonal changes in air temperature, (3) to reconstruct the past 140 years of Lake Michigan ice cover, 

and (4) to provide historic infomation on ice cover 

trendq, cycles, and variations on the Great Lakes that 

will he useful in placing the ice cover of the 1990s and 

beyond in historical perspective. Regression ice cover 

, ,, 

,>,? ,. ,.. .- ti' , .' :,, 

Figure 9. Remo~ely operated vehicle (ROV) 

used in cooperative GLERUU.S. Fish and 

Wildlife pilot studies of under-ice ecology. 

The large lakes winter ecology program 

provides increased knowledge of climate 

variability and 8 Iobal change. 

resuspended bottom sediments. This same turbulence 

resuspends algal resting spores for seeding the plankton 

and may also affect zooplankton feeding. This program involves laboratory and field studies to determine 

the effects of ice cover on these and related processes 

by measuring them during ice cover for selected sites 

on Great Slave Lake (Canadian Northwest Territories 

in collaboration with M.S. Evans of the National 

Hydrology Research institute), on the Laurentian Great 

Lakes, in MongoIian large lakes, and on certain small 

lakes to contrast impacts. In FY 91, we completed a 

one-week sampling program on Great Slave Lake. 

Sampling, which included metered and unrnetered net 

tows, Niskin casts, light measurements, and collection 

of animals, was conducted during temperatures ranging 

from -20" to -SO" F. 

H N 

Marine Hazards and Water 

Management Research 

R C. Liu and D. J. Schwab, Co-Program Leaders 

atural hazards encompass a wide variety of 

environmental phenomena that pose threats of 

loss of lives or property and social or economic disruption. Large waves, high and low lake 

levels, heavy snowfalls, ice, and erosion are significant 

natural hazards in the Great Lakes system and (with the 

exception of low lake levels) for other coastal areas as 

well. Human-caused hazards also pose serious threats, 

especially spills of petroleum products and chemicals. 

This program is comprised of four broad components: 

Prediction, Climatology and Statistics for Decision 

Making, Process Studies, and Interface with Policy and 

Decision Makers. Individual scientific studies within 

this coordinated research program including FY 91 

accomplishments follow. 

Lake Circulation and Thermal Structure 

Modeling. 

This project is concerned with numerical simulation and prediction of temperatures and currents in the 

Great Lakes. These variables influence chemical, 

biological, and most other environmental processes on 

a wide variety of time and space scales. However, little 

is known about the quantitative impact of temperatures 

and currents on chemical, biological, and other environmental processes. In order to better predict the 

effects of physical processes on the ecosystem and to 

fill in the gaps in observational data, numerical models 

of circulation and mixing are used. The results of this 

project will be useful to scientists studying any part of 

the Great Lakes ecosystem that is affected by lake 

circulation, such as transport of toxic material or 

nutrient regeneration processes. During FY 9 1, we 

adapted a three-dimensional model code for use on the 

new Department of Commerce Consolidated Scientific 

Computing System (CSCS) Cray YMP supercomputer. 

We also began to implement an operational system for 

thermal and circulation structure forecasts for Lake 

Erie in collaboration with Ohio State University. 

Great Lakes Snow Characteristics. 

The objectives of this study are to compile 

monthly, yearly, and period of record snowfall maps 

for the Great Lakes basin (Figure lo), to analyze the 

spatial and temporal variation of the snowfall using 5, 

10,20, and 30 year monthly averages over the period 

of record of the data base, and to develop quantitative 

relationships between northern hemisphere circulation 

patterns and Great Lakes snowfalYsnow cover. In FY 

91, the database was searched for maximum snowfall 

occurrences at long-term stations-information useful 

to designers, planners, and resource managers. Relationships were found between maximum snowfalls and 

latitude, longitude, and elevation. New digital methods 

were established to delineate and quantify distributed 

parameter snowfall variability. Snowfall within the 

Great Lakes drainage basin was shown to have increased throughout this period due to increased lake 

effect and not continental snowfall. A preliminary 

analysis was made of upper air teleconnections with 

regional monthly averages of snowfall, air temperature, 

and ice cover on the Great Lakes. 
, Marine Hazards and Water Management Research , 

COLUMNS 

0 50 100 150 200 250 SO0 550 400 450 500 550 600 

SO0 

Contour Interval 60 cm 

Xilometerm 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

-94 -92 -90 -60 40 -04 42 -00 -78 -76 -74 

DEGREES WEST LONGITUDE 

Figure 10. Maximum 1951-1980 Great Lakes snowfall. 

Great Lakes Evaporation, Forecasting, and 

Simulation. 

The objectives of this study are (1) Lake Evaporation: assess potential of determining groundwater 

fluxes using the evaporation models; update hydrometeorological data report; develop models on lake 

segments with ice-cover models; build lake surface 

temperature and cloud cover models; classify lake 

surface temperature patterns with special respect to the 

weather situation; develop models of the heat flux at 

the lake surface. (2) Water Supply Forecasting: add 

capability for generating probabilistic outlooks to 

forecast package; make forecast package easily used 

and implemented; evaluate package to assess adequacy 

in forecasting net basin supplies to appraise worth of 

improved lake evaporation techniques, to further 

determine error components, to analyze the importance 

of initial conditions, and to examine the utility of 

gamma aerial snowpack water equivalent measurements for Great Lakes water supply forecasting; 

compare forecast package with climate-based and 

existing trend-regression analyses. (3) Water Supply 

Simulation: develop Integrated-System Hydrologic 

Package use for use by intra- and inter-division person- 
Marine Hazards and Water Management Research , 

nel and outside agencies. This year the evaporation 

model was refined with better heat storage models and 

was incorporated into the forecast package. We finished modifying the forecasting package algorithms to 

allow package use in simulation settings. We also 

finished development of a monthly runoff and net 

supply model package that incorporates approximations 

for over-lake evaporation. This model is usable for 

simulations with early historical data where only 

monthly data are available. We also began Great Lakes 

response simulations to extreme climate scenarios for 

the International Joint Commission. 

Great Lakes Water Level Statistics for Decision 

Making. 

This project is to develop improved water level 

statistics that reflect existing hydrologic and hydraulic 

conditions, the long lag-response of the lakes to 

meteorologic variability, secular changes in climatic 

regimes, and the needs (e.g., varied planning horizons, 

understanding the limits of lake level statistics) of 

diverse Great Lakes decision makers. We have thus far 

established an international network of researchers 

interested in improving Great Lakes water level 

statistics under the auspices of Phase I1 of the IJC 

Levels Study Reference, and meetings have been held 

to plan the course of this program. 

Objective Analysis of Great Lakes Marine 

Meteorological Observations. 

The main objective of this project is to develop and 

test improved techniques for objective analysis of 

overwater meteorological fields and to apply these 

techniques to practical problems of hindcasting and 

forecasting winds, waves, storm surges, and lake 

circulation. In FY 91, a prototype operational program 

for objective analysis of Great Lakes winds was 

developed. Analyzed wind fields from the Fleet 

Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) Field by 

Information Blending (FIB) (Figure 1 1) procedure 

were collected and stored for comparison with wind 

fields developed in this project. 

Assessment of Shallow Water Effects on Great 

Lakes Wind Waves. 

This program seeks to quantitatively assess the 

importance of shallow water effects on wind waves in 

the Great Lakes, identify as well as quantify the 

circumstances and locations in which shallow water 

effects have a significant impact on deep water waves, 

and improve understanding and prediction techniques 

of shallow water waves. During the past year, the 

proper correlation and parameterization of wind waves 

has led to further advanced understanding and insights 

on the equilibrium range of the wave spectrum and its 

relation with wave dissipation and wave breaking. 

Continued collaborative efforts with scientists at the 

National Water Research Institute of Canada on the 

study of surface waves have led to the development of 

simple algebraic formulation of realistic wave growth 

relations. Joint efforts with the Coastal Engineering 

Research Center show that the accuracy of the wind 

field input is as important as differences in models in 

explaining differences between observed and hindcast 

waves. N N 

Figure 11. Example of an analyzed windfield for 

the Great Lakes region. 

NECOP 

6. J. Eadie, Program Leader 

he Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

(NECOP) program is one of a series of NOAAwide programs dealing with major problems in 

the coastal ocean. The central hypothesis is that the 

increased nutrient input from the Mississippi River 

(Figure 12) has led to increased productivity with 

undesirable consequences. GLERL is involved in the 

following studies, all of which began in FY 90. 

Buoyancy and Nutrient Exchange in the 

Mississippi Outflow Region. 

The primary objectives of this study are to establish 

an historical relationship between buoyancy and 

nutrient fluxes for the Mississippi Atchafalaya River 

system and to quantitatively determine the scales of 

variability for buoyancy and nutrient fields in a shelf 

region dominated by riverine sources. In FY 91, we 

continued field work and analysis activities both on 

historical data base and new data. 

Retrospective Analysis of Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity in Sediments from 

the Louisiana Continental Shelf. 

The objectives of this program are to (1) identify 

areas in the coastal region where sediments with 

coherent geochronologies covering a period of approximately 200 years can be collected, and (2) examine the 

selected cores for tracers of past water and ecosystem 

conditions (e.g. Carbon, Nitrogen, diatom frustules, 

stable isotopes, etc). Two sediment cores from NECOP-I have been analyzed for C-13 and N-15, neither 

shows as large a signal as cores from Lakes Erie or 

Ontario. The implication is that anthropogenic effects 

are smaller. 

Figure 12. 

Map of the 

Gulfof Mexico 

showing the 

route taken by 

the NECOP 

research team 

aboard the RN 

Baldridge. 
Primary Production and Vertical Flux of (SPM) concentrations and compositions in the MRP 

Organic Carbon from Mississippi River Plume and adjacent shelf waters. (2) To determine, within the 

and Adjacent Shelf Waters. limits imposed by the budget, the importance of lateral 

The research will address the following objectives: trmspofi ~~SPM in the study region- (3) TO deter- 

(1) Characterize photoaut~tro~hic community dynam- mine what, if any, relationships exist between the 

ics in relation to optical conditions, nutrient inputs. and existence and extent of nepheloid layers and other 

other aspects of the physicallchemical environment 

(Figure 13). (2) Examine the relationship between 

phytoplankton production, growth, and biomass, and 

the vertical export of fixed carbon from surface waters 

of the Mississippi River pIumelInner Gulf Shelf. 

(3) Develop conceptual and predictive models which 

describe the production and fate of fixed carbon as a 

function of optical conditions, nutrient inputs, and other 

environmental variables. Last year we began analysis 

of track autoradiographs from the first R/V Baldridge 

cruise. 

Suspended Sediment on the Louisiana 

Continental Shelf: Concentrations, 

Compositions, and Transport Pathways. 

characteristics of the water column such as vertical 

temperature and salinity structure, ambient current 

velocity, wave activity, and river discharge. Transparency calibrations have been completed for the 25 cm 

transmissometers on both cruises. Preliminary examination of the data shows that there may have been 

resuspension episodes at both anchor stations during 

the winter cruise, but no such activity is evident from 

the summer data. 

The Fate and Effects of Riwerfne (and ShelfDerived) Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) on 

Mississippi River Plume/GuIf Shelf (MRPIGS) 

Processes. 

The objectives of this study are to define the 

This study has three major objectives: (1) To map chemical and isotopic composition of riverine and 

the spatial distribution and, to the extent possible, the MRPlGS DON and determine the biological reactivity 

temporal variations, of suspended particulate material of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and DON. Last 

year five separate incubation experiments were run. 

Calculated oxidation rates of the organic matter ranged 

from 0.002 to 0.012 in deep and plume waters respectively, Analysis of the DOC showed a strong relation- 0 * -7 ship with salinity. We were able to show that a large 

fraction of the DOC that was transported offshore was 

carbohydrate, a fact not previously recognized. A new 

high performance Bquid chromatographic method, 

developed to directly determine nitrogen isotope ratios 

of ammonium in isotope dilution experiments, is being 

used to calculate nitrogen turnover rates. 

Figure 13. Water samples taken from the conductivity/ 

tempemturddepth (CTD) rosette sampler were analyzed 

for a wide array of parameters by several of the 17 

pn'nicpal investi~a~ors aboard the NOAA RW Babdrid~e. 
D.J. Schwab and G.A, Leshkevich, Co-Program Leaders 

oastwatch is a NOAA-wide program within 

the Coastal Ocean Program (COP) designed 

to focus on specific regional and national 

priorities in the coastal environment. MOAA resources 

are being brought together to provide a cohesive and 

near-real time delivery system to allow time-critical 

"decision support" in response to rapidly emerging 

coastal environmental situations. GLERL has been 

chosen as the focal point in the Great Lakes region for 

this program. Last year we surveyed potential local 

Coastwatch data users and have started to receive 

positive replies. Computer equipment for operation of 

Great Lakes Regional Network Node (RNN) was 

installed. Center for Great Lakes Studies personnel at 

the University of Wisconsin were trained on operation 

of the Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis 

System workstation and a prototype Coastwatch user 

site was established at Milwaukee. WI. At GLERL, 

satellite-derived water surface temperature data was 

calibrated against water temperature from NOAA 

weather buoys in the Great Lakes (Figure 14). 

Figure 14. A 

Coastwatch 

product: satellitederived sugace 

temperature. 

a vweppi. ~~k~~~ Independent Research 

Projects 

S everal independent research projects are also 

included in the GLERL research program. These 

projects are considered important to the GLERL 

mission, but do not currently integrate into one of the 

coordinated research programs. 

Environmental Radiotracers. 

This project encompasses studies of diverse aquatic 

systems and emphasizes the use of radiotracers to 

identify and model fundamental lakelwatershed transport processes. Objectives of the program are (1) to 

identify principal transport mechanisms in aquatic 

systems and determine associated space-time scales 

and rates, (2) to investigate and quantify sediment 

depositional and geochemical processes, (3) to develop 

geochronological information from sediment radionuclide profiles for paleolimnological studies, (4) to 

determine and account for relationships between 

system loadings and sedimentary records of tracers, 

contaminants and other constituents, and (5) to apply 

techniques, insights, and models arising from radiotracer studies to specific problems of ecosystem 

dynamics, environmental contamination, and regional 

effects of climate change. 

Exchange Processes in Coastal Environments. 

This program seeks to observe, analyze, and 

quantitatively characterize exchange processes impacting variable fields of environmental concern. An 

essential first step in this sequence is to measure 

(observe) a range of physical, biological, or chemical 

fields which affect or characterize the variability of the 

target field (usually horizontal current components, 

water density or temperature, impacting critical biological or chemical fields). The objectives are (1) to 

evaluate the relative importance of advective exchange 

mechanisms, (2) to identify and investigate the dominant intervariable relationships which form the linkage 

of these exchange mechanisms, and (3) to develop 

realistic conceptual, statistical, and analytical models of 

specific exchange processes which affect variability in 

fields of environmental concern. 

Carbon Biogeochemistry in Lakes and Coastal 

Ecosystems. 

Great Lakes and coastal ecosystems are continually 

subject to a series of stressors that are transient in 

nature. These lead to issues such as the biogeochemical response of systems to increased or decreased 

nutrient loads, man-induced changes in the carbon 

cycle and climate, and the introduction of toxic contaminants and their effects. This project focuses on 

these issues through research on processes regulating 

the major biogeochemical cycles and fluxes with an 

emphasis on carbon. The long-term goal of this 

research is the development of a hierarchy of calibrated 

numerical models of processes regulating the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the Great Lakes with 

subsequent applications to coastal ecosystems. In order 

to accomplish this, a series of tasks need to be undertaken to provide insight into and rates for important 

processes including CO, gas exchange, remineralization of organic carbon (primary production is 

assumed known from published data, but this param- 
- Independent Research Projects , 

eter is very weak), formation of CaCO,, vertical flux of 

carbon species, dissolution rate of CaCO,. and reminernlization of carbon in sediments and transport across 

the sediment water interface. 

Resuspension of Bottom Sediments in Lake 

Superior. 

This program seeks to measure the frequency, 

duration, and magnitude of sediment resuspension 

episodes using instrumented platforms deployed in 

Whitefish Bay and off the Keewenaw peninsula, to 

experimentally measure erosion threshold velocities 

using a bottom-resting flume, and to relate these 

measurements to the properties of the bottom material. 

Dynamics of the Bottom Boundary Layer in 

Lake Michigan. 

The existence of a persistent benthic boundq 

;>,, ,:,; , <:,,dl;<>$>< ;> ,, 

,.:.* , , ,,- 

, ;;Q., 'I.: . .. -:-. , . : l- . .. . . .?,? . - <- - -. *., .);-f 7. , , $2; : ' . .. : ? . . ' *. , y-4 ,,r,b., ;, - ', ;*q$p ,,,$;;$; 2@j<r;;,, +;;ti .. +,:. 

,'- *,!.<..",' ', , i;;,,- ,:': ,.< -. -.. - . . w . . I - -- layer has been documented in the offshore regions of I 

all of the Great Lakes. Although the layer contains Figure 15. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 

only a small proportion of the total suspended material (ADCPJ is being Iowered into the lake. The A DCP 

is anchored near the lake bottom and measures 

found in the lakes, sediment trap studies have shown current veIocip at I rn intervals from surface to 

that the bulk of the mass flux occurs within the bottom bottom. 

25 rn. This study will quantify the distribution of 

bottom current intensities as functions of space and 

time in order to parameterize the distribution and 

frequency of resuspension events (Figure 15). 

Nitrogen Dynamics. 

This study will provide (I) improved methodoIogies Po measure fluxes of important nitrogen compounds that reflect nitrogen dynamics in lakes, wetlands, or marine coastal regions, (2) identify, quantify, 

and compare major processes controlling nitrogen 

regeneration from lake and marine coastal sediments, 

and (3) identify and quantify major nitrogen regeneration processes in lake and/or marine pelagic waters 

(Figure 16). 
Facilities and Services 

LERL's research facility is a modern building 

with over 24,600 square feet of usable space, 

including 20 laboratories, conference rooms, 

a library, and computer resources. In addition to 

general laboratory equipment, GLERL has a fullyequipped low-level radioisotope analysis laboratory, a 

stable isotope mass spectrometer (SIMS), several gas 

chromatographs and liquid scintillation counters, a high 

pressure liquid chromatography system, a multichannel Coulter Counter, a full complement of growth 

chambers and incubators, stereo and inverted microscopes, and a fully equipped multi-purpose epifluorescence microscope. GLERL also maintains and operates a High Speed Microcinematography Laboratory 

housed in a temperature-controlled environmental 

chamber. In addition, a separate Cold Room is maintained for conducting experiments and growing biological cultures at low temperatures. 

Computer Facility 

The GLERL Computer Facility consists of a Local 

Area VAXcluster (LAVc) of nine VAX computers on 

site and the capability of accessing a Cyber 855 mainframe and a Cray YMP supercomputer at the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 

to the system is available through telephone lines and a 

private network that links NIST and all remote connections to the CSCS systems. 

A variety of applications, including real time and 

near-real time data acquisition, data reduction, graphics, large scale modeling, statistical and mathematical 

analysis, telecommunications, and word processing 

support more than 80 accounts. Laboratory office 

automation, administrative/accounting functions, and 

scientific applications are supported by more than 85 

loosely networked microcomputers. 

The Computer and Information Systems Group 

continued the inventory of data bases archived at 

GLERL. The program is an ongoing activity of the 

GLERL Data Committee and contributes to the largerscale NOAA effort of archiving usable data and 

making that data available for use by all interested 

scientists. A listing of the data base categories and the 

scientists responsible for collection~archiving is given 

below. 

Current Meter and Water Temperature 

1. Lake Huron Nov. 1974 thru 1975 - Miller 

2. Lake Michigan 1976 thru 1989 - Miller 

3. Lake Erie 1979 thru 1980 - Miller 

Gaithersburg, MD. GLERL is one of five remote Drifter Data 

nodes to the NIST facility, which is known as the 

1. Lake Erie 1986 - Miller 

Department of Commerce Consolidated Scientific 

2. Lake Michigan (Green Bay) 1989 - Miller 

Computing System (CSCS). GLERL is also the Great 

Lakes Regional Node of the National Ocean Communi- Wave Data 

cations Network. 1. Lake Michigan - 1973 - Liu 

User terminals and microcomputers throughout the 2. Lake Michigan 1975 thru 1977 - Liu 

GLERL facility are hardwired to a communications 

switch that allows users to access the LAVc as well as Computerized Data 

the Cyber computers in Gaithersburg. Off-site access I. Lalre Superior - Schwab 
, Facilities and Services , 

2. Lake Michigan - Schwab 

3. Lake Huron - Schwab 

4. Lake St. Clair - Schwab 

5. Lake Erie - Schwab 

6. Lake Ontario - Schwab 

Meteorological Data (Air Temperature, Wind 

Speed and Direction) 

1. Lake St. Clair 1986 (July thru October) - Hawley 

2. Detroit River 1987 thru 1989 - Derecki 

3. Lake Michigan (Green Bay) May 1989 thru May 

1990 - Hawley 

Vertical Velocity Profiles 

1. St. Clair River 1984 thru 1986 - Derecki 

2. Detroit River 1986 thru 1986 - Derecki 

Biological and Chemical Water Data 

1. Lake Michigan, Offshore 1983 thru 1990 

- Laird Pernie 

Sediment Trap Data (Mass flux, Some Chemical 

Characteristics) 

1. Lake Michigan 1977 thru 1990 - Eadie 

2. Lake Michigan (Green Bay) 1989,1990 - Eadie 

3. Lake Superior 1984 thru 1985,1987 thru 1988 

- Eadie 

4. Lake Huron 1984 thru 1985, 1987 thru 1988 

- Eadie 

Water Data (Temperature Profiles) 

1. Lake Michigan April, May 1989 and 1990 

- Bratkovich 

Water Temperature Data XBT 

I. Lake Superior for the Autumn Months 1976 thru 

1979 - Assel 

2. Lake Superior for the Winter Months 1973 thru 

1976 - Assel 

Water Data (Temperature, Salinity, Transparency, 

etc.) 

1. Lake Michigan (Green Bay) May 1989 thru May 

1990 - Hawley 

2. Lake St. Clair 1986 (May thru October) - Hawley 

3. Lake Michigan 1975 thru 1990 - Bell 

4. Gulf of Mexico (North) June, July 1990 

- Bratkovich 

Water Characteristics (Chemical, Physical, 

Bottom Sediment, etc.) 

1. Lake Erie, June thru Nov. 1965, April thru Dec. 

1967 - Bell 

2. Lake Huron, May thru Nov. 1966 - Bell 

3. Lake Superior and St. Marys River, May thru 

Nov. 1968 - Bell 

4. Lake Superior, May thru Nov. 1969 - Bell 

5. Lake Michigan, May thru Nov. 1970 - Bell 

6. Lake Michigan, May thru Nov. 1975 - Bell 

7. Lake Ontario, Oswego, Rochester Harbor, May 

thru Nov. 1971 - Bell 

8. Lake Ontario, Oswego Harbor, May thru Nov. 

1972 - Bell 

9. Lake Ontario, 4 cruises July thru Nov. 1972 

- Bell 

10. Straits of Mackinac, May thru Nov. 1973 - Bell 

11. Lake St. Clair and Detroit River, May thru Nov. 

1974 - Bell. 

Shipboard Meteorological Data 

1. For all Great Lakes cruises from 1965 thru 1975 

- Bell 

Library 

The GLERL library has a program-oriented research collection maintained in support of the 

laboratory's research activities. The collection reflects 

an emphasis upon freshwater studies-particularly in 

the Great Lakes Basin. Current holdings include 4,879 
, Facilities and Services, 

books, 5,220 unbound periodical volumes, and 3,076 mation Network (FEDLINK), NOAA Library and 

technical reports in the subject areas of climatology, Information Network (NLIN), and the Online Comcontaminant organics, hydraulics, hydrology, ice, puter Library Center (OCLC). 

limnology, mathematical models, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, sediments, and wave motion. The Information Services I Publications Unit 

library also receives 209 current periodical titles. The 

library facilities are open to the public for reference use 

during normal business hours. 

Library staff maintain the collection and provide 

library and information retrieval services in support of 

laboratory researchers, laboratory-affiliated personnel, 

and visiting scientists. Special retrieval services are 

provided when the collection does not meet the needs 

of individual scientists. Library services include 

acquisition, circulation, document delivery, interlibrary 

loan, reference, and online information retrieval. 

During FY 91, the library staff continued efforts to 

place the complete library holdings into machine 

readable format and include them in the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) catalog. Approximately 2,200 items (submitted in FY 90) were added 

through an automated, retrospective conversion project 

while an additional 480 items were cataloged individually. Virtually all GLERL books dating from 1980 

onward, as well as a large number of earlier books, are 

now accessible through the OCLC catalog. These 

books are reflected in the CD-ROM based, computerized NOAA Library Catalog available in the library. 

Added holdings records are shared with other NOAA 

Libraries in a union catalog. Records can be interactively searched using Boolean search options and 

displayed in various formats including a full MARC 

record. Also during this fiscal year the library set 

The Publications Unit staff are responsible for 

providing editorial and publications support to the 

scientific staff, for preparing and distributing GLERL 

publications, and for responding to publications and 

information requests from the public. They also 

produce and update reports, brochures, and informative fixed and portable displays concerning GLERL's 

work andor important environmental issues. 

Research products generated during FY 91 include 

51 scientific articles, reports, and books and 57 formal 

presentations. There were over 1,000 documented 

requests for GLERL information, with over 3,700 

items mailed as a result of those requests. 

The Publications Unit maintains and updates eight 

mailing lists for GLERL products. New NOAA-series 

publications are automatically distributed according to 

these mailing lists. All new publications, including 

journal articles and books, are added to our six-month 

update listing of new publications, which keeps our 

users informed of GLERL's latest product releases. If 

you would like to be added to GLERL's mailing list, or 

would like additional information on GLERL's research activities, please write to: 

Publications Office 

NOAAIGreat Lakes Environmental Research Lab 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1593. 

record high numbers in both interlibrary loan/document 

retrievals and acquisitions. Vessel Operations 

The GLERL library is a member of the Michigan . Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

Library Consortium (MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston The base for Vessel Operations was moved from 

Network (WLLN). and Infor- Grand Haven, MI during June 1990 to Muskegon, MI. 
- Facilities and Services, 

The old Coast Guard Base with two buildings were 

declared surplus and are currently used by GLERL to 

establish a Vessel Operations Facility. In the Fall of 

1990 Congressional action transferred the title for the 

property from the Coast Guard to the Department of 

Commerce, NOAA, for use by GLERL. This transfer 

was completed largely through the supporting efforts of 

Representative Robert W. Davis (Coast Guard and 

Navigation Subcommittee of the House Merchant 

Marine and Fisheries Committee) and Representative 

Guy Vander Jagt (Ways and Means Committee). Mr. 

Rick Chapla, Department of Planning and Economic 

Development, City of Muskegon, continues to be very 

helpful in establishing and developing the base. 

This facility has great potential for the establishment of a lake-side laboratory which has a continuous 

supply of lake water, and will allow some studies to be 

conducted that are not feasible at the laboratory in Ann 

Arbor. At present, samples must be transported to Ann 

Arbor for analysis. A separate garage building is being 

used for a crew office, a workshop, and for storage of 

ship supplies and equipment. The third building, on 

city property, is used for storage of research equipment. Negotiations are in progress to have the City of 

Muskegon transfer the title of the land under this 

building to the Department of Commerce. 

There is dockage for the RN Shenehon and one of 

the smaller research launches in the Coast Guard 

mooring basin adjacent to the main building. There is 

an additional 100 feet of dockage in the Government 

mooring basin currently being leased from the Corps of 

Engineers and located approximately 0.3 mile from the 

main building. 

Research Vessels 

The Shenehon is owned and operated by GLERL. 

The Shenehon is based at the Vessel Operations 

Facility, Muskegon, MI and is the primary platform 

used in support of GLERL's open lake field investigations. The vessel is 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot 

mean draft, a 700-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 

10-knot cruising speed. Navigation equipment include 

a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two LORANC units, Sperry Auto Pilot and a Raytheon Depth 

Sounder. A 55-channel radiotelephone is available for 

ship to shore communication. Electrical power is 

provided by a modem 20-kW, 3-phase Onan generator, 

and a 30-kW, 3-phase diesel generator which is original equipment. An electro-hydraulic articulated crane 

is used for deployment and retrieval of water and 

bottom sediment samplers and heavy instrument 

moorings. Electrohydraulic winches handle hydrographic wire and multiconductor cable for sample casts 

and in-situ measurements of water variables. An onboard wet laboratory is available for onsite experiments 

and sample processing. Scientific equipment includes 

various sizes of Niskin samplers, reversing thermometers, bottom samplers including a small box corer. 

The Shenehon is a designated NOAA weather 

reporting station, and has a Shipboard Environmental 

(Data) Acquisition System (SEAS) installed by the 

National Ocean Service. This system provides increased capability to collect and transmit weather data 

using satellite communications. 

A data acquisition system of GLERL design, separate 

from the SEAS system, records and plots data from a 

Sea Tech transmissometer which is coupled to an 

electronic bathythermograph. The system includes 

equipment to record, process, and plot water temperature data collected using Sippican Expendable 

Bathythermograph (XBT) probes. 

The 25-foot Bertram launch used in previous years 

requires extensive repairs if continued use is planned. 

Two small surplus boats were acquired during 1991 

and put into service as auxiliary research platforms. A 

surplus 30-foot launch was obtained from the Corps of 
- Fac~~ltles ond Services , 

Figure 17. The 28.5ft 

Ark used in the Zebra 

Mussel Program in 

Saginav Bay and Lake 

Clair. 

Sea 

St. 

Engineers, equipped as an auxiliary research boat with logical studies in Lake Michigan and in Saginaw Bay. 

a hydraulic winch, crane, and navigation equipment These studies included benthic, planktonic, and bactefrom the Bertram, and will be used, for the present rial experiments relating to algal growth, zooplankton 

time, to supplement the work of the Shenehon in Lake grazing, food chain transport in the aquatic environMichigan. A 23-foot Monark workboat was obtained ment, fate and effects of sediment-associated toxic 

from the Corps of Engineers, outfitted as a research organics, and long term trends of benthic fauna. Exotic 

launch using an electric winch and crane from the species, such as the zebra mussel and Bythotrephes 

Bertram, and used extensively in the Saginaw Bay continue to be a very important part of the studies. 

Zebra Mussel Program. During FY 1991, numerous cruises were made by 

A new SeaArk workboat (Figure 17), 28.5 feet in the Shenehun in Lake Michigan, and two long cruises 

length, including a 2.5 foot deck extension, was were made into Lakes Huron and Superior, Straits of 

delivered in September and will be used primarily in Mackinac, Saginaw Bay, and into Green Bay, The 

the Zebra Mussel Program in Saginaw Bay and Lake cruises into Green Bay were made as part of a cooperaSt. Clair. This boat replaces the 25 foot Bertram cruiser tive study with the Environmental Protection Agency 

used in I 990 as an auxiliary research platform and will (EPA). The 23-foot research launch was used primabe transported by trailer to ether remote sites as rily for biological and zoological studies in Saginaw 

required. Navigation equipment include a radar, Bay and Lake St. CIair. 

magnetic compass, a 91-channel radiotelephone, a The f 00-meter station off Grand Haven, MI 

LORAN-C, a 50-kHz digital depth sotlnder with digital continued to be the site monitored using sediment traps 

display. There are two sounder wells. A hydraulic and periodic water and plankton samplings to study the 

winch and articulated crane are available for deploy- temporal vxiations in water and he vertical 

ment and retrieval of sampling equipment. Safety mass and chemical flux as determined by samples from 

equipment includes an inflatable life raft and an EPlRB [he traps. Panicular emphasis was on carbon 

(emergency transmitter). pools and the rates of transfer. Several cruises were 

made during the spring using the Shenehon along 

Research Support traverses in the vicinity of Grand Haven and 

The majority of the work supported by the Sheme- Muskegon, MI in connection with studies of frontal 

hon and the 23-foot launch was connected with bio- processes and thermal bar development and decay. 
- Facilities and Services, 

Sediment traps were deployed in 199 1 at one 

station in Lake Michigan, four stations in Lake Huron, 

six stations in Lake Superior, and two stations in 

Saginaw Bay to monitor the vertical mass and chemical flux. The traps in Lakes Huron, Superior, and 

Saginaw Bay were recovered in September 199 1. Two 

Acoustic Doppler Profilers were removed from the 

Straits of Mackinac in October 1990. Current and 

temperature sensors were deployed in the center of the 

southern basin of Lake Michigan, in Whitefish Bay, 

and near Copper Harbor in Lake Superior. 

A prototype sediment trap of GLERL design for 

collecting sequencial samples in the water column was 

deployed over the winter in Lake Michigan (Figure 

1 8). Six more traps of the GLERL design were 

constructed and wilI be deployed over the winter of 

6991-1992 in Lake Michigan. 

The wire line sweep technique developed by 

GLERL was successfully used again to recover sediment trap and current meter moorings from submerged 

positions in Lakes Michigan and Superior. The 

technique continues to pay dividends due to a rapid 

and inexpensive recovery of lost equipment. 

The RN Shenehon continues to attract attention as 

she cruises the lakes. A total of 132 people visited the Figure 18. me GLERL-designed sequenrial sediment 

boat, including 60 Cub Scouts from the Tawas area. frap ready for deployment in Lake Michigan. 

Several newspaper articles have been written covering 

the research efforts supported by the Shenehon. 

assistance with the collection of samples and data, and 

Marine Instrumentation haboratorv in-field maintenance or repair of equipment. GLERL's " 

The marine instrumentation laboratory (MIL) staff 

select, calibrate, repair, and, when necessary, adapt or 

design instruments to collect data in the lakes and their 

environs. Engineers and technicians in this unit work 

closely with GEERL researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible with their needs. They also 

participate in field experiments by providing support 

for the deployment and retrieval of field equipment, 

data collection equipment includes 44 AMF Vector 

Averaging Current Meters, 16 AMF Acoustical Releases, 7 Mini-TOD Drifter Buoys, 1 Adamo-Rupp 

Waverider WRIPS Buoy, 5 Aanderaa Thermistor 

String Recorders, 5 Marsh McBirney 585 Current 

Meters, 1 RD Instrument Co. RDRR-1200 Acoustical 

Doppler Current Profiler, and 2 RDSC-600 Acoustical 

Doppler Cumnt Profilers. 
- Facilities and Sewices , 

As a result of successful prototype development 

last fiscal year, MIL staff, in conjunction with the 

Great Lakes Engineering Company, Ann Arbor, MI, 

built and tested six sequential sediment samplers 

(Figure 18) that can withstand a working pressure of 

200 meters with 23 discrete samples of individual 

preset exposure times from 1 minute to 1 year. A 

microcomputer is the controller of the system and 

serves as a data logger for in situ measurements. 

In EY 91, MIL staff worked with scientists from 

the Biogeochemical Sciences Division on the design 

and development of a prototype mesocosm experimental chamber for use in the zebra mussel project in 

Saginaw Bay. These large experimental enclosures (2 

m3) were used to assess the ecological impact of zebra 

mussel on the Saginaw Bay ecosystem (see Figure 2, 

page 4). 

Work has begun to add GPS to our drifting buoys, 

and a new LORANIGPS buoy is being prototyped with 

data which will report through the ARGOSIGOES 

satellite system. This improvement will extend the 

useful geographic range of the buoys. 

P Outreach A ctivities 

he GLERL mission includes the development of 

environmental information, data, and service 

tools for users in government and private organizations. Participation on boards, commissions, task 

forces, and committees helps GLERL staff to identify 

environmental information needed by our users and 

helps to guide our research focus and the development 

of usable products. Participation also helps to maintain 

staff involvement in programs concerned with environmental problems and issues of water- and land-oriented 

resource development and management issues. The 

Publications Unit also plays an important role by 

making GLERL's products available to those who need 

them, answering information requests, and creating 

displays and general literature concerning GLERL's 

products and work. 

During FY 91, GLERL staff participated as members of the following boards, committees, and task 

forces: 

International Joint Commission 

Great Lakes Science Advisory Board 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Chair) 

Council of Great Lakes Research Managers 

(D. Reid, Observer) 

Corporate Management Committee (A. Beeton) 

Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 

Surveillance Work Group 

- Great Lakes Surveillance Subcommittee 

(B. Eadie) 

- Lake Michigan Task Force (B. Eadie) 

- Lake Erie Task Force (J. Robbins) 

- Lake Huron Task Force (T. Nalepa) 

- Upper Connecting Channels Task Force 

(J. Derecki) 

- Workshop on Applications of Mass Balance 

to the Management of Toxic Substances in the 

Great Lakes (B. Eadie, Co-chair) 

Great Lakes Water Levels Reference 

- Working Committee 3: Existing Regulation, 

System-wide Regulation, and Crises Conditions 

(F. Quinn) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 1: Regulation Studies (D. Lee). 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 2: Support 

Studies (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair; D. Lee) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 3: Crises 

Conditions (D. Lee). 

Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic 

Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

- Hydrometeorology and Modeling 

Subcommittee (T. Croley 11) 

- River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

- International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 

Workshop and Brochure (D. Lee) 

International Great Lakes Levels and Flows 

Advisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair) 

Biennial Meeting 1991 Program Subcommitte 

(A. Beeton) 

Other interagency, professional society, and international activities: 

American Society for Limnology & Oceanography 

- Editorial Board (H. Vanderploeg) 
- Outreach Activities , 

International Association for Great Lakes 

Research 

- Board of Directors 

(T. Nalepa, President; M. Quigley, 

G. Fahnenstiel) 

- IAGLR Membership and Endowment Committee (M. Quigley, Chair) 

- Journal of Great Lakes Research 

(F. Quinn, D. Schwab, Associate Editors) 

National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton, W. Gardner, 

H. Vanderploeg, P. Landrum, A. Bratkovich) 

The University of Michigan 

- Cooperative Institute for Limnology 

and Ecosystems Research (CILER) Board of 

Directors; Council of Fellows (A. Beeton, 

S. Bolsenga, B. Eadie, T. Nalepa, F. Quinn, 

D. Reid) 

- Biological Station Executive Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

- Ph.D Committees (A. Beeton, A. Bratkovich, 

G. Fahnenstiel, J. Saylor) 

Michigan Sea Grant Research Advisory 

Committee (J. Saylor, A. Bratkovich) 

Ohio Sea Grant 

- Zebra Mussel Project (A. Beeton, T. Nalepa, 

D. Reid) 

American Chemical Society 

- Associate Editor, Organic Substances and 

Sediments in Water (B. Eadie) 

American Society for Testing and Materials 

Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee (P. Landrum) 

Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated 

Sediments (ARCS, USEPA) 

- ToxicityIChemistry Work Group (P. Landrum) 

- Management Advisory Cornrniteee (D. Reid) 

Chemosphere, Board of Editors (P. Landrum) 

Department of Commerce Consolidated 

Scientific Computing System Technical Committee 

(G. Spalding) 

Department of Energy, Ocean Margins Program 

- Review Panel (B. Eadie) 

Eastern Snow Conference Research Committee 

(D. Norton) 

Great Lakes Commission 

- Drought Management and Great Lakes Water 

Levels Task Force ( F. Quinn) 

- Great Lakes Speakers Bureau Directory 

(G. Laird Pernie, F. Quinn) 

- Task Force on Emergency Preparedness 

(D. Reid) 

- Observer delegate (A. Beeton) 

Great Lakes Environmental Action Program 

(Great LEAPNSCOE) (A. Beeton, G. Leshkevich) 

Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

Great Lakes GIs Coordinating Committee 

(G. Leshkevich) 

Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Advisory 

Board (P. Landrum) 
- Outreach Activifies , 

Hydrobiologia, Special Issue 

- Associate Editor (B. Eadie) 

Huron River Watershed Council 

- Portage Lake Project (A. Beeton) 

(W. Gardner, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- NOAA NECOP Technical Advisory Committee 

(B. Eadie, A. Bratkovich) 

- NOAAINESDIS Coastwatch Program 

(G. Leshkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

Interagency Non-Indigenous Species Research NOAA Measurement Technique Development1 

Protocol Committee (D. Reid, Member) Ocean Acoustic Techniques and Climate Change 

Committee Member (M. McCormick) 

International Mathematics and Statistical Library 

(IMSL) North American Users Group (L. Herche, NOAAISABRE Technical Advisory Committee 

Co-chair) (A. Bratkovich) 

International Association of Theoretical and NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New Bedford 

Applied Limnology Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

NSF Long-Term Ecological Research Network 

National Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Review Panel (S. Bolsenga) 

(W. Gardner) 

Regional Response Team (RRT), Region V 

NCAR Great Lakes Climate Change Program - Department of Commerce Alternate 

(S. Bolsenga) Representative (D. Reid) 

NOAA Climate and Global Change Program 

- Marine Ecosystem Response Project Advisory 

Panel (D. Reid) 

- Technical Advisory Committee 

(H. Vanderploeg) 

NOAA Coastal Ocean Program 

- Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem Scientific Advisory 

Committee (D. Reid) 

- Observations and Predictions Component Interline Office Development Team (A. Bratkovich) 

- Physical Hazards Component (D. Schwab) 

- NOAAIERL Satellite Requirements Committee 

(S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 

- NOAA Mississippi River PlumeIGulf Shelf 

Region Research Planning Workshop 

State of Michigan, Department of Natural 

Resources 

- Great Lakes Information System 

Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Michigan Great Lakes Fund (A. Beeton, 

S. Bolsenga) 

- Toxic Substances Control Commission 

(A. Beeton, Commissioner) 

State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, 

Great Lakes Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) 

Thurston Nature Center Advisory Committee 

(A. Bratkovich) 
, Outreach Activities , 

U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Group 

- Great Lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee 

(R. Assel, U.S. Co-chair) 

International Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Ice 

Information Working Group (R. Assel, U.S. Cochair, S. Bolsenga, D. Norton, G. Leshkevich) 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Policy 

Committee (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga Alternate) 

U.S. Soil Conservation Service 

(A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) 

U.S. Department of State 

- Cooperative Study on Chernobyl Fallout in 

Masurian Lakes, Poland (J. Robbins) 

- Mongolian Cooperative Research Program 

(S. Bolsenga) 

Wayne County Community College 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. Booker) 

GLERL scientists also: 

- Conducted cooperative research study of evaporation 

and climate change with scientists from the USSR 

Academy of Sciences. 

- Conducted cooperative research with scientists at 

Michigan State University, Department of Fish and 

Wildlife. 

- Provided statistical consulting to scientists from The 

University of Michigan and The University of British 

Columbia. 

- Continued coordination with the Midwestern Climate 

Center and the Illinois State Water Survey to develop 

a Midwestern Climate Information System (MICIS). 

- In cooperation with researchers from Ohio State 

University, NOAA Center for Ocean Analysis and 

Prediction (COAP), and the National Weather 

Service, developed the Great Lakes Forecasting 

System, a prototype coastal ocean prediction system 

for the Great Lakes. 

- Conducted cooperative research with scientists at 

NASAIGoddard to measure bidirectional reflectance 

of ice. 

- Conducted cooperative research with the Naval 

Ocean and Atmospheric Research Lab (NOARL). 

- Conducted cooperative research with Weber State 

University to study currents in the Great Salt Lake. 

- Conducted cooperative research with the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service on the effects of currents and 

water temperatures on Lake Trout recruitment in 

Lake Superior. 

- Collaborated with scientists at Michigan State University to study the ecology of the larvae of the 

mosquito Anopholes, a vector of malaria. 

- Conducted cooperative research with scientists from 

Middlebury College and Lamont-Doherty on physical processes in Lake Champlain. 

- Conducting cooperative research with the Canadian 

National Hydrology Research Institute on under-theice ecology. 

- Serving as adjunct professors at The University of 

Michigan. 
- Outreach Activii,,, , 

Figure 19. As purr of our ourreach activities, GLERL 

hosts science clusses from several area schools. HPW, 

students are shown how a digitizer is used to mke 

accurate mensuremenis of macsoinvertebratex. 

- Served as expert advisors for the U.S. Navy acoustics 

research program in Lake ?end OreilZe, ID. 

- Served on a review panel for the Department of 

Interior's Natural Resource Damage Assessment 

Model for the Great Lakes, a 2-year effort to develop 

a computer program for assessing financial damages 

for environmental accidents on the Great Lakes. 

- Participated in Cooperative Student Programs with 

The University of Michigan and Eastern Michigan 

University. 

- Provided lipid data to scientists at Trent University, 

Ontario, Canada. 

- Continued a cooperative Great Lakes bathymetry 

charting project with scientists at NOAA's National 

Geophysical Data Center and extended this project to 

formally include scientists at the Canada Hydrographic Service. 

- Hosted students from several area schools. The 

students were given laboratory tours and briefed on 

GLERL activities (Figure 1 9). 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of 

GLERL staff is attendance and participation in scientific and technical meetings. During FY 9 1, GLERL 

sponsored 33 in-house seminars as part of the GLERL 

Informal Seminar Series. Our staff made 57 presentations concerning GLERL's work at pubIic and professional meetings. 

In FY 9 1, GLERL staff members served as cochairman of the following sessions: 

- Organic Substances and Sediments in Water: Biological Processes: Bioaccurnulation and Bioturbation 

199th National Meeting of the American Chemical 

Society. 

- Nutritional Biochemistry, Behavior, and Physiology 

at the National Science Foundation workshop Future 

Directions in ZoopIankton Biology. 

Technology Transfers 

GLERL staff responded to approximately 1,000 

requests for information during FY 91 and provided 

more than 3,700 items to service those requests. Many 

of the products that GLERL produces and distributes 

involve a transfer of both technology and data. During 
- Outreach Activities , 

FY 91, GLERL's outreach of this nature involved the 

transfer of the following: 

Great Lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover Model , - Canadian Climate Center 

Great Lakes Snowfall Maps 

- Interactive Concepts, Inc. 

Great Lakes Coastwatch Data 

- Center for Great Lakes Studies, Univ. of Wisconsin 

- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio State University 

- Lake Superior Ecosystems Research Center 

- Michigan Technological University 

- Hammond Bay Biological Station, U.S. Dept. of the 

Interior 

- Lake Superior Center, Duluth , MN 

Hydrologic Response Model 

- Ohio State University 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

Water Resources Simulation Package 

- Harvard University 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 

Wave Forecast Model 

- National Weather Service, Cleveland, OH 

"Pathfinder" Trajectory Prediction System 

- U.S. Department of the Interior 

- U.S. Coast Guard 

- McMaster University 

Satellite Drifter Programs 

- Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

Real-time Interactive Data Acquisition Software 

- R.D. Instruments Co. 

Evaporation and Other Data 

- National Weather Service 

- University of Wisconsin 

GLERL's data gathering equipment was shared 

with: 

- The University of Michigan (Center for Great Lakes 

and Aquatic Sciences; College of Engineering) 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

- U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service 

- Weber State University 

- Middlebury College 

Plans for construction of sediment traps were 

shared with: 

- Ocean Sciences Centre, Newfoundland, Canada 

- University of Stockholm, Sweden 

- Great Lakes Engineering Company 

- University of Michigan 

- University of North Carolina 

- Filtration device developed at GLERL is being 

marketed by a small business (St. John Associates). 

Lipid Methodology 

New micro-methods developed at GLERL to measure 

lipids in aquatic invertebrates were transferred to: 

- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, GA 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 
Outreach Activities , 

GLERL and Great Lakes Education - 

Partners for Excellence 

In conjunction with NOAA's desire to better inform 

the public of its research activities, GLERL is involved 

in a number of Great Lakes community educational 

programs. In FY 91, GLERL continued its involvement with the Science Department of the Ann Arbor 

Public Schools' Partners for Excellence Program (T. 

Nalepa, GLERL Coordinator). The partnership seeks 

to enrich the public schools' cumculum in the area of 

environmental science, particularly with respect to the 

Great Lakes and aquatic sciences. Designated partnership activities include: 

Providing mentors to help students with science fair 

projects. 

Providing practical "hands-on" experience to promising science-oriented students via participation in a 

Student Volunteer Program. 

Providing information on careers in environmental 

science and acting as consultants for the science 

curriculum. 

Inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored 

seminars. 

In 1991, GLERL staff also helped students at a 

local school upgrade their meteorological station and 

provided Coastwatch SST imaging and display software for use in their curriculum. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

In conjunction with the 33rd Annual Southeast 

Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored 

awards for outstanding projects in aquatic science in 

each of the Science Fair divisions: Senior Projects, 

Junior Projects, and Junior Models and Collections. 

GLERL staff (T. Croley, D. Schwab, H. Vanderploeg, 

J. Saylor, A. Beeton, N. Butler, and J. Cotner) acted as 

general Science Fair judges and also as judges for the 

GLERL award in the Southeast Michigan and local 

junior high science fairs. 

Student Volunteer Program 

GLERL and the Ann Arbor Public Schools established a Student Volunteer Program authorized by the 

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (Public Law 95- 

454). This program provides selected high school 

students with the opportunity to perform volunteer 

work at GLERL after school. 

Teacher-at-GLERL Project 

During FY 89, GLERL scientists (A. Beeton, and 

D. Reid) initiated a project to host a middle school 

science teacher at GLERL for a one-semester sabbatical funded by the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) 

System. After several discussions with AAPS officials 

and a formal written proposal, the project was accepted 

and sabbatical funds were allocated for the 1991 school 

year. Ms. Sandy Aquino, a science teacher at Tappan 

Middle School, was selected for the project and was 

resident at GLERL from January to June, 1991. She 

has developed cumculum enhancements in the area of 

aquatic environmental science. At her suggestion, we 

have put together a Cumculum Kit filled with cumculum ideas, booklets, videos, posters, and maps dealing 

with the Great Lakes and related environmental issues. 

The kit is available on a loan basis to interested teachers. Please call Cathy Damell at (3 13) 668-2262 for 

more information. 

N N 

FY 97 Staff 

Omce of the Director 

Beeton, A.M. - Director 

Noble, P.E. - Secretary 

Bolsenga, S.J. - Asst. to Director 

Johengen, T.H.' 

Administration 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, E.K. 

Lee, J.P. 

Mull, R.C. 

Information Services 

Bolsenga, S.J. - Head 

Damell, C.M. 

Sparks, K.J. 

Library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Del Proposto, D.J. 

Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Lefevre, J.T. 

Shrum, A.F. 

Physical Sciences Division 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.J. - Secretary 

Assel, R.A. 

Bratkovich, A.W. 

Carver, Y.M.' 

Clites, A.H. 

Croley, T.E., I1 

Derecki, J.A. 

Dong, D.Y.' 

Erickson, C.' 

Gottlieb, E.S.' 

Hartmam, H.C. 

Hawley, N. 

Huff, L.E.' 

Hunter, T.S. 

Kelley, R.N. 

Kulaszewski, M.' 

Leshkevich, G.A. 

Licalzi, E.L.' 

Lilley, K.' 

Liu, P.C. 

McCormick, M.J. 

Miller, G.S. 

Muhr, G.C. 

Norton, D.C. 

Pazdalski, J.* 

Saylor, J.H. 

Schwab, D.J. 

Sellinger, C.E. 

Shenot, J.M.' 

Stretch, B.D.' 

Wise, C.D.' 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo H.K. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Booker, H.L. 

Kistler, R.D. WV Sbenebon 

Lane, J.C. Morse, D.V. - Master Mate 

Miller, T.C. Bums, W.R. 

Muzzi, R.W. Grimes, J.E. 

Stickney, J.D.* Marquardt, J.W.' 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Reid, D.F. - Head Tarapchak, S.J. 

Williams, R.S. - Secretary Thoms, S.R. 

Bell, G.L. Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Butler, N: Wagoner, B.B. 

Calhoun, C.C.' Wirnmer, M.' 

Cavaletto, J.F. Wojcik, J.A.* 

Cotner, J.* Woo, R.Y.' 

Eadie, B.J. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. 

Faust, W.R. 

Fitzgerald, S: 

Ford, M.A. 

Gardner, W.S. 

Gordon, W.M.' 

Gossiaux, D.C. 

Hentz, N.G.' 

Ikuma, A.E.' 

Laird Pemie, G.A. 

Landrum, P.F. 

Lansing, M.B. 

Lang, G.A. 

Liebig, J.R. 

Marcovitz, M.* 

McElroy, K.D.' 

Morehead, N.R. 

Nalepa, T.F. 

Niester, J.M.' 

Patton, T.R.' 

Quigley, M.A. * - Indicates WAE Employee 

Ramaley, T.B.' t - Indicates Co-op Employee 

Robbins, J.A. '- Indicates NRC Fellow 

St. Pierre, L.M.' - Indicates CILER Emp1n)rce 
Visiting Scien tis ts @-kT:sd<* A 

GLERL has hosted visiting scientists from many areas of the world who 

participate in cooperative research projects with GLERL scientists or who perform separate, but related, research. Following is a list of the scientists who 

were resident at GLERL in FY 1991. 

Ms. Danielle DeLuca 

Tufts University, Medford, MA. 

Ms. DeLuca began her 2-month visit in June 1991 

to gather information on the zebra mussel issue 

for her thesis. She observed and participated in 

our research program and conducted interviews 

with GLERL researchers. 

Dr. Sergei Ferronsky 

Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. 

Dr. Ferronsky was at GLERL for approximately 1 

month beginning in February 1991 to work with 

Dr. Tom Croley and other GLERL scientists on the 

joint GLERL/Soviet Geophysical Committee 

project titled "Climate Change Impacts on the 

Hydrology of the Caspian Sea." 

Dr. Malkiat S. Guram 

Voorhees College, Denmark, SC. 

Dr. Guram spent 2 weeks at GLERL beginning in 

July 1991. His stay here exposed him to our 

programs in toxics, coordinated ecosystem research, nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity, marine hazards and water resource management, and exotic species. With this information, he plans to upgrade the environmental 

sciences curriculum at Voorhees. 

Ms. Gail Harkey 

Memphis State University, Memphis, TN. 

Ms. Gail Harkey is a Ph.D. student and will spend 

up to 2 years at GLERL conducting her Ph.D. 

research with Dr. Peter Landrum. 

Dr. Robert Heath 

Kent State University, Kent, OH. 

Dr. Heath began his 1 year sabbatical starting in 

August 1991. He is collaborating with Dr. Wayne 

Gardner and others on the Saginaw Bay zebra 

mussel project. His interests are with carbon and 

phosphorus cycling and the lower food web. 

Dr. Peter McCall 

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. 

Dr. McCall spent 5 months at GLERL as a visiting 

scientist working with Dr. Peter Landrum and Dr. 

John Robbins on an EPA-funded project titled 

"Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological 

Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments." 

Dr. Don McNaught 

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 

In September 1991, Dr. McNaught began a 1 year 

sabbatical to work with various GLERL and U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service scientists on the zebra 

mussel problem. 

Mr. Nathanian Ostrum 

Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland. 

Mr. Ostrum, a Ph.D student, was at GLERL for 6 

months working with Dr. Brian Eadie to customize a sample preparation system and to calibrate 

our instrument for nitrogen isotopes. 

Dr. Walter Pfeiffer 

University of Constance, Germany. 

Dr. Pfeiffer began working with Dr. John Robbins 

in August 1991. During his 2 month stay at 

GLERL his work focused on radiotracers in 

sediments. 

Dr. Paul Walline 

Lake Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel. 

Dr. Walline began his 14 month sabbatical at 

GLERL in June 1991. He is working with various 

GLERL and outside scientists on ecosystem and 

fisheries related activities. 
FY 9 7 Seminars 

Research on hydrophobic organic contaminants in 

the Baltic. Dag Broman, University of Stockholm, 

Sweden. October 18, 1990. 

Nitrogen nutrition in Lake Kenneretphytoplankton. 

David Wynne, Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, 

Tiberias, Israel. October 23, 1990. 

Toxicity of contaminants to the amphipod, Diporeia 

sp. P.F. Landrum, GLERL. October 30, 1901. 

Lake suvface temperature measurements of Lake 

Constance using Landsat-7M and NOAA-A WRR 

data. Karl Schneider, Institute for Physical Geography, University of Freiburg, Germany. November 

1, 1990. 

The influence of DDT on the sediment reworking 

rate of Stylodrilus heringianus. S. Lindner, GLERL. 

November 8, 1990. 

Ecotoxicology: Effects of toxicants on the Zebra 

mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Michiel Kraak, 

University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. November 21, 1990. 

Long-term changes in production, abundance, and 

biomass of the Great Lakes amphipod Diporeia sp. 

M.A. Quigley, and G.A. Lang, GLERL. November 

28, 1990. 

Phytoplankton lipidproduction in freshwater 

ecosystems and zooplankton interactions. Bruce 

Wainman, York University, Toronto, Ontario. 

December 7, 1990. 

Degree of taste discrimination among suspensionfeeding copepods and cladocerans: Implications for 

detritivory and herbivory. W. Charles Kerfoot, 

Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI. 

January 28, 1991. 

Epilimnetic scavenging of Chernobyl fallout radionuclides in Lake Constance. J.A. Robbins, GLERL. 

February 25, 1991. 

Measurements of currents and temperature distributions in Green Bay. J.H. Saylor, GLERL. February 13, 1991. 

Research on sediment transport at GLIXL: Problems, progress, and futureplans. N. Hawley, 

GLERL. February 14, 1991. 

Water volume exchange between upper and lower 

Green Bay. G.S. Miller, GLERL. February 19, 1991. 

Field evaluations of a satellite and LORAN-C 

tracked drt3ers. M.J. McCormick, GLERL. March 7, 

1991. 

Zebra mussel research in Lake St. Clair and Saginaw Bay: Accomplishments andplans. T.F. 

Nalepa, GLERL. March 11, 1991. 

Great Lakes forecasting system. D.J. Schwab, 

GLERL. March 12, 1991. 

Chaos, a distant encounter. P.C. Liu, GLERL. 

March 14, 1991. 

Studies of fronts in coastal ecosystems. A.W. Bratkovich, GLERL. March 20, 1991. 

Highlights of NECOP ZI cruise. G.L. Fahnenstiel, 

GLERL. March 25, 1991. 

Zooplankton feeding behavior and nutritional 

physiology: Future directions. H.A. Vanderploeg, 

GLERL. March 28, 1991. 

Oilpollution in the Pevsian GulJ: Peter Litherathy, 

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. April 3, 

1991. 

Bottom-up (nutrient) us, top-down Qlanktivo ry) 

effects on lake community structure and contaminant bioconcentration. David Lean, National 

Water Research Institute, Canadian Centre for 

Inland Waters. April 17, 1991. 
Seminars , 

What'sgoing on in D.C. M.A. Quigley, GLERL. 

April 26, 1991. 

Studies on bloom-forming phytoplankton: From 

chemostats to LearJets. David Millie, U.S. Department of Agriculture, South Region Research Center. 

May 8, 1991. 

Ideal: A major new initiative to study the limnology 

andpaleolimnology of the East African Rift Lakes. 

Tom Johnson, Duke University Marine Laboratory. 

May 9, 1991. 

Are top-down interactions important in stream 

communities? Jill Lancaster, Queen Mary and 

Westfield College, London, England. May 31, 1991. 

A clam's eye view of bioauailability. Henry Lee, 

U.S. EPA, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, 

OR. June 19, 1991. 

Trace metal in the Great Lakes. Jerome Nriagu, 

Canadian Center for Inland Waters. June 12, 1991. 

The National Underseas Research Program. David 

Duane, Office of Oceanic Research Programs. June 

11, 1991. 

Sexual harassment in the workplace. Susan 

Kaufmann, Center for the Education of Women, 

University of Michigan. June 20, 1991. 

Limnological implications of increased nitrogen 

loading to the Great Lakes. Val Smith, University of 

North Carolina. July 10, 1991. 

Computing in the year 2000. Jim Welsh, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, ERL Office of Programs, 

Boulder, CO. August 19, 1991. 

A Scientist View of Data Management. Jim Welsh, 

U.S. Department of Commerce, ERL, Office of 

Programs, Boulder, CO. August 20, 1991. 

Management of risk from Chernobyl fallout in the 

region of Lake Constance (Germany). Walter 

Pfeiffer, University of Constance, Constance, 

Germany. September 25, 1991. 

Binding of benzoic acid and chlorophenols on iron 

and aluminum oxides. Dr. King-Hsi Kung, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 

University of Michigan. September 30, 1991. 
FY 9 7 Publications 

ASSEL, R.A. An ice-cover climatology for Lake 

Erie and Lake Superior for the winter seasons 1897- 

1898 to 1982- 1983. International Journal of Climatology 10:731-748 (1990). 

ASSEL, R.A. Implications of CO, global warming 

on Great Lakes ice cover. Climatic Change 18:377- 

395 (1991). 

ASSEL, R.A., and D.C. NORTON. A comparison of 

Great Lakes winter severity and ice cover -winter 

1990 vs. the historical record. Proceedings, 1990 Annual Meeting of the Eastern Snow Conference, 

Bangor, ME, June 7-8, 1990. 143-154 (1990). 

ASSEL, R.A., and J.M. RATKOS. Animation of the 

normal ice cycle of the Laurentian Great Lakes of 

North America. Preprints, Seventh International 

Conference on Interactive Information and Processing 

Systems for Meteorology, Hydrology, and Oceanography, New Orleans, LA, January 14-1 8, 1991. 

American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 33 1- 

335 (1991). 

Baker, J.E., S.J. Eisenreich, and B.J. EADIE. Sediment trap fluxes and benthic recycling of organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorobiphenyl congeners in Lake Superior. Environmental Science and Technology 25(3):500-509 

(1991). 

BEETON, A.M. Limnology of the Nam Ngum Reservoir, Laos. Verhandlungen-Internationale 

Vereinigung Fur Theoretische und Angewandte 

Limnologie 24: 1436-1444 (1 991). 

BEETON, A.M. Virtual elimination of toxic substances in the changing Great Lakes. Proceedings, 

1990 Annual Meeting of the Universities Council on 

Water Resources, West Point, NY, August 2, 1990 

(1991). 

BEETON, A.M., and J.E. Gannon. Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis relicta. 

American Fisheries Society Symposium 9: 1 14- 148 

(1991). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. NOAA ship requirements for 

fisheries oceanography. In NOAA 's Ocean Fleet 

Modernization Study, Phase I: Mission Requirements. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pp. A69-A73 (1990). 

CONLEY, D.J., and D. SCAVIA. Size structure of 

particulate biogenic silica in Lake Michigan. Journal 

of Great Lakes Research 17(1): 18-24 (1991). 

Coordinating Committing on the Great Lakes Basic 

Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data. Great Lakes 

hydromet database directory. NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-74, (PB9 1-201 327/GAR), 49 pp. (1 99 1). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Laurentian Great Lakes double 

CO, climate change hydrological impacts. Climatic 

Change 17:27-47 (1990). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Use of general circulation model 

simulations in regional hydrological climate change 

impact studies. Proceedings, A Symposium on Climate Scenarios, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, June 12, 1991. 34-48 (1991). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and S.V. Ferronsky. Areal averaging of point meteorological measurements (text in 

Russian, computer program in English). In Climate 

Change Impacts on the Hydrology of the Caspian 

Sea, Issue 2, G.N. Golubev (ed.). Academy of Sciences of the USSR Soviet Geophysical Committee, 

Moscow, 130 pp. (1990). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and S.V. Ferronsky. Building 

digital maps of the hydrological basins (text in Russian, computer program in English). In Climate 

Change Impacts on the Hydrology of the Caspian 

Sea, Issue I, G.N. Golubev (ed.). Academy of Sciences of the USSR Soviet Geophysical Committee, 

Moscow, 43 pp. (1990). 
- Publications , 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. 

GLERL's near real time hydrological outlook package. Proceedings, Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and Statistics Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada, May 17-1 8, 1990. Great Lakes Commission, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 63-72 (1990). 

DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Comparison of 

measured and simulated flows during the 15 December 1987 Detroit River flow reversal. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 16(3):426-435 (1 990). 

Dickey, T., J. Mama, T. Granata, C. Langdon, M. 

Hamilton, J. Wiggert, D. Siegel, and A.W. 

BRATKOVICH. Concurrent high resolution biooptical and physical time series observations in the 

Sargasso Sea during the spring of 1987. Journal of 

Geophysical Research 96(C6):9643-9663 ( 199 1). 

Donelan, M., M. Skafel, H. Graber, P.C. LIU, D.J. 

SCHWAB, and S. Venkatesh. On the growth rate of 

wind-generated waves. National Water Research Institute Publication 91-1 17, Burlington, Ontario, 

Canada, 32 pp. (1990). 

EADIE, B.J., J.A. ROBBINS, W.R. FAUST, and P.F. 

LANDRUM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

sediments and pore waters of the lower Great Lakes: 

Reconstruction of a regional benzo(a)pyrene source 

function. In Organic Substances and Sediments in 

Water: Volume 2, Processes and Analytical, R. 

Baker (ed.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 171-1 89 

(1991). 

Edgington, D.N., J. Val Klump, J.A. ROBBINS, Y.S. 

Kusner, V.D. Pampura, and I.V. Sandimirov. Sedimentation rates, residence times, and radionuclide inventories in Lake Baikal from I3'Cs and 210Pb in sediment cores. Nature 350:601-604 (1991). 

Evans, M.S., M.A. QUIGLEY, and J.A. Wojcik. 

Comparative ecology of Pontoporeia hoyi populations in southern Lake Michigan: the profundal region versus the slope and shelf regions. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 16(1):67-40 (1990). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., H.J. CARRICK, and R. 

Itumaga. Physiological characteristics and food-web 

dynamics of Synechococcus in Lakes Huron and 

Michigan. Limnology and Oceanography 36(2):2 1 9- 

234 (1991). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., C.L. Schelske, and M.J. 

McCORMICK. Phytoplankton photosynthesis and 

biomass in Lake Superior: Effects of nutrient enrichment. Verhandlugen Internationale Vereinigung 

Fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 

24:37 1-377 (1990). 

FONTAINE, T.D., 111, and D.J. Stewart. Trophic dynamics and ecosystem integrity in the Great Lakes: 

Past, present, and possibilities. In An Ecosystem Approach to the Integrity of the Great Lakes in Turbulent Times, C.J. Edwards and H.A. Regier (eds.). 

'Great Lakes Fishery Commission Special Publication 

90-4, 153- 167 (1990). 

GARDNER, W.S., and P.A. St. John. High-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine 

ammonium ion and primary amines in seawater. 

Analytical Chemistry 63537-540 (1 99 1). 

GARDNER, W.S., S.P. Seitzinger, and J.M. MALCZYK. The effects of sea salts on the forms of nitrogen released from estuarine and freshwater sediments: 

Does ion pairing affect ammonium flux? Estuaries 

14(2):157-166 (1991). 

GARDNER, W.S., L.R. HERCHE, P.A. St. John, and 

S.P. Seitzinger. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of l5NH4:[l4NH4 + ISNH4] ion 

ratios in seawater for isotope dilution experiments. 

Analytical Chemistry 63: 1838- 1843 (1 99 1). 

GOTTLIEB, E.S., J.H. SAYLOR, and G.S. MILLER. 

Currents and water temperatures observed in Green 

Bay, Lake Michigan. Part I: Winter 1988-1989, Part 

11: Summer 1989. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-73 

(PB9 1 - 129072/XAB), 90 pp. ( 1990). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Annual Report for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory - FY 1990. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 60 pp. (1991). 
- Publications , 

HARTMANN, H.C. Climate change impacts on Laurentian Great Lakes levels. Climatic Change 17:49- 

67 ( 1 990). 

HARTMANN, H.C., and T.E. CROLEY, 11. An 

evaluation of GLERL's hydrological outlook package. Proceedings, Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and Statistics Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada, May 17- 18, 1990. Great Lakes Commission, 

Ann Arbor, MI, 177-1 94 (1 990). 

HERCHE, L.R., and H.C. HARTMANN. Estimation 

of Great Lakes water level statistics: Conditioning 

via "the bootstrap." Proceedings, Great Lakes Water 

Level Forecasting and Statistics Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 17-1 8, 1990. Great Lakes 

Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 291-309 (1990). 

JOHENGEN, T.H., A.M. BEETON, and D.W. Rice. 

Evaluating the effectiveness of best management 

practices to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Lake and Reservoir Management 5(1):63-70 

(1 989). 

LANDRUM, P.F., and W.S. DUPUIS. Toxicity and 

toxicokinetics of pentachlorophenol and carbaryl to 

Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis relicta. In Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Thirteenth Volume, 

ASTM STP 1096. W.G. Landis and W.H. van der 

Schalie, (eds.). American Society for Testing and 

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 278-289 (1990). 

LANDRUM, P.F., and C.R. STUBBLEFIELD. Role 

of respiration in the accumulation of organic xenobiotics by the amphipod Diporeia sp. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 10: 101 9- 1028 (1 991). 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, and W.R. FAUST. 

Toxicokinetics and toxicity of a mixture of sedimentassociated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the 

amphipod Diporeia sp. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry 10:35-46 (1 991). 

Lindner, G., I. Greiner, R. Grom, K. Hain, M. Ibler, 

S. Kaminski, J. Kleiner, W. Pfeiffer, J.A. ROBBINS, 

0. Seewald, Ch. Wilhelm, and M. Wunderer. Removal and accumulation processes of Cesium radionuclides in prealpine lakes (German). Proceedings, 

Radiation Protection for People and the Environment. 

Aachen, Germany, September 30-October 3, 1991. 6 

pp. (1991). 

McCarthy, J.F., P.F. LANDRUM, and A.V. Palumbo. 

Organic contaminants in sediments: Biological processes. In Organic Substances and Sediments in Water, Volume 3: Biological, R.A. Baker, (ed.). Lewis 

Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 3-21 (1991). 

McCORMICK, M.J. Potential changes in thermal 

structure and cycle of Lake Michigan due to global 

warming. Transactions of the American Fisheries 

Society 1 19: 183-194 (1990). 

McCORMICK, M.J., R.L. Pickett, and G.S. 

MILLER. A field evaluation of new satellite-tracked 

buoys: A LORAN-C position recording and a 

sonobuoy type drifter. Marine Technology Society 

Journal 25(2):29-33 (1991). 

NALEPA, T.F. Long-term declines in freshwater 

mussels (Biva1via:Unionidae) of the western basin of 

.Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Research 

17(2):214-219 (1991). 

NALEPA, T.F. Status and trends of the Lake Ontario 

macrobenthos. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences 48(8): 1558-1567 (1991). 

QUINN, F.H. Likely effects of climate changes on 

water levels in the Great Lakes. Proceedings, First 

North American Conference on Preparing for Climate 

Change: A Cooperative Approach, Washington, DC, 

October 27-29, 1987. Climate Institute, Washington, 

DC, 481-487 (1988). 

QUINN, F.H. Fluctuations of Great Lakes water levels. In Great Lakes Water Levels: Shoreline Dilemmas. Water Science and Technology Board 

Colloquium Series. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 13-24 (1989). 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water level statistics and 

decision making. Proceedings, Great Lakes Water 
Publications , 

Level Forecasting and Statistics Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 17-1 8, 1990. Great Lakes 

Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 205-209 (1990). 

QUINN, F.H. Proposed climate analog scenarios for the 

IJC Phase I1 levels study reference. Proceedings, A 

Symposium on Climate Scenarios, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, June 12,1991. 59-66 

(1991). 

ROBBINS, J.A., and B.J. EADIE. Seasonal cycling of 

trace elements '37Cs, 7Be, and 239+240Pu in Lake Michigan. Journal of Geophysical Research 96(C9): 1708 1 - 

17104 (1991). 

ROBBINS, J.A., and N.R. MOREHEAD. Rates of 

accumulation of recent sediments in Lake Ontario as 

determined by Cs-137 and Pb-210. Interagency 

Agreement Number DW 13933058-01-0, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 66 

pp. (1991). 

Seitzinger, S.P., W.S. GARDNER, and A.K. Spratt. 

The effect of salinity on ammonium sorption in 

aquatic sediments: Implications for benthic nutrient 

recycling. Estuaries 14(2): 167- 174 (1 99 1). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A. Feeding mechanisms and 

particle selection in suspension-feeding zooplankton. 

In The Biology of Particles in Aquatic Systems, R.S. 

Wotton (ed.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 183- 

212 (1990). 
FY 9 7 Presentations 

ASSEL, R.A. A computer tutorial for Great Lakes ice 

cover climatology. 48th Eastern Snow Conference, 

Guelph, Ontario, Canada, June 6, 1991. 

ASSEL, R.A. and J. M. RATKOS. Animation of the 

normal ice cycle of the Laurentian Great Lakes of 

North America. Proceedings, Seventh International 

Conference on Interactive Information and Processing 

Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology, American Meteorology Society, New Orleans, 

LA, January 15,1991. 

Bedford, K.W. and D.J. SCHWAB. The Great Lakes 

forecasting system-Lake Erie nowcasts. 34th Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 3, 1991. 

BEETON, A.M. Institutional arrangements for management of the Great Lakes. Albion College, Albion, 

MI, October 8, 1990. 

BEETON, A.M. Past problems and present status of 

the Great Lakes. Learning in Retirement Lecture 

Series, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, October 

18, 1990. 

BEETON, A.M. Eutrophication: The Great Lakes 

Model. Lake Champlain Conference, University of 

Vermont, Burlington, VE, November 29, 1990. 

BEETON, A.M. Large lakes of the world. 1991 SemiAnnual Meeting of the Great Lakes Commission, 

Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 1, 1991. 

BEETON, A.M. Great Lakes: Past and present 

problems and current status. Garden Club of America, 

Bay City, MI, May 15, 1991. 

BEETON, A.M. Present status of research on the zebra 

mussel. International Great Lakes-St. Lawrence 

Mayor's Conference, Indiana Dunes State Park Nature 

Center, May 16, 199 1. 

BEETON, A.M. The Laurentian Great Lakes: Problems and solutions. Aquatic Plant Management 

Society, Dearborn, MI, July 15, 1991. 

BEETON, A.M. The St. Lawrence Great Lakes: 

Eutrophication and toxic substances research. Soviet 

Geophysical Committee of Academy of Sciences, 

Samara, USSR, August 19, 1991. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Oceanography and lirnnology 

as careers. Informal Presentation, Tappan Middle 

School, Ann Arbor, MI, October 12, 1990. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. and S. Dinnel. Statistical 

characterization of riverine fluxes of mass, buoyancy 

and nutrients for the Mississippi outflow region. 

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San 

Francisco, CA, December 1990. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Central California coastal 

circulation: Flow characteristics and forcing. MMS 

Southern California Blight Physical Oceanography 

Workshop, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 

San Diego, CA, November 27, 1990. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Buoyancy and nutrient flux 

variability in the Mississippi River outflow. NECOP 

Principal Investigators Meeting, Miami, FL, February 

5. 1991. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Onshore transport mechanisms 

related to larvac migration patterns in the upper South 

Atlantic Bight. NOAA Principal Investigators Meeting, South Atlantic Bight Recruitment Experiment 

Planning Meeting, Beaufort, NC, September 5, 1991. 

Callender, E. and J.A. ROBBINS. Paleoenvironmental 

reconstruction of a sediment core from Lake Oahe, 

South Dakota. American Geophysical Union, Fall 

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 1990. 
, Presentations , 

CAVALETI'O, J.F., T.F. NALEPA, M. A. FORD, and 

K.D. McELROY. Zebra mussel fitness in Lake St. 

Clair: A comparison at two sites. 34th Conference, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Buffalo, NY, June 2, 1991. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. and H.J. CARRICK. Have we 

overestimated the importance of autotrophic picoplankton? American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova 

Scotia, Canada, June 10, 1991. 

FITZGERALD, S.A. and W.S. GARDNER. Early 

diagenesis of C-14 labeled diatoms in nearshore 

sediments from Lake Michigan - the role of benthic 

amphipods. Annual Meeting, American Chemical 

Society - Marine Organic Matter Symposium, Atlanta, 

GA, April 16, 1991. 

FITZGERALD, S.A. and W.S. GARDNER. A carbon 

budget for benthiclpelagic coupling in Lake Michigan. 

1991 Annual Meeting, American Society of Lirnnology 

and Oceanography, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 10, 1991. 

GARDNER, W .S ., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, and J.F. 

CAVALEITO. Lipids as indicators of seasonal 

nutritionalflife strategies in cold-water benthic and 

pelagic invertebrates in Lake Michigan. 1991 Annual 

Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, 

Nova Scotia, Canada, June 10,199 1. 

GOTTLIEB, E.S., J.H. SAYLOR and G.S. MILLER. 

Variability of the currents and temperatures in the 

passages connecting Green Bay and Lake Michigan. 

34th Conference, International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 2-6, 1991. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Climate change contingency 

planning: Great Lakes levels and flows. 26th Annual 

American Water Resources Conference, Denver, CO, 

November 7, 1990. 

HAWLEY, N. and B.M. Lesht. Winter observations 

(1989-90) of water temperature, transparency, and 

current velocity in lower Green Bay. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 

December 1990. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioaccumulation of sedimentassociated contaminants by benthic invertebrates: 

factors controlling bioavailability. North American 

Benthological Society, Technical Issues Workshop, 

Santa Fe, NM, May 21-24, 1991. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Contaminants in Great Lakes 

sediments. Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, 

MI, April 3,1991. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Kinetic discrepancies of bioavailability. Contaminated Sediment Assessment Method 

Workshop, Narragansett, RI, May 6-8, 1991. 

LANDRUM, P.F., V.N. Tsymbal, M.K. Nelson, C.G. 

Ingersoll, G.A. Burton, and G. Sasson-Brickson. 

Sediment-associated contaminant toxicity assessment 

by dilution experiments. 1 lth Annual Meeting of the 

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 

Alexandria, VA, November 1 1 - 1 5, 1990. 

LANDRUM, P.F., D.C. GOSSIAUX, S.W. Fisher, and 

K.A. Bruner. The role of zebra mussels in contaminant 

cycling in the Great Lakes. International Zebra Mussel 

Research Conference, Columbus, OH, December 6-7, 

1990. 

LEE, D.H., T.E. CROLEY 11, and C.F. Southam. A 

cornparision of Great Lakes water supply forecast 

methods. 34th Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 2-6, 

1991. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Machine classification of Great 

Lakes types from NOAA AVHRR digital data. 2nd 

WMO Operational Ice Remote Sensing Workshop, 

Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science, Ottawa, 

Ontario, Canada, September 10- 13, 199 1. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Great Lakes Coastwatch data 

distribution. Great Lakes Coastal Mapping Workshop, 

Woods Hole Oceanography Institute, Woods Hole, 

MA, October 30, 1990.. 
- Presentations 

LINDNER, S.R.. P.F. LANDRUM, and J.A. ROBBINS. Sediment reworking by Stylodrilus heringianus 

presence of DDT. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Central Great Lakes Regional 

Chapter, Spring Meeting, National Fisheries Research 

Center - Great Lakes, Ann Arbor, MI, April 5, 1991. 

LINDNER, S.R., P.F. LANDRUM, J.A. ROBBINS, 

and T.J. KEILTY. Influence of DDT on the sediment 

reworking rate of Stylodrilus heringianus. 1 1 th Annual 

Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, Washington, DC, November 1990. 

LIU, P.C. On an unbiased substantiation of F-4 

equilibrium range representation for wind wave spectra. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San 

Francisco, CA, December 1990. 

LIU, P.C. On the parameters of the equilibrium range 

in the frequency spectrum of wind waves. American 

Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 

December 1990. 

McCORMICK, M.J. Field evaluations of two prototype drifting data buoys. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 10-13, 

1991. 

Merry, C.J., D. Welsh, Y.F. Chu, K.W. Bedford, D.J. 

SCHWAB, and M.J. McCORMICK. Using AVHRR 

and in-situ temperature data in a surface heat flux 

model for Lake Erie. 34th Conference, International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, 

June 3, 1991. 

NORTON, D.C. Digital investigation of Great Lakes 

regional snowfall, 1950-1980. 48th Eastern Snow 

Conference, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, June 6-7, 1991. 

QUIGLEY, M.A. Use of aquatic macroinvertebrates to 

evaluate water quality. Monthly Meeting, Huron River 

Interest Group, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Ann 

Arbor, MI, November 14, 1990. 

QUIGLEY, M.A., G.A. LANG, and W.M. GORDON 

(Co-presenters, Quigley and Lang). Year-to-Year in 

production in the Great Lakes Amphipod, Diporeia sp. 

in southeastern Lake Michigan. 34th Conference, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Buffalo, NY, June 2, 1991. 

QUINN, F.H. The Great Lakes basin as a representative catchment for continental studies. American 

Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 

December 1990. 

REID, D.F. Large lakes of the world: A proposed 

global science initiative. XVII Pacific Science Conference, Pacific Science Congress, Oahu, Honolulu, HI, 

May 25-June 1,1991. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Process time scales in the Great 

Lakes. Large Lakes of the World Seminar, U.S. 

Department of Commerce Building, Washington, DC, 

January 22,1991. 

SAYLOR, J.H. and G.S. MILLER. Calculation of the 

period of the longest free oscillation of Green Bay, 

Lake Michigan. American Geophysical Union, Fall 

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 1990. 

MILLER, G.S. and J.H. SAYLOR. Volume transport SAYLOR, J.H., G.S. MILLER and E.S. GOTTLIEB. 

between upper and lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Near-resonant wind forcing of internal seiches in Green 

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Bay. 34th Conference, International Association for 

Francisco, CA, December 1990. Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 2-6, 1991. 

MOREHEAD, N.R. Anthropogenic alteration of SAYLOR, J.H. Dynamics of tides and seiches in 

carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica deposition in Lake Green Bay, Lake Michigan. 20th General Assembly, 

George (St. Marys River) since 1820. 34th Confer- International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 

ence, International Association for Great Lakes Re- Vienna, Austria, August 10, 199 1. 

search, Buffalo, NY, June 4, 1991. 
- Presentations - 

SELLINGER, C.E. Great Lakes hydromet database 

directory. 34th Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 26, 1991. 

SCHWAB, D.J. and G.A. LESHKEVICH. Great 

Lakes Coastwatch and NOAA ocean communication 

network. 34th Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 3, 1991. 

SCHWAB, D.J., R.E. Jensen, and P.C. LIU. Comparative performance of spectral and parametric numerical 

wave prediction models in Lake Michigan. American 

Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) Engineering 

Mechanic Specialty Conference, Ohio State University, 

Columbus, OH, May 21, 1991. 

Vargo, K., M. Tracy, J. Rathbun, C. Ingersoll, A. 

Burton, M. Henry, and P.F. LANDRUM. Predicting 

sediment toxicity in the Buffalo River from "indicator" 

analyses. 34th Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY, June 2-6, 199 1. 

VANDERPLOEG, H. A., T.F. NALEPA, and J.R. 

LIEBIG. Filtration rate and particle retention efficiency of Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea on artificial 

particles and natural seston of Lake St. Clair. 34th 

Conference, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Buffalo, NY, June 2, 1991. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., N.M. BUTLER, G.-A. 

Paffenhofer, and J.R. LIEBIG. Appendage use patterns 

and carnivory in omnivorous freshwater calanoid 

copepods. Zooplankton Ecology Symposium, Center 

for Great Lakes Studies, University of WisconsinMilwaukee, Appleton, WI, August, 199 1. 

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