UNITEDSTATESENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYREGIONIII1650ArchStreetPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania19103DATE:SUBJECT:TechnicalSupportDocumentfortheDelawareStateImplementationPlanforRegionalHazeFROM:JacquelineLewis,EnvironmentalEngineerToddA.Ellsworth,SeniorAirModelerTO:File(/I”THRU:CristinaFernandez,AsitDirectorsralterWilkie,AssociateDirectorOfficeofAirMonitoringandAnalysisA.BACKGROUNDOnSeptember25,2008,theDelawareDepartmentofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalControl(DNREC)submittedaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)revisionthataddressesregionalhazeforthefirstimplementationperiod.Regionalhazeisvisibilityimpairmentthatisproducedbyamultitudeofsourcesandactivitieswhicharelocatedacrossabroadgeographicareaandemitfineparticles(PM25)(e.g.,sulfates,nitrates,organiccarbon,elementalcarbon,andsoildust)andtheirprecursors(e.g.,sulfurdioxide(SO2),nitrogenoxides(NO),andinsomecases,ammonia(NH3)andvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)).Fineparticleprecursorsreactintheatmospheretoformfineparticulatematterwhichimpairsvisibilitybyscatteringandabsorbinglight.Visibilityimpairmentreducestheclarity,color,andvisibledistancethatonecansee.PM25canalsocauseserioushealtheffectsandmortalityinhumansandcontributestoenvironmentaleffectssuchasaciddepositionandeutrophication.Theaveragevisualrange’inmanyClassIareas(i.e.,nationalparksandmemorialparks,wildernessareas,andinternationalparksmeetingcertainsizecriteria)inthewesternUnitedStatesis100-150kilometersoraboutone-halftotwo-thirdsofthevisualrangethatwouldexistwithoutanthropogenicairpollution.InmostoftheeasternClassIareasoftheUnitedStates,theaveragevisualrangeislessthan30kilometersoraboutone-fifthofthevisualrangethatwouldexistunderestimatednaturalconditions(64FR35714,July1,1999).Insection169Aofthe‘Visualrangeisthegreatestdistance,inkilometersormiles,atwhichadarkobjectcanbeviewedagainstthesky.1977 Amendments

to the Clean

Air

Act (CAA), Congress

created

a program

for protecting visibility

in the nation’s

national

parks

and wilderness

areas.

This section

of the CAA establishes

as

a national

goal

the “prevention

of any future,

and

the remedying

of any existing, impairment

of visibility

in mandatory

Class

I Federal

areas 2

which impairment

results

from manmade

air pollution.”

On December

2, 1980,

the Environmental

Protection

Agency

(EPA) promulgated

regulations

to address visibility impairment

in Class

I areas

that

is “reasonably attributable”

to

a single

source

or small

group

of sources,

i.e., “reasonably

attributable

visibility impairment”

(45

FR 80084).

These regulations

represented

the first phase

in addressing visibility impairment. The requirement

to submit

a regional

haze

SIP applies

to

all

50 states,

the District

of Columbia, and

the Virgin Islands. 3

Section 51.308(b)

requires

states

to submit

the first implementation

plan addressing

regional

haze visibility impairment

no later

than December

17, 2007. Regional

haze SIPs

must assure reasonable

progress

towards

the national

goal

of achieving

natural visibility conditions

in Class

I areas. Section

169A

of the CAA

and EPA’s implementing

regulations require

states

to establish long-term

strategies

for making reasonable

progress

toward meeting this goal. Implementation

plans

must

also

give specific attention

to certain stationary

sources that were

in existence

on August

7, 1977,

but were

not

in operation

before

August

7, 1962,

and require

these sources,

where appropriate,

to install

Best Available

Retrofit Technology

(BART) controls

for

the purpose

of eliminating

or reducing

visibility impairment. B. STATE’S SUBMITTAL The

SIP revision addresses

regional

haze

for

the first implementation

period. Delaware

has

no Class

I areas within

its borders,

but

has been identified

as influencing

the visibility impairment

of the Brigantine

National

Wildlife

Refuge

Class

I area, located

in the State

of New Jersey. Delaware

is responsible

for developing

a regional

haze

SIP

that addresses

this Class

I area,

that describes

its long-term

emission

strategy,

its role

in the consultation

processes,

and how

the

SIP meets

the other requirements

in EPA’s regional

haze regulations.

However,

since Delaware

has no Class

I areas within

its borders, Delaware

is not required

to address

the following

Regional Haze

SIP elements:

a) calculation

of baseline

and natural visibility conditions,

b) establishment of reasonable

progress

goals,

c) monitoring requirements,

and

d) RAVI requirements.2AreasdesignatedasmandatoryClassIFederalareasconsistofnationalparksexceeding6000acres,wildernessareasandnationalmemorialparksexceeding5000acres,andallinternationalparksthatwereinexistenceonAugust7,1977.42U.S.C.7472(a).Inaccordancewithsection169AoftheCAA,EPA,inconsultationwiththeDepartmentofInterior,promulgatedalistof156areaswherevisibilityisidentifiedasanimportantvalue(44FR69122,November30,1979).TheextentofamandatoryClassIareaincludessubsequentchangesinboundaries,suchasparkexpansions.42U.S.C.7472(a).AlthoughstatesandtribesmaydesignateasClassIadditionalareaswhichtheyconsidertohavevisibilityasanimportantvalue,therequirementsofthevisibilityprogramsetforthinsection169AoftheCAAapplyonlyto“mandatoryClassIFederalareas.”EachmandatoryClassIFederalareaistheresponsibilityofa“FederalLandManager.”42U.S.C.7602(i).Whenweusetheterm“ClassIarea”inthisaction,wemeana“mandatoryClassIFederalarea.”3Albuquerque/BernalilloCountyinNewMexicomustalsosubmitaregionalhazeSIPtocompletelysatisfrtherequirementsofsection110(a)(2)(D)oftheCAAfortheentireStateofNewMexicoundertheNewMexicoAirQualityControlAct(section74-2-4).

2Long-TermStrategy/StrategiesTheLTSisacompilationofstate-specificcontrolmeasuresreliedonbythestatetoobtainitsshareofemissionreductionstosupporttheRPGsestablishedbyNewJersey,theClassIareastate.Delaware’sLTSforthefirstimplementationperiodaddressestheemissionsreductionsfromfederal,state,andlocalcontrolsthattakeeffectintheStatefromthebaselineperiodstartingin2002until2018.TheLTSwasdevelopedbyDelaware,incoordinationwithMANE-VU,identifyingtheemissionsunitswithinDelawarethatlikelyhavethelargestimpactscurrentlyonvisibilityattheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea,estimatingemissionsreductionsfor2018,basedonallcontrolsrequiredunderfederalandstateregulationsforthe2002-2018period(includingBART),andcomparingprojectedvisibilityimprovementwiththeuniformrateofprogressfortheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea.Delaware’sLTSincludesmeasuresneededtoachieveitsshareofemissionsreductionsagreeduponthroughtheconsultationprocesswithNewJerseyandincludesenforceableemissionslimitations,complianceschedules,andothermeasuresnecessarytoachievethereasonableprogressgoalsestablishedbyNewJerseyfortheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea.EmissionsInventoryfor2018withFederalandStateControlRequirementsTheemissionsinventoryusedintheregionalhazetechnicalanalyseswasdevelopedbyMidAtlanticRegionalAirManagementAssociation(MARAMA)forMANE-VUwithassistancefromDelaware.The2018emissionsinventorywasdevelopedbyprojecting2002emissions,andassumingemissionsgrowthduetoprojectedincreasesineconomicactivityaswellasapplyingreductionsexpectedfromfederalandstateregulationsaffectingtheemissionsofVOCandthevisibility-impairingpollutantsNON,PM10PM25,andSO2.TheBARTguidelinesdirectstatestoexercisejudgmentindecidingwhetherVOCandNH3impairvisibilityintheirClassIarea(s).MANE-VUdemonstratedthatanthropogenicemissionsofsulfatesarethemajorcontributortoPM25massandvisibilityimpairmentatClassIareasintheNortheastandMid-Atlanticregion.ItwasalsodeterminedthatthetotalammoniaemissionsintheMANE-VUregionareextremelysmall.Inaddition,sinceVOCemissionsareaggressivelycontrolledthroughDelaware’sSIP,thepollutantsDelawareconsideredunderBARTareNON,PM10PM25,andSO2.MANE-VUdevelopedemissionsinventoriesforfourinventorysourceclassifications:1)stationarypointsources,2)areasources,3)off-roadmobilesources,and4)on-roadmobilesources.TheNewYorkDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservationalsodevelopedaninventoryofbiogenicemissionsfortheentireMANE-VUregion.Stationarypointsourcesarethosesourcesthatemitgreaterthanaspecifiedtonnageperyear,dependingonthepollutant,withdataprovidedatthefacilitylevel.Stationaryareasourcesarethosesourceswhoseindividualemissionsarerelativelysmall,butduetothelargenumberofthesesources,the•collectiveemissionsfromthesourcecategorycouldbesignificant.Off-roadmobilesourcesareequipmentthatcanmovebutdonotusetheroadways.On-roadmobilesourceemissionsareautomobiles,trucks,andmotorcyclesthatusetheroadwaysystem.Theemissionsfromthese3sourcesareestimatedbyvehicletypeandroadtype.Biogenicsourcesarenaturalsourcesliketrees,crops,grasses,andnaturaldecayofplants.Stationarypointsourcesemissiondataistrackedatthefacilitylevel.Forallothersourcetypesemissionsaresummedonthecountylevel.TherearemanyfederalandstatecontrolprogramsbeingimplementedthatMANE-VUandDelawareanticipatewillreduceemissionsbetweenthebaselineperiodand2018.Emissionreductionsfromthesecontrolprogramswereprojectedtoachievesubstantialvisibilityimprovementby2018intheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefuge.Toassessemissionsreductionsfromongoingairpollutioncontrolprograms,BART,andreasonableprogressgoalsMANE-VUdeveloped2018emissionsprojectionscalledBestandFinal.TheemissionsinventoryprovidedbytheStateofDelawarefortheBestandFinal2018projectionsisbasedonadoptedandenforceablerequirements.TheongoingairpollutioncontrolprogramsrelieduponbyDelawarefortheBestandFinalprojectionsincludetheValeroRefineryconsentdecree#H-01-0978;Delaware’sRegulation1144-ControlofStationaryGeneratorEmissions;Regulation1146-ElectricGeneratingUnitMulti-PollutantRegulation;Regulation1148-ControlofStationaryCombustionTurbineElectricGeneratingUnitEmissions;Regulation1142,Section1-ControlofNOEmissionsfromIndustrialBoilers;Regulation1142,Section2-ControlofNOEmissionsfromIndustrialBoilersandProcessHeatersatPetroleumRefineries;Regulation1124,Section46-CrudeOilLighteringOperations;theNOSIPCall;NOand/orVOCreductionsfromthecontrolrulesinthe1-hourand8-hourozoneSIPsforDelaware;NOOzoneTransportCommission(OTC)2001ModelRuleforIndustrial,Commercial,andInstitutional(ICI)Boilers;federal2007heavydutydieselenginestandardsfornon-roadtrucksandbuses;federalTier2tailpipecontrolsfortheonroadvehicles;federallargesparkignitionandrecreationalvehiclecontrols;andEPA’snon-roaddieselrules.TheestimatedemissionsreductionsresultingfromDelaware’sEGURegulations1144,1146,and1148are75%forSO2and57%forNOfrom2002baseyear.DelawarealsoreliedonemissionreductionsfromvariousfederalMaximumAchievableControlTechnology(MACT)rulesinthedevelopmentofthe2018emissioninventoryprojections.TheseMACTrulesincludethecombustionturbineandreciprocatinginternalcombustionenginesMACT,theindustrialboilerandprocessheatersMACTandthe2,4,7,and10yearMACTstandards.OnJuly30,2007,theU.S.DistrictCourtofAppealsmandatedthevacaturandremandoftheIndustrialBoilerMACTRule.4ThisMACTwasvacatedsinceitwasdirectlyaffectedbythevacaturandremandoftheCommercialandIndustrialSolidWasteIncinerator(CISWI)DefinitionRule.EPAproposedanewIndustrialBoilerMACTruletoaddressthevacaturonJune4,2010,(75FR32006)andissuedafinalruleonMarch21,2011(76FR15608).Delaware’smodelingincludedemissionreductionsfromthevacatedIndustrialBoilerMACTrule.Delawaredidnotredoitsmodelinganalysiswhentherulewasre-issued.However,theexpectedreductionsinSO2andPMaresmallrelativetotheDelawareinventory.Therefore,EPAfindstheexpectedreductionsofthenewruleacceptablesincethefinalrulerequirescomplianceby2014,itprovidesDelawaretimetoassuretherequiredcontrolsareinplacepriorNRDCv.EPA,489F.3d1250.4totheendofthefirstimplementationperiodin2018.Inaddition,theRHRrequiresthatanyresultingdifferencesbetweenemissionsprojectionsandactualemissionsreductionsthatmayoccurwillbeaddressedduringthefive-yearreviewpriortothenext2018regionalhazeSIP.Tables1and2aresummariesofthe2002baselineand2018estimatedemissionsinventoriesforDelaware.The2018estimatedemissionsincludeemissiongrowthaswellasemissionreductionsduetoongoingemissioncontrolstrategies,BART,andreasonableprogressgoals.Table1.2002EmissionInventorySummaryforDelawareinTonsperYearVOCNO,PM2.5PM10NH3SO2Point4,75516,3453,6664,21719673,744Area15,5192,6083,20413,03913,2791,588On-RoadMobile10,56421,341415581903584Off-RoadMobile8,01016,2279261,02153,983Biogenic46,3439900000Total85,19157,5118,21118,85814,38379,899Table2.2018EmissionSummaryforDelaware“BestandFinal”inTonsperYearVOCNO,PM2.5PM10NH3SO2Point2,10416,5873,6924,43721016,707Area13,0663,0143,07310,50013,342380On-RoadMobile5,0375,9171912021,328128Off-RoadMobile5,65214,63180889663,296Biogenic46,3439900000Total72,20241,1397,76416,03514,88620,511ModelingtoSupporttheLTSandDetermineVisibilityImprovementforUniformRateofProgressMANE-VUperformedmodelingfortheregionalhazeLTSforthe11Mid-AtlanticandNortheaststatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Themodelinganalysisisacomplextechnicalevaluationthatbeganwithselectionofthemodelingsystem.MANE-VUusedthefollowingmodelingsystem:•MeteorologicalModel:TheFifth-GenerationPennsylvaniaStateUniversity/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCAR)MesoscaleMeteorologicalModel(MM5)version3.6isanonhydrostatic,prognosticmeteorologicalmodelroutinelyusedforurban-andregional-scalephotochemical,PM2.5andregionalhazeregulatorymodelingstudies.•EmissionsModel:TheSparseMatrixOperatorKernelEmissions(SMOKE)version2.1modelingsystemisanemissionsmodelingsystemthatgenerateshourlygriddedspeciatedemissioninputsofmobile,non-roadmobile,area,point,fireandbiogenicemissionsourcesforphotochemicalgridmodels.5•AirQualityModel:TheEPA’sModels-3/CommunityMultiscaleAirQuality(CMAQ)version4.5.1andREMSADmodelingsystemisaphotochemicalgridmodelcapableofaddressingozone,PM,visibilityandaciddepositionataregionalscale.•AirQualityModel:TheRegionalModelforAerosolsandDeposition(REMSAD),version8isaEuleriangridmodelusedforasourceapportionmentanalysis.•AirQualityModel:TheCaliforniaPuffModel(CALPUFF),version5isanon-steadystateLagrangianpuffmodelusedtoaccessthecontributionofindividualstates’emissionstosulfatelevelsatselectedClassIreceptorsites.TheMANE-VUwastaskedwiththeassignmentofpreparingaPM2.5modelingplatformthatallmemberstatescouldusetomodeltheirLTSstodemonstratereasonableprogressby2018inmeetingtheultimategoalofnaturalvisibilityconditionsby2064.TheNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation(NYSDEC)wastheleadagencyforcoordinatingandrunningthemodelingplatformusedbytheMANE-VURPO.ModelingcentersresponsibleforrunningtheplatformincludedtheNYSDEC,theUniversityofMarylandatCollegePark(UMD),theNortheastStatesforCoordinatedAirUseManagement(NESCAUM),theNewJerseyDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection(NJDEP),andtheVirginiaDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality(VADEQ).Eachmodelingcenterwasresponsibleforinstallingthemodelingplatform,conductingdiagnostictestsandcompletingabenchmarkruntoensureaccurateresults.MANE-VUusedtheCMAQversion4.5.1asitsphotochemicalgridmodel.Themodelusessimulationsofchemicalreactions,emissionofPM2.5andPM2.5precursorsandasophisticatedmeteorologicalmodel(ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchMesoscaleMeteorologicalModel)toproducespeciatedPM2.5concentrationsovertheeasternUnitedStates.Themeteorologicaldatausedinthemeteorologicalmodelwasforthe2002baseyear.Thephotochemicalgridmodelwasrunwiththebaseyearmeteorologyandbaseyearemissionstodetermineifthemodelperformancewassatisfactory.Oncethemodelperformancewasdeterminedtobeadequate,PM2.5concentrationsweremodeledbyrunningthemodelwithprojectedemissionsfor2018andtheoriginal2002meteorology.Themeteorologywasheldconstantsothattheresultsofchangingtheemissionswouldnotbeinfluencedbychangingmeteorology.TheDelawareVisibilitySIPaddresseseachoftherequiredelementsofamodelinganalysisusedtopredictvisibilityimprovementthatisexpectedby2018.ConceptualDescriptionoftheProblemAconceptualmodeldescribeshowweatherpatternsaffecttheformationandtransportofPM2.5,accountingforemissionsandphotochemistry.TheconceptualmodelfortheDelawareSIPisdescribedintheAttachment1entitled:TheNatureoftheFineParticleandRegionalHazeAirQualityProblemsintheMid-AtlanticNortheastVisibilityUnion(MANE-VU)Region:AConceptualDescription(NESCAUM),November2006.ThisdocumentwaspreparedbyNortheastStatesforCoordinatedAirUseManagement(NESCAUM)forusebytheOTCmemberStates,anditprovidestheconceptualdescriptionofthefineparticleissuesintheOTCstates,consistentwiththeEPA’sguidance.6TheNESCAUMdocumentcontainsaconceptualdescriptionthatexplainshowelevatedregionalPM2.5peakconcentrationsinthesummerdiffersignificantlyfromthelargelyurbanpeakconcentrationsobservedduringwinter.Onaverage,summertimeconcentrationsofsulfateinthenortheasternUnitedStatesaremorethantwicethatofthenextmostimportantfineparticleconstituent,organiccarbon,andmorethanfourtimesthecombinedconcentrationofnitrateandblackcarbon(BC)constituents.EpisodesofhighsummertimesulfateconcentrationsareconsistentwithstagnantmeteorologicalflowconditionsupwindofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington,PA-NJ-DEPM2.5nonattainmentareaandtheaccumulationofairbornesulfate(viaatmosphericoxidationofSO2)followedbylong-rangetransportofsulfuremissionsfromindustrializedareaswithinandoutsidethearea.Nationalassessmentshaveindicatedthatinthewinter,sulfatelevelsinurbanareasarehigherthanbackgroundsulfatelevelsacrosstheeasternU.S.,indicatingthatthelocalurbancontributiontowintertimesulfatelevelsissignificantrelativetotheregionalsulfatecontributionfromlong-rangetransport.Anetworkanalysisforthewinterof2002suggeststhatthelocalenhancementofsulfateinurbanareasoftheMANE-VUregionrangesfrom25to40%andthatthelong-rangetransportcomponentofPM2.5sulfateisstillthedominantcontributorinmosteasterncities.Inthewinter,urbanorganiccarbonandsulfateeachaccountforaboutathirdoftheoverallPM2.5massconcentrationobservedinPhiladelphiaandNewYorkCityareas.NitratealsomakesasignificantcontributiontourbanPM2.5levelsobservedinthenortheasternUnitedStatesduringthewintermonths.WintertimeconcentrationsofOCandnitrateinurbanareascanbetwicetheaverageregionalconcentrationsofthesepollutants,indicatingtheimportanceoflocalsourcecontributions.Thisislikelybecausewinterconditionsaremoreconducivetotheformationoflocalinversionlayerswhichpreventverticalmixing.Undertheseconditions,emissionsfromtailpipe,industrialandotherlocalsourcesbecomeconcentratedneartheEarth’ssurface,addingtobackgroundpollutionlevelsassociatedwithregionallytransportedemissions.Insummary,thepresenceoffineparticulatematterinambientairsignificantlyobscuresvisibilityduringmostpartsoftheyearatsitesacrosstheMANE-VUregion.Particlepollutiongenerally,anditssulfatecomponentspecifically,constitutetheprincipledriverforregionalvisibilityimpacts.Whilethebroadregionexperiencesvisibilityimpairment,itismostsevereinthesouthernandwesternportionsofMANE-VUthatareclosesttolargepowerplantSO2sourcesintheOhioRiverandTennesseeValleys.Thepresenceorabsenceofregionalsulfatealmostexclusivelydrivessummervisibilityimpairment,whereaswintervisibilitydependsonacombinationofregionalandlocalinfluencescoupledwithlocalmeteorologicalconditions(inversions)thatleadtotheconcentratedbuild-upofpollution.SulfateisthekeyparticleconstituentfromthestandpointofdesigningcontrolstrategiestoimprovevisibilityconditionsinthenortheasternUnitedStates.Significantfurtherreductionsinambientsulfatelevelsareachievable,thoughtheywillrequiremorethanproportionalreductionsinSO2emissions.Long-rangepollutanttransportandlocalpollutantemissionsareimportant,especiallyalongtheeasternseaboard,soonemustalsolookbeyondtheachievementoffurthersulfatereductions.Duringthewintermonths,inparticular,considerationalsoneedstobegiventoreducingurbansourcesofSO2,aswellasNOxandOC(NARSTO,2003).7ModelingPlatformsCurrentlytworegional-scaleairqualitymodelshavebeenevaluatedandusedbyNESCAUMtoperformairqualitysimulations.ThesearetheCommunityMulti-scaleAirQualitymodelingsystem(CMAQ;ByunandChing,1999)andtheRegionalModelingSystemforAerosolsandDeposition(REMSAD;SAT,2002).CMAQwasdevelopedbyEPA,whileREMSADwasdevelopedbyICFConsulting/SystemsApplicationsInternational(ICF/SAI)withEPAsupport.CMAQhasundergoneextensivecommunitydevelopmentandpeerreview(Amaretal.,2005)andhasbeensuccessfullyusedinanumberofregionalairqualitystudies(BellandEllis,2003;Hogrefeetal.,2004;JimenezandBaldasano,2004;MaoandTalbot,2003;Mebustetal.,2003).REMSADhasalsohasbeenpeerreviewed(Seigneuretal.,1999)andusedbyEPAforregulatoryapplications(www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/hd2007/frm/r00028.pdfandwww.epa.gov/clearskies/airgualitytech.html)tostudyambientconcentrationsanddepositionofsulfateandotherPMspecies.Fivemodelingcenters,workedcollectivelytomaximizeefficiencyofcomputingresourcesinMANE-VUforSIPmodeling.ThesecentersincludeNYDEC,NJDEP/Rutgers,VADEQ,UMD,andNESCAUM.MeteorologicalTimePeriodsUsedintheModelingAllof2002,whichrepresentsthebaselineperiodfrom2000to2004,wasincludedinCMAQmodeling.2002wasdividedintofiveperiods.UMDisresponsibleformodelingtheperiodfromJanuary1toFebruary28;NJDEP/RutgersareresponsiblefortheperiodfromMarch1toMay14;NYDECisresponsiblefortheperiodfromMay15toSeptember30;VADEQisresponsiblefortheperiodfromOctober1toOctober31;andNESCAUMisresponsiblefortheperiodfromNovember1toDecember31.Eachperiodusesa15dayspinupruntominimizetheimpactofthedefaultinitialconcentrationfields.EachgroupperformsCMAQsimulationsonitsperiodforaseriesofscenariosincluding2002BaseCase,2009BaseCase,2018BaseCase,2009ControlCase,and2018ControlCase.Allscenariosadoptthesamemeteorologicalfield(2002)andboundaryconditions,varyingonlyemissioninputs.Toensureconsistencybetweenmodelinggroups,abenchmarktestwasconductedbyeachgroup.MeteorologicalDataUsedintheAirQualityModelTheMANE-VUstatesdecidedtouseaprognosticmeteorologicalmodelthatprovideslife-likemeteorologicalinputstothephotochemicalgridmodel.ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchMesoscaleMeteorologicalModelversion3.6waschosenforthemodelinganalysis.TheMM5modelprovidesareasonablerepresentationofweatherconditionsatthesurfaceandaloft.8DomainoftheModel,HortzontailVerticalResolutionandtheInitialandBoundaryConditionsMANE-VUhasadoptedtheInter-RPOdomaindescriptionforitsmodelingruns.This36-kmdomaincoversthecontinentalUnitedStates,southernCanadaandnorthernMexico.Thedimensionsofthisdomainare145and102cellsintheeast-westandnorth-southdirections,respectively.A12-kminnerdomainwasselectedtobettercharacterizeairqualityinMANE-VUandsurroundingRPOregions.Thisdomaincoverstheeasternregion,whichincludesthenortheastern,central,andsoutheasternU.S.,aswellassoutheasternCanada.Itextendsfrom66oW94oWinlongitudeand29oN’—5OoNinlatitudewith172x172gridcells(Figure1).IVerticalresolutionisthenumberoflayersandthesizeofeachlayerinthemodel.Thelayersinthephotochemicalgridmodelweresetuptobecompatiblewiththemodelthatproducedweatherconditionsforthephotochemicalgridmodel.TheverticalresolutionusedinthemodelingexercisefollowedEPA’smodelingguidanceandthereforeadequatelyrepresentstheatmospherewherePM2.5isemitted,formsandistransported.Figure1-ModelingdomainsusedinMANE-VUairqualitymodelingstudieswithCMAQ.Outer(blue)domaingridis36kmandinner(red)domainis12kmgrid.Thegridlinesareshownat180kmintervals(5X536kmcells/iSx1512kmcells).1029BaselineandFutureYearEmissionInventoriesforModelingSection51.308(d)(3)(iii)ofEPA’sRegionalHazeRulerequirestheStatestoidentifythebaselineemissioninventoryonwhichstrategiesarebased.Thebaselineinventoryisintendedtobeusedtoassessprogressinmakingemissionreductions.BasedonEPAguidanceentitled,2002BaseYearEmissionInventoiySIPPlanning:8-hourOzone,PM,,andRegionalHazePrograms,whichidentifies2002astheanticipatedbaselineemissioninventoryyearforregionalhaze,MANE-VUandtheStateofDelawareareusing2002asthebaselineyear.Futureyearinventoriesweredevelopedfortheyears2009,2012and2018basedonthe2002baseyear.Thesefutureyearemissioninventoriesincludeemissionsgrowthduetoprojectedincreasesineconomicactivityaswellastheemissionsreductionsduetotheimplementationofcontrolmeasures.The2002emissionswerefirstgeneratedbytheindividualstatesintheMANE-VUarea.MARAMAthencoordinatedandqualityassuredthe2002inventorydata.The2002emissionsfromnon-MANE-VUareaswithinthemodelingdomainwereobtainedfromotherRegionalPlanningOrganizationsfortheircorrespondingareas.TheseRegionalPlaimingOrganizationsincludedtheVisibilityImprovementStateandTribalAssociationoftheSoutheast(VISTAS),theMidwestRegionalPlanningOrganizationandtheCentralRegionalAirPlanningAssociation.Version3ofthe2002baseyearemissioninventorywasusedintheregionalmodelingexercise.TechnicalsupportdocumentationfortheMANE-VU2002baseinventoryispresentedinAppendix7-1oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.Thisdocumentexplainsthedatasources,methods,andresultsforpreparingthisversionofthe2002baseyearcriteriaairpollutantandammoniaemissionsinventory.DocumentationforthefutureyearestimationsofEGUsispresentedinAppendix7-3oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.Documentationforthefutureyearestimationsoftheremainingsourcesectors(non-EGUsectors)ispresentedinAppendix7-4oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.ModelPerformanceEvaluationNESCAUMevaluatedthe2002annual12kmresolutionmeteorologicalfieldsgeneratedbyMM5usingENVIRON’sMETSTATprogram.Modelresultsofsurfacewindspeed,winddirection,temperature,andhumiditywerepairedwithmeasurementsfromEPA’sCleanAirStatusandTrendsNetwork(CASTNET)andNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch’sTechniquesDataLaboratory(TDL)networkbyhourandbylocationandthenstatisticallycompared.Basedonthisstatisticalcomparisonbetweenmodelpredictionanddatafromthetwonetworksforwindspeed,winddirection,temperature,andhumidity,MM5performswell.Anacceptablesmallbias,highindexofagreementandstrongcorrelationwithCASTNETandTDLdataareshown.SinceMM5usesTDLdatafornudging,themodelpredictionsareinbetteragreementwithTDLdatathanwithCASTNETdata.MM5performsbetterinMidwestandNortheastthanSoutheasternUS.CMAQmodelingwasconductedforyear2002bycooperativemodelingeffortsfromNYDEC,UMD,NJDEP,Rutgers,VADEP,andNESCAUM.CMAQPerformanceforPM2.5speciesand10visibilitywasexaminedbasedonthisCMAQrunona12kmresolutiondomain.MeasurementsfromIMPROVEandSTNnetworkswerepairedwithmodelpredictionsbylocationandtimeforevaluation.ThegoalandthecriteriaforPM2.5evaluationsuggestedbyBoylanandBaker(2004)wereadoptedbyeveryRPOforSIPmodeling.Theperformancegoalsare:MeanFractionalError(MFE)<+50%,andMeanFractionBias(MFB)±30%;whilethecriteriaareproposedas:MFE<+75%,andMFB±60%.CMAQpredictionofPM2.5speciesfrom40STNsitesand17IMPROVEsiteswithintheMANE-VURegionwerepairedwithmeasurementsandstatisticallyanalyzedtogenerateMFEandMFBvalues.ConsideringCMAQperformanceintermsofMFEandMFBgoals,sulfate,nitrate,OC,EC,andPM2.5allhadthemajorityofdatapointswithinthegoalcurve,somewerebetweenthegoalandacceptablecriteria,andonlyafewwereoutsidethecriteriacurve.Onlyfinesoilhasthemajorityofpointsoutsidethecriteriacurve,butthereweresomesitesstillwithinthegoal.FortheMANE-VUregion,CMAQperformsbestforPM2.5sulfate,followedbyPM25,EC,nitrate,OC,andthenfinesoil.RegionalhazemodelingalsorequiresCMAQperformanceevaluationforaerosolextinctioncoefficient(Bext)andthehazeindex.ModeleddailyaerosolextinctionateachimprovesitewascalculatedfollowingtheIMPROVEformulawithmodeleddailyPM2.5speciesconcentrationandrelativehumidityfactorsfromIMPROVE.TheapproachusednaturalbackgroundvisibilityestimatesandthehazeindexfollowingEPAGuidance.ThemodeledBextshowedanearI:1linearrelationship(slopeof0.78andr2of0.46)withIMPROVEobservedBext.TheregressionexcludedthreepointsfromJuly7,2002;themonitorsweredirectlyimpactedbyCanadianfireswhoseemissionswerenotmodeled.UniformRateofProgressGoalsThekeydifferencebetweenSIPsfromStateswithClassIareasandthoseStateswithoutClassIareas,butmayhavesourcesthatimpactvisibilityonClassIareas,isthecalculationofthebaselineandnaturalvisibilityfortheirClassIareasandthedeterminationofuniformrateofprogressgoals-expressedindeciviews-thatprovideforreasonableprogresstowardsachievingnaturalvisibilityby2064.ItistheClassIstatesresponsibilityassessthesecalculations.TheClassIStatesmustalsoconsultwiththoseStates,whichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetovisibilityimpairmentintheirClassIareas(40CFR51.308(d)(1)(i-vi)).Thebaselinevisibilityconditionsarecalculatedforthebaselineperiodbetween2002and2004.Theaverageimpairmentforthe20mostand20leastimpaireddaysaredeterminedforeachcalendaryearandcompiledintotheaverageofthreeannualaverages(40CFR51.308(d)(2)(i)).Thenaturalvisibilityconditionsaredeterminedforthesamebaselineperiodwiththemostandleastimpaireddaysdeterminedbyavailablemonitoringdataoranappropriatedataanalysistechnique(40CFR51.308(d)(iii-iv)).EPAreleasedguidanceonJune7,2007touseinsettingreasonableprogressgoals.Thegoalsmustprovideimprovementinvisibilityforthemostimpaireddays,andensurenodegradationinvisibilityfortheleastimpaireddaysovertheSIPperiod.TheStatemustalsoprovideanassessmentofthenumberofyearsitwouldtaketoattainnaturalvisibilityconditionifimprovementcontinuesattheraterepresentedbythereasonableprogressgoal.Figure2illustratesanexampleofhowUniformRateofProgressiscalculated.11Figure2.ExampleCalculationofUniformRateofProgressBaselineHeIndex(deciviews)NaturalConditionsIDUniformRateofProgress2064ModeledVisibilityProjectionsfor2018TheCMAQairqualitymodelwasusedtosimulatebaseperiodemissionsandfutureemissions.Themodelingresultsforthebaseyearperiod(2002)andtheyearrepresentingtheendofthefirstplanningperiod(2018)areusedtodeveloprelativeresponsefactors(RRF)foreachcomponentofparticulatematteridentifiedpreviouslyinthisTSD.Therelativeresponsefactorsaremultipliedbythemeasuredspeciesconcentrationdataduringthebaseperiod(forthemeasured20%bestandworstdays).Thisresultsindailyfutureyearspeciesconcentrationsdata.Theprojectedconcentrationsarethenusedtoderivedailyvisibilityindeciviewsandareaveragedacrossallbestandworstdaystocreatetheprojectedfuturevisibility.TheresultsofthisprocedureareplottedalongwiththeuniformprogressglideslopeinFigure3-1throughFigure3-7inAppendix9.7oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.ThemodelingresultspresentedinAppendix9.7oftheDelawareVisibilitySIPshowallMANEVUsitesareprojectedtomeetorexceedtheuniformrateofprogressgoalsfor2018onthe20percentworstdays.Inaddition,nositeanticipatesincreasesinvisibilityimpairmentrelativetothebaselineonthe20percentbestdays.20042014202420420442054Year12SummaryofPhotochemicalGridModelingResultsInsummary,thephotochemicalgridmodeling,presentedintheDelawareVisibilitySIP,followEPA’smodelingguidanceandisacceptabletoEPA.AllMANE-VUsitesareprojectedtomeetorexceedtheuniformrateofprogressgoalfor2018onthe20percentworstdays.Inaddition,nositeanticipatesincreasesvisibilityimpairmentrelativetothebaselineonthe20percentbestdays.ContributionAssessmentThe1999RegionalHazeRulerequiresStatesandTribestosubmitStateImplementationPlanstoEPAforapprovalbyJanuary2008atthelatest.ThehazeSIPsmustincludea“contributionassessment”toidentifythosestatesorregionsthatmaybeinfluencingspeciallyprotectedfederallandsknownasFederalClassIareas.5ThesestatesorregionswouldthenbesubjecttotheconsultationprovisionsoftheHazeRule.TheHazeRulealsorequiresa“pollutionapportionment”analysisaspartofthelong-termemissionsmanagementstrategyforeachsite.AsdescribedintheConceptualDescriptionportionofthisTSD,sulfatealoneaccountsforanywherefromone-halftotwo-thirdsoftotalfineparticlemassonthe20percenthaziestdaysatMANE-VUClassIsites.AsaresultofthedominantroleofsulfateintheformationofregionalhazeintheNortheastandMid-Atlanticregion,MANE-VUconcludedthataneffectiveemissionsmanagementapproachwouldrelyheavilyonbroad-basedregionalSO2controleffortsintheeasternUnitedStates.AreaofInfluenceforMANE-VUClassIAreasThekeydifferencebetweenSIPsfromStateswithClassIareasandStateswithoutClassIareasisthecalculationofthebaselineandnaturalvisibilityfortheirClassIareas,andthedeterminationofreasonableprogressgoals.ClassIStatescalculatebaselinevisibilityconditionsfortheperiodbetween2002and2004.Theaverageimpairmentforthemostandleastimpaireddaysaredeterminedforeachcalendaryearandcompiledintotheaverageofthreeannualaverages(40CFR51.308(d)(2)(i)).Thenaturalvisibilityconditionsaredeterminedforthesamebaselineperiodwiththemostandleastimpaireddaysdeterminedbyavailablemonitoringdataoranappropriatedataanalysistechnique(40CFR51.308(d)(iii-iv)).Incontrast,StateswithoutClassIareasareresponsiblefordoingtheirfairsharetohelpmeetthereasonableprogressgoalsestablishedbytheimpactedClassIStates,andformaintainingtheiremissionsmonitoringnetwork.ClassIdesignationappliestonationalparksexceeding6,000acres,wildernessareasandnationalmemorialparksexceeding5,000acres,andallinternationalparksthatwereinexistencepriorto1977.IntheMANE-VUarea,thisincludes:AcadiaNationalPark,Maine;BrigantineWilderness(withintheEdwinWilderness,Vermont;MoosehornWilderness(withintheMoosehornNationalWildlifeRefuge),Maine;B.ForsytheNationalWildlifeRefuge),NewJersey;GreatGulfWilderness,NewHampshire;LyeBrookPresidentialRange—DryRiverWilderness,NewHampshire;andRooseveltCampobelloInternationalPark,NewBrunswick.13TherearesevenClassIareaslocatedintheMid-AtlanticandNortheast.DelawaredoesnothaveaClassIarealocatedwithinitsborders.Asaresult,theRulerequiresDelaware,inconsultationwithMANE-VUandothers,toidentifywhereitsemissionsaremostlikelytoinfluencevisibilityinClassIareas.InordertoidentifystateswhoseemissionsaremostlikelytoinfluencevisibilityinMANE-VUClassIareas,MANE-VUpreparedtheContributionstoRegionalHazeintheNortheastandMid-AtlanticUnitedStates(ContributionAssessment).ThefullreportcanbefoundinAppendix1-1oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.Basedonthatwork,MANE-VUconcludedthatitwasappropriatetodefinean“AreaofInfluence”(AOl)includingallofthestatesparticipatinginMANE-VUpiotherstatesoutsideMANE-VUforwhichmodelingindicatedtheycontributedatleasttwopercent(2%)ofthesulfateioninMANE-VUClassIareasin2002.TheVisibilityImprovementStateandTribalAssociationoftheSoutheast(VISTAS)6alsoconductedanAOlanalysis,whichusedalevelofonepercent(1%)toassesswhetheranupwindstatesignificantlycontributed.TheVISTASAOldidnotshowDelawaretobeacontributortoanyVISTASClassIarea.•1TheprimarycontributionassessmenttoolusedintheDelawareVisibilitySIPwastheRegionalModelingSystemforAerosolsandDeposition(REMSAD)(SAl,2002).AsignificantfeatureoftheREMSADworkusedtoevaluateregionalcontributionsisthatNESCAUMreprocessedtheSO2emissiondatafromeachstatetotakeadvantageofREMSAD’staggingcapabilities.Thus,allSO2emissionsincludedinthemodelfortheeasternhalfofthecountryweretaggedaccordingtostateoforigin,andemissionsfromCanadaandtheboundaryconditionswerealsotagged.Thisallowedforaroughestimationofthetotalcontributionfromelevatedpointsourcesineachstatetosimulatedsulfateconcentrationsateasternreceptorsites.UsingidenticalemissionandmeteorologicalinputstothosepreparedfortheCMAQSIPmodelingplatform,describedearlierinthisTSD,REMSADwasusedtosimulatetheannualaverageimpactofeachstate’sSO2emissionsourcesonthesulfatefractionofPM25overthenortheasternUnitedStates.AmoreindepthdescriptionoftheREMSADmodelingusedforcontributionassessmentcanbefoundinAppendix1-laoftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.TheREMSADcontributionassessmentmodelingcontainedintheDelawareVisibilitySIPconformstoEPAmodelingrequirementsandisacceptabletoEPA.REMSADContributionAssessmentResultsMANE-VUStatesdecidedthatanystateorregionthatcontributedatleast2percentoftotalsulfateobservedon20percentworstvisibilitydaysin2002iscontributingsignificantlytothehazeprobleminthatparticularClassIarea.BasedontheMANE-VUContributionAssessmentandtheapplicationofthe“2%SO2rule,”emissionsfromDelawareweredeterminedtocontributetovisibilitydegradationexclusivelytotheBrigantineWildernessClassIarea.6VISTASiscomprisedofthefollowingstates:Alabama,Florida,Georgia,Kentucky,Mississippi,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,Virginia,WestVirginia,theEasternBandofCherokeeIndians,andKnoxCounty,TN14Withrespecttosulfate,theContributionAssessmentestimatedemissionsfromwithinMANEVUin2002wereresponsibleforabout25-30percentofthesulfateatClassIareaslocatedwithinandnearbytotheMANE-VUregion(seeChapter8ofAppendix1-1).ThecontributionofsulfateattheseClassIareasfromotherregions,Canada,andoutsidethemodelingdomainwerealsosignificant.DelawarewasdeterminedtocontributetovisibilitydegradationexclusivelytotheBrigantineWildernessClassIarea.ThetechnicalanalysesandmodelingusedtoassessuniformrateofprogressandtosupporttheLTSweresuccessfullydevelopedconsistentwithEPA’sinterimandfinalmodelingguidance.AllMANE-VUsitesareprojectedtomeetorexceedtheuniformrateofprogressgoalfor2018onthe20percentworstdays.Inaddition,nositeanticipatesincreasesvisibilityimpairmentrelativetothebaselineonthe20percentbestdays.EPAfindstheMANE-VUtechnicalmodelinganalysespresentedintheDelawareVisibilitySIPtobeacceptablebecausethemodelsthatwereusedwereappliedaccordingtoEPAmodelingguidance.RelativeContributionsofPollutantstoVisibilityImpairmentAnimportantsteptowardidentifyingreasonableprogressmeasuresistoidentifythekeypollutantscontributingtovisibilityimpairmentateachClassIarea.Tounderstandtherelativebenefitoffurtherreducingemissionsfromdifferentpollutants,MANE-VUdevelopedemissionsensitivitymodelrunsusingCMAQtoevaluatevisibilityandairqualityimpactsfromvariousgroupsofemissionsandpollutantscenariosintheClassIareasonthe20percentworstvisibilitydays.RegardingwhichpollutantsaremostsignificantlyimpactingvisibilityintheMANE-VUregion,MANE-VU’scontributionassessment,demonstratedthatsulfateisthemajorcontributortoPM2.5massandvisibilityimpairmentatClassIareasintheNortheastandMid-Atlanticregion.Sulfateparticlescommonlyaccountformorethan50percentofparticle-relatedlightextinctionatnortheasternClassIareasontheclearestdaysandforasmuchasormorethan80percentonthehaziestdays.Inparticular,fortheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea,onthe20percentworstvisibilitydaysin2000—2004,sulfateaccountedfor66percentoftheparticleextinction.Aftersulfate,organiccarbon(OC)consistentlyaccountsforthenextlargestfractionoflightextinction.Organiccarbonaccountedfor13percentoflightextinctiononthe20percentworstvisibilitydaysforBrigantine,followedbynitratethataccountsfor9percentoflightextinction.TheemissionssensitivityanalysesconductedbyMANE-VUpredictthatreductionsinSO2emissionsfromEGUandnon-EGUindustrialpointsourceswillresultinthegreatestimprovementsinvisibilityintheClassIareasintheMANE-VUregion,morethananyothervisibility-impairingpollutant.AsaresultofthedominantroleofsulfateintheformationofregionalhazeintheNortheastandMid-Atlanticregion,MANE-VUconcludedthataneffectiveemissionsmanagementapproachwouldrelyheavilyonbroad-basedregionalSO2controleffortsintheeasternUnitedStates.15ReasonableProgressGoalsSincetheStateofDelawaredoesnothaveaClassIarea,itisnotrequiredtoestablishRPGs.However,DelawarehasbeenidentifiedasinfluencingthevisibilityimpairmentoftheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea,locatedintheStateofNewJersey.Assuch,DelawareparticipatedinconsultationstodiscussthereasonableprogressgoalsbeingconsideredbyNewJerseyfortheaffectedClassIarea.Asaresult,thestateofNewJerseyadoptedfourRPGsthatwillprovideforreasonableprogresstowardsachievingnaturalvisibility:(a)timelyimplementationofBARTrequirements;(b)a90percentreductioninSO2emissionsfromeachoftheEGUstacksidentifiedbyMANE-VUcomprisingatotalof167stacks(5arelocatedinDelaware);(c)adoptionofalowsulfurfueloilstrategy;and(d)continuedevaluationofothercontrolmeasurestoreduceSO2andNOemissions.InordertoaddressatimelyimplementationofBART,Delaware’sRegulation1146—ElectricGeneratingUnitMulti-PollutantRegulationwasdeterminedtobeBARTforNOandSO2emissions.Thefirstphaseoftheemissionlimitsbecameeffectivein2009andsecondphasewillbecomeeffectivein2012.TheBARTlimitationwillbecomeeffectivenolaterthanJanuary1,2013,forthePMcontrolstrategies.StateswererequiredtoreduceSO2emissionsfromthehighestemissionstacksintheeasternU.S.by90percentorifitwasinfeasibletoachievethatlevelofreduction,analternativehadtobeidentifiedwhichcouldincludeotherpointsources.Delaware’sConnectiveEdgeMoorUnit5andNRGIndianRiverUnits1-4arefiveofthe167unitsidentifiedbyMANE-VUashavingthehighestemissionsintheeasternUnitedStates.The2002baseyearSO2emissionsfromthesefiveunitsare22,121tonsperyear.A90%SO2emissionreductionofthesefiveunitswouldresultin19,909tonsperyear.However,the2018SO2emissionreductionsthatresultedfromtheimplementationofRegulation1146forthesefiveunitsare16,662tonsperyear.Thesereductionsarenotenoughtosatisfythe90%emissionreductionfroma2002baselinerequirements.However,DelawareconsideredalloftheemissionreductionsfromalltheotherunitsobtainedthroughtheimplementationofRegulation1146—ElectricGeneratingUnitMultiPollutantRegulationandthisresultedin23,826tonsperyear,whichproducedasurplusof3,917tonsperyearof502emissionreductions.ThelowsulfurfueloilstrategyhasfourrequirementsfortheStateofDelaware.Theserequirementsaretoreducethedistillateoilto0.05%sulfurbyweight(500partspermillion)nolaterthan2012,#4residualoilto0.25%sulfurbyweightnolaterthan2012,#6residualoilto0.3—0.5%sulfurbyweightnolaterthan2012,andfurtherreducethesulfurcontentofdistillateoilto15ppmby2016.Table3showstheSO2emissionreductionsthatwouldresultfromtheimplementationofalowsulfurfueloilstrategyinDelawarecomparedtotheexistingcurrentlyimplementedregulations.Table3.ReasonableProgressGoal-LowSulfurFuelOilStrategyLowSulfurFuelOilStrategy2018SO2Emissions2018SO2EmissionsReductions(TPY)Increase/ReductionBasedontheLow(TPY)BasedonSulfurFuelOilExistingControlStrategyRequestMeasure16Residualand#4FuelOil(assumes0.5%sulfur)1,445-1271Distillate(15ppmsulfur)1,20595Total2,650-1,176AsnotedinTable3,Delawarehasadeficiencyof1,176tonsperyearofSO2emissions.However,asnotedaboveDelawarehasasurplusofSO2emissionreductionsof3,917tonsperyearresultingfromtheimplementationofRegulation1146.ThesurplusaccountsfortheSO2emissionreductionsneededtomeettherequirementsofthelowsulfurfuelstrategy.DelawareidentifiedtwomeasuresthatdemonstratetheireffortstocontinuedevaluationofothercontrolmeasuretoreduceSO2andNON.Delaware’sExecutiveOrder31requirestheirEnergyTaskForcetoexpandthediversityoffuelsusedtomeetDelaware’scurrentandfutureenergyresources,developconservationprogramstoreducetheneedtobuildmoreelectricgenerationfacilities,ensurethatenergyinfrastructurewillmeetDelaware’sfutureneedsforefficientlytransportingenergyresources,andencourageproducersofcleanenergytechnologiesandproducersofenergyefficientproductstolocatetheirbusinessoperationsinDelaware.BARTBARTisanelementofDelaware’sLTS.TheBARTRHrequirementconsistsofthreecomponents:(a)identificationofalltheBARTeligiblesources;(b)anassessmentofwhethertheBARTeligiblesourcesaresubjecttoBART;and(c)thedeterminationoftheBARTcontrols.BARTEligibleSourcesThefirstcomponentofaBARTevaluationistoidentifyalltheBARTeligiblesources.TheBARTeligiblesourceswereidentifiedutilizingthecriteriaintheBARTGuidelinesasfollows:•Determinewhetheroneormoreemissionsunitsatthefacilityfitwithinoneofthe26categorieslistedintheBARTGuidelines(70FR39158-39159)•Determinewhethertheemissionunit(s)wasinexistenceonAugust7,1977andbegunoperationafterAugust6,1962;•DeterminewhetherpotentialemissionsofSO2,NON,andPM10fromsubjectunitsare250tonsormoreperyear.TheBARTguidelinesrecommendaddressingSO2,NON,andPM10asvisibility-impairmentpollutantsandleaveituptothediscretionofstatestoevaluateVOCorammoniaemissions.BecauseofthelackoftoolsavailabletoestimateemissionsandsubsequentlymodelVOCandammoniaeffectsonvisibility,andbecauseDelawareisaggressivelyaddressingVOCsthroughitsozoneSIPs,DelawaredeterminedthatSO2,NOandPM1012.5aretheonlyreasonablecontributingvisibilityimpairingpollutantstotargetunderBART.DelawareidentifiedfourBARTeligiblesources(consistingoffiveemissionunits).OneofthefoursourcesisasteelmillandtheotherthreesourcesareelectricgeneratingunitsasdescribedinTable4.17Table4.Delaware’sBARTEligibleSourcesFacilityandUnitPlantUnitPollutantsLocationCapacityCapacityMegawattMegawattNGRIndianRiver—Unit3<750177SO2,NON,PMMilisboroCityofDover,McKeeRun—Unit3>750114SO2,NON,PMDoverConectivEdgeMoor—Unit4and5>750177and446SO2,NON,PMWilmingtonEzracClaymontSteel—ElectricArcNotNotSO2,NON,PMClaymontFurnaceandReheaterApplicableApplicableBARTSubjectSourcesThesecondcomponentoftheBARTevaluationistoidentifythoseBARTeligiblesourcesthatmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetovisibilityimpairmentatanyClassIareaaresubjecttoBART.AsdiscussedintheBARTguidelines,astatemaychoosetoconsiderallBARTeligiblesourcestobesubjecttoBART.(70FR39.161)ConsistentwiththeMANE-VUBoard’sdecisioninJune2004thatbecauseofthecollectiveimportanceofBARTsourcesBARTdeterminationshouldbemadebytheMANE-VUstatesforeachBARTeligiblesource.DelawareidentifiedeachofitsBARTeligiblesourcesassubjecttoBART.OneoftheBARTeligiblefacilitiesinDelawaretheEzracClaymontSteel,isarelativelysmallemissionssourcewithpotentialemissionsthatexceededthestatutorythresholdof250tonsperyearormore,buttheactualemissionsofvisibilityimpairingpollutantsofwellunder250tonsperyear.Thesteelmillrequestedalimitonitspotentialtoemit,tobringitsemissionsunder250tonsperyearthresholdforBARTsources.DelawareestablishedfederallyenforceabletermsandconditionsinaTitleVpermitfortheReheatFurnaceandElectricArcFurnaceatEvrazClaymontSteelMillthatlimitthepotentialtoemitforSO2,NON,andPM10tolessthan250tonsperyear.DeterminationofBARTThefinalcomponentofaBARTevaluationismakingBARTdeterminationsforallBARTsubjectsources.InmakingBARTdeterminations,section169A(g)(2)oftheCAArequiresthatStatesconsiderthefollowingfactors:(1)thecostsofcompliance;(2)theenergyandnon-airqualityenvironmentalimpactsofcompliance;(3)anyexistingpollutioncontroltechnologyinuseatthesource;(4)theremainingusefullifeofthesource;and(5)thedegreeofimprovementinvisibilitywhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultfromtheuseofsuchtechnology.Section(e)(2)oftheRegionalHazeRuleprovidesthataStatemayopttoimplementanemissionstradingprogramorotheralternativemeasureratherthantorequiresourcessubjecttoBARTtoinstall,operate,andmaintainBART.Todoso,theStatemustdemonstratethattheemissionstradingprogramorotheralternativemeasurewillachievegreaterreasonableprogressthanwouldbeachievedthroughtheinstallationandoperationofBART.DelawarehasidentifiedthreeBARTsubjectsourcesthatincludefourBARTunits.AllofthesesourcesareEGUsandareregulatedunderDelaware’sRegulation1146-ElectricGeneratingUnitMulti-PollutantRegulationthatDelawarepromulgatedinDecember2006.Regulation1146isanon-tradingprogram,thatestablishedNON,andSO2emissionslimitsforDelaware’scoalfiredandresidualoil-firedelectricgeneratingunitswithanameplateof25MWorgreater.ThisregulationisbeingincludedinthisSIPasanalternativemeasuretoBARTforSO2andNON.SinceRegulation1146doesnotcoverPM,unit-by-unitBARTanalyseswereconductedbytheBARTsubjectsourcesforPM.SulfurDioxideandNitrogenOxideInordertodetermineappropriateNOandSO2emissionratesforinclusioninRegulation1146,Delawarecollectedguidanceandinformationfromanumberofsourcestoassistinitsevaluationofappropriateemissionslimits.ThemethodsDelawareusedtodevelopRegulation1146incorporatemanyofthecriteriausedinthe5factoranalysesrequiredbytheRegionalHazeRuleandincludedthefollowing;(1)controltechnologyeffectiveness;(2)capitalcosts;(3)complexitywithregardstoapplicationoncyclingunits;(4)changesinplantauxiliaryloads;(5)impactonplantoperationsandflexibility(6)operationandmaintenancecosts;(7)sizeoftheaffectedunits;and(8)expectedremainingoperatinglifeoftheaffectedunits.OftheeightunitssubjecttoDelaware’sRegulation1146,fourhavebeenidentifiedasBARTunits.Regulation1146incorporatesemissionsratelimitationsbasedonasuiteofemissionreductiontechnologycapabilities,butdidnotspecifyorrequiretheinstallationofanyparticularemissionreductiontechnologyorsuiteoftechnologies.Table5showsDelawarepromulgatedtheemissionratelimitationsforNOandSO2theDelawarepromulgationinRegulation1146.Table5.Regulation1146EmissionRateLimitations20092012NO—Coal&ResidualOilFiredEGU’s0.l5lb/MMBTU0.125lb/MMBTUSO2—CoalFiredEGU’s0.37lb/MMBTU0.26lb/MMBTUSO2—ResidualOilFiredEGU’s0.5%SulfurFuelOil0.5%SulfurFuelOilFortheaboveratelimits,alllb/MMBTUlimitsarecontinuousandbasedonarolling24-houraveragingperiodthatbeganonMay1,2009.Forthesulfurinfueloillimits,facilitiesarenotpermittedtoacceptfueloilwithsulfurcontentgreaterthan0.5%byweightonorafterJanuary1,2009.DelawaredidacomparisonofRegulation1146emissionratelimitsofalleightunitsregulatedbythisruletotheBARTpresumptivelimitsforthefourBARTsubjectunits.ThiscomparisonshowninTables6forSO2andTable7forNOdemonstratesthatbecauseRegulation1146emissionsratelimitsareapplicabletoafleetofunitslargerthantheDelawareBARTsubjectunits,thetotalemissionsreductionsachievedbyRegulation1146,greatlyexceedthatwhichwouldbeachievedthroughapplicationofpresumptiveBARTemissionsratelimitsonBARTsubjectunitsonly.19Table6.FacilityEmissionScenarioforSO2(tons)Facility2002SO2Mass2012Reg1146SO2PresumptiveBARTSO2EdgeMoor10,5273,8967,619IndianRiver19,9563,41615,598McKeeRun700480960Table7.FacilityEmissionScenarioforNO(tons)Facility2002NOMass2012Reg1146NOPresumptiveBARTNOEdgeMoor3,3071,4643,570IndianRiver4,4911,6434,668McKeeRun345120345ParticulateMatterDelawarerequiredtheBARTfacilitiestoconductananalysisofpotentialBARTcontrolinaccordancewith40CFRpart51.308(e)(1)(ii).Eachfacilitybeganbyidentifyingallavailableretrofitcontroltechnologiesandtheneliminatingalltechnicallyinfeasibleoptions.ForthetwoEGUsthatuseoilastheirprimaryfuel,Delawareconsideredwetelectrostaticprecipitators,dryelectrostaticprecipitators,baghouses,andaswitchtolowersulfurfuelsand/ornaturalgastobetechnicallyfeasibleoptions.MoredetaileddiscussoftheBARTanalysesforeachunitisavailableintheSIPsubmittal.AllofDelaware’sBARTsourcesusedtheCaliforniaPuffModel(CALPUFF)toassessfactor5,thedegreeofvisibilityimprovementthatcanbeanticipatedfrominstallingvariousemissioncontrolsforprimaryparticulatematter.CALPUFFwaspromulgatedbytheUSEPAonApril15,2003asapreferreddispersionmodeltoassesslong-rangetransportapplications(i.e.transportdistancesexceeding50kmtoapproximately300km).Uptothisdistance,anon-steady-statemodelingapproachwhichconsidersspatialandtimevariationsinmeteorologicalconditions,suchasCALPUFF,isappropriate.Forthismodelingdemonstration,CALPUFFwasused,consistentwiththeapprovedBARTversion.CALPUFFisamulti-layer,multi-species,non-steadystatepuffdispersionmodelwhichcansimulatethetimeandspacevaryingmeteorologicalconditionsonpollutanttransport,transformationandremoval.CALPUFFusesthreedimensionalmeteorologicalfieldsdevelopedbythemeteorologicalprocessingprogramCALMET.CALPUFFcontainalgorithmsfornearsourceeffectssuchasbuildingdownwash,traditionalplumerise,partialplumepenetration,sub-gridscaleterraininteractions,aswellaslongrangeeffectssuchaspollutantremoval(dryandwetdeposition),chemicaltransformation,verticalwindshear,over-watertransport,andcoastalinteractioneffects.TheCALPUFFmodelingperformedforallofDelaware’sBARTsourcesconformstoEPAmodelingguidance.AdetaileddescriptionoftheCALPUFFmodelingcanbefoundinAppendix8oftheDelawareVisibilitySIP.20McKeeRunUnit3isa102MWRileyStokerboilerfiredonNo.6fueloilwithnaturalgasusedasaback-upfuel.Theboilerisequippedwithamechanicalmulti-cyclonewhichisusedasacontroldeviceforparticulatematter.Fluegasisdirectedthroughthecyclonewhereparticulateisremovedfromthegasstreamandcollectedinahopper.Thewasteashthatiscollectedistheninjectedbackintotheboilertocompletecombustionoftheunburnedcharportionoftheflyash.TheboilerisequippedwithlowNOburnersandfanboostover-fireairtocontrolNOemissions.ThesulfurcontentoftheNo.6fueloilislimitedtonogreaterthan1.0percent,whichrestrictsS02andparticulatematteremissions.Theboilerexhauststhroughastack200feettall.Theboilerproducessteamtopowera102MWelectricgenerator.DelawarereviewedtheBARTanalysisperformedbytheCityofDoverandestablished0.5%sulfurasBARTforPMsincetheresidualfuelwithasulfurcontentof0.5percentiscosteffectiveforpurposesofimprovingvisibilityatClassIareas.Nosignificantenergyornon-airqualityenvironmentalbenefitsordis-benefitsassociatedwithusinglowersulfurfuelwereidentified.0.5%sulfurfuelwillreducePMemissionsbyapproximately50%.Theremainingusefullifeoftheunitisexpectedtobegreaterthanthelifeofthecontroloptions,noweightwasgiventotheremainingusefullifeparameter.Althoughtherearesmallvisibilityincrementalbenefitsthatcouldbereasonablyanticipatedasaresultofinstallationofothercontroloptions(<0.1dvontheworstdayimpact),DNRECbelievesthattheincreasedcostsassociatedwithhighercostoptionsarenotjustifiedbytheminimalvisibilityimprovement.EdgeMoorUnit4isanominal175MWdry-bottom,pulverizedcoal(primaryfuel),tangentially-firedboilerequippedwithlow-NOcoalburners(LNB)andoverfireair(OFA)forthecontrolofNOxemissionsandanelectrostaticprecipitator(ESP)forthecontroloffilterableparticulateemissions.Unit4iscurrentlypermittedtoburncoalwithasulfurcontentofupto1.0%wt.DelawarereviewedtheBARTanalysisperformedbytheConnectivforUnit4anddeterminedthatadditionofthedrysorbentinjectionsystem(DSI)isBARTforPMsincetheadditionofafabricfilterwasnotcost-effectiveforpurposesofimprovingvisibilityatClassIareas.Energyornon-airqualityenvironmentalbenefitsordis-benefitswerenotconsideredinrulingoutanycontroltechnology.TheexistingESPiseffectiveatreducingparticulatematteremissions,andtheadditionoftheDSIsystemwillreducecondensableemissions.Theremainingusefullifeoftheunitisexpectedtobegreaterthanthelifeofthecontroloptionstherefore,noweightwasgiventotheremainingusefullifeparameter.Theincrementalbenefitinvisibilitythatwouldresultfromtheinstallationofafabricfilterwassmall(comparableto0.1dvonthe8thhighestdayimpact).EdgeMoorUnit5isanominal445MWresidualoil-fired(primaryfuel)boilerwithoilLNBandOFAforthecontrolofNOxemissionsandamulticyloneforthecontroloffilterableparticulates.Unit5iscurrentlypermittedtobumoilwithasulfurcontentofupto1.0%wt.DelawarereviewedtheBARTanalysisperformedbyConnectivforUnit5andestablished0.5%sulfurasBARTforPMsincetheresidualfuelwithasulfurcontentof0.5percentiscosteffectiveforpurposesofimprovingvisibilityatClassIareas.0.5%sulfurwouldreducePM21emissionsby50%.Therearenosignificantenergyornon-airqualityenvironmentalbenefitsordis-benefitsassociatedwithusinglowersulfurfuel.Theremainingusefullifeoftheunitisexpectedtobegreaterthanthelifeofthecontroloptions,noweightwasgiventotheremainingusefullifeparameter.Thisoptionwillprovideasmallvisibilityincrementalbenefit.IndianRiverUnit3isacoal-fired,165MWEGUequippedwithcold-sideESP.ThepermittedlimitforPMforUnit3aspertheexistingTitleVoperatingpermitis0.3lb/MMBtu(2-houraverage).ThisemissionlimitwasusedforestimatingmaximumhourlyPM1Oemissionrates.TheDepartmenthasreviewedNRGIndianRiver’sBARTanalysisanddeterminedthatexistingcontrolforPM(i.e.,ESP)isBARTsinceadditionalPMcontroloptionsforNRGIndianRiver,werenotcost-effectiveforpurposesofimprovingvisibilityatClassIareas.Thelowestcosttechnologywasshowntobe$220,567,479perchangeindv.TheexistingESPiseffectiveatreducingparticulatematteremissions.Therearenosignificantenergyornon-airqualityenvironmentalbenefitsordis-benefitstobeconsidered.Theremainingusefullifeoftheunitisexpectedtobegreaterthanthelifeofthecontroloptions,noweightwasgiventotheremainingusefullifeparameter.Thereareexceedinglysmallvisibilityincrementalbenefitsthatcouldbereasonablyanticipatedasaresultofinstallationofthehighercostcontroloptions(<0.2dvontheworstdayimpact).Table8.SummaryofBARTControlMeasuresforPMFacilityandUnitParticulateMatterNGRIndianRiver—Unit3ExistingcontrolsESPCityofDover,McKeeRun—Unit3LowsulfuroilConectivEdgeMoor—Unit4ExistingcontrolsESPandinstallationofDSIConectivEdgeMoor—Unit5LowsulfuroilThetechnicalanalysesandmodelingusedintheDelawareSIP’scontributionassessmentandpredictionofvisibilityimpactsfromBARTcontrolscomplywithEPAmodelingguidanceandrecommendations.EPAfindstheMANE-VUtechnicalmodelinganalysespresentedintheDelawareVisibilitySIPtobeacceptablebecausethemodelsthatwereusedwereappliedaccordingtoEPAmodelingguidance.ConsultationwithStatesandFLMsOnMay10,2006,theMANE-VUStateAirDirectorsadoptedtheInter-RPOState/TribalandFLMConsultationFrameworkthatdocumentedtheconsultationprocesswithinthecontextofregionalphaseplanning,andwasintendedtocreategreatercertaintyandunderstandingamongRPOs.MANE-VUstatesheldtenconsultationmeetingsand/orconferencecallsfromMarch1,2007throughMarch21,2008.InadditiontoMANE-VUmembersattendingthesemeetingsandconferencecallsparticipantsfromVISTAS,MidwestRPOandrelevantFederalLandManagerswerealsoinattendance(atmanyofthesemeetingsandconferencecalls).InadditiontotheconferencecallsandmeetingtheFLMsweregiventheopportunitytoreviewandcommentoneachofthetechnicaldocumentsdevelopedbyMANE-VUandincludedasappendicesinDelaware’sSIPsubmittal.22OnApril28,2008,DelawaresubmittedadraftRegionalHazeSIPtotherelevantFLMsforreviewandcommentpursuantto40CFR51.308(i)(2).InaletterdatedJune17,2008theFLMprovidedcommentsonthedraftRegionalHazeSIPinaccordancewith40CFR51.308(i)(3).ThecommentsreceivedfromtheFLMswereaddressedandwereprovidedinappendix4-1ofthesubmittal.OnSeptember23,2008,DelawaretookitsRegionalHazeSIPoutforpublichearingandonlyonecommentswasreceivedwhichindicatedgeneralagreementwiththeproposedSIP.ToaddresstherequirementforcontinuingconsultationprocedureswiththeFLMsunder40CFR51.308(i)(4),DelawarecommitsintheSIPtoongoingconsultationwiththeFLMsonRegionalHazeissuesthroughoutimplementation.PeriodicSIPRevisionsandFive-YearProgressReportsConsistentwiththerequirementsof40CFR51308(g),Delawarehascommittedtosubmittingareportonreasonableprogress(intheformofaSIPrevision)totheEPAeveryfiveyearsfollowingtheinitialsubmittalofitsregionalhazeSIP.ThereasonableprogressreportwillevaluatetheprogressmadetowardstheRPGsfortheBrigantineNationalWildlifeRefugeClassIarea,locatedinNewJersey.InterstateTransportofVisibilityOnSeptember16,2009,DelawaresubmittedrevisionstotheirSIPtoaddresstheinfrastructureelementsspecifiedintheCAAsection110(a)(2),necessarytoimplement,maintain,andenforcethe19978-hourozoneandfineparticulatematter(PM25)nationalambientairqualitystandards(NAAQS)andthe2006PM2.5NAAQS.DelawareindicatedintheserevisionsthattheirRegionalHazeSIPmeetstherequirementsofCAA110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)regardingvisibilityforthe19978-hourozoneNAAQSandthe1997and2006PM2.5NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS).Itgenerallysetsforththat“Delaware’sRegionalHazeSIPassessedanddemonstratedthatDelawarehasmetBestAvailableRetrofitTechnologyandReasonableFurtherProgressgoals,andthusdidnotinterferewithmeasuresrequiredtobeincludedintheapplicableimplementationplanforanyotherStatetoprotectvisibility.”Regarding110(a)(2)(J),the2006infrastructuresubmittalstates“Delaware’splan...hasmettheapplicablepartC(relatingto...visibilityprotection)inDelaware’sVisibilitySIPsubmittedtoEPA“Delaware’sinfrastructuresubmittalsandEPA’s2009guidancedocumentonthe2006PM2.5infrastructuresubmittalsarecontainedintheelectronicDocketFileEPA-R03-OAR-2010-0158whichisavailableatthewebsitewww.regulations.gov.Sections110(a)(l)and110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)oftheCAArequirethat,withinthreeyearsofpromulgationofaNAAQS,aStatemustensurethatitsStateImplementationPlan,amongotherrequirements,“containsadequateprovisions...prohibiting...anysourceorothertypesofemissionactivitywithintheStatefromemittinganyairpollutantinamountswhichwill..interferewithmeasuresrequiredtobeincludedintheapplicableimplementationplanforanyotherState...toprotectvisibility.”Similarly,Section110(a)(2)(J)requiresthatsuchSIP“meettheapplicablerequirementsof...partCof(SubchapterI)(relatingto...visibilityprotection).”23Asaninitialmatter,EPAnotesthatneithersections110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)nor110(a)(2)(J)explicitlyspecifyhowEPAshouldascertainwhetherastate’sSIPcontainsadequateprovisionstopreventemissionsfromsourcesinthatstatefrominterferingwithmeasuresrequiredinanotherstatetoprotectvisibility.Thus,thestatuteisambiguousonitsface,andEPAmustinterpretbothoftheseprovisions.EPA’s2006Guidance,entitledGuidanceforStateImplementationPlanSubmissionstoMeetCurrentOutstandingObligationsUndersection1l0(a)(2)(D)(i)forthe8-HourOzoneandPM25NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards,”recognizedthepossibilitythatastatecouldpotentiallymeetthevisibilityportionsofsection110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)throughitssubmissionofaRegionalHazeSIP,asrequiredbysections169Aand169BoftheCAA.Inits2009guidanceentitled“GuidanceonSIPElementsRequiredUnderSectionsll0(a)(1)and(2)forthe200624-HourFineParticle(PM25)NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS),”EPArecommendedthatastatecouldmeetsuchvisibilityrequirementsthroughitsregionalhazeSIP.EPA’srationalsupportingthisrecommendationwasthatthedevelopmentoftheregionalhazeSIPswasintendedtooccurinacollaborativeenvironmentamongthestates,andthatthroughthisprocessstateswouldcoordinateonemissionscontrolstoprotectvisibilityonaninterstatebasis.Thecommonunderstandingwasthat,asaresultofthiscollaborativeenvironment,eachStatewouldtakeactiontoachievetheemissionsreductionsrelieduponbyotherstatesintheirreasonableprogressdemonstrationsundertheRHR.ThisinterpretationisconsistentwiththerequirementintheRHRthatastateparticipatinginaregionalplarmingprocessmustinclude“allmeasuresneededtoachieveitsapportionmentofemissionreductionobligationsagreeduponthroughthatprocess.”40CFR51.308(d)(3)(ii).ThroughitsinvolvementinMANE-VU,DelawaredidinfactcoordinatewithotherstatesonemissioncontrolstoprotectvisibilityonaninterstatebasisinthecourseofdevelopingitsRegionalHazeSIP.Section9.13oftheDelaware’sRegionalHazeSIP,explainstheconsultationprocesswhichwasfollowedbyDelawareanditsneighboringstates.AsaresultofsuchparticipationanditsownevaluationsinitsRegionalHazeSIP,Delaware’sRegionalHazeSIPmeetstheobligationsof40CFR51.308(d)(3)(ii)andcontainsadequateprovisionstopreventinterstatetransportthatwouldinterferewiththemeasuresrequiredinotherstatestoprotectvisibilityasrequiredpursuanttoCAASections110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)and110(a)(2)(J).C.EPAEVALUATIONThisrevisionwillreduceemissionsofSO2,NOandPM25fromsourceslocatedthroughoutthestateofDelaware.Delawarehasquantifiedit’simpactofvisibilityimpairingpollutantsattheBrigantineWildlifeRefugeclassIareaandhasincludedinitsSIPenforceableemissionslimitations,complianceschedules,andallmeasuresnecessarytoobtainitsshareofemissionsreductionsneededtomeettheRPGsoftheBrigantineWildlifeRefugeclassIarea.Furthermore,thesubmittalatissueensuresthatemissionsfromDelawarewillnotinterferewiththereasonableprogressgoalsforneighboringstates’ClassIareas.24D.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDEDAGENCYACTIONDelaware’sRegionalHazeSIPestablisheslong-termstrategiesassuringreasonableprogresstowardsthenationalgoalofachievingnaturalvisibilityconditionsinClassIareas,specificallytheBrigantineWildlifeRefuge.ThissubmittalalsomeetstheapplicablevisibilityrelatedrequirementsofCAASection11O(a)(2)includingbutnotlimitedto11O(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)and11O(a)(2)(J)relatingtovisibilityprotectionforthe19978-HourOzoneNAAQS,andthe1997and2006PM2.5NAAQS.EPAapprovaloftheSIPrevisionisrecommended.25