GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1981 

December 1981 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Research and Development 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 

do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this 

publication. No reference shall be made to the NOAA 

Environmental Research Laboratories, or to this publication furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratories, in any advertising or sales promotion 

which would indicate or imply that the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or 

endorse any proprietary product or proprietary 

material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the 

advertised product to be used or purchased because 

of this NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 

publication. 
PREFACE 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory (GLERL) has completed its seventh year 

of operation in Ann Arbor. Our mission at GLERL is 

to conduct research directed toward understanding 

the environmental processes and solving problems 

in resource management and environmental services 

in the Great Lakes and their watersheds. The 

environmental information developed is made 

available to NOAA, other government agencies, 

universities, industries, and individual citizens 

to aid them in their environmental services, plans, 

and operations. 

Understanding the complex lake-land-atmosphere 

system of the Great Lakes Region and the many 

interactions that influence our lives in this region 

requires a team of scientists with different 

backgrounds working together on field, laboratory, 

and analytic investigations on the limnological, 

hydrological, and meteorological properties of the 

lakes, their basins, and the overlying atmosphere. 

The ultimate goal of the GLERL program is to 

understand the lake-land-atmosphere system to the 

extent that environmental simulation and prediction 

models can be built to provide sufficiently precise 

information on Great Lakes processes and 

phenomena to support enlightened use of the 

region's resources. 

This annual report is intended to inform the Great 

Lakes community of GLERL's capabilities, program, 

significant results, and plans for the future. It is also 

intended to encourage an exchange of information 

between laboratory staff and those in need of 

environmental information for operatianal, planning, 

or management activities. 

Examples of some of the major problem areas 

that the GLERL program addresses are lake water 

levels and connecting channel flow predictioncritical to erosion control, transportation, recreation, 

and power generation; lake ice prediction-critical 

to lake transportation and shoreline structure design 

and protection; lake circulation-critical to 

ecosystems analysis and an understanding of the 

transport and dispersion of pollutants; surface 

waves and oscillations-critical to lake 

transportation, boating, and the control of shore 

erosion and flooding; and the dynamics of certain 

chemical and biological properties and systemscritical to understanding and prediction of the 

natural ecosystem and human alterations in the 

ecosystem and to water quality, water supply, and 

fisheries management. 

GLERL staff has been and is working with Great 

Lakes regulatory and management agencies, in both 

Canada and the United States, to provide them with 

the research products, data, and expertise they 

need. GLERL staff serve as officers, board members, 

or committee members of such organizations as the 

International Joint Commission (IJC) and the 

International Association for Great Lakes Research. 

These activities serve to provide an outlet for 

GLERL products and a means of identifying 

environmental problems requiring further study. 

Other outlets for GLERL products include 

requests from private organizations and individual 

citizens. The scientific community is informed of 

the products through journal articles, NOAA 

technical reports and memoranda, and presentations 

at society meetings. The location of GLERL in Ann 

Arbor near the University of Michigan provides the 

opportunity for ,cooperative research programs and 

for graduate student participation in GLERL 

projects. Visiting scientists have participated in 

GLERL research studies on a continuing basis. 
Preface 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Highlights 

Lake Hydrology 

Chemistry and Biology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

Special Projects 

l nformation Services 

International and Interagency 

Activities 

Facilities 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 

Page 

... 

I I I 
CLERL ORGANIZATION CHART 

I 

t \ 

ADMINISTRATION 

R. H. Bramlet, Head 

DIRECTOR 

E.J.AuM 1 

ASST. TO DIRECTOR 

S. J. Bolsenga T COMPUTER FACIlIlV I INFORMKI'ION 

SERVICES 

S. J. Bolsenga, Head 

F. H. Quinn, Head Acting Head J. R. Bennett, Head W. C. Sonzogni, Head 

LABORATORY LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION 

LABORATORY 

UBRARY 

LABORATORY 
HIGHLIGHTS 

For 7 years the Great Lakes Environmentat Research 

Laboratory has conducted research on significant processes and problems in the Great Lakes Region. GLERL 

research is diversified in form. As is shown by the organization chart, process research is aligned along 

four primary disciplines. But problem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff from more than one 

group, is also conducted. The in-house research program is supplemented by grants and contracts with 

private institutions. In turn, GLERL supports the efforts 

of other government agencies. CLERL research products are disseminated by publications or presentations 

and discussions at scientific and user meetings. During 

FY 1981, 62 papers authored by GLERL staff and 9 

papers by contractors were published, and 41 papers 

prepared by GLERL staff were presented at meetings. 

Research 

The GLERL research program continues to evolve. 

Some major research accomplishments during the past 

fiscal year are indicated below. 

A laboratory experiment has identified the presence of high concentration nutrient patches produced 

by zooplankton and the preferential growth of algae 

that encounter the patches. It is hypothesized that 

microscale nutrient patchiness caused by swimming 

zooplankton is important to the competition and coexistence among phytoplankton. 

A study is continuing to identify present-day species 

distributions of benthic animals and, by comparison 

with previous studies, will identify trends over the last 

half century in southern Lake Michigan. Benthos fill 

an important compartment in the food chain and are 

sensitive to water quality and sediment conditions. 

Scientists from GLERL, the University of Michigan, 

and the University of Wisconsin completed an assessment of the state of knowledge of nutrient cycling in 

the Great Lakes ecosystem. This resulted in a concep 

tual model of phosphorus cycling and provides focus 

for process research needs. Nutrient release by zooplankton was identified as a major recycling mechanism of nutrient supply to algae and is a major focus 

for future process studies. 

A directional wave and coastal boundary layer 

experiment was successfully implemented with the 

deployment of an instrument array to measure various 

water movements and meteorological components in 

Lake Erie along a transect from the shore out to some 

6 kilometers. Data from this experiment will facilitate 

analysis and understanding of directional wave spectra under varying wind conditions, spectral transformation of surface waves from deep to shallow water, 

and the momentum balance due to waves and currents 

in the coastal boundary layer and surf zone. 

A free surface version of a variable grid, barotropic 

model was developed and tested on a storm surge analysis of Lake Erie. A rigid lid version of the prediction 

model will be tested against Lake Erie observed currents and circulations from the large data base collected by GLERL and the Canada Centre for Island 

Waters during 1980. 

A new hydrodynamic method was developed for inferring wind stress over a lake from readily measurable 

water level fluctuations, even during severe weather 

conditions. Calculations of wind stress magnitude can 

be used with overwater wind speeds to determine drag 

coefficients as a function of wind speed and atmospheric stability. 

A nonpoint source pollution model termed WATERSHED was developed to determine the most costeffective pollution control strategy for use by the U.S. 

Soil Conservation Service and the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency. A users' handbook was developed 

to promote wide application of the technique, which 

includes trade-offs between cost and effectiveness of 

controlling point and nonpoint pollution sources. 

Recent contributions by GLERL staff to support the 

Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study include 

technical reports on (1) phosphorus bioavailability of 

pollutant inputs and its impact on management, (2) risk 

assessment as applied to Great Lakes water quality 

management, (3) ecological factors in Great Lakes 

water quality management, (4) hazardous spill modeling, (5) a Great Lakes environmental atlas, and (6) a 

chloride budget for the Great Lakes. 

Studies of risk assessment techniques were initiated 

to explore possible applications to water quality management. To date, a water quality risk assessment 

framework has been developed with the methodological components of risk identification, estimation, and 

evaluation. 

With the completion of the digitization of U)OO Great 

Lakes ice charts spanning the 2(lyear period 1960-79, 

the improved Great Lakes ice atlas is now targeted for 

publication in 1982. This ice atlas will facilitate planning by many users of the Great Lakes. 

A field study to determine the spectral reflectances 

of fresh and metamorphosed snow and of various types 

of freshwater ice was completed. The information is 

important to verify and improve existing snow reflectance models and to develop new models for energy- 
budget-based ice forecasts and for remote sensing ap 

plications. 

A simulation model of ice-cover growth and decay 

on the upper St. Lawrence River was developed and 

tested over two winter periods. Simulation results 

identified processes that exert the greatest control on 

growth and decay rates. Those processes are currently 

being incorporated into river icecover prediction 

models to be used by the St. Lawrence Seaway Develop 

ment Corporation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 

A program to study the cycling, transport, and fate 

of toxic organic compounds, in cooperation with 

NOAA's Office of Marine Pollution Assessment (OMPA), 

continued. A model designed to estimate the equilibrium partitioning of synthetic organic compounds between the dissolved and solid phase within an aquatic 

ecosystem based on the solubility and vapor pressure 

of the compound, has been developed. This model 

estimates the concentration and mass distribution of 

synthetic organics among various compartments of an 

ecosystem and can be used as a screening tool for 

monitoring programs. Photodecomposition rates for 

several PCB isomers have been measured in lake water. 

This decomposition pathway is one of the major organic 

contaminant removal mechanisms within the Great 

Lakes System, and accurate rate measurements are 

necessary to predict concentrations at any future time. 

lnformation Services 

During the past year, as part of GLERL's Information 

Services, nearly 2100-research products were provided 

in response to nearly 1400 documented requests. Of 

these, 48 percent came from universities and State 

governments, 38 percent from private industry, and 

the remainder from private citizens and the Federal 

Government. This activity is in addition to regular mailings to a list of recipients who have indicated interest 

in a 6-month listing of one or more of the five types of 

GLERL publications. There were 12 Draft Environmental Impact Statements evaluated during the year. 

International and Interagency Activities 

GLERL staff members were active in several International Joint Commission (IJC) boards and committees, including the Science Advisory Board, Levels 

and Flows Advisory Board, Technical Information Network Board, Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee, 

lnternational Great Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Use Reference Working Committee, and Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force. 

GLERL participated in the activities of the International Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data, the Joint United StatesCanadian Ice lnformation Working Group, the International Association for Great Lakes Research, the 

Great Lakes Experimental Team for the Coastal Zone 

Color Scanner, and the Regional Response Team for 

Spills of Hazardous Substances. 

GLERL staff participated in Great Lakes Basin Commission activities as Alternate Department of Commerce Commissioners, and as members of the Great 

Lakes Basin Plan Committee, the Priorities Committee, 

the Coastal Zone Management Committee, the Standing 

Committee on Research and Development, the Long 

Range Planning Subcommittee, and the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study. 

Facilities 

Primary field activities conducted by marine instrumentation laboratory personnel involved deployment 

of the Lake Erie coastal boundary layer measurement 

system and a current monitor and data acquisition 

system in the St. Clair River. Both systems will collect 

real-time data in fall 1981, with the current monitoring 

system continuing through the 1981-82 winter. A flow 

tank providing linear flow up to 4.5 feet per second 

was designed and built for current meter calibration 

and testing. 

New approaches to fractionation and characterization of organic and inorganic dissolved phosphorus 

forms were developed in the chemistry laboratory. In 

the biology laboratory, nutrient release rates by individual zooplankton were measured with a flow-through 

incubation cell, high performance liquid chromatographic plumbing, and an AutoAnalyzer. 

A particle dynamics laboratory was established this 

year. Part of the cooperative program with the University of Michigan, it will support expanded studies in 

this field. Since natural and artificially produced radionuclides serve as excellent process indicators, the 

laboratory provides the capability for measurement 

of very low levels of such substances in water, sediment, and biota. 

The research vessel Shenehon successfully supported 

a variety of water-sediment, chemistry, and biology 

experiments in Lake Michigan. 
STAFF AS OF SEPTEMBER 30,1981 

Permanent Employees 

Part Time and 

Full Time Intermittent 

Office of Director 

Lake Hydrology Croup 

Chemistry and Biology 

Croup 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

Special Projects Croup 

Total 46 16 

Assel, R. A. 

Aubert. E. I. 

Bell, C. L. 

Bennett, J. R. 

Bolsenga, 5. I. 

Booker, H. L. 

Bramlet, R. H. 

Burns, W. R. 

Carrick, B. I. 

Chapra, S. C. 

Croley, T. E., II 

Del Proposto, D. J 

Derecki, J. A. 

Dungan. 1 E. 

Eadie, B. I. 

Faust, W. R. 

Field, L. P. 

Gardner, W. S. 

Greene, C. M. 

Crimes, I. E. 

Crumblatt. I. L. 

tlass, 5. E. 

Herche, L. R. 

Kelley, 1. M. 

Kelley, R. N. 

Kistler, R. D. 

Landrum, P. F. 

Lawton, B. I. 

Lee, I. P. 

Leshkevich, C. A. 

Liebig, 1. R. 

L H 

0 D 

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OD 

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Liu. P. C. 

Lojewski, N. L. 

Losey, D. A. 

Malczyk, I. M. 

McCormick, M. I. 

Menoian. N. R. 

Miller, C. 5. 

Miller, T. C. 

Morse, D. V. 

Muzzi, R. W. 

Nalepa, T. F. 

Noble, P. E. 

Norton, D. C. 

Parker, R. K. 

Peters. I. R. 

Pickett, R. L. 

Pinsak, A. P. 

Quigley, M A 

Quinn, F. H. 

Robbins. J A. 

Saylor, I. H. 

Scavia, D. 

Schwab. D 1. 

Slavens. D. R. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 

Soo, H. K. 

Spalding, C. E. 

Stubblefield, B. 

Tarapchak, 5. I. 

Vanderploeg, H. A 

Vreeland. S. A. 

PLM 

SP 

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LH- Lake Hydrology Croup 

OD-Office of Director 

CB-Chemistry and Biology 

Croup 

PLM-Physrcal Limnology and 

Meteorology Croup 

SP-Spec~al Projects Croup 
LAKE HYDROLOGY 

The emphases of the Lake Hydrology Group are on 

the hydrologic cycle, including channel hydraulics, and 

on ice research. The objectives of the hydrologic work 

are to develop improved methods of prediction and simulation of lake levels, connecting channel flows, and 

flow in tributary streams and to improve understanding 

of the hydrologic processes. The objectives of the ice 

work are to improve the prediction of freeze-up, 

breakup, areal extent, and thickness of ice in the 

Great Lakes and their bays, harbors, and channels and 

to improve understanding of the natural variability 

and optical properties of lake ice cover. The work involves an integrated program of data collection, data 

base development, analysis, prediction, model development and testing, and advisory service. 

Prediction and simulation information on lake levels 

and flows is necessary for water resource planning 

and management and for the solution of problems in 

water supply, water quality, shore erosion, hydropower, 

navigation, recreation, and flooding. Primary users of 

hydrologic information are the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, the Great Lakes shipping industry, the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, recreational boating 

enthusiasts, the power utilit~es, the Great Lakes States, 

and the general public. 

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great 

Lakes is of interest to all those who use the lakes in 

winter. Prediction information on Great Lakes ice is of 

value to winter navigation, shoreline engineering, hydropower generation, water supply management, and 

waste disposal. Primary users of ice information are 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Coast Guard, 

the National Weather Service, the St. Lawrence Seaway 

Development Corporation, the Great Lakes shipping 

industry, and the general public, including shoreline 

property owners. 

Hydrology 

Beginning this year, a major project has begun to develop mathematical models to predict and simulate 

the runoff into each of the Great Lakes from their land 

basins. Great Lakes Basin runoff modeling is necessary for operational forecasting of lake levels and for 

understanding watershed response to natural forces. 

Experiments with existing comprehensive models indicate that they are impractical for representing many 

large watersheds. They require too many parameter 

estimates, clouding their physical relevance; they are 

expensive to fit and to use and they require more data 

than are available for large areas. Work this last year 

has centered on data.acquisition for Lake Ontario and 

on the development of a simple physically-based conceptual model for use on the Great Lakes Basins, which 

will use only daily precipitation and temperature data 

to estimate weekly or monthly basin runoff. Data collection and reduction are complete for Lake Ontario, 

encompassing 30 years of daily precipitation and temperature at 24 locations and runoff at 20 locations for 

17 watersheds bordering the lake. An interdependent 

"tank" model has been identified and tested on the 

Genesee River Basin in New York State. Snowmelt is 

treated via simple heat balance, and evapotranspiration is considered in a climatologic setting in which 

available soil moisture, as well as potential loss, are 

accounted for. Each tank storage is represented as a 

linear reservoir, and exact analyti'c solutions are employed throughout. Early test results indicate that the 

model compares favorably with the existing comprehensive models and with statistical models. Model fit re 

quires about 2 man-days on the computer. Future work 

includes assessment of spatial/temporal resolution 

trade-offs, data acquisition and reduction on the remaining Great Lakes, model fits to watersheds about 

all Great Lakes, and integrat~on of the models into lakelevel determinations. 

lnsolat~on 

Precipitation 

Temperature 

+I+ 

Snow Ram 

MI punoff j 

,' EvaootransI ~ercolation1 + ' EvaooI . . 

Deep percoIa,on/ # 

1' EV~DOEvaporation 

Basin Outflow 

CLERL largebasin runoff model schematic 
During the past year, lake evaporation studies were 

completed with the development of a generalized 

monthly evaporation model for Lakes Superior and Erie 

and Lake St. Clair, a much smaller lake within the chain 

of Great Lakes. The model is based on an improved 

aerodynamic procedure that includes full atmospheric 

stability effects, including reduction of lake evaporation by an ice cover during winter. This aerodynamic or 

mass transfer procedure is the most practical approach 

for operational evaporation estimates and permits 

determination of monthly evaporation rates from readily available land-based climatological data. The 

model was used to derive a long term evaporation 

data base for each lake, covering approximately the 

last 40 years (1940-79). Both monthly and annual 

evaporation from the individual lakes can vary sub 

stantially from year to year, but the normal annual 

water losses through evaporation are approximately 

500, 700, and 600 mm from Lakes Superior, Erie, and 

St. Clair, respectively. The seasonal variation of evaporation from each lake is governed by atmospheric 

stability conditions, with high seasonal evaporation 

occurring during the fall-winter period and low evaporation occurring during the spring-summer period. 

Lake Superior also attains significant condensation during the low evaporation season when condensation on 

the other lakes is normally absent. On Lake Superior 

the use of atmospheric stability eliminated unreasonably high condensation and produced an increase in 

lake evaporation during summer, which was largely 

counter-balanced by ice-cover reduction of evaporation during winter, with only a slight overall change. 

On the other two lakes, with insignificant condensation, the use of atmospheric stability substantially reduced the high evaporation values, with corresponding 

reduction of the annual water losses (about 25 percent). 

The average ice-cover reduction of evaporation on 

the three lakes varied from about 10 to 15 percent of 

the annual values. 

After considerable delay due to problems encountered with the current meters, the study of the winter 

flow regimes of the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers was re 

initiated with the deployment of two meters in the St. 

Clair River at Port Huron. The dynamic flow models for 

the upper St. Clair River were modified to permit direct 

comparison on hourly and daily time scales between 

flows computed by the models and flows measured 

by the current meters. Standard river flow measurements will be used to calibrate the two-point current 

meter array for monitoring winter flows. These measurements were completed during October 5-9, 1981, 

with the Detroit District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U S. Geological Survey (Michigan office), 

and the Water Survey of Canada participating in the 

project. Availability of the two-point flow index and 

derived mean river flows based on measurements will 

permit reevaluation of questionable winter flows and 

possible recalibration of the mathematical unsteady 

flow models for winter applications. 

A precipitation data base for each of the Great 

Lakes has been developed for the period 1854-1979. 

The length of the time series enables a unique look at 

precipitation climatology in relation to lake level 

changes and water resources planning in the Great 

Lakes Basin. The climatology was used in conjunction 

with a mathematical response model of the system 

and simplified statistical rainfall-runoff models to 

qualitatively evaluate the proportion of a major 

lowering of water levels in Lakes Michigan and Huron 

(0.8 meters) in the late 1880's which could be explained 

by a change in the precipitation climatology. The 

study found that approximately 75 percent of the 

lowering was due to precipitation changes. 

-12 

-16 JFMAMJJASONDJ 

Seasonal distribution of the average monthly stability index. 

160 '"C 

140 - 

120 - 

EVAPORATION 

CONDENSATION 

-20 - 

Seasonal distribution of the average monthly evaporation 
Ice St. Lawrence River over the winter of 198081. Although . -- 

A climatological analysis of nearly 3000 ice charts 

spanning the 20-year period 1960-1979 has been completed. The results of this analysis include the production of ice charts illustrating the maximum, minimum, 

and median ice-cover concentration for each of nine 

half-month periods for each Great Lake. The ice charts 

summarize ice concentration values for individual 

5-by-5-kilometer cells that compose the surface area 

of each lake. In addition, the percent of ice-covered 

lake surface area has also been calculated for each 

lake each half month. 

In 1982 this analysis will be published as a NOAA ice 

atlas. The atlas will contain three major sections dealing with winter severity, ice-cover climatology, and 

climatic aspects of ice thickness and ice stratigraphy 

in nearshore locations. 

One of the highlights of the past year has been the 

development and testing of a mathematical model to 

simulate or predict ice-cover growth and decay on the 

upper St. Lawrence River. There are a number of reasons why the ability to predict ice decay rates is important for the St. Lawrence River. Despite its role as a 

major transportation corridor, the river is unusable for 

shipping for up to 4 months of the year. An accurate 

projection of the river's opening date is important because of the economic benefits of advance planning. 

For instance, ships from European ports must plan their 

departure so as to arrive at the St. Lawrence River as 

this winter was characterized by extreme cold in December and January and extreme warmth in February, the 

model simulated breakup within the observed period. 

A scanning, dual spectroradiometer system that simultaneously records incident and reflected flux in the 

280-1100 nanometer range was developed to observe 

the spectral reflectance properties of snow and ice. 

Sun plus sky radiation were used to field calibrate the 

spectroradiometers. The arrangement of the spectroradiometers is suitable for field or laboratory applications where changing incident radiation necessitates 

simultaneous incident and reflected readings. 

Measured spectral reflectances of new and moderately metamorphosed snow were generally greater 

than 80 percent from 340 to 950 nanometers. From 950 

to 1100 nanometers, a characteristic dip and rise of 

spectral reflectances occurred. Spectral reflectances 

for clear ice contrasted sharply with those for snow. In 

general, values were less than 10 percent and the 

curves lacked distinctive shape. Secondary ice types 

revealed spectral reflectance curves similar in form to 

each other, but which varied significantly in the range 

of spectral reflectances for each ice type. The spectral 

reflectances will prove useful for energy budget modeling of ice formation, growth, and decay; for assessment 

of primary production and the status of freshwater 

plants and animals in winter; and for interpretation of 

certain types of remote sensing. 

soon as possible after the river is open for passage. 

Another major economic function of the river is to generate electricity. Although maximum flow is desirable 

for power production at the Moses-Saunders Power 

Dam (located just upstream of Cornwall, Ontario), the 

river flow must be controlled during the decay period U, = 0.60 ms-1 

to help ensure an orderly breakup. A better prediction 

of breakup would lead to more accurate planning of 

Y O! 

"1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 

Days After January 1, 1976 power generation. 

Deterministic models were developed to couple the 

components of surface energy flux, the turbulent heat 

flux from the river water, and the processes of heat 

transfer within the snow and ice layers. The models 

then simulate changes in ice-cover thickness and temperatures at fixed time intervals. An advantage of 

deterministic over statistical models is that one can 

test the model to discern those processes that have 

the most influence on the timing and magnitude of ice 

growth and decay. 

The model was initially tested over a winter that experienced mid-range temperature conditions and simulated breakup within the 6-day period of uncertainty, 

during which breakup actually took place. The model 

has also been tested at six different locations on the 

Sensitivity of the St. Lawrence River ice-cover model to 

changes in water velocity beneath the ice cover. Dots indicate observed ice thickness in midchannel near Wilson Hill 

Island (44O57' N., 7S003' W.). Actual breakup at this site occurred between days 87 and 92 (April 1). 

":L Clear Ice 3W 500 700 900 1100 

Wavelength (nm) 

Spectral reflectances of new snow (two scans) and of clear 

ice (three scans). These were obtained with a state-of-the-art 

scanning spectroradiometer system. Spikes are noise. 
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 

The work in chemistry and aquatic biology is aimed 

at understanding the existing lake conditions, recognizing the trends that have occurred, and developing 

the capability to predict the course of events given 

alternative approaches to the management of the 

lakes. In this respect, the program will provide information pertinent to a large number of problem areas 

relative to the development, use, protection, and conservation of the Great Lakes resource. 

This information is of immense value to water resource managers in the Great Lakes Basin as they make 

decisions affecting water quality, power generation, 

commercial fisheries, and recreational uses of the 

lakes. Numerical models of the ecosystem can be used 

to forecast future conditions, to predict the results of 

implementation of various possible strategies, and to 

better understand the dynamics of lake biological and 

chemical phenomena. The variety and distribution of 

plankton types affect water supply taste and odor and 

play an important role in the entire ecosystem since 

plankters are a vital part of the lake food web. Water 

chemistry studies, by describing the constituents of 

the water at various sites and the changes with time 

and with variations in temperature, currents, and loading, are particularly important to water quality determinations. The current emphasis is on understanding 

the cycling of nutrients and toxic organic compounds 

within the ecosystem. 

Eutrophication and Nutrient Cycling 

The importance of internal cycling of nutrients in 

control of seasonal plankton dynamics was clearly documented in a state-of-the-art report prepared as part 

of the nutrient cycling program. Of the components in 

the internal cycle, nutrient release by zooplankton was 

identified as a major mechanism of supply to algae. Experimental and modeling studies of the mechanisms 

and controls of zooplankton nutrient regeneration 

have therefore been an important element of the nutrient cycling programs this past year. 

A novel experimental apparatus was used to measure ammonia and phosphorus release from individual 

zooplankters under different feeding regimes. These 

experiments demonstrated differences in the way nitro 

gen and phosphorus are regenerated by zooplankton 

and in the way nutrient regeneration may be controlled 

by the quality of food present. Both results demonstrate potentially important errors present in existing 

models of nutrient regeneration. A second experimental program, where zooplankton nutrient ingestion 

rates are measured prior to measurement of nutrient 

release, is being carried out to test a process model relating nutrient release rates to ingestion rates and food 

6 11.5 2A.5 36.5 4b.5 5A.5 6l.5 7l.5 d.5 9A.5 

Time (minutes) 

Mean + standard error rates of release of ammonia (a) and 

soluble reactive phosphorus (b), and the molar ratio of nitre 

gen to phosphorus (c) versus time after Daphnia rnagna were 

removed f rom their food. 
quality. Results from these experiments are expected 

to improve simulation of nutrient cycling under natural 

variations in environmental food quality and quantity. 

Heterogeneity in supplies of limiting nutrients could 

theoretically lead to changes in the biotic fabric of 

plankton communities, and some laboratory studies 

have shown this in practice. A crucial question is 

whether or not the requisite patchiness occurs in nature. 

Large-scale (meters to kilometers) patchiness is a wellrecognized result of physical processes. On a finer 

scale there is the possibility that biotic processes like 

decomposition or excretion could create localized 

zones rich in nutrients. 

Autoradiographic methods have been used to identify the presence of nutrient patches produced by zooplankton. Algal cells that encounter patches of radiophosphorus released by swimming animals become differentially labeled with respect to cells that do not enter 

the patches. Nutrient patchiness at the scale of millimeters or less in nature probably influences the course 

of competition and coexistence among phytoplankton. 

Toxic Organic Cycling 

In August 1979, GLERL began a research program in 

cooperation with OMPA, the goal of which is development of a capability to predict the environmental consequences of persistent synthetic organic contaminants 

in aquatic ecosystems. The assurance of long term 

OMPA funding has allowed CLERL to develop a cooperative arrangement with the University of Michigan, 

and to pursue a comprehensive research program focused on certain questions regarding the flow of 

selected organics within the Great Lakes. Most of the 

results will be readily transferable to coastal marine 

systems. 

A predictive capability is synonymous with modeling 

and, to accomplish this, a modeling team consisting of 

chemical, toxicological, ecological, and physical scientists has been established in-house. The modeling 

group is supported by researchers working on primary 

ecosystem processes. Most of the process research is 

conducted at the University of Michigan, an arrangement that allows for a maximum of flexibility. A schematic of the program is shown in the accompanying 

figure. The table shows a list of processes currently 

being studied. 

A simple equilibrium model incorporating several 

first-order decomposition pathways has been calibrated for DDT and PCB mixtures in a horizontally 

homogeneous ecosystem with the characteristics of 

Lake Michigan. This model research has revealed the 

TOXIC SYSTEM RESEARCH - 

- 

Pr~nc ipal 

lnvest~gator 

Number* Description Affiliat~ons 

Photolysis (part~culates) 

Sorption 

Alr-water exchange 

Grazing, predation, 

Sorption, filtering, excretion 

Photolysis (dissolved) 

Biological decomposition 

Settling, resuspension 

Food web dynamlcs 

Pore water diffusion 

Biological decomposition 

(sediment) 

Benthos-sediment interactions 

Benthos-water interactions 

Sorption (pore water) 

Burial, fluxes, and 

bioturbation 

Process modeling (long term) 

Process modellng (short term) 

Transport modeling 

University of Mlchlgan 

University of Michlgan 

University of Michigan 

GLERL 

GLERL 

University of Michlgan 

GLERL 

University of Mlchlgan 

Argonne National Laboratory 

GLERL 

University of Minnesota 

GLERL 

GLERL 

University of Minnesota 

GLERL 

GLERL 

University of Mich~gan 

GLERL 

GLERL 

GLERL 
weakness in currently available process-rate information. The model, as constructed, yields some valuable 

insights into the environmental pathways of hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. 

Ecosystem Modeling 

Simulation and prediction of the effects (both short 

term and long term) of human impact on the Great 

Lakes is a vital component of GLERL's research program. Models of gross variables, with large time and 

space scales, have aided in control of Great Lakes 

eutrophication as perceived on a whole-lake perspective. CLERL's present nutrient cycling and modeling 

programs are oriented toward current problems as perceived in coastal areas and embayments. As in the past, 

this modeling program is designed to synthesize existing information and to coordinate emerging data and 

theory in such a way as to improve our understanding 

of, and ability to simulate and predict, the lakes' 

dynamics. These improved models form the basis for 

resource management models of contaminant (nutrient 

and toxic) effects. As part of this program, a report 

documenting current information concerning phosphorus cycling was prepared. Two products resulted: 

(1) a conceptual model of the cycling of phosphorus 

and (2) a 5-10 year research plan designed to fill information gaps identified in the report and to build, test, 

and verify a detailed model of phosphorus dynamics 

in the nearshore region of the Great Lakes. 

DDT Concentrations 

1.5 

Fish 

a 

I- n c 

MAXIMUM SedimeL T 

Time (years) lgiO lao 

DDT model concentration in fish, plankton, and sediments 

(solid lines) and fish data (points) in an ecosystem resembling 

Lake Michigan. 

Conceptualized Toxic System Model 

Atmosphere 

Conceptualized toxic system model. P represents particle phase, D represents dissolved 

phase, and 13 represents an abbreviated food 

web. The 15 process arrows are described 

in the adjacent table. 1 

Water 

Column 

Active 

Sediments 
0.06 0.5 

PO4 

o.05F (mg PI-l) 0.41 i 

Time (days) 

Present modeling efforts are centered on two 

themes: (1) detailed models of biological and chemical processes, with present emphasis on the phytoplankton-zooplankton interface, and (2) interactions 

(on various space scales) of the biological-chemical 

system with physical processes. Results from recently 

completed studies have demonstrated the importance 

of error analysis and stochastic effects on aquatic systems and their models. Present modeling efforts include analysis of those effects. 

Plankton Succession 

In 1981 phytoplankton studies have focused on evaluating relationships between the uptake kinetics of 

dissolved phosphorus and phytoplankton growth rates, 

as well as on carbon-14 autoradiographic analysis of 

species-specific assimilation rates of carbon by phytoplankton in Lake Michigan. Analysis of kinetic data 

has revealed the following: (1) biologic uptake, not 

abiotic fixation, of phosphorus is the primary mechanism of uptake, (2) specific growth rates of phytoplankton are closely coupled with the rate at which the dissolved phosphorus pool is being cycled, and (3) net 

plankton are more efficient than nannoplankton in 

Plots of eight state variable trajectories 

(smooth curves) from the Saginaw Bay 

model. Model error estimates are represented as -+I standard deviation bands 

(shaded) from first-order analysis. Data 

(circles with error bars) are represented as 

bay-wide mean plus or minus standard deviation of all samples. 

assimilating dissolved phosphorus. The latter observation implicates nutrient factors in addition to zooplankton grazing as an important environmental determinant 

in regulating nannoplankton abundance. Analysis of 

autoradiographic preparations reveals that fluctuations in cell numbers do not reflect the rates at which 

phytoplankton are growing in lakes and that high photosynthetic rates of algae are associated with favorable surface-to-volume ratios. 

Zooplankton grazing studies have focused on the 

process by which copepods of the genus Diaptomus, 

the most important group of herbivores in the Great 

Lakes, select seston (phytoplankton and particulate 

material) of different sizes. Certain researchers have 

argued that the cumulative frequency distribution of 

distances between setules, that is, the fine hairs shown 

in the figure, can be used to predict the particle-retention efficiency of food gathering by copepods like Diaptomus. We have shown that this is not the case by 

direct comparison with retention efficiency determined 

from experiments with lake seston and from mixtures 

of different sized algae of the genus Chlamydomonas. 

One hypothesis for this finding argues that implicit hydrodynamic assumptions about water flow through the 

filter are false. This and other assumptions will be 
100 prn 

Second maxilla of Diaptomus. The fine hairs on the finger-like 

extensions are setules. 

tested by means of high-speed motion pictures of the 

feeding process through a microscope. High-speed cinematography is necessary because the mouth parts frequently move at about 100 Hertz. Laboratory studies 

on the feeding of Diaptomus are continuing. These 

studies were designed to develop a feeding model that 

predicts amounts of different kinds of food Diaptomus 

will eat under varying conditions of food supply. 

The freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta is an important 

predator of zooplankton, and Mysis, in turn, is an important food for Great Lakes fish. Previous studies of 

Mysis predation have been limited to a few feeding 

experiments performed under artificial conditions in 

the laboratory. To evaluate and quantify the signifiI 1 I I II I 1 1 

1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 

Equivalent Spherical Diameter (pm) 

Plot of selectivity versus size. The poor match between the 

intersetule distance curve and experimentally determined W' 

(selectivity coefficient) curves for seston and Chlarnydornonas 

implies that the intersetule distance curve is a poor predictor 

of particle-retention efficiency. 

cance of Mysis predation on zooplankton, CLERL 

developed special field equipment and methods to examine their feeding in situ. During 1979, in situ feeding 

experiments were performed in Lake Michigan from 

spring through fall under varying conditions of species composition and abundance of zooplankton. 

Analyses of these data are now complete. In contrast 

to studies in other lakes, which used less sophisticated 

methods, we have shown that copepod nauplii are an 

important food for Mysis during all seasons. Moreover, 

we showed that feeding models developed at CLERL 

are useful for describing the feeding process of Mysis. 

A major study is also underway to examine the role 

of the benthic community within the Great Lakes ecosystem. Although known to form an integral component of the benthic marine system, the meiobenthos 

(small benthic organisms) has not been quantified in 

the Great Lakes. All previous Great Lakes benthic 

studies have been concerned with the larger invertebrates or the "macrobenthos." After 4 years of sampling, 

we have gathered some much needed information on 

certain aspects of the meiobenthos: species composition, abundance, biomass, seasonal and annual fluctuations, vertical distribution in the sediments, and community response to nutrient enrichment. We found 

that, in the nearshore area, the biomass of the meiobenthos accounts for up to 16 percent of the total 

benthic invertebrate biomass on an annual basis. These 

smaller invertebrates have an estimated metabolic rate 

five times that of the larger ones; thus, energy flow (or 

materials movement) through the meiobenthos is up 

to 80 percent of that through the macrobenthos. 

The program has recently expanded into determining the role of benthic invertebrates in the flux of nutrients from the sediments into the overlying waters. 

By combining laboratory and field experiments, we 

found that phosphorus is being regenerated from the 

nearshore sediments and that the amount of phosphorus being excreted by benthic invertebrates can 

account for all of the phosphorus being released. 

One of the more important attributes of benthic invertebrates is their widespread use as environmental 

indicators. Communities integrate and reflect environmental changes over long periods of time. With increased eutrophication, the community evolves from 

species with low tolerances for imposed stress to 

species that are better adapted to the changing environment. Currently, we are comparing present-day distributions in southern Lake Michigan to distributions 

of some 17-50 years ago. Differences in the numbers 

and kinds of benthic invertebrates will provide information on the magnitude of trophic changes occurring 

in this portion of the lake. 
PHYSICAL LIMNOLOCY AND 

METEOROLOGY 

The Physical Limnology and Meteorology Croup 

studies the physical variables describing the lake environment and the way in which these variables change 

as a result of external forces. The relevant physical 

characteristics of the lakes are currents, temperature, 

water level fluctuations, and the characteristics of the 

lake sediments and suspended matter. The primary 

driving forces are the wind stress acting on the lake 

surface and the heat exchange between the lake, the 

atmosphere, and the rivers. The primary emphasis of 

the program is on developing and testing models that 

will improve the capability of predicting these variables. These prediction models will, in turn, permit 

estimates of chemical and biological properties of the 

lakes that are important in waste disposal, power generation, fisheries management, and water supply planning. 

In addition, waves and other water level oscillations are 

potential hazards that may result in loss of lives and 

in damage to shoreline property, shipping, and recreational boating activities. 

The phenomena that need to be modeled and p'redicted have time scales ranging from years to seconds 

and space scales from the length of the lake to a few 

meters. In view of this tremendous range in time and 

space scales, it is necessary to separate and group the 

various phenomena according to their scales in order 

to better understand and model them. Hence, the 

basic research program in the Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Croup has been arranged in three projects. Project (I), water movements and temperature, 

deals with lake circulation and thermal structure. This 

project encompasses studies dealing with lake-wide 

and nearshore circulation, seasonal changes in circulation, and upwelling and downwelling phenomena. Project (2), surface waves and oscillations, deals with 

wind-generated waves, storm surges, seiches, and 

problems of overlake winds. It is necessary for the 

phenomena grouped in Project (2) to be predicted on 

a real-time basis in view of their importance as 

hazards. Project (3), particle dynamics, was started recently, and is a cooperative effort with the Chemistry 

and Biology Group and scientists at the University of 

Michigan. The prime reason for initiating this project 

was that toxic organic substances and nutrients enter 

the lake attached to particulate matter. Hence, the 

pathways and ultimate fate of these pollutants in the 

lakes depend on the movement of various types of 

particulate matter through the lake environment. 

The basic approach used in studying the problems 

in all the above projects is a combination of experimental (laboratory and field), theoretical, and modeling studies. Experimental data provide information on 

what is happening in the lake. Theoretical studies predict new phenomena and help plan new experiments. 

Modeling studies try to incorporate the important 

physical processes into governing mathematical equations and extrapolate the equations in time in order to 

predict the future state of the lake environment. Experimental data, in turn, help to validate the accuracy 

of these predictions. 

Waves and Winds 

Major achievements in the study of waves and winds 

this year consist of development of a new method for 

determining wind stress from water level fluctuations, 

development of a generalized representation of the 

Great Lakes wave spectrum, and the successful deployment and implementation of the directional wave and 

coastal boundary experiment in Lake Erie. 

The transfer of momentum from atmosphere to water 

is a fundamental physical process that is still inadequately understood. The intricacy of the actual marine 

environment presents great difficulties in making direct 

and accurate measurements of the air flow structure 

over the water surface. Because of this, we have developed a new indirect method by which wind stresses over 

water are inferred from readily measured water level 

fluctuations. In this method the water surface fluctuation is expressed as the convolution integral of timeand space-dependent wind stress with a response function kernel. The method is based on the linearized, 

vertically-integrated, shallow water equations with 

rotation and friction terms. An application of the 

method to hourly measurements of Lake Erie water 

levels from 12 stations around the lake for the period 

of May to October 1979 shows that the calculated 

wind stress directions agree with wind directions 

observed from buoys on the lake for a wind speed 

greater than 7.5 meters per second. The agreement improves as wind speed increases. Calculated wind stress 

magnitudes can be used with observed wind speeds to 

determine overwater drag coefficients as a function 

of wind speed and atmospheric stability. Thus, this new 

method can be used to calculate drag coefficients 

even during severe weather conditions. 

One of the most basic elements in the current state 

of numerical modeling of wind-generated waves is an 

accurate representation of the wave spectrum. Using 

the wind and wave data measured from NOAA's Data 

Buoy Office's NOMAD buoys in the Great Lakes, we 

examined the various parametric correlations of the 

currently available spectral representations and 

found them too scattered to be useful in attempting 
to improve the accuracy of results from model predictions. Consequently, we initiated an effort to develop 

a generalized spectral representation for Great Lakes 

waves. The effort has led to the proposal of a generalized expression that is characterized by a variable equilibrium range constant and a variable equilibrium 

range exponent, both with clear, tractable properties 

that distinguish the stages of wave growth and provide 

realistic spectral representation. The next task is to 

apply the representation to a numerical model for possible improvement in wave predictions, as well as operational adaptation. This effort is continuing and the 

results obtained so far are encouraging. 

Our major field experiment this year, the Lake Erie directional wave and coastal boundary layer experiment, 

has been implemented with the successful installation 

of a wind-solar-powered research tower 6 kilometers off 

the Pennsylvania shore of Lake Erie near Conneaut, 

Ohio. The tower is instrumented to measure wind direction and speed, air and water temperatures, and lake 

currents. In addition, directional waves are measured 

at the tower with four Zwarts wave staffs configurated 

at the center and vertices of a 2-meter equilateral 

triangle. Three Waveriders have been deployed around 

the tower to measure the spatial variation of the deep 

water wave spectrum. Five vector averaging current 

meters are installed on the tower and on a transect between the tower and the shore. Wave and meteoro 

logical data are telemetered to shore and transmitted 

via telephone line to the Hewlett-Packard computer 

at GLERL. While the raw data are stored, the computer 

also performs real-time analysis of directional wave 

and statistical meteorological information. Close to 

shore, 10 rigid moorings spaced from shore to 400 

meters offshore have been installed by the University 

of Michigan, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic 

Sciences, under a GLERL research contract, to measure the nearshore spectral wave variation, mean water 

levels, and the longshore and offshore components of 

the currents through the surf zone. 

With a large collection of high quality data from 

the Lake Erie experiment, our immediate task for next 

year will be implementing detailed analyses of these 

data. Specifically, we expect to examine (I) directional 

wave spectra under varying wind conditions, (2) spectral transformation from deep water to shallow water 

and the effects of shoaling, refraction, and bottom friction, and (3) momentum balance due to waves and currents in the coastal boundary layer and surf zone. 

Water Movements and Temperature 

The data collection phase of a study to improve our 

knowledge of the kinematics of Lake Erie circulation 

was completed in 1980. From an extensive array of 

moored current meters and thermistor chains, the temporal and spatial variations of the current velocity and 

water temperature have been recorded. This year the 

data have been translated, edited, and combined in a 

Lake Erie data base with similar data collected by the 

National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for 

Inland Waters, as their contribution in the cooperative 

IjC study. Some early analyses have shown consistent 

and prevailing patterns of current flow closely matched 

with the force applied by wind stress. This Lake Erie 

data set is the first of sufficient quality and density to 

permit adequate verification of dynamical models. 

Arrangement of coastal boundary layer experiment instrumentation. 

Lake Erie, the shallowest of the Great Lakes, has revealed most vividly the effects of nutrient enrichment. 

Even though the condition of Lake Erie has improved in 

recent years, an annual problem called anoxia-oxygen depletion of the bottom waters-plagues the lake, 

especially in the central basin. Its investigation was one 

of the focal points of this study. Because Lake Erie is so 

shallow, during the stratified season the thermocline in 

the central basin penetrates almost to the bottom, leaving a very thin hypolimnion. Biological processes, such 

as respiration by fish and decay of organic material 

sifting down from above, rapidly use up the limited 

supply of oxygen in the hypolimnion, while the thermocline inhibits fresh infusions of oxygen-bearing surface waters. This results in the loss of oxygen-or 

anoxia. Since the development and persistence of 

anoxia depends on characteristics of circulation (and 

stratification), a prime objective was to measure the 

exchange of hypolimnion water between the central 

and eastern lake basins and the movement of this layer 

within the central basin itself. 
Useful in examining the dynamical response of Lake 

Erie will be a variable grid barotrophic model that has 

been developed and requires the increased capability 

of the computing facility at the Environmental Research 

Laboratories Headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. A 

free surface version of the model has been tested on a 

storm surge analysis of Lake Erie. The rigid lid version 

will be compared with the observed currents and circulations of Lake Erie. Previous constraints on grid size 

that were limiting model improvements are to a large 

degree overcome with the present facility. 

Applications of the Great Lakes spill model, originally 

designed to achieve hour-by-hour predictions of active 

spills for the National Weather Service and U.S. Coast 

Guard, have been extended. Long term prediction of 

four classes of compounds are now being attempted. 

These compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oil, 

heavy metals, and radioactive wastes, all have two 

undesirable properties. First, they undergo biological 

concentrations in the food chain. Second, they are 

toxic. Hence it is vital to understand how these 

substances move once they are introduced into the 

Great Lakes. 

In order to predict the motion and fate of such toxins, one must know the currents in the Great Lakes. 

The best way to hindcast or forecast these currents is 

by numerical modeling. Several existing numerical 

current models were tested during the development 

of the Great Lakes spill model. 

Once these currt nt models were operational, they 

wl re coupled to a wdter quality model. The water quality 'nodel uses the currents c imputed by the numerical 

moai~?l to keep track of adveciion, diffusion, decay, settlinL and resuspension of the toxic substance. Such 

coupled models have been used to study phosphorus 

and toxic pesticides. In addition to these compounds, 

there are many other toxic and radioactive compounds either in or accumulating in Great Lakes sediments (e.g., PCB's, lead, mercury, beryllium, plutonium, 

etc.). The patterns of these compounds in the sediments can be matched, and their future distributions 

forecast. Improved hydrodynamical modeling capabilities are incorporated into the applications version 

as the techniques are developed and verified. 

Particle Dynamics 

The establishment of particle dynamics research as 

a specific project is an outgrowth of the recognition 

that the behavior of nutrients and contaminants is 

strongly influenced, if not controlled, by the sorptive 

characteristics and hydrodynamic behavior of particulate matter in the Great Lakes. This project, as initially implemented, focused on the characteristics of the 

nepheloid layer and suspended material, the phenome 

non of lake whiting (calcium carbonate precipitation), 

and on theoretical and experimental investigations of 

particle aggregation and disaggregation processes. This 

last year, the scope of the project was broadened in 

two major ways: (1) inclusion of sedimentation processes and post-depositional movements of particles 

and (2) use of radiometric methods to identify and 

quantify particle transport processes in both water 

and sediments. New initiatives in these areas include 

(1) development of radiotracer methods for particle 

dynamics studies, (2) determination of present and historical records of contaminant deposition in the high 

sedimentation areas of each of the Great Lakes, (3) investigation of the role of zoobenthos in vertical sediment transport, (4) interactions between sedimentation 

and diffusive transfer processes for conservative tracers, and (5) development of a field study of the distributions of particulate matter aimed at verification of 

hydrodynamic models. 

Initial studies have emphasized accumulation of 

lead-210 (natural) and cesium-137 (nuclear fallout) in 

Great Lakes sediments. By determining the distribution of these isotopes in many sediment cores, it has 

been shown that lead-210 can be used to date sediments and intersedimentation rates with precision 

and, in combination with measurements of sediment 

contaminant distributions, has provided contaminant 

deposition rates. Such information is important both 

for development of mass balances and for models describing the fate of contaminants in lakes. Cesium-137 

measurements have revealed strong sediment focusing 

effects in the lakes. Materials deposited uniformly on 

the lake surface eventually end up concentrated in selected areas on the bottom. The radionuclide has also 

demonstrated the importance of the effect of sediment 

mixing by bottom-dwelling organisms on contaminant 

distributions. The rapid mixing of sediments from the 

surface down to as far as 15 centimeters prevents contaminated materials from undergoing complete burial. 

Cesium-137 has been especially valuable in estimating the extent to which mixing prolongs the contact of 

contaminants with overlying water. The vertical distribution of cesium-137 is shown for a sediment core obtained 

from Lake Ontario as part of the high sedimentation 

study. The shaded histogram shows the profile expected 

if the cesium-137 (which has a 30-year half-life) deposited on the lake surface were instantly transferred to 

sediments and there were no sediment mixing. Because 

the residence time of cesium-1 37 in the lakes is known 

to be short (approximately 1 year), the discrepancy is 

probably due to mixing. The solid continuous line 
Vertical distribution of cesium-137. The shaded histogram 

shows distribution with no mixing. The solid continuous line 

shows distribution from model calculations assuming steadystate mixing. 

Depth (cm ) 

shown is the result of a model calculation that in surface sediments are nearly an order of magnitude 

assumes steady-state mixing to a depth of several cen- higher at the present time than if sediment mixing 

timeters. Additional studies have confirmed that the were absent. Radiometric studies have thus shown the 

radiometrically determined mixing depth corresponds importance of this process and the necessity of its into the zone occupied by most zoobenthic organisms. clusion as a submodel in any ecosystems nutrient or 

As a result of this mixing process, contaminant levels contaminant model. 
SPECIAL PROJECTS our nation's waters are from d~ffusp or nonpoint 

sources. Runoff from land, both agr~cultural and urban, 

is an important nonpoint pollution source. Allev~ating The work of the Spec~al Profects Croup is centered nonpaint pollut~on Inputs will be a major challenge of 

on environmental systemr studies and appl~ed rnodel- the future ing. The objectives of th~s work are (1 1 to predict the 

pffpctr on the Creat Lakes Pcorystem of manag~rnent 

alternatives and man-induced changes, (2) to develop 

and apply systems analysir methods, such as optimisation anafys~s and risk assessment, to help solve water 

rerource problems, (3) to develop pred~ct~ve modelr 

for pracrrcal appl~cation in assessing management alternat~ves, and (4) to develop ~nformation to rn~nimize 

cortr and riskr In pollution management 

The environmental systems studies and applied modeling research are holistic in scope; I.e., they attempt 

to take the big picture approach As such, the focus is 

on long term rather than short term ecological effects. 

It IF also ~ntegrat~ve or svnthes~s oriented; research 

from a var~ety of d~sclpl~ner (CLERL as well ar other 

agency and academic research) 1s rnterpreted for pract~cal conr~d~rat~ons A by-product of the work rs addlt~onal coord~nat~on between CLERL staff and sc~ent~str 

and engineers from other organlzat~ons 

The work in the Special Projects Croup has evolved 

from prevlous ypars. Research emphasis is sw~tching 

from the study of nutr~ent pollution to toxic substance 

pollutron In particular, long term water qualtty models 

used In real decrr~on-mak~ng r~tuat~ons tocalculate 

average cond~t~ons In the lakes as a function of management strateg~es are being applied to the tox~c substances problem Such modtsls have led to more costrffect~v~ phorphorur management, and promise to be 

effective rn help~ng to der~ve cost-effect~ve tox~c 

sub~tance management policles Thls rs not to say that 

nintr~ent enr~chrn~nt probiems, such as pollu~ron from 

land runoff, w~ll no longer be cons~dered, but rather 

that somr of the trchnologv dpveloped to d~al w~th eutrophication nf now being used in dt-al~ng wlth toxlcs 

Additional ernphasls i> also be~ng placed on water 

quantrtv studres The Creat Lakes are an ImrnPnse and 

ilnlqup freshwater resource, the varue of which 15 inrrrarlng a5 water rhortage5 In other parts of the nat~on 

(dnd the world In gtneral) become more acute However, 

the worth of th~r water IF Ql~r~ctlv rplated to ~tr qualtty 

Therefore, attention IS be~ng focused on the relat~onsh~p 

13t.twe~n water quant~tk and quality, and how the value 

of the Creat Lakt5 rystt3,n can be max1m17ed 

Nonpoint Source Pollution 

Land runoff Runoff from c~rtain agricultural Eand area5 const~tut~s an rmportant sourre of nonpornt pollution. 

CLERI. sc~ent~rtr contributed to nonpoint pollution 

control in a number of ways Working w~th the Creat 

Lakes Basin Comrnlss~on, they d~veloped a nonpoint 

source pollution model for use by the U S Environmental Protectton Agency and the U S Soil Conservation S~rv~ce. Thp model, termed WATERSHED, is a 

techn~que for determtning the most cost-effect~ve pollut~on control strategy w~thin ariver bas~n. Trade-offs 

between cost and effect~ven~rs of both point and nonpoint pollution sources arp considered in the model. A 

urer's handbook was developed to promote wide appllcatton of the techn~que, wh~ch should help reduce 

costs wh~le clenn~ng up coastal and inland waters. 

CLERL sc~~ntists are also working on other pred~ctlve 

mod~lr that refine hydrologic and water chemlstry 

components. Such models prornlse to provlde further 

resolution of nonpo~nt source pollut~on and \hould 

lead to even better strateg~es to help protpct our invaluable water rpsources 

Water Management Cost-Effectiveness 

A5 part of an on~oing program to simulate and evaluate long term phosphorus dynamics In the Creat 

Lakes, the cost-effect~v~nesr ofphosphorus control 

~trategles war evaluated The primary objective of the 

evaluation was to calculate the Ieast costly phosphorur 

control program capable of achiev~ng water qual~ty obWIIIIP rernarkabltl progrprr har b~~n made dur~ng rectlves In the Creat Lakes Th~r entailed Identifying 

the last decade In cle,~ntn~ up d~rcharger from pornt the rnort economrcal rn~x of pornt and nonpo~nt source 

Tnurccs, rr~~h ah ~ndurtries ilni? mun~c~pal sewage treat- controls to meet objectives and ranking of the var~ous 

m~nt plants, more than half of the pollutants enter~ng control options according to the~r cost-effectiveness. 
The major conclusion of the study was that 80 percent 

of the objectives could be achieved for 20 percent of 

the total cost. 

Toxic Substance Budget Modeling 

Preliminary work on simulating long term toxic 

substance dynamics in the Great Lakes has focused on 

radionuclides. These contaminants entered the Great 

Lakes system in large quantities during the late 1950's 

and early 1970's as a result of nuclear weapons testing 

in the atmosphere. Because a substantial data base 

exists on the levels of several radionuclides in the 

water, the sediments, and the food chain, they are in 

an ideal analog for the study of other contaminants. 

To date, general models to simulate dynamics of cesium-137, plutonium-239, and strontium-90 have been 

developed. In the future, these models will be applied 

to other toxic substances, such as PCB and DDT. 

Water Quantity 

Among GLERLfs water quantity research, a study of 

consumptive uses, done in cooperation with Canadian 

scientists as part of a major international IJC study, 

was especially important. Estimates were made of the 

amount of Great Lakes water now consumed (withdrawn but not returned to the lakes) and the amount 

likely to be consumed in the future. The results indicated that consumptive uses should increase from the 

current rate of 4900 cubic feet per second to anywhere from three to seven and one-half times higher 

by the year 2035 and depend upon the industrial processes assumed. Such future consumptive use could 

have a significant effect on lake levels. Lower lake 

levels economically benefit some coastal zone interests, but negatively affect power interests. The major 

consumers of the water are expected to be electric 

power generation facilities, manufacturers, and municipalities. Further research will refine water withdrawal 

estimates and consider additional growth alternatives 

that affect use rates. In addition, the overall effect on 

the ecosystem of water withdrawal will be considered. 

Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study 

Scientific information was developed and applied 

by GLERL staff to support the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study, part of a systems planning process 

of the Great Lakes Basin Commission. The study established alternatives for using and protecting the lakes, 

the costs and expected effects of the alternatives, and 

the need to balance these costs and effects. Recent 

contributions include technical reports on (1) phosphorus bioavailability of pollutant inputs and its impact on management, (2) risk assessment as applied to 

Great Lakes water quality management, (3) ecological 

factors in Great Lakes water quality management, (4) 

hazardous spill modeling, (5) a Great Lakes environmental atlas, and (6) a chloride budget for the Great 

Lakes. These and previous Great Lakes Environmental 

Planning Study contributions have had an important 

effect on the planning and policy throughout the 

Great Lakes Region. 

Risk Assessment/Assimilative Capacity 

Risk assessment techniques have been under investigation to explore possible applications to water quality 

management. The term risk assessment represents 

diverse analyses of hazard and probability aspects of 

various public risks. As a result of this effort, a water 

quality risk assessment framework was developed with 

the methodological components of risk identification, 

estimation, and evaluation. Risk estimation involves 

quantifying, to the extent possible, the key uncertainties of water quality management: the predicted water 

quality response to pollutant loading and the "best" 

water quality standard. 

Risk evaluation is the final step in ascertaining an acceptable level of risk. This involves designating management strategies and the associated costs of a program to 

achieve the water quality objective with specific levels 

of certainty. A plot of water quality risk reduction versus 

cost for phosphorus management in Lake Ontario indicates the increasing cost of meeting the phosphorus 

water quality objective with greater certainty. The 

z Level of Risk Reduction 

(percent certainty of meeting 

mesotrophic water quality objective 

for Lake Ontario) 

Cost versus level of risk reduction. 
cost of risk reduction must then be evaluated against particularly in the deep basins where much of the lakesJ 

the severity of the water quality hazard to human particulate material eventually ends up. The long term 

health and/or the environment. significance of pollutant accumulations in these deep 

Assimilative capacity refers to the ability of lakes depositional basins is a subject for further research. 

and marine waters to absorb wastes without suffering Thus, the goal here is to balance acceptable risks with 

unacceptable environmental degradation. For exam- acceptable costs. As discussed above, there is a level 

ple, recent CLERL research indicates that Great Lakes of pollution management beyond which adverse econsediments serve as a burial ground for many pollutants, omic and political effects become overriding. 
INFORMATION SERVICES 

The dissemination of scientific products in a form 

compatible with user needs is vital to fulfillment of the 

CLERL mission. Since research costs cannot be justified 

if the results are unused, a principle CLERL activity is 

maintenance of an advisory service as a means of providing scientific information in a form compatible 

with user needs. 

This past year, as part of that service, CLERL provided 2100 research products in response to nearly 

1400 documented requests. Of these, 48 percent came 

from institutions of higher learning and State governments, 38 percent from non-government institutions, 

and the remainder from Federal Government agencies 

and private citizens. This is in addition to regular mailings to those who have indicated interest in a 6-month 

listing of available publications and one or more of 

the five types of CLERL publications: chemistry and 

biology, environmental systems engineering, ice, lake 

hydrology, and physical limnology and meteorology. 

But publications are but one form of environmental 

information. Also included are predictions and simulations produced from environmental models, forecasts 

and forecast techniques, descriptive or analytical information on the present or past status of one or more 

limnological characteristics of a lake or of the system, 

and data bases. 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements are reviewed 

and critiqued in support of NOAA's Office of Ecology 

and Environmental conservation. The Draft Environmental Impact Statements are required by law to be 

submitted by the company or agency planning the activity for review by all interested or affected entities. 

They are intended to ensure that proposed activities 

in and around the lakes have been designed to have 

little or no long term adverse effects on the environment. This past year, 12 draft environmental impact 

statements were reviewed by CLERL. 

Not all potential users know of CLERL and the range 

of services and products available, so other responsibilities carried out under this activity include identification of and communication with potential users, 

determination of user interests and needs, and liaison 

between the laboratory and users. Committee and 

board memberships and attendance at workshops, 

conferences, and other scientific gatherings are some 

means of informing people about CLERL; certain special publications, such as the technical plan and this 

annual report, are others. In one of the more unusual 

ways of informing the public of CLERL activities, 275 

visitors received information on CLERL operations 

from the crew of the CLERL research vessel Shenehon 

at its ports-of-call during the past year. 

Publications Unit 

Publications are a major CLERL product and a critical part of our efforts to make research findings available to a broad spectrum of users for application to 

environmental problems and decisions. 

The publications unit has responsibility for the preparation of manuscripts, including editing, typing, 

proofing, and procurement of graphics. Editing, typing, 

and proofing of manuscripts are provided on an inhouse basis, while graphics and photographic services 

are procured under contract. Manuscripts are formatted 

according to the requirements of the publication form: 

articles and notes in professional journals, NOAA technical reports and memoranda and data reports, or inhouse reports. During the last fiscal year, 45 manuscripts 

were processed in the CLERL publications section. 

Every 6 months, a listing of CLERL publications is 

sent to a mailing of individuals who have requested 

that list, and requests are filled until supplies are exhausted. Copies of publications are also available 

through the National Technical Information Service. 
INTERNATIONAL AND 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES 

The CLERL program includes support activities for, 

and participation in, the work of many agencies in both 

the United States and Canada. This is one of the mechanisms whereby our research product is used; in addition, 

we obtain information on requirements for environmental information to support planning and management 

activities. This user need information is helpful in 

shaping future CLERL research programs. 

lnternational Joint Commission 

GLERL staff members actively participate in a wide 

variety of the activities of the IJC. Both committee and 

subcommittee work is involved, including participation in activities of the Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives 

Committee of the Science Advisory Board. Specific 

ecological objectives, including one regarding microbiology, were developed this year. Also included is 

participation in the lnternational Great Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Use Reference Working Committee. This committee has provided information to 

the IJC relevant to water supply and the Great Lakes 

Regulation Plan. In related areas, GLERL holds membership on the Levels and Flows Advisory Board and 

the Technical Information Network Board. CLERL staff 

members have provided considerable input to studies 

leading to the formation of the lnternational Great 

Lakes Technical Information Data Board. In order to 

support the task of developing phosphorus waste load 

allocations for the Great Lakes, senior GLERL scientists 

have supplied information to the Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force. Mathematical models 

were used to determine the amount of United States 

and Canadian phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie transported to, and affecting, Lake Ontario. 

lnternational Association for Great 

Lakes Research 

Members of GLERL actively participate in activities 

of the lnternational Association for Great Lakes Research. This past year, a senior CLERL scientist was 

appointed Editor of the Journal of Great Lakes Research. Another serves as an Associate Editor. GLERL 

scientists also hold positions on the Board of Directors 

and the Awards Committee. 

Great Lakes Basin Commission 

Due to a lack of funding, the Great Lakes Basin Commission closed on September 30, 1981. During FY81, 

CLERL staff were involved in the Great Lakes Basin 

Commission as Alternate Department of Commerce 

Commissioners and as members of the Great Lakes 

Basin Plan Committee, the Priorities Committee, the 

Coastal Zone Management Committee, the Standing 

Committee on Research and Development, the Long 

Range Planning Committee, and the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study. 

The Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee had responsibility for developing an approach to identify and coordinate water and related structural and non-structural near and midterm programs designed to enhance 

the economic, environmental, and societal aspects of 

the Great Lakes Basin. The Priorities Committee developed guidelines and criteria for establishing priorities 

of the Federal or federally-supported Great Lakes Basin 

water resource initiatives for consideration by the National Water Resources Council. The Coastal Zone 

Management Committee coordinated, exchanged, and 

developed information pertinent to the Coastal Zone 

Management activities of the Great Lakes States. The 

Standing Committee on Research and Development 

assisted the Priorities Committee and Great Lakes 

Basin Plan Committee activities and developed improved research coordination. The Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study analyzed the cumulative 

system effects of state pollution control plans on the 

water quality of the Great Lakes. Owing to the closing 

of the Great Lakes Basin Commission, GLERL will distribute the many Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study reports. GLERL staff are also serving in the decommissioning of the Great Lakes Basin commission to 

insure that the information developed by that agency 

over the years is maintained. 

Regional Response Team for Spills of 

Oil and Hazardous Substances 

CLERL provides the Department of Commerce members to the Great Lakes Regional Response Team, 

chaired by the U.S. Coast Guard. The purpose of the 

team is to facilitate cleanup of oil spills and other 

hazardous substances in the Great Lakes and their 

connecting channels. In addition to participating in 

committee activities, GLERL continues to develop 

and refine tools, such as the oil spill model, that are 

used by members of this group. 

Great Lakes Experiment Team-Coastal 

Zone Color Scanner 

GLERL staff members, including the crew of the 

Shenehon, cooperated with scientists from the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration to conduct a 
region-wide evaluation of a coastal zone color scanner 

for remote sensing of a variety of water quality variables. The data were analyzed under contract with the 

University of Michigan and the results of that analysis 

were reported to NOAA. A handbook for collecting and 

analyzing samples from this program was also produced. 

Joint United States-Canadian Ice 

Information Working Croup 

A CLERL staff member is the U.S. Cochairman of this 

group, the primary mission of which is to coordinate 

the gathering and dissemination of ice information and 

data for the Creat Lakes. 

lnternational Coordinating Committee 

on Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

Because much of the Creat Lakes data base is used 

internationally, Canadian and United States users of 

hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a Coordinating 

Committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee 

are to reach agreement upon hydraulic, hydrologic, 

and related physical data concerning the Creat Lakes; 

to assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international data; to provide basic data to anyone with a 

recognized need; to reach agreement on methods and 

procedures for measuring, collecting, and storing pertinent data; and to publish coordinated data. CLERL 

participates on the River Flow Subcommittee with a 

charge to coordinate tributary stream inflow to the 

Creat Lakes system, to coordinate studies of flow in 

the connecting channels and the St. Lawrence River, 

and to establish procedures for updating and disseminating river flow data. 

Winter Navigation Program 

In the past, CLERL has worked in support of the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers in a multiagency program to 

examine the feasibility of extending the nav~gation 

season in the Creat Lakes. Because a large portion of 

the demonstration program has been conlpleted, milch 

of CLERL's involvement has ended; however, CLtKL 

staff continue to participate in an ad hoc capacity to 

advise the Corps on environmental studies that should 

be conducted prior to operational implenientcltion of 

winter navigation extension. 

lnternational Field Year for the Creat 

Lakes (I FYG L) 

The technical work of this multiagency, joint United 

States-Canadian program is complete. The book IFYGL 

-The lnternational Field Year for the Creat Lakes is 

currently being prepared for printing. The publication 

summarizes and synthesizes the major scientific 

achievements resulting from analytical and numerical 

simulations of the dynamical events recorded in the 

IFYCL data bases and published separately in 454 United 

States and Canadian articles and reports. Thirteen 

chapters (plus appendices), dealing with subjects covering the meteorology, hydrology, limnology, and biology-chemistry of Lake Ontario, are included. 

Lake Erie Wastewater Management 

Study 

The Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study is a 

multiyear U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program to 

design and develop a demonstration wastewater management program for the rehabilitation and environmental repair of Lake Erie. CLERL staff participated 

on the Advisory Croup that reviewed study programs 

and recommendations. 1-he final report is currently 

being written, with CLERI. staff acting in an ad hoc advisory capacity. 
FACILITIES Un!vcrsrt~ Eng~neer~ atthe marrnr ~nstrurnentatlon 

laboratorv have cooperatrd wrth the Un~vercl tv of 

CLFRL'5 lahoratorv and support fac~l~t~~s are an lnttyral part of ~ts rerrarch program Thpsp are ho~i5ed 

nn four leased b~~~ldtngs In Ann Arbor, w~th a total $pacth 

of about 23.901) quare feet includ~ng offtcrs ancl support fdc~l~t~es, ancl nn a 14 000-square-foot warehou5e 

and dock fr7c1l1ty 11- Monroe, IM~ch~gan. 

Marine I nstrurnentation Laboratory 

M~chigan and Wood5 Hole Oceanographic l n~t~tutron 

on r~stlarch perta~ning to moorjng and currtlnt meter 

rervlclng 

The rnarnne instrumentdt~on laboratory 5taff selects, 

cal~brat~s, repairs, and, when necessary, adapts or de 

slgnr ~t~rtru~nents to collect data In the lakes and thp~r 

tnvlrom 1.ngrnt.crs anci ttlchn~c~anr rn th~s un~t work 

clo~t~lv LC'Ith CLEF! t re\r.,lrchers to rnqurr that ~nstrunlcnts arr compat~ble wrth the purpo5t1 of the experlment 

T~IF past year the primary field act~vtty of marlne 

1n7 trumenta t~an lahoratorv personnel has been deplovmPnt of the Cake Er~e coa5tal boundarv layer svst~m 

anti tht. (urrrnt rnon~tor and data arqu~srt~on rvstcm In 

thtx St Cldrr R~ver Both of these are now success full^ 

collecttng meaningful data mon~tored In real t~me 

Thp I ake Fr~e co<lstal houndary layer system prov~des 

iv~nd, trlrnperature, and wave data from a tow~r and 

snx huov~ 4-5 rn~ler offshore of North Spr~ngfield, Penn5ylvanla A data rtlmmary 1s produced each half hour 

from the Iiewlett-Packard computer at GI-FRI. 

Urplavm~nt of the two ~lectrnmagnetrc current 

rnrattar\ en thtl St Clr71r RIVPT har h~en completed, and 

the rnstrum~nts contrnuallv transrnrt data to r~corderc 

onrhore. lnterrogat~on bp teiephone from a remote terrnrnal nt CI-FRL 15 also porsrbte Cornmirn~cat~on w~th 

both thp rtacorder ,qnd thr currtnt metr.r is thn5 avdrlable, allowing changes rn the data gathering mode and 

entrv of remarks from the rernote terminal 

Cornplet~on of the conrtri~ct~on of a flow tank was 

c rur ~al for the surrersful tp~t~ng and debugg~ng of the 

Mnrsh Mrl31rn~v ARC 5R5 current meters used rn the 

5t Clair Rnvcr 5tudy 1 ht tank, des~gned and built by 

rnarnne instrumpntatnon laborntorv personn~l and an 

outride contractor, met all tlxper tat~ons and prov~drd 

Ilnrar flow u p t o 4 5 fwt per second 

Othcr at tlvlt~es completed th15 part year Include the 

d~s~gn dncl constructton of a tr~plt st.d~rnent corer, a 

hydraulnc core extractor, ancl a variety of 1n5trurntntat~on for th~ rh~rn~rtry and b~ology laborator~es 

Technic~anr at the laboratory are cont~nuing to 

rnalntain our Inventory of vector-averag~ng current 

meters and acourtrral r~leases Vec tor-averag~ng currrnt rncttbrr have been loaned to the Pactf~c Marinr 

E nvlronmental Laboratory and North Carol~na State 

Current metrr c;lslng\ on strvlrlng ral- k at th~ rnarlnt3 rnstrurn~ntat~on laboratory 

Chemistry Laboratory 

There are two major tvppi of compounds analvzt~d 

by CI FRI '5 chernlstry laboratory trace synthetlt 

orgnnlc matt'r~alr and nutr~rlnts Tht. ~ynthet~c organics, prnmar~lv polynuclear aromatrc hydrocarbons, are 

extracted from varlou? ecoEogrcal matrlces bv Soxhlet 

extract~on and cl~anerl on S~phad~x and r~l~ca Separat~on and analvrrs are performed on a gla5s cdp~llary 

Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph and on our recently acqu~red Waters I~qu~d chromatograph eqir 1pp~3d w~th 

ultrav~olet and fluorercent clet~ctor5 Y~~ldr ar calcu1att.d bv rracovtArv of carbon-1 4-labeled sp~kes ~ntrcduced into the orlg~nal sample matrix. 

The uptake and relea5e rates of selected polvnuclear 

arornat~c hydrorarbon5 hv twnth~c organirms 1s h~rng 

followed through carbon-I 4-la beled-compound metabollsm Compoundf are extracted, cleaned on thin 

laver or high performance liquid chromatography, and 

counted bv I~quld sc~ntillatron 

The nutr~ent program has concentrated on the measurement of rrcyrl~ng rates and on th~ chararttr~zat~on of forms of phosphorus rn lake waters Sp~c~at~on 

of phosphorus forms IS needed to understand and predirt chem~ral and b~olog~cal cycl~ng m~rhanlsrns In 

the lakes We have developed new approaches to thr 

fract~nnat~on and characterrzatqon of organic and 

lnorganlc dl5solved phosphorus forms In lakr and 

rlver water 1.1qu1d chrornatngraph~c rnethorl~ have 
been designed to fractionate dissolved compounds directly into chemically distinct groups. This fractionation scheme is being interfaced with specific detection 

systems for phosphorus (organic and inorganic), ultraviolet-absorbing organic material, and major metals to 

examine the incorporation or association of phospho 

rus with other dissolved components in the water. 

Biology Laboratory 

The biology laboratory equipment and instrumentation includes a multichannel Coulter Counter used to 

measure particle size selection and zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and seston. An array of instruments, including a liquid scintillation spectrometer, is 

used to investigate nutrient uptake, growth rates, competition for nutrients by algae, and cycling rates of 

selected algal nutrients. Facilities also include a full 

complement of sampling gear and instrumentation, 

growth chambers, stereo and inverted microscopes, and 

cultured populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton species for model studies. A mobile trailer has been 

fitted for lakeside investigations on the physiology and 

feeding rates of planktonic and benthic organisms. 

Continuous nutrient release rates by individual zooplankton are measured with a flow-through incubation cell in conjunction with high performance liquid 

chromatographic plumbing and a modified Technicon 

AutoAnalyzer. 

A 

lncubatlon Chamber 

Tube 

Connector -Plastic Syrlnge ~itt,~~~ 

Schematic of incubation flow cell. This is interfaced with 

high performance liquid chromatographic components to 

measure the magnitude and kinetics of nutrient regeneration 

by individual zooplankton. 

Ice Laboratory 

The ice laboratory makes it possible to extend the 

winter measurement season and to expand opportunities for measurements of ice characteristics. The facility is composed of a work room and an ice storage 

room. The work room, held at -7.0°C, can be used to 

calibrate instrumentation for the ice research program 

in an environment similar to that encountered in the 

field, as well as to conduct experiments on natural ice 

harvested in previous field seasons. The interior walls 

are painted flat black to facilitate optical experiments. 

Ancillary equipment includes a high intensity light 

source, a mercury line source, and an optical bench. 

Adjacent to the work room is a smaller room held at 

-29.0°C for the storage of natural ice samples. The facility also provides low temperature storage for a 

limited number of field samples from the chemistrybiology program and serves as a calibration room for 

testing a variety of instruments for the marine instrumentation laboratory, including current meters. 

Particle Dynamics Laboratory 

Natural and artificially produced radionuclides introduced into the Great Lakes serve as excellent model 

contaminants and process indicators. The particle dynamics laboratory provides the capability for detection 

and measurement of very low levels of many such radioactive substances present in water, sediment, and 

biota. The laboratory was established this past year as 

part of the cooperative program with the University of 

Michigan, Great Lakes and Marine Waters Center. 

Facilities include several gas flow proportional 

counters with automatic sample changers for total alpha and beta counting. These systems are used both 

for low-level counting of environmental samples and 

for laboratory radiotracer studies. The laboratory has 

one absolute geometry alpha spectroscopy system 

and has recently added two additional alpha spectroscopy modules. This addition is a significant improvement in capability for extremely low-level (about 10 

semtocuries), high resolution measurement of alpha 

emitting radionuclides, such as the plutonium and 

thorium isotopes and polonium-210. Currently under 

development is a radon gas counting system in which 

the radioactive gas is transferred to a zinc sulfide lined 

chamber, where scintillations produced by its decay 

are detected by a photomultiplier. This system, once 

operational, will provide a basis for radiometric stddies 

of vertical diffusivity within the benthic boundary 

layer. An extensive capability now exists for gamma 

analysis. A well-shielded 3-by-5-inch sodium iodide 

detector is used for routine measurement of fallout 

cesium-137 in sediment and in trap samples. Several 
2-by-2-inch sodium iodide detectors are presently used 

in gamma scan systems In these systems the det~ctors are housed in extremely well-collimated lead 

shields (shi~lds that direct light waves) mounted on 

hydraul~cally operated platforms The gamma scan 

svstems are used to determine the vertical distribution 

of gamma emitting tracers added to laboratory micre 

corms containing sedim~nts, water, and zoobenthos 

The laboratory has recentlv obtained a major new 

system: a high volume, htgh resolution, well-shrelded 

lithium-drifted germanium detector coupled to a stateof-the-art multichannel analyzer with computer interface capability The system 1s designed for s~multaneous determination of many radio~sotoper, including 

beryllrum-7, potass~um-40, cesrum-137, and other 

fallout rad~onuclides. The system is also used for 

quantitative determinat~on of stable element concentrations via neutron activation analysts. 

Scrent~st Inserilng scdlment sample Into alpha sp~ctrorn~t~r 

at the part~cl~ dynamics Oaboratorv. 

R/V Shenehon 

The prlrnary platform used In support of open lake 

freld invest~gat~ons IS the Shenehon The verse! rs a 

converted T-boat 65 6 feet long, wrth a 6.5-foot mean 

draft, a 600-nauttcal-mile cruising range, and a 10-knot 

cruising speed A hydraul~c articulated crane with a 

1630-pound lifting capac~ty at 21-foot extension can 

be used for deployment and retrieval of heavy instrument rnoorlngs Winches handle hydrographic wire 

and multrconductor cable (200 meters) for sample 

casts and rn srtu measurements of water var~ables. An 

on-board laboratory fac~l~tates onsite physical, them- 

~cal, and b~ological experiments A LORAN C navigat~on ryrtprn and an autoprlot provide the capab~l~tv 

and prectsion for the sh~p to return to an exact site In 

the lakes for equ~prnent retrteval Extensive work was 

accomplished dur~ng the winter lay-up to Improve accommodations aboard the boat. Principal improvements were installat~on of a modern galley and a new 

shower and head 

Dur~ng FY 1981 the Shenehon was based at the tr S 

Army Corps of Engineers' boat yard at Crand Haven, 

Michigan. Warehouse faclllit~es and space for a mobile 

shore based laboratory were also provided at that locat~on. The range of ship operations in FY 1981 included 

Lakes Michigan and Erie. 

Biology experrments supported by the Shenehon 

during the part year included benthtc, plankton~c, and 

bacter~al studies aimed at nutrient cycling in th~ aquatic environment and long term effects of pollutant inputs. B~nth~c organisms were collected from 40 stations in southern Lake Michigan during three cruises 

to deterrn~ne long term changes In abundanc~ and 

composit~on of the organism populations. The history 

of such collections at the 5ame sites dates back 50 

yearr Benthic organrsrns were also collected at the 

mouth of the Grand River to support an exper!ment to 

determine rf benthic ~nvertc*brates refease signif cant 

quantities of phosphorus to the water. The amount of 

metabol~c phosphorus release as compared to release 

through mechanical mixing of sediments wrll be quantif ied in th~s study In another nutr~ent investngat~on, 

zooplankton collected from Lake Michigan off Crand 

Haven are being used to determine release patterns of 

phosphorus and nltrogen by sooplankters and to estimate the signtficance of zooplankton in nutrtent regenerat~on w~th~n the Great Lakes Water and zooplankton 

samples were also collected in Lake M~chigan for a laboratory study of selection and volume of food ingested 

by the copepod Diaptornus. The objective rs to be able 

to predict selection and ingestion of algae in rn~xed 

assemblages of Diaptomus and to flt this into the 

broader nutrient cycling simutations. In an ongoing 

cooperative program with the University of Michigan, 

the vessel was ured to sample an area offshore from 

Crand Haven during different seasons to support a 

study of bacterial distribution and m~crobial transformations of nutrients. 

In one sf the lake chemistry investigations, collords 

werp ~xtracted from Cake Michigan water and analyzed 

imm~diately after be~ng collected from the Shenehon 

to deterrnlne the amounts of inorganic and organic 

phosphorus associated with collo~dal materral In the 

water. Lack of information about compos~tion and rtability of d~ssolved phosphorus compounds is a major 

~rnpedimento understand rng phosphorus cycling in 

aquatic systPms 
Investigation of the dynamics of materials movement 

and characteristics of the nepheloid layer continued in 

Lake Michigan. Five sets of sediment trap moorings that 

had remained in the open lake during winter were recovered by the Shenehon in spring; one was redeployed. Bottom sediment samples were also taken to 

aid in this determination of amount and type of suspended material settling through the water column to 

the lake bottom. 

As a part of physical characteristics studies, measurements were made and southern Lake Michigan water 

samples collected from the Shenehon for use in evaluating a mathematical model that is being developed 

in a cooperative CLERL-University of Michigan project. This model will simulate aggregation and disaggregation of particulate material when the material is 

subjected to varying shear stresses. Effect of varying 

shear stresses related to water depth on particle aggregation can have a significant effect on forecasts of 

sediment transport, eroslon, and deposition. 
PUBLICATIONS Derecki, J. A,, and Kelley, R. N. 1981. Improved St. Clair 

River dynamic flow models and comparison 

analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

A 6-month listing of our available publications can be CLERL-34. 

obtained from Donovan, M.t, Job, C. A.t, and Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. 

Information Services 

Creat Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1981. Radiation transmittance through 

lake ice in the 400-700 nm range. ). Glaciol. 27:57- 

66. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1981. Spectral reflectances of freshwater 

ice and snow from 340 through 1100 nm. Ph.D. 

dissertation, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. University Microfilms. 

Chambers, R. L.*, and Eadie, B. J. 1981. Nepheloid and 

suspended particulate matter in southeastern 

Lake Michigan. Sedimentology 28:439-447. 

Chapra, S. C. 1980. Application of phosphorus loading 

models to river-run lakes and other incompletely 

mixed systems. In Restoration of lakes and inland 

waters, Report No. EPA 44015-81-010, pp. 329-334. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Chapra, S. C., and Dobson, H. F. H.t 1981. Quantification of the lake trophic typologies of Naumann 

(surface quality) and Thienemann (oxygen) with 

special reference to the Creat Lakes. I. Creat Lakes 

Res. 7:182-193. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1980. Hydrologic and hydraulic calculation in BASIC for small computers. lowa City, 

lowa: The University of lowa, lowa lnstitute of 

Hydraulic Research. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1980. Synthetic-hydrograph computations on small programmable calculators. lowa City, 

lowa: The University of lowa, lowa lnstitute of 

Hydraulic Research. 

Croley, T. E., II, and Hunt, B.t 1981. Multiple-valued 

and non-convergent solutions in kinematic cascade models. 1. Hydrol. 49:121-138. 

Croley, T. E., 11, Ciaquinta, A. R.t, and Woodhouse, R. 

A. t 1981. River thermal standard costs in the upper 

midwest. ). Energy Div., ASCE 107:65-77. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

The Milwaukee pollution case-Implications for 

water resources planning. Water Resour. Bull. 17: 

23-28. 

Eadie, B. J. 1981. An equilibrium model for the partitioning of synthetic organic compounds: Formulation 

and calibration. NOAA Technical Memorandum 

ERL CLERL-35. 

Cardner, W. S., and Eadie, B. J. 1980. Chemical factors 

controlling phosphorus cycling in lakes. In Nutrient cycling in the Great Lakes: A summarization 

of factors regulating the cycling of phosphorus, 

ed. D. Scavia and R. A. Moll, pp. 13-34. Creat 

Lakes Research Division Special Report No. 83. 

Cardner, W. S., Eadie, B. J., and Miller, W. H.t 1980. Microtechnique to remove particles from high performance liquid chromatographic samples. I. Liq. 

Chromatogr. 3:1585-1592. 

Cardner, W. S., and Miller, W. H.t 1980. Reverse-phase 

liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids 

after reaction with o-phthalaldehyde. Anal. Biochem. 101 :61-65. 

Cardner, W. S., Miller, W. H. t, and Imlay, M. J.t 1981. 

Free amino acids in mantle tissues of the bivalve 

Amblema plecata: Possible relation to environmental stress. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26: 

157-1 62. 

Cardner, W. S., and Miller, W. H.t 1981. lntracellular 

composition and net release rates of free amino 

acids in Daphnia magna. Can. ). Fish. Aquat. Sci. 

38:157-162. 

Cardner, W. S., and Scavia, D. 1981. Kinetic examination of nitrogen release by zooplankters. Limnol. 

Oceanogr. 26:801-810. 

Cardner, W. S., Nalepa, T. F., Quigley, M. A., and Malczyk, J. M. 1981. Release of phosphorus by certain 

benthic invertebrates. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38: 

978-981. 

Caskill, D. W.* 1981. Homogeneity analysis of seasonal 

mean temperature series at 25 stations around the 

Creat Lakes. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-18. 

Ciaquinta, A. R.t, and Croley, T. E., 11. 1981. Impact of 

thermal standards on power plant water consumption. Water Resour. Bull. 17:423-430. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1980. 

Annual report for the Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1981. 

Technical plan for the Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory and 

the University of Michigan. 1981. First annual progress report to the Office of Marine Pollution Assessment: The cycling of toxic organic substances in 

the Great Lakes ecosystem. Ann Arbor: Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Greene, G. M. 1981. Simulation of ice-cover growth and 

decay in one dimension on the upper St. Lawrence 

River. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CLERL36. 

Greene, G. M. 1981. Simulation of ice-cover growth and 

thermal decay on the upper St. Lawrence River. 

Ph.D. dissertation, the University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor. University Microfilms. 

Heidtke, T. M.t, Sonzogni, W. C., and Botts, L.t 1981. 

Great lakes environmental planning study: Summary report. Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study Report. 

Landrum, P. F., and Giesy, J. P. t 1981. Anomalous breakthrough of benzo(a)pyrene during concentration 

with XAD-4 resin from aqueous solutions. In Advances in the identification and analysis of organic 

pollutants in water, ed. L. H. Keith, pp. 345-355. 

Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Landrum, P. F., and Crosby, D. C.t 1981. Comparison 

of the disposition of several nitrogen-containing 

compounds in the sea urchin and other marine invertebrates. Xenobiotica 11 :351-361. 

Landrum, P. F., and Crosby, D. G.t 1981. The disposition 

of p-nitroanisole by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. I. Kinetics. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 

Safety 5:225-239. 

Landrum, P. F., and Crosby, D. C.t 1981. The disposition 

of p-nitroanisole by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. I I. Biotransformation and bioconcentration. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 5:240- 

254. 

Leshkevich, C. A. 1981. Categorization of northern Green 

Bay ice cover using LANDSAT-? digital data-A 

case study. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-33. 

Liu, P. C., and Ross, D. B.t 1980. Airborne measurements 

of wave growth for stable and unstable atmospheres in Lake Michigan. I. Phys. Oceanogr. 10:1842- 

1853. 

McCormick, M. J., and Scavia, D. 1981. Calculation of 

vertical profiles of lake-averaged temperature 

and diffusivity in Lakes Ontario and Washington. 

Water Resour. Res. 17:305-310. 

Monteith, T. J.t, and Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Variations 

in U.S. Great Lakes tributary flows and loadings. 

Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study Report. 

Nalepa, T. F., White, D. S. t, Pringle, C. M. t, and Quigley, M. A. 1980. The biological component of 

phosphorus exchange and cycling in lake sediments. In Nutrient cycling in the Creat Lakes: A 

summarization of factors regulating the cycling of 

phosphorus, ed. D. Scavia and R. A. Moll, pp 93- 

109. Creat Lakes Research Division Special Report 

No. 83. 

Nalepa, T. F., and Quigley, M. A. 1981. The macro- and 

meiobenthos of southeastern Lake Michigan near 

the mouth of the Grand River, 1978-79. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-19. 

Nalepa, T. F., and Robertson, A,* 1981. Screen mesh 

size affects estimates of macro- and meiobenthos 

abundance and biomass in the Great Lakes. Can. 

I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1027-1034. 

Nalepa, T. F., and Robertson, A.* 1981. Vertical distribution of the zoobenthos in southeastern Lake 

Michigan with evidence of seasonal variation. 

Freshwater Biol. 11 :87-96. 

Pinsak, A. P., Hore, R. C. t, and Vallery, D. J. t 1981. Consumptive water use. In Great Lakes diversions and 

consumptive uses: Report to the lnternational 

joint Commission by the International Great Lakes 

Diversions and Consumptive Uses Study Board, 

Sec. 6, pp. 1-56. Detroit: U.S. Department of the 

Army, Corps of Engineers. 

Preston, C. N. * 1981. Great Lakes precipitation, 1854-74. 

CLERL Open File Report. 

Quigley, M. A. 1981. Freshwater macroinvertebrates. I. 

Water Pollut. Control Fed. 53:1015-1027. 

Quinn, F. H. 1981. Equilibrium effects of present Great 

Lakes Basin consumptive use on lake levels. GLERL 

Open File Report. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 
Rao, D. B.*, and Schwab, D. 1.1981. A method of objective analysis for currents in a lake with application 

to Lake Ontario. I. Phys. Oceanogr. 11:739-750. 

Saylor, J. H., Huang, J. C. K.*, and Reid, R. 0.t 1980. Vortex modes in southern Lake Michigan. ). Phys. 

Oceanogr. 10:1814-1823. 

Scavia, D. 1980. Conceptual model of phosphorus cycling. In Nutrient cycling in the Great Lakes: A 

summarization of factors regulating the cycling of 

phosphorus, ed. D. Scavia and R. A. Moll, pp. 119- 

140. Great Lakes Research Division Special Report 

No. 83. 

Scavia, D., Powers, W. F.t, Canale, R. P.t, and Moody, 

J. F.* 1981. Comparison of first-order error analysis 

and Monte Carlo simulation in time-dependent 

lake eutrophication models. Water Resour. Res. 

17:1051-1059. 

Scavia, D., Canale, R. P. t, Powers, W. F. t, and Moody, 

J. F.* 1981. Variance estimates for a dynamic eutrophication model of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. 

Water Resour. Res. 17:1115-1124. 

Scavia, D., and Moll, R. A. t, ed. 1980. Nutrient cycling 

in the Creat Lakes: A summarization of factors 

regulating the cycling of phosphorus. Great Lakes 

Research Division Special Report No. 83. 

Schwab, D. J. 1981. Determination of wind stress from 

water level fluctuations. Ph.D. dissertation, the 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. University Microfilms. 

Schwab, D. J., Shuchman, R. A.t, and Liu, P. C. 1981. 

Wind wave directions determined from synthetic 

aperture radar imagery and from a tower in Lake 

Michigan. I. Geophys. Res. 86:2059-2064. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. The slow painting of a 'big picture.' Creat Lakes Basin Comm. Commun. 11 :3. 

Sonzogni, W. C., and Swain, W. R.t 1980. Perspectives 

on U.S. Great Lakes chemical toxic substances research. ). Great Lakes Res. 6:265-274. 

Sonzogni, W. C., Chapra, S. C., Armstrong, D. E.t, and 

Logan, T. J. t 1981. Bioavailability of phosphorus 

inputs to lakes: Significance to management. 

Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study Report. 

Sonzogni, W. C., Richardson, W.t, Rogers, P. t, and Monteith, T. J.t 1981. Chloride budget for the Great 

Lakes: A current assessment. Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study Report. 

Sonzogni, W. C., Robertson, A.*, and Beeton, A. M.t 

1981. The importance of ecological factors in Great 

Lakes management. Great Lakes Environmental 

Planning Study Report. 

Sullivan, R. A.t, Boise, M.t, and Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. 

Environmental quality maps for the U.S. Great 

Lakes Basin. Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study Report. 

Sullivan, R. A.t, Heidtke, T. M.t, Hall, J. R.t, and Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Potential impact of changes in 

Great Lakes water quality on fisheries. Great Lakes 

Environmental Planning Study Report. 

Tarapchak, S. J ,1980. Measurements of phosphate-phosphorus in lake water. In Nutrient cycling in the 

Great Lakes: A summarization of factors regulating the cycling of phosphorus, ed. D. Scavia and 

R. A. Moll, pp. 1-11. Great Lakes Research Division 

Special Report No. 83. 

Tarapchak, S. I., Slavens, D. R., and Maloney, L. M.* 

1981. Abiotic versus biotic uptake of radiophosphorus in lake water. Can. 1. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38: 

889-895. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1981. Effect of the algal lengthlaperture length ratio on Coulter analysis of lake seston. Can. ). Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:912-916. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1981. Seasonal particle-size selection by Diaptomus sicilis in offshore Lake Michigan. Can. ). Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:504-517. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. *No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
PRESENTATIONS 

Bowers, I. A.t, and Vanderploeg, H. A. 1981. Predatory 

behavior of Mysis relicta in Lake Michigan. 44th 

Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18,1981, at the 

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, 

Wisconsin. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1981. Ordering distributed parameter 

computations. Chapman Conference on Spatial 

Variability in Hydrologic Modeling, July 21-23, 

1981, at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 

Colorado. 

Croley, T. E., ll, Carvey, D. G.t, and Robb, J. G.t 1981. 

Watershed evaluation and research system application. International Symposium on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling, May 18-2l, 1981, at Mississippi 

State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi. 

Derecki, J. A. 1980. Operational estimates of Lake Superior evaporation based on IFYGL findings. Fall 

Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, December 8-12, 1981, San Francisco, California. 

Eadie, B. J. 1981. Chemical fluxes in the benthic boundary layer. American Chemical Society Meeting, 

May 20-22, 1981, Dayton, Ohio. 

Gardner, W. S., and Malcryk, J. M. 1980. Micromethod 

to examine phosphorus composition of lake water 

and benthic invertebrate release products. Third 

Midwest Water Chemistry Workshop, December 

4-5, 1980, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Gardner, W. S., and Corbin, A. M. 1981. Chemical characterization and TSK size exclusion fractionation 

of Lake Michigan dissolved organic matter by liquid chromatography. 24th Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio State 

University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Gardner, W. S., and Scavia, D. 1981. Kinetics of nitrogen excretion by Cladocera. 44th Annual Meeting 

of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at the University of 

Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Krezoski, J. R.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1981. Dual radiotracer measurement of zoobenthos-mediated particle and solute transport in lake sediments. 44th 

Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at 

the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Krezoski, J. R.t, Robbins, J A,, and White, D. S.t 1981. 

Radiometric determination of the vertical distribution of sediment feeding by Stylodrilus heringianus. 24th Conference on Creat Lakes Research, 

April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1981. Comparison of visual and machine interpretation of northern Green Bay ice 

cover using LANDSAT-1 data-A case study. Seventh International Symposium on Machine Pro 

cessing of Remotely Sensed Data, June 23-26, 1981, 

at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1981. Lake Superior ice cycle, 1978- 

79. 24th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1981. Lake Superior ice cycle, 1979. 

Seminar, May 19, 1981, at the National Weather 

Service Forecast Office, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Liu, P. C. 1981. On a generalization of the equilibrium 

range in the spectrum of wind-generated waves. 

Symposium on Wave Dynamics and Radio Probing 

of the Ocean, May 13-20, 1981, Miami, Florida. 

Meyers, P. A.t, Leenheer, M. J.t, Edwards, 5. J.t, and 

Eadie, B. 1.1981. Organic character of settling sediments in Lake Michigan. American Chemical Society Meeting, May 20-22, 1981, Dayton, Ohio. 

Monteith, T. J.t, and Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Variations 

in U.S. Great Lakes tributary flow: A 40-year perspective. 24th Conference on Creat Lakes Research, April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio State University, 

Columbus, Ohio. 

Nalepa, T. F., Gardner, W. S., and Quigley, M. A. 1981. 

Biological release of nutrients by benthic invertebrates. 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 

1981, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Pickett, R. L. 1981. A Lake Ontario winter storm. 24th 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 28-30, 

1981, at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Pickett, R. L. 1981. Mean circulation of the Creat Lakes. 

44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, 

at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1981. Great Lakes system implications in 

resource management. Ann Arbor Exchange Club 

Meeting, March 9, 1981, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Quigley, M. A. 1981. Silica regeneration processes in 

nearshore southern Lake Michigan. 24th ConfertNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
ence on Great Lakes Research, April 28-30,1981, 

at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Quigley, M. A. 1981. Soluble reactive phosphorus-pore 

water concentrations and release rates from nearshore Lake Michigan sediments. 44th Annual 

Meeting of the American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Quinn, F. H., and Croley, T. E., 11.1981. The role of precipitation climatology in hydrologic design and 

planning on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Fourth 

Conference on Hydrometeorology, October 7-9, 

1981, Reno, Nevada. 

Reckhow, K. H.t, and Chapra, S. C. 1981. Empirical and 

mechanistic modeling of lake eutrophication. International Water Supply Association Specialized 

Conference on Eutrophication and Water Supply, 

October 8, 1981, Vienna, Austria. 

Rice, C. P.t, Erstfell, K. M.t, and Eadie, B. J. 1981. The 

role of surface films in the transfer of organic pollutants at the air-water interface. 24th Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 28-30, 1981, 

at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Robbins, J. A. 1981. Stratigraphic and kinetic effects of 

sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos. 

Second International Symposium on the Interactions Between Sediments and Fresh Water, June 

14-18, 1981, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Robertson, A.* 1981. Plenary session on Great Lakes 

limnology - Lake Ontario. 24th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio 

State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Saylor, J. H. 1981. Vortex mode oscillations in Great 

Lakes Basins. 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 

June 15-18, 1981, at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Scavia, D. 1981. Control of nitrogen release by Daphnia 

rnagna are shown and discussed in relation to food 

supply. 44th Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 

15-18, 1981, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Scavia, D. 1981. Factors governing biological dynamics 

and production in Lake Ontario. Division of Biological Sciences Seminar, September 18, 1981, at 

the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Scavia, D. 1981. Uncertainty analysis of a eutrophication model of Saginaw Bay. 24th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, April 28-30, 1981, at Ohio 

State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Scavia, D., and Gardner, W. S. 1981. Control of nitrogen 

release rates by food in D. Magna. 44th Annual 

Meeting of the American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Schwab, D. J. 1981. Determining wind stress from water 

levels. Seminar, February 19, 1981, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Schwab, D. J., and Rao, D. B.* 1981. Free oscillations of 

the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 44th Annual 

Meeting of the American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at the 

University of Wisconsin-Milwau kee, Milwaukee, 

Wisconsin. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Evaluating the importance of nonpoint sources-Advances in the last decade. 

American Chemical Society Meeting, May 20-22, 

1981, Dayton, Ohio. 

Sonzogni, W. C. 1981. Meeting water quality goals for 

the Great ~dkes. Second Post-PLUARG Conference, June 10-11, 1981, Racine, Wisconsin. 

Sonzogni, W. C., Heidtke, T. M.t, and Monteith, T. J.t 

1981. Potential effect of water conservation on 

wastewater inputs to the Great Lakes. 24th Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 28-30, 

1981, at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1980. The effects of acid and ammonium molybdate on solirble reactive phosphorus 

determinations. Third Midwest Water Chemistry 

Workshop, December 4-5, 1980, at the University 

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Tarapchak, S. J.1981. Comparison of rate constants for 

phosphorus uptake by Lake Michigan phytoplankton. 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society 

of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 

1981, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Vanderploeg, H. A,, and Eadie, B. J. 1981. The significance of calcium carbonate whitings to zooplankton in Lake Michigan. 44th Annual Meeting of the 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 15-18, 1981, at the University of 

Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. *No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 
CONTRACTOR PUBLICATIONS 

Brater, E. F. 1981. Estimating runoff from ungaged drainage basins. Final report prepared for GLERL by 

the University of Michigan under Contract No. 03- 

78- BOI -1 08. 

Churchill, J. H. 1981. Tracking near surface drogues using an acoustic travel time technique in shallow, 

highly stratified water-Problems and observations. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 

Report No. WHOI-81-37. Technical report prepared 

for GLERL by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution under Contract No. 03-5-022-26. 

Lo, T. Y. 1981. A dynamic settling column for measurement of sedimentation of flocculent material under the influence of turbulence. Ph.D. dissertation, 

the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. University 

Microfilms. 

Mortimer, C. H. 1980. Inertial motion and related internal waves in Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario as 

responses to impulsive wind stress: I. Introduction, descriptive, narrative, and graphical archive 

of IFYCL data. Special Report No. 37 prepared for 

GLERL by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 

Center for Great Lakes Studies, under Contract 

NO. NOAA-03-78-B01-21. 

Reckhow, K. H. 1980. Techniques for exploring and presenting data applied to lake phosphorus concentration. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:290-294. 

Reckhow, K. H. 1981. Modeling lake trophic quality under uncertainty. In Proceedings, symposium on 

surface water impoundments, pp. 393-403. New 

York: American Society of Civil Engineers. 

Rice,,C. P., and Frez, W. A. 1981. Application of capillary chromatography to the study of the cycling of 

PCB's on suspended particles. Final report prepared for CLERL by the Great Lakes Research Division, the University of Michigan, under Grant 

No. NA79RAD00006. 

Rumer, R. R., Wake, A,, and Chieh, S. H. 1981. Development of an ice dynamics forecasting model for 

Lake Erie. Report prepared for CLERL by the State 

University of New York at Buffalo, Department of 

Civil Engineering and Center for Cold Regions Engineering, Science, and Technology, under Contract No. NA80RAC00148. 

Rumer, R. R., Jr., Wake, A,, Chieh, S. H., and Crissman, 

R. D. 1981. Development of an ice transport model 

for Great Lakes application. In Proceedings, sixth 

conference on port and ocean engineering under 

Arctic conditions, ed. B. Michel, vol. 11, pp. 892- 

900. Quebec: International Association for Hydraulic Research. 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1981 

Principal 

Investigator Institution Title 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan A Cooperative Program In Great 

Lake5 Long Term Effects 

Research 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan 

1. A. Bowers University of Michigan 

D. M. Di Toro Manhattan College 

5. J. Eisenreich University of Minnesota 

J. F Kitchell 

1. T. Lehman 

B. M. Lesht 

G. A. Meadows 

The Cycling of Toxic Organic 

Substances in the Great 

Lakes Ecosystem 

Nutrient Cycling 

Long Time Scale Investigation 

of Organic Particle Transport 

and Fate in Lake Erie 

Toxic Organic-Sediment 

Dynamics in the Great Lakes 

University of Wisconsin Predator-Prey Models for Great 

(Madison) Lakes Fishes 

university of Michigan 

Argonne National 

Laboratory 

University of Michigan 

Formulation of Zooplankton 

in Lake Ecosystem Models 

Field Study of Sediment 

Resuspension 

The Growth and Decay of the 

Coastal Boundary Layer 

R. A. Moll University of Michigan Bacterial Dynamics 

C. H. Mortimer 

C. H. Mortimer 

K. H. Reckhow 

R. R Rumer 

ti. T. Shen 

M. S. Simmons 

University of Wisconsin Inertial Motion and Related 

(Milwaukee) Internal Waves 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

Duke University 

State University of 

New York (Buffalo] 

Clarkston College 

University of Michigan 

Coupling of Physical and 

Biological Dynam~cs in Large 

Lakes 

Uncertainty and Risk 

Management of Toxic 

Substances in Aquatic 

Systems 

Ice Transport Forecast Model 

for Lake Erie 

Icecover Effects on Hydraulic 

Transient Analys~s 

Assimilation Rates of Carbon in 

Great Lakes Phytoplankton