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# OAR Box 1811 Prepped by Keeia Richards



### Document

Number: 

# 39 ) II-A-2 0 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 10/30/2008 1:19:24

PM Sheet 39 of 82P. 2


# dBt t Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agency Environmenta l Science s Researc h EP A60 0 2-80-00 1 LaboratoryJanuar y198 0 Researc h Triangl e Par k

N C 2771 1 Researc h an d Developmen t 

# Comparativ e Stud y o fPlum e Opacit y Measuremen t Method sP. 3



### RESEARC H REPORTINGSERIE S
Researc h report s o f th e Offic e o f Researc h an d Development , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , hav e bee n groupe d int o nin e series

. Thes e nin e broa d cate gorie s were establishe d t o facilitat e furthe rdevelopmen t an d applicatio n o f en vironmenta l technology

. Eliminatio n of traditiona l groupin g was consciousl y planne d t o foste rtechnolog ytransfe ran d a maximu m interfac e i n relate d fields

. Th e nin e serie s are : 1

. Environmenta l Healt h Effect s Researc h 2

. Environmenta l Protectio n Technolog y 3

. Ecologica l Researc h 4

. Environmenta l Monitorin g 5

. Socioeconomi cEnvironmenta l Studie s 6

. Scientifi can d Technica l Assessmen t Report s (STAR ) 7

. InteragencyEnergy-Environmen t Researc h an d Developmen t 8

. "Special " Report s 9

. Miscellaneou s Report s Thi s repor

t ha s bee n assigne d t o th e ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N TECH
NOLOG Yseries

. Thi s serie s describe s researc h performe d t o develo p an d dem
onstrat e instrumentation , equipment , an d methodolog yt o repai ro rpreven t en vironmenta l degradatio n fro m poin t an d non-poin t source s of pollution

. Thi s wor k provide s th e ne

wo rimprove d technolog yrequire d fo rth e contro l an d treatmen t o f pollutio n source s t o meet environmenta l qualit ystandards

.

Thi s documen t i s availabl e t o th e publi cthroug h th e Nationa l Technica l Informa
tio n Service , Springfield , Virgini a 22161

.P. 4



### EPA-600/2-80-00 1 Januar y198 0

COMPARATIV E STUD Y O F PLUM E OPACIT Y MEASUREMEN T METHOD S
b y Willia mD . Conne r an d Norma n Whit e Emission s Measuremen t an d Characterizatio n Divisio n Environmenta l Science s Researc hLaborator y Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolin a 2771 1

ENVIRONMENTA L SCIENCE S RESEARC H LABORATOR Y OFFIC E O F RESEARC H AND DEVELOPMEN T U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK , NORT H CAROLINA2771 1P. 5



### DISCLAIME R
Thi s repor t ha s bee nreviewe db y th e Environmenta l Science s Researc h Laboratory , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , an dapprove dfo r publica tion . Mentio no f trad e name s o r commercia l product s doe s no t constitut e endorsemen t o r recommendatio nfo r use .

nP. 6



### ABSTRAC T
Th e opacitie s o f smoke-stac kemission s wer e measure db y thre e method s a t thirteendifferen t plant s andth e result s compared . Th e thre e opacit y meas uremen t method s wer e traine dobserver , in-stac ktransmissometer , an dlase r rada r (lidar) . Th e source s consiste do f fiv e coal-fire dpowe r plants , fou r oil-fire dpowe r plants , a Portlandcemen t plant , a pape r mil l kraf t recover y furnace , a phosphat e fertilize r plan t roc kdryer , an da smal l oil-fire d boile r a t a chemica l plant . Th e instrumenta l method s o f lida r an din-stac k transmissomete r correlate dbette r wit heac hothe r tha nwit hth e observe r metho dan

dwer e als o mor e precis e tha nth e observe r method . Th e observe r measurement s wer e generall y lowe r tha nth e instrumenta l measurements . Thi s i s evidentl y

du e t o a variabl e negativ e bia s and/o r lo w sensitivitie s asso ciate dwit hth e observe r metho dwhe nevaluatin g plume s unde r viewin g condi tion s wher e plume visibilit y i s les s tha ndesire dfo r th e method . Th e dat a sho w tha t betwee n1 0 an

d40 % opacit y

(rang e o f opacit y

emissio nstandards) , th e observe r reading s average d6 and11 % opacit y les s tha nth e instrumenta l reading s o f lida r andtransmissomete r respectively , an dvarie db

y a s muc ha s 25 % opacit y

below t o 8 % opacit y

abov e th e instrumenta l readings .

m

### CONTENT S

Abstrac t ii i Figure s vi Table s v i Acknowledgment s vi i
1 . Introductio n1 2 . Opacit y

Measuremen t Method s 2 Traine dobserve r 2 In-stac ktransmissometer s 2 Lida r 3 3 . Sourc e an

dTes t Description s 1 0 Coal-fire dpowe r plant s 1 2 Oil-fire dpowe r plant s 1 3 Oil-fire dboile r 0 1 5

c Portlandcemen t plan t P 1 6 Pape r mil l K1 6 Phosphat e plan t R. . . 1 6 4 . Result s 1 8

Lida r an dtransmissomete r compariso n1 8 Observe r an

dlida r compariso n1 8 Observe r an

dtransmissomete r compariso n2 2 5 . Discussio n2 3 Reference s 2 6P. 8



### FIGURE S
Numbe r Pag e 1 Mobil e lida r system 5 2 Compariso no f transmissomete r an dlida r measure dopacitie s o f scree ntarget s . . . ' 7 3 Plume opacit y

measurement s b

y lida r versu s plume opacit y measurement s b

y in-stac ktransmissometer s 1 9 4 Plume opacit y

measurement s b

y traine dobserver s versu s plume opacit y

measurement s b

y lida r . 2 0 5 Plume opacit y

measurement s b

y traine dobserver s versu s plume opacit y

measurement s b

y in-stac ktransmissometer s 2 1 6 Linea r regressio nrelationship s betwee nplume opacit y measurement s b

y traine dobserver s an

din-stac ktrans missomete r a t a coal-fire dpowe r plan t fo r differen t environmenta l condition s 2 4

TABLE S
Numbe r Pag e 1 Mobil e Lida r System Characteristic s 6 2 Concurren t Opacit y Measurement s b

y Differen t Method s a t Variou s Plant s 1 1

v iP. 9



### ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
W e wis ht o expres s ou r appreciatio n t o th e personne l a t EPA' s Regio n IV an d Nationa l Enforcemen t Investigatio n Cente r (NEIC ) fo r assistanc e i n th e selectio n o f tes t sites , and t o th e plan t personne l a t th e variou s tes t site s fo r assistanc e wit hth e tests . W e als o wis ht o expres s ou r appreciatio n t o Evelyn Adams , Dr . Edwar d Mangold , and Pa t Thompso n o f NEIC , t o Wayn e Aronso n o f Regio n IV , an d t o Bruc e McElho e o f Northro p Service s fo r thei r assistanc e wit hvariou s part s o f th e study
.

v nP.1 0

SECTIO N1 INTRODUCTIO N
Particulat e emission s fro mstationar ysource s mus t generall ymee t opacit y a s wel l a s mas s standards
. Th e opacit ystandard s ar e establishe d primaril y becaus e the yar e muc h easie r t o measur e tha n th e mas s standard s and ca n b e monitore d b

ycontro l agencie s an d plan t operator s t o determin e whethe r th e emissio n control s require d t o mee t th e mas s standar d ar e operatin g properl y(1 ) Fo r thi s applicatio n o f dua l standards , th e opacit ystandard s establishe d b y th e U . S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y(EPA ) ar e se t les s stringen t tha n th e mas s standard s s o tha t a violatio n o f th e opacit ystandar d wil l b e a clea r indicatio n o f a declin e i n th e efficienc yo f th e contro l equipmen t and a violatio n o f th e mas s standard s (2) . Th e opacit yo f a n emissio n i s define d i n th e Federa l Registe r a s a measur e o f th e degre e t o whic h th e emissio n reduce s th e transmissio n o f ligh t and obscure s th e vie wo f a n objec t i n th e backgroun d (3) . Consequently , th e percen t opacit yo f a plum e i s determine d directl yb ymeasurin g it s percen t transmittanc e and subtractin g fro m100% . Thi s pape r describe s a comparativ e studyo f thre e method s o f measurin g th e opacit yo f smoke-stac k plumes : traine d observer , in-stac k transmissometer , and lase r rada r (lidar)
. Th e comparison s ar e o f concurrentl yobtaine d measurement s tha t wer e mad e unde r fiel d condition s a t a variet yo f emissio n sources .P.1 1



### SECTION 2 OPACIT YMEASUREMEN T METHOD S
TRAINE DOBSERVE R Th e traine dobserve r i s th e metho dgenerall y use db y contro l agencie s fo r evaluatin g th e opacit y o f sourc e emissions , an di t i s th e opacit y

compli anc e tes t metho duse db y EPA (2) . Th e observer s ar e traine da t smok e inspec to r trainin g school s t o evaluat e opacitie s o f trainin g plume s wit hprescribe d accuracie s relativ e t o transmissomete r measuremen t o f thei r opacities . Upo n passin g th e course , the y become certifie db

y th e schoo l a s capabl e o f evalu atin g th e opacitie s o f smok e plume s b y visua l inspection . Whe ninspectin g a plume th e metho drequire s tha t th e observe r stand(a ) a t a distanc e fro m th e plume sufficien t t o provid e a clea r view o f th e emissions , (b ) wit hhi s lin e o f visio napproximatel y perpendicula r t o th e plume direction , an d(c ) wit h th e sunoriente di nth e quadran t t o hi s back . Th e metho dals o require s tha t reading s be mad e b

y observin g th e plume momentaril y a t 1 5 se c interval s ove r a 6 mi nperio dan

da t th e poin t o f greates t opacity . Th e averag e o f thes e 2 4 reading s i s th e observe r opacit y evaluatio no f th e plume . Al l o f th e viewin g constraint s wer e use dfo r thi s stud y excep t tha t th e reading s wer e alway s mad e onth e plume approximatel y 0. 5 stac kdiamete r abov e th e stac kexit ; also , observe r evaluation s ar e no t average s o f 2 4 readings . The y ar e usuall y average s o f mor e tha n2 4 reading s take nove r period s longe r tha n6 mi nwhic h coincide dwit ho r overlappe dth e lida r measuremen t periods . Fou r differen t observer s wer e use ddurin g th e study . IN-STAC KTRANSMISSOMETER S In-stac ktransmissometer s ar e ofte nuse dt o monito r th e opacit y o f stac k effluents ; thei r installatio ni s require do nsome source s b y loca l contro l agencie s andEPA . Desig nandperformanc e specification s fo r suc hP.1 2

transmissometer s hav e bee n promulgate d b yEP A(4) . Th e in-stac k opacit ydat a fo r samplin g port s whe n plan t transmissometer s wer e no t available
. Th e plan t transmissometer s wer e al l Lea r Siegler * mode l RM 4 instruments
. Th e portabl e transmissomete r wa s a Lea r Siegle r mode l RM41P . Al l transmissomete r opacit y dat a ar e transmissomete r wa s a Lea r Siegle r mode l RM41P . Al l transmissomete r opacit ydat a ar e fo r pathlength s equa l t o th e stac k exi t diamete r o f th e sourc e bein g measured
. Whe n th e transmissomete r pathlengt h wa s differen t tha n th e stac k exi t diameter , thei r opacit ymeasuremen t wa s adjuste d t o represen t th e opacit yo f th e effluen t fo r a pathlengt h equa l th e stac k exi t diamete r a s require d fo r monitorin g opacit yb ytransmissomete r (4) . Th e RM 4 transmissomete r wa s designe d an d develope d i n German yb yth e Irwi n Sic k Compan yt o mee t th e requirement s o f th e Germa n pollutio n regula

tor yagenc yfo r in-stac k particulat e monitoring
. Wit h modificatio n o f th e spectra l respons e t o mee t EP Aspecifications , th e instrumen t wa s markete d i n th e Unite d State s b

yLea r Siegler , Inc . fo r in-stac k opacit ymonitoring
. A detaile d descriptio n o f th e RM 4 ha s bee n publishe d b yBeutne r (5) . Th e RM 4 ha s subsequentl ybee n replace d b ya ne wmode l RM4 1 transmissometer
. Th e RM41 P portabl e transmissomete r i s basicall yth e RM4 1 equippe d wit h a prob e tha t i s inserte d int o a standar d 10.1 6 c m( 4 inch ) stac k samplin g por t fo r th e opacit ymeasurement . Th e prob e i s a stainles s stee l tub e wit h a diamete r o f 7. 6 c m

an d a n overal l lengt h o f 1. 5 mthroug h whic h ligh t i s projecte d t o a smal l (1. 3 cm ) retroreflecto r a t th e end wher e i t i s reflecte d bac k t o th e RM4 1 transceiver
. Aslo t ( 1 mb y5. 1 cm ) i n th e tub e allow s th e effluen t t o flo wthroug h th e bea m whe n inserte d int o th e stack
. Th e reflecto r and transceive r ar e protecte d fro mth e effluen t b ya clea n ai r purge . Fo r detaile d description s o f th e RM4 1 an d RM41 P transmissometers , th e manufac

turer' s literatur e i s recommende d (6) . LIDAR |h e lida r evaluatio n o f plum e opacit yi s mad e b ybeamin g a shor t puls e o f lase r ligh t throug h th e plum e an d measurin g th e amoun t o f ligh t back

- * Mentio n o f trad e name s o r commercia l product s doe s no t constitut e endorsemen t o r recommendatio n fo r us e b yth e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency .P.1 3



### scattere dfro

m th e puls e b

y th e atmospher e i nbac ko f th e plume relativ e t o th e amoun t scattere db y th e atmospher e infron t o f th e plume . Thi s rati o i s a measur e o f th e tw

o wa y transmittanc e ( T ) o f th e lase r ligh t throug hth e plume . Th e opacit y

o f th e plume i s ( 1 - T) . Th e metho dwa s firs t propose d anddemonstrate db

y th e Stanfor dResearc hInstitut e (7) . Th e va nmounte d lida r use dfo r thi s stud y wa s designe dan

ddevelope dfo r EPA

b y th e Genera l Electri c Company

specificall y

fo r plume opacit y

measurements . Th e lida r i s show ni nFigur e 1 . It s desig nan doperationa l characteristic s ar e show ni n Tabl e 1 . Fo r a complet e descriptio no f th e lida r system an dit s operation , th e report s o nit s developmen t ar e recommende d(8,9) . Th e accurac y

o f th e lida r ha s bee nevaluate da t variou s time s b y makin g remote measurement s o na serie s o f neutra l densit y scree ntarget s o f know n opacities(9) . Th e scree ntarget s ar e 1 m i ndiameter , an

dthei r opacitie s ar e know nfro m laborator y

calibratio nmeasurement s wit hconventiona l trans missometers . Th e laborator y transmissometer s me t th e EPA desig nrequirement s fo r monitorin g opacit y (4 ) an dwer e checke dfo r accurac y wit hneutra l densit y optica l filters . Fo r th e remote measurement s th e target s ar e usuall y locate d approximatel y

20 0 m fro m th e lidar . Figur e 2 show s a serie s o f measurement s mad e o ntarget s o f 24- , 32- , 43- , and52- % opacit y jus t prio r t o th e study . Thes e measurement s an

dth e earlie r test s indicat e tha t th e accurac y o f th e lida r i s withi n3 % opacit y fo r opacitie s unde r 50% . Sinc e th e lida r use s a rub y (redlight ) lase r an

dth e opacit y

standard s ar e fo r gree nligh t obscuration , i t i s necessar y t o correc t th e redligh t lida r measurement s t o value s tha t woul db e obtaine dfo r gree nligh t whe nth e measurement s ar e mad e o nemission s wit hpredominantl y submicromete r particl e sizes . Th e correctio ni s no t neede di f th e emission s ar e compose do f parti cle s wit hmea nsize s severa l micrometer s o r greate r insize ; however , fo r ver y smal l submicromete r siz e particulat e emissions , th e redligh t opacit y measuremen t ma y

be a s muc ha s 50 % lower . No wavelengt hcorrectio nwa s o , require dfo r th e othe r method s sinc e th e trainin g o f th e visibl e emissio n observe r andth e spectra l respons e requirement s fo r th e in-stac ktransmisso meter s ar e fo r photopi c o r gree nlight .c n

Figur e 1

. Mobil e lida rsyste mTABL E 1 . MOBIL E

Componen t Transmitte r Lase r Wavelengt h Puls e Widt h(FWHH ) Maximu m Outpu t Repetitio nRat e Coolin g Objectiv e len s Beam Divergenc e Receive r Objectiv e Len s Field-of-vie w Bandpas s (FWHH ) . Photomultiplie r Off-gatin g Respons e LIDA RSYSTE M CHARACTERISTIC S

Characteristi c

Rotatin g prism , Q-switche drub y 694. 3 n m <3 0 n s 1. 0 j 3 pulse s pe r minut e Deionize dwage r 12. 7 cm , f/ 5 ^0. 5 mra dful l angl e

15.2 5 cm , f/ b 4 mra dful l angl e 1. 2 n m IT& T F408 4 (modifie dS-20 )

>6 0 dB ^10 0 n s P.1 5P.1 6

6 0 ( ) NUMBE R O F MEASUREMENT S

MEA N VALU E O F MEASUREMENT S AN D 95 % CONFIDENC E INTERVA L

n .
< a. a a V) < S o c < a

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 TRANSMISSOMETE R MEASURE D OPACITY , percen t 6 0

Figure 2

. Compariso n o f transmissomete ran d lida rmeasure d opacitie s o f scree n targets

.P.1 7



### Th e opacity-wavelengt hcharacteristic s o f th e submicromete r emission s wer e measuredwit hdual-wavelengt hsu nphotometers . Th e sunphotomete r metho do f determinin g plume opacit y require s measuremen t o f th e relativ e intensit y o f th e su

nwhe nviewe dbesid e an dthroughth e plume wit hth e photometer . Clearly , thi s procedur e require s tha t th e su nno t be obstructe d b y cloud s andtha t th e shadow o f th e plume b e i nanaccessibl e location . Fo r accurat e opacit y

measurements , i t als o require s tha t th e su nb e viewe dthroug h a define dcros s sectio no f th e plume . However , fo r thi s stud y wher e onl y relativ e measurement s wer e required , tw o sunphotometer s operatin g a t differen t wavelength s wer e couple dan doperate dtogethe r a s a uni t t o obtai nconcurren t opacity-wavelengt hmeasurements ; consequently , a well-define dplume cros s sectio nwa s no t necessary . T o correc t th e lida r measurements , i t i s firs t necessar y t o calculat e th e extinctio ncoefficien t rati o Q(green)/Q(red ) fro m gree nan

dre dligh t su

n photomete r opacit y

measurements . I t follow s fro m Bouguer' s la

w (10) , tha t th e Q(green)/Q(red ) rati o i s equa l t o th e rati o o f log (1-gree nligh t opacity ) t o log (1-re dligh t opacity) . Th e correcte dlida r opacit y (0 G 

### ) i s the n calculate dfro

m th e measure dlida r opacit y (0 R 

### ) an dth e Q(green)/Q(red ) rati o wit hth e equation : 0 G=1 

### - ( 1 . o R 

### ) Q ( 

### 9 reen)/Q(red) 

### . Additiona l informatio no ndua l wavelengt hsu nphotomete r instrumentation , an d it s applicatio nt o extinction-wavelengt hrati o measurement s o f plume s ca nbe foundi nreferenc e (10) . Inthi s study , onl y

th e lida r measurement s o nth e oil-fire dpowe r plant s andboile r emission s require dwavelengt hcorrections . Sunphotomete r measure ment s wer e mad e a t al l o f th e oil-fire dpowe r plants . Th e Q(green)/Q(red ) rati o o f th e emission s varie dfro m 1. 5 a t tw

o o f th e plant s t o 2. 0 a t th e othe r tw o plants . A t th e oil-fire dboiler , su nphotomete r measurement s wer e no t obtaine ddu e t o overcas t sk y condition s an

da Q(green)/Q(red ) averag e valu e estimat e o f 1.7 5 fro m th e oil-fire dpowe r plan t measurement s wa s use d t o correc t th e lida r measurements . Sunphotomete r measurement s a t th e othe rP.18
_



### source s o r particl e siz e dat a o n simila r source s showe d tha t th e particl e size s wer e larg e an d wavelengt hcorrectio n o f th e lida r measurement s wa s no t necessary .P.1 9



### SECTION 3 SOURC E AN DTES T DESCRIPTION S
Plume opacit y

measurement s wer e mad e a t thirtee ndifferen t plants : fiv e coal-fire dpowe r plants , fou r oil-fire dpowe r plants , a portlandcemen t plant , a kraf t recover y furnac e a t a pape r mill , a roc kdrye r a t a phosphat e fertilize r plant , an

da smal l oil-fire dboile r a t a chemica l plant . Th e plant s wer e generall y

locate di nth e Southeaster nUnite dStates . Plan t selectio nwa s base dprimaril y o nth e availabilit y

o f in-stac kmonitorin g dat a fro m plant-owne dtransmissometer s o r onth e availabilit y o f samplin g port s fo r installatio no f th e portabl e transmissomete r t o obtai nth e in-stac k opacit y data . A t seve no f th e plants , concurren t opacit y measurement s wer e obtaine dwit hal l thre e methods . Opacit y measurement s wer e obtaine dwit hth e observe r metho da t al l plants . However , n o opacit y measurement s wer e obtaine d wit hth e in-stac ktransmissomete r metho da t fou r o f th e plants ; no opacit y measurement s wer e obtaine dwit hth e lida r metho da t on e o f th e plants ; an dno concurren t opacit y measurement s wit hth e observe r an dlida r method s wer e obtaine da t on e o f th e plants . A t fou r o f th e coal-fire dpowe r plant s an da t th e phosphat e plan t roc kdryer , measurement s wer e mad e a t tw o differen t opacit y levels . Th e highe r opacit y level s wer e obtaine db y turnin g of f section s o f th e electrostati c particulat e emissio ncontro l equipment . Two set s o f measurement s wer e mad e o nconsecutiv e day s a t on e o f th e oil-fire d powe r plants . Tabl e 2 i s a lis t o f eac hconcurren t opacit y measuremen t set , th e typ e o f plan t studied , an dth e type s o f opacit y measurement s mad e fo r eac hmeasuremen t set .

1 0TABL E 2 . CONCURREN T OPACIT YMEASUREMENT S BYDIFFEREN T METHOD S AT VARIOU S PLANT S Plan t Symbo l Typ e Tim e Lida r
„ b Transmissomete r N Opacit y

, % Typ e Opacit y Ob . Tim e Observe r m N Opacit y

, % Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 1 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 1 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 2 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 3 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 3 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 4 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 4 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 5 Coal-fire dpowe r plan t No . 5 Oil-fire dpowe r plan t No . 1 Oil-fire dpowe r plan t No . 1 Oil-fire dpowe r plan t No . 2 Oil-fire dpowe r plan t No . 3 Oil-fire dpowe r plan t No . 4 Oil-fire dboile r (chemica l plant ) Portlan dcemen t plan t Pape r mil l (kraf t recover y furnace ) Phosphat e plan t (roc kdryer ) Phosphat e plan t (roc kdryer ) Phosphat e plan t (roc kdryer ) 1 6 1 2 1 8 11 1 7 3 0 2 0

- -
— 9 1 3 2 3 1 7 1 3 1 7 1 0 1 8 5

—

- - 1 0

1 4 1 5 1 5 2 5 1 9 2 2

- -

- - 11 1 0 2 9 1 6 1 6 9 1 3 11 6
~ — 9± 4 11± 5 53± 2 9± 2 22+ 1 28± 3 58± 3

—
— 23± 4 31± 4 10± 4 8± 3 10± 2 11± 4 10± 4 5± 2 46± 2

—

- - —

— '-
- S S S 

### s s s p p

- - p p

- - 

### s p p p p —

~
— 5± 1 18+ 3 36± 2 58± 7 13± 1 25± 2 19 9 ± 2 20 9 + 2

— 7± 2 3+ 1

- - 14+ 3 4± 0 34+ 5 28± 4 57± 5 A/ B

A/ B A/ B A/ B A/ B C C D D D * D C C D A C/ D C

- - C/D C/ D 16/1 6

12/1 2 18/1 8 11/1 1 17/1 7 1 5 2 0 3 0 30/3 0 3 4 2 2 2 8 2 3 2 1 1 7 ' 31/1 0 2 2

— 17/1 7 18/1 6 14/1 4

14/1 4 14/1 4 15/1 5 25/2 5 6 0 8 4 12 1 121/12 1 13 6 8 8 11 0 9 0 8 5 1 0 124/3 8 8 8

- - 68/6 8 72/6 4 0/ 0

0/ 0 35+4/33± 2 0/ 0 0/ 0 30+ 2 82± 3 6± 0 25+l/33± l 27± T 30± 1 17+ 1 7± 1 6± 1 0 7+l/5+l h 4± 1

- - 10±l/9±l h 32+1/33+ 2
Tes t perio d Numbe r o f opacit y

measurement s durin g tes t period "Mean+ 95 % confidenc e interva l o f opacit y measurement s n S = Lea r Siegle r RM 4 across-stac ktransmissomete r P = Lea r Siegle r RM41 P portabl e transmissomete r e Mea nopacit y ± opacit y

rang e (estimate db y

visua l inspectio no f chart ) Specifi c observer s ar e designate dA , B , C , an d D 9 Transmissomete r dat a no t use d(se e text ) H Averag e o f th e two evaluation s use dfo r dat a analyse sP.2 1



### COAL-FIRE D POWE R PLANT S Th e generatin g capacitie s o f unit s teste d a t th e fiv e coal-fire d powe r plant s range d fro m15 0 t o 68 0 megawatts . The yal l burne d pulverize d coa l fro msouther n Appalachia , northwester n Kentucky , o r Ohio , and the yal l ha d electrostati c particulat e emissio n contro l equipment
. Coal-fire d Powe r Plan t C , A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure d fro m tw o 150-M W units
. Th e emission s fro meac huni t wer e emitte d throug hseparat e 6 1 mhig hb y3. 7 m exi t diamete r stacks
. N o in-stac k transmissomete r dat a wer e obtaine d a t th e plant
. Lida r and observe r plum e opacit ymeasurement s o f th e emission s wer e mad e fro ma commo n locatio n 30 0 and 36 0 mfro mth e respectiv e plumes
. Atmos
pheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e fair
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e poor . Th e skywa s overcas t an d th e plume s wer e no t visible
. Coal-fire d Powe r Plan t C o A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure d fro m a 680-M W unit
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug ha n 8 5 mhig hb y4. 6 mexi t diamete r stack
. N o in-stac k tramsmissomete r dat a wer e obtaine d a t th e plant
. Lida r and observe r plum e opacit ymeasurement s wer e mad e fro ma commo n locatio n 35 0 m northeas t o f th e plume
. Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e good
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e poor . Th e plum e backgroun d wa s a brigh t haz yskywhic hreduce d plum e visibilit yan d mad e th e observe r measurement s difficult
. Coal-fire d Powe r Plan t C 3 

### A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure d fro ma 150-MW unit
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug ha 2 5 m hig hb y2. 7 mdiamete r stac k o n th e roo f o f th e plant
. Avelocit ycon e a t th e to p o f th e stac k abruptl yreduce d th e stac k t o a n exi t diamete r o f 1. 9 m . Th e to p o f th e stac k wa s 6 6 mabov e ground
. An LS I RM 4 transmissomete r wa s locate d i n th e stac k approximatel y2 mabov e th e plan t roo f fo r monitorin g opacity
. Lida r and observe r plum e 1 2opacit y

measurement s o f emission s wer e mad e fro m a commo nlocatio n34 0 m wes t o f th e plume . Measurement s wer e mad e a t tw o emissio nlevels . Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e ver y good . Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e poor . Th e plume backgroundwa s a brigh t haz y sk y whic hmad e th e plume s no t visibl e t o th e observer . Coal-fire dPowe r Plan t C ^
A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure dfro m a 154-M W unit . Th e emission s wer e emitte dthroug ha 9 1 m highb y 4. 4 m exi t diamete r stack . A n LS I RM 4 wa s locate di nth e stac ka t approximatel y th e 4 6 m

level . Lida r and observe r plume opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro m differen t position s 30 0 m nort hand20 0 m

southwes t o f th e plume , respectively . Measurement s wer e mad e a t tw o emissio nlevels . Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e good . Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e fair . Th e observe r wa s viewin g th e plume agains t a partl y cloudy background . Coal-fire dPowe r Plan t C, -
A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure dfro m a 300-M W unit . Th e emission s wer e emitte dthroug ha 17 8 m highb y 4. 7 m exi t diamete r stack . An LS I RM 4 transmissomete r wa s locate di nth e stac ka t th e 5 4 m level . No lida r dat a wer e obtaine da t thi s plan t becaus e th e lida r equipmen t wa s no t avail abl e a t th e time . Observe r plume opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro m a locatio n34 0 m

eas t o f th e plume . Measuremen t condition s fo r th e observe r wer e fair . Th e backgroun dvarie dfro m partl y cloudy blu e sk

y a t th e lo

w emissio nleve l t o highscattere dcloud s an dligh t haz e a t th e highemissio n level .
OIL-FIRE DPOWE RPLANT S Th e generatin g capacitie s o f th e unit s teste da t the fou r oil-fire d powe r plant s range dfro m 7 0 t o 52 0 MW . The y al l burne dresidua l fue l oi l wit ha nadditiv e t o inhibi t corrosion . Non e hademissio ncontro l equipment .



### 1 3P.2 3

Oil-fire dPowe r Plan t 0 , A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure dfro m a larg e 520-M

W capac ity boile r burnin g hig hsulfu r {^ 2.5 % by ' weight ) residua l fue l oil . Th e emission s wer e emitte dthroug ha 15 3 m highb y 5. 2 m exi t diamete r stac k tha t wa s breeche dwit ha long horizonta l duc t (4. 3 m wid e b y 8. 4 m highb y 5 1 m long) . Th e LS I RM41 P portabl e transmissomete r wa s installe dnea r th e middl e o f th e duc t 16 0 m fro m th e stac kexit . Lida r an dobserve r plume opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro m a commo nlocatio n37 5 m sout ho f th e plume . Measurement s wer e mad e o ntw o consecutiv e day s nea r noo nwit hth e plan t operatin g a t norma l ful l loadconditions . Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e goodbot hdays . Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e fai r t o good . Th e sk y backgroundvarie dfro m haz y wit h broke ncloud s th e firs t da y t o blu e wit hbroke ncloud s th e secondday . Th e in-stac kopacit y

dat a obtaine da t thi s plan t clearl y di dno t cor relat e wit hth e plume opacit y measurement s an

dwer e no t used. Th e measure ment s showe dtha t th e opacit y o f th e plume wa s muc hhighe r tha nin-stack , indicatin g tha t th e plume opacit y i s largel y

du e t o aninteractio nbetwee n th e effluen t andth e atmospher e andcanno t be monitore db y a transmissomete r i nth e stack . Thi s conditio nwa s apparentl y du e t o th e highsulfu r conten t o f th e fue l oi l burne da t th e plant , whic hresulte di nth e condensatio nan d hydratio no f sulfuri c acid . Mor e extensiv e measurement s a t thi s plan t mad e ove r a rang e o f plan t operatin g condition s suppor t thi s observatio nan dals o show anincreas e i nopacit y o f th e plume wit hdistanc e fro m th e stac kexi t (11) . Th e conditio nwa s no t observe da t any o f th e othe r plants . Th e lida r an dobserve r plume opacit y measuremen t dat a ar e use dfo r thi s correlatio n stud y sinc e they

wer e mad e onth e plume a t th e sam e point . Oil-fire dPowe r Plan t O Q
A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure dfro m a 380-M W uni t tha t wa s burnin g a mixtur e o f 20 % ga s and80 % mediu m sulfu r [%

1.5 % b y weight ) resi dua l fue l oil . Th e emission s wer e emitte dthroug ha 10 6 m highb y 4. 6 m exi t diamete r stack . N

o in-stac ktransmissomete r opacit y dat a wer e obtaine da t thi s plant . Lida r andobserve r plume opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro m a 1 4commo n locatio n 31 5 msouthwes t o f th e plume
. Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e

lida r measurement s wer e good
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e good
. The
. plum e wa s viewe d agains t a clea r blu e sky
. Oil-fire d Powe r Plan t O o
A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure d fro ma smal l 70-M W uni t tha t wa s burnin g a mediu msulfu r ( ^ 1.5 % b yweight ) residua l fue l oil
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d t o th e atmospher e throug h a 45. 6 mhig h b y3. 3 mexi t diamete r stack
. Th e in-stac k opacit ywa s measure d wit h th e LS I RM41 P port
abl e transmissomete r tha t wa s installe d i n th e stac k 3 mfro mth e stac k exit
. Lida r plum e opacit ymeasurement s wer e mad e fro ma locatio n 32 0 m eas t o f th e plum e an d observe r plum e opacit ymeasurement s wer e mad e fro ma locatio n 15 2 m southwes t o f th e plume
. Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e fair
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e good
. Th e observe r evaluatio n o f th e plum e wa s mad e agains t a blu e skybackground
. Oil-fire d Powe r Plan t 0 . A t thi s powe r plant , emission s wer e measure d fro ma 190-MW uni t burnin g a mediu msulfu r ( ^ 1.1 % b yweight ) residua l fue l oil
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug h a 6 0 mhig h b y3 mexi t diamete r stack
. Th e in-stac k opacit y wa s measure d wit h th e LS I RM41 P portabl e transmissometer , tha t wa s installe d i n th e stac k approximatel y3 0 mfro mth e stac k exit
. Lida r and observe r plum e opacit ymeasurement s wer e mad e fro m a commo n locatio n 26 0 msouthwes t o f th e plume
. Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e poor . Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e good
. Observe r evaluation s wer e mad e agains t a blu e skybackground
. OIL-FIRE D BOILE R 0 C Thi s sourc e wa s a smal l oil-fire d industria l boile r a t a chemica l plant
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug h a 5 3 m hig h b y3. 7 mexi t diamete r stack
. N o in-stac k transmissomete r dat a wer e obtaine d a t th e plant
. Lida r and observe r measurement s wer e mad e fro ma commo n locatio n 28 0 mfro mth e plume
.



### 1 5P.2 5

Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e fair
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e poor . Th e plum e wa s viewe d agains t a n over cas t sky , and wa s no t visibl e excep t fo r occasiona l puff s tha t wer e no t measured
. PORTLAN D CEMEN T PLAN T P
A t thi s source , emission s wer e measure d fro ma we t proces s rotar ycemen t kiln
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug h a 7 6 mhig h b y4. 6 mexi t diamete r stack
. Particulat e emission s wer e controlle d wit h electrostati c precipitators , Th e LS I RM41 P portabl e transmissomete r wa s installe d i n th e stac k breechin g 1 5 mfro mth e botto mo f th e stac k fo r in-stac k opacit ymeasurement . Lida r and observe r plum e opacit ymeasurement s wer e mad e fro mdifferen t position s 24 0 msoutheas t o f th e plum e and 15 0 mwes t o f th e plume , respectively
. Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wer e good
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e good
. Condition s fo r th e observe r measure ment s wer e fair
. Th e observe r evaluation s wer e mad e whil e viewin g th e plum e agains t a clea r blu e sky ; however , th e dat a wer e take n lat e i n th e da ynea r sunset , whic h ma yhav e mad e th e plum e difficul t t o read
. PAPE R MIL L K
A t thi s source , emission s wer e measure d fro mth e kraf t recover yfurnac e a t a pape r mill
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug h a 9 3 mhig h b y2. 8 m exi t diamete r stack
. Particulat e emission s wer e controlle d wit h electro

stati c precipitators
. An LS I RM 4 transmissomete r wa s locate d i n th e stac k approximatel y5 mfro mth e stac k exit
. Lida r an d observe r plum e opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro ma commo n locatio n 70 0 msoutheas t o f th e plume
. Condition s fo r th e lida r and observe r measurement s wer e good
. Observe r evaluatio n o f ^h e plum e wa s mad e agains t a clea r blu e skybackground
. PHOSPHAT E PLAN T R
A t thi s source , emission s wer e measure d fro ma phosphat e fertilize r plan t (roc k dryer)
. Th e emission s wer e emitte d throug h a 2 5 mhig h b y2 m exi t diamete r stack
. Particulat e emission s wer e controlle d wit h



### 1 6P.2 6



### electrostati c precipitators . Th e LS I RM41 P portabl e transmissomete r wa s installe dinth e stac kapproximatel y 2 m fro m th e stac kexi t fo r in-stac k opacit y measurements . Lida r andobserve r plume opacit y measurement s wer e mad e fro m differen t position s 24 6 m southeas t an

d12 0 m wes t o f th e plume , respectively . Atmospheri c condition s fo r th e lida r measurement s wen t fro m fai r t o impossible . Afte r obtainin g on e serie s o f lida r measurements , a conveyo r upwindo f th e stac kwa s pu t int o operatio nan dinterferenc e fro

m particulat e emission s fro m th e conveyo r contaminate dth e atmospher e around th e stac kandmad e it s scatte r to o irregula r andvariabl e t o obtai naddi tiona l lida r measurements . Th e observe r plume opacit y measurement s wer e no t mad e concurren t wit hth e lida r measurement s bu t wer e mad e a t tw o emissio n levels . Condition s fo r th e observe r measurement s wer e good . Th e plume wa s evaluate dagains t a clea r blu e sky .

. 1 7P.2 7

SECTIO N4 RESULT S
Th e comparison s betwee n th e thre e opacit ymeasuremen t method s ar e show n i n Figure s 3 , 4 , and 5 . Th e correlatio n coefficients , linea r regressio n line s and thei r 95 % confidenc e interval s ar e calculate d and shown i n th e figures
. Th e comparison s ar e o f concurrentl yobtaine d measurement s o n relativel y steadystat e emissions
. Wheneve r th e opacit yo f a plum e wa s evaluate d b y mor e tha n on e observe r durin g a test , th e evaluation s wer e average d t o giv e a singl e dat a point. T o preven t measurement s fro mon e plan t overl yaffectin g a comparison , n o mor e tha n tw o emissio n level s wer e studie d o r tw o dat a point s generate d fro m

an yon e plant
. I n analyzin g th e data , th e result s fo r opaci

tie s betwee n 1 0 and 40 % ar e considere d mos t importan t becaus e the yfor mth e rang e o f th e opacit yemissio n standards
. LIDAR AN D TRANSMISSOMETE R COMPARISO N Th e bes t correlatio n observe d wa s betwee n th e lida r and in-stac k trans
missomete r opacit ymeasuremen t method s (Figur e 3) . Th e coefficien t o f corre latio n betwee n th e method s wa s 0.95 , and th e linea r regressio n lin e wa s withi n 3 % opacit yo f th e idea l one-to-on e relationshi p ove r th e entir e rang e o f opacitie s studied
. Ove r th e 1 0 t o 40 % opacit yrange , th e measuremen t difference s betwee n th e method s (lidar-transmissometer ) range d fro m- 8 t o +12 % opacity , an d th e lida r measurement s average d 2.2 % opacit yhighe r tha n th e in-stac k transmissomete r measurements . OBSERVE R AN D LIDAR COMPARISO N Th e nex t bes t correlatio n wa s observe d betwee n th e observe r an d lida r opacit ymeasuremen t method s (Figur e 4) . Th e coefficien t o f correlatio n betwee n th e method s wa s 0.88 . Th e linea r regressio n lin e wa s withi n ±5 % opacit yo f th e idea l one-to-on e relationshi p ove r th e entir e rang e o f
1 8P.2 8

80

7 0

6 0

S 5 0 - COAL-FIRE D POWE R PLANT S 3, 4

- OIL-FIRE D POWE R PLANT S 3, 4

- PHOSPHAT E PLANT , ROC KDRYER *

- PAPE R MILL , KRAF TRECOVER YFURNAC E -PORTLAN D CEMEN TPLAN T IN-STAC KTRANSMISSOMETE R

•LS I RM 4 O LS I RM41 P CORRELATIO N COEFFICIENT=0.9 5 C3.C 4 O3.O 4 R K P

< a

u < a. O u i 40

= 3 0

2 0

1 0

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0

PLUM E OPACIT Y(IN-STAC KTRANSMISSOMETER) , percen t

Figur e 3

. Plum e opacit ymeasurement s b ylida r versu s plum e opacit ymeasurement s b yin-stac k transmissometers

.

. 1 9P.2 9

90 Cl , C2 . C3 , C4 - COAL-FIRE D POWE R PLANT S 1,2,3, 4

—01 , O2 , O3 , O 4 - OIL-FIRE D POWE R PLANT S 1.2,3, 4 O c - OIL-FIRE D BOILER , CHEMICA L PLAN T K- PAPE R MILL , KRAF T RECOVER YFURNAC E P - PORTLAN D CEMEN T PLAN T CORRELATIO N ~COEFFICIENT=0.8 8

cc U J

> • t r U l C O G O o > - o <
3

_ l a .

2 0 3 0 4 0 PLUM E OPACIT Y(LIDAR) , percen t
Figur e 4

. Plum e opacit ymeasurement s b y traine d observer s versu s plum e opacit y measurement s b ylidar

.



### 2 0P.3 0

> O C U J tn e a o > H u <

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

PLUM E OPACIT Y(IN-STAC KTRANSMISSOMETER) , percen t
Figure 5

. Plum e opacit ymeasurement s b y traine d observer

s versu s plum e opacit y measurements b yin-stac k transmissometers

.

2 1~ P.3 1

opacitie s studied . Ove r th e 1 0 t o 40 % opacit y range , th e measuremen t differ ence s betwee nth e method s (observer-lidar ) range dfro m -2 2 t o 7 % opacity , an d the observe r measurement s average d5.9 % opacit y lowe r tha nthe lida r measurements . OBSERVE RAN DTRANSMISSOMETE RCOMPARISON Th e correlatio nobserve dbetwee nth e observe r an din-stac ktransmisso mete r (Figur e 5 ) wa s simila r bu t slightl y belo w th e correlatio nobserve d abov e betwee nth e observe r an dlidar . Th e coefficien t o f correlatio nbetwee n th e method s wa s 0.84 . Th e linea r regressio nlin e wa s offse t 4 t o 6 % opacit y fro m th e idea l one-to-on e relationshi pove r th e entir e rang e o f opacitie s studied . Ove r th e 1 0 t o 40 % opacit y range , th e measuremen t difference s betwee nth e method s (observer-transmissometer ) range dfro m -2 4 t o +4 % opacity , an dth e observe r measurement s average d11 % opacit y lowe r tha nthe in-stac k transmissomete r measurements .



### 2 2SECTION 5 DISCUSSION

Th e result s o f th e stud y show tha t o f th e thre e opacit y measuremen t method s studie d(lidar , observer , andin-stac ktransmissometer) , th e instru menta l method s o f lida r andin-stac ktransmissomete r correlate dbes t (corre latio ncoefficien t 0.95) . Th e observe r an dlida r correlatio nwa s second (correlatio ncoefficien t 0.88) , an dth e observe r an

din-stac ktransmissomete r correlatio nwa s wors t (correlatio ncoefficien t 0.84) . Th e dat a als o sho w tha t th e observe r opacit y

measurement s wer e generall y lowe r tha neithe r th e lida r o r th e in-stac ktransmissomete r opacit y measurements . Th e lowe r opacit y

measurement s b

y th e observe r metho dan dit s relativel y poo r correlatio nwit hinstrumenta l method s i s t o be expecte dwheneve r th e com pariso ni s o f dat a obtaine dunde r a variet y o f environmenta l lightin g an d plume backgroun dviewin g conditions . I t i s primaril y du e t o th e lo

w measure ment s associate dwit hth e observe r metho dwhe nevaluatin g plume s unde r les s tha ndesirabl e viewin g conditions . Lo w observe r opacit y

measurement s relativ e t o transmissomete r opacit y measurement s ha s als o bee nobserve db y Hami l (12 ) durin g a serie s o f comparativ e test s betwee nobserver s an din-stac ktransmisso meter s tha t wer e conducte da t a coal-fire dpowe r plan t unde r differen t environ menta l conditions . Thei r dat a (Figur e 6 ) show tha t th e lo

w observe r measure ment s wer e relate dt o th e environmenta l lightin g an dbackgroundviewin g condition s o f th e plume s whic hcause da reductio ni nsensitivit y and/o r negativ e bia s o f th e observe r method . InFigur e 6 , a reductio ninsensiti vit y and/o r negativ e bia s o f th e observe r metho drelativ e t o th e transmisso mete r ar e represente db y lo w slope s (les s tha n1 ) and/o r negativ e translation s o f th e curves , respectively . Lo w observe r opacit y

measurement s wer e als o reporte db

y Hoo d(13 ) fo r a comparativ e stud y betwee nth e observe r an din stac ktransmissomete r opacit y measuremen t method s a t a kraf t recover y furnace . 2 3P.3 3

4 0

> c c U J 

### 3 o
< a. o U J S ENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS :

TEST1 . CLOUDY , LO

WHAZ E TES T2 . SOLI D OVERCAS T TES T3 . CLOUDLES S SKY , BRIGH TSUNSHIN E 

# i 7 1

1 0 2 0 3 0 PLUM E OPACIT Y(IN-STAC K TRANSMISSOMETER) . percen t 4 0

Figur e 6 . Linea r regressio n relationship s betwee n plum e opacit y measurement s b y traine d observer

s an d in-stac k

transmissomete r a t a .coal-fire d powe r plant fo r differen t en vironmenta l conditions(12) .



### 2 4P.3 4

A variabl e negativ e bia s o f th e observe r opacit y measuremen t metho di s recog nize db y EPA , an dit s significanc e wit hrespec t t o th e enforcemen t o f opacit y standard s b

y th e traine dobserve r (Complianc e Tes t Metho d9 ) i s discusse di n th e introductio nt o th e metho d(2) . Fro m th e enforcemen t poin t o f view , i t i s importan t t o not e tha t ove r th e importan t 1 0 t o 40 % opacit y rang e o f th e opacit y emissio nstandards , th e dat a show tha t n o observe r measurement s wer e greate r tha nin-stac ktransmissomete r o r lida r measurement s b y mor e tha n8 % opacity . Althoug hth e dat a reporte dher e hav e bee nanalyze dstatisticall y t o sho w th e degre e o f correlatio nan dlinea r regressio nlin e relationship s observe d betwee nth e thre e measuremen t methods , th e result s ar e base donto o littl e dat a t o show

muc hmor e tha ntrends . Mor e dat a ar e neede dt o completel y evaluat e th e methods . I t i s likel y tha t wit hmor e dat a o nth e genera l appli catio no f th e methods , (a ) th e degre e o f correlatio nan drelativ e accurac y indicate dfo r th e instrumenta l method s o f lida r an din-stac ktransmissomete r wil l no t chang e significantly , (b ) th e correlation s betwee nth e observe r an d th e instrumenta l method s wil l become simila r bu t remai nbelow th e correlatio n observe dbetwee nth e instrumenta l methods , an d(c ) th e observe r measurement s wil l continu e t o b e generall y lowe r tha nth e instrumenta l measurements . However , comparison s o f th e method s a t specifi c source s a t specifi c time s ma y show bette r o r wors e correlation s andaccuracies . Thes e difference s wil l be relate dt o th e specifi c atmospheri c condition s and/o r rea l in-stac kan dplume opacit y differences .



### 2 5P.3 5

REFERENCE S
1 . Federa l Registe r Vol . 39 , No . 47:9808-98089 , Marc h8 , 1974 . 2 . Federa l Registe r Vol . 39 , No . 219:39872-39875 , Novembe r 12 , 1974 . 3 . Federa l Registe r Vol . 36 , No . 247:24877 , Decembe r 23 , 1971 . 4 . Federa l Registe r Vol . 4D , No . 194:46259-46263 , Octobe r 6 , 1975 . 5 . Beutner , H . P . Measuremen t o f Opacit y an dParticulat e Emission s wit han On-StackTransmissometer . J . Ai r Poll . Contro l Assoc. , 24(9):865-871 , 1974 . 6 . Lea r Siegler , Inc. , Englewood , Colorado . 7 . Evans , W . E . Developmen t o f Lida r Stac kEffluen t Opacit y Measurin g System , NTI S P B 233-135/AS , Springfield , Virginia , 1967 . 9 6 pp . 8 . Cook , C . S. , G . W . Bethke , andW . D . Conner . Remot e Measuremen t o f Smok e Plume Transmittanc e Using Lidar . Appl . Opt. , 11(8):1742-1748 , 1972 . 9 . Bethke , G . W . Developmen t o f Rang e Square dan dOff-Gatin g Modification s fo r a Lida r System , NTI S P B 228-715 , Springfield , Virginia , 1973 . 4 7 pp . 10 . Conner , W . D . an dJ . R . Hodkinson . Optica l Propertie s an dVisua l Effect s o f Smoke-Stac kPlumes , U.S . Publi c Healt hServic e Repor t No . 999-AP-30 . NTI S P B 174-705 , Springfield , Virginia , 1967 . 8 9 pp . 11 . Conner , W . D . A Compariso nbetwee nIn-Stac kandPlume Opacit y Measure ment s a t Oil-Fire dPowe r Plants , In : Proceeding s o f th e Fourt hNationa l Conferenc e o nEnerg y

andth e Environment , Dayto nSect . Am . Inst , o f Chem . Eng. , Dayton , Ohio , 1976 . pp . 478-83 . 12 . Hamil , H . F. , R . E . Thomas , an dN . F . Swynnerton . Evaluatio nan d Collaborativ e Study

o f Metho dfo r Visua l Determinatio no f Opacit y o f Emission s fro

m Stationar y

Sources , NTI S P B 25 7 948/OBA , Springfield , Virginia , 1975 . 7 0 pp . 13 . Hood , K . T. , andA . L . Caron . Th e Relationshi pbetwee nParticulat e Mas s Emissio nRat e andObserve dPlume Appearanc e fro m Kraf t Recover y

Furnaces , Pape r 74-AP-08 , presente da t PNNIS-APC A Meeting , Boise , Idaho , Novembe r 1974 . 

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TECHNICA L REPOR T DAT A (Please read

Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1

. REPOR TNO

. EPA-600/2-80-00 1 4

. TITL E AN D SUBTITL E COMPARATIV E STUDYO F PLUM E OPACIT YMEASUREMEN T METHOD S 3

. RECIPIENT' S ACCESSIO N NO

. 5

. REPOR TDAT E Januar y 198 0 6

. PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N COD E

7

. AUTHOR(S ) 8

. PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N REPOR TNO

. W . D . Conne r and'N . Whit e 9

. PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N NAM E AN D ADDRES S 10

. PROGRA M ELEMEN TNO

. (Sam e a s Bloc k

12 ) 1AD712 B BA-01 0 (FY-79 ) 11

. CONTRACT/GRAN TNO

.

12

. SPONSORIN G AGENC YNAM E AN D ADDRES S Environmenta l Science s Researc hLaborator y Offic e o f Researc han dDevelopmen t U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y Researc hTriangl e Park , N . C . 2771 1 13

. TYP E O F REPOR TAN D PERIO D COVERE D RTP , N C In-hous e

14

. SPONSORIN G AGENC YCOD E EPA/600/0 9 15

. SUPPLEMENTAR YNOTE S

16

. ABSTRAC T Th e opacit y

o f smoke-stac kemission s wa s measure db y thre e method s a t thirtee n differen t plant s an dth e result s compared . Th e thre e opacit y measuremen t method s ar e traine dobserver , in-stac ktransmissometer , andlase r rada r (lidar) . Th e instrumenta l methods , lida r andin-stac ktransmissometer , correlate dbette r wit heac hothe r tha n wit hth e observe r metho dandwer e als o mor e precis e tha nth e observe r method . Observe r measurement s wer e generall y lowe r tha ninstrumenta l measurements . Dat a show tha t fo r th e rang e o f opacit y emissio nstandard s (betwee n1 0 an d40 % opacity) , th e observe r reading s average d6 and11 % opacit y les s tha nth e instrumenta l reading s o f lida r andtransmissometer , respectively , an dvarie db

y a s muc ha s 25 % opacit y below t o 8 % opacit y

abov e th e instrumenta l readings .

17

. KE YWORD S AN D DOCUMEN TANALYSI S DESCRIPTOR S b.lDENTIFIERS/OPE N ENDE D TERM S c . CO S A T I Field/Grou p * Ai r pollutio n Chimney s * Plume s Opacit y Measuremen t Compariso n Observatio n Optica l rada r

Transmissometer s 13 B 13 M 21 B 17 H 14 B

18

. DISTRIBUTIO N STATEMEN T RELEAS E T O PUBLI C 19

. SECURIT YCLAS S (This Report) UNCLASSIFIE D 2 1

. NO

. O F PAGE S 3 5 20

. SECURIT YCLAS S (This page) UNCLASSIFIE D 22

. PRIC E

EP A For m 2220- 1 (Rev

. 4-77 ) PREVIOU S EDITIO N I S OBSOLET E 27Unite d State s

Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Environmenta l Researc h Informatio n Cente r Cincinnat i O H 4526 8 Postag e an d Fee s Pai d Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y EP A33 5 Officia l Busines s Penalt yfo rPrivat e Use , S30 0

Pleas e mak e al l necessar ychange s o n th e abov e label , detac h o rcopy , an d retur n t o th e addres s i n th e uppe r left-han d corne r I f yo u d o no t wis h t o receiv e thes e report s CHEC KHER E D , detach , o rcop ythi s cover , an d retur n t o th e addres s i n th e uppe rleft-han d corne r EPA-600/2-80-00 1