U.S. Department Advisory


of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration Circular


Subject: Reference Materials and Subject Matter Date: 6/8/04 AC No: 60-25F

 Knowledge Codes for Airman Knowledge Testing Initiated by: AFS-630 Change: 

1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular contains the listings of reference materials and subject matter knowledge 

codes for airman knowledge testing. It includes codes for pilots, instructors, flight engineers, dispatchers, navigators, 

pilot examiners, inspection authorization, parachute riggers, and aircraft mechanics. 

2. CANCELLATION. AC 60-25E, Reference Materials and Subject Matter Knowledge Codes for Airman 

Knowledge Testing, dated 4/16/01, is canceled. 

3. GENERAL. The listings of reference materials and subject matter knowledge codes have been prepared by the 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish specific references for all knowledge standards. The listings 

contain reference materials to be used when preparing for all airman knowledge tests. The subject matter knowledge 

codes should be referred to when reviewing areas of deficiency on airman knowledge test reports. 

4. HOW TO OBTAIN ELECTRONICALLY. The subject matter knowledge codes, some of the reference 

materials listed, and knowledge test guides specific to each certification testing level can be obtained from the 

Regulatory Support Division’s web site at http://afs600.faa.gov. 

/s/ 6/8/2004 

Joseph K. Tintera, Manager 

Regulatory Support Division 

Flight Standards Service 
AC 60-25F 6/8/04


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6/8/04 AC 60-25F


REFERENCE MATERIALS AND SUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGE CODES 

FOR PILOTS, INSTRUCTORS, FLIGHT ENGINEERS, DISPATCHERS, 

NAVIGATORS, PILOT EXAMINERS, INSPECTION AUTHORIZATION, AND 

PARACHUTE RIGGERS 

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 1—Definitions and Abbreviations 

A01 General Definitions 

A02 Abbreviations and Symbols 

14 CFR part 21—Certification Procedures for Products and Parts 

A100 General 

A102 Type Certificates 

A104 Supplemental Type Certificates 

A108 Airworthiness Certificates 

A110 Approval of Materials, Parts, Processes, and Appliances 

A112 Export Airworthiness Approvals 

A114 Approval of Engines, Propellers, Materials, Parts, and Appliances: Import 

A117 Technical Standard Order Authorizations 

14 CFR part 23—Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category 

Airplanes 

A150 General 

A151 Flight 

A152 Structure 

A153 Design and Construction 

A154 Powerplant 

A155 Equipment 

A157 Operating Limitations and Information 

A159 Appendix G: Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 

14 CFR part 25—Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 

A03 General 

A04 Flight 

A05 Structure 

A06 Design and Construction 

A07 Powerplant 

A08 Equipment 

A09 Operating Limitations and Information 

A11 Appendix H: Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 

14 CFR part 27—Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft 

A250 General 

A253 Flight 

A255 Strength Requirements 

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A257 Design and Construction 

A259 Powerplant 

A261 Equipment 

A263 Operating Limitations and Information 

A265 Appendix A: Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 

14 CFR part 39—Airworthiness Directives 

A13 Airworthiness Directives 

14 CFR part 43—Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 

A15 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 

A16 Appendixes 

14 CFR part 45—Identification and Registration Marking 

A400 General 

A401 Identification of Aircraft and Related Products 

A402 Nationality and Registration Marks 

14 CFR part 61—Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 

A20 General 

A21 Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations 

A22 Student Pilots 

A23 Recreational Pilot 

A24 Private Pilots 

A25 Commercial Pilots 

A26 Airline Transport Pilots 

A27 Flight Instructors 

A29 Ground Instructors 

14 CFR part 63—Certification: Flight Crewmembers Other Than Pilots 

A30 General 

A31 Flight Engineers 

A32 Flight Navigators 

14 CFR part 65—Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers 

A40 General 

A41 Aircraft Dispatchers 

A44 Parachute Riggers 

A45 Mechanics 

A46 Repairmen 

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14 CFR part 71—Designation of Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E Airspace 

Areas; Airways; Routes; and Reporting Points 

A60 General 

A61 Class B Airspace 

A62 Class A Airspace 

A64 Class C Airspace 

A65 Class D Airspace 

A66 Class E Airspace 

14 CFR part 91—General Operating and Flight Rules 

B07 General 

B08 Flight Rules—General 

B09 Visual Flight Rules 

B10 Instrument Flight Rules 

B11 Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements 

B12 Special Flight Operations 

B13 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 

B14 Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft 

B15 Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft 

B16 Appendix A—Category II Operations: Manual, Instruments, Equipment, and Maintenance 

B17 Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of United States-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside 

of the United States; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft 

14 CFR part 97—Standard Instrument Approach Procedures 

B97 General 

14 CFR part 105—Parachute Operations 

C01 General 

C02 Operating Rules 

C03 Parachute Equipment and Packing 

14 CFR part 119—Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators 

C20 General 

C21 Applicability of Operating Requirements to Different Kinds of Operations Under Parts 121, 

125, and 135 

C22 Certification, Operations Specifications, and Certain Other Requirements for Operations 

Conducted Under Part 121 or 135 

14 CFR part 121—Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations 

D01 General 

D02 Certification Rules for Domestic and Flag Air Carriers 

D03 Certification Rules for Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators 

D04 Rules Governing all Certificate Holders Under This Part 

D05 Approval of Routes: Domestic and Flag Air Operations 

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D06 Approval of Areas and Routes for Supplemental Operations 

D07 Manual Requirements 

D08 Aircraft Requirements 

D09 Airplane Performance Operating Limitations 

D10 Special Airworthiness Requirements 

D11 Instrument and Equipment Requirements 

D12 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 

D13 Airman and Crewmember Requirements 

D14 Training Program 

D15 Crewmember Qualifications 

D16 Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time Limitations: Domestic and Flag Operations 

D17 Flight Time Limitations and Rest Requirements: Domestic Operations 

D18 Flight Time Limitations: Flag Operations 

D19 Flight Time Limitations: Supplemental Operations 

D20 Flight Operations 

D21 Dispatching and Flight Release Rules 

D22 Records and Reports 

D23 Crewmember Certificate: International 

D24 Special Federal Aviation Regulation SFAR No. 14 

14 CFR part 125—Certification and Operations: Airplanes Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or 

More Passengers or a Maximum Payload Capacity of 6,000 Pounds or More; and Rules 

Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft 

D30 General 

D36 Maintenance 

14 CFR part 135—Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules 

Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft 

E01 General 

E02 Flight Operations 

E03 Aircraft and Equipment 

E04 VFR/IFR Operating Limitations and Weather Requirements 

E05 Flight Crewmember Requirements 

E06 Crewmember Flight Time and Duty Period Limitations and Rest Requirements 

E07 Crewmember Testing Requirements 

E08 Training 

E09 Airplane Performance Operating Limitations 

E10 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 

E11 Appendix A: Additional Airworthiness Standards for 10 or More Passenger Airplanes 

E12 Special Federal Aviation Regulations SFAR No. 36 

E13 Special Federal Aviation Regulations SFAR No. 38 

14 CFR part 183—Representatives of the Administrator 

E150 General 

E151 Certification of Representatives 

E152 Kinds of Designations: Privileges 

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US HMR 172—Hazardous Materials Table 

F02 General 

US HMR 175—Materials Transportation Bureau Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) 

G01 General Information and Regulations 

G02 Loading, Unloading, and Handling 

G03 Specific Regulation Applicable According to Classification of Material 

NTSB 830—Rules Pertaining to the Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or 

Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and 

Records 

G10 General 

G11 Initial Notification of Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft 

G12 Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records 

G13 Reporting of Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft 

The Powered Parachute Bible—Media Max, First Edition 

H01 Airframe 

H02 Wing 

H03 Powerplant 

H04 4-cycle and 2-cycle Engines 

H05 4-cycle vs. 2-cycle 

H06 Electrical Output 

H07 Ignition Systems 

H08 Oil and Fuel 

H09 Engine Gauges 

H10 Propeller 

H11 Aerodynamics 

H12 Preflight 

H13 Operations 

Trikes, The Flex-Wing Flyers, H & L Press, Second Edition 

H20 Principles of Flight 

H21 Weight-Shift Ultralight 

H22 Effects of Flight Controls 

H23 Preflight and Postflight 

H24 Navigation 

H25 Flight 

H26 Clothing and Equipment 

H27 Triking Activities 

FAA-H-8083-1—Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook 

H100 Why is Weight and Balance Important? 

H101 Weight Control 

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H102 Effects of Weight 

H103 Weight Changes 

H104 Stability and Balance Control 

H105 Weight and Balance Theory 

H106 Weight and Balance Documents 

H107 Requirements 

H108 Equipment for Weighing 

H109 Preparation for Weighing 

H110 Determining the Center of Gravity 

H111 Empty-Weight Center of Gravity Formulas 

H112 Determining the Loaded Weight and CG 

H113 Multiengine Airplane Weight and Balance Computations 

H114 Determining the Loaded CG 

H115 Equipment List 

H116 Weight and Balance Revision Record 

H117 Weight Changes Caused by a Repair or Alteration 

H118 Empty-Weight CG Range 

H119 Adverse-Loaded CG Checks 

H120 Ballast 

H121 Weighing Requirements 

H122 Locating and Monitoring Weight and CG Location 

H123 Determining the Correct Stabilizer Trim Setting 

H124 Determining CG Changes Caused by Modifying the Cargo 

H125 Determining Cargo Pallet Loads with Regard to Floor Loading Limits 

H126 Determining the Maximum Amount of Payload That Can Be Carried 

H127 Determining the Landing Weight 

H128 Determining the Minutes of Fuel Dump Time 

H129 Weight and Balance of Commuter Category Airplanes 

H130 Determining the Loaded CG of a Helicopter 

H131 Using an Electronic Calculator to Solve Weight and Balance Problems 

H132 Using an E6-B Flight Computer to Solve Weight and Balance Problems 

H133 Using a Dedicated Electronic Computer to Solve Weight and Balance Problems 

H134 Typical Weight and Balance Problems 

H135 Glossary 

FAA-H-8083-9—Aviation Instructor Handbook 

H200 Learning Theory 

H201 Definition of Learning 

H202 Characteristics of Learning 

H203 Principles of Learning 

H204 Levels of Learning 

H205 Learning Physical Skills 

H206 Memory 

H207 Transfer of Learning 

H208 Control of Human Behavior 

H210 Human Needs 

H211 Defense Mechanisms 

H212 The Flight Instructor as a Practical Psychologist 

H213 Basic Elements 

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H214 Barriers to Effective Communication 

H215 Developing Communication Skills 

H216 Preparation 

H217 Presentation 

H218 Application 

H219 Review and Evaluation 

H220 Organizing Material 

H221 Lecture Method 

H222 Cooperative or Group Learning Method 

H223 Guided Discussion Method 

H224 Demonstration-Performance Method 

H225 Computer-Based Training Method 

H226 The Instructor as a Critic 

H227 Evaluation 

H228 Instructional Aid Theory 

H229 Reasons for Use of Instructional Aids 

H230 Guidelines for Use of Instructional Aids 

H231 Types of Instructional Aids 

H232 Test Preparation Material 

H233 Aviation Instructor Responsibilities 

H234 Flight Instructor Responsibilities 

H235 Professionalism 

H236 The Telling-and-Doing Technique 

H237 Integrated Flight Instruction 

H238 Obstacles to Learning During Flight Instruction 

H239 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls 

H240 Use of Distractions 

H241 Aeronautical Decision Making 

H242 Factors Affecting Decision Making 

H243 Operational Pitfalls 

H244 Evaluating Student Decision Making 

H245 Course of Training 

H246 Blocks of Learning 

H247 Training Syllabus 

H248 Lesson Plans 

H249 Growth and Development 

H250 Sources of Material 

H251 Appendix A—Sample Test Items 

H252 Appendix B—Instructor Endorsements 

H253 Glossary 

AC 61-23—Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge [Superceded by FAA-H-8083-25] 

H300 Forces Acting on the Airplane in Flight 

H301 Turning Tendency (Torque Effect) 

H302 Airplane Stability 

H303 Loads and Load Factors 

H304 Airplane Structure 

H305 Flight Control Systems 

H306 Electrical System 

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H307 Engine Operation 

H308 Propeller 

H309 Starting the Engine 

H310 Exhaust Gas Temperature Gauge 

H311 Aircraft Documents, Maintenance, and Inspections 

H312 The Pitot-Static System and Associated Instruments 

H313 Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 

H314 Magnetic Compass 

H315 Weight Control 

H316 Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity 

H317 Airplane Performance 

H318 Observations 

H319 Service Outlets 

H320 Weather Briefings 

H321 Nature of the Atmosphere 

H322 The Cause of Atmospheric Circulation 

H323 Moisture and Temperature 

H324 Air Masses and Fronts 

H325 Aviation Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Weather Charts 

H326 Types of Airports 

H327 Sources for Airport Data 

H328 Airport Markings and Signs 

H329 Airport Lighting 

H330 Wind Direction Indicators 

H331 Radio Communications 

H332 Air Traffic Services 

H333 Wake Turbulence 

H334 Collision Avoidance 

H335 Controlled Airspace 

H336 Uncontrolled Airspace 

H337 Special Use Airspace 

H338 Other Airspace Areas 

H339 Aeronautical Charts 

H340 Latitude and Longitude 

H341 Effect of Wind 

H342 Basic Calculations 

H343 Pilotage 

H344 Dead Reckoning 

H345 Flight Planning 

H346 Charting the Course 

H347 Filing a VFR Flight Plan 

H348 Radio Navigation 

H349 Obtaining a Medical Certificate 

H350 Health Factors Affecting Pilot Performance 

H351 Environmental Factors which Affect Pilot Performance 

FAA-H-8083-11—Balloon Flying Handbook 

H400 History 

H401 Physics 

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H402 Basic Balloon Terms 

H403 Balloon Components 

H404 Support Equipment 

H405 Choosing a Balloon 

H406 Flight Planning 

H407 Preflight Operations 

H408 Checklists 

H409 Crew 

H410 Chase 

H411 Inflation 

H412 Launch 

H413 Approach to Landing 

H414 Landing 

H415 Standard Burn 

H416 Level Flight 

H417 Use of Instruments 

H418 Ascents and Descents 

H419 Maneuvering 

H420 Winds Above 

H421 Winds Below 

H422 Contour Flying 

H423 Radio Communications 

H424 Deflation 

H425 Preparing for Pack-up 

H426 Legal Considerations 

H427 Propane Management and Fueling 

H428 Tethering 

H429 Emergency Procedures 

H430 Regulations 

H431 Maintenance 

H432 Earning a Pilot Certificate 

H433 Practical Test Standards 

H434 Skill Development 

H435 What is a Good Instructor 

H436 Aeronautical Decision Making 

H437 Types of Decisions 

H438 Effectiveness of ADM 

H439 Glossary 

FAA-H-8083-3—Airplane Flying Handbook [Superceded by FAA-H-8083-3A] 

H501 Choosing a Flight School 

H502 Instructor/Student Relationship 

H503 Role of the FAA 

H504 Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) 

H505 Study Habits 

H506 Study Materials 

H507 Collision Avoidance 

H509 Pilot Assessment 

H510 Preflight Preparation and Flight Planning 

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AC 60-25F 6/8/04


H511 Airplane Preflight Inspection 

H512 Minimum Equipment Lists (MELs) and Operations with Inoperative Equipment 

H513 Cockpit Management 

H514 Use of Checklists 

H515 Ground Operations 

H516 Taxiing 

H517 Taxi Clearances at Airports with an Operating Control Tower 

H518 Before Takeoff Check 

H519 After-landing 

H520 Postflight 

H522 Terms and Definitions 

H523 Prior to Takeoff 

H524 Normal Takeoff 

H525 Crosswind Takeoff 

H526 Short-field Takeoff and Climb 

H527 Soft-field Takeoff and Climb 

H528 Rejected Takeoff 

H529 Noise Abatement 

H531 Integrated Flight Instruction 

H532 Attitude Flying 

H533 Straight-and-level Flight 

H534 Turns 

H535 Climbs 

H536 Descents 

H538 Slow Flight 

H539 Stalls 

H540 Spins 

H541 Spin Procedures 

H542 Aircraft Limitations 

H543 Weight and Balance Requirements 

H545 Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects 

H546 Performance Maneuvers 

H548 Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations 

H549 Normal Approach and Landing 

H550 Crosswind Approach and Landing 

H551 Short-field Approach and Landing 

H552 Soft-field Approach and Landing 

H553 Power-off Accuracy Approaches 

H554 Faulty Approaches and Landings 

H555 Final Approaches 

H556 Roundout (Flare) 

H557 Touchdown 

H559 Basic Instrument Training 

H560 Basic Instrument Flight 

H561 Use of Navigation Systems 

H562 Use of Radar Services 

H564 Night Vision 

H565 Night Illusions 

H566 Pilot Equipment 

H567 Airplane Equipment and Lighting 

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H568 Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids 

H569 Preparation and Preflight 

H570 Starting, Taxiing, and Runup 

H571 Takeoff and Climb 

H572 Orientation and Navigation 

H573 Approaches and Landings 

H574 Night Emergencies 

H576 VOR Navigation 

H577 VOR/DME RNAV 

H578 LORAN-C Navigation 

H579 Global Positioning System (GPS) 

H580 Radar Services 

H582 Systems and Equipment Malfunctions 

H583 Emergency Approaches and Landings (Actual) 

H585 Airplane Systems 

H586 Pressurized Airplanes 

H587 Oxygen Systems 

H588 Physiological Altitude Limits 

H589 Regulatory Requirements 

H591 Multiengine Performance Characteristics 

H592 The Critical Engine 

H593 Vmc for Certification 

H594 Performance 

H595 Factors in Takeoff Planning 

H596 Accelerates/Stop Distance 

H597 Propeller Feathering 

H598 Use of Trim Tabs 

H599 Preflight Preparation 

H600 Checklist 

H601 Taxiing 

H602 Normal Takeoffs 

H603 Crosswind Takeoffs 

H604 Short-field or Obstacle Clearance Takeoff 

H605 Stalls 

H606 Emergency Descent 

H607 Approaches and Landings 

H608 Crosswind Landings 

H609 Short-field Landing 

H610 Go-around Procedure 

H611 Engine Inoperative Emergencies 

H612 Engine Inoperative Procedures 

H613 Vmc Demonstrations 

H614 Engine Failure Before Lift-off (Rejected Takeoff) 

H615 Engine Failure After Lift-off 

H616 Engine Failure En Route 

H617 Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing 

H618 Types of Decisions 

H619 Effectiveness of ADM 

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FAA-H-8083-21—Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 

H700 Glossary 

Helicopter 

H701 Introduction to the Helicopter 

H702 General Aerodynamics 

H703 Aerodynamics of Flight 

H704 Autorotation 

H705 Helicopter Flight Controls 

H706 Helicopter Systems 

H707 Engines 

H708 Transmission System 

H709 Main Rotor System 

H710 Fuel Systems 

H711 Electrical Systems 

H712 Hydraulics 

H713 Stability Augmentations Systems 

H714 Autopilot 

H715 Environmental Systems 

H716 Anti-Icing Systems 

H717 Rotorcraft Flight Manual 

H718 Operating Limitations 

H719 Weight and Balance 

H720 Performance 

H721 Performance Charts 

H722 Basic Flight Maneuvers 

H723 Minimum Equipment Lists 

H724 Rotor Safety Considerations 

H725 Vertical Takeoff to a Hover 

H726 Hovering 

H727 Taxiing 

H728 Turns 

H729 Normal Takeoff 

H730 Ground Reference Maneuvers 

H731 Traffic Patterns 

H732 Approaches 

H733 Go-Around 

H734 Noise Abatement Procedures 

H735 Advance Flight Maneuvers 

H736 Reconnaissance Procedures 

H737 Maximum Performance Takeoff 

H738 Running/Rolling Takeoff 

H739 Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop) 

H740 Steep Approach to a Hover 

H741 Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing 

H742 Slope Operations 

H743 Confined Area Operations 

H744 Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations 

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6/8/04 AC 60-25F


H745 Helicopter Emergencies 

H746 Autorotation 

H747 Height/Velocity Diagram 

H748 Retreating Blade Stall 

H749 Ground Resonance 

H750 Dynamic Rollover 

H751 Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping 

H752 Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall 

H753 Recovery From Low Rotor RPM 

H754 Systems Flight Diversion Malfunctions 

H755 Lost Procedures 

H756 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear 

H757 Attitude Instrument Flying 

H758 Flight Instruments 

H759 Night Operations 

H760 Aeronautical Decision Making 

Gyroplanes 

H761 Introduction to the Gyroplane 

H762 Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane 

H763 Autorotations 

H764 Rotor Disc Regions 

H765 Retreating Blade Stall 

H766 Rotor Force 

H767 Stability 

H768 Horizontal Stabilizer 

H769 Propeller Thrust Line 

H770 Gyroplane Flight Controls 

H771 Cyclic Control 

H772 Gyroplanes Systems 

H773 Semirigid Rotor Systems 

H774 Fully Articulated Rotor System 

H775 Prerotator 

H776 Rotorcraft Flight Manual 

H777 Weight and Balance 

H778 Performance 

H779 Height/Velocity Diagram 

H780 Gyroplane Flight Operations 

H781 Taxi 

H782 Blade Flap 

H783 Takeoff 

H784 Jump Takeoff 

H785 Basic Flight Maneuvers 

H786 Ground Reference Maneuvers 

H787 Flight at Slow Airspeeds 

H788 High Rate of Descent 

H789 Landings/Crosswind 

H790 Go Around 

H791 Gyroplane Emergencies 

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H792 Aborted Takeoff 

H793 Lift-Off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack 

H794 Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO) 

H795 Buntover (Power Pushover) 

H796 Ground Reference 

H797 Emergency Approach and Landing 

H798 Aeronautical Decision Making 

FAA-H-8083-15—Instrument Flying Handbook 

Human Factors 

H800 Sensory Systems 

H801 Spatial Disorientation 

H802 Optical Illusions 

H803 Physiological and Psychological Factors 

H804 Medical Factors 

H805 Aeronautical Decision Making 

H806 Crew/Cockpit Resource Management 

Aerodynamics 

H807 Basic Aerodynamics 

Flight Instruments 

H808 Pitot Static 

H809 Compass 

H810 Gyroscopic 

H811 Flight Director 

H812 Systems Preflight 

Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying 

H813 Fundamental Skills 

Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers 

H814 Straight-and-level Flight 

H815 Straight Climbs and Descents 

H816 Turns 

H817 Approach to Stall 

H818 Unusual Attitude Recoveries 

H819 Instrument Takeoff 

H820 Instrument Flight Patterns 

Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying 

H821 Instrument Flight 

H822 Straight-and-level 

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H823 Straight Climbs 

H824 Straight Descents 

H825 Turns 

H826 Unusual Attitude Recoveries 

H827 Emergencies 

H828 Instrument Takeoff 

Navigation Systems 

H829 Basic Radio Principals 

H830 Nondirectional Beacon (NDB) 

H831 Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) 

H832 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 

H833 Area Navigation (RNAV) 

H834 Long Range Navigation (LORAN) 

H835 Global Positioning System (GPS) 

H836 Inertia Navigation System (INS) 

H837 Instrument Landing System (ILS) 

H838 Microwave Landing System (MLS) 

H839 Flight Management Systems (FMS) 

H840 Head-up Display (HUD) 

H841 Radar Navigation (Ground Based) 

National Airspace System 

H842 IFR Enroute Charts 

H843 U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications 

H844 Instrument Approach Procedures 

Air Traffic Control Systems 

H845 Communications Equipment 

H846 Communications Procedures 

H847 Communications Facilities 

IFR Flight 

H848 Planning 

H849 Clearances 

H850 Departures 

H851 Enroute 

H852 Holding 

H853 Arrival 

H854 Approaches 

H855 Flying Experience 

H856 Weather Conditions 

H857 Conducting an IFR Flight 

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Emergency Operations 

H858 Unforecast Adverse Weather 

H859 Aircraft System Malfunction 

H860 Communication/Navigation System Malfunction 

H861 Loss of Situational Awareness 

Glossary 

H862 Glossary 

Gyroplane Flight Training Manual—Jean-Pierre Harrison 

H660 General Aerodynamics 

H661 Aerodynamics of Flight 

H662 Rotor RPM During Autorotations 

H663 Function of the Controls 

H664 Some Hazards of Gyroplane Flight 

H665 Precautionary Measures and Critical Conditions 

H666 Gyroplane Flight Maneuvers 

FAA-H-8083-25—Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 

Aircraft Structure 

H900 Aircraft Structure 

H901 Major Components 

Principles of Flight 

H902 Principles of Flight 

H903 Structure of the Atmosphere 

H904 Newton’s Laws of Motion and Force 

H905 Magnus Effect 

H906 Bernoulli’s Principle of Pressure 

H907 Airfoil Design 

H908 Low Pressure Above 

H909 High Pressure Below 

H910 Pressure Distribution 

Aerodynamics of Flight 

H911 Aerodynamics of Flight 

H912 Forces Acting on the Airplane 

H913 Wingtip Vortices 

H914 Ground Effect 

H915 Axes of an Airplane 

H916 Moments and Moment Arm 

H917 Design Characteristics 

H918 Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers 

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H919 Stalls 

H920 Basic Propeller Principles 

H921 Load Factors 

H922 Weight and Balance 

H923 High Speed Flight 

Flight Controls 

H924 Flight Controls 

H925 Primary Flight Controls 

H926 Secondary Flight Controls 

Aircraft Systems 

H927 Aircraft Systems 

H928 Powerplant 

H929 Pressurized Airplanes 

H930 Turbine Engines 

Flight Instruments 

H931 Pitot-Static Flight Instruments 

H932 Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 

H933 Magnetic Compass 

H934 Outside Air Temperature Gauge 

Flight Manuals and Other Documents 

H935 Airplane Flight Manuals 

H936 Aircraft Documents 

H937 Aircraft Maintenance 

Weight and Balance 

H938 Weight and Balance 

H939 Weight Control 

H940 Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity 

H941 Determining Loaded Weight and Center of Gravity 

Aircraft Performance 

H942 Aircraft Performance 

H943 Importance of Performance Data 

H944 Structure of the Atmosphere 

H945 Performance 

H946 Takeoff and Landing Performance 

H947 Performance Speeds 

H948 Performance Charts 

H949 Transport Category Airplane Performance 

H950 Examples of Performance Charts 

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Weather Theory 

H951 Weather Theory 

H952 Nature of the Atmosphere 

H953 The Cause of Atmosphere Circulation 

H954 Atmospheric Stability 

H955 Air Masses 

H956 Fronts 

Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Charts 

H957 Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Charts 

H958 Observations 

H959 Service Outlets 

H960 Weather Briefings 

H961 Aviation Weather Reports 

H962 Aviation Forecasts 

H963 Weather Charts 

Airport Operations 

H964 Airport Operations 

H965 Types of Airports 

H966 Sources for Airport Data 

H967 Airport Markings and Signs 

H968 Airport Lighting 

H969 Wind Direction Indicators 

H970 Radio Communications 

H971 Air Traffic Control Services 

H972 Wake Turbulence 

H973 Collision Avoidance Procedures 

Airspace 

H974 Airspace 

H975 Controlled Airspace 

H976 Uncontrolled Airspace 

H977 Special Use Airspace 

H978 Other Airspace Areas 

Navigation 

H979 Navigation 

H980 Aeronautical Charts 

H981 Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels) 

H982 Effect of Wind 

H983 Basic Calculations 

H984 Pilotage 

H985 Dead Reckoning 

H986 Flight Planning 

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H987 Charting the Course 

H988 Filing a VFR Flight Plan 

H989 Radio Navigation 

H990 Lost Procedures 

H991 Flight Diversion 

Aeromedical Factors 

H992 Aeromedical Factors 

H993 Obtaining a Medical Certificates 

H994 Environmental and Health Factors Affecting Pilot Performance 

H995 Vision in Flight 

Aeronautical Decision Making 

H996 The Decision-Making Process 

H997 Risk Management 

H998 Factors Affecting Decision Making 

FAA-H-8083-13—Glider Flying Handbook 

Introduction 

H1000 Introduction to Glider Flying 

H1001 Gliders–The Early Years 

H1002 Glider or Sailplane 

H1003 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements 

H1004 Aeronautical Decision Making 

H1005 Origins of ADM Training 

H1006 The Decision-Making Process 

H1007 Risk Management 

H1008 Factors Affecting Decision Making 

H1009 Operational Pitfalls 

H1010 Medical Factors Associated with Glider Flying 

Components and Systems 

H1011 Components and Systems 

H1012 The Fuselage 

H1013 Lift/Drag Devices 

H1014 The Empennage 

H1015 Powerplant 

H1016 Landing Gear 

Aerodynamics of Flight 

H1017 Aerodynamics of Flight 

H1018 Airfoil 

H1019 Forces of Flight 

H1020 Three Axes of Rotation 

21

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


H1021 Stability 

H1022 Turning Flight/Turn Coordination 

H1023 Ground Effect 

H1024 Flight Instruments 

H1025 Pitot-Static Instruments 

H1026 Magnetic Compass 

H1027 Gyroscopic Instruments 

H1028 G-Meter 

H1029 Outside Air Temperature Gauge 

H1030 Glider Performance 

H1031 Factors Affecting Performance 

H1032 Rate of Climb 

H1033 Center of Gravity 

H1034 Sample Weight and Balance Problems 

H1035 Ballast Weight 

H1036 Effects of Water Ballast 

H1037 Preflight and Ground Operations 

H1038 Assembly Techniques 

H1039 Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers 

H1040 Aerotow Launch Signals 

H1041 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques 

H1042 Takeoff Emergency Procedures 

H1043 Aerotow Climbout and Release Procedures 

H1044 Aerotow Abnormal Procedures 

H1045 Slack Line 

H1046 Boxing the Wake 

H1047 Ground Launch Takeoff 

H1048 Tow Speeds 

H1049 Normal Into-the-Wind Ground Launch 

H1050 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb–Ground Launch 

H1051 Ground Tow Launch–Climbout and Release 

H1052 Abnormal Procedures, Ground Launch 

H1053 Emergency Procedures, Ground Launch 

H1054 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures 

H1055 Taxiing the Self-Launching Glider 

H1056 Before Takeoff Check–Self-Launching Glider 

H1057 Normal Takeoff–Self-Launching Glider 

H1058 Crosswind Takeoff–Self-Launching Glider 

H1059 Self-Launch—Climb-Out and ShutDown Landings 

H1060 Emergency Procedures, Self-Launching Glider 

H1061 Performance Maneuvers, Straight Glides 

H1062 Turns 

H1063 Steep Turns 

H1064 Spiral Dive 

H1065 Maneuvering at Minimum Control Airspeed, Stalls, and Spins 

H1066 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed 

H1067 Stall Recognition and Recovery 

H1068 Spins 

H1069 Minimum Sink Airspeed 

H1070 Best Glide Airspeed 

22

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


H1071 Speed-To-Fly 

H1072 Traffic Patterns 

H1073 Crosswind Landings 

H1074 Slips 

H1075 Downwind Landings 

H1076 After-Landing and Securing 

H1077 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures 

H1078 Porpoising 

H1079 Pilot-Induced Oscillations 

H1080 Gust-Induced Oscillations 

H1081 Glider Induced Oscillations 

H1082 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations 

H1083 Off-Field Landing Procedures 

H1084 Systems and Equipment Malfunctions 

H1085 Self-Launch Gliders 

H1086 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear 

H1087 Soaring Weather 

H1088 The Atmosphere 

H1089 Pressure 

H1090 Standard Atmosphere 

H1091 Layers of the Atmosphere 

H1092 Scale of Weather Events 

H1093 Thermal Soaring Weather 

H1094 Thermal Shape and Structure 

H1095 Atmospheric Stability 

H1096 Understanding Soundings 

H1097 Air Masses Conductive to Thermal Soaring 

H1098 Cloud Streets 

H1099 Thermal Waves 

H1100 Thunderstorms 

H1101 Weather for Slope Soaring 

H1102 Wave Soaring Weather 

H1103 Mechanism for Wave Formation 

H1104 Lift Due to Convergence 

H1105 Obtaining Weather Information 

H1106 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, And Printed Reports and Forecasts 

H1107 Convective Outlook Chart 

H1108 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast 

H1109 Transcribed Weather Broadcasts 

H1110 Soaring Techniques 

H1111 Thermal Soaring 

H1112 Ridge and Slope Soaring 

H1113 Wave Soaring 

H1114 Soaring Convergence Zones 

H1115 Combined Sources of Updrafts 

H1116 Cross-Country Soaring 

H1117 Flight Preparation and Planning 

H1118 Personal and Special Equipment 

H1119 Navigation 

H1120 A Sample Cross–Country Flight 

23

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


H1121 Navigation Using GPS 

H1122 Cross-Country Techniques 

H1123 Soaring Faster and Farther 

H1124 Special Situations 

H1125 Course Deviations 

H1126 Lost Procedures 

H1127 Cross-Country Using a Self-Launching Glider 

H1128 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations 

H1129 Cross-Country Using Other Lift Sources 

FAA-H-8083-3A—Airplane Flying Handbook 

Introduction to Flight Training 

H1200 Purpose of Flight Training 

H1201 Role of the FAA 

H1202 Role of the Pilot Examiner 

H1203 Role of the Flight Instructor 

H1204 Sources of Flight Training 

H1205 Practical Test Standards 

H1206 Flight Safety Practices 

Ground Operations 

H1207 Visual Inspection 

H1208 Cockpit Management 

H1209 Ground Operations 

H1210 Engine Starting 

H1211 Hand Propping 

H1212 Taxiing 

H1213 Before Takeoff Check 

H1214 After Landing 

H1215 Clear of Runway 

H1216 Parking 

H1217 Engine Shutdown 

H1218 Postflight 

H1219 Securing and Servicing 

Basic Flight Maneuvers 

H1220 The Four Fundamentals 

H1221 Effects and Use of the Controls 

H1222 Feel of the Plane 

H1223 Attitude Flying 

H1224 Integrated Flight Instruction 

H1225 Straight-and-Level Flight 

H1226 Trim Control 

H1227 Level Turns 

H1228 Climbs and Climbing Turns 

H1229 Descents and Descending Turns 

H1230 Pitch and Power 

24 
6/8/04 AC 60-25F


Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins 

H1231 Slow Flight 

H1232 Stalls 

H1233 Spins 

H1234 Intentional Spins 

Takeoff and Departure Climbs 

H1235 Terms and Definitions 

H1236 Prior to Takeoff 

H1237 Normal Takeoff 

H1238 Crosswind Takeoff 

H1239 Ground Effect on Takeoff 

H1240 Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum 

H1241 Soft/Rough-Field Takeoff and Climb 

H1242 Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure 

H1243 Noise Abatement 

Ground Reference Maneuvers 

H1244 Purpose and Scope 

H1245 Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects 

H1246 Drift and Ground Track Control 

H1247 Rectangular Course 

H1248 S-Turns Across a Road 

H1249 Turns Around a Point 

H1250 Elementary Eights 

Airport Traffic Patterns 

H1251 Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations 

H1252 Standard Airport Traffic Patterns 

Approaches and Landings 

H1253 Normal Approach and Landings 

H1254 Intentional Slips 

H1255 Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) 

H1256 Ground Effect 

H1257 Crosswind Approach and Landing 

H1258 Turbulent Air Approach and Landing 

H1259 Short-Field Approach and Landing 

H1260 Soft-Field Approach and Landing 

H1261 Power-off Accuracy Approaches 

H1262 Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) 

H1263 Faulty Approaches and Landings 

H1264 Hydroplaning 

25 
AC 60-25F 6/8/04


Performance Maneuvers 

H1265 Performance Maneuvers 

Night Operations 

H1266 Night Vision 

H1267 Night Illusions 

H1268 Pilot Equipment 

H1269 Airplane Equipment and Lighting 

H1270 Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids 

H1271 Preparation and Preflight 

H1272 Starting, Taxiing, and Runup 

H1273 Takeoff and Climb 

H1274 Orientation and Navigation 

H1275 Approaches and Landings 

H1276 Night Emergencies 

Transition to Complex Airplanes 

H1277 High Performance and Complex Airplanes 

H1278 Wing Flaps 

H1279 Controllable-Pitch Propeller 

H1280 Turbocharging 

H1281 Retractable Landing Gear 

H1282 Transition Training 

Transition to Multiengine Airplanes 

H1283 Multiengine Flight 

H1284 General 

H1285 Terms and Definitions 

H1286 Operation of Systems 

H1287 Performance and Limitations 

H1288 Weight and Balance 

H1289 Ground Operation 

H1290 Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 

H1291 Level Off and Cruise 

H1292 Normal Approach and Landing 

H1293 Crosswind Approach and Landing 

H1294 Short-Field Takeoff and Climb 

H1295 Short-Field Approach and Landing 

H1296 Go-Around 

H1297 Rejected Takeoff 

H1298 Engine Failure After Lift-Off 

H1299 Engine Failure During Flight 

H1300 Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing 

H1301 Engine Inoperative Flight Principles 

H1302 Slow Flight 

H1303 Stalls 

26 
6/8/04 AC 60-25F


H1304 Engine Inoperative—Loss of Directional Control Demonstration 

H1305 Multiengine Training Considerations 

Transition to Tailwheel 

H1306 Tailwheel Airplanes 

H1307 Landing Gear 

H1308 Taxiing 

H1309 Normal Takeoff Roll 

H1310 Takeoff 

H1311 Crosswind Takeoff 

H1312 Short-Field Takeoff 

H1313 Touchdown 

H1314 After-Landing Roll 

H1315 Crosswind Landing 

H1316 Crosswind After-Landing Roll 

H1317 Wheel Landing 

H1318 Short-Field Landing 

H1319 Soft-Field Landing 

H1320 Ground Loop 

Transition to Turbopropeller Powered Airplanes 

H1321 General 

H1322 The Gas Turbine Engine 

H1323 Turboprop Engines 

H1324 Turboprop Engine Types 

H1325 Reverse Thrust and Beta Range Operations 

H1326 Turboprop Airplane Electrical Systems 

H1327 Training Considerations 

Transition to Jet Powered Airplanes 

H1328 General 

H1329 Jet Engine Basics 

H1330 Operating the Jet Engines 

H1331 Jet Engine Efficiency 

H1332 Absence of Propeller Effect 

H1333 Absence of Propeller Slipstream 

H1334 Absence of Propeller Drag 

H1335 Speed Margins 

H1336 Recovery from Overspeed Conditions 

H1337 Mach Buffet Boundaries 

H1338 Low Speed Flight 

H1339 Stalls 

H1340 Drag Devices 

H1341 Thrust Reversers 

H1342 Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying 

H1343 Jet Airplane Takeoff and Climb 

27 
AC 60-25F 6/8/04


Emergency Procedures 

H1344 Emergency Situations 

H1345 Emergency Landings 

H1346 Basic Safety Concepts 

H1347 Terrain Types 

H1348 Engine Failure After Takeoff (Single-Engine) 

H1349 Emergency Descents 

H1350 In-Flight Fire 

H1351 Flight Control Malfunction/Failure 

H1352 Landing Gear Malfunction 

H1353 Systems Malfunctions 

H1354 Abnormal Engine Instrument Indications 

H1355 Door Opening In Flight 

H1356 Inadvertent VFR Flight Into IMC 

Glossary 

H1357 Glossary 

Index 

H1358 Index 

FAA-H-8261-1—Instrument Procedures Handbook 

H1400 IFR Operations in the National Airspace System 

H1401 Brief History of the National Airspace System 

H1402 System Safety . 

H1403 System Capacity 

H1404 Managing Safety and Capacity 

H1405 Automated Radar Terminal System 

H1406 Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System 

H1407 Precision Approach Radar 

H1408 Bright Radar Indicator Terminal Equipment 

H1409 Radar Coverage 

H1410 Communications 

H1411 Avionics and Instrumentation 

H1412 Takeoffs and Departures 

H1413 Safety in the Departure Environment 

H1414 Take Off Minimums 

H1415 Departure Procedures 

H1416 En Route Operations 

H1417 En Route Navigation . 

H1418 IFR En Route Altitudes 

H1419 Reporting Procedures 

H1420 Communication Failure 

H1421 Climbing and Descending En Route 

H1422 Holding Procedures 

H1423 Fuel State Awareness 

28 
6/8/04 AC 60-25F


H1424 Diversion Procedures 

H1425 En Route RNAV Procedures 

H1426 Arrivals 

H1427 Transition From En Route 

H1428 Standard Terminal Arrival Routes 

H1429 Arrival Procedures 

H1430 Approaches 

H1431 Approach Planning 

H1432 Air Route Traffic Control Center 

H1433 Instrument Approach Procedure Briefing 

H1434 Instrument Approach Procedure Segments 

H1435 Types of Approaches 

H1436 System Improvement Plans 

H1437 Fleet Improvement 

H1438 Increasing Capacity and Safety 

H1439 Reducing En Route Congestion 

H1440 Developing Technology 

H1441 Airborne Navigation Databases 

H1442 Evolution of Airborne Navigation Databases 

H1443 Composition of Airborne Navigation Databases 

H1444 Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation Databases 

H1445 Approach Chart Format Changes 

H1446 Changing Formats 

H1447 Differences Between the Formats 

H1448 Features of the Pilot Briefing Information Chart Format 

H1449 Helicopter Instrument Procedures 

H1450 Helicopter IFR Certification 

H1451 Flight and Navigation Equipment 

H1452 Miscellaneous Requirements 

H1453 Stability 

H1454 Rotorcraft Flight Manual Limitations 

H1455 Operations Specifications 

H1456 Minimum Equipment List 

H1457 Pilot Proficiency 

H1458 Helicopter VFR Minimums 

H1459 Helicopter Takeoff Minimums 

H1460 Helicopter IFR Alternates 

H1461 Part 91 Operators 

H1462 Part 135 Operators 

H1463 Helicopter Instrument Approaches 

H1464 Standard Instrument Approach Procedures to an Airport 

H1465 Copter Only Approaches to an Airport or Heliport 

H1466 Copter GPS Approaches to an Airport or Heliport 

H1467 Special Approaches 

H1468 Copter Approach to an IFR Heliport 

H1469 Acronyms and Glossary 

29

AC 60-25F	 6/8/04


AC 00-6—Aviation Weather 

I20 The Earth’s Atmosphere 

I21 Temperature 

I22 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry 

I23 Wind 

I24 Moisture, Cloud Formation, and Precipitation 

I25 Stable and Unstable Air 

I26 Clouds 

I27 Air Masses and Fronts 

I28 Turbulence 

I29 Icing 

I30 Thunderstorms 

I31 Common IFR Producers 

I32 High Altitude Weather 

I33 Arctic Weather 

I34 Tropical Weather 

I35 Soaring Weather 

I36 Glossary of Weather Terms 

AC 00-45—Aviation Weather Services 

I54	 The Aviation Weather Service Program 

I55	 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 

I56	 Pilot and Radar Reports, Satellite Pictures, and Radiosonde Additional Data (RADATs) 

I57	 Aviation Weather Forecasts 

I58	 Surface Analysis Chart 

I59	 Weather Depiction Chart 

I60	 Radar Summary Chart 

I61	 Constant Pressure Analysis Charts 

I62	 Composite Moisture Stability Chart 

I63	 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart 

I64	 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts 

I65	 Convective Outlook Chart 

I66	 Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products 

I67	 Turbulence Locations, Conversion and Density Altitude Tables, Contractions and Acronyms, 

Station Identifiers, WSR-88D Sites, and Internet Addresses 

AIM—Aeronautical Information Manual 

J01 Air Navigation Radio Aids 

J02 Radar Services and Procedures 

J03 Airport Lighting Aids 

J04 Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting 

J05 Airport Marking Aids and Signs 

J06 Airspace—General 

J07 Class G Airspace 

J08 Controlled Airspace 

J09 Special Use Airspace 

J10 Other Airspace Areas 

30

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


J11 Service Available to Pilots 

J12 Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques 

J13 Airport Operations 

J14 ATC Clearance/Separations 

J15 Preflight 

J16 Departure Procedures 

J17 En Route Procedures 

J18 Arrival Procedures 

J19 Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 

J20 National Security and Interception Procedures 

J21 Emergency Procedures—General 

J22 Emergency Services Available to Pilots 

J23 Distress and Urgency Procedures 

J24 Two-Way Radio Communications Failure 

J25 Meteorology 

J26 Altimeter Setting Procedures 

J27 Wake Turbulence 

J28 Bird Hazards, and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests 

J29 Potential Flight Hazards 

J30 Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports 

J31 Fitness for Flight 

J32 Type of Charts Available 

J33 Pilot Controller Glossary 

J44 Preface 

Other Documents 

J34 Airport/Facility Directory 

J35 En Route Low Altitude Chart 

J36 En Route High Altitude Chart 

J37 Sectional Chart 

J39 Terminal Area Chart 

J40 Instrument Departure Procedure Chart 

J41 Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Chart 

J42 Instrument Approach Procedures 

J43 Helicopter Route Chart 

ADDITIONAL ADVISORY CIRCULARS 

K01 AC 00-24, Thunderstorms 

K02 AC 00-30, Atmospheric Turbulence Avoidance 

K03 AC 00-34, Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing 

K04 AC 00-54, Pilot Wind Shear Guide 

K05 AC 00-55, Announcement of Availability: FAA Order 8130.21A 

K06 AC 43-4, Corrosion Control for Aircraft 

K11 AC 20-34, Prevention of Retractable Landing Gear Failures 

K12 AC 20-32, Carbon Monoxide (CO) Contamination in Aircraft—Detection and Prevention 

K13 AC 20-43, Aircraft Fuel Control 

K20 AC 20-103, Aircraft Engine Crankshaft Failure 

31

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


K23 AC 20-121, Airworthiness Approval of Airborne Loran-C Navigation Systems for Use in the 

U.S. National Airspace System 

K26 AC 20-138, Airworthiness Approval of Global Positioning System (GPS) Navigation Equipment 

for Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation System 

K40 AC 25-4, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) 

K45 AC 39-7, Airworthiness Directives 

K46 AC 43-9, Maintenance Records 

K47 AC 43.9-1, Instructions for Completion of FAA Form 337 

K48 AC 43-11, Reciprocating Engine Overhaul Terminology and Standards 

K49 AC 43.13-1, Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Inspection and Repair 

K50 AC 43.13-2, Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Alterations 

K80 AC 60-4, Pilot’s Spatial Disorientation 

L05 AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making 

L10 AC 61-67, Stall Spin Awareness Training 

L15 AC 61-107, Operations of Aircraft at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet MSL and/or MACH numbers 

(Mmo) Greater Than .75 

L25 FAA-G-8082-11, Inspection Authorization Knowledge Test Guide 

L34 AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance 

L42 AC 90-87, Helicopter Dynamic Rollover (Canceled/Replaced by FAA-H-8083-21) 

L44 AC 90-94, Guidelines for Using Global Positioning System Equipment for IFR En Route and 

Terminal Operations and for Nonprecision Instrument Approaches in the U.S. National 

Airspace System 

L45 AC 90-95, Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters 

L50 AC 91-6, Water, Slush, and Snow on the Runway 

L52 AC 91-13, Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft 

L53 AC 91-14, Altimeter Setting Sources 

L57 AC 91-43, Unreliable Airspeed Indications 

L59 AC 91-46, Gyroscopic Instruments—Good Operating Practices 

L61 AC 91-50, Importance of Transponder Operation and Altitude Reporting 

L62 AC 91-51, Effect of Icing on Aircraft Control and Airplane Deice and Anti-Ice Systems 

L70 AC 91-67, Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations Under FAR 

Part 91 

L80 AC 103-4, Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard 

Aircraft 

L90 AC 105-2, Sport Parachute Jumping 

M01 AC 120-12, Private Carriage Versus Common Carriage of Persons or Property 

M02 AC 120-27, Aircraft Weight and Balance Control 

M08 AC 120-58, Pilot Guide for Large Aircraft Ground Deicing 

M13 AC 121-195-1, Operational Landing Distances for Wet Runways; Transport Category Airplanes 

M35 AC 135-17, Pilot Guide—Small Aircraft Ground Deicing 

M51 AC 20-117, Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions 

Conducive to Aircraft Icing 

M52 AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist 

Soaring Flight Manual—Jeppesen-Sanderson, Inc. 

N20 Sailplane Aerodynamics 

N21 Performance Considerations 

N22 Flight Instruments 

N23 Weather for Soaring 

32

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


N24 Medical Factors 

N25 Flight Publications and Airspace 

N26 Aeronautical Charts and Navigation 

N27 Computations for Soaring 

N28 Personal Equipment 

N29 Preflight and Ground Operations 

N30 Aerotow Launch Procedures 

N31 Ground Launch Procedures 

N32 Basic Flight Maneuvers and Traffic 

N33 Soaring Techniques 

N34 Cross-Country Soaring 

Flight Instructor Manual—Balloon Federation of America 

O10 Flight Instruction Aids 

O11 Human Behavior and Pilot Proficiency 

O12 The Flight Check and the Designated Examiner 

Balloon Digest—Balloon Federation of America 

O150 Balloon—Theory and Practice 

O155 Structure of the Modern Balloon 

O160 Lift-off to Landing 

O165 Weather for the Balloonist 

O170 Propane and Fuel Management 

O171 Chemical and Physical Properties 

O172 Tanks 

O173 Burners 

O174 Hoses 

O175 Refueling 

O176 Fuel Contamination 

O177 Heat Tapes (Coils) 

O178 Nitrogen Pressurization 

O179 Repairs and Maintenance 

Powerline Excerpts—Balloon Federation of America 

O30 Excerpts 

Balloon Ground School—Balloon Publishing Co. 

O220 Balloon Operations 

How To Fly A Balloon—Balloon Publishing Co. 

O250 Basic Terminology 

O251 History 

O252 Physics 

O253 Equipment 

O254 Checklists 

33 
AC 60-25F 6/8/04


O255 Flight Planning 

O256 Preflight Operations 

O257 The Standard Burn 

O258 Inflation 

O259 Launch 

O260 Level Flight 

O261 Ascents and Descents 

O262 Contour Flying 

O263 Maneuvering 

O264 Approach to Landing 

O265 Landings 

O266 Deflation 

O267 The Chase 

O268 Landowners Relations 

O269 Recovery and Pack-up 

O270 Propane: Management and Fueling 

O271 Tethering 

O272 Emergency Procedures 

O273 Skill Development 

O274 Crew 

O275 What is a Good Instructor 

O276 Regulations 

O277 Maintenance 

O278 Earning a Pilot Certificate 

O279 Radio Communications 

O280 Appendix 1: Glossary 

Goodyear Airship Operations Manual 

P01 Buoyancy 

P02 Aerodynamics 

P03 Free Ballooning 

P04 Aerostatics 

P05 Envelope 

P06 Car 

P07 Powerplant 

P08 Airship Ground Handling 

P11 Operating Instructions 

P12 History 

P13 Training 

The Parachute Manual—Para Publishing 

P31 Regulations 

P32 The Parachute Rigger Certificate 

P33 The Parachute Loft 

P34 Parachute Materials 

P35 Personnel Parachute Assemblies 

P36 Parachute Component Parts 

P37 Maintenance, Alteration, and Manufacturing Procedures 

34 
6/8/04 AC 60-25F


P38 Design and Construction 

P39 Parachute Inspecting and Packing 

P40 Glossary/Index 

The Parachute Manual, Vol. II—Para Publishing 

P51 Parachute Regulations 

P52 The Parachute Rigger’s Certificate 

P53 The Parachute Loft 

P54 Parachute Materials 

P55 Personnel Parachute Assemblies 

P56 Parachute Component Parts 

P57 Maintenance, Alteration, and Manufacturing 

P58 Parachute Design and Construction 

P59 Parachute Inspection and Packing 

P60 Appendix 

P61 Conversion Tables 

P62 Product/Manufacturer—Index 

P63 Name and Manufacture—Index 

P64 Glossary-Index 

AC 65-9—Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics General Handbook 

S01 Mathematics 

S02 Aircraft Drawings 

S03 Aircraft Weight and Balance 

S04 Fuels and Fuel Systems 

S05 Fluid Lines and Fittings 

S06 Aircraft Hardware, Materials, and Processes 

S07 Physics 

S08 Basic Electricity 

S09 Aircraft Generators and Motors 

S10 Inspection Fundamentals 

S11 Ground Handling, Safety, and Support Equipment 

AC 65-12—Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Powerplant Handbook 

S12 Theory and Construction of Aircraft Engines 

S13 Induction and Exhaust Systems 

S14 Engine Fuel and Metering Systems 

S15 Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems 

S16 Engine Starting Systems 

S17 Lubrication and Cooling Systems 

S18 Propellers 

S19 Engine Fire Protection Systems 

S20 Engine Maintenance and Operation 

35

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


AC 65-15—Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook 

S21 Aircraft Structures 

S22 Assembly and Rigging 

S23 Aircraft Structural Repairs 

S24 Ice and Rain Protection 

S25 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems 

S26 Landing Gear Systems 

S27 Fire Protection Systems 

S28 Aircraft Electrical Systems 

S29 Aircraft Instrument Systems 

S30 Communications and Navigation Systems 

S31 Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems 

JSGT—A&P Technician General Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

S32 Mathematics 

S33 Physics 

S34 Basic Electricity 

S35 Electrical Generators and Motors 

S36 Aircraft Drawings 

S37 Weight and Balance 

S38 Fluid Lines and Fittings 

S39 Aircraft Hardware 

S40 Corrosion and Its Control 

S41 Nondestructive Inspection 

S42 Ground Handling and Servicing 

S43 Maintenance Forms and Records 

S44 Maintenance Publications 

JSPT—A&P Technician Powerplant Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

S45 Reciprocating Engines 

S46 Turbine Engines 

S47 Engine Removal and Replacement 

S48 Engine Maintenance and Operation 

S49 Induction and Exhaust Systems 

S50 Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering 

S51 Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems 

S52 Engine Lubrication and Cooling Systems 

S53 Engine Fire Protection Systems 

S54 Propellers 

JSAT—A&P Technician Airframe Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

S55 Aircraft Structures 

S56 Assembly and Rigging 

S57 Aircraft Fabric Covering 

S58 Aircraft Painting and Finishing 

S59 Aircraft Metal Structural Repair 

36

1

2

3

4

5

6

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


S60 Aircraft Wood and Composite Structural Repair 

S61 Aircraft Welding 

S62 Ice and Rain Control Systems 

S63 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems 

S64 Aircraft Landing Gear Systems 

S65 Fire Protection Systems 

S66 Aircraft Electrical Systems 

S67 Aircraft Instrument Systems 

S68 Aircraft Fuel Systems 

S69 Aircraft Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems 

AGTP—Aircraft Gas Turbine Powerplants—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

S70 History of Turbine Engine Development 

S71 Jet Propulsion Theory 

S72 Turbine Engine Design and Construction 

S73 Engine Familiarization 

S74 Inspection and Maintenance 

S75 Lubrication Systems 

S76 Fuel Systems 

S77 Compressor Anti-Stall Systems 

S78 Anti-Icing Systems 

S79 Starter Systems 

S80 Ignition Systems 

S81 Engine Instrument Systems 

S82 Fire/Overheat Detection and Extinguishing Systems for Turbine Engines 

S83 Engine Operation 

The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and Its Operation—United Technologies Corporation, Pratt 

Whitney, 1988 

T01 Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals 

T02 Gas Turbine Engine Terms 

T03 Gas Turbine Engine Components 

T04 Gas Turbine Engine Operation 

T05 Operational Characteristics of Jet Engines 

T06 Gas Turbine Engine Performance 

Aircraft Powerplants—Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Seventh Edition 

T07 Aircraft Powerplant Classification and Progress 

T08 Reciprocating-Engine Construction and Nomenclature 

T09 Internal-Combustion Engine Theory and Performance 

T10 Lubricants and Lubricating Systems 

T1 Induction Systems, Superchargers, Turbochargers, and Cooling and Exhaust Systems 

T1 Basic Fuel Systems and Carburetors 

T1 Fuel Injection Systems 

T1 Reciprocating-Engine Ignition and Starting Systems 

T1 Operation, Inspection, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Reciprocating Engines 

T1 Reciprocating-Engine Overhaul Practices 

37

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


T17 Gas Turbine Engine: Theory, Construction, and Nomenclature 

T18 Gas Turbine Engine: Fuels and Fuel Systems 

T19 Turbine-Engine Lubricants and Lubricating Systems 

T20 Ignition and Starting Systems of Gas-Turbine Engines 

T21 Turbofan Engines 

T22 Turboprop Engines 

T23 Turboshaft Engines 

T24 Gas-Turbine Operation, Inspection, Troubleshooting, Maintenance, and Overhaul 

T25 Propeller Theory, Nomenclature, and Operation 

T26 Turbopropellers and Control Systems 

T27 Propeller Installation, Inspection, and Maintenance 

T29 Engine Indicating, Warning, and Control Systems 

ATD—Aircraft Technical Dictionary—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

T30 Definitions 

Aircraft Basic Science—Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Seventh Edition 

T31 Fundamentals of Mathematics 

T32 Science Fundamentals 

T33 Basic Aerodynamics 

T34 Airfoils and their Applications 

T35 Aircraft in Flight 

T36 Aircraft Drawings 

T37 Weight and Balance 

T38 Aircraft Materials 

T39 Fabrication Techniques and Processes 

T40 Standard Aircraft Hardware 

T41 Aircraft Fluid Lines and their Fittings 

T42 Federal Aviation Regulations and Publications 

T43 Ground Handling and Safety 

T44 Aircraft Inspection and Servicing 

Aircraft Maintenance and Repair—Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Sixth Edition 

T45 Aircraft Structures 

T46 Aircraft Fluid Power Systems 

T47 Aircraft Landing-Gear Systems 

T48 Aircraft Fuel Systems 

T49 Environmental Systems 

T50 Aircraft Instruments and Instrument Systems 

T51 Auxiliary Systems 

T52 Assembly and Rigging 

TCAS—Transport Category Aircraft Systems—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

T53 Types, Design Features and Configurations of Transport Aircraft 

T54 Auxiliary Power Units, Pneumatic, and Environmental Control Systems 

T55 Anti-Icing Systems and Rain Protection 

38

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


T56 Electrical Power Systems 

T57 Flight Control Systems 

T58 Fuel Systems 

T59 Hydraulic Systems 

T60 Oxygen Systems 

T61 Warning and Fire Protection Systems 

T62 Communications, Instruments, and Navigational Systems 

T63 Miscellaneous Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Information 

Aircraft Electricity and Electronics—Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Fifth Edition 

T64 Fundamentals of Electricity 

T65 Applications of Ohm’s Law 

T66 Aircraft Storage Batteries 

T67 Alternating Current 

T68 Electrical Wire and Wiring Practices 

T69 Electrical Control Devices 

T70 Electric Measuring Instruments 

T71 Generators and Related Control Circuits 

T72 Alternators, Inverters, and Related Controls 

T73 Electric Motors 

T74 Power Distribution Systems 

T75 Design and Maintenance of Aircraft Electrical Systems 

T76 Radio Theory 

T77 Communication and Navigation Systems 

T78 Weather Warning Systems 

T79 Electrical Instruments and Autoflight Systems 

T80 Digital Electronics 

FAA Accident Prevention Program Bulletins 

V01 FAA-P-8740-2, Density Altitude 

V02 FAA-P-8740-5, Weight and Balance 

V03 FAA-P-8740-12, Thunderstorms 

V04 FAA-P-8740-19, Flying Light Twins Safely 

V05 FAA-P-8740-23, Planning your Takeoff 

V06 FAA-P-8740-24, Tips on Winter Flying 

V07 FAA-P-8740-25, Always Leave Yourself an Out 

V08 FAA-P-8740-30, How to Obtain a Good Weather Briefing 

V09 FAA-P-8740-40, Wind Shear 

V10 FAA-P-8740-41, Medical Facts for Pilots 

V11 FAA-P-8740-44, Impossible Turns 

V12 FAA-P-8740-48, On Landings, Part I 

V13 FAA-P-8740-49, On Landings, Part II 

V14 FAA-P-8740-50, On Landings, Part III 

V15 FAA-P-8740-51, How to Avoid a Midair Collision 

V16 FAA-P-8740-52, The Silent Emergency 

39

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


FTP—Flight Theory for Pilots—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

W01 Introduction 

W02 Air Flow and Airspeed Measurement 

W03 Aerodynamic Forces on Airfoils 

W04 Lift and Stall 

W05 Drag 

W06 Jet Aircraft Basic Performance 

W07 Jet Aircraft Applied Performance 

W08 Prop Aircraft Basic Performance 

W09 Prop Aircraft Applied Performance 

W10 Helicopter Aerodynamics 

W11 Hazards of Low Speed Flight 

W12 Takeoff Performance 

W13 Landing Performance 

W14 Maneuvering Performance 

W15 Longitudinal Stability and Control 

W16 Directional and Lateral Stability and Control 

W17 High Speed Flight 

Fly the Wing—Iowa State University Press/Ames, Second Edition 

X01 Basic Aerodynamics 

X02 High-Speed Aerodynamics 

X03 High-Altitude Machs 

X04 Approach Speed Control and Target Landings 

X05 Preparation for Flight Training 

X06 Basic Instrument Scan 

X07 Takeoffs 

X08 Rejected Takeoffs 

X09 Climb, Cruise, and Descent 

X10 Steep Turns 

X11 Stalls 

X12 Unusual Attitudes 

X14 Maneuvers At Minimum Speed 

X15 Landings: Approach Technique and Performance 

X16 ILS Approaches 

X17 Missed Approaches and Rejected Landings 

X18 Category II and III Approaches 

X19 Nonprecision and Circling Approaches 

X20 Weight and Balance 

X21 Flight Planning 

X22 Icing 

X23 Use of Anti-ice and Deice 

X24 Winter Operation 

X25 Thunderstorm Flight 

X26 Low-Level Wind Shear 

40 
6/8/04 AC 60-25F


Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology—Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Second Edition 

Y01 History and Theory 

Y02 Construction and Design 

Y03 Systems and Accessories 

Y04 Maintenance and Testing 

Y05 Representative Engines 

Y06 Appendixes 

Technical Standard Orders 

Y60 TSO-C23b, Parachute 

Y61 TSO-C23c, Personnel Parachute Assemblies 

Y62 TSO-C23d, Personnel Parachute Assemblies 

Type Certificate Data Sheets and Specifications 

Y300 Type Certificate Data Sheets and Specifications Alphabetical Index and Users Guide 

Y301 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 2A13 Piper 

Y302 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 3A19 Cessna 

Y303 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-295 Lycoming 

Y304 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. A7CE Cessna 

Y305 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 3A13 Cessna 

Y306 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. A7S0 Piper 

Y307 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. A11EA Gulfstream American 

Y308 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-273 Continental 

Y309 Aircraft Specification No. 1A6 Piper 

Y310 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. P57GL McCauley 

Y311 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. P920 Hartzell 

Y312 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 2A4 Twin Commander 

Y313 Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-284 Textron Lycoming 

Practical Test Standards 

Z01 FAA-S-8081-6, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Airplane 

Z02 FAA-S-8081-7, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft 

Z03 FAA-S-8081-8, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Glider 

NOTE: AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist, transmits the status of all FAA advisory circulars (ACs), as 

well as FAA internal publications and miscellaneous flight information, such as Aeronautical Information 

Manual, Airport/Facility Directory, knowledge test guides, practical test standards, and other material 

directly related to a certificate or rating. The checklist is available on the Internet at: 

http://www.faa.gov/aba/html_policies/ac00_2.html 

41 
AC 60-25F 6/8/04


LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIALS 

AND SUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGE CODES 

The publications listed in the following pages contain study material you need to be familiar with when 

preparing for aviation mechanic knowledge tests. These publications can be purchased through the U.S. 

Government Printing Office (GPO), commercial aviation supply houses, or industry organizations. The 

latest revision of the listed references should be requested. Additional study material is also available 

through these sources that may be helpful in preparing for aviation mechanic knowledge tests. All 

publications listed would be excellent for a mechanic to have in a personal reference library. 

AVIATION MECHANIC—GENERAL 

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES 

AMT-G Aviation Maintenance Technician Series General—Aviation Supplies and Academics 

(ASA), Inc. 

ABS Aircraft Basic Science—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication Co. 

AP Aircraft Powerplants—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication Co. 

AEE Aircraft Electricity and Electronics—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill 

Publication Co. 

AC Advisory Circular—Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Government Printing Office 

(GPO) 

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual—FAA, Government Printing Office (GPO) 

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (part or § [section])—Government 

Printing Office (GPO) 

FAA-G-8082 Guide—FAA, Government Printing Office (GPO)


FAA-H-8083 Handbook—FAA, Government Printing Office (GPO)


MBM Marathon Battery Instruction Manual


ECD Electronic Circuit Devices—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.


AB Aircraft Batteries, Lead Acid/Nickel-Cadmium—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.


ATD Aircraft Technical Dictionary—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.


JSGT A & P Technician General Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.


JSPT A & P Technician Powerplant Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.


Basic Electricity—AC 65-9A, AMT-G, AEE, MBM, ECD, AB, JSGT 

A01 Calculate and measure capacitance and inductance 

A02 Calculate and measure electrical power 

A03 Measure voltage, current, resistance, and continuity 

A04 Determine the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance in electrical circuits 

A05 Read and interpret electrical circuit diagrams, including solid state devices and logic functions 

A06 Inspect and service batteries 

Aircraft Drawings—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, ABS, JSGT 

B01 Use drawings, symbols, and system schematics 

B02 Draw sketches of repairs and alterations 

B03 Use blueprint information 

B04 Use graphs and charts 

42

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


Weight and Balance—AC 65-9A, 14 CFR § 23.29 

C01 Weigh aircraft 

C02 Perform complete weight and balance check and record data 

Fluid Lines and Fittings—AC 65-9A, ABS, JSGT 

D01	 Fabricate and install rigid and flexible fluid lines and fittings 

Materials and Processes—AC 65-9A, AC 43-3, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, ABS, AP, ATD, JSPT, 

JSGT 

E01 Identify and select appropriate nondestructive testing methods 

E02 Perform dye penetrant, eddy current, ultrasonic, and magnetic particle inspections 

E03 Perform basic heat-treating processes 

E04 Identify and select aircraft hardware and materials 

E05 Inspect and check welds 

E06 Perform precision measurements 

Ground Operation and Servicing—AC 65-9A, FAA-H-8083-3, AC 65-12A, AIM, ABS, JSGT 

F01 Start, ground operate, move, service, and secure aircraft and identify typical ground operation 

hazards 

F02 Identify and select fuels 

Cleaning and Corrosion Control—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 43.13-1B, AC 43-4A, AC 43-205, 

JSGT 

G01 Identify and select cleaning materials 

G02 Inspect, identify, remove, and treat aircraft corrosion and perform aircraft cleaning 

Mathematics—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, ABS, AMT-G, JSGT 

H01 Extract roots and raise numbers to a given power 

H02 Determine areas and volumes of various geometrical shapes 

H03 Solve ratio, proportion, and percentage problems 

H04 Perform algebraic operations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of 

positive and negative numbers 

Maintenance Forms and Records—AC 61-23C, AC 65-9A, AC 65-19H, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR § 

91.417, 14 CFR part 43 

I01 Write descriptions of work performed including aircraft discrepancies and corrective actions 

using typical aircraft maintenance records 

I02 Complete required maintenance forms, records, and inspection reports 

Basic Physics—AC 65-9A, FAA-H-8083-3, ABS, JSGT 

J01	 Use and understand the principles of simple machines; sound, fluid, and heat dynamics; basic 

aerodynamics; aircraft structures; and theory of flight 

43

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


Maintenance Publications—AC 65-9A, FAA-G-8082-11, 14 CFR part 21, 14 CFR part 39, 14 CFR 

part 43, ABS, JSGT 

K01 Demonstrate ability to read, comprehend, and apply information contained in FAA and 

manufacturer’s aircraft maintenance specifications, data sheets, manuals, publications, and 

related Federal Aviation Regulations, Airworthiness Directives, and Advisory material 

K02 Read technical data 

Mechanic Privileges and Limitations—AC 43.13-1B, AMT-A, 14 CFR part 43, 14 CFR part 65 

L01 Exercise mechanic privileges within the limitations prescribed by 14 CFR part 65 

AVIATION—MECHANIC AIRFRAME 

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES 

AC Advisory Circular 

AEE Aircraft Electricity and Electronics—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication 

Co. 

AMR Aircraft Maintenance and Repair—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 

AP Aircraft Powerplants—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 

AMT-A Aviation Maintenance Technician Series Airframe—Aviation Supplies and Academics (ASA) 

Publications 

DAT Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms—Aviation Supplies and Academics (ASA) Publications 

AAC Aircraft Air Conditioning (Vapor Cycle)—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

FMS Aircraft Fuel Metering Systems—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

AHS Aircraft Hydraulic System—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

AOS Aircraft Oxygen Systems—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

JSAT A & P Technician Airframe Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

JSGT A & P Technician General Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

ABS Aircraft Bonded Structure—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

WG Welding Guidelines with Aircraft Supplement—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

ARS Aircraft Radio Systems—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

AC Advanced Composites—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (part or § [section])—Government Printing Office 

(GPO) 

47 CFR Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (part or § [section])—Government Printing Office 

(GPO) 

49 CFR Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (part or § [section])—Government Printing Office 

(GPO) 

MBM Marathon Battery Manual 

MMM Manufacturer’s Maintenance Manual 

TSO Technical Standard Order 

SUND Sundtrand IDG and BITE 767 Line Maintenance/Servicing 

44

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


Wood Structures—AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, AMR 

A01 Service and repair wood structures 

A02 Identify wood defects 

A03 Inspect wood structures 

Aircraft Covering—AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, AMR 

B01 Select and apply fabric and fiberglass covering materials 

B02 Inspect, test, and repair fabric and fiberglass 

Aircraft Finishes—AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, AMR, JSAT 

C01 Apply trim, letters, and touchup paint 

C02 Identify and select aircraft finishing materials 

C03 Apply finishing materials 

C04 Inspect finishes and identify defects 

Sheet Metal and Non-Metallic Structures—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 23, 

TSO, AMR, AComp, ABStruc, JSGT, JSAT 

D01 Select, install, and remove special fasteners for metallic, bonded, and composite structures 

D02 Inspect bonded structures 

D03 Inspect, test, and repair fiberglass, plastics, honeycomb, composite, and laminated primary 

and secondary structures 

D04 Inspect, check, service, and repair windows, doors, and interior furnishings 

D05 Inspect and repair sheet-metal structures 

D06 Install conventional rivets 

D07 Form, lay out, and bend sheet metal 

Welding—AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, AMR, WG, JSAT 

E01 Weld magnesium and titanium 

E02 Solder stainless steel 

E03 Fabricate tubular structures 

E04 Solder, braze, gas-, and arc-weld steel 

E05 Weld aluminum and stainless steel 

Assembly and Rigging—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AC 61-13B, AC 43.13-1B & 2A, 14 CFR part 23, 

AMR, JSAT 

F01 Rig rotary-wing aircraft 

F02 Rig fixed-wing aircraft 

F03 Check alignment of structures 

F04 Assemble aircraft components, including flight control surfaces 

F05 Balance, rig, and inspect movable primary and secondary flight control surfaces 

F06 Jack aircraft 

45

AC 60-25F	 6/8/04


Airframe Inspection—AC 65-9A, 14 CFR part 43, 14 CFR part 65, 14 CFR part 91 

G01 Perform airframe conformity and airworthiness inspections 

HXX Reserved 

IXX Reserved 

JXX Reserved 

Aircraft Landing Gear Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 43, AMR, 

AHS, JSAT 

K01	 Inspect, check, service, and repair landing gear, retraction systems, shock struts, brakes, 

wheels, tires, and steering systems 

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems— 

AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AMR, AHS, JSAT, AMT-A 

L01 Repair hydraulic and pneumatic power system components 

L02 Identify and select hydraulic fluids 

L03 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair hydraulic and pneumatic power systems 

Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems—AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, AMR, AAC, JSAT, 49 CFR part 173 

M01 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair heating, cooling, air-conditioning, 

pressurization, and air cycle machines 

M02 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair oxygen systems 

Aircraft Instrument Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, 14 CFR part 23, 14 CFR part 65, 14 CFR 

part 91, AEE, AMR, AMT-A, JSAT 

N01	 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair electronic flight instrument systems and both 

mechanical and electrical heading, speed, altitude, temperature, pressure, and position 

indicating systems to include the use of built-in test equipment 

N02	 Install instruments and perform a static pressure system leak test 

Communication and Navigation Systems—AC 65-15A, AC 91-44A, AC 43.13-2A, AEE, AP, ARS, 

JSAT, 47 CFR § 87.89 

O01	 Inspect, check, and troubleshoot autopilot, servos and approach coupling systems 

O02	 Inspect, check, and service aircraft electronic communication and navigation systems, 

including VHF, passenger address interphones and static discharge devices, aircraft VOR, 

ILS, LORAN, radar beacon transponders, flight management computers, and GPWS 

O03	 Inspect and repair antenna and electronic equipment installations 

Aircraft Fuel Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A,


AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B & 2A, 14 CFR part 23, 14 CFR part 25, AMR, MMM, FMS, JSGT, JSAT


P01 Check and service fuel dump systems 

P02 Perform fuel management, transfer, and defueling 

P03 Inspect, check, and repair pressure fueling systems 

P04 Repair aircraft fuel system components 

46

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


P05 Inspect and repair fluid quantity indicating systems 

P06 Troubleshoot, service, and repair fluid pressure and temperature warning systems 

P07 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair aircraft fuel systems 

Aircraft Electrical Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B & 2A, 14 CFR part 23, AEE, 

MBM, JSGT, JSAT 

Q01	 Repair and inspect aircraft electrical system components; crimp and splice wiring to 

manufacturer’s specifications; and repair pins and sockets of aircraft connectors 

Q02	 Install, check, and service airframe electrical wiring, controls, switches, indicators, and 

protective devices 

Q03	 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair alternating and direct current electrical 

systems 

Q04	 Inspect, check, and troubleshoot constant speed and integrated speed drive generators 

Position and Warning Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 23, AMR, 

AMT-A, JSAT 

R01	 Inspect, check, and service speed and configuration warning systems, electrical brake 

controls, and antiskid systems 

R02	 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, and service landing gear position indicating and warning 

systems 

Ice and Rain Control Systems—AC 65-15A, AMT-A 

S01	 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair airframe ice and rain control systems 

Fire Protection Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-15A, AP, JSAT 

T01	 Inspect, check, and service smoke and carbon monoxide detection systems 

T02	 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair aircraft fire detection and extinguishing 

systems 

47

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


AVIATION MECHANIC—POWERPLANT


ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES


ABS Aircraft Basic Science—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication Co. 

AC Advisory Circular 

AEE Aircraft Electricity and Electronics—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication 

Co. 

AMR Aircraft Maintenance and Repair—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication Co. 

AMT-G Aviation Maintenance Technician Series General—Aviation Supplies & Academics, (ASA) 

Inc. 

AMT-P Aviation Maintenance Technician Series Powerplant—Aviation Supplies & Academics, (ASA) 

Inc. 

AP Aircraft Powerplants—Glencoe Division, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publication Co. 

DAT Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms—Aviation Supplies & Academics (ASA), Inc. 

TCAS Transport Category Aircraft Systems—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

APC Aircraft Propellers and Controls—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

ATD Aircraft Technical Dictionary—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

JSGT A & P Technician General Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

JSPT A & P Technician Powerplant Textbook—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

AGTP Aircraft Gas Turbine Powerplants—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (part or § [section])—Government Printing Office 

(GPO) 

PSG A&P Technician Powerplant Study Guide—Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 

Reciprocating Engines—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, 14 CFR part 43, AP, JSPT, AMT-P 

A01 Inspect and repair a radial engine 

A02 Overhaul reciprocating engine 

A03 Inspect, check, service, and repair reciprocating engines and engine installations 

A04 Install, troubleshoot, and remove reciprocating engines 

Turbine Engines—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 65-15A, 14 CFR part 33, AP, AGTP, JSPT 

B01 Overhaul turbine engine 

B02 Inspect, check, service, and repair turbine engines and turbine engine installations 

B03 Install, troubleshoot, and remove turbine engines 

Engine Inspection—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 39-7B, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 23, 14 CFR part 

33, 14 CFR part 43, 14 CFR part 65, ABS, AP, JSGT, JSPT 

C01 Perform powerplant conformity and airworthiness inspections 

DXX Reserved 

EXX Reserved 

FXX Reserved 

GXX Reserved 

48

6/8/04 AC 60-25F


Engine Instrument Systems—AC 65-12A, AC 65-15A, AC 20-88A, 14 CFR part 65, AMR, AP, 

AGTP, JSPT, ATD 

H01 Troubleshoot, service, and repair electrical and mechanical fluid rate-of-flow indicating 

systems 

H02 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair electrical and mechanical engine 

temperature, pressure, and RPM indicating systems 

Engine Fire Protection Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, ABS, AMR, AMT-P, AP, JSPT 

I01	 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair engine fire detection and extinguishing 

systems 

Engine Electrical Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 65-15A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 23, 14 

CFR part 25, AEE, AP, JSGT, JSPT 

J01 Repair engine electrical system components 

J02 Install, check, and service engine electrical wiring, controls, switches, indicators, and 

protective devices 

Lubrication Systems—AC 65-12A, AC 65-15A, 14 CFR part 33, AP, AGTP, JSPT, AMT-P 

K01 Identify and select lubricants 

K02 Repair engine lubrication system components 

K03 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair engine lubrication systems 

Ignition and Starting Systems—AC 65-12A, AC 65-15A, AEE, AMT-P, AP, AGTP, JSPT 

L01	 Overhaul magneto and ignition harness 

L02	 Inspect, service, troubleshoot, and repair reciprocating and turbine engine ignition systems 

and components 

L03	 Inspect, service, troubleshoot, and repair turbine engine electrical starting systems 

L04	 Inspect, service, and troubleshoot turbine engine pneumatic starting systems 

Fuel Metering Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AP, AGTP, JSPT 

M01	 Troubleshoot and adjust turbine engine fuel metering systems and electronic engine fuel 

controls 

M02	 Overhaul carburetor 

M03	 Repair engine fuel metering system components 

M04	 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair reciprocating and turbine engine fuel 

metering systems 

Engine Fuel Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 23, AP, JSPT 

N01 Repair engine fuel system components 

N02 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair engine fuel systems 

49

AC 60-25F 6/8/04


Induction and Engine Airflow Systems—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 43.13-1B, AP, AGTP, JSPT, 

AMT-P 

O01 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair engine ice and rain control systems 

O02 Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair heat exchangers, superchargers, and turbine 

engine airflow and temperature control systems 

O03 Inspect, check, service, and repair carburetor air intake and induction manifolds 

Engine Cooling Systems—AC 65-12A, ABS, AP, JSPT, AMT-P 

P01 Repair engine cooling system components 

P02 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair engine cooling systems 

Engine Exhaust and Reverser Systems—AC 65-12A, AC 43.13-1B, AP, JSPT 

Q01 Repair engine exhaust system components 

Q02 Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair engine exhaust systems 

Q03 Troubleshoot and repair engine thrust reverser systems and related components 

Propellers—AC 65-9A, AC 65-12A, AC 43.13-1B, 14 CFR part 43, 14 CFR part 65, AP, ATD, APC, 

JSPT, AMT-P 

R01 Inspect, check, service, and repair propeller synchronizing and ice control systems 

R02 Identify and select propeller lubricants 

R03 Balance propellers 

R04 Repair propeller control system components 

R05 Inspect, check, service, and repair fixed pitch, constant speed and feathering propellers, and 

propeller governing systems 

R06 Install, troubleshoot, and remove propellers 

R07 Repair aluminum alloy propeller blades 

Auxiliary Power Units—DAT, TCAS, ATD, AGTP 

T01 Inspect, check, service, and troubleshoot turbine-driven auxiliary power units 

NOTE: AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist, transmits the status of all FAA advisory circulars (ACs), as 

well as FAA internal publications and miscellaneous flight information such as Aeronautical Information 

Manual (AIM), Airport/Facility Directory, knowledge test study guides, and other material directly related 

to a certificate or rating. The checklist is available on the Internet at: 

http://www.faa.gov/aba/html_policies/ac00_2.html 

50