J

DIRECTOR'S PREFACE

GLERLDirector-Eugene J.Aubert.

The Great Lakes EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory (GLERL)has completed its second full year of

operation in Ann Arbor. Our mission at GLERLis to

conduct research directed toward understanding the

environmental processes and solving problems in

resource management and environmental services in

the Great Lakes and their watersheds. The environmental information developed is made available to

other government agencies, private organizations,

and individual citizens to aid them in their plans and

operations.

Understanding the complex lake-land-atmosphere

system of the Great Lakesregion and the many interactionsthat influence our livesin thisregion requires a

team of scientists with many different backgrounds

workingtogether.TheGLERLteam includesscientists

with capabilities in the fieldsof meteorology, geology,

hydrology, physical limnology, aquatic chemistry,

aquatic biology, applied mathematics, systems engineering, computer systems applications, instrument

design and development, and experimental design

and analysis.

--

Theultimategoalofthe GLERLprogramisto understand the lake-land-atmosphere system to the extent

that environmental simulation and prediction models

can be built to provide adequate information on Great

lakes processes and phenomena to support the best

possible use of the region's resources.

ThisAnnual Report isintended to inform the Great

Lakes community of GLERL'scapabilities, program,

significant results, and plans for the future. It is also

intended to encourage an exchange of information

between the laboratory staff and those in need of

environmental information for operational, planning,

or management activities.

Examplesof some of the major problem areas that

the GlERLprogram addresses are lakewater levelsand

connecting channel flow prediction-critical to erosion control, transportation, recreation, and power

generation; lake ice prediction-critical to lake transportation and shoreline structure design and protection; lake circulation-critical to ecosystems analysis

and an understanding of the transport and dispersion

of pollutants; surface waves and oscillations-critical

to lake transportation, boating, and the control of

shore erosion ~nd flooding; and the dynamics of certain chemical and biological properties-critical to an

understanding of the ecology of the Lakesregion and

to water quality, water supply, and fisheries

management.

The GLERlstaff has been and isworking with Great

lakes regulatory and management agencie$, both in

Canada and in the United States, to provide them with

the research products, data, and expertise they need.

GlERL staff members serve as officers, board

members, or committee members of such organizations as the International Joint Commission (IJC),the

Great LakesBasinCommission, and the International

Associationfor Great LakesResearch (IAGLR),among

others. These activitiesserve to provide an outlet for

GlERl products and a means of identifying environmental problems requiring further study.

Other outletsfor GLERLproducts includerequests

from private organizations and individual citizens.The

scientific community is informed of the products

through journal articles, NOAATechnicalReports and

Memoranda, and presentations at society meetings.

The location of GLERLin Ann Arbor with The Universityof Michigan provides for graduate student participationinGLERLprojects.Visitingscientistshaveparticipated in GLERLresearch studiesand this activityis

continuing.

We expect that the future program willinclude even

greaterparticipationofGLERlscientistswiththe international, Federal, regional, state, and local organizations, private institutions, and individuals requiring

GlERLproducts and expertise.

iii




1

LAKEHYDROLOGY

LakeHydrologyGroup Head-Frank H. Quinn.

The emphasis of the lake HydrologyGroup ison the

hydrologic cycle, channel hydraulics,and ice research.

The objectives of the hydrologic work are to develop

improved methods of prediction and simulation of

hydrologic lake levels, connecting channel flows,and

flow in tributary streams and to improve understanding of the hydrologic processes. The objectives of

the ice work are to improve the prediction of freezeup, break-up, areal extent, and thickness of ice in the

Great lakes and their bays, harbors, and channels and

to improve understanding of the natural variabilityand

optical properties of ice cover. The work involves an

integrated program of data collection, data base

development, analyses, prediction model development and testing, and advisory service to users.

Prediction and simulation information on lake levels

and flowsisnecessary for water resource planning and

management and for the solution of problems inwater

supply, water quality, shore erosion, hydropower,

navigation, recreation, and flooding. Primary users of

hydrologic information are the Corps of Engineers,the

Great lakes shipping industry, the EPA,recreational

boating enthusiasts, the power utilities, the Great

lakes States, and the general public.

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great

lakes is of interest to all those who use the lakes in

winter, but especially to those who navigate them.

Prediction information on Great lakes ice isof value to

winter navigation, shoreline engineering, hydropower generation, water supply, and waste disposal.

Primary users of ice information are the Corps of

Engineers,the U.S.Coast Guard, the National Weather Service, the St. lawrence Seaway Development

Corporation, the Great lakes shipping industry,shoreline property owners, and the general public.

Hydrology

During FY 1976, a numerical hydraulic transient

model of the St. Clair River flow was developed and

tested. The model isnow operational on the CDC6600

computer. Thismodel, in conjunction with the existing

Detroit Riverflow model, was used to coordinate estimates of the Detroit and St.ClairRiversmonthly flows

for the International Coordinating Committee on

Great lakes BasinHydraulic and Hydrologic Data.The

model was also used to support the IJC, Corps of

Engineers,EPA,and GlERl water quality studies. Plans

include the development of a transient model of the

flow in the Niagara River.

Among the several studies completed or underway

to improve and apply the operational hydrologic

response model of the Great lakes and the associated

hydrologic data base (which contains data for the

terms in the hydrologic cycle) is the computation of

the net annual and monthly flow between lakes

Huron and Michigan for the period 1950to 1966.This

shows a variation of 500 percent between the maximum and minimum annual flows.The average flushing

time for lake Michigan was calculated from the mean

annual flow through the Straits of Mackinac as 137

years; the average flushing time was estimated from

additional information on the flow characteristics in

the Straitsof Mackinac during summer stratification as

69 years for lake Michigan.

In addition, a data base on the beginning-of-month

lake levelsand changes in storage for each of the Great

lakes and lake St.Clair wasdeveloped and published.

Plans are to augment this data base yearly.

The basin runoff data for lakes Michigan and St.

Clairwere extended from 1966to the present. Annual

augmentation of runoff data is comtemplated for all

the Great lakes.

Studiescontinue on evaporation estimates. Monthly

evaporation estimates for lake St.Clair for the period

1950 to 1975 have been determined by procedures

developed and published for lake Erie.Monthly lake

Superior evaporation estimates are planned for

completion in FY1977.Dailyevaporation estimates for

lake Ontario have been computed by using the mass

transfer method and the overwater physical data base.

Comparisons have been made of the evaporation as

computed by the masstransfer, bulk transfer, terrestrial water balance, and atmospheric water balance

3
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Lake Erie wind tide at Gibralter, Michigan, 9 April 1973. High

lake levels such as this can cause extensive property damage and even loss of life.

(Photograph by The Detro;t News.)

UNITS:cm on lake

surface per year

and (m3s.1)

INFLOW

1115

1]

procedures. This evaporation synthesis work will also

be completed in 1977.

A 5-year data set was analyzed to improve estimates

of lake Michigan monthly precipitation by using

island data. It yielded negative results: the island

precipitation data does not improve the over lake

precipitation estimate. The analysis of the lake Ontario precipitation data will be completed within the

next few months.

A study is underway to develop a watershed model

for the subbasins of the Great lakes system. Two

conceptual models containing an explicit moisture

accounting procedure have been obtained and are

being converted and tested. Initial model calibration

and testing for the Genesee RiverBasin,in upper New

York, is planned for FY1977.

Also planned for 1977 is a study to quantify the

historical effect of lake Superior regulation on the

water levels and flows of the downstream lakes.

o

I

KILOMETERS

501 100J

The hydrologic cycle of lake Ontario.

4
1

Ice

Muchof the effort in ice prediction is directed

toward winter navigation problems and the associated Demonstration Program to Extend the Navigation

Season on the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence

Seaway.For example, a technique developed in 1975

for predicting water temperatures and time of ice formation on the St. Lawrence River at Massena, New

York, is now operational at the National Weather

Service.A technique to forecast times of ice break-up

on the St. Lawrence River is planned. In addition, a

long-range forecast technique of the percent

maximum ice extent on the Great Lakes,basedon prewinter thawing and wintertime freezing degree-days,

was developed. It was found to be a considerable

improvement over climatology for most situations.

Data collected on Lake Superior the past four

winters will be analyzed to examine winter thermal

regimes and heat storage in that lake for use in the

development of ice prediction techniques. Water

temperature data were collected by using bathythermographs during a series of wintertime cruises

across Lake Superior and by means of monitoring

equipment in selected bays,harbors, and connecting

channels.

A project was initiated to determine the optical

properties of ice types common to the Great Lakesand

of use in improved ice forecasting. Measurements of

the diurnal variation of albedo for certain ice types

were made during the 1975-76 season.Significant dayto-day changes in albedo were noted for certain ice

and atmospheric conditions.

Several experimental studies are underway to

develop an improved ice climatology of the Great

Lakesuseful to engineers, shippers, and researchers.

One such study involves the analysis of satellite

imagery, side-looking airborne radar (SLAR)imagery,

and ice charts based on visual aerial ice reconnaissanceand SLARimagery. Data from the 1974-75winter

were analyzed and weekly charts showing ice-cover

concentrations and distribution were produced to

Ore carrier moving through a channel in the ice on the St.

Marys River. The Demonstration Program to Extend the

Navigation Seasonon the Great Lakesand the St. Lawrence

Seawaywill help stimulate and stabilize the economy of the

entire Great Lakesarea.

.' ,,' ~

Tripod-mounted pyranometers. This system measures the

incident and reflected solar radiation over an ice surface.

, (I ,Ii

I!'- r' - ~

LANDSAT-1 near-infrared image of Green Bay, 13 February

1975. Satellite pictures such as this aid in the analysis of the

Great Lakes ice cover.

5
depict the ice conditions on the Great lakes for that

winter. Similardata were collected this past winter to

develop the data base required for the improved ice

climatology. This ice data collection and analysis

program will continue in FY1977.

During the 1975-76 season, the ice thickness

measurements were continued. These provide data

useful to siting, construction, and protection of shore

structures. Analysisof the historical data was initiated

and computer graphics of portions of the information

are now available.

Results of a feasibility study completed to interpret

remotely-sensed radiance data from the NOAAvery

high resolution radiometer (VHRR)visible imagery in

terms of ice-cover concentration and extent indicate

that the NOAA-VHRRimagery was useful for visual

subjective estimates of ice-cover concentration and

extent. Objective methods using an ice classification

method were unsuccessful.

Consulting advice on ice characteristics problems

was provided to the Corps of Engineers and the State

Universityof New York.

The Detroit-based ice laboratory facilitywas closed

in 1976,but plans exist to reopen the laboratory inAnn

Arbor in 1977.

/lhLI4A.UKEE

W 119 T 693~ ~ 738

70

2/23/76

60

50

40

.-:=-

~

:, .

.

,

A(%)

30

20

10

o

0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300

TST

Graph showinga decrease in the reflection ofsolarradiation

by lake ice during a period of melting.

lEGEND

ICECONCENTRATION FREEZINGDEGREE-DAY

AcCUMULATION

~ OPEN.ATER ~ W. wEEKLYTOTAL.

~ l~~';O O~~~E~~~)

ITIlJI] 4-~~~~NC~~~:~GE

~ 7(~[~~Ego~~~~E

~ tg~~gofo~i~~'E

T. CU LATIVE

WEEKLYTOTAL

N . NORI'IAL

cutWLATIVE

WEEKLYTOTAL

/II. MAXIMUM

DASHEDLINE INDICATES PROJECTEDICE BOUNDARY

ROCHESTER

W 91

T 602"

N 486

CLEVEL.AND

W 105

T 511"

N 379

Weekly ice chart for 8 February 1976. This is a composite of ice-cover information collected primarily from aerial ice reconnaissance and satellite and radar ice-cover imagery. It is an estimate of ice concentration and distribution on the Great Lakesfor a

particular date.

6

I
1

PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY

AND METEOROLOGY

Physical limnology and Meteorology Group HeadDesiraju B.Rao.

The work in physical limnology and meteorology is

in two broad projects: (1)water circulation, transport,

and diffusion and (2)surface waves and oscillations. In

each of these projects, the purpose is to improve

understanding of the processes and to better predict

the currents, temperatures, wind waves, etc. This

improved understanding and prediction are

important to user activities such as waste management, power .generation, fishery management, water

supply management, etc. The circulation, transport,

and diffusion must be understood in order to predict

the chemical and biological properties of the lake

environment. Waves and oscillations present potential hazards important to shoreline property owners,

navigation, commercial and sport fishing activities,

recreational boating, beach erosion, coastal zone

management activities, ship design, etc.

The phenomena needing study range in scale from

annual and seasonal in time and hundreds of milesin

space down to those with significant time variations in

hours and seconds and space scales in feet. Of

importance are a set of lake phenomena with common

and scientific names: seasonal circulation, internal

Kelvin and topographic waves, internal Poincare

waves, coastal jet, upwelling and downwelling, thermal bar, and seasonal stratification-all subjects for investigation in the water circulation project; and wind

set-ups, seiches, storm surges and pressure jumps, surface waves, and short internal waves are phenomena

for investigation in the surface wave and oscillation

project. The studies are diverse in nature, comprising

observational programs, data analyses, numerical

simulations, and other theoretical studies.

GLERLscientistsuse the Harris1600RemoteCommunications Processor to run simulation models or process data

on the CDC6600computer in Boulder, Colorado.

Water Circulation, Transport, and

Diffusion

Studies on the IFYGlprogram continued in FY1976

in-house and under contracts. Some of the completed

studies dealt with lake Ontario water movements and

temperature patterns near the coast in the spring,

summer, and fall of 1972.The so-called "coastal jet"

wasexamined in detail bythe use of data from" coastal

chains" at five coastal areas in lake Ontario. This

coastal flow pattern, including coastal waves and the

upwelling and downwelling characteristics, isimportant in the transport and mixingof materials entering the lake from the basin. The seasonal variation in this

coastal flow pattern and its relationship to the wind

and temperature structure were studied as a part of

this task. Other studies underway deal with detailed

analyses of lake dynamics, principally the internal

wave characteristics.

Data from adjacent Canadian and United States

IFYGlautomatic data buoys of different design were

compared. These buoys recorded wind, air, and water

temperatures and currents in western lake Ontario.

Statistical analyses of the data differences show that

design accuracies are not generally achieved and

suggest that field exposure generally degrades the

accuracy by a factor of about two.

7
Lake Ontario summer currents (at given depths in meters; + 3 is 3 m off the bottom). One use of current studies such as this isto

aid in understanding the dispersal of pollutants.

The large-scale circulation for lake Ontario was

analyzed by using the buoy data and these resultswere

compared with the output of a wind-driven numerical

model. There was agreement in the western section,

where a counterclockwise (cyclonic) circulation occurred, but results differed in the eastern portion. The

monthly mean circulation patterns for all winter

months are now completely analyzed. These indicate

that the mean circulation sometimes consists of two

counterrotating cells and other times of a single

cyclonic cell.

Analyses started on the extensive water current

measurements made in lake Huron during November

1974-May1975. This study, partly supported by the

EPA,waspart of the IJCUpper lakes Reference Study.

Results show that lake Huron is characterized by a

cyclonic flow pattern during the winter months, with

an especiallysteady and intense southward flowalong

the west coast of the lake. The cyclonic flowhas many

characteristics similar to observed summer circulation. Also completed during the past year was a summary of the present state of knowledge of the physical

limnology of lake Huron for inclusion in the final

report of the IJCstudy.

In a previous study, long period waves of

undetermined origin were found in the records of

currents through the Straits of Mackinac during the

summer and fall of 1974. The waves appear to be

independent oscillations of both the lake Michigan

and Huron basins,and a long data record isrequired to

identify these waves. Hence, two recording current

meters were set in the straits in October 1975and will

be retrieved in May 1977.The vertical profiles of the

flow through the straits during the stratified summer

season show a strong flowof relativelypure water into

lake Michigan at depth, while the surface flow isfrom

lake Michigan to lake Huron. This means that the

flushing time for lake Michigan is much shorter than

indicated by the mean flow pattern.

A comprehensive field experiment was undertaken

in May 1976 to study the current and temperature

distributions in the southern basin of lake Michigan.

Experiments in other lakes have shown that coastal

currents are strongest in the first10-15kmoffshore. To

study the characteristics of the coastal jet, its longshore variations, and the role of long internal waves

propagating along the coastline in the nearshore

dynamics, pairs of stations at 7.5 and 15 km offshore

were set at intervals of 30 km along the east coast of

southern lake Michigan. A cross section extending

from Racine, Wisconsin, to Holland, Michigan, has

been instrumented to study the matching of coastal

flow with the interior circulation and near-inertial

internal waves on the thermocline. The Universityof

Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the University of Wisconsin-Madison are participating in this study program.

The field portion of the program was completed in

November 1976.

A four-level, fine-mesh numerical hydrodynamic

model of lake Ontario was developed during the past

year. IFYGldata were used to test the model's abilityto

predict the temperatures and currents for the months

ofMay,July,and November of 1972.Further systematic

verification and other diagnostic analyses on the

whole basin model of lake Ontario are planned.

Another three-dimensional model has been

developed and tested under contract. Th~ major

problem to date is to resolve the small-scale nearshore flow properly. Both these models were

developed to provide GlERl with the capability to

8
1

locations of buoys for measuring atmospheric and lake

water variables on lake Michigan.

incorporate the physical characteristics of the Great

lakes into larger ecosystem models to simulate and/or

predict the chemical and biological responses of

natural and man-induced changes to the Great lakes

and to alternative resource management strategies.

The plan for studies next year consists of continuing

the analysisof IFYGldata dealing with lake circulation

on. a shorter time scale than a month, analysis of

current meter data from lake Michigan and the Straits

of Mackinac, development of nearshore numerical

circulation models, and further analysis of the large- scale lake model.

Surface Waves and Oscillations

In the area of surface wave studies, an investigation

was made to assessthe usefulness and applicability to

the Great lakes of the availableempirical fetch-limited

spectral formulas. These formulas have been applied

for two episodes, one on lake Michigan and the other

on lake Ontario.

It was clear, particularly from the lake Ontario

study, that considerable uncertainties exist in these

formulas for application to the Great lakes and more

effort is needed to define the proper values of fetch,

10-4 " .0'

660

100

0)/0) m

Normalized wave spectra prepared from data collected in

lake Michigan.

10-1 101

effects of atmospheric stability on the wind fields,

duration of winds, etc.

A field program ispresently underway to study surfacewave characteristics in lake Michigan.TwoWaverider buoys were deployed-one at 15 km and the

other at 20 km-offshore from Muskegon, Michigan,

on the eastern shore of the lake and two more-one at

15 km and the other at 30 km-offshore from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the western shore. The data from

this Waverider array will be used to examine fetch

effects and wave generation and growth processes.

Studies have been completed on the barotropic free

oscillationsof lakes Michigan and Huron, taking into

account earth's rotation and the topography and

geometry of the lakes, including other connecting

water bodies such as bays and channels. These oscillations are caused by atmospheric forcing and clearly

show up in water level records. In both the lakes it is

clear that there are oscillations dominant only in the

connecting bays and others dominant in the main

basin.

The plan for studies next year consists of analyses of

wave data from lake Michigan and collection of

additional wave data.

9

t" 100I- it;

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N~TE: EACH ~~COQD REPRfSE~TS 5 MTNIJT~~ ~F OAT4 4T A N~MI~AL OJGJTtZJN~ RATF nF 3 SAHPLES/SEceNO. WAVE DETE~MINATI~NBASED 6~ CONS~CJTIVE ZE~M UP-CR~~SI~GS.

Computer output of wave buoy data analysisfor data collected in lake Ontario.

Waves can represent a hazard to shipping in the Great lakes and are a majorfactor in shoreline erosion.

(Photographby the u.s. CoastGuard.!

10

r

TAPE NuM8E: 8172

DAy: 3 MeNTH: 11 yEAR: 1972

..ST STATISTICS ,F TEN MINUTES X . SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT PLeTTEO 0 Te 5 METES

HeU TA8 ECO TYPE STO DEV H (A VE ) T (A VE ) HI/3 TIHI/31 OHHN.HHH2HM"H.HHHH2HHHH.HHH3HHHH.HHHH.HHHH.HHHH5

0.0 13 1844-1855 0 n.l" 0.35 2'''2 0.53 2.91 X .

1.0 13 1856-1867 0 0.12 0.29 2033 0,"3 2dlb X

2.0 13 1868-1879 CD 0,10 0.21t 2.00 0.38 2...8 X .

3.0 \3 1880-191 0 0.t2 0.26 2.01t 0...2 2.52 X .

..0 13 1892-1903 0 ('hI. 0.33 2.32 '''53 2.93 X

5.0 13 1904-\915 C 0.23 0.51t 2.4 0,R5 3.50

6.0 13 1916-\927 0 .,.27 0.65 3,22 1.03 ".0"

7.0 13 1928-\939 0 0.35 t:'I.79 3.'5 1,28 ...63

8.0 \3_ 19.0-1951 0 1")..... t.()7 ..,22 J,70 5017

9.0 H 1952-1963 0 0.51 hiS .....0 1.97 .57 X

10.0 H 196"-1975 0 0,51> 1.29 '" 61t 2.11 ;. 90 X . 11.0 14 1976-1987 0 f).56 0.95 It.Rl 2.30 5.76 X .

12.0 \4 1988-1999 0 0.52 IdR .....8 1198 .5.78 X +

l.O H 2000-2011 0 r,.56 \.33 ".99 2.09 6.21 X

14.0 H 2012-2023 CO 0.'9 1.21 5010 1186 6.50

15.0 H 202'-2035 0 0,,+0 O.9 ...1t0 1,51 5.9'

Ib,O \.. 2016-20.7 C 0.36 0.2 ..39 1.36 6.02

17.0 15 20'8-2059 0 0.29 0.62 3.18 1.06 5.01 X

tR.a 15 2u60-2071 0 O.?FI 0.65 3.1 1.0 5.05 X

19.0 15 2072-2083 0 1''1. 2f1 Q.b2 3.50 0.98 ...58 X

20.0 15 208'-2095 D 0,2" .59 t 3.20 O.'j6 1t.20 X

?1.0 15 2096-2107 0 0.2. (1.61 3.26 0.97 1t.06 X .

22.0 15 2108-2119 0 0.22 0.51 3.07 o.3 3.83 X .

?3.Q 15 212C-2131 0 0.22 0.55 3.26 0.83 3.90 X .

OTTTT1TTTT2TTTT3TTTT.TTTT5TTTT6TTTT7TTTT8TTTT9TTT10

.. P£RI6U 6F Hl/3PL6TTEO0 Te 10 SEC6NOS
1

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY

\.. I

Chemistry and BiologyGroup Head-Andrew Robertson.

The work in chemistry and aquatic biology is concentrated in three principal task areas: ecosystems

modeling, plankton studies, and water chemistry

studies. The program is aimed at understanding the

existing lake conditions, recognizing the trends that

have occurred, and developing the capability to

predict the course of events given alternative approaches to the management of the lakes. In this respect the program will provide information pertinent

to a large number of problem areasrelative to the use,

protection, and conservation of the Great lakes.

Ecosystems Modeli ng

A series of models is being developed at several

levels of complexity to realistically simulate the

fluctuations in amounts of carbon and other ecologically meaningful components of the Great lakes ecosystems.Once components are identified and interrelationships are defined, available data, including the

IFYGl data base,will be used to test, tune, and verify

the models. In the process, research areas requiring

further effort will be identified.

A one-dimensional, three-layer ecological model

simulating seasonal changes in four types of phytoplankton, six types of zooplankton, detritus, organic

nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, available phosphorus, the

carbonate system, and benthic invertebrates was

developed, calibrated to pre-IFYGl lake Ontario data,

and tested. Comparisons between predicted and

observed rates of primary production, turnover, and

the community production to respiration ratios and

sedimentation showed good agreement. Predictions

of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, zooplankton

carbon, available phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen,

ammonia, nitrate, pH, and C02 gasexchange were all

cOhsistentwith observed values for the period 1967-

1971. Sensitivity of the model to diffusion, sedimentation, self-shading, fish predation, and temperature

was also investigated. A three-dimensional ecological

model similar to that above, but incorporating lake

hydrodynamics, was developed by a GlERl

contractor.

A two-layer version of the above model, modified to

predict total phytoplankton carbon and available

phosphorus, wastested in eachof the Great lakes. The

accuracy of the simulation results varied in the

different lakes. Results were generally good for the

deeper lakesbut poor for lake Erie,where sedimentwater interaction processes need improved definition and seasonaleffects of external inputs must be

included because of short residence time.

The two-layer model was modified by adding new

terms accounting for silica dynamics and nitrogenfixing blue-green algae. Comparison with simpler

models of phosphorus loading showed agreement

except in highly eutrophic situations.

Continued model refinement has included additional water column constituents, sediment kinetics,

sediment-water column interactions, and dissolved

oxygen, a major indicator of trophic state extremes.

Plansfor the future include continuing efforts to simulate the IFYGl data set on both one and three dimensions.The model will be used to investigate the lake

Diatom (2500X).When a high percentage of the algae in a

water sample is in the form of diatoms, the water is fairly

unpolluted.

11
Ontario ecosystem during IFYGl by interpreting the

data at both the whole-system and process-interaction

levels and by testing certain ecological hypotheses.

The model will then be tested on lake Michigan and

Green Bay in both one and three dimensions and

detailed comparisons with other modeling

approaches (phosphorus loading models and other

ecological models) will be made to determine their

general consistencies and major differences.

Plankton Studies

An understanding of the Great lakes ecology and

successful ecological modeling requires detailed

knowledge of the plankton dynamics in/the lakes, a

significant component of the food chain. Until

recently, the modeling of plankton biomass dynamics

was limited to treating a single or a few groups of

phytoplankton and similarly for zooplankton. For

many problems of water quality management, information is required on particular groups of phytoplankton rather than just total phytoplankton biomass.

In addition, the kinds of zooplankton present may

represent the available food and affect fisheries. The

ultimate goal of this work isto build a realisticdynamic

model of seasonal succession for plankton.

Planktonic succession is being studied in lake

Michigan during summer, the period when nuisance

forms of algae may proliferate. The objective is to

measure growth rates of different phytoplankton

species and relate their growth rates and population

dynamicsto different nutrient concentrations, grazing

mortality by zooplankton, and other parameters.

Experimentsare underway to measure growth rates of

different single species of phytoplankton and, later,

combinations of species to include the mechanism of

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Technician using the Coulter Counter. This is used to

determine the particle-size spectrum in lake water. By

studying changes in these spectra, GlERl scientists are

determining grazing rates on various classes of algae.

competition for limited food supply. Studies are

underway to measure grazing mortality of different

size classes of phytoplankton. laboratory experiments are being conducted with several phytoplankton and zooplankton cultures to examine

mechanisms under controlled conditions. Likewise,at

an offshore station on southern lake Michigan, field

experiments using the 14Cmethod are underway and

33Pis being used as a tracer.

Measuring grazing mortality of different size classes

of phytoplankton is a formidable problem since the

state-of-the-art of available equipment and methodology isnot satisfactory.Therefore, considerable effort

is devoted to methodology and equipment design,

development, and testing. Modified methods and

equipment are now under evaluation.

We are presently measuring grazing rates for

copepods of the genus Diaptomus. Preliminary results

of our study, which measures grazing over a much

larger size spectrum of particles than usuallyanalyzed,

suggest Diaptomus selects much larger phytoplankton than generally believed. In addition to studying

the feeding of herbivorous zooplankton, studies have

also been conducted on the feeding of a carnivorous

cyclopoid copepod species, Cyclops verna/is. It has

been found that the number of prey eaten by adult

females increases with increasing prey density up to a

maximumingestion rate. Thismaximum rate decreases

with increasing prey size; however, the number eaten

for a given prey size and density ishighlyvariable, indicating large variations in the feeding behavior of

individual animals. Further studies are being

conducted on the feeding of these animalsto obtain a

quantitative formulation of feeding that can be used in

our ecological modeling efforts.

Plansfor next year emphasize the analysis of lake

Michigan phytoplankton data collected this summer

and fall.laboratory grazing studies willbe initated this

winter as a lead into the development of a model of

selective grazing by Diaptomus. later an integrated

study of summer succession that will include both

phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality will be

undertaken.

Water Chemistry

Great amounts of data specifyingthe levelsof limnological properties at various places and times have

been collected from the Great lakes. But many of the

data setshave had only a cursory analysis.Thisprogram

uses these data to describe the distribution in space

and time of certain variables, both forselected areas of

special interest and more generally for the systemas a

whole. These studies are designed to answer specific

questions concerning environmental conditions in

problem areas but also to increase our understanding

12
1

of the distribution and variabilityof properties within

the entire system. Such understanding will be used to

aid inthe design of a monitoring systemto detect longterm environmental trends by providing a basis for

identifying where, when, and how often to monitor

conditions in order to obtain a representative viewof

environmental trends in the lakes.

Extensiveamounts of O2data were collected in lake

Ontario during IFYGL.As oxygen levels are excellent

indicators of nutrient enrichment conditions in a lake,

these data have been subjected to an extensive

analysis. Oxygen levels in lake Ontario fell below

saturation during August and September 1972for the

total hypolimnion. Depletion rates were more rapid

on the western than on the eastern side of the lake,

speculated to be owing to the differences in

hypolimnion volume and loads of oxygen consuming

material. On two occasions, when. sizable storms

perturbed the lake, large amounts of oxygen were

added to the hypolimnion. Both exposure of the

hypolimnion at the surface, Le., upwelling, and

turbulent mixing across the thermocline seem to have

contributed to this input. The significance of this

process in. relation to retardation of hypolimnetic

oxygen depletion is being investigated.

Another IFYGlstudy involveddetermination of the

carbon budget for lake Ontario during the field year

period. The major carbon sources were found to be

C02 gained from the atmosphere owing to photosynthetic activity and the addition of carbon by tributary streams, especially the Niagara River.The major

14

12

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4 J- INFLOW

lossesof carbon were outflow at the St.lawrence River

and net C02 released to the atmosphere from the

inorganic carbon pool. Seasonally, the lake added

carbon during the warm months, when algal production was high, and lost it during the colder part of the

year.

Now, a more detailed study of the inorganic part of

the carbon cycle isbeing conducted. Satellite photographs have shown that cloudy or milky water is

present at times during summer over large parts of

lakes Ontario and Michigan. Theoretical calculations

have shown that these are times during which the

concentration of calcium carbonate is substantially

greater than saturation, thus suggesting that the

cloudiness may be due to the formation of particles of

calcium carbonate. Scanning electron micrographs

have confirmed the presence of large numbers of what

appear to be calcite crystalssuspended in the water at

these times. Further studies are being conducted to

determine whether appreciable amounts of nutrients

are associated with these crystals and so whether the

sinking of these crystals could carry significant

amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen to the sediments

and out of the surface waters.

Other studies in the areas of chemistry have included detailed investigationsof several river mouths,

Le., the Oswego, emptying into lake Ontario, and the

Grand, emptying into lake Michigan. These studies

are aimed at increasing our understanding of the

movement of dissolved and suspended polluting and

enriching substances from a riverinto a large lake. Itis

Carbon lost

1 234 567

MONTH

Monthly means of total carbon inflow to and outflow from Lake Ontario, April 1972-March 1973. The darker areas represent a

a net gain of carbon and the lighter areas a net loss.

13
evident that muchof the materialisdepositedcloseto

the river mouth and initially does not affect the lake

ecosystem.However, much work is required to define

the role of resuspension, precipitation, and dissolution in this process and to be able to predict the

fraction of achemical present in aninflowing river that

will ultimately reach the open lake.

Further studies along these lines will be initiated in

this project in FY1977.More work will be directed

toward obtaining an overall view and summary of the

cycle of certain important chemicals in the Great

lakes. Thiswork will aid in the design of the long-term

monitoring system mentioned earlier. Data reports

and summary distribution charts are being produced

for the large amount of unpublished chemical datawe

have gathered in the past.

Calcite crystals collected 15 km off Grand Haven, Michigan

(10,000 X).

14

r
1

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

ENGIN EERING

EnvironmentalSystemsEngineering Group Head-Arthur P.

Pinsak.

The work of the Environmental Systems Engineering Group includes projects on environmental

engineering models and applications and the GLERL

Advisory Service activity. The purpose of environmental engineering models and applications isto develop, test, and apply improved simulation and prediction models and other tools for user application.

The Advisory Service involves the dissemination of

GLERLproducts and other environmental information to identified users, the identification of new

users and their needs, the response to requests for

environmental information, and the participation of

GLERLstaffmembersin variousinteragencyboards,

committees, work groups, and symposia (e.g., Great

Lakes Basin Commission, IJC). In combination, the

AdvisoryService provides environmental information

and expertise to assist in the solution of Great Lakes

issues and problems. Such involvements provide a

direct two-way channel for our scientificexpertise and

tools, identify research needs pertinent to our program planning, and identify substantive areas for

GLERLparticipationin interagencyresearch.

Advisory Services

One of the majormissionsof the GLERLprogramis

to provide environmental information to individuals

and organizations involved in operational, planning,

or management activities that impact upon or are

impacted by the environment in the Great Lakes.An

Advisory Service activity was established within the

Environmental SystemsEngineering Group to provide

a focus within GLERLfor communication with the

users of GLERLdata, information, and reports.

During FY1976,over 200 requests for information,

data, or reports were received from various user

groups and answered. These user groups included

universities, Federal and state agencies, private organizations, regional planning groups, and individual

citizens.GLERLhasidentifiedover400recipientswho

desire and regularly receive one or more of sixtypes of

GLERLpublications.

In support of NOAA's Office of Ecology and

Environmental Conservation, 49 Draft Environmental

Impact Statements pertinent to the Great Lakesor the

Great Lakes Basin were reviewed and commented

upon during 1976.

The determination of the need for Great Lakes

environmental information and the interaction takes

many forms. In addition to the requests received by

mail,as discussedabove, many GLERLscientistsare

involved in interagency and international meetings,

symposia, and workshops where information exchange takes place. The scientists also serve as consultants; committee, board, and commission members;

and officers inGreat Lakesorganizations and as working members of interagency special study or work

groups.

Future plans call for increased contact with other

Federal, regional, state, and local organizations to

increasethe awarenessofthe GLERLmissionand program and to obtain further definition of the problems

in the Great Lakes requiring input of environmental

information. This will help in the evolution of the

GLERLprogram to meet these needs.

Environmental Engineering Models

and Applications

During FY1976, the Maumee River Basin Level B

Study was completed. The objective of this multiagency, multistate study by the Great Lakes Basin

Commissionwasto develop a basin-wide coordinated

plan for water resource use and development. GLERL

completed a baseline study of the limnology of

Maumee Bayconducted in conjunction with studies

by other agencies concerning all aspects of water and

land-related water resource uses in the basin. As part

of the analysisof planningalternatives,GLERLdeveloped a mathematical water quality model of Maumee

Bay and western Lake Erie using interdisciplinary

inputsfromthe laboratory staffto simulate water transport, diffusion, and settling of water quality variables

15




J

FACiliTIES

GlERlleases two adjacent buildings in Ann Arbor,

with a totalspace of about 13,000ft2.Inaddition, GlERl

occupies a 10,000 ft2warehouse and dock facility in

Monroe.

GlERl has a number of laboratory and support facilities that are an integral part of itsresearch program.

During FY1976,the capabilityofthese facilitiesgrew in

terms of both equipment and personnel; they pro"

vide significant contributions to the GlERl program.

Chemistry Laboratory

During the past year, the chemistry laboratory has

been concentrating on measurements of chemicalbiological variables. Several modules of Technicon's

AutoAnalyzer II system have been obtained and are

currently operational for N03, NH3,organic nitrogen,

soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus

measurements. In addition, the SCOR/UNESCO

method for chlorophyll and pigment analysishas been

adopted and is being compared to fluorometric

monitoring. These techniques are allowing us to

engage in research involving nutrient uptake, sediment-nutrient interaction, and transport of nutrients

into the lake system.

Our plans for the immediate future include the

measurement of permanent gases(i.e.,N2,~, C02) by

gas chromatography and the quantitative analyses of

organic fractions.

Scientistperforming atomic absorption spectrophotometry

for toxic trace metals. Other equipment in the chemistry

laboratory includes an AutoAnalyzer.

Biology Laboratory

The biology laboratory is equipped to carry out a

variety of experimental studies involving benthos,

zooplankton, and phytoplankton. Studies measuring

nutrient uptake with radioactive isotopes are conducted with the aid of a liquid scintillation counter, and

the effects of zooplankton feeding on particle size

distributions are monitored with a Coulter Counter.

Controlled environment chambers allow the culturing of various kindsof plankton. An inverted microscope is used to obtain species counts for algae and

conventional microscopes are used to identify and

count zooplankton and benthos.

~& rD!~

The biology laboratory.

Ice Laboratory

Plans for 1977 include the reactivation of an ice

laboratory in Ann Arbor. The laboratory will be

equipped to conduct analyses of the physical properties of ice.These analyseswillsupport severalof the ice

studies discussed earlier.

R/V Shenehon

Many of GlERl's field experiments are carried out

on the R/V Shenehon, a converted T-boat,

length-65.5 ft, beam-17.75 ft, and draft-6.5 ft. The

vessel has a 2100 nautical mile range, with a cruising

speed of 9.5 knots, and is fully complemented with

navigational, communication, and depth sounding

equipment. Forward and aft winches handle both

hydrographic and multiconductor electric cable. The

120 ft2 laboratory facilitates the conduct of onsite

chemical and biological analyses. During 1976, a

21
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.

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II

/ II

I

4..

The R/V Shenehon.

speciallydeveloped plankton trap for grazing experiments, in situ chemical probes, and incubation chambers for culture and radioactive isotope uptake experiments were added.

On 1 July 1976, responsibility for ship support

services and operations was transferred from the

NationalOcean Surveyto the EnvironmentalResearch

Laboratories.

During 1976,the R/V Shenehon has been operating

in southern Lake Michigan out of the port of Grand

Haven in direct or logisticalsupport of sixGLERLprojects. The ship was used to deploy and service telemetering accelerometer type surface wave buoys and to

place meteorological sensors and recorders on a buoy

in mid-lake to be used in conjunction with concurrent observations of water movement.

On a recurring basis during the open-water season,

open-lake water samples were taken to perform in situ

primary production measurements, to do on-board

chemical and nutrient analyses of the lake water, and

22

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" II

)

. .... I.

II

I II

II

II

II

II

II
1

to observe kineticsof '''Carbon and 32Potassiumuptake

by phytoplankton under a range of environmental

conditions. Variations in grazing rates and selectivity

of dominant zooplankton species were also observed

during spring, summer, and autumn.

Concentrations of carbon and lake water nutrients

were determined on a high frequency basis in both

nearshore and open-lake environments to determine

time rate of variabilityand availabilityof these essential constituents. A specially developed screen was

used to obtain samplesfromthe water surface forsimilar nutrient analyses.

Sediment cores were taken on a monthly basis at

nine sitesrepresenting differing sediment types offthe

mouth of the Grand River. Various species of phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon in the

sediment core and in water at the sediment-water

interface were measured. These cores were also used

to identify and quantify vertical and temporal distributions of micro- and macro-fauna, their interrelationship, and the total benthic biomass.

Meteorological observations and solar radiation

were continuously recorded aboard ship in support of

each of the sampling programs.

These various field investigations provide essential

support to the laboratory programs concerned with

determining natural distribution and variabilityof lake

characteristics and defining physical, chemical, and

biological processes and interrelationships and sediment-water and air-water exchanges that lead to

improved understanding of the natural systemand aid

in simulation and forecasting at time and space scales

of interest to users.

Marine Instrumentation laboratory

The past year has been a period of rapid growth for

the marine instrumentation laboratory, marked by

major procurement, instrument development, reorganization, and field program activities. Acquisition

and development activities provided many new observation capabilities, including a 240-liter incubation

chamber, a Chapelsky-Vanderploeg-Soo plankton

trap, a calcium carbonate saturometer with a pH

probe, an improved phase lock circuit for the Data

Well Waverider Receiver, a cassette reader interface

for current meters, a microprocessor based data acquisition system, and several buoy system components.

Significantsteps were accomplished toward the objective of an automatic data acquisition system that

includes a data logger and a Hewlett-Packard computer to automatically handle the data managementediting functions for a set of data collection systems:

surface wave measurements, meteorological measurements, current meters, and water chemistry

probes.

Computer laboratory

Duringthe yearthe GLERLcomputer laboratory and

itsstaffhavecontributedgreatlyto GLERLprojectsin

the following activities: data management, analysis,

modeling, and evaluation. The programming activities are accomplished via remote batch processing

through a Harris-1600Remote Communications Processor connected to a CDC 6600 computer located at

the Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder,

Colorado. A Tektronix 4014-1Graphical DisplayTerminal is also connected to the CDC6600to assist the

project scientistsin the analysisof data and to provide

them with the capability of graphical displays of their

data.

A Hewlett-Packard 9603AScientificMeasurement and

ControlSystemwaspurchasedto allowGLERLto process and edit existing rawdata records from a varietyof

field data collection instruments and to develop a

laboratory real-time interactive data acquisition

system.

Tektronix 4014-1Graphical DisplayTerminal.

23
STAFF AS OF 

30 SEPTEMBER 1976 

Full Time Commissioned Temporary or 

Permanent Officers Part Time 

Office of Director 5 0 3 

Physical Limnology and 16 1 

Meteorology Group 

Chemistry and Biology 11 0 3 

Group 

Lake Hydrology Group 9 1 1 

Environmental Systems 6 2 3 

Engineering Group 

Computer Systems 5 0 0 

Total 52 4 15 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1976 

Principal 

Investigator Institution Title 

Allen Illinois Institute 

of Technology 

Trace Metal Species 

Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology 

Bennett Circulation of Lake Ontario 

Coastal Circulation of Lake 

Ontario 

Birchfield Northwestern 

Chen Tetra Tech. Inc. Water Quality Ecological Model 

for Lake Ontario 

Csanady 

Dilley 

Estoque 

Grayson 

Woods Hole Coastal Circulation 

General Electric Nearshore Ice 

University of Miami Mesoscale Disturbances 

National Weather Service, 

NOAA 

4-Dimensional Analysis 

 current Measurements in the 

Coastal Zone of Eastern 

Lake Michigan 

Green University of Wisconsin 

(Madison) 

Houghton 

Lee 

University of Wisconsin 

(Madison) 

13ispersion of Pollutants 

University of Texas 

(Dallas) 

13iological Characteristics 

of the Nearshore Waters 

of Lake Michigan 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

Currents and Oscillations 

of the Offshore Waters 

of Lake Michigan 

Mortimer 

L.ake Ontario Temperature 

Transects 

Mortimer 

Mortimer 

Rumer 

Scott 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

Whole Basin Inertial 

Oscillations 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

University of Delaware Effects of Wind and Waves 

on Ice Transport 

State University of 

New York (Albany) 

C:limatology Circulation 

Patterns 

University of Michigan Phytoplankton Associations 

in Lake Ontario 

Stoermer 

State University of 

New York (Buffalo) 

Sweeney C'opepod Life History 

Sydor Studies of Ice Growth 

Wilson 

University of Minnesota 

The Center for the 

Environment and Man 

Completion of IFYGL 
A 6-months listing of our available publications 

can be obtained from 

Writer-Editor 

Great Lakes Er~vironmental Research 

Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
PUBLICATIONS Derecki, J. A. 1975. Evaporation from Lake Erie. NOAA 

Technical Report ERL 342-GLERL 3. 

Adams, C. E., Jr.* 1976. Estimating water temperatures 

and time of ice formation on the Saint Lawrence 

River. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 21 :128-137. 

Assel, R. A. 1976. St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast procedure. NOAA Technical Memorandum 

ERL GLERL-6. 

Aubert, E. 1. 1976. The energy-related Great Lakes research program of the Department of Commerce. In Proceedings of the second Federal conference on the Great Lakes, ed. J. S. Marshall, pp. 

480-492. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission . Aubert, E. 1. 1976. Great Lakes. In 7976 McGraw-Hill 

yearbook of science and technology, ed. D. N. 

Lapedes, pp. 200-204. New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Aubert, E. J., Allen, H. E.t, Roseborough, J. D.t, and 

Watson A. E. P.t 1976. Creat Lakes water quality 

research needs, 1976. Windsor, Ontario: International Joint Commission. 

Baer, F.7, Rao, D. B., and Boudra, D.7 1976. Studies on 

numerical modeling and modification of cyclone 

scale precipitation. Report prepared by The University of Michigan for the U.S. Army Research 

Office under Contract No. DAHC04-73-C-0001. 

Bolsenga, S. 1.1975. Estimating energy budget components to determine Lake Huron evaporation. 

Water Resour. Res. 11 :661-666. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1976. Lake Huron surface water temperature, May-November 1966. Water Resour. 

Bull. 12:147-156. 

Bolsenga, S. I., and Norton, D. C. 1975. Eastern Lake 

Ontario precipitation network. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL GLERL-5. 

Bolsenga, S. I., and Hagman, J. C. 1975. On the selection of representative stations for Thiessen polygon networks to estimate Lake Ontario overwater precipitation. IFYGL Bull. No. 16:57-62. 

Bradbury, J. P.t, Tarapchak, S. J.,Waddington,J.C. B.t, 

and Wright, R. F.t 1975. The impact of a forest fire 

on a wilderness lake in northeastern Minnesota. 

Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:875-883. 

Callahan, C. J.t, McCulloch, J. A. W.t, Aubert, E. J.,and 

Rasmusson, E. M.t 1976. IFYGL rawinsonde data 

acquisition system. IFYGL Technical Manual No. 6. 

Chapra, S. C. 1975. Comment on 'An Empirical Method 

of Estimating the Retention of Phosphorus in 

Lakes' by W. B. Kirchner and P. J. Dillon. Water 

Resour. Res. 11 :1033-1034. 

Derecki, J. A. 1976. Hydrometeorology: Climate and 

hydrology of the Great Lakes. In Creat Lakes Basin 

framework study, appendix 4: Limnology of lakes 

and embayments, ed. A. P. Pinsak, pp. 71-104. Ann 

Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission. 

Derecki, J. A. 1976. Multiple estimates of Lake Erie 

evaporation. 1. Great Lakes Res. 2:124-149. 

Grumblatt, J. L. 1976. IFYGL-an unusually cold year. 

IFYGL Bull. NO. 18~59-62. 

Hagman, B. B.* An analysis of Great Lakes ice cover 

from satellite imagery. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-9. 

Ischinger, L. S.t, and Nalepa, T. F. 1976. Freshwater 

macroinvertebrates. /. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 

48~1318-1335. 

Jenkins, C. F. 1975. The International Field Year for the 

Great Lakes. Commun. 6:5-6. 

Kelley, R. N. 1976. Lake St. Clair beginning-of-month 

water levels and monthly rates of change of storage. NOAA Technical Report ERL 372-GLERL 13. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1975. Lake Superior bathythermograph data. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-3. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1976. Great Lakes ice cover, winter 

7974-75. NOAA Technical Report ERL 370-GLERL 

11. 

Liu, P. C. 1976. An evaluation of parameters for the 

theoretical distribution of periods and amplitudes of sea waves. 1. of Geophys. Res. 81:3161- 

3162. 

Liu, P. C., and Kessenich, T. A. 1975. Surface wave data 

recorded in Lake Ontario during IFYGL. NOAA 

Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-2. 

Liu, P. C.,Miller,G. S.,and Saylor,J. H. 1976. Water motion. In Great Lakes Basin framework study, 

appendix 4: Limnology of lakes and embayments, 

ed. A. P. Pinsak, pp. 119-149. Ann Arbor: Great 

Lakes Basin Commission. 

McNaught, D. C.t, and Scavia, D. 1976. Application of 

model of zooplankton composition to problems 

of fish introductions to theGreat Lakes. In Modeling bio-chemical processes in aquatic ecosystems, ed. R. P. Canale, pp. 281-304. Ann Arbor: 

Ann Arbor Science. 

Miller, G. S. 1976. Harbor and nearshore currents, 0swego Harbor, New York. NOAA Technical Report 

ERL 360-GLERL 7. 

Danek, L. I.*, and Saylor, J. H. 1975. Saginaw Bay water - circulation. NOAA Technical Report ERL 359- * ~IO longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

GLERL 6. t hlot affiliated with this laboratory. 
Mortimer, C. H.t, Rao, D. B., and Schwab, D. J. 1976. A 

supplementary note and figure added to paper 

'Free Oscillationsand Tides of Lakes Michigan and 

Superior' by C. H. Mortimer and E. J. Fee. Phil. 

Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) Ser. A. 281 :58-60. 

Norton, D. C. 1976. Upland lakes. In Great Lakes Basin 

framework study, appendix 4: Limnology of lakes 

and embayments, ed. A. P. Pinsak, pp. 351-372. 

Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission. 

Pickett, R. L. 1975. Intercomparison of Canadian ar~d 

U.S. automatic data buoys. Mar. Technol. Soc. ). 

920-22. 

Pickett, R. L. 1975. Lake-averaged temperatures ar~d 

currents in Lake Ontario in 1972. IFYGL Bull. No. 

15:57-58. 

Pickett, R. L. 1976. Lake Ontario circulation in November. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 21:608-611. 

Pickett, R. L. 1976. Lake Ontario temperature and current profiles. IFYGL Bull. No. 18:53-55. 

Pickett, R. L., and Richards, F. P.* 1975. Lake Ontario 

mean temperatures and currents in July 1972.). 

Ph ys. Oceanogr. 5:775-781. 

Pickett, R. L., and Eadie, B. 1.1976. Lake Ontario mean 

surface temperature. IFYGL Bull. No. 17:59. 

Pickett, R. L., and Bermick, S. 1976. Lake Ontario 

mechanical energy. IFYGL Bull. No. 18:56-58. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1976. Physical characteristics. In Great 

Lakes Basin framework study, appendix 4: Lirnnology of lakes and embayments, ed. A. P. Pinsak, 

pp. 23-69. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Cornmission. 

Pinsak, A. P., ed. 1976. Great Lakes Basin framework 

study, appendix 4: Limnology of lakes and ernbayments. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Cornmission. 

Quinn, F. H. 1975. Lake Huron beginning-of-month 

water levels and monthly rates of change of storage. NOAA Technical Report ERL 348-GLERL 4. 

Quinn, F. H. 1975. Lake Ontario beginning-of-month 

levels and changes in storage. IFYGL Bull. No. 

15:59-65. 

Quinn, F. H. 1976. Detroit River flow characteristics 

and their application to chemical loading estimates. ). Great Lakes Res. 2:71-77. 

Quinn, F. H. 1976. Effect of Fort Gratiot and St. Clair 

gage relocations on the apparent hydraulic regime of the St. Clair River. GLERL Open File 

Report. 

Quinn, F. H., and Derecki, J. A. 1976. Lake Erie begtinning-of-month water levels and monthly rates of 

change of storage. NOAA Technical Report ERL 

364-GLERL 9. 

Quinn, F. H., and Derecki, 1. A. 1976. Lake Ontario 

beginning-of-month water levels and monthly 

rates of change of storage. NOAA Technical Report ERL 365-GLERL 10. 

Rao, D. B. 1975. Numerical studies of the response of 

lakes to atmospheric forcing. In Proceedings, 

second world congress, lnternational Water Resources Association, Volume I I I, pp. 369-375. New 

Delhi: International Water Resources Association. 

Rao, D. B., Mortimer, C. H.t, and Schwab, D. 1.1976. 

Surface normal modes of Lake Michigan: Calculations compared with spectra of observed 

water level fluctuations.). Phys. Oceanogr. 6:575- 

588. 

Rao, D. B., and Schwab, D. 1.1976. Two-dimensional 

normal modes in arbitrary enclosed basins on a 

rotating earth: Application to Lakes Ontario and 

Superior. Phil. Tmns. R Soc. (Lond.1 Ser. A. 28l:69-96. 

Robertson, A. 1976. Planktonic transport of energyrelated pollutants. In Proceedings of the second 

Federal conference on the Great Lakes, ed. J. S. 

Marshall, pp. 351-360. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Basin Commission. 

Robertson, A., and Eadie, B. 1.1975. A carbon budget 

for Lake Ontario. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 

19:291-299. 

Rogers, J. C.* 1976. Evaluation of techniques for longrange forecasting of air temperature and ice formation. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-8. 

Rogers, J. C.* 1976. Long-range forecasting of maximum ice extent on the Great Lakes. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-7. 

Rogers, J. C.*, DeWitt, B.7, and Dixon, D.t 1975.Operational ice forecast for the Little Rapids Cut. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-4. 

Saylor, J. H., and Sloss, P. W. 1976. Water volumetransport and oscillatory current flow through the 

Straits of Mackinac. ). Phys. Oceanogr. 6:230-237. 

Scavia, D., Boylen, C. W.t, Sheldon, R. B.t,and Park, R. 

A.7 1975. The formulation of a generalized model 

for simulating aquatic macrophyte production. 

Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome Memo Report 

75-4. 

Scavia, D., and Park, R. A.t 1976. Documentation of 

selected constructs and parameter values in the 

aquatic model CLEANER. Ecol. Modeling 2:33-58. 

- 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Scavia, D., Eadie, B. I., and Robertson, A. 1976. An ecological model for the Great Lakes. In Proceedings 

of the conference on environmental modeling 

and simulation, ed. W. T. Ott, pp. 629-633. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Scavia, D., Eadie, B. I., and Robertson, A. 1976. An ecological model for Lake Ontario: Model formulation, calibration, and preliminary evaluation. 

NOAA Technical Report ERL 371-GLERL 12. 

Sloss, P. W., and Saylor, J. H. 1975. Measurements of 

current flow during summer in Lake Huron. 

NOAA Technical Report ERL 353-GLERL 5. 

Sloss, P. W., and Saylor, J. H. 1976. Large-scale current 

measurements in Lake Huron. I. Geophys. Res. 

81 :3069-3083. 

Sloss, P. W., and Saylor, J. H. 1976. Large-scale current 

measurements in Lake Superior. NOAA Technical Report ERL 363-GLERL 8. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Parzyck, D. C.t, Wilcox, W. H.t, 

Kercher, J. R.t, and Kaye, S. V.t 1975. Bioaccumula tion factors for radionuclides in fresh water 

biota. .Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 783. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., and Kercher, J. R.t 1975. Effects of 

limnological variables on bioaccumulation factors. In Radiation research, biomedical, chemical, and physicalperspectives, eds. 0. F. Nygaard, 

H. I. Adler, and W. K. Sinclair, pp. 1192-1203. New 

York: Academic Press. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Booth, R. S.t, and Clark, F. H.t 

1975. A specific activity and concentration model 

applied to cesium movement in an oligotrophic 

lake. In Mineral cycling in southeastern ecosystems, eds. F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, and M. H. 

Smith, pp. 142-165. U.S. Energy Research and 

Development Administration. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., and Booth, R. S.t 1976. Interpretation of biological-rate coefficients derived from 

radionuclide content, radionuclide concentration, and specific activity experiments. Health 

Phys. 31 :57-59. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Booth, R. S.t, and Clark, F. H.t 

1976. A specific activity and concentration model 

applied to cesium-movement in a eutrophic lake. 

In Radioecology and energy resources, Ecological Society of America special publication No. 7, 

ed. C. E. Cushing, Jr., pp. 164-177. Stroudsburg, 

Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

29 
PRESENTATIONS 

Aubert, E. 1.1976. Presentation as Chairman of Workshop on Great Lakes Water Quality Research 

Needs, 1-3 March 1976, Windsor, Ontario. 

Aubert, E. J. 1976. Report on Great Lakes water quality 

research needs. Annual Meeting, lnternational 

Joint Commission on Great Lakes Water Quality 

Agreement, 19-22 July 1976. Windsor, Ontario. 

Bell, G. L., and Chambers, R. L. 1976. Aspects of the 

chemical-physical variability of the nearshore and 

open-lake environments in southern Lake Michigan. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research,4- 

6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, 

Ontario. 

Bolsenga, S. 1.1976. Ice albedo of the Buffalo Harbor 

area. Seminar, 13 February 1976, Niagara Falls, 

New York. 

Chambers, R. L. 1976. Information content of grainsize frequency distributions in coastal deposits on 

the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 4-6 May 1976, at the 

University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 

Chapra, S. C. 1976. Phosphorus budget model of the 

Great Lakes. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 4-6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, 

Guelph, Ontario. 

Chapra, S. C. 1976. Total phosphorus model for the 

Great Lakes. The University of Michigan, Great 

Lakes Research Division, Seminar Series, 2 March 

1976, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Danek, L. I.*, and Saylor, J. H. 1976. The wind-driven 

circulation of Saginaw Bay. 19th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 4-6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 

Derecki, J. A. 1976. Estimates of Lake St. Clair evaporation. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

4-6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, 

Ontario. 

Eadie, B. J., Jeffrey, L.t, and Sackett, W.7 1976. Stability 

of dissolved organic carbon in the marine 

environment. Conference on Marine Organic 

Chemistry Concepts, 14-16 September 1976, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1975. Mid-latitude anomaly experiments with the NCAR general circulation model. 

World Meteorological Organization, International Association of Meteorology and AtmosHuang, J. C. K. 1975. Motion and structure of the North 

Pacific Ocean under a time-dependent atmosphere. lnternational ~ssociation-for the Physical 

Sciences of the Ocean/lnternational Union of 

Geodesy and Geophysics Symposium on Physical 

Oceanography, 25 August-6 September 1975, 

Grenoble, France. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1975. Simulation study of the North 

Pacific Ocean. Symposium on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes, 6-8 October 1975, Burlington, Ontario. 

Liu, P. C. 1976. Applications of empirical, fetch-limited 

wave formulas to the Great Lakes. Coastal Engineering Conference, 11-16 July 1976, Honolulu, 

Hawaii. 

Liu,, P. C. 1976. On the temporal growth of spectral 

components of wind-generated surface waves. 

American Meteorological Society Conference, 29 

March-2 April 1976, Seattle, Washington. 

Nalepa, T. F., Robertson, A., and Szymusiak, P. 1976. 

The feeding behavior of a predatory cyclopoid 

copepod Cyclops vernalis. 19th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 4-6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 

Picklett, R. L. 1976. Lake Ontario circulation in November. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 4- 

6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, 

Ontario. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1976. Water use futures in the Great Lakes. 

Joint Meeting of American Fisheries Society and 

lnternational Association of Fish and Wildlife 

Agencies, 22 September 1976, Dearborn, Michigan. 

Pinsak, A. P., Pickett, R. L., and Jarecki, E. A.t 1976. 

Model application to Maumee Bay planningstrategies. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

4-6 May 1976,at the University of Guelph,Guelph, 

Ontario. 

Saylor, J. H. 1975. Winter circulation in Lake Huron. 

The University of Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division, Seminar Series, October 1975, 

Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Saylor, J. H., and Sloss, P. W. 1975. Water volumetransport and oscillatory currents in the Straits of 

,Mackinac. Annual Meeting, Midwest Division, 

American Geophysical Union, 25-27 September 

'1975, Madison, Wisconsin. 

pheric Physics Symposium on L-6ng-~erm Climatic Fluctuations, 18-23 August 1975, Norwich, * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

England. t Not affiliated.with this laboratory. 
Scavia, D. 1976. Ecological modeling and the winter 

phosphorus-summer phytoplankton relationship. 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 4- 

6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, 

Ontario. 

Scavia, D., Robertson, A., and Eadie, B. J. 1976. An ecosystem model for the Great Lakes. Conference ion 

Modeling and Simulation. 19-22 April 1976, 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Sloss, P. W., and Saylor, J. H. 1976. The summertime 

circulation of Lake Superior. 19th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, 4-6 May 1976, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 
CONTRACTOR 

PUBLICATIONS 

Birchfield, G. H., and Hickie, B. P. 1975. Time-dependent response of a large variable depth basin to a 

suddenly imposed wind stress. Report prepared 

for GLERL under Contract No. 04-4-022-37. 

Boyce, F. M., and Mortimer, C. H. 1976. IFYGL temperature transects: Temperature distributions 

across three sections of Lake Ontario continuously traversed over 4-day intervals in July, 

August, and October 1972. Final Report prepared 

for GLERL by the University of Wisconsin, Center 

for Great Lakes Studies, under Contract No. 2- 

35307. 

Chen, C. W., Lorenzen, M., and Smith, D. 1.1975. A 

comprehensive water quality ecological model 

for Lake Ontario. Tetra Tech Report No. TC-435. 

Final Report prepared for GLERL by Tetra Tech, 

Inc., under Con tract No. C3-6-022-35162. 

Csanady, G. T. 1975. Hydrodynamics of large lakes. 

Annu. Rev. of Fluid Mech. 7:357-385. 

Csanady, G. T. 1975. Lateral momentum flux in boundary currents. ]. Phys. Oceanogr. 5:705-717. 

Csanady, G. T. 1976. Topographic waves in Lake 

Ontario. I. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:93-103. 

Dilley, J. F. 1976. Lake Ontario ice modeling. IFYGL 

Phase 3 Final Report prepared for GLERL by the 

General Electric Company, Re-Entry and Environmental Systems Division, under Contract No. 03-5- 

022-45. 

Estoque, M. A., Gross, I., and Lai, H. W. 1976. A lake 

breeze over southern Lake Ontario. Mon. Weather Rev. 104:386-396. 

Grayson, T. H. 1976. Analysis of cool season lakerelated mesoscale phenomena using numerical 

variational analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Michigan. 

Great Lakes Basin Commission. 1976. Great Lakes 

directory of universities, research institutes, 

libraries, and agencies. Directory prepared for 

GLERL under Purchase Order No. 01-51022-190. 

Gross, I., and Estoque, M. A. 1975. Control of mesoscale disturbances by synoptic conditions. Annual 

Report prepared for GLERL by the University of 

Miami under Grant No. 04-4-158-25. 

Landsberg, D. R. 1975. On the resultant cyclonic 

transport in Lake Ontario. Ph.D. dissertation,State 

University of New York at Albany. 

Okubo, A., Ebbesmeyer,C. C., Helseth,J. M.,and Robbins, A. S. 1976. Reanalysis of the Great Lakes 

drogue studies data. Special Report No. 2 prepared for GLERL by the Marine Sciences Research Center under Contract No. 03-5-022-65. 

Oman,G., Smith, D., and Sydor, M.1976. Icegrowthin 

Duluth-Superior Harbor. Report prepared for 

GLERL by the University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, under Contract No. 04-5-022-13. 

Scott, J. T. 1976. A climatology of quasi-steady circulation patterns in Lake Ontario from IFYGL data. 

Final Report prepared for GLERL by Brookhaven 

National Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, under Contract No. 4-35481. 

Wi Ison, 1. W. 1975. Radar-gage precipitation measurements duringthe IFYGL. Final Report prepared for 

GLERL by The Center for the Environment and 

Man under Contract No. 03-5-022-17. 

t U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977-779-364