Table 8. Percent Coverage of Algae from 0.25 m2 Quantitative

Photographs of Horizontal Transects at Pigeon Hill.

The Vertical Transects had <1% Algal Coverage.

Percent Number Standard Standard Range 95%
Year algal coverage photos error deviation (percent) C.I.

x N S.E. S.D. R xe
1978 47 55 3.25 24.08 7-91 6.36
1979 73.4 60 4.09 31.7 50-99 8.02
1980 76 60 1.38 10.69 25-92 2.70
1981 68 68 1.93 15.9 9-96 3.78

-43-


Pigeon Hill Species List [Updated 11/81]
cont

Species NODC Code

Class Bivalvia

Aequipecten glyptus *55090508

Anomia aculeata - 5509090201
Anomia simplex 5509090202
Astarte borealis 5515190101
Astarte elliptica 5515190114
Cerastoderma pinnulatun 5515220601
Hiatella arctica 5517060201
Modiolus modiolus 5507010601
Musculus niger 5507010401

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Pantopoda
Phoxichilidium femoratun 6001060102

Class Crustacea

Order Decapoda

Cancer borealis 6188030107
Geryonidae sp. 618904
Homarus: americanus 6181010201
Hyas coarctatus 6187010202
Pagurus arcuatus 6183060233
Sclerocrangon boreas 6179220201
Spirontocaris groenlandica *61791602
Order Amphipoda

Acanthonotozoma inflatum 6169010101
Anphilochus manudens *61690302
Anphithopsis longicaudata *

Anonyx sarsi 6169340314
Corophium crassicorne 6169150203
Dyopedos porrecta *
Ericthonius rubricornis 6169150306
Gammaropsis maculata *61692604
Haploops tubicola 6169020301
Ischyrocerus anguipes 6169270202
Leuchochoe spinicarpa *

Melita dentata 6169211003

-107-


3.8 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

At the end of each dive, all divers were debriefed. Qualitative
information on species abundances, interactions, movements and general
community observations were recorded.

3.9 FISH FOOD HABITS INFORMATION

Concurrent with the benthic sampling program, a survey was conducted
(NMFS Woods Hole) to determine the food habits of the major benthic feeding
demersal fish species at the Pigeon Hill site. The fish were obtained
with a commercial stern trawler, which fished the sides of Pigeon Hill.
The information obtained was directly relevant to this study because it
indicated which components of the benthic invertebrate communities were
preyed on by demersal fish.

3.10 DATA ANALYSIS

The results presented arg based on the analysis of 441 0.25 m2 photo-
graphic quadrats and 31 0.25 m¢ disruptive samples collected with the airlift,
as well as the synthesis of many qualitative observations. The data were
analyzed utilizing a multiple regression forumlation [Log (x+1) transformation]
of the general model:

y + Bg + ByXy + BgX3 ... + Buk, +E

where B's are regression coefficients to be estimated from the independent
variables X;, X2, X3, ...X,. The two depths (33 and 42 m) and the two sub-
strate angles (horizontal and vertical) were coded as dummy variables for the
analyses Yalei nbaum and. Kupper, 1978). The analyses were accomplished util-
izing the multiple regression programs of the MINITAB II Statistical Package
(Ryan, 1976), as adapted to the DEC 1090 computer system at the University
of New Hampshire.


[VY
Cambridge Analytical Associates

Table Il - Characteristic Chromatographic Peaks in Marine Organisms

Fl Fraction

Sample Type _ Predominant Peaks-Area Percent
Retention Times *
0-14 15 16-20 21-25 _31 26-38

Sea Stars 5% - 88%
Algae 3% 50%
Tunicate 97%
Crab Muscle a5%

H. Pan 3%, 22% 50%
Scallop Viscera 92%

muscle 913
Sediment .
Lobster Claw 81%

Tail 91%

H. Pan 3% 60%
Tile Fish Male 80%

Female 4% 86%
Lobster Eggs 80%
Crude 011 Standard 50% ne 16% 14% 9%

-138-


Val WN
V

wy,
[pV Cambridge Analytical Associates.

if more than one of the Arochlors were in fact presend,the actual concentration
of each would be less than the values listed in the Summary of Results.

An example of this follows. In run no.47, Tile Fish, peaks were observed with
the following retention indices:

72 ,78,99,131,141,164,180 and 225.
An examinetion of Table II] indicated Arochlor 1254 contains similar
peak distributions. Only peaks 66 and 107 do not show up in the sample. Exam-
ination of the chromatogram shows a large negative deflection at retention 66,
which could have obscured the peak even if it were present. Also the jarge peak
at 99 could have been overlapping 107 (there is a shoulder on the back side of
the peak). Thus, even though the pattern is distorted by interfering peaks, all
of the necessary peaks can be accounted for, so Arochlor 1254 might be present.
Table IV summarizes these findings.

ANALYTICAL EFFICIENCY - Polychlorinated Biphenyls

A sample of each main type (except Tunicates) was fortified with one cor more of
the Arochlors to determine recovery. The results are listed below.

AROCHLOR
Sample 101612211232 1242 124812541260
Sea Stars 1.33 -67
Algae 04
Sediment 26
Crab 52 52
Scallop ~ ~50
Lobster 48. 45 51
Tile Fish -66
Male Tile Fish 232

-133-




APPENDIX G
PIGEON HILL SPECIES LIST

| Preceding page b blank | -103-



Terebratulina septentrionalis: The data indicate that Terebratulina
is widely distributed in densities up to 77/0.25/m¢. An epifaunal species,
the brachiopod is easily sampled by photographic and disruptive techniques.
Linear regressions of field and photographic counts pindicate that Terebrat-
ulina can be accurately censused from either 0. 25/m2 photo or disruptive
quadrats (Witman, 1982b). In addition, sample size analysis showed that
Felatively few 0.25 m2 quadrats are required to estimate population density
at the .90 confidence level. An active suspension feeder, it is logical to -
assume that Terebratulina concentrates pollutants although this has not been
investigated.

Ascidia collosa: Ascidia is a common solitary tunicate found regularly
on vertical walls. Ascidia, a suspension feeder, probably has a relatively
fast growth rate and concentrates contaminants, but very little information
is presently available. -We are utilizing Ascidia as an indicator predomin-
antly because it is easily quantifiable from the photographs and provides
additional community data.

Leptasterias sp.: Most of the organisms in the Pigeon Hill communities
are suspenston feeders and preliminary trophic classification shows that the
primary consumer compartment is the largest trophic category. To monitor the
effects of pollution at higher trophic levels, secondary consumers should be
studied. Leptasterias sp. fulfills this requirement, as it is a carnivore
known to fe on a variety of invertebrates (Hulbert, Ms). Leptasterias is
common and occurs in overall mean densities of 2/0.25/m¢. It 1s also large
enough to be easily sampled by photographic and disruptive techniques and
for contaminant analysis. Most asteroids are indeterminate growers whose
body sizes reflect local conditions. Observed population differences in size
can be considered as dynamic equilibrium with the communities. The average
local size reflects a complex interdependence between size-related metabolic
needs, population density, characteristics of the prey, the predators, and
the physical environment (Hulbert, 1980b, 1981b; Paine, 1976). The stable
asteroid populations at the Isles of Shoals (Hulbert, 1980a, 1980b) suggest

reat longevity and low mortality. The population structure of asteroids
fsize and density) should make a sensitive functional indicator of community
changes due to the complex dependence on the surrounding environment.

Thus, we are presently utilizing as indicators the percent cover of
Ptilota serrata, the dominant primary producer; abundances of Terebratulina
and Ascidia, both suspension feeders; and abundance of Leptasterias, a
carnivore. We will also probably monitor the percent cover of Chone in the
future because of its important structural role on horizontal surfaces. A
great advantage of quantitative photography is that, once used, the samples
are not lost, but they remain in their origina] state for restudy. Therefore,
all of the potential data remains and further results can be extracted at
future dates if new methods, indices, or changing interests necessitate.
Essentially the photographic samples are stockpiled on the shelf for future
use regardless of how many times they have been previously used.

-52-


Table I - , and fo hydrocarbons in various organisms

Cambridge Analytical Associates

Sample Fl F2
Sea Stars #1 nib. NAD
spike 38% 86%
Algae #3 40u9/g N.D.
spike 150%
Tunicate #5 approx. 7.0u9/9 N.D.
spike 12%
Sta. 1 Crab Muscle 20019/9 N.D.
Sta. 2 Crab Muscle 25 ug/g N.D.
Sta. 2 Scallop Viscera 3.0u9/9 N.D.
Sta. 2 Scallop Muscle 1.5ug/9 <lus/g
Sta. 2 Sediment ND N.D.
spike 115%
Sta. 3 Crab Muscle approx 4.01:9/9 N.D.
spike 58% 25%
Sta. 3 Scallop Viscera N.D. N.D
spike 58% 22%
Sta. 3 Scallop Muscle 6.0u9/9 N.D.
Sta. 3 Sediment N.D. N.D.
Sta. 5 Sediment N.D. N.D
Sta. 5 Crab 1.5ug/9 N.D.

-136-


SIIVINNS WITLYAA NO
SAONOdS ONY SFILYDINNL* 3u9T0

YSAN0D = LN3AINSd

3IdNvs
o9 ss os Sb or sé oe SZ 0d st or Ss 0

SAAR URBBAUBSUBS RABBEB SORE ESBS ESBRRE RBBB BOSS BRO REOBSSBRSREC OO
r q

E q

E eee q

F =§-»_—«d MERE REREREEPOOSOCCRORE i)
3 4

E 7

E yor
E q

E = oz
E E

- ay OE
FE > ob
C sazeotuny = V7 q

E sabuods -0 q

7 ( Bora ) aebtw =O q
Fesesdsnrrtscsstecredortetisirbresedosssdssssttssstoree tered os

Y3ZA09 LN39a3d

~63-


Within each community zone, smaller scale, micro-habitat, community
differences are present. One of the more obvious subhabitat differences
at Pigeon Hill is the effect of different substrate angles and the associated
communities. Communities of horizontal substrates are characterized by
algae, amphipods and polychaete worms which form an extensive matrix of
tubes. Horizontal communities have a large amount of secondary substrate
available to other organisms, both on the tubes and the algae. Commu-
nities of vertical substrates are dominated by sponges, tunicates and
brachiopods, al] suspension feeders. A factor that varies by substrate
angle is the amount of light which reaches the surfaces (Figure 3). Algae
are largely restricted to horizontal surfaces, probably directly because of
the reduced amount of light.

An important aspect of the study was to develop criteria for and select
Potential indicator species. Some species are important because they form
the physical structure of their communities, while other species are impor-
tant because of their trophic status or potential for controlling prey species.
We have approached each species in terms of its functional role (sutherland,
1978), i.e., its importance in the community when considering it as a pos-
sible indicator species. The dynamics of communities are essential aspects
for the interpretation of descriptive, baseline data, and future’ studies
at Pigeon Hill should incorporate, as part of the monitoring effort, research
on community processes (i.e., biological interactions). Such research would
greatly enhance the predictive and interpretive value of the descriptive
baseline data in documenting natural population fluctuations and in studying
species interactions.

We monitor four indicator species at Pigeon Hill: the red alga,
Ptilota serrata (a primary producer), the sea star Leptasterias sp. (a
primary carnivore), the tunicate Ascidia callosa, and the brachiopod Tere-
bratulina septentrionalis (both suspension feeders). The use of key indica-
tors of complex communities allows a cost-effective, yet very precise in-
situ analysis of their health and potential changes. The in-situ: approach
also allows observation of the biological interactions occurring, lending
insight into the interpretation of future potential community changes based
on the criteria of species population structure, trophic importance, and
ease of quantitative photography.

~3-


FORMAL REPORT OF ANALYSIS
1980

Prepared for:
National Marine Fisheries
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
Attention: Kenneth Pecci

Customer Order Number:
NA-80-FA-C-00044

Prepared by:
Cambridge Analytical Associates
222 Arsenal Street
Watertown, Massachusetts 02172
(617) 923-9376

Analyst:

Paul R. Demko, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist, Cambridge Analytical Associates

Approved by:

Martin H. Wolf
Analytical Services Manager, Cambridge Analytical Associates

Report Number:
ASD-80-127

-112-


ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

Analytical Methodology

Analysis for the trace metals was performed by atomic absorption spec-
troscopy. Protocols were taken from the EPA document Methods for the Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes (EPA 600 4-79-020). The use of these protocols -
is suggested in the EPA document Interim Methods for the Sampling and Analysis
of Priority Pollutants in Sediments and Fish Tissue. (EPA, Cincinnati.)

The following specific. protocols were used:

Ba Method #208.1 Direct Aspiration AA and. #208.2 Furnace AA
Cd Method #213.1 Direct Aspiration AA and #213. 2 Furnace AA
Cu Method #220.1 Direct Aspiration AA

Cr Method #218.1 Direct Aspiration AA and #218.2 Furnace AA
Hg Method #245.1 Manual Cold Vapor

Pb Method #239.2 Furnace AA

Zn Method #289.1. Direct Aspiration AA

Analysis for barium, cadmium, copper, chromium, and zinc was first performed
using flame atomic absorption. If not detected using flame AA the sample was
reanalyzed by furnace atomic absorption.

Samples analyzed by flame atomic absorption were quantitated by calibration
of the instrument against standards prepared in acid concentration similar to
that of the samples. .

Samples analyzed by flameless (Furnace) atomic absorption were quantitated
by the method of standard additions. All flameless determinations were made
using background correction. A strip chart trace was made of the results.

Samples analyzed for mercury were quantitated by the method of standard additions.

For all standard additions analyses, a calibration curve was prepared
to demonstrated linearity in the concentration range of concern. As a general
Practice samples with peak absorbances greater than 0.3 A.U. were diluted to
insure linear instrument response.

For all analyses data was recorded on sample analysis worksheets. The
worksheets detail the method of standard preparation, instrument conditions,
and contain a complete record of the raw data. Sample analysis worksheets are
included with this report.

-118-


Norall, T. L. 1976. Reproductive ecology of four subtidal red algae.
Master's Thesis, University of New Hampshire, .58 pp.

Osman, R. W. 1978. The influence of seasonality and stability on the
species equilibrium. Ecology 59(2):383-399.

Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American
Naturalist 100(910):65-75.

Paine, R. T. 1974. Intertidal community structure. Oecologia (Berl. )
15:93-120. :

Paine, R. T. 1976. Size-limited predation: An observational and experi-
mental approach with Mytilus: and Pisaster interaction. Ecology 57(5):
858-873.

Paine, R. T., and R. L. Vadas. 1969. The effects of grazing by sea urchins
Strongytocentrotus spp. on benthic algal populations. Limnol. Ocean. ,

Pecci, K. J., and A. W. Hulbert. 1981. An interim report on the Pigeon
a) dive site. Coastal Ocean Pollution Assessment News, vol.
1{3). :

Powers, J. M., L. McEdward, L. Harris, and A. Hulbert. 1977. Role of pre-
dation in subtidal community zonation. 1976-1977 Sea Grant Report,
University of New Hampshire.

Ryan, T. A., B. L. Joiner, and B. F. Ryan. 1976. Minitab II Reference
Manual. Penn. State University, Univ. Park, PA, 97 pp.

Sanders, H. L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: A comparative study.
. American Naturalist, 102, No. 925, pp. 243-282.

Sears, J. R., and R. A. Cooper. 1978. Descriptive ecology of offshore,
deepwater, benthic algae in the temperate western North Atlantic Ocean.
Marine Biology 44:309-314.

Sutherland, J. P. 1974. Multiple stable points in natural communities.
American Naturalist 108:859-873.

Sutherland, J. P. 1978. Functional roles of Schizoporella and Styela in
the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecology 59(2):
257-264.

Sutherland, J. P., and R. H. Karlson. 1977. Development and stability of
the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecological
Monographs 47:425-446.

Thayer, C. W. 1975. Size-frequency and population structure of brachiopods.
Paleoecology 17:139-148.

-58-


4.2 SPONGE-TUNICATE COMMUNITY

The most obvious differences between horizontal and vertical sur-
faces are that the alga, Ptilota serrata is virtually absent on vertical
walls and the primary substratum is relatively free of sediment. At the
33 m station crustose coralline algae cover much of the primary substratum
on upper vertical rock walls, surviving overgrowth by sponges and tunicates.
Brachiopods (Terebratulina septentrionalis), are most abundant on vertical
surfaces with a patchy spatial distribution.

The sponge component of the community is represented by at least nine
species, although the actual number of species that occur at Pigeon Hill
is probably several times greater. The sponge colonies have several major
growth forms. They are: the thin, sheetlike encrustations of Hymedesmia
sp. and Halichondria panicea, the rounded globose form of Myxilla fimbricata,
Plocamionida ambigua and Jophon attersoni, and the upright branching form
of Haliclona palmata and HalicTona oculata. The mean percent cover by sponges
is 17.3% and tunicates cover 6% of vertical surfaces at 33m. The tunicate
fauna is represented by at least seven species. Thus horizontal communities
are dominated by fleshy algae and a polychaete tube matrix which provide
vertical structure, secondary substrate and trap sediment. Vertical commu-
nities are dominated by the colonial growth forms of sponges and tunicates
which trap little sediment and have few secondary encrustations.’ (See
Appendix A for additional documentation. )

4.3 FEEDING TYPES

A preliminary trophic classification of the benthic assemblages at
Pigeon Hill is presented in Figure 11. The classification was based on the
number of species of each feeding type according to the definitions of
Fedra et al. (1976). The community consisted of 42% suspension feeders
(57 sp), 5% deposit feeders (7 sp), 21% species that were both deposit
feeders and herbivores (30 sp), 8% species that-feed on two trophic levels;
deposit feeders and carnivores (12 sp), and 18% motile carnivores (25 sp).
Suspension feeders dominate, which indicates the dependence of the benthos
on the input of organic material from the water column. Suspension feeders
were distributed on both horizontal and vertical surfaces, however, they
were more abundant on vertical surfaces. The motile invertebrate carni-
vores consisted of asteroids, nudibranchs, errant polychaetes and small
crustaceans which were widely distributed. Primary consumers comprised
69% of the species while secondary consumers comprised 18% of the species.

4.4 DISRUPTIVE QUADRAT RESULTS

4.41 Dominant Species

The abundance of 18 dominant invertebrate species was statistically
analyzed by depth and substrate angle in addition to the size structure
of five of the species (Table 5). Findings for the dominant species are
presented below based on the 1978 disruptive samples (Tables 2 and 4).
The 1979 samples were similar in most instances (Table 6).

-16-


YS9IN SNINISAN
40 JONVONNAaY

C SY3L3aHW 2 Hid3d

Sb ov

“SE

Teorqiaa =)
Tequoztioy =O
SIONV GLWILSaNs

Ye ee Re VOUS RE SUR DO HS 1

n

So
~

st

C gH St* 9 ALISN3G

-87-


Colus maeus: Colus was significantly more abundant
on hortzontat substrata at both 33 and 42 m, where mean densities
of 6.8 and 15.6/0.25 m2 occurred (Table 3 and 5). Colus may
also drill Cerastoderma.

Hiatella arctica: Most abundant in the polychaete
tube matrix on horizontal surfaces at 33 and 42 m, Hiatella
had mean densities of 12.6/0.25 m¢ at 33 m, and 11.3/0.25 m
at 42 m. It was not found on vertical surfaces at 42 m.

Cerastoderma pinnulatum: The most abundant bivalve at
Pigeon Hill had significantly higher densities on horizontal
substrata and a significant trend of increasing,abundance with,
depth (Table 5). Mean densities of 30.8/0.25 m2 and 93/0.25 m2
ehepre 3)" horizontal surfaces at 33 and 42 m, respectively

able 3). . :

Modiolus modiolus: The mussel was virtually absent on
vertical surfaces, while smal] individuals were patchily dis-
tributed in the sediment layer on horizontal surfaces. Mean
densities were 14.8/0.25 m* at 33 m and 19.5/0.25 m¢ at 42 m
(Table 3). The size frequency histogram of the Modiolus pop-
ulation (Appendix E) has a mode at 1-3 mm shell length, indi-
cating the overall small size of individuals. Adult Modiolus
are rare at Pigeon Hill, occurring only rarely in crevices at
the base of vertical walls. At similar depths and communities
at the Isles of Shoals, adult Modiolus are more abundant (Witman,
1979). The scarcity of adult Modiolus modiolus at Pigeon Hill
is presently unexplained, but may be related to predation, since
Many empty shells can be found.

Musculus niger: Musculus, a mytilid bivalve, was signifi-
cantly more abundant in the sediment layer on horizontal surfaces
(Table 5) than in vertical communities. Mean densities on hori-
zontal surfaces were 6.6/0.25 m¢ at 33 m and 4.3/0.25 m@ at 42 m
(Table 3). (See Appendix D for additional documentation. )

4.414 Crustaceans

Amphipods: There were 2412 amphipods in the 24 disrup-
tive samples from 1978 comprising 27 species. Unidentifiable
individuals comprised 15% of the total (364 individuals),
Average densities were 155/0.25 m2 at 33 m and 55/0.25 m@ at
43 m for the vertical walls and 90/0.25 m@ at 33 m and 45/0.25
m¢ at 42 m for horizontal surfaces (Table 3). Amphipods were
most abundant at the 33 m station and on vertical surfaces
(Table 3). Two species, Pleusymtes glaber and Pontogeneia
inermis, common on both horizontal and vertical substrata, com-
prised 67% of the overall amphipod abundance. Two species,
Corophium crassicorne and Phoxocephalus halboli were’ common
only on horizontal surfaces and two others were common only on
vertical surfaces (Anphithopsis longicaudata and Dyopedos porrecta).

-23-




ICAL |

JV

RESULTS AND SIS SSFOANS Hina ARSREIAIERED BIPHENYLS

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs or Arochlors) are mixtures of compounds with
the general structure:

m a

These compounds can be separated and individually identified by gas chromatography.
The pattern of compounds displayed by the gas chromatograph is characteristic

of each Arochlor mixture. A summary of characteristic peaks for different Arochlors
is given in Table 111. The individual compounds in Arcolor mixtures

are identified by their retention time relative to 1,1-dichloro-2,2,-bis(p-chloro-
pheny1) ethene (p.p'-DDE). The Arochlor mixture is identified by the individual
compounds present.

In the present case, identification was made by examining the chromatograms of
standard solutions of Arochlors to determine which peaks in the chromatograms were
characteristically present for each Arochlor. If any of these characteristic seaks
were absent from the sample, the Arochlor was considered not present. If the sample
chromatogram contained all the characteristic peaks, the Arochlor was considered
possibly present.

When the presence of Arochlors in the sample was a possibility, the sample was
injected onto one or two other columns to try to obtain a more definitive separa-
tion. If, when this was done, all of the characteristic peaks were still present,
the probability that the Arochlor was present was increased, but not confirmed. In
the present case, most of the samples contained a considerable number of interfering
peaks, which covered many of the Arochtor peaks and distorted the characteristic
patterns, making identification tentative at best. Even so, it was possible to
determine that most of thé Arochlors were not. present in most of the samples.

In those samples where the presence of Arochlors could not be ruled out, a concentra-
tion representing the maximum amount of polychlorinated biphenyls which could be
Present in the sample was calculated. When more than one Arochlor was possibly
present in the sample, the concentration values calculated represent the concentra-
tion of each Arochlor as if it were the only one present in the sample. Thus, for

a sample with more than one Arochlor concentration listed, the results should be
interpreted as an either/or situa:ion, as opposed to both/and situation. Of course,


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~19-


influences the distribution of invertebrates with photonegative larvae

such as Terebratulina septentrionalis (Noble, Logan, and Webb, 1976). The
observed high densities of Terebratulina in the low light environments at
Pigeon Hill (vertical walls and deep communities) may be related to the
influence of light on the photosensitive larvae. Another physical factor
that probably influences the distribution of invertebrates at Pigeon Hill is
sedimentation. Sediment accumulates on upper horizontal surfaces, but not
on vertical rock walls. Sediment may foul the surfaces of suspension feed-
ing organisms such as sponges and tunicates, which may explain the low
abundance of sponges and tunicates on upper horizontal surfaces.

The use of living organisms as "sentinel" or biological "indicator"
species to monitor the effects of pollution in the marine environment is
common in pollution research (i.e., Nichols, 1979; Mussel Watch). The under-
lying assumption is that the lethal and sub-lethal effects of pollution will
be reflected in population or community level changes in abundance of the
monitored. organism and in bioaccumulation of pollutants. In order to detect
the impact of pollution, it is necessary to document the magnitude of natural
population density fluctuations of the indicator species. The significance
of a potential change may then be interpreted by comparison to the background
range of natural variability. Biological effects of pollution may also be
assessed by monitoring contaminant levels in selected indicator species.
This approach is most useful when the physiological response and tolerance
of the organism to specific pollutants is known (Dalby, et al., 1979). Impor-
tant criteria for the selection of an indicator species are: abundance, size,
ease of sampling, trophic status, sensitivity to contaminants, and a knowledge
of the ecological role of the species in the community in which it occurs.
Based on a consideration of the above criteria and the quantitative analysis
of dominant species distributions at Pigeon Hill, the following species could
be effectively monitored as biological indicators of pollution, and we are
presently utilizing quantitative photographic techniques for tracking the
species:

Ptilota serrata: The most abundant macroscopic alga at Pigeon Hill,
Ptilota serrata, comprises >99% of the algal biomass (Sears and Cooper, 1978).
On the average, Ptilota covers approximately 66% of the substratum on horizon-
atal surfaces at the 33m station. As it is desirable to monitor represent-
ative species from all trophic levels (Nichols, 1979), Ptilota serrata is an
indicator species because it is the dominant primary producer in the benthic
ecosystem.

Chone infundibuliformis: The sand tube matrix on upper horizontal
surfaces at 33 and 42 m is composed primarily of Chone tubes. Chone is an
ecologically important polychaete because the microhabitat it forms provides
secondary substrate and is inhabited by a variety of small invertebrates.
Terebratulina larvae settle directly on Chone tubes, and the sediment trapped
amongst the tubes is inhabited by errant polychaetes, ophiuroids, bivalves,
and amphipods. The population densities of Chone are highly varfable (i.e.,
a standard deviation of 170 about the mean of 254 individuals/0. 25/m2 ) which
will make the detection of significant changes difficult. However, sufficient
quantities of Chone could. be easily obtained for contaminant analysis. The
populations can possibly be tracked utilizing an index such as percent cover,
rather than numerical abundance.

-51-






Table 2. Abundance, size, and biomass of common invertebrates and glgee collected by airlift sampling in 1978.
Density recorded as counts/.25 m2, biomass as grams/.25 o

, and mean size in centimeters.

Quadrat Sanple Number
m1 H3

Species Peraneter 6 H7 HB HO WO Ha wiz mis. m6
POLYCHAETES Biomass «103,16 185.33 133.16 207.55 469.96 178.77 202.02 576.83 252.67 98.10 172.91 76.42
Ghone infundibuliformis Density 168 +210 249 8-353 3530162697107 853334
Thelepus cincinnatus Density 74-210 149284 a8 0 259 498 72139 56 «170
Nereis pelagica Density 50 0 ° ° 0 7 100 ° 0 28 °
MOLLUSCS Biomass 4.230 4.92 3.44 2,493.31 218 LIS SS 166 0-218 2.1227
Hiatella arctica Density n 28 uM 13 5 a 4 7 1 23 n 2
Cerastoderma pinnulatun Density 13 33 50 121 8 44 18 18 24 ‘31 6 3
Modiolus modiolus Density 2 7 6 141 1 3 2 0 2 3 4 6
Musculus niger Density a2 13 10 8 1 3 5 1 3 4 e
Margarites costalis Density 4 7 18 10 6 5 8 9 0 5 5
Anachis lafresnayi Density 28 56 73 39 40 33 10 38 20 ° 3
Colus pygnaeus Density 5s 4 8 21 sty 4 2 3 3 3 © 3
Mitrella rosacea Density o ° ° ° ° 3 6 1 10 4 7 7
Tonicella rubra Density 0 6 3 0 1 6 3 2 ) 19 5
CRUSTACEANS Biomass 303.23 “1641 167 401202 01
Pleusymtes glaber Density 6 18 29 38 59 60 17 1 12 1
Pontogeneia intermis Density 7 51 22 60 a7 127 62 16 4 24 °
Corophiun crassicorne Density a 10 3 2 3 10 7 1 0 0 1 °
CAPRELLIDS Biomass 2000.29 sMo 2007S 2B 25H 0S +62
BRACHIOPOD Bionass 15.01 7.35 6.581422, 4,98 10,112.89 12.75 4.69 1S1 1525.3,

Terebratulina
Septentrionalis Density 34 18 27 25 8 10 13 2 8 u 18
Size +99 1,07 +75 4.35) 1.08 7193S 130.70 -81
ECHINODERMS Biomass 5.47 15.77 14.74 1.43 5.35 BH 4,90 11311979 18,16
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis Density 20 2 3” 56 8 13 12 13 9 14 30 4
Size 255 a 41 +B 5B AB SR AT | BRB 43.63
Biomass 1.71 141,88 .39 +80 1.09 “493 662.601.4239
Stephanasterias albula Density 2 ° 1 a 0 1 2 0 ° ° 3 7
Size 6 0 6 ° 8 65 0 ° ° 1720.94
Leptasterias sp. Density Oo) 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 ° ° 8 12
Size o ° 6 0 1.2 4 5 15 0 ° sl 142
Ophipholis aculeata Density 48 7% 82 7 41 ° 61 48 19 2 227,146
Biomass 2.62 000 1.12 1,01 2.83 0,00. 3.38 0,000.57 1813.41 6.85
Ophiura robusta Density 415. 389 505271359140 389 450 366160 1 (273
Biomass 0,00 0.00 9,51 0.00 «0,00 0,00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0,001.30 3.85
ALGAE Biomass $5.50 47,90 34,80 21.00 29.00 18.70 35.60 51.50 11.20 20.00 103.00 96.00
Total Bionass/.25 n* 215.06 290.01 221.32 247.93 515.55 244,21 260.48 649.67 256.17 131.80 335.79 220.14

-29-


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-71-


ee


NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-14

This TM series is used for documentation and timely communication of
Preliminary results, interim reports, or special purpose information; and
has not received complete formal review, editorial control, or detailed

GS) eating.

NEMP Ill 82 G 008

Ecosystem Definition
and
Community Structure of the Macrobenthos
of the NEMP Monitoring Station
at Pigeon Hill in the Gulf of Maine

Alan W. Hulbert’, Kenneth J. Pecci2, Jonathan D. Witman',
Larry G. Harris', James R. Sears’, and Richard A. Cooper?

1 Zoology Dept., Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
2 Woods Hole Lab., National Marine Fisheries Serv., Woods Hole, MA 02543
3 Biology Dept., Southeastern Massachusetts Univ., North Dartmouth, MA 02747

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Maicoim Baldridge, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
John V. Byrne, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service
William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

Northeast Fisheries Center

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

May 1982

te
an]


OV-101

OV-17/QF-1

Cambridge Analytical Associates

GC METHODS FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

Instrument:
Column:
Packing:

Injection temperature:

Detector temperature:
Column temperature:

Carrier Gas:

Detector:

Instrument:
Column:
Packing:

Injection temperature:

Detector temperature:
Column temperature:

Carrier Gas:
Detector:

Perkin-Elmer Sigma 1 Gas Chromatograph

6 ft. x 1/4" o.d. glass tube 2 mm i.d.

3% OV-101 on Chromosorb W-HP 100/120
225°C

300°C .

Arochlors 1016,1221,1232,1242,1248 - 170°C
Arochlors 1254,1260 - 200°C

5% Methane in Argon at 40 ml/min

Electron capture, Range 2

Perkin-Elmer 3920B Gas Chromatograph
6 ft. x 1/4" o.d. glass tube 2 mm i.d.

1.5% SP-2250/1.95% SP-2401 on 100/120 Supelcoport

250°C

275°C

Arochlors 1016,1221,1232,1242,1248 - 160°C
Arochlors 1254,1260 - 190°C

5% Methane in Argon at 30 ml/min

Electron capture, Range 1

-134-


data), for convertability of data for Stronglyocentrotus
droebachiensis is: Log weight = 0.135 + 2.30 Log Size
(r2 = 96.3%, P < .001, df = 155).

Ophiuroids: Two species of brittle stars were present
in high densities. Ophiopholis aculeata occurred in mean
densities of 80/0.25 mé with no difference in density with
depth or substrate angle (Tables 3 and 5}. Ophiura robusta
occurred in mean densities of 220/0.25 m° and, although

there were no depth differences found, they were more abun-
dant in the horizontal communities (Table 5). The brittle
stars are a major component of the communities and perform

an important energy transfer from the pelagos to the benthos
by capturing planktonic prey and assimilating it. The brittle
stars are a major food source of demersal fish species.

During fall 1978, 83% of the adult haddock (Melanogrammus
aeglefinus) we caught on Pigeon Hill contained brittle stars
In their stomachs. Cod (Gadus morhua) and cunner (Tautogal-
abrus adspersus), also had many brittle stars in their sto-
aa unpublished data, NMFS; personal observations, AWH,
JDW).

Asteroids: Two species of sea stars were common at
Pigeon Hill, Stephanasterias albula and Leptasterias sp.
Stephanasterias albula was the most abundant asteroid (x =
6.9 individuals/0.25 m2). They were all small (< 1.0 cm)
as measured from the tip of the largest arm across the disc
to the opposite interadii (mean size = 0.66 cm). Stephan-
asterias is a fissiparous asteroid that reproduces by breaking
off arms, which then regenerate new individuals. Gonads have
never been observed in the species. The number of arms per
individual ranged from one to eight. Frequently there were
one or two larger arms and a number of smaller incipient arms.
Higher densities of Stephanasterias occurred in the deeper
communities and individuals were larger in the horizontal
communities (Table 5). Virtually nothing is known about the
species. Generally, it is extremely rare in the Gulf of Maine,
occurring at Eastport, Maine (unpublished data, Charles Walker,
University of New Hampshire), and the Isles of Shoals, New
Hampshire (personal observations, AWH). It was observed feeding
upon small bivalves in the polychaete tube matrix at the 33 m
Pigeon Hill station, but its functional role in the communities
is unknown.

Leptasterias sp.: A species of Leptasterias is the
second most abundant asteroid at Pigeon Hill (x = 2.2 indiv-

iduals/0.25 m There was no difference in the abundance

of Leptasterias sp. with depth or substrate angle, but they
were significantly larger on vertical walls (Table 5). All of
the individuals were small (max size = % 2.0 cm), as measured
from the tip of the largest arm across the disc to the opposite
interadii. Leptasterias sp. occurs throughout the Gulf of Maine
on deeper rocky substrata and bears affinities to Leptasterias

-26-


Karlson, R. H. 1975. The effects of predation by the sea urchin, Arbacia
punctulata on a marine epibenthic community. Ph.D. Thesis, Duke -
University.

Karlson, R. H. 1978. Predation and space utilization patterns in a marine
epifaunal community. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31:225-239.

Keough, M. J., and A. J. Butler. 1979. The role of asteroid predators in
the organization of a sessile community on pier pilings. Marine
Biology 51:167-177.

Kleinbaum, D. G., and L. L. Kupper. 1978. Applied Regression Analysis and
Other Multivariable Methods. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, Mass.,
556 pp.

Lundalv, T. 1971. Quantitative studies on rocky-bottom biocoenoses by
underwater photogrammetry: A methodological study. Thalassia
Jugoslavica 71(1):201-208,

Mathieson, A. C. 1979. Vertical distribution and longevity of subtidal
seaweeds in northern New England, U.S.A. Botanica Marina, XXII, Fasc.
8:511-520.

Menge, B. A. 1976. Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community:
Role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecological
Monographs. 46(4): 355-393.

Menge, B. A. 1978a. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community:
Relation between predator foraging activity and environmental harshness.
Oecologia (Berl.) 34:1-16.

Menge, B. A. 1978b. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community:
Effect of an algal canopy, wave action, and dessication on predator
feeding rates. Oecologia (Berl.) 34:17-35.

Menge, B. A. 1979. Coexistence between the seastars Asterias vulgaris and
Asterias forbesi in a heterogeneous environment: A non-equilibrium
explanation. Oecologia (Berl.) 41:245-272.

Nicholas, D. 1979. Marine monitoring. IN: Monitoring the Marine Environment.
Praeger Publishers, New York, 205 pp.

NOAA. 1981. Northeast Monitoring Program, Annual NEMP Report on the Health
of the Northeast Coastal Waters of the United States, 1980. NOAA Tech.
Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-10, NEMP IV 81 A-HO043, 117 pp.

Noble, J. P., A. Logan, and G. R. Webb. 1976. The recent Terebratulina

community in the rocky subtidal zone of the Bay of Fundy, Canada.
Lethaia 9(9/16):1-17.

-57-


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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-14

Ecosystem Definition
and
Community Structure
of the Macrobenthos
of the NEMP Monitoring Station
at Pigeon Hill in the Gulf of Maine

REPRODUCED BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
‘SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service

Northeast Fisheries Center

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

May 1982


horizontal
O= vertical

SUBSTRATE ANGLE

O

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ABUNDANCE
OF PLEUSYNTES SP.


SUMMARY OF RESULTS BY SAMPLE TYPE
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

TRACE METALS (by sample type)

Scallop edible

-115-

C.A.A. # Description Ba Cd Cu Cr Hg Pb _ Zn

A Sea stars 48.1 1.04 1.84 0.9 0.034 0.46 11.1

B Algae 46.4 0.04 1.77 2.3 0.027. 1.31 16.2

c Tunicate 29.1 0.06 0.76 0.7 0.009 0.18 34.2

D STA 1 10/17 0.14 0.14 #98 0.98 0.034 0.55 95.9
Crab muscle

E STA 2 10/16 0.11 0.49 11.8 0.18 0.063 0.94 102.6
Crab muscle :

I STA 3 0.13 0.50 10.9 0.22 0.050. 0.08 84.8
Crab muscle —

P STA 6 0.06 1.18 9.70 0.07 0.006 0.78 87.1
Crab muscle

T STA 5 0.08 0.33 7.70 0.47 0.011 0.06 77.0
Crab muscle

R STA 6 0.50 17.3 40.8 0.92 0.064 0.23 56.5

. Crab hepato-
Pancreas

N STA 0.04 19.5 18.3 0.07 0.087 0.62 37.3
Lobster hepato- .
pancreas

F STA 2 7/7 0.59 77.0 2.22 0.6 0.019 0.38 12.9
Scallop visc.

J STA 3 0.16 41.7 2.52 0.24 0.013 0.27 24.2
Scallop visc.

G STA 2 7/7 0.17 1.92 0.25 0.55 0.022 0.04 11.3
Scallop edible

K STA 3 0.12 0.50 1.30 0.39 0.014 «1.74 13.7


Val WG
MAA

JV

Cambridge Analytical Associates .

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (page 2)

1. Concentrations given in ng/g. The value given assumes the presence of only one Arochlor.

2. ND - Nove detected. Lower Limit of detection is 2 ng/g except as follows:

Lobster Hepatopancreas - LLD = 160 ng/g
Lobster eggs - LLD = 32 ng/g
Crab Hepatopancreas - LLD = 14 ng/g

= 10 ng/g

Sediments - LLD

-143-




APPENDIX F

POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE
DOMINANT ECHINODERM SPECIES

-93-


Figure 8. Permanent Transect Marking System

&
Expansion Powt

-14-


APPENDIX C

BIOMASS AND ABUNDANCE OF THE
DOMINANT POLYCHAETE SPECIES

-73-


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1.4 CONCLUSIONS

We have established a quantitative baseline of community parameters
and have instituted the methodology for tracking the communities for time-
series analysis. From this and other studies the biology of many. of the
important species is known. Computerized photo analysis, allowing quick
data turnaround, and a knowledge of the biology of the dominant species
should help in both quickly detecting and subdequently understanding
potential future impacts. By extending the time-series analysis of the
benthic communities, we will better understand the natural variability
and hence lower the level of detectable impact.

Pigeon HiT1, at present, is a healthy, relatively pristine location
in the midst of a commercial fishery and heavy shipping traffic. The
benthic communities at Pigeon Hill primarily are composed of boreal
species of the exposed coast. Community dominants have been identified
as indicator species and are being tracked using predominantly quantitative
photographic techniques in very site-specific subhabitats.

-xii-


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Witman, J. D. 1979. Aspects of population structure in the subtidal
mussel, Modiolus modiolus (L.). American Zoologist 19(3). Abstract.

Witman, J. D. 1980. Community structure of subtidal Modiolus modiolus(L. )
beds. American Zoologist 20(4). Abstract.

Witman, J. D. 1981. Population of three sympatric ophiuroids (Ophiopholis
aculeata, Ophiura robusta, Axiognathus squamata) from subtidal habitats
at the Isles of Shoals, N.H. IN: Proceedings of the Internationa
Echinoderms Conference, ed. J. M. Lawrence. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Witman, J. D. 1982a. Interactions between kelp, urchins, and subtidal
mussel beds. East Coast Benthic Ecology Meetings, Harvard University.

Witman, J. D. 1982b. Disturbance and contrasting patterns of population
structure in the brachiopod Terebratulina septentrionalis from two
subtidal habitats in the Gulf of Maine. Masters Thesis, Univ. of
New Hampshire, 61 pp. .

Witman, J. D., A. W. Hulbert, L. G. Harris, K. J. Pecci, K. McCarthy, and
R. A. Cooper. 1980. Community structure of the macrobenthos of Pigeon Hil]
in the Gulf of Maine. UNH-NMFS Technical Report, 83 pp.

Witman, J. D., A. W. Hulbert, L. G. Harris, K. McCarthy, and K. J. Pecci.
1980. Ecology of offshore benthic communities at Pigeon Hill, Gulf
of Maine. East Coast Benthic Meetings, College of William and Mary
& VIMS.

Witman, J. D., A. W. Hulbert, and L. G. Harris. 1981. Morphology of a sea
urchin front (S. droebachiensis) at the Isles of Shoals), New Hampshire.
In: Proceedings of the International Echinoderms Conference, ed. J. M.
Lawrence. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

-59-


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Table 5. Statistical Summary (continued).

Test SIGN. LEVEL
[ |

Species Interactions T-TEST ANOVA Result T-TEST ANOVA

Strongy lo- sy a

centrotus oh 1s ———— FF = 7.49 ss s .

(size) yr 3.73] tv “

Strongylo- Sy gs NS NS

centrotus o —— F= 11.18 .

“ensity) M }———__ -4.46_| +H TM

Ophiopholus s “1.67 ° XN N

(density) oi add F = 1.89 s . NS
yI—— 8 NS NS

Ophiura s

z IH—_——  -1.04 NS Ns

(density) o} 108 es 3.72 .
y1———_--8.18, . +H “

Stephanasterias S ) 44] NS NS

(size) 0 ——__ F = 3.266 NS
n1——_-2.69} +H .

Stephanasterias $ 7

‘Gensity) o} Aes o.7s re .
{i—— 2.02] NS NS

Leptasterias Sy 5

(size) o} oe nr errr 6 . .
,I——— 2.7] tv .

Leptasterias Sj 4 x

(density) 9} od yy s ‘ NS
a 1.05 | NS NS

Code: NS = not significant interaction

* = sign. interaction at .0S level
** = highly sign. interaction at .01 level

shallow (33 m) area

deep (42 m) area

vertical communities

horizontal communities

more abundant or larger size in deep area

m<on
wuann

All samples were calculated at 21 d.f. except for the polychaetes which were figured
at 20 d.f. and the sponges, tumicates, and algae which were figured at 106 d.f.


SAMPLE WEIGHTS

CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

SAMPLE WEIGHTS, CON'T. (mercury analysis)

C.A.A. Final volume
Sample ID NMF ID Sample weight (after digestion) -
L STA 3 102.35 g
Sediment -_96.20 g tare 100 m1
6.15 g net
M Lobster claw 101.90 g
-.96.70 g tare 100 ml
5.20 g net
N Lobster h-pancreas 84.45 g
-_79.10 g tare 100 ml
5.35 g net
0 Lobster tail 100.20 g
-_94.95 g tare 100 ml
5.25 g net
P Crab muscle 86.10 g :
-_ 80.35 g tare 100 mi
5.75 g net
R Crab h-pancreas 84.80 g
: -_79.10 g tare 100 ml
5.70 g net
Ss STA 5 104.05 g .
Sediment ~_98.25 g tare 100 mi
6.79 g net .
T Crab muscle 100.45 g
-_95.05 g tare 100 m1
5.40 g net
U Tile fish 83.10 g
° -77.45 g tare 100 ml
5.65 g net
v Lobster eggs 98.95 g
-_93.95 g tare 100 m)
g

oF
fo)
i=

net

-122-


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-33-


Percent cover of Algae, Tunicates, and Sponges
on Horizontal Surfaces

TUTTLE TTT TTT TTT TTT TTT TE TTT TTP TTT P IP EET TTT TTT NTT TTT PITT TTT TTT TTT TT
— 4
a
a
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me ot 4
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bE 4
SUUVEND KUOUNUNEENLUCUUUNELCOULEDOOOY OV) <DENSELOVOCORRENUAUOUDOTTOUETENESONOOCOTEVIVETIOTOTORE EY TOTUETE
° 2 ° ° ° ° 2 ° ° Q o °
i=) @ o n o n T nN ~ 7

a3A09 LN3983d

15 20 25 «30 42635064006 | 4450S 5G SSS

10

SAMPLE


-ULUYISHNS TWWITLYIA UW Zp
SLTWNOTYLNSLdaS YNIINLYNaaNSL

dO NOTINGIALSIG ADINANDAdA JZIS

€ W9) .HLON|AD

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AINSNODSYS 2

-72-


littoralis, but it has a number of conservative traits
(Hulbert, 1980a, 1980b). The species is sexually mature
at 3-5 mm (as measured above), never reaches a large size
(max = 7.0 cm) and broods embryos from December to March.
A 5.0 mm individual frequently broods 16-18 embryos which
crawl away from the adult after the yolk stalk is absorbed.
They have been observed to eat small bivalves, polychaetes,
and hydroids in the horizontal communities and brachiopods
on the vertical walls.

As a group, the asteroids prey on sessile organisms
in the benthic communities at Pigeon Hill. They are eaten
by fish, but appear to be taken only incidentally to the
intended food of the fish. A characteristic of the echino-
derms in general at Pigeon Hill, and especially the urchins
and asteroids, is the large number of very small individuals
(XK size v0.5 cm). (See Appendix F for additional documentation).

4.5 PERMANENT TRANSECT RESULTS - QUANTITATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY

The results of the photographic analysis of indicator species is
shown in Table 7 and Figures 12, 13 and 14. The indicator species con-
sidered in this report are asteroids (predominantly Leptasterias sp.),
brachiopods (Terebratulina septentrionalis), and solitary tunicates
(predominantly Ascidia callosa).

The percent cover of algae (predominantly Ptilota serrata) is
considered in a later section as another indicator of the horizontal
community.

Vertical surfaces had higher abundances of the three indicator
groups. The higher vertical abundances are in part due to enhanced
photographic detectability in the absence of an algal canopy, but as
shown for Leptasterias, Terebratulina and tunicates in the disruptive
samples (Table 3) there are more individuals on vertical surfaces, and
thus the higher abundances are a.real aspect of the communities. Ascid-
jans and brachiopods are an integral portion of the ecology of vertical
surfaces, as discussed earlier, where they probably find a more suitable
suspension feeding environment in the absence of the dense algal mat
typical of the horizontal areas. Asteroids are motile predators and can
be expected to range over both substrates. Part of the variability in
results is due to the fine grained sampling strata relative to the range
of the asteroids.

The 1978 results in Table 7 and Figures 12, 13 and 14 are derived
from photos taken with a prototype quadrupod system which did not give
the high resolution of the later system. The 1978 photographic results
are, therefore, tentative when compared to the later three years.

-27-


SUMMARY OF RESULTS -- 1980
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

TRACE METALS (listed in.parts per million, ug/g).

C.A.A. # Description Ba Cd Cu Cr Hg Pb in

A Sea stars — 48.1 1.04 1.84 0.9 0.034 0.46 11.1

B Algae 46.4 0.04 1.77 2.3 0.027 1.31 16.2

c Tunicate 29.1 0.06 0.76 0.7 0.009. 0.18 34.2

D STA 1 10/17 0.14 «#0.14 9.8 0.98 0.034 0.55 95.9
Crab muscle

E . STA 2 10/16 0.11 0.49 #11.8 0.18 0.063 0.94 102.6
Crab muscle

F STA 2.7/7 0.59 77.0 2.22 0.6 0.019 0.38 12.9
Scallop visc. .

G STA 27/7 “0.17 1.92 0.25 0.55 0.022 0.04 11.3
Scallop edible

H STA 2 40.3 0.02 1.03 3.1 0.003 0.40 40.5
Sediment ~ . :

I STA 3 0.13 0.50 10.9 0.22 0.050 0.08 84.8
Crab muscle

J STA 3 0.16 41.7 2.52 0.24 0.013 0.27 24.2
Scallop visc.

K , STA 3 7/7 0.12 = =0.50 1.30 0.39 0.014 1.74 13.7
Scallop edible

L STA 3 39.4 0.01 0.25 3.8 no! 0.38 1.6
Surf. sediment

M STA 6 10/20 0.07 0.18 7.38 0.05 0.218 0.05 37.0
Lobster claw

N STA 6 10/20 0.04 19.5 18.3 0.07 0.087 0.62 37.3
Lobster hepato-
Pancreas

1 Np = none detected; less than 0.005 ppm (ug/g)

-113-


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-97-


Pigeon Hill Species List [Updated 11/81]
(cont'd)

Species | NODC Code

Phylum Sipuncula
Golfingia sp. 72000201

Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora

Hanleya hanleyi 5302020101
Ischnochiton ruber -5303020308
Tonicella rubra 5303020604

Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia

Acmaea testudinalis 5102050108
Alvania areolata 5103200115
Alvania mighelsii *

Buccinum undatun 5105040145
Caliostoma occidentale *51021001
Colus pygmaeus 5105050328
Epitonium sp. 51035001
Margarites costalis *51021003
Margarites groenlandica *51021003
Margarites helicina *5 1021003
Mitrella rosacea 5105030201
Natica clausa 5103760201
Natica pusilla 5103760204
Odostomia eburnea 5108010134
Propobela pingelii *
Ptychatractus ligatus *51050901
Puncturella noachina 5102040202
Trichotropis borealis 5103620203
Velutina laevigata 5103660409

Subclass Opisthobranchia

Aeolidia papillosa 5142030101
Cadlina laevis *51300201 |
Coryphella nobilis *51410401
Coryphella verrucosa *51410401
Dendronotus frondosus 5134060103
Dendronotus robustus *5 1340601
Eubranchus pallidus 351410101

Tergipes despectus

-106-


APPENDIX H

HEAVY METAL CONTENTS OF
PIGEON HILL INDICATOR SPECIES

1980

[Seastars (Leptasterias sp.), algae (Ptilota serrata) and tunicates
(Ascidia callosa) cited in the report are from Pigeon Hill;

the remaining samples are from George's Bank
and are part of another study.]

Preceding page blank -111-


IC AA
MAA

Cambridge Analytical Associates

GC METHODS FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (continued)

Ov-210

Instrument : Perkin-Elmer Sigma 1 Gas Chromatograph
t Perkin-Elmer. 3920B Gas Chromatograph

Column: . 6 ft. x 1/4" o.d. glass tube 2 mm i.d.

Packing: 3% OV-210 on 80/100 Chromosorb W-HP

Injector Temperature:Sigma 1 - 225°C
3920B = - 250°C
Detector temperature:Sigma 1 - 300°C
3920B 275°C
Column temperature: Sigma 1 - 175°C
3920B = - 135°C
Carrier Gas: 5% Methane in Argon
Detector: Electron Capture, Range 1

-135-


Table II (continued)
F2 Fraction

Sample Type

Cambridge Analytical Associates

Predominant Peaks - Area Percent
Retention Times

0-14-15 16-19 20-24 25-28 29 30-38
Sea Stars 902
Algae 1% 20%
Tunicate 84%
Crab Muscle an 50% 2%
H. Pan 4% 25%
Scallop Viscera 75%
Muscle —
Sediment
Lobster Claw 2% 30% VWs
Tail 62% ae
H. Pan
Tile Fish Male 82%
Female 42%
Lobster Eggs 2% 3% 10% 26% 50%
Crude O17 Standard 16% 13% 40% 21% 7% 3%

-139-


BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

PB83-112474

Ecosystem Definition and Community Structure of the
Macrobenthos of the NEMP Monitoring Station at Pigeon Hill
in the Gulf of Maine,

May 82

Alan W. Hulbert, Kenneth J. Pecci, Jonathan D. Witman, Larry
G. Harris, and James R. Sears.

PERFORMER: National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole,
MA. Northeast Fisheries Center.
NOAA~TM-NMFS-F/NEC~-14

Prepared in cooperation with New Hampshire Univ., Durham,
and Southeastern Massachusetts Univ., North Dartmouth.Color
illustrations reproduced in black and white.

The Pigeon Hill station forms part of the baseline ecosystem
definition of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s Northeast Monitoring Program (NEMP). The
monitoring effort has evolved into an integrated program
providing a system of physical, chemical, and biological
monitoring at selected stations in waters of the northeast
continental shelf from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras.
The purpose of this report is to provide a quantitative
baseline description of the dominant faunal and floral
components of the Pigeon Hill communities.

KEYWORDS: *Invertebrates, *Marine biology, *Ecology, *Water
pollution, *Continental shelves, *Maine Gulf.

Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va. 22161

PRICE CODE: PC A08/MF AOl


CAL
KAA

Cambridge Analytical Associates

10 milliliters on a rotary evaporator and poured over a 10 cm column
of activated Florisil topped with 1 cm of anhydrous sodium sulfate, ;
prewet with 50 milliliters of hexane. Round bottom flasks were rinsed
with 3 x 10 milliliters of hexane and this was poured over the

column. Columns containing hydrocarbon portions were then rinsed with
200 milliliters of hexane, and this was collected in a 500 milliliter
Kuderna Danish concentrator. PCB extracts were rinsed through

columns with 200 milliliters of 6% ethyl ether in hexane and collected
in a 500 milliliter Kyderna Danish concentrator. PCB extracts were
concentrated to approximately 8 milliliters and injected on a gas
chromatograph with electron capture detector. Hydrocarbon extracts
were concentrated to approximately 5 milliliters, transferred to
culture tubes, further concentrated to 1 milliliter under a gentle
stream of nitrogen and fractionated.

Hydrocarbon Fractionation

Sample preparation:

The concentrated sample extract was transferred to a 0.9 x 25 cm
column packed with 10.0g activated silica gel. The extract was
allowed to move down the column, then the walls of the column were
rinsed with approximately 2 ml hexane. The column was then eluted
with 25 ml hexane and the eluate was collected in a 250 ml round
bottom flask. This is Fraction 1. The column was then eluted with
50 ml of 20% dichloromethane in hexane (v/v), and the eluate,
Fraction 2, was collected as above. The fractions were concentrated
to 5 ml on a rotary evaporator, transferred to culture tubes, further
concentrated to 0.5 ml under a gentle stream of nitrogen and injected
on a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector.

-129-


TUTTTTTITT ITT TT TTT TT TTT TT TT TT PTT Tp Tt TT TTT TT Tee t
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C Pia $Z° 3 ALISN3O

DEPTH

ABUNDANCE
OF COROPHIUN SP.


beyond 30 m at the Isles of Shoals and the red alga Ptilota serrata is the
dominant species of macroalgae. At depths shallower than 30 m, crustose
coralline algae dominate primary space on upper horizontal surfaces. The
biomass dominants in the shallow subtidal zones (1 to 20 m) are several
species of macroalgae and the mussel Modiolus modiolus (Harris, Hulbert, and
Witman, MS; Witman 1979, 1980). In general, the vertical wall sponge-tunicate
community has. a parallel in fouling communities which are well documented in
the literature (Boyd, 1972; Fager, 1971; Harris and Irons, 1982; Jackson,
1977; Karlson, 1975, 1978; Keough and Butler, 1979; Sutherland, 1974; and
Sutherland and Karlson, 1977). These communities are dominated by suspension
feeding invertebrates such as sponges, cnidarians, ectoprocts, and tunicates.
The benthos of vertical wall communities in the rocky subtidal zone of
Scandinavia have been studied by Lundalv (1971) and Guilliksen (1978). Sponges
‘and cnidarians were the dominant fauna of rock wall communities at depths of
5 to 25 m off the coast of Sweden (Lundalv, 1971). At depths of 8 to 12m
off northern Norway the vertical wall benthos was dominated by sponges,
cnidarians, ectoprocts, and tunicates (Guilliksen, 1978). Guilliksen (1978)
.showed that algal. cover was significantly reduced on vertical rock walls.
Information from the literature and this study suggests that the differences
in community. composition by substrate angle (horizontal and vertical) are
consistent worldwide patterns. The logical question is, what factors appear
to be important in determining the differences?

Although it was not an objective of the benthic survey to. determine
the biotic and abiotic factors responsible for structuring the benthic assem-
blages at Pigeon Hill, the relative importance of the factors may be inferred
from the literature and underwater observations. An experimental evaluation
of the effect of physical and biological factors on the development of benthic
communities is one of the goals of future work at the Pigeon Hill station.
Biological mechanisms producing structure in marine communities include
predation (Paine, 1966, 1974, 1976) and competition (Connell, 1961, 1972;
Jackson, 1977). Important. abiotic factors include light (Cinelli, et al.,
1977; Norall, 1975), temperature (Golikov and Scarlato, 1968), sedimentation
and water energy (Guilliksen, 1978; Noble, Logan, and Webb, 1976). For
biological factors, the literature emphasizes the importance of predation on
upper horizontal surfaces (Breen and Mann, 1976; Paine and Vadas, 1969). At
Pigeon Hill it appears that the relative effect and type of predation varies
between the upper horizontal algal-polychaete community, and. the vertical wall
sponge-tunicate community. Invertebrate predators such as urchins, proso-
branch gastropods, crabs and lobsters are more common on horizontal surfaces.
Polychaetes and ophiuroids in the upper horizontal community are heavily preyed
on by demersal fish such as haddock and yellowtail flounder. Stomach contents
of adult haddock caught at Pigeon Hill in 1978 indicated that 83% of the fish
taken were feeding on polychaetes and ophiuroids. There are predators on
vertical walls that feed on sponges and tunicates (i.e., Euphorsine borealis
and Henricia sanguinolenta) but it is believed that their tmpact 1s not great.
Of the physical factors, light is probably of major importance in controlling
community differences. Light is a limiting factor for macroalgae in the low
light environments of vertical walls, caves, and deep communities (Cinelli,
et al., 1977; Guilliksen, 1978; and Sears and Cooper, 1978). Also light

-50-


Table 5. Statistical Summary (continued).

TEST ‘ SIGN. LEVEL

Species Interactions T-TEST ANOVA Result T-TEST ANOVA

Gorophiun s oe : :

(density) do} +74 NS NS .
v i
a -3.06 | +4

Pontogeneia s 407 .

(density) po] 2.40 F< 5.99 +s ns
— 1.56 Ns NS
i |

Pleusymtes s 5 ts .

(density) y } 256) es 3.46 , NS
,i<——— 66 | NS NS

Hiatella s 4

patel — 2 N Ns

(density) , } *) eo 16.42 . *
H ] + oH .

Cerastoderma Ss 4 .

Sgusrodems 8 ease + D ;
v " .
4i——__--9. 98 +H

Modiolus s 4 .

(density) ie - 721d F = 13.38 + D .

. v — .
hhe—— ter +H

Musculus s 4

(density) o} 7-65 p27. Ns Ns .
, :
,1———__-3.98] +H “

Margarites s

(density) D } rl Fs 13.8 NS NS *
v . *
a -5.18 +H .

Anachis s

‘Gensity) o} a pe7.97 ss ss .
v . a
a -3.89. +H

Colus s ~

(density) pd} 767 p= 9.36 Ns Ns .
a 4.29 +H ”

-36-


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~6-


APPENDIX E

ABUNDANCE OF THE THREE
DOMINANT AMPHIPOD SPECIES

Preceding page blank -89-
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HORIZONTAL

-18-


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-99-

C WO 3 32Z1S


SAMPLE WEIGHTS
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

SAMPLE WEIGHTS, CON'T. (trace

metal analysis for Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn)

C.A.A. Final volune
Sample ID  NMF ID Sample weight (after wet ash) -
L STA 3 122.56 g
Surf. sediment -109.20 g tare 25 ml
13.11 g net
M “STA 6 10/20 119.65 g
Lobster claw -106.40 g tare 25 mi
13.25 g net
N STA 6 10/20 120.90 g
Lobster hepato- -108.10 g tare 25 ml
pancreas 12.80 g net
0 STA 6 109.13 g
Lobster tail -_ 96.39 g tare 25 mil
12.74 g net
P STA 6 116.80 g
Crab muscle -104.15 g tare 25 mi
12.65 g net
R STA 6 103.10 g
. Crab hepatopancreas - 90.10 g tare 25 mi
13.00 g net
Ss STA 5 121.75 g
Sediment -109.20 g tare 25 mi
12.55 g net
T STA 5 112.35 g
Crab muscle -_99.79 g tare 25 mi
12.55 g net
U Tile fish 111.40 g
STA 5 Hk/Ln -_98.42 g tare 25 ml
. 12.98 g net
v Lobster eggs 108.57 g
-_95.37 g tare 25 m1
13.20 g net

-120-


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-96-




Venyth 24 feet

diameter=4 tweles

Nitya Nin

Figure 6. Airlift for in-situ disruptive sampling.

-12-


sb

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-78-


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Pigeon Hill Area... 22. ee ee ee eee ee
Figure 2: Histogram of Light U.S.

Substrate Angle... 1 ee ee ee ee ee
Figure 3: Temperature and Light Effects

with Depth 2... 1. ee ee ee ee
Figure 4: Diagram of Pigeon Hill] . 2... 1 ee ee ee ee ee
Figure 5: Diagram of Pigeon Hill] .. 1... ee eee ee eee . .
Figure 6: Airlift Disruptive Sampler . . 2... ee ee eee ee
Figure 7: Quadrupod Photographic Sampler ... 1... eee eae

Figure 8: Permanent Transect Marking
System. ww ee

Figure 9: Histogram of Percent
Cover of Dominants ©... 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee

Figure 10: Histogram of Densities
of Dominants 2. 6 ee ee

Figure 11: Preliminary Trophic
Classification 2. 0. ee ee ee ee ee

Figure 12: Asteroid Abundance, 1978-1981,

From Photographs . 1... ee ee ee te ee ee et .,
Figure 13: Brachiopod Abundance, 1978-1981,

From Photographs . 1... 1 ee ee ee ee te
Figure 14: Ascidian Abundance, 1978-1981,

From Photographs . 2... ee ee ee ee ee ee
Figure 15: Algal Percent Coverage, 1978-1981,

From Photographs .. 2... 1 ee ee ee ee te ee
Figure 16: Heavy Metal Body Burdens .. 1... ee ee eee eee

" Preceding pat page Sam | wix-


APPENDIX A

PERCENT COVER ESTIMATES OF THE
MAJOR SPACE OCCUPYING GROUPS

In all Appendix figures, data points are mean values,
-and error bars, when presented, represent a range of
+ 1 standard deviation.

Preceding page blank -61-


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-67-


Airlift
cm

°c

df

g

km

LAT
LOG
LONG

m,
m2

mm

NEMP
No.
NODC

P

PCB

ppb

ppm
quadrat
quadrupod
r2

Si)

SE

sp
tagging
temp

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Underwater disruptive sampling apparatus
Centimeter

Degree Centigrade

Degrees of freedom

Gram

Kilometer

Latitude

Logarithm (base 10)

Longitude

Meter

Meter square area (100 cm x 100 cm)
Millimeter

Northeast Monitoring Program (NOAA)
Number

National Oceanographic Data Center
Significance Level

Polychlorinated B. phenyl

Parts per billion

Parts per million

Square sampling area

System to photograph a quadrat
Correlation coefficient

Standard deviation

Standard error of the mean

Species

Permanent substrate marking system
Temperature

Blotted wet weight

Mean

Grand mean
Greater than
Less than


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APPENDIX B

POPULATION STRUCTURE OF
TEREBRATULINA SEPTENTRIONALIS

~65-


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-40-




Table 3, Descriptive

statistics -""ABUNDANCE/0.25 m” from 1978
33.0

disruptive samples."

hori vert. hori. vert. Overall
x x x x
Species \ $.D S.D. s.D. S.D. x s.D.
POLYCHAETES :
Chone infundibuliformis 254/179 oy 236/12 27 165.6 172
Thelepus cincinnatus 164), 59 14.5), 5 152/45 2/y 106.6 123
Nereis pelagice 22. 36.6 Tao Vig. 165/24 16.6 29.6
MOLLUSCS
Hiatella arctica 12.6/9,5 14s. 5 Wes ° 8.16 9.45
Cerastoderma pinnulatua 30. 8/5, 0 3/4 Yaa 2 x
Modiolus modiolus 14. B/s9 0 19.5/, 5/5 9.8 28.7
Musculus niger Fe .9 14/37 43/39 44.6 48 5.0
Margarites castalis 8545.4 UY 37 3-3/4. Vat 47 3.5
Anachis lafresnayi 33, 5g 6-3/4 M2 20.1 21.0
Cols pygmaeus 8.8/5 9 1.6) g 13.6441 ° 5.8 7.6
Mitrella rosacea 3Ys.5 0 Ys 4 2g 2.0 3.0
Tonicella rubra 4245 > =28/ 36 53/53 0 225 bet
AMPHIPODS
Pleusymtes glaber 29.594 451g 7-6/5 4g 29.5 33.5
Pontogeneia intermis HLM 55 9 19-8/a5 43h 2 21-S/og 37.8 35.5
Gorophium crassicorne 5.6/5 5 -142/ 5 15/o9 5 0 47 9.6
BRACHIOPOD:
Terebratulina 5
Septentrionalis We) 39-Sio 2 S562 he 32.4 20.2
(size) 88/45 1.19/45 + /.06 1.06/ 9; 99 125
ECHINODERMS
Strongylocentrotus <
Stposbachionsis BSh9.9  &3h4 25/5.3 Sa 14.9 10.3
(size) 49/08 82/45 “37/03 +68/ 08 +525 134
Stephanasterias ‘albula 2.25/59 6.14/55 24.73 6 11.0/, 6.9 8.9
(size) 74 14 5H) +87/ 08 8/05 -649 -140
Leptasterias sp. 2s. 3h 4 1.34 5 18/4 2.16 2.8
(size) +97/ 46 14/4 26 +3/o 1.06 Ag
Qphiopholis aculeata 63-3/e9.3  73-4og g 135/49 10/9, 5 79.9 52.5
Qphiura robusta 317/30 20.54 4 A1B/a99 34a) 219 194

-31-


Table S.

Species
Sponges
th cover)

Tunicates
G cover)

Algae
( cover)

Brachiopods
(size)

(density)

Polychaete
(density)

Polychaete
(biomass)

Chone
(density)

Thelepus
(density)

Nereis
(density)

Statistical Summary. - 1978 Disruptive Samples.

Interactions

<0

E<0w zm<0uH

meow mt0HM x<0H xs0M Z<oH

m<uM x<00

TEST
rs
T-TEST ANOVA
no data
F = 372.736
+19.31
no data
F = 167.866
-12.96
no data
F = 618.58
+24.88
F = 4.56

~All
3.0L

4.21 |

—\F = 20.61

Fs 11.05

Fs 21.65

-35-

Result

+V

NS

tv

+D

ve

RS

tH

MS

T-TEST

NS

a

NS

NS

SIGN.

LEVEL

ANOVA

-


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-64-

SUBSTRATE ANGLE

HORIZONTAL SUBSTRATE

2=

VERTICAL SUBSTRATE

4=


Cambridge Analytical Associates

Results of trace metal determinations were reported earlier.

The remainder of this report describes the analytical methods used and
detail results for each sample. The original data is also included. _

-126-


SAMPLE WEIGHTS

CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

SAMPLE WEIGHTS (trace metal

analysis for Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn)

C.A.A. Final volume ~
Sample ID NMF ID Sample weight (after wet ash)
A Sea Stars 127.63 g
-102.68 g tare 50 ml
24.95 g net
B Algae 120.15 g
-_95.35 g tare 50 ml
24.80 g net
Cc Tunicate 122.24 g .
-_97.88 g tare 50 ml
24.36 g net
D STA 1 10/17 104.20 g
Crab muscle -_91.50 g tare 25 ml
12.70 g net
E STA 2 10/16 120.95.
Crab muscle -107.65 g tare 25 mi
13.30 g. net
F STA 2 7/7 107.35 g
-_94.76 g tare 25 ml
12.59 g net
G STA 2 7/7 121.50 g
Scallop edible -108.50 g tare 25 ml
13.00 g net
H STA 2 { 118.99 g
Sediment -105.03 g tare 25 mi
12.96 g net
I STA 3 109.72 g
Crab muscle -_96.60 g tare 25 mi
13.12 g net
J STA 3 112.00 g
Scallop visc. -_99.42 g tare 25 mi
12.58 g net
K STA 3 7/7 114.40 g
-101.55 g tare 25 ml
12.85 g net

1
aa
an
ir)
v


2. INTRODUCTION

&
ihe Pigeon Hill station forms part of the baseline ecosystem defin-
ition of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Northeast
Monitoring Program (NEMP). The monitoring effort has evolved into an
integrated program providing a system of physical, chemical, and biolog-
ical monitoring at selected stations in waters of the northeast contin-
ental shelf from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras, (see NOAA Tech. Mem.
NMFS-F/NEC10). The Northeast Monitoring Program is/thus a multidisci-
Plinary effort designed to monitor the health of ‘marine communities over
long periods of time. The program, as set-up in selected marine communities
along the Atlantic Coast, tracks the natural fluctuations in communities
as well as the impact of man-produced pollutants.

A permanent NEMP: research station to be monitored by SCUBA was set
up in October 1977-in the Gulf of Maine on Jeffreys Ledge, Lat 42°46.5' N,
Long 70°14,5'W. Pigeon Hill is a rocky knoll located 37 km off Cape Ann,
Massachusetts (Figure 1), chosen because of its offshore location, rela-
tively pristine environment, situation in the midst of a commercial fishing
area, and a previous knowledge of the benthos, as well as a knowledge of
similar Gulf of Maine communities.

SSThe Purpose of this report is to provide a quantitative baseline
description of the dominant faunal and floral components of the Pigeon
Hill communities.<-Where sufficient data was available we have statistically
evaluated initial ‘trends and differences observed,in the field, and in the
data. The report i§ based upon disruptive 0.25 m@ samples from 1978 and 1979;
quantitative 0.25 m* photographs from 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981; contami-
nant samples from 1980 and 1981; and many qualitative observations.

We have approached the problem of monitoring the Pigeon Hill benthic
communities by first defining a quantitative baseline analysis of the sub-
habitats from in-situ collections of benthos using qualitative and quanti-
tative disruptive techniques. Subsequently we have utilized more cost-
effective quantitative photographic techniques to study "key indicator"
species that are identified for their community importance and photographic
affinities. Information on the indicator species is then considered as
reflective of the communities. Biological indicators can provide a natural
integrating function and are often concentrators of environmental informa-
tion. A parameter such as a species population structure can be considered
as a dynamic equilibrium to the biotic and physical environments in which
it lives (Hulbert, 1980a, 1980b, 1981a; Paine 1976).

There is relatively little information on temperate, offshore, hard
substrate communities. In the Gulf of Maine there are only a few studies
of similar communities and they tend to emphasize the interaction between
macro algae and sea urchin disturbance (e.g., Breen and Mann, 1976; Harris,
1981; Mathieson, 1979). Sears and Cooper (igva) have described the algal
components of the Pigeon Hill communities, but other research is minimal.
Similar communities have been investigated at the Isles of Shoals, off the
New Hampshire coast, since 1974 (Harris, Ms; Harris, et al., 1979; Harris
et al. Ms; Harris and Irons, 1982; Hulbert, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 198la, 1981b;

-1-


SAMPLE WEIGHTS

CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

SAMPLE WEIGHTS (mercury analysis)

Sample weight

Final Volume
(after digestion)

C.A.A.

Sample ID. NMF ID

A Sea stars

B Algae

c Tunicate

D Crab muscle

E Crab muscle

F Scallop viscera
6G Scallop.edible

H - STA 2 -

Sediment

I Crab muscle

J Scallop viscera

K Scallop edible

g

L841 9

00
Pe F

a
a)
oO

-
i)

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De}

w
r=)
ny
f=)
rt

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8

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i
wo
Mm of
oo 8

a
f=)
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Jan wo

1

an
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PBX
wo wy
Ion

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a

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© So

rar

lo

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oo oO

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i
fo)
jou

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fre)
S|

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ay
1

9

9
g

aeo 2HH L2HH CZHH LAH AAO LHH ALLAH Lao «a

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

tare
net

100 ml

100 ml

100 mi

100 ml

100 mi

100 mi

100 m1

100 ml

100 ml

100 ml

100 ml


162"2 = 3S 8SE"9T = AS

89'0 = 3S 6p = GS 160 = 3S 46'S = OS
6LL =X OPT = x
SLO = 4S _I2*I = as SSO = 3S 0S"h = aS
86°0 =X ool =X

£0G*2 = 3S G/8"/T = GS

fv=N
qoasueay

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qoasueuy
Lequoz luo T86T

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qoasueuy

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O9=N
8Sp"_ = 3S 6rS"€ = aS 190° = 3S Tép’ = aS €lp’ = 3S 961'€ = aS qoasued,
€g9°€ = X ore" = X S8S"b =X  LeqUOZLYOH 0861
OS=N
€58°2 = 3S pZT02 = OS GEI'I = 3S 8920'S = GS GOz'I = 3S 819°8 = as poasued |
280°9G = X OvT pT = x Gel*bl = X Le2!34aq 6 /6T
19=N
I9Z" = 3S 96'S = AS SII’ = 3S p26" = as vez"_= 3S O€8'l = as qoasued,
689°b = X g¢g° = X Tel"? =X  Lequozl4oH 6 /6T
€S=N
Lv6"0 = 3S 268°9 = GS G€6"Z = 3S O82 = AS qoasued
o00;s =x 099°€ = xX Le91W4aA 8 L6T
SS=N
€21'0 = 3S $16°0 = aS qoasued)
0 =x 00970 =X LeqUOZL4oH  B/6T
spodo tydeug sueLpLosy SplLouaysy Mea,
AdeyLLOS

( gu GZ°0/#) aouepunqy saLoads

sydeubozoyd aatqzeziquenb woud LL tH uoabld je Saldeds 4ozedLpuL JO aouepungqy

“2 a1deL

-39-




Harris, L. G., and A. E. Mathieson. 1976. Final report on the benthic
communities studies conducted for the New England Offshore Mining
Environmental Study (NOMES). Submitted to Environmental Research
Laboratories of N.O.A.A., May 1976.

Harris, Hulbert, Witman, McCarthy, Pecci. 1979. A comparison. by depth
and substrate angle of the subtidal benthic communities at Pigeon
Hill in the Gulf of Maine. American Zoologist, vol. 19(4).
Abstract.

Harris, L. G., and K. P. Irons. 1982. Substrate angle and predation as
determinants in fouling community succession. IN: Artificial
Substrates, John Cairns, Jr. Ed.- Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.
279 pp. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Hulbert, A. W. 1979. The functional role of Asterias vulgaris in subtidal
communities. American Zoologist, vol. 19(4). Tete

Hulbert, A. W. 1980a. The ecological role of Asterias vulgaris in three
subtidal communities. In: Echinoderms: past and present, Ed. M. Janquox.

A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Hulbert, A. W. 1980b. The functional role of Asterias vulgaris Verrill
(1866) in three subtidal communities. Ph.D. Thesis, Untversity of

New Hampshire, 183 pp.

Hulbert, A. W. 1980c. Predator prey relationships of Asterias vulgaris.
East Coast Benthic Meetings, College of William and Mary & TINS

Hulbert, A. W. 198la. Size-limited predation by the northern sea star,
Asterias vulgaris. American Zoologist, vol. 20(4). Abstract.

Hulbert, A. W. 1981b. Asteroid populations as environmental indicators.
In: Proceedings of the International Echinoderms Conference, Ed.
d. M. Lawrence. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Hulbert, A. W., L. Harris, J: Witman. 1981. Subtidal community zones on
hard substrate in the Gulf of Maine. American Zoologist, vol. 20(4).
Abstract.

Hulbert, A. W., and K. J. Pecci. 1982. Development of tools and techniques
for monitoring marine benthos. Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference.
Cherry Hill, N.d.

Jackson, J.B.C. 1975. Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef
invertebrates. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 5160-5163.

Jackson, J.B.C. 1977. Competition on marine hard substrata: the adaptive

significance of solitary and colonial strategies. American Naturalist
111:743-767.

-56-


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JO aUuO FO UOTIESOT oY} SY¥LeW puNoIZyoeq ay UT oUTT paXonq aYyL “UOTIEIS YOTeESeL TITH
uoa8tg ay3 3@ AFTLAITe ue YIM SoTdues ITYJUEq BUTIDeT {OO SIOATP JO UOTITpuel S,ySTIIe UY “G eINBTY

-ll-




V

Val Wa
KAA

Cambridge Analytical Associates

Results and Discussion

Hydrocarbons

Table I lists the samples and the concentration of hydrocarbons fractions
f, and fo.

Many of the fish samples contained Fl hydrocarbons, but the presence ~-
of interfering biogenic hydrocarbons (fatty acids etc.) made it
impossibe to identify petroleum contamination at such low levels. The
flame ionization detector detects not only hydrocarbons but also the
fatty acid make-up of the fish.

Fraction 1 samples typically showed a series of dominant peaks at
retention times between 25 and 38 minutes (see table II). This series
of peaks accounted for 40-80 percent of the total peak areas in the
samples, whereas, in the Crude 011 Standard it accounted for only

9 percent of the total peak area. There were no Fl hydrocarbons detected
in any of the sediment samples, nor was the 25-38 minutes series of
peaks detected. (This would seem to indicate that these compounds are
of biogenic origin and not from a petroleum input)

Fraction 2 samples did not show a crude oi] pattern. The lobster egg
sample does appear to contain f, hydrocarbons, but biogenic olefins,
which also appear in Fraction 2, make the determination of trace amounts
of fo hydrocarbons very difficult.

Fraction 2 samples were dominated by a group of three peaks at retention
times between 20 and 24 minutes. These peaks accounted for 3-90
percent of the total peak area for different samples. There was also a
predominant peak at a retention time of 29-30 minutes with an area
percent between 3 and 82. These peaks were not present in Fraction 2
of the Crude Oi] Standard, Therefore they are not from a petroleum
input.

-130-


CONCENTRATION
PPM

Pb
zn Cr

Ba | Cd | Gu | Hg Sea Star Algae
50 125} 2.5 }0.5 F

40) 1] 2 |04r

30 | 75] 1.5 |.03 F-

20) 5) 1 |02-
10 | .25} 5 |.01 F-
o;/0}0]0

METAL

Figure 16. Plots of heavy metal body burdens in three species
from Pigeon Hill, showing the highly variable nature
of the data, both by species and by metal.

-47-





4.411 Brachiopods

The most common articulate brachiopod in the Gulf of
Maine is Terebratulina septentrionalis. In shallow water,
T. septentrionalis is usually found on vertical and undercut
rock walls (Noble, Logan and Webb, 1976). At depths beyond
50 m, it occurs on both horizontal and vertical rock surfaces
in high densities (personal observations, AWH, JDW, LGH).
The overall mean density at Pigeon Hill was 32/0.25 m¢ and
the mean shell length was .99 cm (Table 3). The highest
brachiopod density (77/0.25 m2) occurred on the vertical sur-
face at the 42 m station. Brachiopods living on vertical
rock walls were significantly larger than those on upper
horizontal surfaces (Table 5). There is a trend of increasing
brachiopod abundance with increasing depth (33 to >42 m).
Within a particular depth zone, T. septentrionalis is signif-
icantly more abundant on vertical surfaces than horizontal
(Table 5). Little is known about the ecology of recent brach-
jopods. Thayer (1975) and Doherty (1979) have found that
brachiopods have few predators. Personal observations at
Pigeon Hill indicate that the asteroids Asterias vulgaris
and Leptasterias sp. both feed on T. septentrionalis, but the
extent of predation is unknown. Many of the brachiopods are
encrusted with the sponges Iophon nigricans, Iophon pattersoni,
and Plocaminionida ambigua. There may be an advantage to a
sponge covering as a deterrent from asteroid predation similar
to that found for bivalves (Bloom, 1975; Vance, 1978). the
sponge may add a porous layer to the brachiopod valves which
makes it difficult for asteroid tubefeet to form a proper
suction for prey capture. Generally, the size frequency dis-
tributions for each strata are bimodal with high frequencies
of individuals less than 0.4 cm shell length, and a second
node at 1.9 cm shell length in the vertical communities.
Most brachiopods settled directly on rock in 1978, but there
is a tendency for T. septentrionalis to settle on other sub-
strata such as Ptilota, Sabellid and Serpulid tubes and other
brachiopods (Witman, 1982). The brachiopods settling out on
the secondary substrata are not as large as those settling
directly on rock, possibly indicating that they have lower
survival rates. (See Appendix B for additional documentation. )

4.412 Polychaetes

Two polychaete samples were completely analyzed, but for
the regaining samples the polychaetes were subsampled from the
0.25 m¢ pre-sorted samples to obtain estimates of biomass and
abundance. The total weight of the polychaetes collected
from the 1978 cruise was 3540 grams of which 456 grams were
analyzed (13% of total material). Nineteen species of poly-
chaetes comprising 11 families were found. Chone infundi-
buliformis, a sabellid; and Thelepus cincinnatus, a terebellid;
both tube builders, comprised 96% of the polychaete fauna. Poly-
chaetes were most abundant on horizontal substrates (Table 3)

-21-


Cambridge Analytical Associates

TABLE I11 (continued)

OV-210
135°C 175°C
1016 «1221 «1232 «12421248 1254 1260

9 9
10 10 10
N n . 66 102
414 14 4 14 792 - ns.
18 «18 18 18 (18 79 142
22 22 22 98 156
2828 28 28 28 107 180
31 32 31 31 31 aK} 223
3636 36 36036 . 142 288
44 : 164 361
178
225

-141-


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T86T 2861 6L6T 8461 LL6f

+— T T T
NN . TeyUOZTLOH 7) T
4 Be
\ + BE
_ 4 BY

\

4 0S

Teotytey
| 09
4 OL

(13 %S6 + X)

= 28

ew Ge */# AJINVONNEY COdOIH3VYa

-41-


3._-MATERIALS AND METHODS

A long-term environmental monitoring site was established in October
1977 at Pigeon Hill. Pigeon Hill is a glacially eroded offshore pinnacle
located on the south-central portion of Jeffreys Ledge, 37 km off Cape Ann,
Massachusetts (Lat 42°46.5'N, Long 70°14.5'W, Figure 1). The knoll rises
froma mud bottom at 125 m to within 30 m of the surface. Several factors
make Pigeon Hill a good monitoring station: 1) it is representative of
deep, offshore rocky communities and relatively unimpacted by coastal
pollution; 2) comparative baseline data exists for similar. communities at
the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire; 3) it is located in a historically im-
portant commercial fishery; and 4) the distinctive topography of the knoll
Makes it easy to relocate. Initial observations indicated that the benthic
communities varied with depth and substrate orientation. Therefore, a
stratified sampling design was established with depth and substrate angle
corresponding to strata. The depth strata designated were 33 and 42 m,
and the substrate angle strata were horizontal and vertical.

Permanent stations were established with an array of two 5,000 pound
cement blocks connected by 100 m of wire cable at 33 m and 42 m (Figures
4 and 5). These site markers and five-year acoustic pingers enabled the
stations to be readily relocated. The initial 1977 three-week fall cruise
was utilized to define the site-specific locations of the substations based
on previous observations and reconnaissance dives. Qualitative observa-
tions, photographs, and voucher collections were also taken at the sites. |
The benchmark study was begun during the six-week 1978 fall cruise. The
sampling program consisted of both photographic and disruptive airlift
sampling as outlined below:

3.1 DISRUPTIVE QUADRATS

Random 0.25 m2 quadrats on both horizontal and vertical substrata were
first photographed, then disruptively sampled and subsequently re-photo-
graphed. The rock surfaces were scraped with a putty knife and the organisms
collected with an airlift which sucked them into a. fine mesh bag (1 mm
mesh size). Figure 6 illustrates the airlift which consists of a PVC pipe
1.2 m long and 10 cm in diameter with a collection bag attached to the
upper end. Compressed air from a SCUBA tank is forced into a perforated
collar at the lower end, creating a strong suction which sucks the organ-
isms up the pipe and into the collecting bag. The airlift system is easily
and efficiently operated by a diver. The benthic samples were initially
Preserved in buffered 10% formalin, and later transferred to 70% alcohol.

In the laboratory, the samples were presorted to major taxonomic groups
(Phylum or Class) and later identified to species. Data on density, size
and biomass was obtained from the samples, and coded for subsequent computer
analysis.

3.2 PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHIC TRANSECTS

Permanent photographic transects were set up at the 33 m station using
eyebolts and marine cement (Maricrete). The transects, located by 30 m
sections of nylon rope marked at meter intervals, were established on an

-7-


ICA f_|

IV
Cambridge Analytical Associates .

shaken for 30 seconds. The aqueous phase was drained into a second
separatory funnel and extracted with 50 milliliters of hexane. The
hexane layers were combined in the first separatory funnel and washed
with 100 milliliters of distilled water. The water was discarded,
the hexane was poured through a 5 centimeter column of anhydrous
sodium sulfate and collected in a 1 liter round bottom flask.

Fish and Sediment Sampies-Clean-up Procedures

Hexane extracts in round bottom flasks were evaporated, under vacuum,

to approximately 10 milliliters and put into a 125 milliliter separatory
funnel. The flasks were rinsed with 3 x 5 milliliters of hexane and
this was added to the separatory funnel. 30 milliliters of acetonitrile
saturated with hexane was added, shaken for 1 minute, and the layers
were allowed to separate. The acetonitrile layer was drained into a
second 125 milliliter separatory funnel containing 15 milliliters of
hexane, shaken for 1 minute, allowed to separate and drained into a

1 liter separatory funnel containing 650 milliliters distilled water,
40 milliliters saturated sodium chloride, and 100 milliliters hexane.
The hexane layer in the first separatory funnel was extracted with

an additional 2 x 30 milliliters of acetonitrile and passed through
the same 15 milliliters of hexane in the second 125 milliliter separatory
funnel. All acetonitrile extracts were combined in the 1 liter funnel.
The hexane layers, which contained the hydrocarbons, were combined and
put aside. The acetonitrile extract, which contains the PCB's was
shaken thoroughly for 45 seconds, the layers allowed to separate,

and the aqueous layer was drained into a second 1 liter separator.

100 mi hexane was added to the second separator, shaken vigorously

15 seconds and allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was discarded,
the hexane layers were combined in original separator and washed

with 2 x 100 milliliters of water. The washings were discarded,

the hexane layers, (PCB and hydrocarbon) were passed through a 10cm.
column of anhydrous sodium sulfate and collected in a 500 milliliter
round bottom flask. Extracts were concentrated to approximately

-128-


1500

TT EPTFE PTET
7
he +
oad
L aa
b Ere
L §28
oot
L 300
Liribiiribistrrsbriitistipiiioetretietetieteetee
eogscogogooea ooo aoc aoosn
So eogogogcgcoaca a és So
TON] OCOAORGHWHTAAN SG -
tet t

C ,WSZ°) ALISN30

-74-

30 31 32 33 3435 36 37 38 30 40 41 42 43 44.45 46 47 48
DEPTH C METERS )
ABUNDANCE
OF ALL POLYCHAETE SPP.


Based on the relatively large number of 0.25 m2 photographic
samples per year (50-60), sampling at approximately the same time each
year (June-July) and the precision of the stratified sampling protocol
we feel we are seeing the true variability of the communities in the
results presented here (Table 7). Discerning the internal variability

~ is a key to the success of interpreting future external impacts.

4.6 ALGA PERCENT COVER AND BIOMASS

Yearly trends in algal abundance, based_on 0.25 m2 quadrats along
a horizontal transect, determined from 0.25 m¢ photographs are shown in
Table 8 and Figure 15. Analysis of quantitative photographs from the
vertical transect showed low algal coverage (<2%) with very few Ptilota
plants. Horizontal surfaces are dominated by a dense algal mat averaging
66.1% of the surface area over the period 1978-1981. Algal cover was
47% in 1978, increased to 73.4% in 1979, 76% in 1980, and decreased
slightly to 68% in 1981. The general increase from 1978 may represent
a natural fluctuation in coverage and growth, a restoration to a natu-
rally high coverage following a reduction in 1978, or an abnormally high
rate of algal growth in 1979 that is gradually returning to the 1978
evel.

Two marked square meter areas which have been monitored since 1978
have shown the same trends in algal coverage as the transect results.

4.7 CONTAMINANT BODY BURDENS

Baseline body burdens of heavy metals, PCB's, and anthropogenic
hydrocarbons were established from samples taken in July, 1980, from the
Pigeon Hill site. The samples were processed by Cambridge Analytical
Associates in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and their techniques are included
in Appendices H and I. The results for heavy metals are shown in Table
10, Figure 16, and Appendix H; and for PCB's and hydrocarbons in Appendix
I,

Cambridge Analytical Associates reports number ASD-80-127, 82-031,
and 81-455B presented the findings from analysis of our samples on a
wet weight basis. Results show low levels of hydrocarbons. Straight
chain hydrocarbons of petroleum input were not present. Also, PCB's
were not present at a 2 ppb limit of,detection.

Levels of heavy metals were within normal limits. We note that
barium was of a higher level than in specimens from offshore sites.
Algae (Ptilota serrata) was resampled in 1981 for comparative purposes.
Heavy metal body burdens were similar between years with the exception
of cadmium which showed an increase from 0.04 ppm in 1980 to 0.56 ppm
in 1981.

-28-


ULUMISANS TWILNOZIYOH HW OE
SIWNOTYLNALdaS UNI INLYNEaNAL

4O NOIINGIYLSIG AINANBAYA AZIS

; ( WO) HLONAI
O°€ BZ OZ HS ZZ OTT BT OT HT ZT OTF BO 00 "0

(4
T

am)

o
T

TT TTT TT yy es ae a ee |

.

0
0

ot

st

ADNSNDSas %

-69-


Table 10. Heavy Metal Body Burdens at Pigeon Hill, 1980.

Concentration (ppm wt. wgt.)

Species Ba Cd _ Cu Cr Hg Pb . an
Sea stars “48.1 1.04 1.84 0.9 0.034 0.46 11.1
Algae 46.4 0.08 1.77 2.3 0.027 1,31 16.2
Tunicates 29.1 0.06 += 0.76 0.7.” 0,009 0.18 34.2



ore

art Oz

VIVYISENS WOLLYAA WH OE

“SITUNDIMLNSLd3S UNI INLYNESZNSL
4O NOILNGIYLSIO AOQNANDAYNA 3ZIS

C W939 HILONS1

e°% 2°2Z O'7 BT OTT wT Z°T :O'T 8°0 9°0 F°0 2°0:0°0

.

“T

5a 0

+ ot

SI

AODNSNDSYs

-70-


Pigeon Hill Species List [Updated 11/81]
(cont'd)

Species NODC Code
Phylum Nemertea
Class Enopla
Amphiporus sp. 43060501
Phylum Ectoprocta
Class nolaemata
Dendrobenia murrayana 7815250201
Crisia eburnea 7809010101
Scruparia ambigua 7815020301
Eucratea loricata 7815020101
Cribrilina punctata 7815300102
Hippothoa hyalina 7816020101
Porella minuta 7816130101
Phylum Brachiopoda
Class Articulata
Terebratulina septentrionalis 8005070103
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Chone infundibuliformis 5001700102
Eunice pennata 5001300105
Euphorsine borealis 5001110106
Filograna implexa *50017310
Glycera capitata 5001270101
Harmothoe sp. 50010208
Lepidonotus sublevis 5001021104
Myxicola infundibulun 5001700502
Nereis pelagica 5001240403
Pherusa affivis 5001540304
Phyllodocae maculata *5001130108
Protula tubularia 5001731101
Spirorbis borealis 5001730509
Thelepus cincinnatus 5001681003

-105-


Pigeon Hill Species List. [Updated 11/81]

(cont'd)

Species NODC Code
Monocuclodes intermedius 6169370817
Orchomene groenlandica 6169342909
Orchomene minuta 6169342901
Orchomene serrata 6169342908
Phoxocephalus halbol1i 6169420702.
Pleustes panoplus 6169430406
Pleusymtes glaber 6169430503
Pontogenia inermis 6169201203
Proboloides holmesi 6169480801
Stenopleustes gracilis 6169430609
Stenothoe minuta 6169481002
Syrrhoe crenulata 6169500301
Thetonyx cicoda *
Thryphosa groenlandica *

Suborder Caprellidea

Aegina longicuris *37120101

Caprella linearis 6171010703
Phylum Echinodermata

Class Holothuroidea
Cucmaria frondosa 8172060104
Psolus fabricii 8172030202

Class Echinoidea
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 8149030201

Class Asteroidea
Asterias vulgaris 8117030204
Crossaster papposus 8113010103
Henricia sanguinolenta 8114040111
Hippasteria phrygiana 8111040404
Leptasterias sp. 81170304
Porania insignis 8114030301
Solaster endeca 8113010302

Stephanasterias albula

-108-

*


4. RESULTS

A total of 149 species have been collected from the two depth
stations on Pigeon Hill. A species list based on the disruptive samples
is presented in Appendix G. The identification of some species in sev-
eral groups (sponges, ectoprocts, and polychaetes) are still being verified
by experts. The species at Pigeon Hill form two major and ecologically
distinct benthic communities: an algal-polychaete community and a sponge-
tunicate community. The local distribution of the two major communities
is differentiated by substrate angle. The algal-polychaete community is -
largely restricted to horizontal rock surfaces and the sponge-tunicate
community to vertical rock walls. Regionally the algal-polychaete hori-
zontal community and-sponge-tunicate vertical community are uniformly dis-
tributed throughout the Gulf of Maine on hard substrata at depths beyond
30 m. The two communities are further described below. Quantitative
photography was taken annually (Tables 7 and 8) and contaminant analyses
vere gong) establish baseline body burdens for the indicator species

able 10). :

4.1 ALGAL-POLYCHAETE COMMUNITY

The dominant species of the algal-polychaete community are the red
alga, Ptilota serrata, the sabellid polychaete Chone infundibuliformis and
the terebellid polychaete Thelepus cincinnatus. On the average Ptilota
serrata covers 66.1% of the substratum on horizontal surfaces at the 33m
station (Table 8, Figures 9 and 15). The mean densities of Chone infundi-
buliformis and Thelepus cincinnatus on horizontal surfaces at 33 m are
254/0.25 me and 164/0.25 m2, respectively. Ptilota, Chone, and Thelepus
form an important three dimensional habitat structure and provide secondary
substrate on horizontal rock surfaces. Ptilota serrata is a fleshy, macro-
scopic alga with a bushy, upright growth form. Both Chone and Thelepus are
tube dwellers and they construct a matrix of sand tubes that is several
centimeters thick. The tubicolous amphipods Corophium crassicorne, Ischyro-
cerus anguipes and Haploops tubicola also form part of the tube matrix on
horizontal surfaces. A diverse invertebrate fauna inhabits the secondary
substratum layer of bushy red algae and polychaete tubes. Amphipods; cap-
rellids, small asteroids, ophiuroids, brachiopods and ectoproct colonies
are the most obvious organisms found on the Ptilota serrata. Tunicates and
brachiopods attach to the polychaete tubes. There are nine species of bi-
valves, 19 species of gastropods, three species of ophiuroids, and at least.
five species of errant polychaetes living amongst the sediment trapped by
the polychaete tubes. Crustose coralline algae cover much of the primary
substratum beneath the sediment and tube matrix. The ophiuroids are by far
the numerically dominant group associated with the algal-polychaete structure.
On upper hgri zontal surfaces at 33 m, the mean density of Ophiura robusta is
447/0.25 m¢ and the mean density of Ophiopholis aculeata is 127/0.25 m2.

There. is a change in the composition of the algal-polychaete commu-
nity with depth. Below 38 m the red alga, Ptilota serrata does not occur
because light levels are too low to support growth (Sears and Cooper, 1978).
Polychaetes remain as the dominant macrobenthic component of the community.
on upper horizontal surfaces at 42m. There is an increase in the densities
of brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods living on horizontal rock surfaces at
42m. (See Appendix A for additional documentation, )

-15-


Cambridge Analytical Associates

TABLE III

Relative Retention Times! of Arochlor Peaks on Various Columns

1. Relative to p,p'-DDE

ov -101

170°C 200°C
1016 «1221 1232. «1242 «1248 1254 1260
16 15 15 15 .
21 7 V7 v7 70 115
25 230« 2323s 84 122
31 26 «26 t« 98 146
33 32 32.32 32 103 155
35 34 340=i8K 8H 124 7

36 3603686 145 196
a 4300-43433 170 228
47 48 48 4B 277
Bl 51 51 51 52 328

65 65

OV -17/QF-1

160°C 190°C
1016 «1221 «123212421248 1254 1260
12 12 12 12 12 68 7
14 4 (14 14 80 79
19 19 2 20 .19 102 4

21 23023
24 27 27 27 27 110 127
27 3031 30 127 145
30 | «33 33 33.038 144 165
33 3748 164 189
38 37. 205

37 a 188 254

75 307

-140-



LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Abundance of Organisms in Different

Macrobenthic Taxa... / eee eee ee ee es
Table 2: Abundance and Size of Common

Invertebrates (1978) 2... 2. ee ee ee ee ee ee
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of

Common Invertebrates . 2... eee ee ee et tee
Table 4: Biomass of Common Invertebrates

and Algae... ee ee ee ee ee et es
Table 5: Summary Statistics of

Common Invertebrates . 2... ee ee eee ee ee
Table 6: Abundance of Common Invertebrates

(Follow-up 1979) 2. 2. ee ee ee
Table 7: Abundance of Indicator Species,

Quantitative Photography .. 1... ee eee ee eee
Table 8: Percent Cover of Algae, :

Quantitative Photography . 2... ee ee ee ee ene
Table 9: Algal Biomass... ee eee ee ee ee ee ee
Table 10: Heavy Metal Body Burdens . . .- - ee eee eee eee

Preceding page blank wate


APPENDIX I

HYDROCARBON AND PCB CONTENTS OF
PIGEON HILL INDICATOR SPECIES

1980

[Seastars (Leptasterias sp.), algae (Ptilota serrata) and tunicates
(Ascidia callosa) cited in the report are from Pigeon Hill;

the remaining samples are from George's Bank
and are part of another study. J

-123-


Cambridge Analytical Associates

HYDROCARBONS

Analytical Efficiency:

Samples were spiked with 50 ug/g Louisiana crude oi1
of 0.86 mg/m] crude oil standard) prior to grinding.

Chromatographic Conditions:

Instrument: Perkin Elmer Sigma 1
Column: 6' x 1/8" stainless steel
Packing: OV 17

Method: Attached

Carrier Gas: Nitrogen @ 30 ml/min
Detector: - Flame Ionization

‘Range: 100

Injection volume: 2 uf

-131-

(approximately 3 milliliters


Cambridge Analytical Associates

Table 1 (continued)

Sample Fl F2
Sta. 6 Lobster Claw 2.0ug/g N.D.
Sta. 6 Lobster H. Pan N.D. “NLD.
Sta. 6 Lobster Tail 6.0ug/g N.D.
spike 23% :
Sta. 6 Crab Muscle 15ug/g N.D.
Sta. 6 Crab H. Pan 20u9/9 N.D.
Sta. 6 Tile Fish 2.0ub/9 N.D.
Lobster Eggs N.D. §Cug/g
spike 106%
Lobster Tail #2 N.D. N.D.
Lobster Tail #5 N.D. N.D.
Lobster Tail #8 6.019/9 N.D.
spike 16% :
Female Tile Fish 2.0u9/9 N.D.
Male Tile Fish 10u9/g N.D.

1) N.D.; Hydrocarbon pattern not detected, although some peaks may
be present (see table IJ). Lower limit of detection 1 ug/g

-137-


Table 2.

Species Parancter Vas va yz Dit ov
POLYCHAETES Biomass 21.16 20.58 52.06 14.69 27.06 16.63 248.9 85.08
Ghone infundibuliformis Density 6 1 ° ° 180 18
Thelepus cincinnatus Density 2 10 ° 8 86 216 °
Nereis pelagica Density 0 0 36 4 36 ° 18
MOLLUSCS Bionass 38 108.26 1.97.70 9213.70 5.27 1. 2.96
Hiatella arctica Density ° ° ° 9 1 ° 15 5 0 o
Cerastoderma pinnulatum Density ° ° ° ° o 0 12 3 ° 6
Nodiolus modiolus ' Density ° 0 ° © ° 0 19 0 1
Musculus niger Density ° ° ° ° 1 ° : s ° 8
Margarites costalis Density 6 ° ° rT ° ° 8 2 7 z
Anaghis lafresnayi Density ° ° o 2 44 0 4 4 1 038
Golus pygmaeus Density ° 0 ° 4 7 ° 32 8 7 ° °
Mitrella rosacea Density ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 6 ° 0 4
Tonicella rubra Density ° ° 0 ° 2 o ° ° 1 ° °
CRUSTACEANS Biomass “lB 2h 268 223 224 td
Pleusymtes glaber Density 118 8 2 14 16 19 4s 6
Pontogeneia intermis Density 47 1S 7 T_8B 2% 2 ?
Corophium crassicorne Density ° 0 ° 1 ° 0 4 0
CAPRELLIDS Biomass 4038.26.06 65 ett 206

BRACHIOPOD Biomass a2 3 a2 478 49 31 7
Terebratulina
‘Septentrionalis Density 1.24001628 1.27 1.06 1.22 1.28.98 1.06
Size 34.72 18.17 71.86 37.41 30.89 37.05 28.53 46.49
ECHINODERMS Bionass 8.79 1118 11.42 8.27 12.59 8.79 16.49 16.92
Strongylocentrotus ,
droebachiensis Density 5 8 9 5 é 3 3 10
Size $200 81 S160 27.38 6
; Biomass 2001.90 838921 83.67 1.36
Stephanasterias albula Density 5 4 7 ? ‘ 15 38 1¢
Size 88 48005707 6 73 67
Leptasterias sp. Density 3 4 2 5 4 i 2 °
Size 1S 80 BS 38 °
Ophipholis sculeata Density 42,—= 62108 BSD 153 us
Biomass 4.47 8.62 81h 6.54 6.28 3.39 14.18
Ophiura robusta Density ° 2% 6 Ww 60? 63
Biomass 0,00 0.00 «1.70.07. 32 8.61 -90
ALGAE Biomass 1,00 0.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 0.00 © 0,00 0.00
Total Biouass/025 n* 90,03 120.08 297.23 75.99 154,70 148.93 340.66 315.05

-30-




Three species, Corophium, Pontogeneia, and Plausymtes were
sufficiently common to allow statistical analysis (Table 5).

Corophium crassicorne: Corophium was significantly
more abundant on horizontal substrata (Table 5) and there
were no discernible abundance aiffepences between depths.
Overall mean density was 4.7/0.25 m

Pontogeneia inermis: _The overall mean density of
Pontogeneia was 37.5/0.25 n2, making it the most abundant
species of amphipod. Densities were significantly higher at
33 m than 42 m and there were no differences attributable
to substrate angle (Table 5).

: Pleusymtes glabey: The overall mean density of Pleu-
symtes was 29.5/0.25 m“. Pleusymtes was significantly more
abundant at 33 m than 42 m, and there were no significant
differences in abundance between vertical and horizontal
substrata (Table 5).

Caprellids: Caprellids are abundant on secondary
substrates, such as algae or sponges, where they function
as micro-predators catching small planktonic organisms.
Two species are common, Caprella linearis and Aegina long-
icuris. Although biomass is low for caprellids 0.2
gram/0.25 m@; Table 4) they occur in high densities of small
individuals.

Crabs and lobsters: Crabs and lobsters occur as upper
level predators at Pigeon Hill, but their abundances are low,
approximately one cancer crab/100 m2 and one lobster/500 mi
of bottom area. as coarctatus, a small spider crab, was
found in two 0.25 m2 disruptive samples (Table 2).

Crustaceans are important as food for many demersal
fish. The concurrent fish stomach analysis showed large
numbers of amphipods and caprellids in the stomachs of small
cod and haddock. The micro-predators are probably very
important in energy transfer between trophic links in the
communities at Pigeon Hill. (See Appendix E for additional
documentation. )

4.415 Echinoderms

The echinoderms were numberically dominant in both
vertical and horizontal communities at 33 m and 42 m. Fourteen
species were collected of which five were common enough for
statistical analysis. The rare species included: the sea
cucumbers Psolus fabricii and Cucumaria frondosa; the ophiuroid
Axiognathus squamatus; and the sea stars Asterias vulgaris,
Henricia sanguinolenta, Crossaster papposus, Solaster endeca,
Hippasteria phrygiana and Porania insignis (Table 2). Pteraster
militaris was also present but was not found in the disruptive
samples.

-24-


Pigeon Hill Species List [Updated 11/81]

Species NODC Code

Phylum Porifera
Class Calcispongiae

Leucosolenia sp. *360701
Class Demospongiae
Apoysilla gracialis : *
Halichondria panicea 3665020202
Haliclona oculata . *36630201
Haliclona palmata *36630201
Haliclona urceola 3663020101
Hymedesmia sp. 36641108
Tophon nigricans 3664111002
Iophon pattersoni 3664111001
Myxilla fimbriata 3664111502
Plocamionida ambigua *
Polymastia infrapilosa *366604
Polymastia sp. 366604
Suberitechnius hispidus *

Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa

Abietinaria sp. 37040504
Campanularia verticillata *37040101
Clytia hemisphaerica 3704010503
Clauvlaria modesta *374502
Eudendrium raeum 3703080102
Eudendrium sp. 370401
Grammaria abientina *37040204
Obelia sp. 370401
Sertularella polyzonias *37040502
Thuiaria cupressina *37040505
Tubularia indivisa 3703030203

Class Anthozoa

Gersemia rubiformis *
Goniactinia prolifera *
Metridrim senile 3760060101
Tealia felina 376001

-104-


A typical horizontal community at 33 meters, dominated by the fleshy alga Ptilota serrata and
inhabited by the sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus)—one of this community's commonly occur-
ring benthic-feeding fishes. See Section 4.1 for a detailed description of this community. Photo-
graph by Alan W. Hulbert with Nikonos camera with 15-millimeter lens and Kodachrome-64 film.
See note on next page on color photography/ multicolor printing.

oe


Hulbert, Ms; Hulbert et al.,1981; Powers et al., 1977; Witman, 1979, 1980,
1981, 1982; Witman, et al., 1980, 1981). Few other long-term studies have
been done in the Gulf of Maine on rocky substrates. The subtidal research
of Mathieson (1979) and Sebens (Ms) and the intertidal research of Menge
(1976a, 1978a, 1978b, 1979) constitute the bulk of the existing and recent
local research.

Benthic communities in general, but especially on hard substrates
where it is most apparent, form community zones delineated by depth. The
zones are characterized by community dominants or by changing species abun-
dances and are a direct result of changes in the physical and biotic en-
vironments with depth. Figure 2 illustrates several of the important
factors which change with depth, although there are many other factors
which may also interact in a synergistic manner on the local habitat. In
the Gulf of Maine, and most areas of the world, temperature is more vari-
able at the ocean surface than at depth, on both a yearly and daily basis.
The shallow water organisms often are subjected to greater temperature
extremes than their counterparts in deeper water. Deeper dwelling organisms
live in a more stable environment over time and the diversity of species
would be expected to be higher in deeper communities (Stability-Time
Hypothesis, Sanders, 1968).

The effect on light is a purely physical one of direct attentuation
of amount and quality of light with depth. Algae which need light for
photosynthesis are limited to depths above their compensation limit, that
is the depth at which photosynthesis equals respiration. Below the compen-
sation depth of a species respiration utilizes more energy than photosyn-
thesis produces and existence is not possible.

The integration of the effects of light and temperature on benthic
communities is that high algal diversity is favored in shallow communities
with relatively high light levels, while deeper communities favor high
animal diversity due to the more stable physical environment. The areas
of intermediate depths. in the Gulf of Maine tend to be characterized by
a series of community zones with depth. Each of the zones is typically
dominated by a few species, and can be characterized by the dominants.
Biotic interactions (i.e., predation, competition, recruitment, etc.)
tend: to be important in the establishment and maintenance of dominant
species (see Connell, 1972, for a review of intertidal zonation; Hulbert,
1980b, for subtidal zonation in the Gulf of Maine).

The above discussion accompanied by Figure 2 are examples of the
effects of only two variables, light and temperature; there are many more
and the combined effects are synergistic. At Pigeon Hill the communities
studied are at the lower depths shown in Figure 2, just above the extinc-
tion depth of the algae, (Sears and Cooper, 1978) where only one algal
species (Ptilota serrata) predominates, and there is relatively high animal
diversity (149 sp) (Hulbert, 1980b; Witman, Ms).

-2-


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 2. 2 2. we ee ee ee
1.1 General
1.2 Methods
1.3 Results
1.4 Conclusions
INTRODUCTION 2... ee ee ee
MATERIALS AND METHODS... 2... ee ee eee
3.1 Disruptive Quadrats
3.2 Permanent Photographic Transects
3.3. Random Photographs
3.4 Monitored Quadrats
3.5 Permanent Quadrats
3.6 Fouling Panels
3.7. Contaminant Analysis
3.8 General Observations
3.9 Fish Food Habits Information
3.10 Data Analysis
RESULTS © 2 ww
4.1 Algal-Polychaete Community
4.2 Sponge-Tunicate Community
4.3. Feeding Types
4.4 Disruptive Quadrats
4.41 Dominant Species
4.411 Brachiopods
4.412 Polychaetes
4.413 Molluscs
4.414 Echinoderms
4.5 Permanent Transect Results--

CONTENTS

Quantitative Photography

4.6 Alga Percent Cover and Biomass

4.7

DISCUSSION 2 2. we ee ee
REFERENCES CITED

APPENDICES:
Appendix A: Percent Cover Estimates of the
Major Space Occupying Groups
a

Contaminant Body Burdens

] -iii-
|

ix

xi

15

49
55

61


SUMMARY OF RESULTS BY SAMPLE TYPE
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

TRACE METALS,-.CON'T. (by sample type)

C.A.A. # Description Ba Cd Cu Cr Hg Pb Zn

M STA 6 0.07 0.18 7.38 0.05 0.218 0.05 37.0
Lobster claw

0 STA 6 0.12 0.12 10.6 0.06 0.270 0.07 25.9
Lobster tail

v Lobster eggs 0.23 0.13 62.0 0.24 0.035 0.07 39.8

U Tile fish 0.21 0.002 1.79 0.09 0.019 0.90 3.7

H STA 2 40.3 0.02 0.77 3.1 0.003 0.40 40.5
Sediment

L STA 3 39.4 0.01 0.25 3.8 ND 0.38 1.6
Sediment :

s STA 5 58.9 0.07 2.15 11.3 ND 0.52 13.6
Sediment

-116-


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-94-


The "in-situ" approach allows the use of high resolution quantitative
photography to monitor the site. The established permanent transects can
be readily and precisely rephotographed to follow seasonal and yearly variation
in community composition and growth. The epibenthic communities of the rough
granite bottom cannot be adequately examined with the conventional surface
oriented sampling equipment for soft substrates. Photography provides a highly
cost-effective method: to track the communities after a descriptive basetine is
established, by more expensive disruptive techniques. Photographs can be
taken, the results analyzed on a computerized digitizer, and a report available,
from computer output, in a very short turnaround time for effective management.

An important aspect of such a study is to ascertain the internal variation
of the system (the natural amount of change) in order to be able to detect an
external impact. We believe we are beginning to see the limits of the real
variability in the results of the photographs, and intend to subject our data
base to more sophisticated statistical analyses in the near future. Obviously
the longer we can build on the data base, the better our understanding of
the naturally occurring community trends.

In the Gulf of Maine there are basically two benthic seasons, winter
and summer. During 1981 and 1982 we are collecting seasonal data from the
transects to document that there are in fact only two seasons, and to quantify
the seasonal differences. We also’ intend to continue to collect samples for
heavy metal analysis, to establish the variability of body burdens of metals.
Although the analyses are very expensive we feel that they are important and
should be continued.

In summary we are monitoring a site-specific location in the midst of a
commercial fishery and in an area of heavy shipping traffic. We have very
precise permanent transects on horizontal and vertical substrates on which we
are tracking the communities utilizing biological indicators. Because we have
stratified our sampling within what is already a small, well defined area, we
are obtaining precise community information with a resolution virtually
impossible in remote sampling schemes.

Pigeon Hill, at present, is a healthy, relatively pristine location.
The benthic communities are composed of predominantly boreal exposed coast
species, which can tolerate large amounts of disturbance, and there are observ-
able and quantifiable differences between the communities of horizontal and
vertical substrata and with depth.


upper horizontal rock surface and a vertical rock wall. The transects
were then photographed along their entire 30 m length with a standardized
photographic device called a "quadrupod" (Figure 7). The quadrupod is a
specially designed aluminum camera frame for quantitative photographic
sampling of macrobenthic communities. It was designed to hold a Nikonos

35 mm camera with a 15 mm lens and two electronic strobes in position

to photograph a 0.25 m¢ area of ocean bottom. Both density and percent
cover of the dominant organisms were measured from the photographs. Percent
cover, which is an estimate of the percentage of the primary substratum
occupied by an organism, was measured with an electronic planimeter at the
National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
The photographs taken along the permanent: horizontal and vertical transects
were also utilized to reconstruct the benthic communities.

3.3 RANDOM PHOTOGRAPHS

Random quantitative photographs were taken with a quadrupod on adja-
cent horizontal and vertical substrata for comparison with the results of
the permanent transect surveys and from studies on selected species. The
purpose of the comparative method was to assure the representative nature
and generality of the data from the permanent photographic transects.

3.4 MONITORED QUADRATS

Four of the disruptively sampled quadrats were marked to monitor the
subsequent redevelopment of a community on the cleared substrate. Unaltered
one-meter square control quadrats were also marked and photographed as con-
trols to follow. natural changes in the communities and indicator species.

3.5 PERMANENT QUADRATS

A system of marking permanent 0.25 m2 quadrats was developed utilizing
an underwater drill system in the 1981 monitoring program. A series of
holes were drilled into the granite substrate and large numbered plastic
tags were screwed to the bottom. The screws formed a template for a quanti-
tative photographic system. Thus specific bottom quadrats can be followed
for time-series analysis utilizing photographic techniques (Figure 8).

3.6 FOULING PANELS

A new fouling panel study was implemented in 1981 to test recruitment
of the dominant algae (Ptilota serrata) on different substrates. We have
observed that fragments of Ptilota often are torn loose and roll along ‘the
bottom becoming caught on bottom obstructions such as worm tubes or rough
substrate. The colonization experiments were designed to determine the
extent and mechanism of recruitment in P. ‘serrata.

3.7 CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS

Samples of asteroids, tunicates, and algae were collected from the re-
search site, using sterile techniques, and immediately frozen on the ship for
later baseline body burden analysis of trace metals, hydrocarbons and PCB's.


Cambridge Analytical Associates

Experimental

Polychlorinated Bipheny] and Hydrocarbon Ananlysis

Fish & Algae Samples

25-50 grams of sample was weighed and thoroughly mixed with 100 grams
of anhydrous sodium sulfate in a high speed Waring blender. 150
milliliters of hexane was added and ground for 2 minutes with the
“sample and sodium sulfate. The sides of the blender were scraped
down and the hexane was poured through a Buchner funnel fitted with
2 sharkskin filter papers into a 500 milliliter suction flask. The
sample was re-extracted with 2 x 100 milliliters of hexane and this was
combined with the first extract. The residue from the blender was
transferred to the Buchner funnel, rinsed with 3 x 50 milliliters cf
hexane, and pressed to force out the remaining hexane. Combined
extracts. were poured through a 10 centimeter column of anhydrous sodium
sulfate and collected in a 1000 milliliter rounc bottom flask. Suction
flask and column were rinsed with 3 x 10 milliliters of hexane and this
“was collected in the round bottom flask.

Sediment Samples
10.09 of sediment was passed through a 2 millimeter sieve and mixed

thoroughly in a 250 milliliter erlenmeyer flask. 7 milliliters of
0.2 M NHACT solution was added and allowed to stand for 15 minutes.
100 milliliters of hexane-acetone (1 + 1) was added. The flask was
covered and shaken overnight on a reciprocal shaker at 180 rpm.

The supernatant was poured through a 3 centimeter column of Florisil
and the eluate was collected in a 1 liter separatory funnel. 200
milliliters of distilled water was added to the funnel, and the funnel

-127-




ITAA]
[7 V

Cambridge Analytical Associates

INTRODUCTION

This work, performed under the direction of the Manned Undersea Research
and Technology Program at the Northeast Marine Fisheries Center, is a
chemical assessment of the environmental state of two sites off the
Massachusetts coast. The data generated will be integrated into the
Ocean Pulse Program, a system of continuous, long-term assessment of
the well-being of United States coastal waters, to determine the extent
to which human activities produce environmental change.

Samples were collected'at Jeffreys Ledge, (off Rockport, Massachusetts),
and at Lydonia Canyon on the outer continental shelf.

Species collected included sea stars, algae, tunicate, crab, scallop,
lobster, and tile fish. Sediment samples were also collected.

The samples were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum hydro-
carbons (aliphatic and aromatic fractions) and trace metals. The samples
were received during August and September, 1980, and initial analyses were
completed mid-December. A report on the trace’metals and most poiychlorin-
ated biphenyls was issued in December. However, it was clear tnat the hydro-
carbon analysis was not sufficiently selective to differentiate petroleum
hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and other materials naturaiiy
present in the species studied. Therefore, additional sample prenaration
steps were developed to chemically remove interfering biological materials,
and advanced pattern-recognition techniques were developed to aid interpre-
tation of results. This extra work delayed completion of the project until
March, 1981. ‘

Generally, no polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in the sediment. samples.
However, in crab muscle, lobster tail, and tile fish the presence of trace
levels (<20 ppb) could not be ruled-out due to the presence of interfering
compounds of biological origin.

Similarly, no hydrocarbon contamination was present in the sediment samples,
but trace levels of f_ hydrocarbons could not be ruled out in algae, crab
muscle, scallop viscera, scallop muscle, lobster, or tile fish.

-125-


, STRoQE

FRAME

$$$ para PAL

PHOTOGRAPHED .25 me

Specifications for Nikor 15 mm lens.

Focal 2 PropertYon of
distance Side "A" Side "8" Area included (cm°) meter sq.
10 cm 20 cm 13.6 om 272.0 0272
20 40 27.2 1088.0 1088
25 50 34.0 1700.0 1700
30 60 40.8 2448.0 2448
32.5 65 44.2 2873.9 2873
35 70 47.6 3332.0 3332
40 80 54.4 4352.0 4352
45 90 61.2 $508.0 5508
50 100 68.0 6800.0 6800
55 110 74.8 8228.0 8228
60 120 81.6 9792.0 29792
62.5 125 85.0 10625.0 1.0625
65 130 88.4 11492,0 1.1492
70 140 95.2 13328.0 1.3328
80 160 108.8 17408.0 1.7408
90 180 122.4, 22032.0 2.2032
100 200 136.0 27200.0 2.7200
110 220 149.6 32912.0 3.2912
120 240 163.2 39168. 2.9168

Figure 7. Quadrupod schematic and specifications.

-13-


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SUBSTRATE ANGLE

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Cambridge Analytical Associates
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL

Polychlorinated bipheny] and
Hydrocarbon Analysis =
Fish and Algae Samples
Sediment Samples
Hydrocarbon fractionation.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated biphenyls

VOLUME IT

Chromatograms and Worksheeets,
Hydrocarbons

VOLUME IIT

Chromatograms and Worksheets,
Polychlorinated biphenyls

-124-


SUBSTRATE ANGLE

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. GENERAL

The Pigeon Hill station forms part of the baseline ecosystem
definition of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
Northeast Monitoring Program (NEMP). Pigeon Hill, located off Cape
Ann, Massachusetts trigure 1) was set up as a permanent NEMP station
in October, 1977. The site was chosen because it was relatively
pristine and'in the midst of a commercial fishery and heavy shipping
traffic.

The purpose of this report is to provide a quantitative base-
line description of the dominant faunal and floral components of the
Pigeon Hill. benthic communities. We have approached the problem of
Monitoring the communities using in-situ SCUBA techniques by first
defining a quantitative baseline of the subhabitats, subsequently
utilizing more cost-effective photographic tracking of "key indicator
species." We utilize as biological indicators asteroids, brachiopods,
tunicates, and algae.

1.2 METHODS

The station was marked and permanent transects were established
utilizing a stratified sampling procedure with horizontal and vertical
substrata and 33 and 42 m depths. We utilized primarily precise dis-
ruptive sampling techniques to establish descriptive community baselines
and subsequently used quantitative photography for following the stability
of the communities.

1.3 RESULTS

A total of 149 species have been identified from the disruptive
samples. Differences in the species composition of horizontal and vert-
ical communities as well as the changes with depth have been shown (Table 5).
Horizontal communities are dominated by an algal-polychaete matrix offering
a large amount of secondary substrate. Vertical surfaces are dominated
by sponges, tunicates and brachiopods. The biological effects of increased
depth are due primarily to the loss of algae which is near its extinction
depth at 33 m.

The permanent transects have been photographed regularly since 1978
to monitor species composition and abundance and to determine the extent
of the natural variability of the communities.

Body burdens of heavy metals, PCB's and anthropogenic hydrocarbons

have been established for algae, asteroids, and tunicates and we will
continue to augment the baseline data.

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5. DISCUSSION

The primary goals of the study were to: 1) collect baseline data
on the distribution and composition of subtidal benthic communities at
Pigeon Hill, 2) identify biological indicator species and important comm-
unity indices, and 3) establish methodologies for long-term biological
monitoring of the communities. The indicator species are to be used -as
integrators of biological information to monitor the quality and state of
the offshore benthic environment.

The results reported here indicate that the composition of the benthic
community varies with differences in microhabitat. The two major community
types are differentiated mainly on substratum orientation. Vertical relief
in the rocky substratum leads to the development of a community dominated by
sponges and tunicates, which is conspicuously different from the upper horizon-
tal community dominated by algae and polychaetes. There are also changes in
the composition of the benthic community with depth, mainly a reduction in
the abundance of the red alga Ptilota serrata at 42 m, the other differences
are less obvious than those caused by substratum orientation. The dominant
species are widely distributed at both depth stations, but differences in
the density and size structure of dominant species are greatest between hori-
zontal and vertical substratum angles rather than by depth.

. There is little information in the literature on rocky subtidal comm-
unities at the depths described (33 to 42m). However, evidence for the
existence of similar patterns of community.structure in shallow hard sub-
strate communities can be found in the literature. Sears and Cooper (1978)
described in detail the distribution of algal populations at Pigeon Hill, but
did not describe the macrofauna. One of the most comparable studies was
conducted by Noble, Logan, and Webb (1976) in the rocky subtidal zone of the
Bay of Fundy, Canada, at a depth range from 2 to 20 m. They described three
communities; the upper surface community, the rock face community, and the
cavity community as subcomponents of a major Terebratulina septentrionalis
community. The upper surface and the rock-face communities are analogous
in terms of the dominant macrofaunal components to the upper horizontal and
vertical surface communities described from Pigeon Hill. Algae, bivalves,
chitons, and echinoids dominated the upper surface community. and sponges
and brachiopods predominated on vertical rock walls (Noble, Logan, and Webb,
1976). Differences in the specific composition of horizontal and vertical
surface communities between the Bay of Fundy and the south central Gulf of
Maine (Pigeon Hill) are probably attributable to the greater depth of the
Pigeon Hill communities. Two major similarities are that the sponges are
dominant on vertical rock walls and the distribution of macroalgae is
restricted to upper rock surfaces in both subtidal regions. SCUBA studies
of an upper horizontal community at 33 m at the Isles of Shoals (Harris,
Hulbert, and Witman, MS) show strong parallels in community composition to
the algal-polychaete community at Pigeon Hill. An extensive polychaete
or amphipod tube matrix dominates much of the primary substratum at depths

Preceding page blank | -49-


6, REFERENCES CITED

Boyd, J. 1972. Fouling community structure and development in Bodega
Harbor, California. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis.

Breen, P. A., and K. H. Mann. 1976. Changing lobster abundance and the
destruction of kelp beds by sea urchins. Marine Biology 34:137-142.

Cinelli, F., Fresi, E., Mazella, L., et al. 1977. Distribution of benthic
phyto and zoocoenoses along a light gradient in a superficial marine

cave. IN: Biology of Benthic Organisms, B. F. Keegan and P. Ceidigh
(Eds.). Pergamon Press, New York, 630 pp.

Connell, J. H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other
factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus.
Ecology 42:710-723,

Connell, Joseph H. 1972.. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal
shores. Ann. Rev. of Ecol. & Systematics, 3:169-192.

Dalby, D., E. Cowell, and W. Syratt. 1979. Biological monitoring around an
oil refinery. IN: Monitoring the Marine Environment, D. Nichols (Ed. ).
Praeger Publishers, New York, 205 pp.

Doherty, P. J. 1979. A demographic study of a subtidal population of the
New Zealand articulate brachiopod Terebratulina inconspicua. Marine
Biology 52:331-342,

Fager, E. W. 1971. Pattern in the development of a marine community.
Limnol. Ocean. 16:153-241.

Fedra, K. 1976. On the ecology of a North Adriatic benthic community:
distribution, standing crop, and composition of the macrobenthos.
Marine Biology 38:129-145.

Golikov, A. N., and 0. A. Scarlato. 1973. Comparative charateristics of
some ecosystems of the upper regions of the shelf in tropical, temperate,
and arctic waters. Helgolander.wiss. Meeresunters 24:219-234,

Gulliksen, B. 1978. Rocky bottom fauna in a submarine gully at Lappkalven,
Finnmark, Northern Norway. Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 7:361-372.

Hancock, D. A. 1974. Some aspects of the biology of the sea star
Crossaster papposus (L.). Ophelia, 13:1-30.

Harris, L. G. 1981. Studies of community succession in an urchin-barrens
area. following sea urchin removal. American Zoologist 21(4). Abstract.

Harris, L. G. 1982. Fouling communities: Effects of predation and succession.
East Coast Benthic Ecology Meetings, Harvard University.

Preceding page blank | “°°

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Map of the Jeffreys Ledge area off Cape Ann, Massachusetts,
showing the Pigeon Hill monitoring site.

-4-





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-34-


~ APPENDIX D

_ POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE
-. DOMINANT MOLLUSCAN SPECIES

-79-


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-17-


SAMPLE PREPARATION
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

Sample Preparation -- Trace Metals Analysis

Determination of Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn

Sea Stars, algae, tunicate, crab, lobster, scallop and tile fish tissues:

The samples were chopped into one inch chunks if necessary. Approximately
75 grams of each sample material was placed in a glass jar blender and pulver-
ized. Sample material was weighed into Erlenmyer flasks precleaned for: ultra-
trace metal analysis by soaking in 1:1 nitric acid followed by a rinse with Type
I reagent grade water just prior to use.

The samples were then digested using concentrated nitric acid and heating.
Nitric acid was added as necessary to completely oxidize the organic material
present. After a clear solution was obtained, the sample was boiled to near
dryness and reconstituted to its final volume with 5% nitric acid solution.
The digests were then stored in polyethylene flip-top vials. A blank was
prepared and analyzed with the samples.

Sediments :

The water was decanted from the top of the sediment sample. A portion of
the sediment was placed in a two liter beaker and mixed thoroughly. Sediment
was weighed wet into cleaned Erlenmyer flasks. Sediment samples were treated
with 50 ml of concentrated nitric acid and boiled until] the sample liquid
volume was less than 25 ml. The sediment’ acid extract was then filtered through
a membrane. filter to remove particulates and analyzed.

Determination of Hg

Sea Stars, algae, tunicate, crab, lobster, scallop and tile fish tissues:

Approximately 5 grams of the pulverized fish tissue was accurately weighed
into 125 mi Erlenmyer flasks. 40 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was slowly
added, and the samples were placed in a shaking water bath and incubated at
50° C until a clear solution was obtained. The sample was then removed from
the bath and was placed in an ice water bath. 30 ml of 5% KMn0q was added
slowly with swirling. The samples were then stored at 3° C overnight after
being capped with parafilm. Just prior to analysis the sample volume was
adjusted to 100 ml by the addition of deionized Type I reagent grade water.

Sediments :
Wet sediment samples were weighed into 125 ml Erlenmyer flasks. 30 ml of
aqua regia was added and the samples were placed in a 95° C water bath for two

minutes. 15 ml 5% potassium permanganate was added and the sample was diluted
to a final volume of 100 ml.

-117-


A closeup view of a horizontal community at 33 meters, showing the fleshy alga Ptilota serrata and
a blood star (Henricia sanguinolenta}—one of this community’s suspension-feeding benthic
invertebrates. See Section 4.1 for a detailed description of this community. Photograph by Alan W.
Hulbert with Nikonos camera with 3.5:1 extension tube and Kodachrome-64 film. See note below
on colar photography/ multicolor printing.

Underwater photographic documentation necessitates high resolution and color contrast for resolving and identifying
both faunal and flora! species. The typical scene, at least in temperate waters, shows grayish blues, grayish greens, and

grayish browns, Black-and-white (or gray-contrast) photographs of such scenes reveal an almost indistinguishable
mass of gray,

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-45-


SUMMARY OF RESULTS -- 1980

CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATES

TRACE METALS, CON'T. (listed in parts per million, ug/g)

C.A.AL # Description Ba Cd Cu. Cr Hg Pb Zn

0 STA 6 0.12 0.12 10.6 0.06 0.270 0.07 25.9
Lobster tail

P STA 6 0.06 1.18 9.70 0.07 0.006 0.78 87.1

‘ Crab muscle ‘

R STA 6 0.50 17.3 ° 40.8 0.92 0.064 0.23 56.5
Crab hepato-
pancreas

s STA 5 58.9 0.07 2.15 11.3 noe 0.52 13.6
Sediment

T STA 5 0.08 0.33 7.7 0.47 0.011 0.06 77.0
Crab muscle

U Tile fish 0.21 0.002 1.79 0.09 0.019 0.90 3.7
STA 6 Hk/Ln

Vv Lobster eggs 0.23 0.13 62.0 0.24 0.035 0.07 39.8

-114-


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-100-


Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix
Appendix

Appendix

CONTENTS (cont.

Population Structure of
Terebratulina septentrionalis

Biomass and Abundance of the
Dominant Polychaete Species .

Population Structure of the
Dominant Molluscan Species .

Abundance of the Three
Dominant Amphipod Species . .

Population Structure of the
Dominant Echinoderm Species .

Pigeon Hill Species List ..

Heavy Metal Contents of
Pigeon Hill Indicator Species

Hydrocarbon and PCB Contents of

Pigeon Hill Indicator Species

-iv-

65

73

79

89

93
103

111

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-77-


where they formed a major part of the three dimensional
structure of the community. Tubicolous polychaetes are
an important food source for demersal fish species (NMFS
data; personal observations, AWH, JDW).

Chone infundibuliformis: The most abundant poly-
chaete occurred in mean densities of 254/0.25 m¢ at 33 m
and 236/0.25 m2 at 42 m on horizontal surfaces (Table 3).
This sabellid was significantly more abundant on horizontal
surfaces and there were no differences in mean density with
depth (Table 5). ,

Thelepus cincinnatus: On horizontal substrata at 33
and 42 m, ghis terebellid occurred in mean densities of
164/0.25 m¢ and 32/0.25 m2, respectively. Thelepus was sig-
nificantly more abundant at the 33 m station and on horizontal
surfaces (Table 5).

Nereis pelagica: An errant, predatory polychaete,
Nereis was equally abundant on vertical and horizontal sub-
strata at both depths. The mean densities of the species
did not differ significantly by depth or substrate angle
(Table 5).

Benthic feeding fish are important predators on poly-
chaete worms. The concurrent fish stomach analysis showed
large numbers of polychaetes in the stomachs of yellowtail
and winter flounder, and cod and haddock that were less than
30 cm in length. (See Appendix C for additional documentation. )

4.413 Molluscs

There were 40 species of molluscs collected (comprised
of two species of chitons, 19 species of prosobranchs, eight
species of opisthobranchs and nine bivalve species), of which
seven were sufficiently abundant to analyze statistically
(Table 5). The dominant species were the prosobranchs Margarites
costalis, Anachis lafresnayi, Colus pygmaeus, and the bivalves
Hiatella arctica, Cerastoderma pinnulatum, Modiolus modiolus
and Musculus niger. All of the dominant species were signifi-
cantly more abundant on upper horizontal substrata (Table 5).
Only the densities of Cerastoderma and Modiolus varried signifi-
cantly with depth; both species were more abundant at 42 m than
at 33 m (Table 5).

Margarites costalis: Maximum denties of 14/0.25 m2
occurred on horizontal,substrata at 33 m. The overall mean
density was 4.7/0.25 m@ (Table 3).

Anachis lafresnayi: The most abundant prosobranch gas-

--tropod at Pigeon Hill, it occurred in densities of 50 individuals/
0.25 m¢ on hgrizontal surfaces at 33 m with an overall mean density
of 20/0.25 m¢ (Table 3). It is likely that Anachis preys on Ceras-
toderma pinnulatum, as many drilled Cerastoderma were collected.

-22-


SUMMARY OF RESULTS
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

Samples
Sea Stars #1

Algae # 3

Tunicates # 5

Crab Muscle Sta 1

Crab Muscle Sta 2

Scallop Viscera Sta 2
Scallop Edible Flesh Sta 2
Sediment Sta 2

Crab Muscle Sta 3

Scallop Viscera Sta 3
Scallop Edible Flesh Sta 3
Sediment Sta 3

Lobster Claw Sta 6

Lobster Hepatopancreas Sta 6
Lobster Tail Sta 6

Lobster Tail # 2

Lobster Tail #5

Lobster Tail # 8

Crab Muscle Sta 6

Crab Hepatopancreas Sta 6
Sediment Sta 5

Crab Sta 5

Tile Fish Sta 6

Male Tile Fish

Female Tile Fish

Lobster Eggs

PIV
Cambridge Analytical Associates

TABLE IV .

AROCHLORS!
1016 1221 1232 1242 1248 1254 1260
2.5 NDC ND ND ND ND. ND
ND, ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND. ND ND ND
v7 rv] ND ND ND ND nD
ND ND ND ND v7 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND 2.3 ND ND ND ND ND
ND. 2.3 ND ND ND ND ND
18 ND ND 18 18 ND ND
ND ND ND ND . wD nD ND
2.8 ND ND 2.8 ND ND No
2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 ND ND
2.7 2.7 ND ND ND ND ND
9.2 6.1 ND ND 3.7 ND ND
4 ND ND 14 14 No no
“ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
7.6 (7.6 ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND 7.2 NO
2.3 ND ND 4.4 4.4 N ND
3.0 ND ND 3.0 30 300 3.0
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

-142-


Pigeon Hill Species List [Updated 11/81]

(cont'd)

Species NODC Code

Class Ophiuroidea
Ophiopholis aculeata 8129020101
Ophiura robusta 8127010611

; Axiognathus squamata *

Phylum Chordata

Class Ascidacea
Aplydium constellatum *84030206
Ascidia callosa 8404050102
Boltenia echinata 8406020201
Boltenia ovifera 8406020202
Botrylloides sp. 84060101
Didennun albidum 8403030101
Halocynthia pyriformis *84060204

*Indicates. correct species code not found in NODC Code Manual

-109-


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The two species of sea cucumber are suspension feeders
which feed by spreading the tentacles into the current and
catching planktonic prey. Psolus is commonly found attached
in an exposed position while Cucumaria typically utilizes a
refuge such as a crack or algal holdfast from which it extends
its feeding tentacles.

Of the rare asteroids at Pigeon Hill, Asterias and
Henricia are ubiquitous species at all depths throughout the
Gulf of Maine. Crossaster, Solaster, Hippasteria, and Porania
are boreal species found typically only in the deeper, colder
waters (below 30m). Asterias is a generalist which is a
dominant in most Gulf of Maine benthic communities where it
feeds upon a variety of prey, generally in relation to avail-
ability within a subhabitat, within overriding predator-prey
size constraints. Henricia functions either as a suspension
feeder curling back its arms and catching plankton while sitting
_in an exposed position, or a predator on ectoprocts, sponges,
and occasionally on sea urchins. Crossaster is a predatory
asteroid which has been observed feeding upon Asterias and sea
urchins. In the eastern Atlantic Crossaster's preferred prey
is Asterias (Hancock, 1974). Solaster is another predatory
asteroid which has been observed feeding upon Asterias and
Psolus. In the subhabitats where it is available Solaster
preys almost exclusively on Psolus. The low densities of
Asterias, typically a dominant in benthic communities, may
well be related to predation by Crossaster and Solaster at
Pigeon Hill. Hippasteria is typically a soft coral predator.
Hippasteria has been observed feeding upon Gersemia, a soft
coral, and Metridium, a sea anemone, but the species is rare
at Pigeon Hill and few direct observations have been made.

The five common species of Echinoderms are discussed
below:

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: Only one species
of sea urchin occurs at Pigeon Hill, and it was common in
all samples. Mean size, measured as the diameter,of the
test, was 0.52 cm, and mean density was 14/0.25 m@ (Table 3).
No statistical difference existed in mean size or abundance
between the 33 m and 42 m stations, but the mean size of
individuals on vertical walls was larger than of those on
horizontal surfaces (Table 5). The mean densities of urchins
tended to be higher on horizontal surfaces. Thus there were
more urchins in the horizontal communities, but they were
smaller, however, the habitats were supporting the same urchin
biomass. The average biomass was 1.10 grams/0.25 m2 (SD = 0.79)
and 0.89 (SD = 0.47) for vertical and horizontal surfaces, re-
spectively, giving totally overlapping 95% confidence limits.
Small urchins are an important food source for many demersal
fish species (NMFS data, unpublished; personal observations,
AWH, JDW). A blotted wet weight (biomass) to diameter of
urchin (size) size regression equation (Hulbert, unpublished

-25-