p. 1 

# PICK-UPDATE : 3/15/200 7 BO X O F 

# ZQ_ Ste p 2 : FO RASR C INTERNA

L US E ONL Y 

### (PARTB o

f B )



# EP ADOCKE T ID : 102RQ-R N 1 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 6 3 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 8 5 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 0 7 ) (l&2RQ-RN-5-22^ ) 9 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 4 11 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 6 13 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 8 15 ) 102RQ-RN-5-3 0 17 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 1 19 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 3 21 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 5 23 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 7 25 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 9 27 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 1 29 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 3 31 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 5 33 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 7 35 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 9 37 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 1 39 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 3 Ste p 3 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL Y 

### CD : OA : / 

# 2 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 7 4 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 9 6 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 1 8 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 3 10 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 5 12 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 7 14) 102RQ-RN-5-2 9 16 ) 102RQ-RN-5-3 2 18 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 2 20 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 4 22 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 6 24 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 8 26 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 0 28 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 2 30 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 4 32 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 6 34 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 8 36 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 0 38 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 2 40 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 4

Ste p 1 : FO R ASR

C INTERNA L US E ONL Y ^y —. Are ther e more document s fo r thi s Docke t i n anothe r box ? *YE S /N O J *Fil l ou t Continuatio n Shee t an d go t o Ste p 2 Interna l SFUN D Bo

x Numbe r _3 6 O F _28 3 Initials/Date : LD S / 3-15-200 7P. 2

22A-5S.G/1-75-0C 1

•

«

* 

# r lo^d&-dil-yy^

m



### Haaua l
Projectiv e Ac:io a Guide s

aa d # 

### - « - . Protective Action s

fo r Suclea r Iseideac s

j


### Septembe r137 5 (Revise d Jua e 1930 )

^^-•.^...traaamam,'?rstactio n Ajgeac : 

### Offic e o f

Sadiatic s Program s

m. Sa < ^ J

—'f ma aama ~- r» r, n , r " n i * " &--'«* » -•» •-w— O iO U



## (V>r r ,i*-tt*> r ; - <Jo

t c ; 

## L^^s^xxi ofLpattest s P. 3

Chapte r 1 - Perspective s fo r Protectiv e Actio n 1. 0 Introductio n 1. 1 ti e Hee d fo r Plantin g 1. 2 Natur e o f Protectiv e Actio nGuides , Protectiv e Action , an d Restorativ e Actio n 1. 3 Protectiv e Actio nDecisio nHairin g 1.3* 1 Actio nFactor s 1.3* 2 Inciden t Determination s 1.3* 3 Snpcsur s Pathway s 1*3* 4 Population s a t Rial : ... . 1.3* 5 ?*adiatio

nifTeet s 1. 4 Respons e Pla nActio ntine a 1.4. 1 Preparatio no f Plan s .. . 1.1. 2 Irplenentatic a c f Plan s 1. 5 t7pe s o f Actio n 1. 5 Goal s o f Protectiv e Actio n . 1

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 3 .1 1 .1 3 .1 4 . I T .1 7 *1 9



### 1.5. 1 Ba^arflr g "actor s t o Achiev e Protectiv e Goal s 1 .i .2 Constraint s c

n Goa l Attainmen t 1.5. 3 Evaluatio n o f

Constraint s

aaa 1 1.6.3. ' Constraint s c nEvacuatio n• • 1.6.3* 2 Seekin g Shelte r 1.6.3* 3 Acces s Contro l l.S.3* * inspirator y Prctectio n 1.5.3. 5 PrepayliBTi s (Thyroi d Protection ) 1.5.3* 5 Mil k Ccntro i 1.5.3* 7 Foo d Contro l l.S.3. 3 Wate r Coatro l 1.5.3. 9 Restorativ e Acticn s Protactir e Actio nGuide s fc r Exposur e t o Airborn e Radioactiv e Material s . .2 6 .2 5 .2 5 

# !Is .2 3 .3 3 .4 0 .4 0 .4 1 .4 2 .4 6

2. 2 Introductio n 2. 1 xbol e 3od

y Szterea i Exposur e 2. 2 Inhalatio nDos e . ' 2.2. 1 Zzposur s to radioiodine s i na Plun e 2.2. 2 Exposur e t o Particulat e Materia l i a a Plun e »••«• • »*••• • 2. 1

» 2. 1 

### 2.2 2. 4 2. 4 2. 6 2. 3 Interpretatio nc f ?AG s

### Centent s (Continued ; Paxr e 

### Chapte r 3 - Protectiv e Actis s Guide s fo r Exposur e fro nFoodstuff s

o r Water ' 3. 1 Chapte r 4 - Protectiv e Actis s Guide s fo r Expoaur e fro m Materia l Deposite de nPropert y

o r Scuipaen t 4. 1 Chapte r 5 • Applicatio no f Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r Exposur e t o

Airtcra e Radioactiv e Material s fro a a a Acciden t a t a Huclea r Power Facilit y 5. 1 5. 0 Introductio nFM; 5. 1 5. 1 Releas e Assuaption s 5. 2 5.1. 1 Radioactiv e Hob-l a Ga s an dRadioiodin e Release s 5* 4 5.1. 2 Radioactiv e Particulat e Materia l Release s 5. 5 5. 2 Sequenc e o f Event s 5. 5 5.2. 1 Acciden t notificatio n5. 7 5.2. 2 Isaediat a Action s 5. 3 5* 3 Sataolishaen t o f Exposur e Rat a Pattern s 5. 9 5. 4 Dos e Projectio n5.1 2 5.4. 1 Suratis a o f Exposur e 5.1 4 5.4. 2 Whol e 2edy

Dos e Projectio n5.1 5 5.4. 3 thyroi dDos e Projectio n5.1 3 5.4.3. 1 Concentration s Ease doa Releas e Rate s 5.2 1 5*4.3* 2 Concentratien s Base donGais a Exposur e

Rat e Measurement s 5.2 4 5* 5 Protectiv e Actio nDecision s 5.3 0 Chapte r 5 - Applicatio nc f PAG s fc r Fccdstuff s an dWatar Ccataniaatic a 5. 1 Chapte r7 - Applloatic ao f PAG s fa rCcntair!-nte d Propert y e r Eeuipsen t7. 1 

### Chapte r 3 • Applicatio no f PAG s for transportatio nIncident s ....... . 3. 1 Reference s £- 1P. 5

Content s (Continued ) Paa s Appendi xA

- Suaaar y

o f lateri a Guidanc e e a Offsit e Eaergeac y Radiatio nMeasurenen t Systea s A- 1 Appendi x3 - Planner' s Svaiuatio a Guid e fa r Protectiv e Action s 3- 1 Appendi xC - Sussar y o f Technica l 3ase s fc r Protectiv e Actio n Guide s C- l Appendi xD - Technica l 3ase s fo r Doa e Projectio nMethod s 5- 1



# r_Pi
_

Table s ?ZB9 tail s 1. 1 Exposur e Pathway s aad Appropriat e Response s 1. 5 Tabl e 1. 2 Actio s an d Healt hEffect s Versu s Exposur e Pathway s 1.1 6 Tabl e 1. 3 Protectiv e aa d Restorativ e Action s fo r Nuclea r Incident s Resultin g i a Airborn e Release s 1.2 9 Tabl e 1. 4 Initiatio nTine s fo r Protectiv e Action s 1.3 0 Tabl e 1. 5 Apprcaisat a Rang e o f Tin e Segaeat s Makin g O p th s .EvacuationTin e 1.3 6 Tabl e 1. 6 Paraaeter s Affectin g the Cos t o f Evacuatio n1.3 ? Tabl e 2. 1 Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r Whol e 3od y Exposur e t c Alrbora e Radioactiv e Material s 2. 3 Tabl e 2. 2 Protectiv e Actio s Guide s fo r thyroi d Dcs e Du e t o

Inhalatio nfro na Passin g ?l-.= s ' . 2. 5 Tabl e 5. 1 Receaende d Protectiv e Action s t o Reduc e Whol e 3oc y sn d Thyroi d Dcs e fro a Exposur e t s a Gaseou s Plan s 5*3 1 Figure s Figur e 1. 1 Sequenc e o f Event s fo r Respons e Plannin g an d Respeadla g t a Hueiea r Incident s 1.1 8 Figur e 5. 1 Projecte d Whol e 3od y Caec a Dos e a s a Functio no f Gaaa a Exposur e Rat e an

d Projecte d Duratio no f Exposur e 5.T 7 Figur e 3. 2 Projecte d Thyroi d Dcs e a s a Fuacaic a c f Eithe r C2aa a

Exposur e Rate , o r Radioiodia e Concentratio ni a Ai r an d the Projecte d Exposur e Tin e 5.1 9 Figur e 5. 3 Typica l Value s fo r X^ C aa a Functio nc f Acasspceri e

Stabilit y

Clas s an

d Downwin d Distanc e 5.2 2 Figur e 5. 4 Radlcicdis e Releas e Correctio nFacto r 5".2 7 Figur e 5. 5 Caa a Exposur e Rat e Finit e Cloud Correctio nFacto r ."5.2 8P. 7

Prssac a Thi s manua l ha s bee nprepare d t o provid e practica l guidanc e to State , local , and oche r official s o ncriteri a t o us e i nplannin g protectiv e action s fo r radiologica l eaergende s tha t coul d presen t
a hazar d t o th e public . Th e guidanc e presente d her e i s ao t intende d
a s a substitut e for , o r a naddeedu a to , a Stat s radiologica l eaergenc y respons e plan . I c i s intende d oal y t a provid e 'inxotratlonfo r us e I nth e developmen t o f suc ha plan . I ncanfoxeanc e wit ha Federa l Registe r Notic e o f interagenc y responsibilitie s fo r nuclea r inciden t respons e plannin g date d Januar y 1? , 1573 , S A

i s responsibl e fo r (1 ) estabiishaen c o f pro aeectiv e actio nguidelines , (2 ) recsxaendasioa s a s t s appropriat e protectiv e actions , (2 ) assistanc e t o Stat e agencie s i nth e develop aen t o xeaergenc y

respons e plans , and (•>) establiscaen t o f radiatio n detectio nan

d neasureaen t systeas . Thi s docuaen t i s intende d t o be . responsiv e t s thes e assigne d responsibilities . Th e Tn*Tma l i s organise d t o provid e first , a genera l discussio n
c f Protectiv e Actio nGuide s an d thei r us e i a plannin g fo r th e iapienea tatio nof'protectiv e acticn s t s protec t th e public . Thi s i s followe d b y chapter s dealin g vit hProtectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r specifi c exposur e pathway s an

d tla e periods . Th e applicatio ns f Protectiv e Actio nSnide s
sn d protectiv e action s i s discusse d separatel y fo r variou s categorie s
o f sourc e tsras . Suppor t inforaatio ntha t ha s to t bee npreviousl y cuclisha i i s orc-rlde c e s aooeadiees .P. 8

Th e loos e lea f foraa t wa s chose nfo r flexibility . Copie s o f additiona l o r ravlse d wctioaf i wil l b e forsarae d routinel y t o aaaua l raeipiaat s casigaatftd a s havin g responsibilitie s fo r developin g o r updatin g Stat e radiologica l enargeacy respons e plans . User s o f thi s manua l ar e encourage d ta provid e congest s and suggestion s fo r iaprovia g the content . Cosaent s shoul d b e sea t to tha EP A Offic e o f Radiatio nPr o grains , Eavlroaasnta l Analysi s Division , Washington , S . C . 20460 .



# yP. 9

C2APTZ2 . 1 Perspective s fo r Protectiv e Actio n

1. 0 latroductia a

I c eaergenc y

preparednes s plannin g fo r a mirlpn r inciden t wit h potentia l fo r exposin g th e genera l publi c to harafu l radiation , publi c healt hofficial s requir e criteri a t o detexain e th e aee d fo r protectiv e action s aa d fo r choosin g appropriat e protectiv e actions . 3 A i s responsibl e fo r providin g thes e criteri a and fo r assistin g the State s i npreparin g eaergenc y respons e plan s to iapleaen t thes e criteria . Afte r a nuclea r inciden t occurs , anestisat e i s aad e o f th e radiatio ndos e whic haffecta d populatio ngroup s aa y potentiall y

receive . Thi s dos e esciaac e i s calle d tn e projecte d dose . A protectiv e action i s a nactio ngaVre

nt a avoi d o r reduc e thi s projecte d dos e whe nth e - benefit s derive d fro a suc hactio nar e sufficien t t a offse t any tadesirafal e feature s o f th e protectiv e action . Th e Protectiv e Actio n Guid e (PAG ) i s th e projecte d dos e e s individual s i nth e populatio n whic hwarrant s taking arotacaiv e action . A Protectiv e Actio s Guid e isde r a o circaastance s iaplie s an acceptabl e dose . Sinc e th e PAGi s base d o na projecte d doee , i t i s
use d onl y

i na nexpos t fact o effor t to alniait e th e ris k fro a a n
even t whic hi s occurrin g o r ha s already occurred .P.1 0

Exposure s s

o population s fro

a aa incident na

y wel l b e abov e acceptabl e levels , i a a nabsolut e sense . Ecwever , sinc e th e even t ha s occurred , PAG s shoul d b e iapleneata

d t o meliorate th

e iapac t
o a alread

y expose d o r yec-ea-b

e espose

d populations . Oa thi s basi s ther e i s aa direc t relationshi p betwee nacceptabl e level s o f societa l ris k an d Protectiv

e Actio nGuides . PAG s balanc e risk s aa

d east s agains t th

e benefit s obtaine

d fro a protectiv

e action , assualag that eh

e projecte

d threa t wil l transpire . Th e response s aad e i na give

nsituatio

nshoul d be base

d oa PAG s an

d th e spectrt a 'o f possibl e protectiv e actions , availabl e a t that tiaa . i. i Th e Hee d fc r Plsr-ir

g Vithl s th

e genera l framewor

k o f providin

g raring healthprotec tio nfo r aa endangere

d public , th

e publi c officia l charge d wit hre spons e t s a hazardou s situatio naa y b e face d wit ha cumber s f decision s whichaas t b

e aade i

na shor t tlae . A

auabe r o f possibl e alternative s fo r actio naa y b e available , bu

t th e informatio

nneede d t o selec t th

e optim a alternativ

e say ao t b e available . I nthos e situation s wher e
a publi c officia l sus s rapidl y selec t th

e bes t o f severa l alternatives , i t i s helpfu l i f th a tende r o f decisio npoint s caa b

e reduce

d durin g ch a accident respons e 9lastin g thase . Th e effort s o

xplannin

g activitie s ca

nusually

b e base d c c th e
nee d fo r iaaediac a response . Therefore , th e objectiv

e i s t s alnlais e th a auaber o f possibl e response s so . that resource s are expende d only
o nviabl e alternative s ineaergsae y situations . Durin g plannin

g it i s sossibl e t

c asses s valu

a rudtrest s .2n

d datarrlra vhic

hstcr s i

nP.1 1

respons e ar e ao t required , whic hstep s ca nb e answere d o nthe basi s
o f prio r judgasats , an d whic hreaal a t s b e decide d i na nactua l emergency . From

thi s exercise , i t i s the npossibl e to devis e a
se t o r severa l set s o f operationa l plan s whic hca s b e calle d ou t to
answe r th e speccru a o f hazardou s situation s whic hsa y develop . I s th e cas e o f a a acciden t a t a nuclea r reactor , a bacariou s situatio ncoul d develo p whic haa y hav e publi c healt hiapllsation s
ove r a larg e are a wit hdivers e population s aa d populatio ndeasltles . Probabl y

littl e tla e wil l b e availabl e to sak e decisions . Th e availabilit y

o f "actio nguides " base d o a advanc e plannin g wil l facili tat e rationa l decision s i nemergenc y situations . Durin g th e plannin g stage , th e responsibl e publi c officia l nus c conside r the tota l rang e
oxpossibl e releas e scenario s an d conside r i neac hwha t goal s ar e achievabl e keepin g i nsin d bot h"fisca l an d societa l costs . 3ecaus e
o xthi s ictcwledge o f ioca l conditions , h e wil l b e awar e s f an y con straint s whic hna y

restric t hi s scop e o f response , suc ha s specifi c industries , institutions , traffi c patterns , etc . i e vil l the nb e abl e t s selec t th e optiau a respons e fo r aac hsituation . 1. 2 Hatur a o f Protectiv e Actio s Guides . Protectiv e Action , an d P.ascoraclv

e Actio n Protectiv e Actio nGuide s ar e th e nuaerica l projecte d dose s whic h
ac t a s trigge r point s t s initiat e protectiv e action . ' PAG s mus t b e provide d fo r thre e broa d pathway s o f radiatio n' ' exposure : (I ) Exposur e fro

m airborn e radioactiv e releases . Thi s typ e o f
exoosur a coul d occu r withi na shor t serin e followin g a ninciden t a s a resul t o f inhalatio nc f radioactiv e aaterial s O r fro a externa l whal e bod y exposure . (2 ) Exposur e throug hth e foo d chain . Thi s esposur a wil l b e from ingestio no f cancamiaace d foodstuf f an d water . I t
aa y esameac e shortl y

afta r th e passag e o xairborn e radio activ e aaterial s an d aa y continu e fo r a lon g o r 3hor t tisa dependin g a nth e radionuclide s involved . (3 ) Exposur e fro a radioactiv e aaterial s deposite d o nth e ground. . Ser a w e ar e dealin g wit ha chang e i a backgroun d radiatio n levels , and exposur e pathway s aa y includ e inhalation , ingestion , an

d externa l whol e body exposures . Differan t PAG s aus t be develope d fo r eac hpathwa y o f exposur e sinc e differen t criteri a o f risk , cost , an d benefi t ar e involved . Eac hessesur e pathwa y woul d isvoiv e differen t ses s o f protectiv e o r restorativ e action s a s indicate d i ntabl e 1.1 . Eac hactio nliste d applie s t o th e genera l populatio nexcep t fo r prophylaxis , respirator y protection , an d protectiv e slothing . Thes e action s woul d primaril y appl y t o emergenc y

workers . Exposur e eo th e airborn e piua e i s relate d t s th e duratio nc f a releas e int o tha atmosphere . Tuii e releas e duration s a s lon g a s 2 0 day s o r sor e ar e theoreticall y possible , fo r emergenc y purposes , releas e duration s o f a fe w hour s u s t o a few

day s ar e aor e realistic . Protectiv e actio nt o b e cake nfo r thi s pathwa y aa y includ e an y

o r al l
o f th e following :Evacuatio n Shelte r
-*——•--• '.~ r S^spirator y Protectio n Clothin ? Contro l Acces s
Sto pProtectiv e Action s Reentr y Contro l Pood s > f * 0 s a

> n c . e f ? n^^ ^ < 1 8

9 9 I S e rr 0

"* . —••— • ft aa < a 

### suu

r. tar, 0 

### > c r 0 

### * * 

### Still 

### ^
, "

Reserve s tersat e Soure e Despstsaisatio s Diverslo t Destructio n • s > « • n o f » *T " « . t r . s f » B — <

S.to ? Protectiv e Action s n > a ft « * « o « - • • S ft < n K • O o S

- . ft

e o s . e

D a S B rr f t n K

•a. 9 T J ft £ ft < < B

£

ft ra O

Evacuatio n Contro l Acces s • 3 > I fto ra r r

• * < *
. e B 5 r > a • » « r t

Sto p Acti : :ectlv e > = Deeont?r*;TrFtler . ix X c a C

o o n B wn aii 0 C S ma ra • S S s s
m. m. r rs i s

o e

e i dP.1 4

(1 ) evacuation , . 

### (2 ) respirator y

protection , (3 ) snaltsr , (4 ) prophylaxi s (thyroi d protection) , aa d (5 ) controlle d accass . Restorativ e action s woul d tha ninclude : (1 ) reentr y

firs t S y

surve y an d decontaminatio ntaaas , (2 ) remova l o f respirator y protection , (3 ) exi t fro a she!tars , (4 ) stoppin g prophylacti c uaasures , an d (5 ) allowin g fre e acces s b y th e population . Exposur e throug hth e foo d chai nna y b e eithe r shor t ter a o r chroni c dependin g c a th e characteristic s an d half-live s o f th e radionuclide s involved . Contrs l o f thi s pathwa y o f exposur e woul d b e by : (1 ) eontro l o f accas s t o contaminate d anl^a 1 feeds , (2 ) dacostaaiaacio no f certai nfoodstuffs , (3 ) diversio naa d storag e e o allc w deca y o f shor t half-iif a radionuclides , and . (A ) destructio no f eoacaalsase d foods . Exposur e from

aaterial s deposite d o nth e groun d nigh t als o b e eithe r shor t set a o r ehrsni c dependin g o nth e radionuclides , involved . Protectiv e action s woul d include :P.1 5

(1 ) evacuation , an d (2 ) controlle d access . Sinc e th e probie a fo r groun d contaminatio ninvolve s a nincreas e i nbackgroun d levels , denia l o f acees s sigh t eoncinu e fo r extende d period s o f tlae . Decontaainatlo nna y the nb e th e onl y

actio nwhic h wil l allo w

fre e acces s t o aa d utilisatio no f contaminate d area s withi n
a shor t tine . Restorativ e action s woul d b e reentry , decontaainatlon , and lifting - o f controls . Th e PAG s ar e t o provid e standardise d criteri a fo r selectin g predetermine d action s a t th e sacrific e o f som e flexibilit y

i n balancin g th e ris k c f healt heffect s versu s th e effect s o f protectiv e actios s durin g a nemergency . Th e los s o f flexibilit y i nrespons e i s expecte d t s b e withi nth e Halt s o f accurac y o f determinin g th e factor s involved . Th e los s o f flexibilit y i s als o offse t b y

th e advantag e o f bein g abl e to respon d c s the issediae y o f th e risk s i n th e cas e o

xa neaergency . Th e rang e o f PA

Gvalue s allow s consideratio nfo r loca l constraint s curin g plannin g fo r implementation . PAG s shoul d b e assigne d fa r eac h sit e t o assur e tha t loca l constraint s ar e properl y introduced . 1 . 3 ^ro^activ e Actio nDecisio nSiskins

A nuclea r inciden t a s define d herei nrefer s t s a serie s o f event s leadin g t s th e releas e o f radioactiv e aaterial s int o th e environmen t of sufficien t magnitud e t o warran t consideratio no f protectiv e actions . Protectiv e acticn s ar e thos e actios s take nfollowin g a nuclea r inciden tP.1 6

tha t ar e intende d t o sininic a publi c resultin g fro a incidents . Th a decisio nt s initiat e a protectiv e actio nsa y b e a comple x proces s wit hth e benefit s o f takin g th e actio nbein g weighe d agains t the risk s an

d constraint s involve d i ntakin g the action . I naddition , the decisio nwil l likel y b e aad e unde r difficul t eaergenc y conditions , probabl y

wit hlittl e detaile d inforaatio navailable . Therefore , • / » considerabl e plannin g i s necessar y t s reduc e to aanageabl e level s the ' *j£ m - a -tjgj4acislana igadic g - - *--*£r^£va response s t o protec t th e publi c i nehe even t c f a auclaa r incident . 1.2. 1 Actio n"actor s

Vithi nth e contes t o f nuclea r incidents , a wid e variet y o f possibl e situation s na y develop . Sca a perspectiv e o f the need s o f the "~ N responsibl e plannin g office r ea s b a show ni na brie f descriptio no f th e factor s involved . Basically , the office r aus t balanc e problem s involvin g identificatio no f th s magnitud e o f th e release , possibl e pathway s t s the populatio na t risk , how auc hcin e i s availabl e t o tak e action , wha t actio n: o cake , aad wha t the effect s sigh t be . 1.3. 2 Inciden tDatamirtation s

Th e firs t prsbia a t a aris e wil l b e tha t o f identifyin g th a typ e o f inciden t an

d the sagsicuda c f ehe release . Nuclea r incidents ' aa y b e extremel y

variabl e an

d sa y rang e frs a ver y

saal l release s havin g a o aaasurabl a consequence s offsit e to larg e scal e release s possibl y involvin g larg e population s an d araas . .-.aspeasa

s sus c b a approprlat a t s th e inciden t resorted .P.1 7

On e o f th e variable s wil l b a tha sourc e tarn , whic hrefer s t o th e characteristic s an d releas e rat a o f th e radioactiv e material . Th e amount s an

d type s a f radionuclide s availabl e fo r releas e shoul d b e iaaediatel y

calculabl e b

y sit e personnel . Wha t i s actuall y bein g release d to th e environmen t ca nb e estiaate d bu t aa y no t b e eonflrae d fo r soa e time afta r th e incident . Th e nagnitud e an

d duratio no f th e releas e sa y b e estimate d b

y sit e personne l fro

m plan s condition s o r fro a knowledg e o f th e typ e
o f inciden t tha t ha s occurred . Eowever , th e estimat e ma y b e highl y uncertai nan

d nus t b e update d o nth e basi s o f onsit e an d offsit e monitorin g observation s an d operationa l statu s o f engineere d safeguards . I f sourc e tar ninformatio ni s ns t availabl e i=aediately , defaul t value s shoul d b e availabl e fro m plannin g efforts . Thes e value s coul d b e base d onacciden t scenario s fro nVAS3-i<*0 0 (.1) , desig nbasi s acei - - dent s evaluate d i nthe NS C safet y evaluatio nrepor t fo r individua l facilities , o r oche r scenario s appropriat e fo r a specifi c facility . Th e second aajo r variabl e wil l b e wher e th e release d materia l i s expecte d to go . Meteorolog y aa d geograph

y wil l affec t thi s variable . Currant , aetaorslogica i condition s ca nb e observe d diraeti y a c th e sit a
an d reiavan t locations . However , conpiat a netaorslccica l dat a wil l
neve r b e available , and axtansio no f observe d dac a nus t b e aad e t s
a precic t th e cours e o t release d raceriai . Curren t weathe r condition s aa y restric t th e option s fo r response , e.g. , evacuatio ni na blistar e sa y b e reduce d o r impossible . Weathe rP.18 ,

forecast s hav e al l o f the inheren t uncertaint y c f the curran t conditio n estimate s sinc e the y ar e derive d fro a thasa . Geography

i s iaportan t bot hi a it s influenc e o nneteoroiog y an d
o ndemography

an d i a it s influenc e o a valu e judgment s t o b e aade . Th e plannla g fo r a coasta l sit a o r a rive r valle y sit a sa y

b e diffarea s du e t s road pattern s an d nethod s fo r csr-nmicasin g o r applyin g protec tiv e . action s . Demography

i s a variabl e e s b e considere d durin g th e plannin g stags . Demography

i s o f aos t Importanc e i nhelpin g t s a.ss&aa th e possibl e impac t af a nincident . Populatio nnumbers , ag e distribution , distributio nwithi na narea , etc. , wil l hav e soa e influenc e o nresponse s availabl e i naa y

situation . Providin g fo r th e abilit y t o detec t and aeasur e a releas e ar e iaportan t factor s fo r planning . Althoug hi t aa y b e possibl e to detec t release s an

d aeasure-releas e rate s a t the sita , inforaatio nfro m eavirau aeata l measurement s wil l b e neede d t o esafIr a aa y estimate s mad e o nth e basi s o f onsit e aeasuraaanas . Detectio nan d aeasuraaea t a t location s offsit e ar e necessar y to updat e and/o r eonflr a prediction s abou t th e
movemen t s f th

e releas e i nthe environment , location s fo r installe d equipmen t nus t b e planned , probabl y onthe basi s c f averag e are a setaorologv . Instrumentatio nneed s ar a cisc-m-sad i naor a detai l i a Appendi xA . Th a sourc e term , aeteerology , an d geograph

y parameter s ar a utilize d i ntakin g a predictio no f ehe pat han d tim e profil e fo r th a

1.1 3P.1 9

release . Thi s preditticn , i ncombinatio nwle hdemography data , wil l b e use d t o selec t the bes t response s fo r th e situation . Th e nes t reasonabl e approac hi s to pla npat haad tia e profile s (isopleths ) fo r uni t releas e situation s an d the nt o modif y

the a a s rea l dat a
ar e obtained . 1.3. 3 Exoosur e Pathway s

Th e nex t decisio nafta r th e deteralnatlo a o f a nacciden t situa tionwil l probabl y

concer nidentificatio no f iaportan t pathway s o f radionuclide s t

o th e papulation . Exposur e pathway s o f iaaediat e importanc e an

d the tia e availabl e t s interrup t the a ca nb e decide d
e s a larg e exten t o nth e basi s o f plannin g judgrants . Th e singl e nos t importan t pathwa y durin g the emergenc y phas e i s probabl y

b y air . Th e ai r pathwa y wil l b e vi a inhalatio ns f eithe r gase s o r particulate s an d whol e body

exposur e t o th e plune . Release d gase s wil l b e eithe r radioactiv e nobl e gases , organi c iodides , inorgani c iodides , o r vciasil' s inorganic ' aaterials . Par ticle s wil l probabl y for a b y

th e eaadeasaaio a o f vaporise d saterlal . Wate r i s a pathwa y

fo r exposur e b

y ingestio no r iaaersion . Re lease d materia l sa y ente r the wate r directl y c r i ntha for

m o f fallou t
o r ralnou t followe d b y surfac e runoff . Th a immersio npathwa y s f exposur e i s unlikel y t o hav e significanc e excep t i a ver y specialise d circumstances . Ingestio no f wata r i s probabl y onl y a sino r pathwa yP.2 0



### o f exposur e i nth a short run . However , th e gastrointestina l systs a aos t b e eonsiders dfo r longe r tar a ingestio no f eontaalnate ddr* 1 

### Tik i ri g watar . Ingestio no f foodi s a nimportan t exposur e pathway . However , wit hth e possibl e exceptio no f drinkin g water , allk , an desneaalnata d leaf 7 vegetables , entry o f release duatarial s int o foodandpassag e alon g thi s pathwa y

i s delayed . Identificatio no f sensitiv e point s ' . • m 

### »" ' fo r contro l shoul db e aad e durin g planning « Characterisatio no f releas e aaterial s involve di nair , water , aa dfoo dpathway s wil l no t b e don e fo r som a tim e afte r a naccident . Th e •*—'-••'g

i decision s wil l hav e t s b e nad e o nthe basi s o f estimate s develope di nplannin g andcodifie da s rea l informatio nbecome s avallabia , y Direc t externa l whol e body radiatio nexposur e aa y b e a hasard . Release daateria l deposite di nsoi l o r wate r o r suspende di nai r and ' materia l stil l a c th e sit e serv e a s source s o f direc t radiation , mostl y b y gana a an

dbet a radiations . Althoug hexposur e rat e aa y b e neasure d directl y a t specifi c locations , the distributio nnus t b e estimata dand the estimate s update do nth a basi s o f aonitsrin g data . Fairl y coaplat a scnitorln g wil l b e neede ddurin g implementatio no f rastorativ e actions . Soi l contamination , i nadditio nto providin g par t o f the dlrac t whol e body

exposure , als o provide s a contributio nt s th e ai r pathway . Release dsateria l deposite donsoi l ca nb e resuspended , thu s possibl yP.2 1

enterin g th e air , watar , an d foo d pathways . Evaluatio ns f thas e hasard s wil l b e particulari y iaportan t i ndecidin g appropriat e action s durin g th e restoratio nphase , e.g. , leve l o f decontaminatio n needed . 1.3. 4 Population s a t Ris k

Th e nex t consideratio no f iaportaac a to th e responsibl e officia l i s wha t populatio ni s t s b e protected . Prio r judgmen t and plannin g base d o s th e geography an d desograph y

o f th e are a aroun d th e sit e
an d o ncritica l pathway s ar a essentia l t o identifyin g population s
a t greates t risk . Th e averag e populatio ni s asd e u s o f person s wit hvaryin g sensitivitie s t o radiatio nexposure , an d response s sa y

b e keye d t s the aos t sensitive , o r response s aa y b e restricted , dependin g o n characteristic s o f th e loca l population . (1 ) Fo r purpose s o f respons e planning , th e genera l populatio n wil l b e evaluate d o nth e basi s o f ris k t s individual s withi n th e population , usuall y c nth e basi s o f avoidin g clinica l effeets . However , th e papulatio na s a whol e wil l als o b e considere d i nplannin g sem e response s o nth e basi s o f statistica l ris k o f somati c and/o r genati c affects . (2 ) Sensitiv e population s ma y b e considere d c na specia l basis . f Children , Intend •fa

g th e fatu s an d unbor nchildren , ar e generall y

sor e sensitiv e tha nhealth y adults . Fo r th i
reason , suc hcamber s o f th e populatio nna y b e selecte dP.2 2

eithe r a s th e sos t sensitiv e receptor s o r a s a specia l grou p fo r protection . (3 ) Selecte d population s wil l als o b e present . Thes e population s na y

b e selecte d o s voluntar y o r involuntar y bases . Worker s a s a nuclea r facilit y ar e classifie d
a s radiatio nworker s an d fal l unde r differen c criteri a fo r protectio ntha nth e genera l population . Thos e person s .wh o
ar e engage d i a publi c servic e activitie s durin g o r afte r the acciden t ar a voluntaril y placin g themselve s unde r . differen t criteri a fo r protectio ntha nth e genera l popula tion . F*-rally , soa e person s ar a involuntaril y include d linea r differen t criteri a becaus e th e ris k o f taking actio n i s differen t tha nfo r th e genera l population . Thi s . involuntaril y

selecte d populatio nna y includ e bedridde n^J
an d criticall y

il l patients , patieat s in . intensiv e car e units , prisoners , etc . 1.3. 5 Radiatio nEffact 3

A fina l paramete r whic hscs t b e considere d i s radiatio neffects . Thes e aa y

fal l int o rw

o categories , earl y o r delayed , bu t ar e no t mutuall y

exclusive .

. (1 ) Earl y

(acuta ) effects , occurrin g withi n9 0 days , na y induc e fatalities , syaptsa s e f radiatio nsickness , o r clinicall y detectabl e changes . Effort s to protec t selecte d population s wil l extend t o preventio no f fatalitias , nininisatiO no fP.2 3

syapeoa s o f radiatio nsicistas s i nradiatio nworker s an d publi c servic e personnel , an d preventio no f clinicall y detectabl e change s o f uncertai nsignificanc e i nth e res t
o f th e papulation . Th e basi s fo r decision s regardin g earl y effect s i s co t har d to justif y becaus e o f th e imminenc e
o f suc heffects . However , they nus t b e aad e rapidl y unde r condition s o f competin g need s t s protec t the public . (2 ) Delaye d statistica l effeet s (i.e. , biologica l effect s whic h
canonl y

b e observe d o na statistica l basis ) wil l occu r
a t random

i na populatio nafte r exposur e t o release d aaterials . Thes e effect s sa y b e fatalitie s o r disabilitie s
o f somati c o r geneti c origin . Tn a incidenc e o f thes e effect s i s estiaate d o nth e basi s o f statistica l evaluatio n » c f epidemiologica l studie s i ngroup s s f peopl e wh o ha d bee n expose d t s radiation . Decision s concernin g statistica l effect s o npopulation s wil l b e not e difficul t becaus e
o f th e lac k o f iaaedlae y o f th e effects , ou t i nth e lon g
run , thes e effeet s sigh t caus e th e greates t impac t o nth e genera l population . Th a respons e timas , action s to consider , an d possible healt h efface s fs r eac hpathwa y ar a show

ni ntabl a 1. 2 fo r a typica l popular! : Effect s o nanimals , vegetation , o r rea l estat e ar e als o possibl e bu t aa y b e controlle d o r alleviate d t o th e exten t tha t decontaainatio a i s employe d s r tha t dastructio a o f th e affacta d itan s i s ampioyed .

i. UTabl e 1. 2 Actio nan d Healt hEfface s Versu s Exsosur e Pathway s

Exposur e Pathway . Ai r -
Wata r Particulat e Ga s

- Particulat e Raiaou t Fallou t Tima-sio n ?ec d - Mil k Driakin ? Wate r Sevesaos s Foodstuff s Sci l - Resuspenslo n Direc t Direc t - Facilit y

Ai r Wata r Raspeas a

Tia a
Mi a - S r Mi n—

3 —
H r - D a Mi a - H r Ca y D a - M e a s - M C D a - M a D a - M o D a Mi a - C a Mi n Mi n- H r •Saa Actio n



### 5

T S 7ZSL ?5 2

PS A R ?5? . ?S » ? ?5 £ Publi c

Healt h Effect s D F.E. D

S 0 D,F, S 0 D
3 E,j, r ?,2„ D F.2, 3 0,*, 5

Actions i ? - Protectiv e Effects : F - Sapi d Fatalit y R- Rasssrativ e S - Earl y

3 - Delaye d

..- 3P.2 5

1. - Resoer.s e ?lar . Actio nTine s

A typica l sequenc e o f event s fo r developin g eaergenc y plan s an

d respondin g t o andea r incident s i s show ni nfigur e 1.1 . Thi s figur e illustrate s th e genera l orde r o f event s bu s no t relativ e length s o f tla e fo r eac hevent . Thes e wil l var y accordin g t o individua l elrsua staneas . .4. 1 Preparatio no f Plan s

Considerabl e preparatio nwil l b e require d t o ensur e th e adequac y
o f emergenc y

respons e plans . Thi s preparator y tim e induce s th e followin g eleaents : (1 ) Th e decislo a aus t b e aade . t o prepar e emergeac y respons e plan s accordin g t o th e legislativ e aaadace s o r need s withi na givenState . (2 ) Tha nbasi c plan s shoul d b e develope d usin g appropriat e guidanc e fro a thi s annua 1 aad th e AE C "Guid e an d Checklist " (2) Thes e plan s shoul d induc e emergenc y respons e action s fo r copin g wit haudea r incident s an d direction s o nth e us e o f E? A Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r thes e situations . (3 ) Thes e plan s shoul d b e approve d b y responsibl e person s o r agencies . (4 ) Scenario s mus t b e develope d fro m the basi c plan s t s cove r aajo r contingencie s whic hca nb e identified . ' Method s o f implementatio nnus t b e prepare d aa d teste d s o tha t nonviabl e response s aa d contingenc y plan s na y

b e identifie d an

d dis carded . Thi s discardin g e f tssvlabi a raspssse s aa y b e base d i npar tI " flESfONS E riANNiN a NIICLEAII INCHlEN i

Develo pemergenc y

respons e pla n Prepar e ei|iii|Mient ,

trai npersonne l An dles t plji i

Revie w o f pla n

Decisio nl o prepar e etuer yenc y respons e pla n Acceptanc e o f plai t

(j ) Notificatio ntim e Mespuns e tim

e Implementatio ntim

e 

# ¥ . RESPONS E EMEIIQENC

V Preliainar y evalu atio n of Incident •ni l projecte d doses PIIOIECTIO N flESIOflAltO N

Activat e Stat e emergenc y

p|* n Hel dmonitorin g and continuin g evaluatio n o f exposur e pathways , populatio na t risk , dos e projections . PAGs , an d protectiv e action s -Protectiv e actio ndecisio n Protectiv e Actio n Initiate dImplemente d Restorativ e Actio n llotlfy'Stat e authoritie s 

## 0 ) Cir 

## 0 Badlatlo n return s t o guid e level s 

# (S > Projecte dDos e lim e
(\j lin e hefor e populatio nexposur e (Ideall y protectiv e action s woul db e Implemente ddurin g thi s time. ) (S ) Possibl e accumulatio no f projecte ddos e befor e Initiatio no f protectiv e actio n (iT ) Partia l accumulatio nAn dpartia l avoidanc e o f projecte ddos e (? ) lim e I nwhic hprojecte ddun e I s avoide db y protectiv e actio n (ft ) Partia l accumulatio no f projecte ddos e durin g restoratio n Fir.tiii c l. l SEQUENCE O E EVEIII S FO

KHESHOMS

E I'IAIUIIH G AND 

### nESPumiiN u r o Unc

i tA n INCIDENI S 

# MJ u ho 0 )o nevaluatio no f .loca l constraints . Fo r eaaapia , avacuacie u o f prisoner s o r criticall y il l person s nigh t no t b e considere d viabl e whil e alternativ e protectiv e action s aa y b e a t leas t partiall y effective . Developmen t o f th e basi c eaergenc y respons e pla a aa y

r m a cours e
o f severa l aonth s o r longer . Sowever , plannin g shoul d b e a eantinf.it g activit y

afte r tha basi c plan s ar e developed . Advance s i nneceoroiogy , developmen t o f ne w

protectiv e actions , changin g demography , etc. , shoul d b e use d i nreevaluatio no f th e origina l scenarios . And o f
course , recurren t testin g o f iapleaensatis nsethod s shoul d b e carrie d out . ,i. 2 lapleraesratle a c f ?lan s

A sequenc e o f step s to isipleaent a respons e pla nfollowin g a 'nuclea r incident-i s als o show n.i nfigur a i.i . Tn e tia e afte r a nin ciden t aa y

b e divide d int o thre e phase s whic har e calle d eaergency , protection , aa d restoration . Thes e phase s ar e no t necessaril y distinc t consecutiv e tla e periods , bu t the y d o serv e to indicat e th e genera l natur e .o

f activitie s i a a typica l respons e sequeace . Th e eaergsac y

phas e include s al l thos e activitie s leadin g to initiatio no f protectiv e actions . Thi s phas e involve s assasssen t c f tha situation s aa d i s characterise d b y urgenc y

i ndeterminin g th e see d

rr fa r protectiv e actio nan d gettin g th e actio ninitiated . I ngeneral , thi s aa y

b e considere d t o b e th a firs t fe w hour s followin g notificatio n
o f a ninciden t an

d deal s priaarll y

wit hprotectio no

xth e populatio n

'• mP.2 8

fro a exposur e t

o eh e airborn e plune . Th e aos t iaportan t ste p i nemergeac y respons e i s th e proap t notificatio ntha t a ninciden t ha s occurre d tha t coul d resul t i a a n offsit e exposur e suc htha t ther e i s a nee d fo r initiatin g protectiv e action . I t i s th a facilit y operator' s responsibility t o notif y

Stat e
o r loca l authoritie s tha t suc ha ninciden t ha s occurred . I t i s iaportan t .that agreement s b e reache d durin g eh e plannin g phas e o n.. . wh o i s t

o b e notified , dat a to b e provided , offsit e aeasureaeat s tha t • • „ wil l b a aade , aa d action s e o b e initiate d a e th e sit e s o tha t ther e wil l b e a aininu

m tia e los s i a startin g isrpleaentationo f protectiv e actio ni a the offsit e area . Prope r plannin g nus t includ e incentive s t s preven t delay s i a notification . Huciaa r facilit y operator s hav e th e •'Tilr'a

l responsibilit y

fo r acciden t assessment . Thi s include s —s proap t actio nnecessar y e o evaluat e publi c healt han d safet y

bot hv ' onsit e an

d offsit e (.2) . Ideally , thi s notificatio nshoul d occu r a s
soo na s condition s i nth e facllis y ar e suc hcha t a niasendin g accidenta l releas e potentia l arises . Vhil e suc hnotificatio ncoul d lea d t o fals e alara s c nrar e occasions , they coul d als o perai c sor e timel y protectiv e

1 action s tha npostponin g ehe notificatio nunti l a releas e ha s occurred. ' Th e sequenc e o f event s durin g ehe eaergenc y phas e include s th e notificatio no f responsibl e authorities , evaluatio nan d racoaaandatlon s fo r action , an d warnin g o xth a public . I nthi s earl y phas e o f response , th e tia e availabl e fo r effectiv e actio s wil l probabl y b e quit e Halted .

"A s par t o f thei r plans , th a Sest a shoul d establis hwis hth a facilit y operato r a stric t protoco l fo r sstificstio no f tha Stat e suc htha t earl y respondin g o f possibl e intendin g raiaasa s woul d no t involve - disincentive s :o . eh e facilit y

ooeracor . 1.2 0atal y use s besoming awar a tha t a ninciden t ha s occurre d tha t aa y

resul t i a asposur e o f the offsit a population , a preliainar y evaluatio nshoul d b e aad e b y th e facilit y

operato r t o detasaln e the natur e an

d potentia l magnitud e o f th e incident . Thi s evaluation , i f possible , shoul d determin e potentia l exposur e pathways , populatio n
a t risk , and projecte d doses . A t thi s tiae, projecte d dose s aa y b e estiaate d fro

m monitorin g dat a a t eh e poin t o f radionuclide releas e
o r fro a release s anticipate d fo r particular'types o f nuclea r incidents . Th e inciden t evaluatio ninforaatio nshoul d the nb e presente d to th e prope r authorities . I f authoritie s wer e notifie d earlie r an d hav e aobilisa d resources , protectiv e action s ca nb e starte d iaaediatel y i n predesignate d araa s o r i nth e area s indicate d b y pro j ecte d dos e base d
o nfacilit y

operato r inferaasion . I nth e absenc e c f detaile d inforaa tio nfro a th e facilit y operato r a s indicate d above , the eaergency . plan s shoul d provid e fo r actio ni nth e iaaediat e downwin d are a o f th e facilit y base d o nnotificatio ntha t a substantia l releas e ha s occurre d o r tha t plan t condition s ar e suc htha t a substantia l releas e potentia l exists . Th e nex t ste p i s to gathe r additiona l inforaatio nonradiatio n level s i nth e environment , meteorology , and environmenta l conditions . Furthe r action s c r codification s t o action s airaac y

take r shoul d b a
sase d o nchas e dat a as.d ?rotactiv e Actio nGuide s considarin g constraint s discusse d i nsectio n1. 5 o f thi s chapter . , - Th e Stat e shoul d continu e t s see k informatio no nradionuclid e release s an

d eavlrocassta i monitorin g data . I nfact , a nevaluatio no fP.3 0

suc hinformation , a s wel l a s exposur e pasawavs , populatio na t risk , dos e projections , aa d ?A6 s shoul d b' e a continuin g activit y i n bot hth e eaergenc y

an d protectio nphase s i norde r t o modif y pro tectiv e action s a s needed . Th e protectio nphas e begin s wit heh e initiatio no f protectiv e actio nan d continue s unti l ths t actio ni s teralnated . Tigur a i. i indicate s tha t ideall y th e protectiv e actio nsuc ha s evacuatio nwoul d b a implemente d befor e aa y populatio nexposure . Sswever , th e actio n
aa y ao t b e initiate d i ntia e t a avoi d al l o xth e projecte d dose , and soa e dos e aa y

b e receive d durin g iapieeentatio a o f th e action . Th e restoratio nphas e include s thos e action s take nt o restor e condition s t o "normal" . Restorativ e action s includ e th e haltin g o f protectiv e actions , th e liftin g o f restrictions , an d possibl e decon taminatio nprocedures . I. i Tvoe s o f Actio n

Th e actio ntaken - ma y be , a s previousl y

indicated , eithe r protac tiv e o r restorative . I t aay- als o b e voluntar y o r involuntary , o r no actio na c al l sa y

b e taken . (1 ) N o actla a woul d usuall y b e caka u by

Scat a authoritie s i f eh e ris k o

xundesirabl e radiatio neffeet s i s anticipate d to b e auc hles s tha nth e ris k o f takin g action . (2 ) Voluntar y

actio nna y

b e suggeste d fo r th e populatio na t risk , o r i t aa y

b e take nb y

the a anywa y

o nth e basi s o f publi c inforaatio nprovide d durin g a nacciden t situation . "oiuacar v

actio nsa v

b e vali d i nth e grav ara a vhar a th eP.3 1

ris k o f exposur e e s ralaase d aataria l an d th e ris k o f takla g actio a ar a no t too differant . I e nay als o b e take na t lowe r level s o f exposur e b y individual s to alleviat e thei r fears . Th e negativ e aspect s o f passibl e confusio nan d possibl e pani c wher e incomplet e knowledg e exist s aus t be . considere d durin g decision s to inpieaen t protectiv e actions . (3 ) Involuntar y

(mandatory ) actio nb y Seat s authoritie s shoul d b e implemente d whe nth e ris k o f undesirabl e effect s exceed s th e ris k o f takin g actio a t o suc hanexten t tha t publi c well-bein g ca nb e adversel y affected . Thi s i s whe nactio n
nus t b e take ni nthe publi c interest . Tn e type s c f actio nwhic hca nb e taka ninclude : (1 ) Protectiv e actions , suc ha s evacuation , taking shelte r i n hone s o r civi l defens e shelters , controllin g foo d an d wata r distribution , prophylaxi s (e.g. , thyroi d protection) , o r individua l protectiv e action s (e.g. , ga s masks , protectiv e clothing , etc.) ; and

"""*"^' ( 2j ~~'.-.astorativa actio nwher e everythin g i s returne d t o "nemal" .

Thi s actio ninclude s liftin g restriction s o r haltin g activitia s initiate d a s orotactiv a actions . I t als o include s decontaminatio nwher a necessary . Th e acticn s t o b e take nshoul d b e evaluate d an d se t i nprisrir y

o r sequenc e wit hidentificatio no f range s fo r appropriat e actio nan d o f decisio npoint s durin g planning . Base d o nprio r judgmen t o f whic hP.3 2

action s na y

b e effectiv e i naa y give nsituation , scenario s ca nb e prepare d whic hwil l indicat e whic haction s o r al a o f action s ar e approprlat a fo r variou s situations . 1. 6 Goal s o f ?roeegtlv e Actio n

Th a " I rinal goa l o f protectiv e actio ni na nemergenc y i s eoaples e protectio no f th e endangere d population . However , variou s constraint s
aa y preven t attainin g thi s ideal , s o a aor e realisti c goa l i s alniai satio no f harmfu l effects . I nth e cas e o f a neaergenc y involvin g a radiologica l canard , effort s ar e directe d toward s aislaislng : (1 ) earl y

somati c effect s suc ha s deat hwithi nday s o r develop men t o f extensiv e sytsptoa s o f radiatio nsickness ; • (2 ) delaye d scaaci c effeets , suc ha s increase d probabilit y
o f deat hdu e t o radiatio nrelate d cancer ; and . "" N (3 ) - geneti c effect s suc ha s increase d prsaaca i aortal-!s y o r increase d probabilit y o f hereditar y

defect s i nfutur e generations . Th e minimisatio no f effast s implie s tha t th e radiatio nexposur e unde r consideratio ni s a navoidabl e exposure . However , fo r purpose s o f determinin g whethe r : o tak e a protectiv e actio no nth e basi s o f projecte d dos e fro na nairborn e plume , ehe orojecta d dos e shoul d to t includ e unavoidabl e dos e tha t ha s bee nreceive d prio r to the tla e th e dos e projectio ni s doae . I f a situatio nshoul d occu r wher e th e unavoidabl e dos a woul d b e ver y

larg e a s coapare d t o th e avoidabl e dose , diffaran t protectiv e action s nigh t b a warranted .

1.2 4P.3 3

,6. 1 Balancin

g Factor s t

o Achiev

e .Protectio

nGoal s Th e idea l goa l is ^trriavn protection , e f th e publi c wit h- th

e leas t cos t an

d disruption . Vithi nth e nee d t o protec t th

e publi c
severa l constraints , includin g physical , social , an d fiscal , wil l be operating . Th e planne r shoul d balanc e th e cost , of not takin g actio n(risk
o f radiatio

nexposure ) agains t th e cos t o

xtakin g actio nfro nbot h fisca l aa

d societa l aspects . I a particular , th e fisca l cost s o f preparin

g fo r action , a s wel l a s th e cost s o f al l action s t s b e taker. , shoul d b

e balance

d agains t th

e aee d fo r respons e t

o protec t th

e public . Also , th

e societa l eost s suc ha s pani c an

d disruptio

no f lif e styl e shoul d b

e balaaca

d agains t th

a ris k t

o societ

y c f no t takin

g action . Thi s balancin

g o f cost s an

d risk s wil l plac e constraint s o nth e option s availabl e fo r action . Thi s balancin g als o implie s tha

t i a plaanlng , certai ncut-of f poiat s ca nb e identified , e.g. , a sarglna l increas e i a protectio nprobabl y

aa y no t justify

th e require

d expendi ture s or extensiv

e disruptio

no f fsallie s o

r dail y activities . Thes e eost s an

d constraint s shoul d b e evaluate

d i nplannin

g b y th e responsibl e publi c official s - i ndeterminin

g th e response s t

o b e made i na give

nsituation . Eveni f th

e balanc e of cost s imdioata s that a respons e o r set
o f action s i s reasonable , other constraint s aa y preclud

e thei r use . " Thes e additiona l constraint s o nactio nare priaarll y

physica l i a natur e (e.g.. , l a th e eas e o f a puf f release , exposure tiae nay be to o shor t t

o allo w effectiv

e orotactiv * action) .

1..1SP.3 4



### Constraint s c t

1cal..,Att^- t 

### ;rmt t
aaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaamamaaaa.^ma^^maaaaramaaamaaaaa Th e constraint s which - operat e t s prevent attainin g th a idea l goa l includ

e thos e o f environmental , deaographic , teaporal , resourc e availability , an

d crpn^T-r - duratioa . invironaeata i constraint s wil l inclin e aeteorologl c an

c geographi c considerations . Protectiv e actio noption s aa

y b e restric te d b y sever e veashe r conditions , windstorms , biissards , tornadoes , large , accaaulasion s o f snow , etc . Option s ara als o restricte d b y _

« . ambers , type s an

d direction s o f mads , an d obstructio

nof eas

y egres s froa a sit a b y rivers , aouasalns , o r other geologi c formations . Option s ar e further constraine d b y th e densit

y an d distributio

n
o xpopulation , th

e tota l site , of th

e populatio

ninvolved , th

e ag e
an d healt hstatu s of segaent s o f th e population , an

d othe r deaographi c cousinerations . Teapora l constraint s wil l b e present cueis g al l phase s o f protectiv

e actio s an

d soae situation s durin g restorativ

e action . Tia e availabl e fo

r actio nsa y be . a rea l constraint fo r evacuation

1 o f close-i npopulations , particulari y inth e eas e o

f shor t eera : (puff ) raloases . Afta r a

nincident , exposure s of th e populatio

ndos e t

o eh e sit a aay . occu

r befor e contro l o f th a situatio

ni s established . Eve n aftar a decisio

nfo r actio nha s bee

nnade , notificatio no f th e populatio

n
an d implementatio

no f th

e actio nna y raqulr e enoug

htim e suc htha t sub stantia l exposure s occur . Th a constraint o

f tia e i a restorativ

e actio n wil l probabl y

b e sor e relate

d e o reductio

no f eost s rather tha nt o dirac t protactio

nc f th e teoulaticn . Sasid decontaminatio nt o allo w

1.2 5accas s to utilities , foo d stores , crops , etc. , wil l reduc e th e tota l
cos t du e t s th e accident . Hesourts s wil l b e en e o f th e larges t constraint s o nviabl e option s fo r action . Th e bes t plantin g wil l fai l i f th e resource s to implemen t action s ar e no t available . Resource s neede d ar e fiscal , manpower , an d property , althoug hfisca l wil l probabl y b e ehe 1 l-rFr-'-iz factor . Give nsufficien t fisca l investment , the n manpower , equipment , an d training , al l wil l b e availabl e i nadequat e quantities . However , sinc e onl y limite d amount s o f fisca l suppor t
sa y b e available , the lac k o f equipmen t an d manpowe r wit hsufficien t trainin g an

d practic e i nimplementatio no f protectiv e action s wil l limi t th e nuabe r o f viabl e option s fo r protectin g th e public . I ngeneral , a s th e populatio nt o b e protecte d increases , les s protectio ni s availabl e fo r th e saa e tota l eas t (equa l level s o f protectio nrequir e greate r fisca l investmen t i nlarg e population s tha ni nsaal l populations) . Likewise , a s th e leve l c f preparednes s increases , th e cos t o f obtainin g and ^a-'nn1n ,, n g thi s preparednes s increases . Th s cos t o f protectiv e actioa , however , wil l probabl y b e
a ste p function . Zac hdecisio ne o eak a a nactio no r extend anactio n wil l caus e a nincrementa l ste p increas e i nth e cost . Al l o f thes e constraint s nus t b e considere d i nplannin g operation s 3 0 tha t th e optiau a protectio no f th e publi c ca nb e obtaine d wit hth e leas t ~ expenditure , bothsocia l and fiscal , commensurat e wit hth e goa l o f orotectiv e action .P.3 6

1.6. 2 Evaluatio no f Constraints '

Loca l official s involve d i ndevelopin g eaergenc y respons e plan s
aus t b e thoroughl y

isistna d o nwha t protectiv e action s ar e availabl e fo r 1f-r*r- , -: g th e radiatio nexsosur e o f tha genera l publi c durin g a sadaa r incident . Thes * aetiac s ar e a vita l par t o f th e eaergenc y respons e pla nan

d shoul d b e specifie d durin g the plannin g phas e rathe r thana t th e tia e o f th e incident . Ther e are , however , ioca l constraint s associate d wit heach , protectiv e actio nwhic hwil l influenc e = * • - : % th e decisio ne

a iapieaen t a give nprotectiv e action . Th e ioca l planne r •3—« . .'—-*•*%.- ? aus t als o b e fanilia r wit haa d appl y thes e constraint s e s any eaargeac y situation . Ideally , i t shoul d b e possibl e to balanc e thes e constraint s i nsom e analytica l fashio nwhic hwoul d plac a eac hconstrain t i nit s prope r perspectiv e o na commo nscale . Sinc e man y o f th e constraint s
canno t b e auantifiad , loca l planner s nus t us e rational , subjectiv e 

### y' judgaen t i nevaluatin g thea . Table s 1. 2 an

d 1. 4 Us t protectiv e acticn s tha t ar a availabl e fo r variou s type s o f reacto r incident s a s a functio no f asprsximst a tla e period s followin g th e incident , and the followin g discussio n attempt s to avaiuat a constraint s suc ha s costs , elsa , societa l con siderations , etc. , tha t relat e t s eac hprotectiv e action * Thi s iafsr aatis a shoul d b e valuabl e t o th e loca l planne r i nmakin g the valu e judgment s tha t ar a necessar y t o pla naction s durin g s neaergency . 1.6.3. 1 Constraint s o nEvacuatio n

Whil e evacuationsa y see m e o b e th e protectiv e actio no f choic e followin g a nuclea r iaeidan t a t a fine d nuclea r facility , constraint s
i.2 3P.3 7

.aO« a msamt Pro t activ e an d Restorativ

e Action s fo

r Suciaa : Incident s Resultin

g i nAirborn

e Release s

Nuclea r Incident Protectio nPhas e Approxiaat e Tla e o f Imitatio n 0- 4 hr . 4- 3 hr . > 8 hr . Restoratio n Phase d
(a ) Puf f Releas e -Gaseou s o r Gaseou s an

d Particulat e

" (b ) Continuou s Releas e Gaseou s o r Gaseou s an dParticulat e 1,2,3,4, 3

1,2,3,4, 5 3,4, 5

1,2,3,4, 5 3,4,3,6 ,



### 7, 3

1,2,3,4 , 5,6,7, 3 9,10,1 1 1 

### 1 9.10.11 ' ! 

# 1

1 Evacuatio n 2 Shelte r 3 Acces s coatro l 4 Respirator y

protectio nfo r eaergenc y

worker s 5 Thyroi dprotectio a fo r emergenc y worker s 6 Pastur e contro l 7 Hil k contro l 3 Foo dan d wate r contro l 9 Lif t protectio ncontrol s 1 0 Reentr y 1 1 Decontaminatio n 

### <*> M 

### ,- uf f releas e - les s tha n 

## to (c ) 

### Continuou s releas e - 2 hour s o rmors Restoratio n phase aa y begi n a tan y tim e a s appropriat eTabl e 1. 4 Initiatio nTime s fo r Protectiv e Action s

o 

### Appro xluut e Initiatio nTim e
0- 4 hour s

4-4 0 hour s

2-1 4 day s \ \ 

### Exposur e Pathwa y

Inhalatio no f gase s o r particulate s direc t radiatio n i nIl k

harveste dfruit s an d vegetabl e drinkin g wate r

unharveste dproduc e
harveste dproduc e mil k

drinkin g wate r Actio nt o b e Initiate d

evacuation , shelter , acces s control , respirator y protection , prophylaxi s (thyroi dprotection )
evacuation , shelter , acces s contro l
tak e cow s of f pasture , preven t cow s fro m drinkin g surfac e water , quarantin e contaminate dni l I k

• 

### was hal l produce , o r Impoun dproduc e

cu t of f contaminate dsupplies , substitut e fro m othe r source s
dela y harves t unti l approve d
substitut e uncoi l tar

nIn a te dproduc e discar do r diver t t o store dproducts , suc ha s chees e filter , dcnilnerallz e 

# u

. )associate d wit ha specifi c sit e coul d rende r tha evacuatio nineffectiv e
o r undesirable . Othe r optiona l protectiv e action s suc ha s takin g shalta r shoul d b e esnsldarad . Tha.planne r nus t tak a int o consideratio n al l loca l constraint s e o determin e whethe r o r no t evacuatio ni s a viabl e protectiv e actio nfo r th e give nsituation . Ixaaole s o f th e affect s o f constraint s coul d b e provide d o a a genera l basis . However , i t reaain s th e responsibilit y o f th e planne r t

o -determine eh

e aos t reasonabl e protectiv e action s fo r eac hsite . A . Effectivenes s o f Evacuatio n Th e effectivenes s o f evacuatio ni nlimitin g radiatio ndos e i s
a functio no f the tia e require d t o evacuate . I f a radioactiv e cloud i s present , tha dos e wil l increas e wit hth e tin s o f exposure ; i f th e evacuatio ni s complete d befor e th e clou d arrives , the nevacuatio n I s obviousl y

10 0 percen t effective . Anythin g tha t delay s a nevacuatio n i s therefor e a constraint , and suc hconstraint s are - likel y t o b e ver y
sac ha functio nef.loca l sit a condition s an d planning . Th e planne r shoul d b e awar e o f thes e constraint s i norde r t o minimiz e thei r impact , thu s maximisin g sh e effectivenes s o f the evacuation . Th e evacuatio ntlae , T(EV) , a t a particula r sit e i s define d a s th e time fro a eh e star t of tha euciaa r inciden t e o th s tin e wha nevacuee s hav e cleare d th e affacta d araas . I t aa y b e expresse d as : T(ZV ) -T ^ + TJ

J + TJ,* ^ where : T

_• tla e dela y

afte r occurrenc e o f th e inciden t associate d wit h

1.3 1P.4 0

notificatio

nof responsibl e officials , interpretatio no f data , an

d th e decisiont s evacuat e a s a protectiv e action . T L " eiae required b y official s t s notify peopl e t s evacuate . Tyj, • tlae require

d for peopl e e

o mobilis e an

d ge t underway . T » • trave l tim

e require

d t o leav e th e affecte

d areas . a, T

_include s severa l separat a tla e eleaent s a s define d above , an d al l o f the

nca nb e reduce

d b y effectiv

e planning . Moalna l value s for T

_aa y rang e fro a 0. 2 hour s u p t o 1. 5 hour s an

d possibl y

longe r ' dependin

g o nth e adequac

y of plannin

g an d whethe r th

e decisio

ni s t s be base d o nonsit e informatio nsr offsit e environmenta l measurements . The leas t wel l define d tiae constrain t i s s- , whichi s strongl y •-.-I v icsce d b y loca l populacion , geographi c conditions , an d planning . IFha s bee npostulated t o be inversel y

proportiona l e

o populatio

n density ; th

e close r peopl e ar e together , th e quicke r i t i s t

o notif y thea t s evacuate . Pa r fas t developin g incidents , new

s awdi a warning s
aus t be augaente

d b y talaphoae , pull s address , an d door knocking , th e effectivenes s o f whichi s a functio no f loca l plannin

g an d resources . Ther e ar e ne

w innovation s suc

ha s coapute r calaphoning , plane s wit h lou d speakers , etc. , whic hth e loca l planne r aa

y fin d worthwhil e t o explore . The value o f T „ unde r eh e bes t condition s o f loca l pisnnins i s estiaate

d e o range fro

a 1 5 minute s c

o 1 hou r o r cote .
r , th e tiae require

d fo r peopl e ts prepar e e s leave , depend s on
suc hparameter s as :

1.2 2P.4 1

(1 ) i s th e famil y

together ? (2 ) Rura l o r urba ncomaunity ? Som e farm s o r industrie s requir e
mor e shutdowntla e tha nothers . (3 ) Specia l evacuation s — specia l plannin g effor t i s require d t s evacuat e schools , hospitals , nursin g homes , pena l institutions , an d th e like . (4 ) Ther e wil l b e some peopl e wh o wil l refus e to evacuate . Th e bes t tia e fo r T y fo r a nurba nfaaii y togethe r migh t b e C. 2 t a 0. 5 hours , whil e co shu t dow na far m o r factor y

nigh t tak e hours . Th e evacuatio ntrave l tiae , T„ , I s relate d eo : (1 ) Tota l numbe r o f peopl e t o b e evacuated . (2 ) Th e capacit y

c f a lan e o f traffic . (3 ) Th e auabe r c f lane s o f highwa y available . (4 ) Distanc e o f travel . (5 ) Roadwa y

obstruction s suc ha s uncontrolle d mergin g o f traffi c
o r accidents . Th e tota l nuabe r o f peopl e to b e evacuate d depend s c nth e popula tio ndensit y

an d affacta d area . I t i s a nadvantag e i f good plannin g
ca nkee p th e are a an d thu s th e nuabe r o f peopl e to a s saal l a valu e

nuabe r o f peopl e o nth e mov e a t on e tia e i s withi neh e capacit y o f eh e

ra reads . Th e capacit y

o f a lan e o f traffl e depend s o nth e nuabe r o f vehicle s pe r hou r an

d th e eapaelt v

o f each . Survey s durin g evacuation s foun d

. J JP.4 2

4 persons/ear ' ss , th e averag e indicatin g tha ta t2,-3 0 cars/h ra t 3 5 spa , th e capacit y o f a lan e i s 10,00 0 persons/hr . Commute rtraffic , however , contain s abou t1. 2 parsons/car , lowerin g th e capacit y t o abou t3,000 - pers«ns/ar-iasa . Us e o f buse s exclusively , i f thi s i s practical , iacreasa s th e lan e capacit y b y a facto ro f abou t1 0 suc h tha t100,00 0 persons/hr-ian a coul d b e noved . However , i f buse s ar e used , th e increase , in ' tla e cause d b y gettin g eh e buse s t s th e evaeua- . tio n are a an

d b y ratur a trip s aus tb e considered . I f th e averag e s?maA o f

traffic : I s las s than^ 5 aph , _eapacit W iare-hr_islswe re d i n proportion * Th e saasa r o f lane s o f traffi c i s ordinaril y sufficient fo

r evacu atio nfroa th

e lo w populatio

nsom e aroun d fixe d nuclear facilities . Lane s aa

y b e increase

d b y usin g lane s tha

t ordinaril y

carr y traffi c —s . into th a area . Al l thes e lane s canno t b e used , however , sicca soae , - S
at ths optic a o f th e planner , aus t b

e hel d ope

nfo r eaergenc

y vehicle s comin g iss s th

e area . Traffi c contro l wil l b e effectiv

e in reducin

g th e evacuatio

n trave l tiae . I f Lama s ordinaril y inboun d ara usa

d fo r outboun

d traffic , traffi c officer s wil l b e require

d t o dires t vehicle s : o thea ; otherwis e the y wil l to t b

e used . Traffi c barriers , signs , traffi c ligh t over - • rides , disable

d vehicl e removals , etc. , wil l b e require

d e o kee p traffi c speeds high . 'Traffic contrs l a c bottleneck s wil l b e of par ticular importance . Allowin g singl e lane s t

o ru n airareata! / rather tha nhavin g ear s dovetai l throug ha n intersectio

nwil l significantl y

1.2 4P.4 3

increas e traffi c flow . Acces s control s t o kee p unauthorise d vehicle s
an d person s ou t o f th e evaeuata d araa s wil l b e neede d also . Exaalnatio no f specifi c sector s aroun d fou r differen t light wate r powe r reactor s indicate s tha t T

_aa y rang e fro a 0. 2 to a s suc h
a s 1. 5 hour s unde r exceptiona l condition s wher e th e roa d systa e i s inadequat e compare d t s th e populatio nt o b e evacuated . A

naverag e traffi c spee d o f 3 5 mp hwa s assuae d i f roa d capacit y wa s grea t eacug h t o preclud e traffi c jams . Tabl e 1. 5 summarise s th e variou s tin e segaent s tha t ac t a s constraint s o a evacuation . Thes e value s ar a roug hestimates.cha t shoul d b e improve d upo nb y eh e ioca l planne r fo r eac hsite . A n exaapl e o f a one—hou r evacuatio nmigh t b e ehe evacuatio nlat a i nth e evenin g o f a rura l are a includin g a saal l town,(25 0 persons) . I n
suc ha cas e th e populatio ni s saall , concentrated , an d a t tha t tla e th e familie s woul d b e united . A a exaapl e s f a a evacuatio ni a th e longe r tla e rang e nigh t b e evacuatio ndurin g th e daytim e o f a rural , low populatio nton e containin g farms . Warnin g woul d b e time consuming , an d th e preparatio nfo r far m shutdownsigh t b e lengthy . Th a roa d system i s adequate , bu t familie s na y b e separate d durin g tha day , racuiria g longe r evacuatio ntrave l distances . Emergenc y plan s fo r
area s locate d nea r Stat e boundarie s woul d requir e interstat e cooperatio n
an d planning . Hig hpopulation , hig hdensit y area s suc ha s thos e around India nPoin t presen t a differen t situation , and evacuatio ntiae s ar e
aor e complex , probabl y longer , aa d ous t b e analyse d o na cas e b y cas e basis . I nthes e araas , notificatio ntin a anv b a shor t bu t aetat aP.4 4



### Tabl e 1. 5 Approximate . Rang e o f Tla e Segaent s

Hikin g " s th e Evacuatio nTine' ^

Approaiaac a Tia e Segmen t Rang e Hour s

T ) ' 0. 5 - i.5 ( b ) 

### Zg 0. 2 - 1.0 ( c )


### T ^ 0. 2 - 2.0 ( d ) 

### 0. 2 - 1.3 ( a ) 

### i. i - 6. 0 (a ) Hig hpopulation , hig hdensit y area s suc ha s thos e aroun dIndia nPoint , presen t a differen t situation , and evacuation . time s ar e tar e complex , probabl y longer , an

d aus t b e analyse do na eas e b y cas e basis , Maceimu a tlaa ' aa y

occu r whe noffsit e radlaslo a aeasureaeat s sa

ddos e projection s ar e require d befor e protectiv e actio a i s taken . (c ) liaxiavs atin e sa y occu r whe n populatio n densit y i s lo w an devacuatio n are ai s large
. (d ) v*-r-rma~iz±3a aa y

occu r whe nfsallie s ar a separated, , a larg e auabe r o f .fara s o r industrie s aus t b e 5hu t down , aa dspecia l evacuation s ar e required . Masdau a tla e na y

occu r whe a roadsystaa i s inadequat e fo r ehe larg e populatio neo b e evacuate dan d ther e ar e bottlenecks .

«.^ oP.4 5

Halted * Appendi xE provide s technique s fc r evaluatin g th e variou s tin e period s involve d i nevacuation . 3 . Ris k o f Seat ho r In-tur v I f evacuatio nwer e likel y t s greatl y

increas e a a individual' s ris k o f deat ho r injury , thi s woul d ac t a s a significan t constrain t
o nth e us e o f evacuatio na s a protectiv e actio nfo r a nuclea r incident . Fortunately , examinatio no f numerou s evacuation s indicat e tha t ris k
o f deat ho r injur y

i s no t likel y

to.b e increase d whe nevacuatio ni s aad e b y aoto r vehicl e (2) • ?femacur e childbirt hi s routinel y encountere d i a eaergeaele s an

d subsequen t evacuations , an d i a a t leas t oa e Stat e emergeac y

aiaa , prio r arrangement s ar e aad e fo r thi s probiea . C . Evacuatio nCost s Po r evacuation s cause d b y storm s o r floods , cos t i s no t usuall y
a constrain t becaus e hasar d t s lif e aa d lim bi s obviou s aa d becaus e eh e evacuatio ncos t i s judge d t o b e saal l coapare d t o th e daaag e
cause d by

th e disaster . However , i nth e even t o f a nuclea r inciden t wher e ther e aa y

b e eh e stron g inslinatlo nt o evacuat e eve s thoug hth e radiatio ndos e t o b e ssvei i s vaaishiagl y saall , th e economi c cos t o f th e evacuatio nna y

ac t a s a constraint . Therefore , th e planne r aa y wis ht o estimat e thi s cos t fo r variou s kind s o f evacuation . Evacuatio ncost s aa y b e broke nint o fou r categories : a (1 ) east s involvin g evacuees , (2 ) east s involvin g avacaasors , (3 ) financia l losse s o f fat a areas , aa d (4 ) financia l losse s s f urba nan d industria l araas .P.4 6

Limite d inforaatio

no nestiaate

d eost s i s give

ninrefaranc a (3. ) • Par a specifi c sita , th a variou s cost s probabl y ca nbe ascertaine

d wit haor e accuracy . Parsaeter s tha t woul d affec t th e cost s o f a

n evacuatio

naroun d a specifi c sit a ar e liste d i ntabl e 1.6 . Considera tio no f thes e paraaccar s aa d ho w the y affec t cos t shoul d allo w eh e planne r e

o calculat e th

e approximat e monetar y cos t of a

nevacuatio

n
an d thus estimat e an

d evaluat e thi s constraint . 1.6.3. 2 Seekin

g Shelter The loca l constraint s o nseekin

g shelter a s a protectiv e action , suc ha s tia

e t o tak a action , eas t o f takin g eh e action , an

d societa l considerations , intuitivel y ten d t s suppor t takin

g suc hactio nsinc e th e cos e i neac

heas e i s relativel y saall . However,'i f ene compare s th e affec t o f seekin

g shelte r wit hsoaa othe r actio nsuc ha s evacuatio

n
o a th a basi s o f dos e savings , i t aa y be conclude

d that evacaatla

nwil l
sav e a fa r greate r dos e tha

nseekin

g shelter . Generally , shelte r provide d b y dwelling s wit hwindow s an d door s close

d an d ventilatio

n turne d of f woul d provid

e goo d protectio

nfroa inhalatio

nof gase s an

d vapor s for a shor t perio d (i.e. , on

e hou r o r lass ) bu

t woul d b

e generall y ineffactiv

e aftar about tw

o hour s cu

e t o natura l ventilatio nof th e shelter . Ho t ever

y constraint ca

nb a evaluate

d usin g established' * techniques ; therefore , a certai namount o f subjectiv e judgment aus t be'aade o nth e par t o f th

e loca l piaster . Th e iaportant thin

g i s that th

e loca l planner b

e awar a o f th a constraint s associate d withaae

hactio nan d tha t thes e tonstra^nt s : a balance d o nwhatave r basi s ocssibi e inorde r

1.2 3 

# yP.4 7

Tabl a 1. 6 Parameter s Affactin g ths Cos t o f Evacuatio n

Are a Sir e o f are a affecte d Locatio n Populatio

n Nuabe r Distributio

n Makau o Institution s Typ e Populatio

ni n Care require

d

Sin e Type Produc t value s Busines s an

d Industr

y Type Sin e Sor k fore s Produc t valu e Hod e of Trave l Huxae r o

f Evacuator s 3.equira d Shelter s deede

d Durationcf th

e Evacuatio

n 

### Anti-lootin g Effort s

1*3 9P.4 8

t o arriv e a t a l.S.3. 3 Access , •Contra
. Accas s eontrs l es s b e a ver ? affectiv e protectiv e actio n t o avoi d exposur e o f personne l wh o sigh t otherwis e ente r high exsosur e
area s uanaeasaarily
. Whethe r o r no e i t ea s b e applie d effectivel y
a t al l site s wil l depen d upo n severa l consideration s whic h ar e sit e specific
. Po r example , th e tia e require d t s establis h ehe necessary roadblock s aa

y b e longe r than ehe exsosur e rise
. Th e cos t o f aala

- / I "n-fn^- g th e capabilit yfo r roadblock s an d centra l o f accas s point s
na yb e prohibitive
. Furthermore , personne l tha t woul d b e use d i n maintainin g roadblocks , sigh t b e aor e effectivel yused fo r othe r emergenc yfunctions
. Al l o f thes e factor s sus t b e considere d i n deciding whethe r t o pla n fo r ful l o r partia l acces s contro l during th e earl yphase s o f s n incident
. ) 1.6.2. 4 RespiratoryPretensio n

Radiatio n exposur e fro a inhalatio n o f gaseou s o r particulat e radionuclide s aayb e reduce d b yth e us e o f respiratsrs
. Thes e device s protec t th e weare r b yraaovia g radioiodine s (ehe primar ygaseou s sueiid a
o f caneam ) o n activiata d charcoa l an d b yremoving particulat e materia l b yfiltration
. Severa l type s o f raspir3tor s ar a essaessiaiiyvavailabl e fo r us e byadul t aal e worker s i n eontaalnate d atmospheres . However , respirator s designe d fo r wome n an d children , i.e. , the ass c radiatio n sensitiv e par t o f tha population , na yao t b e readil yavailable
. Th e firs t constrain t o c the us e o f respirators , therefore , i s whethe r suitabl e device s ar e available
. Secsnci v fo r rasoiraeor s : o ba

1.4 0P.4 9

affectiv e fo r th

e genera l population , the y shoul d b e kep t o nhand b y
eac hperso nfo r iaieciac e us e upo a notificatio nand the y aus t hav e bee n individuall y

fitted . Thi s mean s they shoul d b e distribute d to th e populatio na t ris k prio r t o a nuclea r incident , an d trainin g shoul d b e provide d fo r thei r use . Th e logistic s o f distributing suc hdevice s afte r aninciden t woul d greatl y reduc a thei r effectivenes s b y limitin g their,time o f use . Th e cos t c f providin g respiratsr s fo r th e entir e populatio na t ris k i s als o a constraint , especiall y fo r large - popula tions . Additiona l constraint s includ e upsettin g th e populatio nb y ackxiowiedgia g th e dange r wit hvisibl e n?ar. s and th e failur e o f individual s c s hav e thei r respiratsr s personall y availabl e ove r lon g period s (years) . Eve ni f fundin g i s availabl e t s provid e th e necessar y respiracors , i t shoul d b e note d tha t us e o f suc hdevice s ca nonl y b e
a shor t tea s actio nc f 2 c o 3 hours . Therefore , they sigh t blas

t b e
use d i nconjunctio nwit hothe r protectiv e action s suc ha s seekin g shelte r o r evacuation . I t shoul d als o b e kep t i nnin e tha t respirator s woul d no t b e o f valu e wher a th e exposur e o f concer t wa s fro m direc t radiatio nsnd no t fro ninhalatio no f iodine s o r particulat e natariai . Respirator s aa y

be mos t effectiv e fo r eaergenc y worker s c r oche r parson s rasuira d t

c remai ni nevacuatio ntttas . ,6.2. 5 Praohviaal s 'Thyroi d Protection )

Th e uptak e o f inhale d o r ingeste d radioiodin e b y th e thyroi d glan d aa y b e raduca d b

y th e ingestio no f stabl e iodine . Th e ora l administratio no f abou t 10 0 milligram s e f sotassiu a iodid e vil l resul tP.5 0

i nsuffician t acsuaulaeio no f stabl e iodin e i s the thyroi d t o preven t significan t uptak e o f radioiodine . Th e aal a constrain t i nth a us e
o f thi s mean s o f thyroi d prctectio nI s tha t poeassla a iodid e i s noraall y

adalnistare d onl y

b y prescriptio nand woul d hav e e o b e dis tribute d i naccordanc e wit hStat e healt hlaws . Potassiu a iodid e a s
a prophylaxi s i s onl y effectiv e i f th e exposur e o f concer ni s frs a radlolodla e and onl y I f th e stabl e iodin e i s adainistere d befor e o r - shortl y afta r tha star t o f intak e o f radioiodine . Al l eaergenc y worker s fa r araa s possibl y involvin g radlolodla e csntaaiaatio nshoul d receiv e thi s kind c f thyroi d protection , especiall y i f appropirac a respiratsr s ar e no t available . Th e cos t constrain t woul d no t b e significan t fo r potassii a iodid e itself , bu t th e cos t fo r administerin g thi s aateria l shsul d b e considered , includin g th e cos t o f tastin g emergenc y

worker s fo r sensitivit y to iodin e prio r e

o issu e o r use . Th a us e o f stabl e iodin e a s a protectiv e actionfo r emergenc y worker s ha s bee nraeotrsende d by EPA , bu s onl y

i naccsrdanc e wit hStat a healt hlaw s an

d unda r the directio no f Stat a medica l official s a s indica te d above . However , ehe efficac y o f administerin g stabl e iodin e a s a protectiv e actionfo r th e ganera l porulatio ni s stil l urda r consideratio n b y governmen t agencie s an d shoul d no t b e construe d e o b e eh e polic y

o f EP A a t thi s time . 1.6.2. 6 Mil k Contro l

I norde r to protec t th e populatio nfro a exposur e to ingestio no f eontaalnate d silk , the planne r ha s rw o basi c alternativ e actions , whic h
ara :P.5 1

(1 ) Cow-fee d o r pastur e contro l t o prevent ' th e ingestio no f radioactiv e aaterial s b y dair y cattle , o r (2 ) Mil k eontro l eithe r b y divertin g th e all k t o othe r use s tha t allow

th e radioactivit y

t o deca y

befor e ingestio no r b y destroyin g th e all k aa d substitutin g unesucanisate d all k fro a othe r araas . Th e optimu

m actio nwoul d b e to prevent , throug hpastur e an d fee d control, , contaminatio no f th e allk . Thi s woul d b e followe d u p by mil k contro l enl y

i neontaalnate d area s wher a pastur e and fee d contro l
wer e no t carrie d ou t o r wer e no t adequate . Loca l constraint s ca y reduc e th e acceptabilit y

o r effectivenes s o f thes e tw o protectiv e actions . Th e alternative s t o takin g thes e action s include : (1 ) Peraittin g th e populatio nt o receiv e highe r dosage . (Thyroi d cance r i s generall y so t fatal. ) (2 ) Sugges t voluntar y avoidanc e o f th e us e o f eontaalnate d all k by childre nan

d pregnan t women . (Childre nar e mor a sensitiv e tha nadult s becaus e o f greate r intak a o f all k an d greate r concentratio nwithi nth e thyroid. ) (3 ) Administe r stabl e iodin e a s discusse d earlie r unde r thyroi d prctectio n(sectio n1.5.3.5) . Th e ioca l constraint s o nth e eontrs i o f dair y cow fee d o r pastur e
raa y includ e th e following : (1 ) A shortag e o f uacontaminate d feed .



### ly :(2 ) A shortag e o f personne l t o carr y ou t fae d and pastur e control s i nevacuate d areas . (3 ) Th a shor t tla e availabl e t o implasen t fee d aad - pastur e con trol s ove r a larg e are a (possibl y huadred s o f squar e alias )
aa y creat e communicatio nprsbisa s aa d uncertaintie s a s t s th e area s wher e pastur e an d fee d contrs l shoul d b e implemen ted . (4 ) Th e eas e o f th e stare d fee d an d th e cos t o f transportin g i t to neede d area s sigh t b e prohibitive . Loca l constraint s o nth e eansso l o f all k aa y include : (1 ) Th e shortag e s f nearb y processin g plants . (2 ) Inadequat e storag e capacit y to wai t fo r radioactiv e decay . (3 ) Objection s t s shipmen t o f contaminate d all k t o othe r juris diction s fo r processing . (4 ) Pollutio nfro a disposa l o f larg e volume s o f allk . (5 ) Shortag e o f aonitorin g personne l an d equipmen t fo r al l all k producers . (6 ) Shortag e o f ail k fo r critica l users . (? ) Cost s associate d wit htransporting , storage , o r disposa l o f allk . Th e dos e e s th e thyroi d o f a chil d fre a drinkin g mil k contaminate d wis hradioiodin e throug hth e acaospbere-paseure-cow-oii k exposur e path- - wa y aa y b e huadred s o f tiae s th a chyrol d dos e tha t woul d b e receive d by th e saa e chil d fro a breathin g th e ai r tha t cause d th e contaminatio n
c f ehe pastura . Therefore , ehe sin e o f th e are a ove r whic hail k .nigh t 

# DP.5 3

hav e t a b e controlle d coul d b e auc hlarge r tha nth e sin e o f th e are a tha t woul d b e evacuate d t o preven t inhalatio no f th e iodine . T o avoi d th e problea s an d constraint s assoleate d wit hail k storage , transport , o r disposal , th e planne r shoul d prepar e fo r pastur e
o r fee d contro l i nal l direction s fro a the plan t ou t to fiv e tiae s th e distanc e planne d fo r evacuatio nan d i npredominantl y

downwin d direction s
ou t t o abou t 5 0 t

o 10 0 miles . Control s ove r greate r distance s coul d b e neede d i f the win d persiste d i na singl e directio nfo r a nextende d period . I f pastur e an d feed eontro l action s hav e bee nimplementa d (eve n i f onl y partiall y

implemented) , noncontaalaata d ail k supplie s ma y b e availabl e a t leas t fo r critica l users . Al l ail k producer s i nth e affecte d are a shoul d b e restricte d fro a usin g o r distributin g ail k unti l aoaitored . I f monitorin g o f al l ail k supplie s i s a constraint , monitorin g effort s coul d b e csneentrate c o s ail k supplie s wher e pastur e an d fee d contro l ha d bee nimplemente d and
o nth e fringe s o f th e contaminate d area . Th e planne r can . reduc e th e effec t o f constraint s relate d to uncon taminate d fee d supplie s an d processin g plant s by identifyin g thei r location s an

d procedur e fo r access ,

producar s t

o p rs t activ e action s fo r mill : na y b e reduce d by

tha planne r havin g answer s t o question s ragardin g raia r bursement s o f eost s incurre d b y th e producer .1.6.3. 7 Poo d Contro l Poo d expose d t o airborn e radioactiv e aaterial s sa y becom e eantaalaate d b

y deoositio a o f radioiodin e an d particulat e aaterial . T o avoi d populatio nexposur e fro a ingestio no f thes e materials , th e respons e planne r shoul d eoaside r eh e followin g prscectiv e action s fo r shor t ter

m protection . (1 ) Prohibitio no nus e o f potentiall y eontaalnate d food suc h
a s fiel d an

d orchar d crop s an

d substitutio nfrs a uneontaaiaa r te d supplies . (2 ) Decontaainatlon . Th e primar y

constrain t o nehe us e o f thes e control s wil l b e eh e availabilit y

o f adequat e substitut e susolie s a c a reasonabl e cast . I f othe r supplie s ar e no t availabl e o r ehe cos t i s high , the ni t aa y b e necessar y

e s iapieaen t decontaminatio nprocedures . Po r protectio n beyon d a fe w

day s wher e availabilit y and ess e constraint s woul d b e
aor e critical , the a decontaminatio naa y b e eve ncor e cos t effective . Th e primar y

aaaa a o f decontaminatio nwoul d b e throug hwashin g and peelin g (wher a appropriate ) o f fres hfruit s an d vegetables . Th e con straint s o nsuc hprocedure s woul d b e the abilit y to monito r the decec eaesaata d i.zaas to assur a adequat e decontamination . Monitorin g o f food wil l likel y

b e a auc hdemande d servic e bot hb y the individua l fasaar-consuae r an d b y eh e distributor . Othe r alternativ e control s woul d b e e o impound foo d stock s an d stor e the a e s allow deca y o f radiatio nlevel s o r destro y che m e o preven t csnsuastion . Th a tai nconstrain t o nehas a alternative s woul d be ssoilas aP.5 5

an d tha valu e o f tha food stock s i nrelatio nt o the cost s o f storag e
o r destruction . ,6.3. 3 Vate r Contro l

Wate r aa y

b e contaminate d eithe r by diree t releas e o f radio nuclide s e

o surfac e water s o r by depositio nfro a anataospheri e release . Wata r reservoir s supplie d by land surfac e run-of f c r cistern s supplie d b y roo f run-of f woul d b e aos t severel y affecte d b y atmospheri c deposition , wherea s reservoir s supplie d fro a streaa s
an d lake s woul d b e aos t affecta d b y contaminate d liqui d effluents . Sprin g and wel l wata r shoul d no t b e affecte d b y a naccidenta l releas e
o f radioactiv e aatetla l e o eh e atmospher e o r c

o waterways . However , spring s -o

r wall s cha t appea r mudd y afta r a rai nnigh t b e suspec t an d shoul d b e nonitsre d afte r a rai ni f they ar e i nth e are a receivin g heav y deposition . Soa e aeeidan t scanarie s involv e fue l meltin g it s
wa y int o th e soil , and"suc ha conditio ncoul d contaminat e undergroun d wate r supplies . Th e protectiv e actios s fo r wate r ca nb e eithe r t s preven t contamina tio no r decontaminatio no f th a wata r suppl y o r t o eendes a th e us e o f th a wate r fc r consumption . I nth e cas e o f rasarvcir s supplie d fro nsurfac e o r roo f run-off , preventio no f reservoi r contaminatio nwoul d ts t !; e possibl e unles s method s exista d fo r divertin g tha run-off . Reservoir s receivin g thei r suppl y fro m a strea

m o r lak e noraall y

ar e fille d throug hpumpin g .'an d filtrationstation s whic har e controlle d b y operators . Thes e station s eoui e b e shu t of f i f the sourt a o f th e vara r suppl y became contaminated .P.5 6

Thi s say

als o b e tru a fo r foo d processor s usin g a stream o r lak e directl y

fo r thei r wate r supply . Man y reservoir s suppl y

wata r t o nuaicipa l systea s throug ha filtratio nplant . Sucha plan t woul d ten d c s dacontaaiaat a th e wate r supply , aa d monitorin g o f wata r afta r filtratio nwoul d provid e dat a tha t shoul d b e take nint o consideratio n i nehe proces s o f decidin g whethe r o r no t t o condem

neh e supply . Th a constraint s associate d wit hrestriction s o nsupplie s t o reservoir s o r condemnatio no f wate r systea s ar a relate d t s the difficulties , hardships , aad cost s associate d wit heh e resultin g shortag e o f wate r supplies . I f th e planne r determine s tha t thes e protectiv e action s ma y b e appropriat e fo r particula r wate r systeas , h e shoul d als o identif y th e hardship s tha t aa y resul t and pla nnethod s fo r alternativ e supplies . Thes e sa y includ e rationin g o f uncsnsaainase d supplies , substitutio no f othe r beverages , insertin g wata r fro a othe r j uncontaminate d areas, an d th e designatio no f certai ncritica l user s tha t coul d b e allowe d t o us e eontaalnate d supplies . Thes e sigh s b e fire-wate r systea s an d proces s coolin g systeas . ,o.3. 9 Restorativ e Action s

A . Liftin g Protectls nControl s Th e liftin g o f control s fo r protectiv e action s ma y b e justifie d
onth e basi s o f cos t saving s whe nth e correspondin g healt hrisk s hav e bee nadequatal y

reduced . Po r example , tha cose s t o th e publi c aa d th e Stat a i naalntalnln g acces s contrsl , pastur e control , all k contrsl , o r fsod an

d wate r contro l wil l excee d the ris k reductio nvalu e c fthes e control s aftar som e period , an

d the nth e control s shoul d b e lifted . Th

e cost s fo

r maintainin

g thes e control s wil l b e relativel y constant wit hrespec t t o tia e whil e thei r significanc e i nreducin g ris k wil l decreas e a s ch a sourc e o f radionuclide s is " halte d an d th a release

d nuclide s dispers e o r deca y away . Therefore , i t aa y b e desirabl e t s lif t control s eve nthoug hsom e additiona l dos e sa y be accrued . 3 . Reentr

y Afte r evacuation , person s wil l b e allowe

d t s reente r th

e con e whe a th e potentia l radiatio nris k ha s bee

naverte

d o r reduce

d t o guid e level s fo

r member s o f th

e genera l population . However , i t aa y be necessar

y for certai nessentia l personne l t s racu m

eve nbefor e th e dos e i s reduce

d t o thes e guide levels . I naddition , reentr y
aa y be allowe

d earlie r fo

r les s radiosensitiv e person s sus s a s adul e sale s wh

o na y nee d t o rstu m

t o thei r hone s or j obs . ' Th e criteri a fo r reentr

y wil l requir e a balancin g of remainin

g radiatio

nris k
suc ha s froa groun

d contaminatio

nan d th e cos t o f disrupte

d services , _lo_s^-incoae_ . etc* , r.ssu j JgjCj ^g a th

a evacuation . Tia e i s not a constraint o

nreentr

y excep t as a facto

r ineh e cos t c f remainin

g cu t
o f th e evacuate

d area . C Decontarlnasio

n Th e movemen t o f radionuclide s alon g severa l pathway

s involvin

g silk , food , an

d wate r aa

y resul t i nprolonge d csntaaiaation . Eacho f thes e eleaent s aay

require processin

g t s reaov

e radioactiv

e contaminant s

1.4 9P.5 8

prior t o eanauaption . In-eachcase , th e radionuclid

e concentration s woul d b e reduce

d t o level s "*$lav a s practicable " commensurat e with treatnent easts .

1.5 0P.5 9

•APTZ2 . 2
Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r Exposur e t o Airborn e Radioactiv e Material s
2. 0 Introductio n

Followin g aninciden t involvin g a releas e o f radioactiv e aateria l to th e ataosphere , ther e ma y b e a nee d fo r rapi d actio n t o protec t th e publi c fro a radiatio nexposur e fre a inhalatio n and/o r fro a whol e body externa l radiation . Thi s chapca r provide s Protectiv e Actio nGuide s (PAGs ) fo r whol e body extama l gamm

a radiatio nan

d fo r inhalatio no f radioactiv e materia l i nanair born e plume . A

perso nwh o i s expose d to th e plume o f airborne radioactiv e material s aa y als o b e expose d a t a late r dat a fro a contaminate d food , water , o r othe r pathways . However , th e PAG s i a thi s chapta r refe r onl y t o th e exposure receive d diractl y fro a th e airborn e piuna . Th e emergenc y respons e situatio naddresse d i nthi s chapte r i s th e perio d fro a initiatio no f a natmospheri c releas e unti l perhap s tw o t o fou r day s afte r th e even t occurs . Durin g thi s period , th e principa l effor t woul d b e directe d towar d protectio no f the publi c .fro m dirac t exposur e e

o eh e piua e o r fro a inhalatio no f radioactiv e nataria l i nth a piiona . I t i s iaportan t t

o recognis e tha t the PAG s ar a define d i n tarn s o f projecte d dose . Projecte d dos e i s th e dos e tha t woul d b e receive d by

th e populatio ni f c o protectiv e actio nwer e taken . Po rthas a PAGs , cha projecte d dos e doe s no t includ e dcs e tha t sa y hav e bee nreceive d prio r t o th e tim e o f estimatin g the projecte d dose . Po r protectiv e actlotl s t o b e aos t effective , they aus t b e institute d

' ba f ° T a exposur e t o th e plua e begins . PAG s shoul d b e considere d aaadator y

valae s fo r purpose s o f planning , bu t unde r acciden t con ditions , th

e value s ar e guidanc e subjec t t s unanticipate d condition s
aad eonstraiat s suc htha t considerabl e judgmen t aa y b e require d fo r thei r application . 2. 1 Whol e 3od

v Extama l Exsosur e A radioactiv e plua e wil l consis t o f gaseou s and/o r particulat e material . Eithe r o f thes e cs nresul t i s whol e body externa l expo sure . Measurement s o r calculation s o f environmenta l level s o f radioactivit y

ar e usuall y

i ntesa s o f exposure . T o translat e fro a whol e body

gasssa exposur e t o whol e body dos e require s a correctio n facto r o f approximatel y 0.67 . However , du e to the man y uncertain tie s i nprojectin g dos e fro a exposur e t o a pluae , i t i s generall y conservativel y

assuae d tha t gasa a exsosur e an d whol e body

gamm a dos e ar e equivalent . Recommende d PAG s fo r emergenc y respons e i nth

a cas e c f whol e body extama l exposur e to radionuclide s i nth a amosphar a ar a summarise d i ntabl e 2.1 . Thes e guidelines ' raprasen t numerica l value s a s t o when , unde r th e condition s aos t likel y c s occur , interventio ni s indicate d tp avoi d radiatio nexposur e tha t woul d otherwis e resul t fro a th e incident , "aes. range s ar a shewn , thaP.6 1

Tabl e 2. 1 Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo

r uncl e 2od

y Exsosune t

o Airborn e Radioactiv e Material s

Projecte

d Whol e 3oc

y Populatio

na t Ris k Gamm a Dos e (Ran )

Genera l populatio

n1 t o 5*- ^
Eaergenc

y worker s 2 5
Lifasavin

g acsivitia s 7 3

( a )when range s ar e shewn , th e lowes t valu e shoul d b e use d i f ther e are n o majo r loca l constraint s i nprovidin

g protectio

na t that level , especiall y t o sensitiv

e populations . Loca l con straint s ma

y sake lower value s impractica l t o use , bu

t i a n o cas e shoul d th

e highe r valu e b

e axnsede

d i ndeterminin

g th e nee d fo r srotactiv

e action .P.6 2

lowes t value shoul d b e use d i f there ar e s o majo r loca l constraint s i nprovidin

g protectio

na t that level , especiall y t s sensitiv

e popu lations . Loca l eonstraiat s na y aak s lower value s impractica l t a use , but i nao eas e shoul d the - highe r valu e be exceede d i a deteraialn

g th e
aee d fs r protectiv

e action . Th

e rarisnal a aa

d technica l base s fo r th e numerica l guide s an d thei r range s ar e describe d i a greate r detai l i n Referenc e (£ ) an

d ar e suasarise

d i nAppendi xC . I t i s recommende d that aayon

e responsibl e fo

r applyin

g thes e guide s i na saclear eaergenc y becom e faailiar wis hth

e rational e o

nwhichth

e guidanc e wa s based . 2. 2 Inhalatio

nPoa e -*Cgk-a"-=- - — . ** < myaeSgBseou s •'"partie s o f a radioactiv

e plua e na

y consis t o f nobl e gase s and/or vapor s suc ha s radioiodines . Th e nobl e gase s wil l so t caus e a s auchdos e frs a inhalatio na s froa whol e bod y externa l exposur e an d therefor e nee

d not b e considere

d a s a separat e contributor t s inhalatio nexposure * Th

e principa l inhalatio

ndose - wil l b

a fro a th

e iodine s an

d particulat e aateria l i a th e plane . 2.2. 1 Exsosur e t

o Radioiodine s i na Plua e Due t o eh a abilit

y of th e thyroid t

o esncastrat e iodines , th e thyroi d dos e due t o J ""»'-' 7 radioiodine s sa y b e hundred s
o f r'TtP s graasar tha

neh e correspondin

g whol e bod

y extama l gaaaa dos e tha t woul d b e received . Th

e PAG s fs r thyroi d dos e due t o inhalatio

nfro a a passin

g pluae.ar e shew

ni ntabl a 1.1, Th e technica l suppor t fs r thei r development i s provide d i a referenc e (4 ) an

d i s stsansrise

d i nAppendi xC . •tP.6 3

.Tabl e 2. 2 Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r Thryoi dDos e D u e t o Inhalatio nfro e a Passin g Plum e

Projecte dThyroi dDos e Populatio na t Ris k re m

Genera l populatio n5-25 ^
Eaergeac y

worker s 12 5
Lifasavia g activitie s (•-, )

^ a 'Whe nrange s ar e shown , th e lowes t valu e shoul db e use di f ther a ar a n o aajo r loca l constraint s i nprovidin g prstactis na t tha t level , especiall y e s sensitiv e populations . Loca l con strainje s ma y

mak e lowe r value s isaractisa l t o use . bu s i a a o eas e an'ouo c cn e rugna a vaxu a o e excesse s i nuecaraaain g ui a nee d fo r protectiv e action . (b ) N o speci f i e uppe r limi t i s give nfo r thyroi d exsosur e .^ . sinc a i a th e axtreaa . eas e eoaslet a thyroi d los s sigh t be ' a n" * acssywaox a penalt y

fo r a lif e sav-d . However , tni s shoul d no t b e necessar y

i f respirator s and/o r thyroi d protectio nfo r rescu e personne l ar e availabl e a s the resul t o f adequat e olannins .

: . J2.2. 2 Ensosur a t o Partlsalar a Matarla l l a a Plan e Thi s sectio ni s bein g developed . 2. 3 Interaratatio no f PAG s

Th e guide s fo r th e genera l populatio nliste d i ntable s 2. 1 aa d 2. 2 wer e arrive d a s i nconsideratio no f protectio no f ehe publi c fro a earl y effect s o f radiatio nan d aalntalnln g the delaye d biologica l effect s a t a low probability . Consideratio n ha s bee nmad e o f th e highe r sensitivit y o f childre nand ' pregnan t
wome nan

d th e aee d t s protec t al l aeaber s o f eh e public . Con sideratio nha s als o bee naad e tha t personne l na y continu e t o b e expose d vi a soa e pathway s afta r the plume passes , an d tha t ariri'i,tiona

l PAG s aa y

hav e t o b e applie d t a thes e exposur e pasmways . Wher e a rang e o f value s i s presented , th e lowe r guid e i s a suggeste d leve l a s whic hthe responsibl e official s shoul d conside r -"Ttrtarf- g protectiv e actionparticulari y fs r th e mor e sensitiv e population s indlcata d above . Th e highp ? guid e i s a mandator y leve l a e whic hthe respectiv e governmenta l agenc y shoul d pla nto cak e affectiv e actio nt s protec t th e genera l publi c unles s th e actionwoul d hav e greate r ris k tha nthe projecte d dose . A t projecte d dose s below ehe lowe r guide , responsibl e official s ma y

sugges t voluntar y

actionavailabl e t o the publi c
a t risk . Thi s shoul d b e don e wit hehe philosophy cha t popula tio ndose s b e kep t a s low a s possibl e a s loa g a s th e affect s o fP.6 5

actio nare not mor a hasardou s tha nthe'prejecta

d dose . The concept o

f voluntar

y actio nan d th e type s of actioa that na y b e considere

d wer e riinn-seed i nChapte r 1 . The nee d for selecte

d populations , suc

ha s eaergenc

y respons e tea m member s an

d person s involve

d i a iifasavin

g activities , t s b

e allowe d highe r exposure s tha nth e genera l publi c i s i nlin e wis h policie s wherei nthes e categorie s of individual s noraall y assent grease r risk . Publi c safet y an d trnclpa

r plant personne l wil l b e essentia l t s provide service s for th e publi c eve

nthoug hthe y na y receiv e a greate r radiatio nexposure . I nth e event greate r exposure s t o selecte

d population s ara require d t s sav

e lives , thes e shoul d b e taken . However , i f ths radiatio

ninjur y i nthes e iifasavin g activitie s i s excessive , th e har a aa

y excee d th e good , s

o soae restriction s aus t b e aade . Becaus e o f th

a variation s i nsensitivity o f th e populatio

n t o radiatio

neffect s aa

d i nloca l condition s (weather , etc.) , a range of value s i s recommende d fs r th

e genera l population . Wher e selectiv

e protectiv

e action s (i.e . evacuation ) for th e genera l populatio

ni s possible , childre nan d womeno f chiidbesria g age 3houl d be protecte

d at th

e lower level s o

f th e range , A

further interpretatio

no f eh e rang e i s tha t plan s shoul d b e mad e t

o conside r organise

d protectiv

e actio na t th e lowe r ea

d cf th e range wherea s i t i s sandatsr

y tha t plan s be aad e t s implement protectiv e actio na t th a uppe r end . Hovever , i f no constraint s existed , th e lowe r range shoul dP.6 6

always b

e used . Slac a esnstralnt s exis t o na loca l basi s uade r differen t easeiScss , th e range allow

s adjustnant b

y local . official s durin

g sh e plannin

g stage fs r specia l ioca l problem s
a s discusse

d i nChastar 1 . Th e value s give s fo

r emergenc

y worker s recognis e th e see d fo r som e civi l function s t o continu

e i nth e even t o f a nevacu atio no f th e geaera l populatjoa . Th e risk s are considere d t o b e warrante

d whe a necessar

y o nth e basi s c f th

e individua l exposur e
an d th e benefit s derived . I s suc heases , precaution s shoul d be trto» nt s aimiaic e exposure s t o eaergenc

y workers . PAG s for iifasavin

g mission s ar e give nfo r those.person s whos e norma l dutie s sight involv e suc hmissions , i.e. , police , fireaan , radiatio

nworkers , etc . Thes e guide s woul d normall y b a iimita

d t o health

y e^iss . X

o specifi c upper limit s ar e give s fo

r thyroi d exposur e sinc e i nth e extrem

e ease , eosaiet a thyroi d los s sigh t b e aa acceptabl e penalt y fo r a lif e saved. ' Hovever , thi s should no t b e necessar

y i f appropriat e protectiv e
measure s fs r rescu

e personne l are availabl e as th e resul t o

f adequat e planning . Po r example , respirator y protectio

nand/or stabl e iodin

e fo r blockin

g thyroi d uptake o

f radioiodin

e shoul d be availabl e t

o th e extent possibl e fa r personne l involved ' i n lifesavin

g mission s an

d other emergenc

y actions . Th

e issuanc e
o f stabl e iodin

e nus t be i naceordanc a withstat e medica l srseednras .P.6 7

C2APT22 , 3
Protectiv

e Actio nGuide s for Exposur e froa Foodstuff s o r Wate r
3. 1 Whol e 3od

y Extama l Exposur e 3. 2 Ingestio

n 3.2. 1 Mli i 2.2. 2 Poo

d 2.2. 2 Wate r

(Guidanc e t

o b e Developed )P.6 8

CHAPTZ3 L 4
Protectiv e Actio nGuide s fo r Exposur e frs a Materia l Deposite d o a Propert y o r Equipmen t
4. 1 Reentr y an d Releas e 4. 2 Decontaainatio a 4. 3 Lea d Us e

(Guidanc e t s b e Developed )P.6 9

Applicatio no f Protectiv e Aetis a Guide s 'c r Exposur e e s AirPera e Radioactiv e Material s fro a a a Aesides t a t a Nuclea r Powe r Facilit y 5. 0 latroduetis a 

### Thi s chapte rdeal s wit h aethod s 'o rsstiaatia g populatie ados e fro aplua e ejacsur s base d o areleas e rate s aa

d aeteorsloglca l condition s e rbase d eaoffalt e radiologics ! aeasureaeats . I tals o provide s guidanc e fo reseparisc ao f projecte d dos e wit h PAG s fs r cecisiec s eaprotectiv e actieas . Thes e dos e projectio n aethod s ar e recoaseade d fo rus e b y Stat e aa

d loca l official s 'e rdeveispaes te f operatlsaa l plan s fs rrespeadis g t s insideat s a tnuclea rpewe r facilities . Pollswin g aradiologica l inciden tinvolvin g a aataespherl c releas e tha taa y requir e protectis s s f th s public , Stat aauthoritie s wil l see d iafcrmatio n t s sak e deeisics s e awha tprotectiv e actiea s taiapieaen taa

d wher e the y shoul d b e implemented . Th e inforaatio n seede d include s (1 ) Protectiv e Actio . Guide s adjuste d fc rloca l situation s an

d (2 ) projecte d dose s i s specifi c area s fc resapariae a t o th s Guides . Protectiv e Actio n Guide s -

### «er e provide d i n Chapte r2 . Projecte d cose s rus tb e tetermine d c

n th e tasi s o f

dat a availabl e followin g th e incident . Thes e dat asa y cam e fro a (1 ) plan tconditions , (2 ) releas e rate s an d aeteoroicgica l ' cenditiens , e r(2 ) offsit e radiologica l aeasureaeats , e r eeatinatlca s thereof .

Revise d 5/7 9P.7 0



### Th e aethec apreaeate d i n thi s Chapte rfs rrelatin g dat aa s th e tla e o f th ainciden tt o projecte d ess e ar e rsecsaeade d fs rus e i a dev-jlocaen c e f

operaticca l rea

p ess e plan s fs rataospheri e releaae s a s nuclea rpowe

rfacilities . Planner s ar e esesurags d t s improve e s th e sechod s wher e possibl e aa

d t s alto * the aa s necessar y e s rsz?cat taspecia l eircuastaaces . Stat e planner s ahaui d specificall y eanslde rth e us e . o f an y iaprove d dos e projectio n aethod s develope d s y th s nuclea r facilit y operatar . 5* 1 ?telaaa e Assissosise s Th aguidanc e i athi s Chapte ri s directl y relate d t s release s t s th e ataespher e tha thare bee n postulate d fc rnuclea rpowe r facilities . VASH-UW O O ) isdieate s tha tshoul d ther e be a n acciden ta tasua!ea rpowe rstatioa , ther e i aa aeatreaei y wid e spestrta'O f

differen tkind s o f

possibl e release s t s th e asasspher e aa d differen ttim e fraae s fo * release s departin g e ath e severit y an d 'ta e exac tsequenc e o f th e failur e nodes . A nuclea rpowe

rreacto raay suffe raiss s e f coolan ttut . withou taaeltdew n c f th e rsssts rcere . Fcrthi s clas s c f aeaidact , th areleas e t s th s ataespher e shoul d b e =ssti 7 radioactiv e nobl e gase s aa d iodines . Accident s o f increasingl y large renvironmenta l iapae twoul

d occu ri n asseelatlo s wit h aselsdeu ao f Sh e reacto r ssr e aa d eventua l iss s o f

esatalsaen tintegrity . Thi s clas s o f

".evise d i/"P.7 1



### acciden tcoul d releas e quantitie s o f radioactiv e particulat e aateria l a s wel l a s th e radlsactiv e sobl agase s an d icdinss . However, fc rplannin g purposes , i ti s resosaeade d tha tradioiodine s b e assuae d t s represen tth e principa l contributo rt o inhalatio n esse , an d fs rsituatiea s wher e whol e bod

y dos e frs ath e plua e rauld b e th e controllin g essesur e pathway , i tshoul d b e assuae d tha tnsbi e gase s would b e th e prinsisa i ssstrihutsrs . Guidance catia e fraae e fc rrelease s easso tbe ver y specifi c .becaus e e f

th e wid e rang e o f

tia e fi-zcea tha tcoul d be associate d wit h th s potentia l speetr s o f accident s tha tcoul d occur . Therefore , i twil l b e necessar y fc rplanner s t aconside rih e possibl e differes ttia e period s betwee n th e initiatin g even tan d arriva l o f

th s plua e aa

d possibl e tia e period s o f release s i a- relationshi p t s tim e neede d t s iapieaen tprotectiv e acticns . Th e Reacto rSafet y Study.indicates , fs rexample , tha tsaje rrelease s sa y begi n i s th e rang e o f one-cal f

hourt s a s auch a s 3 0 hour s afte ra

n initiatin g even taa

d tha ttii e curatie ao f th s release s aay rang e fro aeae-hal f

houre s severa l day s wit h ehe saje rportio n c f th e releas e occurrin g withi n tn s firs tday . I n addition , significan t plua e trave l tina s z-n associate d wit h th e nes tadvers e meteorologica l osnditicn atha tsias tresul ti n iarg s potentia l exposure s fa rfro n th e site . Fo rexarpie , underpoo rdispersio n condition s associate d wit h low windspeeds. , tw o hours e rsor e eigh t

:vis ;P.7 2



### b e require d i'trla s plua e t s trave l adistanc e o f fiv e tiles. - Siste rwindspeed s would resul ti n shorte rtrave l time s butweal d provid e acr e dispersisa , savin g hig h e^csure s a tlon g distance s sue s lai b likely . Additiona l informatic s e atia e fr%ae s fs r release s sa y c e f

sssd - i aReference - -7) . 5.1. ' Radioactiv e M

b ale . Ga s an d Raciciodis e Release s amammm^^aaawmaaaammmammmmmm^aamma^mammaammmaaammamaaaaaaa^^m^^mmm^a^a^^^^ 

### Per. a aataospheri e releas e a tanuclea rpowe rfacilit y tha t involve d cai 7 sabl e gase s as d radioiodines , i twould usuall y b e conservative - t s assum e tha t*0 0 percen to f

th e equllihriu asobl e ga s 4 - 

### investe d .asd 2 5 screen s o f the . equilibriu artdisiadia s isveatory ' vaul c : • availabl e fc rreleas e frs aecntaisaest . I s th e absenc e o f
sor e accurat e informatic s fre ath e facility-operato rregardin g th s releas e esspesltles, . i tshoul d b e assuae d tha tthi s caapesitis n i s release d t ath s eavlrtaaeat . Ih e relativ e abundance o f radioiodine s an d tabl e gase s i as s actual , releas e fre acectalnaes twcuid.b e a fuaetic a S 

### f

.-he effectivenes s o f eagiseere d safeguard s (9 . g. , filters , spra y systeas , an d scrubaln g systeas ) i n .-movin g eac h coepcoent .

"Thi s assuratlca- - i s i n agrwaaa s wit h KR C guidanc e (£•?>£ ) o s assuaptlcB S tha tca y b e use d i n evaluatin g th s radiologica l ~ esssequeaea s e f

alos s o f

coolan taesidea ta taligh tvata rcoole d nuclea rpowerfacility .

.-.evtse c



## y

### Tabl e 2- 1 o f Appendi

x Z suaaariss ath e tota l quantitie s c f radiological! /

significan tgaseou s radionuclide s tha twould be i n inventor y underequllihriu acondition s fo ra"CO O >5i e plant . Calculation s o f

th e projecte d populatio n ess e base d caareleas e alxtur e consistin g s f IOC S o f th s sobl e -gase s aa

d 2s " o f th s radioiodine s indicat e tha tth e thyroi d des e fro ainhalatio n o f radioiodin e range s .u

p t s "C O tiae s greate rtha ath s whol e bod y gaas a dos e fro asabl e gase s an d radioiodines . However, i f th s engineere d safeguard s functio n a s designed , the y shoul d reduc e th e iodin e concentratio n such tha tth s whei e bedy gaas aradiatio n exposure'fro a nobl e gase s woul

d b e th e controllin g pathway . 5.1. 2 Radioactiv e Particulat e .tateria l Release s Excep tfa rth s mos tsever : an d iaprsbaai e accident s postulate d b y VASS-'tOC , protectiv e actiea s (prophylaxi s iodis e excepted ) chose n e ath e basi s s f assumin g th e iodin ae^osur e pathwa y i s critica l (figur e 5*2 ) shsui d be suffieiaa tt o provid e protection frs aradioactiv e particulat e material . Thi s particulat e aateria l wil l delive ra

n additicsa i ess e t s th aiaa g an d t s th s whol e bod

y fre aaateria l iscata d i n th e '•••?—" However, i ti s ao tanticipate d tha tlun g e«osur e '-oul d .-sorsaes tth e controllin g essesur e pathwa y fo raccident s a tnuclea rpowe rfacilities . 5. 2 2ecueas e c f

Event s Poilowln g a

ainciden ta tasuclaa rpowe rfacilit y involvin g a releas e e

s th e atmosphere , th s aos turgen tprotectiv e action s i s tart s c f respens e tin e wil l be thes e seede d t aprotec tth e

r.eviss d 5/7 ?P.7 4



### populatie afrs aishalatlc n d f mdicactiv e material s 1 = th e plua e an d fre aairec twhei e bocy e^osur tt agaas aradiatic afro ath e pluae . Th e tla e o f

espesar s t ath e plua e can b e divide d int o rw o periods ; (1 ) th aperio d immediatel y followin g th e inciden twhe alittl e c rae environmenta l dat aar e available , i aconfir m th e seriousnes s o f populatie aeapesures , an d (2 ) aperio d whe

aenvironmenta l level s and/o rconcentration s ar e known. Durin g th e firs tperiod , spee d fer csapietla g suc h acticn s a s evaesatlen , sesxln s shelter , ac d acces s eaBtro i aa y b e critica l t s tialait s erepesur e i n area s wner

e PAG s ar e postulate s e s b e exceeded . Purtheraore , eavirosaesta l aeasureaeat s saa e durin g thi s perio d sa y hav e littl e meaning becaus e o f uncertaint y concerning - plua e locatio n whs : aeasureaeat s were tad s e r vteeartaiat y ecacemit rcsange s i areleas e rat adu e t s change s i n pressur e aa

d radicsuciic s concentration s withi acontainment . Therefore , i twould generall y b e advisabl e t s initiat e earl y predetermine d protectiv e actios s a n ehe basi s o f

dos e project!ca s provide * b

y th e facilit y operator . Durin g th e secon d perio d whe n eavircsaenta l ievQl s ar e known, thes e action s ca s be adjuste d a s appropriate . "o raccident s involvin g areleas e t o th e ataespher e a ta nuclea rpowe

rfacility , th e fallowin g sequenc e o f event s i s suggeste d t s dniais e populatie ae^esure .

Revise d c/"* ?P.7 5



### (1 ) Notificatio n b

y th e facilit y operator s tha ta ainsider s ha s occurre d wit h potentia l to caus e offsit e projeste d dose s tha tessee d th e PAGs . Thi s salificatio n shoul d b e provide d a s see n a

apossibl e fallowin g th e inciden tan d prio rt ath e releas e i f possible . (2 ) Iaaediat e evacuatio n e rshelte ro f population s i n predesignate d area s withou twaitin g fs rconfirmin g relsaa e rat aaeasureaeat s c recvirtnaenta l radiatie aaeasureaeats . (3 ) Monito rgaas aespesur e rate s (ac d iodin e esaeeatratiea s i f possible ) i atb e esvimaaest . Th e facilit y sper ata r shoul d monito rreleas e rate s aa d plan tconditions . (*» ) Calculat e plua e centerlit e exposur e rate.a tvariou s distance s downwin

d fro ath s releas e point , s rus e prepare d isopleth s t s estimat e exposur e rate s is - dewpwia d areas . (5 ) Os e exposur e rates' , airbera e esseeatratieas , sa d estimate d exposur e duratio at aconver tt o projecte d dose . (5 ) Coapar

e projecte d dos e t aPAG s an d adjus tarea s fo r protectiv e actiea s a s indicated . (7 ) Continu e t s cak e adjustnest s a s ser e dat abeeos e availabia . 5.2. i Acciden tNotificatio n Th e firs tindicatio n tha tanuclea racciden tha s occurre d shoul d eca e t s Stat e authoritie s fre ath e facilit y operator . Th e notificatio n frs aanuclea rpowe rfacilit y t ath s Stat e an d loca l

Revise d 5/7 ? 5. 7P.7 6



### respons e arganltatias s shoul d includ e a testimat e s f ehe projecte d dos e c ath apopulatie aa tth e sit e boundar y vat a tsor e distan t location s alcn g wit h estiaate d tia e frames . Th e Stat aemergency respons e planner s shoul d sak e arrangements wit h th e facilit y operato rt s assur e thi ainfersatie awil l b e sad e availabl e caa tiaei y basi s (withi n 1/2 hou re rlas s followin g th e iseidea tan d prio rt s th e star to f th e release ) aa

d tha ti twil l b e previse d i n unit s tha tca

n b e compare

d taPAG

s (i.e. , projecte d dss e i ara s t a th e whal e bod

y o rthyroid) . 5.2. 2 Z=eaiat e Action s Th e Plannin g Basi s (?) reectaaesc s tha tState s designat e a s Saergeas y Plassis g lon e (IPZ ) fs rprotectiv e acticn s fc rplua e exposur e ou tt aabcu t1 0 mile s fre e asusisa rpowe rfacility . Vithi n thi s distanc e i taay als o b e practica l e apla n a n are afo r iaaediat e respons e prio rt s th e availabilit y s f informatic s fc r raki- g dcs e projections . Thi s coul d b e acircula rare adescribe d b y a, designate d radia l dictate s frs ath e facility . Actiea s would b e take s withi n approxiaatel y a9 0 degre e secto rdownwin d ou tto th e dasi^ate c distanc e base d c asstifisatic s fre ath e facilit y operato r tha tplan tcondition s exis twcic apresen tapotentia l fc roffsit a esse s i n exses s c f

th e PAGs

. Th e remainin g are acu tt s th e .7 2 woul d be place d o

x aler tpendin g aor e inforsatlsa . Whe n additiona l informatio n c rforecast s eawin d direct!c aaa

d setaoreiog y becam

e available , decision s coul d b e sat e caadditiona l area s fa r

Rev * * ed 5/~ t 5. 2 

# 3P.7 7



### protactiv e actions . Wit h good setecrsisgisa i an d win d directio n inforaation , i talga e be possibl e to reduc e th e width e f th e secto r fs rprotectiv e actieas . However, i f win d directio n i avariabl e e r i f th astar te f

th e releas e i s delayed , e ri f th e releas e duratio n

. 3 — O 

### , th e widt h o f

th e aeets raay increas e o rpossibl y exten d t s assaplet aelrtle . Th e importanc e o f

good informatic s an

d forecast s cawin d directio n canno tb

e overeashasisad . Th e designate d distanc e fcr . iaaediat e actiea s woul d b e uae d aal 7 i n situation s wner e th s facilit y operato rcoul d no testimat e sffalt e projecte d deaes . I f th s facilit y operato rprovide s projection s o f

populatie aesse , tae athes e shoul d b e use d b y th e Stat at o detertls s th e downwin d distanc e fc riaaediat e actio n i n lie u e f ehe predesigsaee d distance . Tb e oute redg e o f

th e lo w populatie ason s i s asuggeste d radia l distanc e Cariaaediat e action s i ath e absenc e o f

reason s fo rothe rdistances . 5. 3 Estaelishaet te f Exsosur e P.at

e Pattem a Durin g e rfallowin g initia l actiea s e s protec tth e eieae-i a populatiea , environmenta l esposur ? rat e aeasureaent ashoul d b e aad e t aprovid e adat abas e fc rprojectin g teas an d fc rreevaluatin g th e need fs radditiona l prttactiv s action s o rtarminatic aa f

thes e assise s alread y taken . Plannin g guidanc e fa rth e ceilectis s o f thes e dat ai s provide d i aAppendi x A . (Sota : Appendi

x A i s stil l ' ' ode rdevelopment . Referenc e (5) wil l fcr ath s basi s fs rAppendix A
an d i s reeosaesds d a s s aalternat e sourc e e f inforaation. )

.-. e vi s a d t/7 5 5. 3P.7 8



### Afte rcotaisia g exposur e rase s c rconcentratien s a tselecte d loeatiec s i ath aenvironment , thes e aus tb e translate d t s additiona l loeatiea at o ideatlf y th e patter s o f th aexpose d area . Exposure rat apattern s base d ai fa rdswswls d aeasursaest s ca n b e estisate d i n avariet y o f

ways . On

e simpl e wa

y i s to seaaur e plua e cante rlir e exposur e rat e a s srous d leve l a tsoa e Icaw adistanc e fro n th s releas e poin tac

d us e tfces e datat

acalculat e exposur e rate s ' a t ethe rdesignate d distance s dswnwia d b y assumin g tha tthaclou d centerlin e enpesu n rat e i s inversel y proportiona l tath e distanc e fro ath areleas e peist . Th e fallowin g reiatiaashi p can be use d fc rthi s calculation : 

# V B 

# <ft y

Where : D, 3 essesur e rat e aeaaure d a tdistanc e R . 3

_= e^csur s rat e a tdistanc e ?. „ x s rat ao f

diffusio n a

aafunetla n a f

distance . Thiarelationshi p ca

n be use d e

adevelo p aarud

apatter n o f estiaate d espesur s rate s b y assumin g tha tr= 1. 5 an d tha tth e

^Th e cente rlia s e^csur e rat aca n b e deearmlse d b

y traversin g th e plua e a tapoin tsufficientl y fa rdswnwia d (usuall y greate rtha a

Revise c 5/" ?
s 

### ' 0 

# JP.7 9



### exposur e rat e calculate d fa rth e p_ua e cecterlin e wou^.

d a_s o exis t a tpoiat s equidistan tfre s th s scurs ai athagenera l downwin d direction . T

s us e thi s aethod , on e aus tb e ziit-a tha tth e exaosur e rat aaeasureaen ti atake aa tc rnea rth e plua e eeateriiae . A secoa d an

d easie raetho d fs restimatin g exposur e rat e pattern s i s t o us e aserie s o f prepare d exposur e rat e isopieta s (maps wit h Una s connectin g point s o f equa l exposur e rates ) piotta d
eatransparencies . Thes e isopiet h plot s ar e frequentl y availabl e fro ath alicensee , thu s ellalsatla g th aaee d fa rth e Stat e t s develo p then . Sinc e bath th e aetecroisglca l stabilit y clas s ac d th e wisdspee d existin g a tth atia e s f th e releas e affec tthashap e s f th e essesur e rat e isopiet h curves , severa l set s o f curve s would be neeee d tarepresen tth e variet y o f stabilit y condition s aa d wisdspeed s likel y t s exis ta ttha tsita . Th e appropriat e transparenc y -ca

n b e selecte d c

n th e basi s o f

windspee d aa

d netecrsiogisa i condition s a tth e tin s e f th e incident . Th

e transpnrene y ca

n the ab e place d ove raaa o o f th e are atha tha s th e saa e scal e a s th e isopiet h curve s suc h tha tth e curve s ar e properl y oriente d wit h regar d t s win d direction . Th

e isopiat h curve s ar e

tTh avalu e o f

1. 5 fc rri afc raverag e aetecrologica l conditions . I f

th e secearoicgiea i stabilit y conditio n i s known, 1 1 woul d b e ser e accurat e t o us e x - 2 fo rstabilit y classe s A an d 3 ; s s 1. 5 fo rclasse s C an d D ; ac d x s i fc rclasse s S an d ? .

Revise d i/'P.8 0



### use d e aes tin at aexposur e rac e a y alertin g th e exsosur e rate s know n a tspecifi c iccatica s e ath acarves . Exposure race s a tetha r iacat!es s ar e simpl e multiple s o f th aknow

n exposur e rate s a s indicate d b

y th e auiiialiar aassociate d wit h each curve . A thir d alternativ e fo rdeteralaiag ' s^osur e r3t apattern s i a e aobtai n gnas aexpcsur e rat e aeasureaeat s a talarg aauaae ro f loeatiea aaa

d plo tthea adat ac

aasa p o f

th e area . Thi s aetho d would provid e th e aes taesurat e dat abu twoul d requir e alarg a auase ro f

radiatio n instrument s as d traine d person s e asak e th e measurement

s a awel l a s anette d fa rcentra : lastin g th e dat at o th e centra l cente rc

n acontinuin g basis . Thi anetho d i s priaarll y . receaaesde d fo rdevelopin g informatio n fsrdeteralaia g ih e aee d t a revis e previou s protectiv e aetia arecesaectatlsaa . Protectiv e action s fc rpinn aexposur e shoul d b e take s pris rto ' plua e arrival , i f possible . 5* 5 

### Cos e Projectio n Th e projecte d isae (o rdsa acocaitaea ti ath e C3se s f inhale d radionuclides ) shoul d t e cairuiate d enl y Toreh e earl y phas e o f

a n emergency . Earl y phas e include s :h s duratio n o f th e plua e exsosur e fs riahaiatia aPAG

s an d u p t a2 t a4 day

afoilawin g th s acciden tfa r wal e bod

y erasure . Exposure s tha taay hav e occurre d befor e th e dos e projectio n i aaad e ar e se tBarsall y tab e use d fo revaluatin g th e aee d fsrprotectiv e actieas . Radiatis acose s tha tsigh tb e

Revise d s/7 9P.8 1



### receive d a tlate rtine s followin g a n acciden tals o shoul d so tb e Include d withi ath e projecte d dcs e fs rthi aguidance . Thes e latte r doses , whic

h aa y b e fro areentr y operations , fee d pathways , c rlon g tar agrouadshls e ar e committe d ove ra1eage rtim e perio d aa d wil l requir e differen tkind ao f protectiv e actisas . Therefore , the y wil l requir e separat e guidanc e reccaaecdation s t abe addresse d i n subsequen tchapters . Th e bes taetho d fa rearl y deteraiaatis ao f th e tee d fo r protectiv e aetiac s iaetediatei y followin g a n inciden tas d prio rt a th e star tc f

th e releas e i afc rth e facilit y operato re o estimat e potentia l offalt ados e base d caiafcraatie e i ath e contro l roo a usin g relationship s develope d durin g th e planning,stag e tha trelat e abnorma l plan teesditien s an d aeteorolegisa l esaditles at s poteatla l offsit aesses . Afte rth s releas e start s an d th s releas e rat e i a measurabl e an

d whe n plan teesditien s s rinstruaeatatis aaa ab e use d t aestimat e th e characteristic s o f th e releas e an

d releas e rat e a s a functio n a f

tiae , £he

n thee - factors , aiesg__witt^setaerologlca i .eesditien s an

d windspee d an

d direction , ca

n b e use d wit h technique s presente d her e e

aestimat e projecte d dcse . Projecte d dos e ca n als o b e dacartlna d c

n th s basi s c f

environmenta l measurement s wha n thes e ar e available . Procedure s ar e provide d herei n t aus e eithe rreiaas e rate s e rscvirsnaesta i aeasureaeat s t s projec tesse . Supportin g docuaeatatic afc rth aprocedure s i s provide d i aAppendi x D .

'.avise d 6/" 9P.8 2



### 5Fi.] Duratio n o f

Sxscaure ? ^mmmasmmaa—aaaaa—aaaaaaaaaaaaamm—maam 

### Dos e projectio n i s afuactio ao f th e tla e integrate d expoaur e rat e e re f

th e tia e integrate d concentration . Althoug h exposur e rat e would aes tlikel y var y wit h tlae , thi arelationshi p canno tb a predicted . ?orpurpose s of ' thes e calculations , exposur e rat ai s assume d e ab e constan tove rth e exposur e period . Therefore , projecte d dos e becoae s aproduc ts f erasur e rate , duratio ao f expcsure , an

d adas e eeaversic afactor . Th e tia e perio d o f

expcsur e na

y b e difficul tt s predict . Expcsur e would star ta taparticula rsit e whe n th e plua e arrive d an d 'woul d be ende

d t y achange i n win

d dlrescic n e rb

y a n en s t o th e release . I ti aver y importan tcha tarrangements b e aad e fa rth e Stat ac rloca l weathe rforecas tcante rt o provid e informatic s c a currea tseteorologica l aa d win d condition s aa

d predicte d win

d directio n persistenc e curin g th e incident s i aaddltie at a informatic s receive d frs ath e facilit y -operator . I f neithe rwin

d change se rte atim e unti l the . en d o f th e releas e ca

n be predicted , th e perio d o f

expcsur e coul d be ecaservatirei y assune d t s be equa l t o th e ?9 * probabl e maximu m duratio ao f

win d directio n persistenc e Tzrtha tsit e an

d fc rexistin g necaorologica l stabilit y csnditicna . Historica l dat acawin d directio n persistenc e a aafunctio n a f ataespherl e stabilit y elan s fo rapartleula rsit s ar e availabl e i a th aPina l Safet y Analysi s Reportprepare d b y th e facilit y operator .



### .Vsat s/7 55.>*. 2 Whal e Ros y Doa e Projectio n 

### Having establishe d esepcaur s rat e pattern s i ath e environmen t aa d havin g determine d (e restimated ) th s tia e perio d e f exposure , th e sex ttas kia - t aestlaat e th e projecte d whol e bod y aa d thyroi d dos e t o aeaber ao f

th e populatie as o tha tth e projecte d dos e ca n be coapare d wit h appropriat e PAGs . A aalrbem e releas e fro aaligh twate rreacto rwould b e expecte d t s consis tpriaarll y s f radioactiv e nobl e gase s an d iodises . I f

engineere d safeguard s operat e a adesired , the y sa y reduc e iodin e concentratlon at alevel s suc h tha tth e whsl e bod y gaas aradiatio n dos e fro asabl e gase s wil l b e th s controllin g pathway . Otherwise , th e controllin g pathwa y wil l be inhalatie aa f radieisdine aresultin g i n cceectite d thyroi d dos e rangin g u? t s huadredao f

tiae s th aweal e bod

y saes ados adepeadin g a ath a effectivenes s o f

th e engineere d safeguards . T o avoi d th e necessit y fo rralmlatln g projecte d dos e a tth e tla e o f th e incident , i ti arecommende d tha tdos e projection oaaograa abe developed . Figure s 5. 1 an d 5* 2 (page s 5.1 7 an

d 5.19 )
ar e esaaale ao f

such aoacsraas . Appendi x 3 provide s detail s regardin g thei rdevelopment . Othershortcu tdcs e projectio n nathod a sa y hav e been develope d b y th e facilit y operator s tha tar e full y a s accurat e a

athes e sethod aaa

d shoul d be uaed i f

appropriate .

Revise d c/7 9P.8 4



### Th e projecte d whol e bod y saas ados e ca

n b e estiaate d t

y simpl y suitlpiyir g th agaaa aexpoaur e rat aa taparticula riseatic c b y ehe tia e perio d o f

exposure . (The dos e conversio n facta ri aassuae d t s b e 1) . Figur e 5. 1 provide s thi atuitiplicatisc . Thi s figur e als o provide s arelationshi p betwee n espcsur e rat e i s aS/h ran d th e tabl e 'ga acsnesatratic abaae

d eath e tixaur e o f

radlsactiv e sabl e gase s tha twoul

d be expecte d t s exis ta tabou tH.5hour aafte rshutdown . I f th asobl e gase s sav e decaye d fo ralaage rtlae , ehea e curve s would significantl y overestimat e th e ;rejecte d dcs e a adetermine d fro aconcentration s aa d expcsur e tiae . I f

thagaaaaexposur e rat e fre aaseal-infinit e clou d o f airborn e nobl e gase s i s t s be determine d fro aknow

n alxture aothe rthan thes e assuaed , ehe f aHewin g relatleaahl p sa y b e uaed :

. a as 9 S 10 3 

### I C :



### 1 a 

### °
where : Raerepesur

e rat a(nR/hr ) C aeeaeeatratia n i n ai r(Ci/a - 

### ) fo rradionuclid e "a " a 

### 2 „ = averag e gaas aaaars rr^" disistasratio n (MeV ) fc r radlcauclid e "a" . Se e sabl e 3-1-o f Appendix 2 fo r value s o f

2 fo rspecifi c radisaueildaa . 9 x 1 0 s adiaeaaieaies s constant .

Revise d £773

## X X r a~tz 7?.~. st*??. 

# S . V M i i i I .Ir... mm

10 s - 

### X V X "Tr ie : et a pom s reprs-.er.Sim ; jssa a rar i Ucio n sxaosur s ras a (ni/hr ) aa d projacse d duratio n o i mepojur a (ass) . Isciatve a sh e projaesa d wool * iod v doa a iPar a 5ii a earva s aaov

a aa d baio w ch a poias . \ \ • N < • i ^ r 'vs> r N I N i X

l iN y ' iX ~ \ ' , i ! M y \ 

## X I X IN.j\l l V K"e- I i i I I'l l I I I ! I l i ' M l 

# §

- ?



## X I X I lXMi | X I X N iX M X X I I1 i 

# \1\I11U
. XlXIXi X \ \ • 10* ^

- 7

• - 4
a • 2 -

sal

5

• 4 *

N - • N

< V i \ e i 1- . 

### X X ' v T l

. N i f N M I : iN J \ : rN i ! i • i

N i \ i\ ; ,N ; I v i 

## X I (\MI | \ » | XlNill l X J X X ' iXT T j

I I ' I i ' I N I N . I •N • \ i I I ' i Mil l I X i N M i I X l X ! Nl !

? - .
1 0 

# X 

# i m WH J •10- 3 ^

• 7 " I 

# rHiirxiKmu m aa: 3 C l I tI II I I II I

. 4 . 7 1 2 4 7 1 0 2. 0 4

0 7 0 10 0 projecte d exposure duratio n (hours ) Figure 5. 1 Projects d whol e bod y gamm ados e as a-functio n o f gamm a exposur e rat

aand projecte d duratio n o f sxpcsur s .

revise d ..'F p.i .P.8 6

Thi s equatio ni a th s faaiiia r expresais s Tsr52=3 . expcsur e rat e fre a a seal-inflnlt a cloud , 5 a .25C2 , vit a the unit s fa r 3 change d frs a .Vae c t a a2/hr . 5.*. 3 Tirrrtid Pcs e ?re 4 4ctia n Thyroi d dss e ccsstitnent frs a insaiatic ni a primaril y a functio n
a f th s eonaantratles a e f radioactiv e iodise s i a the ai r integrate d
over , th e suratie no f exposcre . Thi a sectio nprovide s technique s fc r projectin g the thyroi d ieatx usin g a variet y o f type a o f dat a eha t
aa y b e availatle . Th e base s *erthes e technique s ar e provide d i n Appendi xD .
* " """^Traaic " tata.7-cetdaStratiisH f icdins s i nthe ai r an d duratio no f expoaure , aa y be obtaine c fre a a variet y c f sources . Th e concentratio nsa y t e ssasure d eithe r a a gras s iodise s o r a s specifi c isotopes . Th e concentratio nsa y als o be calculate d baae d
•c a releas e rate s an

d characteristic s an d aeteareioslea l condition s
o r baae d e s seasure d SSES. exposur e rates . Th e duratio nc f exposur e
sa y b e predicte d a a discusse d i nsectio n5.1.1 . Figcr e 5. 2 provide s a faail 7 o f curve s fo r projecte d thyroi d doa e a a a functio no f airtcrt e concentratio n(rish t ordinate ) an d • duratie a a f exposur e (abscissa) . T a estiaat s projecte d thyroi d iss s fc r a particula r cite , pla t eh e poin t e a figur e 5* 2 eorreapcadia g t a th e radiaiedin e 

### 3 

### ' ceneeatratisa a i a ZL/tv an d the expecte d tina perio d e f sxpeaur e fs r person a a t tha t location . Usin g a iogarithsi c interpolation ,

.-.3vise s 3 / ; s.iS -1 0 -

4 - 

# m £ X I N J I ' ! I ' l i 

### X X I X I I lllladi.l t 

### X

:o J 

# L S

\ i i

X N i ttnyroi a I Idoa aI X i



# 1

7 -



# - E ^ N
. -N •• i
. • \ y v » •• N ; N IN I l r>

p i J I :N ? N N ^ IIII! i | 

### X X i I IX 1

1 X > i\ | \

Sia 2



### . e i i j cnvroi c III,o,
. I 

# LXI X iXliife

. X N X 

# INHmXNMI K •1 0 - 3

lm

i i N . - i \ -



### o u x .

* — N I N,

- i IS 

### X X I X I lXi'x- y \i X I ! : -M x• ^ i 

## X i X « X

j 

# \\!Mi!k\ ! XlX ! 

# !iHO

x 

# [ITHfl^ N

• X ' i i rs . 

# H U- 2 i

i i 1 1
. y.. • \ •• : -\l • • \ a. . y ^
' V
. N ; i I N ' i N
. \! • j I V i i \- X i X i i -X i I X>
. N i 

### to' 4 

### I i si s* 5 a 

# !>v
. X X NilH- X 1 M " l 

## i i X i XiX;iX i Xi X U-«- * M l

10*

- i II I N j I I • --sfs. I I I I

. 

### t aes z rat s <nure * •X i
. X i \ le e sa apels * rnpraaaacla s :S ao-tomr s j j j N* ^ j X . > me aa* esneanerasio n tad aepaasr a:la a ca d aaClaac ach

aprejacsa d iSyTol d doa a b y lararpoLac.oa .

i II I 

### M



# X I

I i il l IIII I I I C l . 2 .*

> .7 IZ 2 3 -> 7 : c 1 3 3 0

- 3 —-. 4 .raramam^i 

### Figur e s- 2 Projects dthyroi ddos s < a3 ^unctio n t f

zrr^r gammaexposur e rata , s r

radioisain s cnr.senrr i n air an ar: e cmiscea c axp«ur s r..T i

• —a<= ^ 3 / is JP.8 8



### eatmat e th e projecte d thyroi d dos e frs ath e doae values's ath s curve s belo w an

d aeov e eh e polst . Farexaaple , i f sh e iodin e

- 5 ' esaceatratio ai s 1

0 Ci/n " an

d i aespeste d e

alas ttw

o hours , the n th e projecte d adul tthyroi d doae would b e apprsxistatei 7 5 res , an d th e chil d thyroi d dos e would be as?raxinatai 7 * 2 ren . Nos e ehae th e chil d thyroi d dos e i aT**. tine ath s adul tthyroi d dose . Th s " chil d dos e would appl y e s seaera i populaslen s whil e th e adul tdos e would appl y taesersese y teaa s e rt s othe radults . Sos e ccsversic c faetsr s e aessver tfre atin e integrate d airborn e concentration s t o projecte d doae woul d vary a aafunctio n o f th e tin e afta rrsaets rssutdov n tha tconcentration s wer e daterslaed . th e dos e conversio n factor s fc riodis e eeasentratisn s use d i n figur e 5* 2 ar e baae d e aani x o f

radioiodine s tha twould b e expecte d t aexis ta taficu t4 hour s afte r.-!aecs rshutdown . I f th s concentratio n wer

e deeeralae d a s soa e oche rtlae , tbe - doae ccaversic n facto r(aa d thu s th s projected,dose ) woul d b e i aamr. Thi aerro rwould b e les s than *0 * fa raeaauresest aaad e i ath e rang e o f 1 t o " 2 hour aa s show

n i afigur e -i. ts f

Appendi

x 3 . Thi s erro r i aconsidere d to o snai l t s Justify th e us e e f acorrectio n factsr , bu tfisar e 4 . - fro aAppendi x 3 csul d b

e use d fc rthi s zxir^azs., i f desired . Ai rsaspie s would provid e the* bes tsourc e o f concentratio n dat a fc rus e i n figur e 5.2 . However, wit h presen tda y ecuipnent , fiel d seasurerent ac f

«Tiretnanta i radisicdin e csncentration s sa v i a

?. e vise d £/? 'P.8 9



### difficul tan

d to o tin e csssunis g fc rquia x decision s s s ispieaestatis n o f

protectiv e actlsna . l ath e asaess e a f aeaaure d - iodin e asacestraties ai n air , on e sa y calculat e th e eenssstratiss a base d e areleas e rate s an d aeseorslogiea i esaditles aa rbaaed -c s gaaa aexposur e rat aaeaauresent s i ath e enrircsaent . 5.4.3. 1 Caneeatration aBase d c s Releas e Rataa I f isfsrsatis ai aavailabl e s s th e tota l curie s release d e r0 5 th e releas e rat e an

d duratic ao f

release , sa e can ua e thes e dat a wit h aeteoralcsisa l in f emai l cat s calculat e concentratien s a t specifi c loeatiea adownwind . Similarly , thi s infersatis aca s b e uae d t o de tamin e th s downwin d distanc e a twnic h aparticula r csacentratic a--od d occur . Thes e aethsd aar e discusse d below . Figur e 5* 3 provide s th e atscsthsri e dilutio n factcr , x^/i , a s afunctia ao f

downwin

d distanc e an

d fo rdifferen tatasoapheri s atabilit y classes . Thi afacts ri ath s esneeatratic n (x ) i aCL/m-" tha twoul d exis tfa rs n averag e windspee d (Z) s f 1 a/3e c acd fo ra releas e rat e (Q) o f

tcurie/see . T

o fin d th s dswnwin

d concentratio n (X) for ' a3peeifi awindspee d an d releas e rata , divid e th s valu e a f xO/ C b y th e wiasapee d i aa/se e an d auitipi y t y th e releas e rat e i a C I a car. 

### T o iis d th e projecte d thyrsi i dos e associate d wit h aparticula r eoneentration , fin d th s peis tcorrespondin g t s th e eancsstratie s an d th e estisate d duratic ao f eapesur e e s th e aoaograati afigur e 5.2. ' Interpolat e legarithsicaii y betwee n th e dos e Use s a anecessary .

Revise d 5/7 ?P.9 0



### 0. 5 1 2 5 1 0 2 C 31st3."ic aDownwin d (M

i 1st ) 3m. 

### Lyur e 5. 3 Typica l value s forXU/ Q a s 3 functio n c r ataaspherf

c stabilit y clas s an

d dcvmvrin

d iistanc aP.9V L



### I f th e reieaa e i s eicpreaae d i s tota l rurie s a aappeae d t s Cl/sec , as y releas e perio d ca s b e assuae d fs rpurpose s a f uain g figur e 5. 2 t aestlaat e th e projecte d doae . Admirin g areieaa e perio d o f

en e hour , th e tota l releas e i s curie s ca n b e converte d t s reieaa e rat e i s Ci/ae e b y dividis g b

y 360 0 aec/hr . A aor e canac aproble m sa y b e t s dstersd.s e th e downwin d distanc e a twhic h apartleula rdoa e woul d occur . Th e followin g step s woul d b e appropriat e fo rsclvis g thi s prebias . 1 . . Frs afigur e 5. 2 (pag e 5.19 ) deterais e th s iodis e eancestratis ai n Ci/a ^ tha twcul d caus e th e thyroi d dos e e f
eaacer afc rth e estiaate d duratic ae f th e exposure . 2 . Multipl y thi aeenceatratic a*x " b y th e wisdapee d WT



### 3 " i a s/ae c aa

d divid s b

y th areieaa e rat e "C " i s Ci/sec . Thi s provide s a dilutic s factor , x^/

Q (a" 2 

### ) , whic h ca s b e applie d i afigur e 5- 3 (pag e 5.22). 3 . Osia g figur e 5.3 , fallo w th e valu e fs rx^/ Q acrea s t ath e existis s stabilit y clas s ac d fallo w thi apois tdow n t s fls d th e earrespesdln g distance . . Thi ai ath e downwin d distanc e where th s dos e o f eaneer n ahsul d occu ra tth e plua e centerline .
Asaas e a s accidec tinvolve s apuf f releas e e f

20 , CO C curie s a f iodises . Tb

e releas e occur s a ttw o hsur aafte rreacts rshutdown , th e wlsdspee d l a3 sp c = 4 a/sec , an d th e ataespherl e stabilit y clas ai aD . Detarsls s th e downwin d distanc e a twhic h th s projecte d dsa e woul d b e 5 re s t s th achil d thyroid . Revise d c/7 5P.9 2



### Solutio n Sine * aaduratls ao f

erasur e wa

agiven , ea e ca

n assua e en e •-oura36O

O aecend afa rpurpose s o f caiculatlcas . Fro afigur e 5- 2 (pag e 5.19 ) ast e tha tth e ceaeeatratlca , x > ess-respondin g to a5 re s dcs e t o th e chil d thyroi d fre aaon e tou r exposur e would be abou t3 x 1 0 Cl/ a. Th e reieaa e rate , Q

, ca s be.assuae d t s b e
20.00 0 curie s . _

. „ 3,o0 0 seconc s _3 

### ' 3 

### ~ /


### - e c



### Therefore :

y d . 3 r.0" ° Ci/s 2 IT* * ^^aa^m—m^mamamaa^mam ^^S. s =. 3 x.0"* a" 2 Q 5. 5 Ci/se c


### Frs afigur e 5* 3 (pag e 5.22 ) th e distanc e correspondin g t s adilutio n

- 6 - 2 facto rc f ;. cx1 0 a -~sde rstabilit yclas s D i s abou t i 2 s 

### c r5 ailes . 5*4.3* 2 Concantraeicn s Rase d c n " a



### — i Zxscsur s Rat

aHessursrstt s I f savireanenta i concentration s o f radicicdine s ar e iaeemiae d fro aai rsaaple s a tselecte d loeatieaa , i twould b e usefu l ,t s obtai n aiaultaaeou aaverag e sasa aexpcsur e rat aseasuresest s a t.th e saa e location s i aaccordanc e wit h reeesaeadatien s sf th e Taai

e "ore s e a l33truaentatic a(3) . Th arati o o f

=a=c aexsosur e rac e t s isdin e

.-avise d :/; >P.9 3



### eaneentratie s shoul d b e apprsxiaatai y cssssas tfs rdifferes t loeatiea ai f

th e seaaureeest aar e ss taprea d cu tove rser e tha n abou t2 tours . Ths proces s o f collectin g an

d analysin g afe w ai r aasple s sn d estlaatis g eoncsctratian abaae d o s gasstaexpcsur e rat e aeasureaeat s a tethe rIoeatlos aeaul d aav e considerabl e sesitsris s

I f s o ai rsaapl e aeaaureaent aar e available , i ti apessibl e t s obtai n acrud e eatinat e o f radioiodis e ai rconcentration s frs asasa a exposur e rat aaeasureaeats . Becaus e o f th e larg e poteatla l fs r errara , thi awoul d b e th e laa tchoic e o f ssthod s fo reaaisatis g airbera e iodis e concentrations . Th e lef tortisat e i s figur e 5* 2 (.page 5."9 ) provide aa relatiosahi p betwee n th s gais u expcsur e rat afro aairborn e radioactiv e nobl e gase s plu s iodise s as d th e radialodis s csscestratis a(righ tordinate ) tha twoul d sentribut e t s thi s dsae . Thi s reiationahi p change s wit h th e rati o o f iodise s t o nobl e gase s i ath e release , th e atacapheri s stabilit y clasa , tia aafta r shutdown , th e gasa aexpcsur e easin g fre aaateria l alread y dspcaite d
c c surfaces , an

d th e gasa . exposur e fro aairbem e particulat e nacerial . Becaus e o f

th e assuaption s tba twere aad e i s th e developasa to f

a* figure 5.2 , it s us e t a eatinat e thyroi d issalatiendsae solel y e s th e basi s o f sasa a exposur e rate s withou t ecafirsatsr y eaneentratis c

Revise d 5/7 * 

### \.2SP.9 4



### seaaureaest ao rwithou tcorrectio n facesr awould generall y resul ti n projecte d thyrei d dese s highe rthan thos e tha twould actuall y occur . Th

s rslaticaship ai afigur e 5. 2 betwee n gaaaa, exposur e rat e an d iodis e caacentratle n ar e base d o n th afollowin g asauaptloca : 1 . .Th e rati o o f

concentration s a f

iodise s t s sabl e gase s woul d be abou t0. 3 which i s tb e rati o tha tcorrespond s t o aalxtur e csaslstis g s f

25 5 o f th e iodise s aa

d 100 ? o f

th e nobl e gase s i s a nuclea rpowe

rreacto ra tful l powerecuiiibriu n easnitleas . Figur e 5* 4 provide s correctio n factor s tha tca n be sulciplie d tine ath e fftmaespesur e rat e befor e it s us e i s flgar e 5* 2 i s situation s wher e actua l value s ar e provide d ia? iodin e t s nobl e ga s activit y ratio . 2 . Th aascspaeri s stabilit y tiaa awoul d b e "A" . Figur e 5. 5 provide aesrreeele n faetar aa aafunctic n o f

downwin d diatane e an

d ataospheri e atabilit y clas s fc rus e i n situation s wher e thes e dat a ar e teown-" 3* Meaaureaents would b e aad e withi n th e rang e o f 1 e s 1 2 hour aafte rreacto rahutdewn . Csaeactratisn s base d en aeasureaeat s aad s darin g th e firs t4 baur aafte rahutdew

n would be slightl y lowe r tha n estisated , thu s ffan.*ir.g aeeaservativ e des e estinaee . Ccecsntratint s base d c c ssasureoeis s add s i o r-.art tour s afte rth e reacto rshutdow

n woul d produc e le w dos e estisatea . However, thi s aoncanaervatlv e erro rwould b e sooewta s csspessate d t y th s ' eeaaervatlv e erro rintroduce d b y th e asstaptis atha tthere ' woul d b e

Ra*«tae d 5/7 0 5.1 56I/ S »SPA* S

CORRECTIO N PASTO R

e S T

e 

# 1 L 

# l i 1 1 

## 1 I i I i 

# iii i I X ! Il l Mil l 1 ! ! MMI I iii i iiii ! !

. \ i 1 1 Ijii l i i | 1 I I M | 1 ! I | i ! 1

. ! | I i N < i 1 ' ' •i i i 1 i i i ••i : i i i i i i i i i i : v :;••• : : ••••;•• ; ••„•; •: .•;•• ;

>

a u

. m am *

a > V. > < < ma 

# m ^ ^ I i I I X I ! I

i i l 

## •s r I Mi l 1 i I I I I ' I I I IMi i 

# n

—.> n



### c x P

.

M

ca > > > •npr . aa C> am ——j ; L

_-;— -~ r SsSSlSRs ? F < J !

.

< : S • 

### 2 : S ^ r r» 

### £ > * 

### = r rs > - p S S m > n > f r O M 

### 5 5 > 

# IS I r

r « X 

# f s E s 

### s = C m

— ' — m ^ ^ r s 

# I i \ \ 11 1 \ i i i 111 1 •



### : > 

# E 1 

## I MM! ! i 1 M M l i IIIII . 1 ..'!. : 

# HJ !

1 ! 1 i UN ! 1 i 1 Vll l 1 , 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 \

— ••><••<•• > \ 1

S6 dJ

JL



## 2 5 

# T T
A 

# i f \> 

# TT_ T i i i i

i i i I i i

j i i

s s r O U \

F STA3JLTP ' ! 

### I NI! S J i viy i ' • >

\ » \ i I I 

# 5 vII V ' i < 3 \ I \ I I *3* V lAT i 

### \ I \ l I l \ I I 

# x i \ i i X i \ 0 I \ I ! V .

1 I X I V •* tx ! I i ! Il l i l i II I I I I I I I

i I
i II I I I I I T O US S THI S CHART, FIN

D TH E CaRRESTlO N FACTO

R OTRaES?0H0IJI6TCTHE BISTAKC S AM

D ATHCS7HS31 C STABI UT f OA S A T WHIC

H TH E CCCSSa E HSASSaEHEH T ' WA S MAUS . A» 8 KOtfTl Y I T 3 T TH E MEASURE S 3AMM

A 

### ' Sffcsua E RATS. 

### 3S?oas rr

s USclNFTCUa

S 2. 2 I I I

! I M i I
I I i I

I I I I I I

I 1 1 I I I ! I I I M M 

### i Ml ! I i i Mil l

i i i
•• ' I

: 4 S 3 7 J 31 8 I S 23 BS7AMC S (X.UMET2ES J 3 « a ) 7 0 1S D


### 0. 6 3 S 1 8 SUSTA.1C S GXUS. 

## a
Figur e 5 . J Gamm

a sspssurs..tr . Sr.i a n'su s sarrschon factsr

.1 3 Revise d 5/3 0a o eaatrihutis nt

a gaaa a exposur e rat a frs a radiaisdiae a deposited
cr th a ground . 2ot ha f thes e error s woul d increas e i a intensity wit htlae afta r th e star t a f ths release . Cautio nshoul d ae exercised l a thi a aethe d o f estimatin

g thyml d dos e t

a avoi d projectin

g thyroi d inhalatio nlose s s a th

a basi s o f gaas a ezposur e eaa-in g essirel y

fre a deposited aateria l afta r th

e plune aaa passed . Tarthi a situatio nth e gaas a exposur e rat a woul d iaareaa e a a th e detecto r approached ths srouad . Ssagal a Proble s S o iedla

w concentratio

nseaaureaent s har e beenaade . es t gaas a exposur e rat a aeesursaeat a indicat e Taris" ^ level s o f 1 0 aS/hour a t 2 alia s dswnwiad . The atability clas a i s D , an

d th a tnaiea r utilit y report s th

e iodis e t

a scal e ga

a rati o inth

a releas e i

n0.1 . *ha t i a ths projected chil d thyrsi ! dss e for a 2 hcur exposure ? .Scissio

n Referring't a figur e 5. 2 (pag e 5.19 ) th

a projecte

d dcs e withsu t eerreetlc nfaetara for 1 0 aS/h r an d 2 hour s i

a abou t S re a ta.th e chil d thyrsi! - ?rc a figsr s 5. 5 (pag s 5*23 ) th e ssrrectis nfaste r far D stabilit

y an d 2 ailaa s 1.5 . ?rc a Figur e 5. 4 (pag a 5.27 ) th

a carrectir a faatar fs r isdla s t a ssbi e sa s rati o s f 0. 1 = 0.U5 .

" 0 aS/s r a l. s a .-J o a 7. 2 a£/hr . «2f a rrin s t s f * "^ir * s a2 th

a csrreete

d thyroi d dss e i a projecte d t a i e slightl y

tar e tha

a 5 rea , fc r a 2 ieu

r expcsure .

Revise d a/7 ;

a.- sP.9 8

5. 5 Protectiv e Action..Secisisna 

### Th asca teffaeti7 e protectiv e actiea s fo rth aplua e ecpoeur e pathwa y ar e evacuatio n an

d shaltar . Acces s centra l i aala o ef f aatiT e aad appropriat e bu tgenerall y woul d b e take n i a ceajusctia i wit h os s o f th e othe rw o acticns . '*se s eeataalnatie n o f th e sici n i asuspected , protectiv e acticn s suc h a s washing , an d change s e f

clothin g ar e justifie d withou tth e see d fc rplanne d procedure s becaus e than e action s ar e eas y t atak e an d involv e littl e o ra arlale . Ca p se r1 provide s agenera l discussin ao f protectiv e actions , an

d Appendi

x » -wil l prs.vis e plannla g guidanc e vit h regar d P aevacuatio n ac

d ahelter . (Appendi x 3 ba aao tbee s puaiishe d a s s f thi areviaiea) . Afte ress e projection s are- aad e an d essatraist aar e identified , reapcnalhl aofficial s nus tdecid e wha tprotectiv e actiea s sheui d be isplaaeate d an

d i a'.-ca

tareas . Ths y sua e als o deeid s which o f th e eaergenc y acticn s tha tver ataieeaprie rt s savin g releas e infer-aatic e fro ath afacilit y s rscviroansnta l aeasureaest ashoul d b e * landed , saintalnsd , c rcasua l sd . Tabl e 5. 1 provtds s broa d niiiass s fc r.tasn decision s e n th e basi s s f ceaparis g prejeees d cases zs ?.-.Cs . Thi s guidanc e i a priaarll y fc rplanrr.rr g purposes . Acespnaci e raiue s To renerjece y dsae atath apupil s uade ractua l eesditien s o f anuclea racciden t canno tb e predetermined . Protectiv e actio arecesseneacics s i s an y iadiTidua i cas e ma tb e base d cath e actua l cccslticn atha texis t s d are ;.-cj3eia c a : :zs zLzs c f :aaaccitast . ?.sviss c :/" " 5.1 0

### ( )

Tabl a 5. 1 Muuouauiidod proleutlv a ao t Ion s t o raduu a idiol o bod y an d thyroi d doa a fro a eipoeur a t o a gaaeou a plua a



# s Projeota d Poa e (Ran ) t a th a Populatio n
Miol a body

< l Thyroi d <5

Uliol a tody

1 t o < 5 Thyroi d S t o <2 5

Uliol a body

5 an

d utiuv a Thyroi d 2 5 and abov a

Projeole d Doa a (Ron ) t o taergeno y

Tea u Uorkor a
Uliol a body

2 5 Thyroi d 12 5

Uliol a body

'15 Reootuaunded lotlona'* '

U o planne d protuotlv a aotlona.C 1 * 1 Stat a tau

y taau o m i advisor y t o aet k ahaltc r an d aual t furlhai * Inatruallone . Monito r euvlronneuta l radiatio nlavala .
Suult ohulto r o s • -.Intmua . Cunaldu r evnouatlon . Evucuat a unlea a oonatralnt s nak * I t tmpraulloal . Hun1lo r environmenta l radiatio nlavala . Contro l aocaaa .

ConJnu t Mandator y uvaouatloo . 1 lu n1 lo r environmenta l rudlutlo nleval o and adjus t are a fo r mandator y

ovucuullo nbusu d o nthaa o leve l a . Contro l aacaaa .

Contro l axpoaur a o f ewurgeno y teu u raoubora t o thea a laval a etaep t fo r llfeaavln g ulsaloua . (Approprlat a oonlrol a fo r eaargeuc y worke r a , InoluJ a tlu a llnilatlona , roaplratora , and alabl a Iodine. 1 Contro l oupoaui a o f ••aergano y tea m aember a perforatin g llfaaavln g olaatun a t o thi a lavel . (Cuntro l o f lin e o f oipoaur a wil l b a aioa t affuollva. ) Conuent a
Previousl y

reoonnaiido

d proleutlv a aotlon a aa y L a raoonaldara d o r teralnaled .

I f oonatralnt a o»lat , apeala l oonalderatlo n aliould b a give nfo r evaauatlo no f chtldra u and pregnan t uoaon .
Seekin g ai m

Ite r uoul d b a a naUariullv e I f ovaoiiatlu

nwer e no t liuudlalel y

poaalbla .

Althoug hraapiratur a an d alabl a lodln a aliould b a uae d uher a affuollv a t o contro l doa a t o anargono y

tea * uorkara , - thyroi d doa a M y

no t b a a Hullin g faoto r fo r llfaaavln g alaatona .
•"'Thea a aotlon a ur a g-oooiuuninlo d fo r plannin g purpnaaa . Proteollv e uotlo ndaolalon a a t th a tlu a o f tli a Inciden t mus t take.ealatIn g condition* . Int o aonaltlorotloii .

' L J* t th a tln a o f th e Inultloiit , offlolal a ma y luplenun t lou-lapuo l prolootlv a aotlon a I nkeepin g ult htb a prlnolpl a o f maintainin g i-kdlatUi l «>poaiiru a k a IU M

a a reaebuubl y

aohlevablo .

### ?AC acanno tb e uae c t s aasur e taa tagive s leve l c f erasur e t a isdlTtaaals - i n th apopulatie ai s prevented . I aan y particula r respeaa e situation , arang e o f c\03ta aa y b e a^serienced , dependin g aosel y e ath s distanc e fre ath e poin to f reieaae . Soa e o f

thes e doae asa y b e i n exces s o f th e ?A C level s an

d clearl y warran tth a Initiatio n o f

an y feasibl e protectiv e actions . Ihi s dee s so taean , however , tha tal l caae s abov e PA G level s ca n b e prevented . . Furthersore , ?AG

arepresen tonl y trigger - level s an d ar e so tintende d t arepresse s arceptabl e dss e levels . ?AC s ar e tsol at s b e uae d i n plaml- g ac

d a s deeiaic aaid s i n th s actua l resposs e sltuatlc n fa r purpose s e f

iesa savings . ?sda reaerseac y cesditlea aal l resacsasl aseaaure s shoul d b e take at s alnlais e rajtiaaia n ezpesure s t s th e genera l publi c as d t s eaergenc y uerteera . I ath aabsenc e a f alg ai f lean tconstraint s an

d i a ccsaidarattic ao f

th e generall y accepte d publi c baalt h practic e o f Haltin g radiaeic aexposure s taa s le w a areasonabl y achievabl e levels , rsapeasihl aauthoritie s sa y was ttaiapieaen tlo w ispac s protectiv e actiea s a tprojects d dose abales * th e PACa . Th arscensesdatica s provid aarsag ac f PA G value s becaus e • iapiaaentacio ao f

th s gaidaac e wil l alway s requir e th e us e o f see d juegaen tac

d aecealderatle ao f

ioca l assasraisaa . Th s levee s ralu e shoul d b e uae

d i f ther e ar e co saje rloca l caassraist ai aprevldia g protectio n a s tha tlevel , especiall y t asensitiv e peculations .

P.evise d £/ " 5.22p. 1



### Icca i csaatraiat aaa y aak aleve rvalue airpractiaa i t ause , buti a c o cas e ahoul d th e highe rvalu e b e exceede d i n deteraialn g th e nee d fa rprotectiv e action . Th e questio n inevitabl y arises , then , a t wia tprojecte d dsa e bels w th s sialsta s PA G value aaboul d protectiv e act!an aa

o icnge rb e considered . Thi s i s avalu e judgaes te ath e par to f th aeaergeae y coordinato rbu tahoul d b e baae d e ath s fallowin g ecnslderatleaa : a . Ar e th e risk s associate d wit h takin g protectiv e aetie aa t lo w projecte d doae agreate rtha n th arisk s aaaociate d wit h th e lo w projecte d radiatio n dsa.es ? b . I ather e areasonabl e probabilit y tha tth e protectiv e actio n bein g considere d can b e successfull y iapiaaeata d withou t treasonabl e coa te rbardshi ? e n th e participants ?
e . A tver y le w projecte d deaea , effort s t aprotec tth a populatie aaa y d

o acr e ca m ths n good . Ths inten ti at s allc w fa rflexibilit y i n th s ispiaaeetatla as f th s guidanc e becaus e loca l condition s will ' var y an d becaus e specia l inferaatlc aaa y b e available . Butabov e th e uppe rPA G range , ther e i asignifican tris kt atb e erpese d poculatieca , an d reapenaibi a agencie s ahcul d conside ri t—andntnr v zs oia azs iapieaen teffectiv e protectiv e acticns , rees^itis g tba twhe n a n acsidsn tactuall y eccura , unforesee n cendition ao rcsaatraiat anay prevai l auch that' , professiona l judgaen twil l b e require d wit h regar d t aprisritia a-far protectin g th e public .

Revise d 6/7 ?

### L2
_

Cuidsac a fa r eergscc y worker s i a give s a a tsaa Halt s becaus e i s i s reecsaiae d tha t eritiaa l civi l funetlea a aaa a eontlau e whil e protectiv e actiea s ar e take s fo r th a geaera l populatiea , and thi s
sa y reejcir a eaergenc y

worker s ta receiv e radlatls a exposure s darin g emergencie s tha t otherwis e woul d ao t b e permitted . 2s?osur e e f eaergenc y

worker s ta an

y dos e leve l i a ao t Justifie d unles s i t i a detarslae d tha t benefit s t a societ y ar e bela g achieve d an d effert a
ar e bela g aad e t

a llal t thei r dose s t a level s a s lew a a reasonabl y achievable . Znergenc y worker s shoul d consis t e f healthy adult s an

d ahcol d no t includ e vene ntha t eaul d potentiall y b e pregnant Saergeas y

reapease - plannin g shoul d provid e fo r specialise d protectio nfa r eaergeae y worker s darla g eaergeae y activities . Thi a woul d lscV.d e respirator y protestlsa , i f needed , t a reduc e iatairaa i orga nac d thyroi d deae s fro a inhalatio nan d perhap s prophylacti c drtg s tha t preven t thyroi d exposure s fre a inhale d radioledlaa . Ther e shoul d b e appropriat e inatr-caestatie a t s rerif y exposure s an

d cscsastiaacie a technique s t a preven t overexposure s b y warnin g eaergKac y

warxer a whe a ta withdra w fro a radiatie a fields . Tha beait hris k asaesiata d wit hdcs e Halt s r^cssasnda d far iifaaavis g aisaica s ar e estrenel y high , as d suc hhi ^ dsae s sccul d b e receive d enl y

c a a voiaatar y

basi s b

y individual s awar e at th e risk s involved . LLfeaavia g actios s shoul d b e performe d b y person s i a gee d beait hwhos e coma ! dutie s sav e traine d the a fa r suc h sisalens .

Pevise d £/? cP. 3



### HSTS3S3CS S (J. ) CS . 3CCL2A 2 aSBOUKa r CSSfiSSSajS . A nAasessaea t o f Acciden t " " Hlait a i a C5 . Csaaaercia i Huaiaa r Powe r Plants . (VA5H-14C0) , U.S. Suclaa r P-egulatsr y Csaaiasioa , Washin g tan , S.C , Cctabe r 1973 . (2 ) CS . STCLSAJ . 3SGSU7CS I CCHMI2SISN . Guid e aadChecklis t fa r " * tha Sevelepsen t an

dEvaluatio no f Stat e an dLoca l Goveraaea s Radiologica l saergeac y Hespoas e Plan s i s Suppor t o f Fixe d Nuclea r Facilitie s (VASH-'2S3) . CS . Suclaa r Reguiattsr y Cassia s isn , Washington , D.C . Deceaoe r "97-i . (3) 2AHS , JQSsT S «. , JH. , AH D T3CM4 S C . S2LL . svacaatio a Risk s - " " a a Evaluatio n(Z?A-520/6-7 s 

### *-002) . CS . Eavironasaia l Protectio a Agency , Washington , D.C . Jun e 157 s 

### * . (J O 5ELSCS , S . S . Approache s ta Populatie a Protectio ni a Cas e c f " ~ Hucisa r Acsideata . 5.5 . sSTironresta i Protaetis nAgency , Cffia a a f P-adiaais a Prograas , Washington , D.C . (Draft , Deeeshe r 197 1 

### *) . (5 ) C.5 . ATC^I C -2Z2G I CCTSGSSICS . Regulator y Guid e ,.Z.

~~ Assuaption s usedfa r Evaluatin g th s Potentia l Radiologica l Csnsequesce s s f a Las s s f Coolan t Acciden t fs r saiiia g Wata r Heactars . Directorat e o f Regulator y Standards. , Hucisa r Ragaiatsr y

Ccaaisaisa , Washington , D.C . Jua e 1973 * (5) U.S. ATSMI C SIZSG T CZW-ZS-ZZZ... Hegulatar y Guid e 1.1 . * " Aasuarptisaa Uae dfs r Evaluatin g th s Potentia l ?.adiaisgisa i Caasequease s a f a Las s o f Caclaa t Acciden t fc r Pressurina d Wata r Heactars . Directorat e s f Regulator y Standards , Nuclea r Regoiattsr

y Ccasiasisa , Washington , D.C . Jua e 1973 * 

## (7 ) U.S-. .TCCLZA

3 ?J:CdAT02 T ccccssi-: : A>r o U.S. zi77z-.c.wnr:iL

~ ??.C7ZCIZ£ll

ACZNCT . Tas k Fore s Report . Plaraia g .oasi s fs r the Deveiopaes t o f Stat a an dLoca l Gcvemaen t Padi'siogisa l laargsss y

P.sapeaa e Plan s i a Suppor t c f Ligh t Wata r .'Iuciaa r farmerPlants , •iu?.sG-03? c c r IZ?1~5Z0/"- -7c—3"o, Waanlagssa , D.C . 20-cO , Hovenee r 197S . (3 ) 3.5 . SECLZ1 H R2GSL1TCR T CSeilSSICir . Intarl a Guidase e ar. • ' Offalt a Padlatis s Measureaea t Svrteas , A Repor t t

a Deveicper a o f Stat e .Raaiaisgisa l Eaergane y .Respons e Plan a b

y th e Federa l Zataragens y

Taa k Fero e o a (offsite ) Eaergeae y lastruaaatatis a fa r Nuclea r Incident s a t Fixs dFacilities , B.S . Nuclea r Regalatar y

Csasiaaisa , Washington , D.C , Augus t '97 7

Revise dc/7 ;P. 4

CZAPT22 . 6 Applicatio no i PAG a fs r ?eodsrnff 3 an d "Wata r Csntaninatic n
6. 1 Salocatis a 6.1. 1 Whal e 3od

y 6.1. 2 OrganExposur e 6. 2 Shalta r 6.2. 1 Thol e 3od

y 6. 2 Acces s Contro l 5. 4 -jflJ k Contro l 6. 5 Foo d Contrs l 6.6 ' Vate rContro l

(Guidanc e t a b e De-veloped )

6. 1P. 5



### C3APTZ 2 7 Applicatio n o z ?AG

afo rCaafatrfnata d Propert y o rEquipmen t

7. 1 2alaas e an

d 2eeatT 7 7. 2 Decontamination 7. 3 Lan

d Us e

(Guidanc e to be Developed )P. 6

s

OAPTZ 2 S Applicacis no f PAG a fo r TransportationIncidens a

(Guidanc e e

a b e Developed )



### 3. 1P. 7

APPENDI XA

Sunmar y o f Intsrl a Guidanc e on Offsit e Eaergenc y

Radiatio nneasuresen s Systsai s

(t o be de-veloped )P. 8



### APP2SDI Z 3
Plaaaer' aEvaluario n Guid e fo rProtectiv e Action s

(t o b e developed )

O—J .P. 9

AP7S3T.I Z C

Sussar y o f Technica l Base s for Pratecri'v

e Actio nGuide s

(ta b e develoned )



### C- lP.1 0

APPSED H D t o the Manua l o f Protectiv e Actio a Guide s aa d Protectiv e Actiea s fo r Nuclea r Incident s

T2CSHICAL 2ASZ S FC H DCS S PROJECTIONMESOa S

Januar y197 ?

Saviroaaenta l Protectio a Aganc y Offic e o f Radiatic a Progran a Eavircaaenta l Analyai a Divisie a Washlagtsa , D.C . 2C»« 0P.1 1



### Contest s Par s Techaiaa l Ease s fo r Method s tha t Sstlaat s tha Projecte dThyroi dDos e aadProjecte dWhol e 3ody Gaaa a Dos e fro a Exposur e ta Airborn e Radioiodine s andRadioactiv e Sobl a Gase s D- 1 1. 0 Introductio nD- 1 1. 1 Approac hD- 5 2. 0 Oait s , s-5 - 2. 1 Radionuclid e Concentratio nl a Ai r D- 7 2. 2 Dos e Calculaticn s D—1 1 2.2. 1 Whol e 3cdy

Clou dGaaa a Dese s 3—1 1 2.2. 2 Thyroi dInhalatio nDcse s 3-1 5 2.2. 3 Finit e ClaudCorrectio nD-2 2 3* 0 Inpu t Parameter s D-2 1


### - 3. 1 Radisaualid s Sourc e Tara s 3- 2 « 3. 2 Thyroi dDcs e Caaversis a Factor s fo r Radieiscia a lahaiatis a . . . D-2 7 3.2. 1 Dependenc e o f Thyroi dMas s ac dBreathin g Rat s e c Ag e . . D-2 8 3.2. 2 Bptak e o f lahaia dRadioiodin e lat a th e Thyroi dD-3 0 3.2. 3 Effectiv e Dec3 y Saergie s e f 1-131 , 1-132 , 1-133 , 7^_? 1 

### ' 1-134 , aa d1-13 5 i a Huaa nThyroi du-$\ 2a2.-> Effectiv e Deca y Constant s c f Isdia e Isotope s I-13 1 throughI-*3 S i nth

e H-na nThyroi da s a Functio no f Subjec t Ag e 3-3 5 3-2. 5 Dependenc e c f Thyroi dDcs e Ccaversis s Facto r c a Ag e . . .'.3-3 5 4. 0 Result s C-3 9

. *. 1 Whol e 3cdy

Dos e D-S 3 '•i.2 Thyroi dDcs e Z---5P.1 2



### Content s (es t n

3. 0 Accurac y

s f Doe e Projectio nSacacd a D—5 1 3. 1 Calculationa l Zsror a Associate dwit hReieaa e lat a Aasuapelo& s D-4 1 5.1 Cilealaciona l Error s Assoexace dwit hAsaisspciso a o a Releas e Characteristic s 3-6 2 5.2. 1 Error s i a Whol e 3od y Dos e 3—5 2 — " - 3.2. 2 Error s i a Thyroi dOos e D-e S 5.2 Error s Aasociaca dwic hIssu e 3ae a • 3-4« * 5.2.1 Duratio no f Exsosur e 3-4 * 5.3. 2 Error s i nReieaa e li t a Dat a . 2—- 5 5.3. 3 Error s i a Oaa a e a Reieaa e Characteristic s 3-4 6 5.3. 4 Error s i s Ssvirsnaencs i haaaureaent s andIndorsatio n.' . D—id - '""" N 3. 4 Suns-ar

y . " . 3-4 7 Reference s 3-6 9P.1 3

rabie s
Pag e Sectio n3 3. 1 Radionuclid e scum s dat a 3-2 5 3. 2 3ci y

aass , thyroi d aass , aa d breathla g rat a a s a functio n o f ag e 3-2 9 

### 3. 3 Absorbe

d fraeticn s (? ) i ath e thyroi d a s afuaetic n o f ag e aa d icdia e isotop e 3-3 6 3. 4 Effectiv e deca

y energie s fo r1-13 1 throug h 1-13 5 presen ti ath e thyroi d a s afactio n o f ag e 3-3 7 3. 5 Effectiv e deca

y constant s o f

1-13 1 throug

h 1-13 5 i ath e huaa

n thyroi d a

aafunctio n o f

ag e 3-3 8 l.S Thyroi d eas e conversio n facta ra s a ' functio n o f

ag e ac d ladla e iactap e 3-4 0
Sectio n 4 

### 4. 1 Nobi s ga

aan d iodin e inventor y i ath e reaots rcor e aa d csctaiaaen ta s afuaetic n e f tla e 3—4 1 4. 2 Iodine taacbi s ga s acti7lb y rati o a s afuactis s o f isdia a releas e fractio n aa

d tla e afte rahutdew

n ' 3-4 2 4. 3 Rati o e f

sobl e gas gaas ados e rat e tacobl e ga acsaeentratiea , HGC^ , a s afhaetic aaf

tia e afta rahutdew

n B-4a 4. 4 Rati o o f

aehil d thyroid ' iahaiatio adoa e t aradisiedla e eaneentratica , HI" , a s afuaetic n s f tin s afte rreacta r shutdow n a twhic

h exposure begin s aa

d tn e inhalatio n SX?CSVT9 

### duratic a/

• y 3 

### • \ D-4 7 4. 3 Hadioiedla e ceseeatratis ai aai rvhic h woul d resul ti aa3 re a thyroi d iahaiatio adoa e t aachil d a

aafuastis ac f

tia e afta r

•.» W «•• « *•***-»•**•«*•• •*14at, f ta>< ^ j A 4a > «&_••«• , C* f«SW a P >Cfti— 3 A** « *** S inhalatic a tlae (Ci/a- 3 ) 3-4 9

a* 4. 5 Rati o o f isdla s scasentratia a t a tota l iedia e aad-sobl a ga s gasaa dss e rat a a

a a ftaatiaa c f iadia e releas e fractio n aa d tlae afte r shutdow nI CJJ-a.2 \ D-'5 3 I res/or

3. 1 Eatiaata

d error s assceiata d withtea s calculatio nnethed 3 ... . D-oe

r jjP.1 4



### Plysre a Page Sectio n 3 3. 1 Radioiodia e an

d sabl e ga

adeca y chain s 0-2 5 Sectio n 4 4. 1 Projecte d whol e bod y gaast ados e a aainactio n o f

gamt aradiatio n _^ doae rat aaa

d projecte d tin e perio d o f exsosur e ~D-4 c __ - :

• > 

### 4. 2 Fiv e re aisodos e lin e fo rchil d thyroi d a s afaaetlo ao f radioiodis e concentratio n a s th e sear s of exposure , exposur e duratic aaa aan

d cin e afsa rjduedov e ae which expoaur e begins , c a

### C-50 4. 3 Projecte d chyrol d cos e a aafunctio n o f

eithe r^aii.-n

asxscaur e rat ao r radioiodis e cosesnsratic n i n ai ran d sh e projecca d exsoaur acin e . . D-5 4 4. 4 Correctio n factor s fo rthyroi d inhalatio n doae a s afunctio n o f tin e afta rreacts ? shutdow n cha tradioiodin e aan centraclou i aaeaaure d . . 3-5 6 4. 5 Gjraaexpoaur e rac e finit acloud , csrrsetio afacto rD-53 4. 6 Radioiodin e reieaa e correctio n faeso r. . D-o 0P.1 5

Appendi xD Tachaica l 3ase s fo r Method s tha t Essiaat a :h e Praiecta

d Thyroi d 3oae an

d ?ro'eeta c Whol e 3oc v G-»—- 3 Doa e trea Ixsosur e cs Airsom e -Ucxeieeisaa an a iLacioactiv

e Ncoi e Gaae a
1. 0 Introduce!s n I f a nincident ver e t

a occur a s a reacto r reaultla g i a aobiilsacic nof th e fiasic a produc t inventory , th e radioactiv

e iaoeopea o f iodin

e aa d th e sobl e gase s plu s a saaile r quantity o f particulate s sigh s b e release

d e a th e esvirenaene inquantitie s exceedin

g noraa l operatin

g liaits . Unde r thes e conditions , i t voul d b e saeeaaar

y fo r responsibl e publi c official s e o quickl y

daeessine vhethe r protectiv

e action s shoul d b e take nt s protec t th

e publis . Th e decisio

nt a inplanea s protectiv e actiea s voul d b

e baaed , i a X part , o nth e projected radiacioa doae' ' that nigh t b e receive

d b y individual s inth

e population . Doae projection s aa y b e determined fre a oa a o f thre e inforaatio nbase s o

r connination s thereof : (1 ) reactor syste a status , (2 ) releas e ras e o f radioactiv e aatarlala , an

d (3 ) esvirosaenta l aaaaurssensa . Dos e projectio n baaed e a raactor systs a statu s vii i b e prtsarli y

th e responsibilit y
o f nuclear facility official s an

d vii i not b

e discusse

d here . Th

e 'Projecte

d radiacio a dos e i s define d a s th

e dos e th

e expose

d person a woul d receiv

e i nth e absenc e s f protectiv e action s an

d include s ccrasisse

d doae that aa

y b e receive

d a s a resul t c f ingeste d o r inhale

d radioactiv

e uatarial .P.1 6



### eaciaatls a o f projecte ddoa e baae donreieaa e race s aad cnvircamanta l aeaauresane s vil l t s sem e axtea t b e tha responsibilit y o f Seat s sadloca l jovemaen t officials . Procedure s fo r aakis g thea a aaeisaCa s ver e give ni nChapta r 5 , aa dchl s Appendi a provide a the technica l base a fa r thos e procedures . .... . Tv o expoaur e paeavxy a ar e considered : (1 ) vhol e body gass a - „"* expoaur e frs a radioactiv e nobl e gaaa a andiodine a i nth e pltse , aa d' (2, inhalatio no f radlsiediae a i nthe pluae . Additiona l vhol e bod y axsersa l exposur e woul doccu r frs a deposite dradioactiv e particulate s an

diodiasa . Ove r anextende dperio do f day s c s week s o r no nch a thi s -ourc a coul db e significan t o r ave ndon-inane . Hovever , durin g ehe parte do f plac e passage , exposur e frs a deposite d
_ _ aaearial a L

a oo c ansaeta d: o b e significan t ccssare dc s exposur e __J frs a th e plune . Therefore , separat e procedure s fs r estinacin g th s whol e body

dos e fro a deposite daatarlal a ar e no e provide di a thi s Appendix . Th e envirscnenta i neasurasen s cachuique s considere dar a gsna a axpeaur s -ras a naaaursnenc s an dgros s radioiodin e concantr3tio n saaauraneat3 . riachsd a ar e develope dfor.aatinatin g th a projacca d chyroi ddos a coswr

i saea s fro a aitha r o f chas e ueasureaeuta . Althoug h th a astiaasic a e f thyroi ddos a corrri , —wa s frs a gas a exposur e rat a aeasureaeat s i s rseoguise da s a crud e approsinacion , i t i s a earrentl y

isaleeeatabl a an

draoi dnethod . Fiai i instruaancatier .P.1 7

capabl e of aeaaurin g gros s radioiodine eoneentratio ninth e presenc e
of nobl e gase s i

a unde r development . Thi a aethod shoul d replac e o r supplemen t th

e gaaa a expoaur e rac e aetho d fo r eseisutin

g projected thyroi d dos e conxr

f —n»n g as soc

na a possible . Projected vhol e bod y gasra a dos e frs a externa l exposur e t o th e plea e i s sispi y

th e integra l of dos e rat e ove r th e duratioa o

f exposure . 1. 1 Acoroach Calculated value s fo r projects d thyroi d doae eoaaiaaea e an d projected vnol e bod y doae ar

e a functio

no f th e isoespi s compositio n
o f th e radionuclide bearin g cloud . Thi s clou d compositio

nis , i n turn , deteradna

d b y th e respectiv

e releas e rate s of specifi c radionuclide s frea th e reacto r coneaiasen t an d th e ag e o f th e fissio nproducts . Inaddition , th e projecte

d dos e frs a inhalatio n aecng ' arrna

nrecepesr s vii i var y a a a functio

no f th e pertinen t physiologica l an

d netaboli c characteristic s ascribe d t o th e individua l incurrin g th e dose. ' Givensufficien t tine , on e eaul d projec t th e thyroi d dos e ccraaicnen

t b y neasurin

g e r caieniatin

g Ch e airborn

e concentratio

no f
eac hiaoeop

e of radioiodine , integrat e thes e concentration s ov- r th e perio d of exposure , aultipl y b y th e appropriat e dcs e conversio n facto r fo r eac hisotope , an

d the nsu a thes e values . Hovever , durin g th a eaergenc

y perio d follovin

g a nincident , suc

hanalyse s voul d b e to o tiae-consmsing . an d no r a sinpl e nethod s aus t b e used ._PJ 8

Th e recesseade d siapLifia d approac hfo r dos e projectio ni s ta sak e oa e o f chart s o r aeoograa a e a srssalae e ealeulase d o r aeaaure d esvirenaassa l paraaaear s ias o astiaata d projecte d dose . Easinasin g tha vhol e body

externa l doa e i

a enl y a aaeta r o f integrating th e gaaa a axposur e rat a ove r ch a eaeinase d duratio no f exposure . Th a correspondin g aetho d fo r p-rojeesln g thyroi d dos e ia aisxlxr vit hth e additio no f factor s t s conver t frs a tin e integrate d coneestraeis a ea dos e aa d eorrecsio a factor s t a adjua e fo r variable s tha a aa y b e

Thi s Appeadi ni s a presentatio no f ch a processe s aad aasTsspcicu s uae d t

a develo p seaagrss s fs r projectin g boe hchyrai d . inhalatio ndos e csteaieaea e an d whol e body

gaas a dose . Tn e nem o gran s
ar a base d c a release s define d fo r a desig nbasi s acciden t withou t eh * benefit s o f engineere d safagsard s eo rsdue e csaeaneraeisn s i a containment . Correesie a facto r chart s ar e provide d fo r adjustin g th e doa e projection s fs r (1 ) differen t releas e characteristics , (2 ) tia e fc r radioactiv e decay , an d (3 ) actua i aacacrslogiea i ccnditicc s
a a eh e sin e o f :h

e aeeidase . Ceda r nethod s isvclvis g diffaran c type s o f chart s m d censgren s fo r projaccin g dsa e cav a bee n develope d b

y suclaa r facilit y

operator s an

d others . Suc hsechod a
aa y b e full y

a s aesurat e an

d acceptabl e a s chos e develope d i nthi s Appendix .P.1 9

*3ir = St e chart s aa d soaograa s developed i a thi a Appendi a allo w on e t s quickl y

estlsat a projected whol e bod y dss e o r projected thyroi d dos e eeaaltaea t fro a aa y o f th e fallsvla g dat a vhenthes e dat a ar e
use d vit hth

e estiaated duratieno f exposure : whol s Soa r Proiected Dos e 1 . Calculated ^os s concentration s o f iodin e aad/o r cobl e gases . 2 . Measured gasa a exposur e rates . Thyroi d Dos e Caaaltaec t 1 . Caieulatad gros s concentratio no f iodises . 2 . Measured gros s eoneentratio na f iodines . 3 * Measured gnirff

i exposur e rate . Becaus e th s dcs e projectio nacaograa s (1 ) are base d e a gros s coceantratieas , (2 ) conside r cai y a specifi c tia e fa r radioactiv

e decay , ac

d (3 ) d o se t esasida r differla g dlasnsiona l characteristic s
o f ths pirate , th

e resultin

g dos e projection s are subjec t t s gros s
errors . Ecwever , ths aethod s are base d ca generall y

conservativ

e asstaptlaah , acd therefore , th e dcs e projectis a error s ar e likal y t s b e conservative . Correctio nfactar curve s ar e provide

d fa r us e i a situation s wher e actua l dat a are availabl e t a substitut e farthaa e assts^sice s s

o that dss e projectis a estlaate s ca nb e aor e acanrata .2. 0 Tale s Al l radiacio a •jait

a uae d ar e thos e define d b y ch a IC2 T (1) . Hovever , th e IC3Z 7 ha s ye e e s dafis a eha concep t o f dss e csmaicnaa t
aa d prepoa a a symbo l fo r i s eve nthougheh e ICS ? utilise s eh

e csacspc . Picsardso n(2) 'aa

a trace d th

e histor y

d f eh a dos a csaaicaen e eonespe ; ehe follovin g deflaitie s i s take nfrs a bi s vork . "Dos e Csaaisaes s ia a fusux e dos e inplie d by a specifi c even s i neh e paae. " Xaeheaaeieaiiv , thi s eonesp e i s define d b y th a follovin g iaaagra i equation :



### '-./ H 3 (:)d

t (1.1 )



### wher e D i ath e da*a essaitsen c i n rad aa d D i . s initia l e r o referenc e dos e rate . A s shew nhere , dos e eessitnan c snd dsa e rac e ar e averages . Thes e averag e vaiue(s ) resul t fre a applicatio no f :he aasuapcic a tha t radieacciv e nacaria i i s ceeesica d ai i ora l 7 throughou t cha ' eart»es organ . ? vil l be deeeraine d b y eh e value s selecte d fs r eh e liaih s o f integration . Th a love r value , : , i s eaka u a a car o whic hdefine s o a refaranc a eia e or scartia g ooin t at whic hcine a valu e fo r 3 i s 0 inevn . Th e ZZ27

ha s suggesca d uspa r linic s o f : 0 7530 3 a s eh e valu e 

# -JP.2 1

t s b e use d fs r occupationa l consideration s an d 7 0 year s fs r sender s
o f th e genera l puslie * E? A uae s 10 0 year a (3 ) vhe neoapucin g environaenca l dos e eeaaicsaasa . I s selectin g a a uppe r lini t fo

r us e i a ealeulattia

g th a doa e coaaitaent a correlated vit hiodin e concentration , i t i s recognised tha t du e t s th a shor t hal f Uve a for eh e radioiodine s of concern , noa c of th e doa e ceaairaen t t

o th e thyroi d vil l b

e delivere

d i a iea

a tha noae acuta . Therefore , th e differenc e in

- doae delivered i n5 0 o r 10 0 year s o

r inftaity

i a affectivel y

0 , aa d infinity

ia use d fa r convenience . Th e calculationa l foraul a becoaea :



### D - J D a ita

### d t - yS. (1.2 ) ft « A .

Xi a th e effectiv

e reaova l coefficien t i a reciproca l tin e units . 2. 1 Radienuclide Concentrationia Ai r Th e ai r concentratio no f fissio

nproduct s downwin d fro a th

e point c f releas e is deraraine d b y chai r rat a of releas e ire s tii e r-actor esntniassut , thei r manne r o f dispersa l i neh e ataesphere , an d th a ai-apse

d tins sine s reactor shutdown . For a give ninventor

y
of radionuclide s i nth e rsacts r core a s th e tin e of shutdown , th

e contaiaaen t reieaa e rac e o f a particula r radienuclide depend a o a three factors : (1 ) th e fractio

no f th e core inventor

y a f th eP.2 2



### nuclid e which i s release d e ath e csntaitseas ; (2 ) th e rat ao f it s remova l frs aeh

aceacsisnan s asaesphas e b y ehe engineere d safet y syaeaa s aa

d b y suc h seehaaisa aa s precipitation , surfac e deposition , an d radioactiv e decay ; aa d (3 ) th acsacaisneu c leakag e rasa . Thes e thre e factor s ca n var y widel y dependin g e n eh asagnitud ao f

th e acciden taa

d eh afunctiona l statu s o f eh e aagiaeere d safae y syaeaas . 'However , i f oa e assume s tha e agive n fractio n c f th e esr e A 

### inventor y o f

aspecifi c radionuclid e i s availabl e fe rreleas e t o th e * , *- eoaeaissea c isadiasal y afta rreacto rsauedotr a(_^>5) an

d tha e th e gngisaers asafar y systea s ac t: areducatha- eonsaiasws s inventor y o f th aradionuclid e by soa e fixe d facto rwithi n ashor ttin e afte rch a radienuclid e reieaa e iac o eoasaisseas , than th e analysi s o f th e radionuclid e releas e fro ath e ceataiaaan e can b e sinsliflad . Code r thos e assuaptions , th e rsacvai . o f aradionuclid e fre ath e i consair-lan e acaoapher ab y th aengineere d safae y systea s can b e regarde d ia aaadditiona l barrier , o rfilter , affeasin g eh e fraesis a o f eh aesr e irveatar y e f

th e radionuclid e which i s release d t o eh a eonsaiaaese . I f

?, , i s th e fractio n o f th e cor e inventor y o f ehe sts h radionuclid e whic

h i s release d e

o 'ehe eoataisness , F.. . i s th e fraesis aof

eh arelease s radionuclid e which i s cce rsaove d b y th e engineere d safae y systems , aa d A . i s eh e activit y c f

ehe '<s h
* a' 

### radienuclid e i n caries , ehe n th e containaaa c inventor y o f th e '« h radionuclid e a ttin e t , C (*) , i agive n b ya. 

### C (t ) - F. . • ? „ • A . (t ) curies . (2.1 ) & *a* » «»J a • »


### Conbinin g th

e produc t o f ?, . aad F

_inn s a tsea l reieaa e saecio nF^ ,

C . (e ) - ? , A . (t ) caries . (2.2 ) & k * Assuadn g tha a 10 0 percen t o f th e containmen t inventor y i a availabi a fo r reieaa e ta th e enviroaaen e vi a containmen t leakage , th e radionuclid e reieaa e rat e fro m the eonsniaaen t i s dataraiae db y th e produc t o f th

e radionuclid e esr e inventory , ita tsea l releas e fraction , aa

d th e esntaisaen s leakag e rata . I nthes e cams , th e reieaa e rat e frs a th e eeneaiaaea t o f th

e ks hradionuclid e nay be vritte na3 :

Q k 

### Cs' ) - A^t' ) • \ • L(t' ) , (2.3 )

vnere : Q,(e' ) m oontainaen e reiaaa e rac e o f eh e ks hradionuclid e (Ci/s ) t ' * tine o f reieaa e aste r reacto r shutdow n(s ) A . (a' ) • esr e inventory o f ks hrsdienueiid a a s tia e t ' (Ci ) F . • tsta i releas e fractio no f th e ks hradionuclid e !(:' ) » contsinnen t fractiona l leakag a rat a a t tine t ' ( s * )

3- 9

### Afta reh e fissio n product s hav e baearelease d e ath s •nvironaane , thei rconcentration , a s afaaetlo as f dowewia

d distance , i s dapendeo ae aeh aacsespheri e condition s a e thatin ao f reieaa e an

d e achai rrespectiv e depositio n velocities . Ecvevar , i f ehe depositio n velocit y of th e radionuclide s i s cegieeta d an d th e eoneainmaa e leakag e ras ai s assuae d c s be conscant , eh aai r csucascrasic ao f

ehe ks h radisauelxd e i s give n b y ehe followin g aquation :

«•" » —mt$S m !'- z - *

* ~ . *"" - ' • tS f


### -, 4 

### (r,t ) - Q.Je ) X/Q(r )

A (t ) • ' • L • X/Q(r ) , (2.4 )

where : ; ^J X . (r,t ) * esncantraeic uo f ks hradioausiid a a e point' r '

relativ e c s eh

a pois e o f releas e aadels e e afte r reacto r shuedcw

n(Cl/ar*) . .</Q(r ) • sis a invarian t acsespheri e diffusio nfunctio n•

relativ e -cs "h

a poin t o f releas e (s/' a ) , and A . i s avaiuata da a :h

e sam e ein e a s X . co allo

w fo r fissio nproduc e deca y aadingrsvt hdurin g tin e o f flight .

3-1 0

.P.2 5

Th e tota l radionuclide eoneentratio no f a clou

d consistin

g c f M radionuclide s i s give nb y eh e su a o f concentration s of ita individua l components . Thus ,

H x(r,a ) - S A, (t ) 7 . t X/Q(r )

k- 1 * *

- 1 X/Q(r ) S A.(t)? v . (2.5 ) k- 1 * *

2. 2 Doaa Calculation s Th e dos e projectio

naechod

a develope

d inthi s Appendi xar e Unite d ts esssiderasie a o f thyroi d dose s du e t o inhalatio

ns f radioiodine s an

d vhol e bod

y clou d gnun a dose s du

e t a radioiodine s
aa d nobi s gase s vhichnigh t b e release

d i na potentia l nuclea r reactor accident . Dose s t o othe r organ s are noe considered . 2.2. 1 Whol e 3ee

v Clou d Ca= a Dose s Th a clou d ga=aa doa e i s a dos e vhichi a receive

d a s a consequenc e of externa l exsosure t s gaaaa radiatio

naaitte

d b y eh e airborne radioactiv e fissio

nproducts . I

nsoae cases , th

e vhol e
occ y dss e voul d b

a projecte

d baae d c a aeaaureaene s of exposur e ras a i nth e anvirsnnen s an

d a neseinaee

d duratio

nof exposure . I

nocher
eases , arojesse

d vhol e bod

y dos e aa

y b e baae d ca•calculated eanesntratien s i a eh e environsen t an

d estiaate

d duratio

no f exposure . Sinca gaaa a ray s ca ntrave l grea t distance s i nair ,P.2 6

calculation s o f

vnol e bod y gaca adosa afrs aairsom aconcentration *
ana c essaida rth e radioauclid acoapoaitio aand eancaneraelo aspatia l diacrihucioa s withi n Ch acloud . Rigorou s calculation s o f clou d gaaa adoae arequir e thre e diaensiaaa l insagraelo ao f apprspriae a dos aaetaauaeio n kernel s vit h respae s easpaca , aawel l aavit h respec te s tine . However , i f th e clou d ca n b e considere d t o b e seai-iafinic ai n extan t(referenc e (6) , sectio n 7.4.1.1) , ehas , fo r apoin tlocate d e aeh e ground , eh e gaaa adoa arat ai n ai rfre ath e ks h radionuclid e i agive n b y

0, ; (T,Z) - 0.2 3 E.

^ X^r.a ) , . (2.5 )

vbera : 3. ' (r,e ) - garmados e ras e fro aeh aks h radioauclid a

distribute d i n aseai-infinis aclou d (rad/s ) Z. B averag e garr aenerg y pa rdisintegratio n o f th e ks h radionuclid e (ha7/disintagraeion) , and X.(s,e) , whic h ha s bee s define d previously , ha s eh e uui: 3 c f Ci/ a. Usin g Sq . (2.5) , an d assistin g tha teh awhol e bod y garmadoaa
rae e i s equa l e s th agsse aexposur e rat ai n air , oa acoul d eaieuias a th awhol e bed y gaca ados e tha e woul d b e receive d by a aindividua l 

# J

0-1 2 

# Jexpose d t o a ninfinit e clou

d o f gaseou s fissio nproduct s b

y integratin

g Ch e dos e rac e wichrespec t c o tiae ove r eh

e duratio

no f expoaure . However , sinc e i c i a expecte

d that Ch

e clou d gaas a exposur e rac e voul d b e aeaaured a s a give nlocatio

nvithi a a shor t tin e after plua e arrival , th e doa e a s tha

e locatio

nca nb e conservativel y

estiaate

d b y 3imply sultipiyia g th

e aeasured gass a exposur e rac e b

y eh e expecte

d duratio

no f exposure . Thi s doa e projectio

nnetho d voul d een

d t o b e conservativ

e becaus e th

e radiologica l deca

y o xeh e fissio

nproduct s afte r th e aeaaureswa c voul d b e neglected . Othe r factor s suc has change s ia pluae direction , change s i nnetaorologica l conditions , o r change s in reieaa e rat a eaui d «3us e eithe r hig ho r lo w dos e projections . A netho d ca nals o b

e develope

d fo r projectin

g vhol e bod

y ;«— = doae s base

d e a know no r ealeulased fissio nproduc t concentrations . Sinc e th

e gam a doa e ras a frs a a seal-infinit e clou d consistin

g o f S gaseou s fissio

nproduct s i

a equa l t

a th e su a o f th e dose s frea th

e various.radionuclides , th e tssa l vhol e bod

y dos e rac e i s define d b y

D~(r,c ) -IS . (r,t )

k- 1 A
Z 0.2 3 t? X , (r,a ) rad/s . (-2.7 ) k- l * * MSinc e X.(r,e ) i agive n b y Eq . (2.4) , 'substitutio n o f tha t axpseaaia aint o Eq . (2.7 ) yield s eh afollowing :

D r(r,t ) - 0.2 3 fi Z, A . (t ) 7 . L x/q(r )

- 0.2 3 tX/q(r ) £ Z T A,(t ) ? . rad/s . (2.3 ) k- 1 * * *

Furthasaora , sinc e eh e esea l radienuclid e esaessrrasic u a e (r,e ) i s give n b y Eq . (2.5) , th e rati o o f eh e seai-isfiait aclou d gaaa adoa e rac e e aeh e tsea l radicsuelid e concentration , (RC C ) , i a give n b y 

### * , r

0.2 3 I . X/Q<r ) fi i ' A (: ) F , k- L * * SCC'(C ) - **'



## a L X/Q<r ) E A(s ) 7 .

k- t* * 0.2 3 2 2 ^ A./S J ? k fi A . (t ) 7 V k- 1 * * raa/sg e Ci/a * ( « a )

Thus , give n aknowledg e o f gaseou s fissio n produc t ccncantratis aa e agive s locatio n see n afta rplac aarrival , eh e •-•hol abod y clou d ;aasa - dos a* s s n individua l s ttha e lcs5ei; o 0^ 7 ': pro j acte d b y suieipiyia g th e conca-tratior . b y ehafecee r?.CZ '.z'; ir

D—1 4 " ^P.2 9

b y th e expected duratio nof exposure . Thi s aetho d na y als o b e use e t a projec t whol e bod y clou d gasss a doae a fre a nobl e gaae

a whic hnigh t b e released i na reacta r accident . 2.2. 2 Th'/.'ui

d Inhalatio

nDose s Th e thyroi d inhalatio ndoa e i s a

ninterna l doae eosaiaen s whic his reeeive

d za a consequenc e of inhalin g radioiodine s presen t inth e ai r a s eh

e point of exposure. ' (Th e tsra inhalatio

ndos e o

r thyroi d dos e a

a uae d inthi s repor t aean a thyroi d dos e esmaitaene. ) Th e inhalatio

ndos e da

a t a eh e expoaur e e

o ai r containing , th e kshiodiae iaocop

e is give

nb y th e iategra l ef th

e concentration
over th e perio d o f exposure ,

c * t a e 

# a?C--.V--.)-/iw. f V B ) 

# ' d 8 (2.10 )

vnere : D . (r, c , c ) • thyroi d inhalatio ndos e resultin

g fro n a. a a exposur e c s eh e kshiodin

e isocop

e (rad ) t " tin

e after reacrs r shutdow na t vhichexaosur e a commence s (a ) t • duratio

no f exposure , s

r th e inhalatio

ntia e (a ) 6 t h DC7 . • thv—ai d inhalatio ndcs e conversio

nfacto r fsr th

e i t

.... . . rnd/3e c . ., , v . At h iccxa aucespe , • , an e .sCr.t ; ca s cee n W«, < n define d previously .

3-1 5P.3( L



### I f ehe radisiodia aconcaaeracie n i aai ri aesasose d o f ? T iodin e isoespes , eh aeh

ainhalatio n dos e i s equa l e aeh aSU B o f ch adose s receive d fre ainhalin g ehe iadivtdoa l iodin e isocooas . Thus , eh e combined doae i s

iC— i


### s • e a E / CCT.T * X(T,C) 

### dz rad . (2.11 ) 

### k- l J 

### * 6 

### a
Substitutin g th e txorssaic afo rX . (r,t ) fre aEq . (2.4 ) ist e ; 

### Sq . (2.11) , oe e obtain s

e aa 

# '*y-y - 1 f 

# ~ ? A-^t ) ?^ :. x/q(?)dz

. ae 1 X/q(r ) fi /

Dcyr 1 

### A.'C ) ?. d trad . (2.12 )

, , j * i

C . < k- l e

*am ' *P.3 1



### Th e ratio , SZC( t, t, c ) , o f th e essoine d chyrol d •a * 6 C 

### iahalacio adose , D(r, c , c ) , t o th aesea l radioiodin e eoneentration , X(r, t) , a s poin tr , aad els e c , wher e t< t< t+ tt , ea ab e obtaine d by dividin g Sq . (2.12 ) b y A C m'Q 

### Eq * (2.5) . I S ca n b e vritte n a a

c * c IT * 8 

### X . X/Q<r) I /

DC7 . A (t ) F

. d t 

## k- l J * * * tt 

## 2ic( c . e . e ) 5— ' aa * c X

. X/Q<r ) 2 F , A ( c ) k- 1 ' * c
c * tt 

### DC? ^ ? l6 

### A t 

### (c ) d t 

# £* /

e 

### a• ra d
1 ? 

### k A 

### -a (c 

### c ) 

### k- 1 * * c 

### "(2.13 ) Ci/ o

Sinc e SIC' s , t, t) i s th e rati o o f thyroi d inhalatio n 4 3 C 

### dos e c o radioicdiz c concentration , give n aknovledg e o x th e cana l racioiocin e concentratio n ae asive n Location , a s els e c a

### axte r reaesa rshnedeva , one ca n projec tth e thyroi d inhalaais ados e resultin g fro aa

aexposur e beginnin g i c t , sacasd aafta rreaesa r shutdown . aad lastin g fs raperio d o f c seconds , by siapl y auitislyia g 2IC( c , t, t) b y th e know

n radioiodir e • ' " ae eP.3 2

Expresse d satbaajacically ,
D(r, t. a) - HXC(

e . e , e ) • X(r, e ) rad . (2.14 ) ae aae c
Sinc a aiCC e , e , e ) . i s independen t o f position , ehi s procedur e aa y

ba use danywher e viehi nehe radioactiv e pltae , provide dcha c ehe eoea l radioiodis e esneeaeraeic a i nai r i s datasaine da s tha loeasis s fs r vuic a ehe ehyrai dinhalatio ndos e i s projected , and tha a eh e eeapora l paraaaear s e , e , and t ar e aac kncwa . Osln g aaimmmilxs aeehod , i c i s als o possibl e e o escisac a projecte d thyroi d inhalaeic adose s c ath e basi s o f anviresaensa i
aaaauraaene s o f

clou d gaaa ados arasas . T o d o ehi s i e i s necessar y t s develo p arelationshi p beevee n gasa ados arace s aa d iodin e concentration s i ath e pin e aa d the n s s us e ehi s t s dacarnic aeh e proi«ese d ehyrai d dose . I f eh e gaseou s fissio n -produc tcsneaneraeio n a c agive n posicis ai s compose d o f : ? radioiodine s an d % cobL agases , ehe s eh e rati o o f

eoea l iodin e esneeaeraeic ae s eh e seai-infinit aclou d gasa a
a* dos arace , EIC"(c) , i s give n b y

• \ « ml \ mi la ea.\ mlS •

. \ \
. } m J

_

_- ^
. 3 s.,m. ,_. < Jf , j

. . .-: .

< .' . iC- 1 Ci/= 3 rac/se c / - i i t

>

3-1 3P.3 3

Sinc e eh

e raci o o f ehyrai d inhalatio ndos e t

o radioiodine concentrationi s give nb y th e factor 2!C( t , c , t ) , sh e a s c thyroi d inhalatio

ndoae

D =a (r, t , t ) • [3IC< t , e , t ) • 3IC"C t ) ] • D^(r, t ) rad . (2.15 ) a e a a e c e

Thus , i f eh

e tin e that ha s elapse

d sinc e reactor shutdow ni a known , th

e radioiodis e thyroi d inhalatio ndoae ca

nb e projected a

t a givenlocatio

nfo r a nexpected inhalatio nperio d b y aeaaurin

g th e clou d gaas a dos e rat e a t that locatio

nan d b y nuitiplyin

g i t b y th e expressio

ni nparenthese s inth e abov e equation .

. Vhil e eh

e factor s EE C an

d EE C ver e expresse d a s function s o f radionuclide core inventorie s an d releas e fractions , i nvie w o f Eq . (2.4), . i t shoul d b e recalled tha t the y are actuall y

function s o f fissio nproduc t releas e race s fre a th a centaiaaent . Sinc e th e reieaa e rac e of eh e ks hradionuclide froa th e esstainsanc i s given b y Q , (t 1 ) , th

e facto r EEC , inparticular , ca s b e expresse

d i n tarns o f releas e rasa s a s

I Q,<c ) 

# » TM - ^i=r~ r



# <*' " 0.2 3 I I

V Q . Cs ) k- 1 * *

3-1 3P.3 4

or , i a eass a o f coaeaisnan t radioiodin e an d nobl a ga a iaveneoriaa , a s

2 T 

## zc,(e ) KG'Cc ) -i^—1 - , (2.13 )

0.2 3 'f i I f C . (c ) k- l * *

vfaer aq

T( 6 sn d C. ^ ar e evaluate d a c tin e tt aallo w fo r radiologica l deca y durin g efss ae f flight . Definin g th e averag e gasa aeaerg y release d pe rdisiaeagra.e e o f aradioiodis e ase ae s b «



### C I ? q..(t )
r (= ) 5 '-" l

fi q.(c ) i - l x

an d th aaverag e grm aenarg 7 release d pa rdisincagracic ao f atsai . a ga s acc ae s b e



### I T. q.(e ) 9* f. l r, l-l . l

J
: q,(s )



### :-i oP.3 5



### Eq . (2.13 ) aa y b e vritte n a s

X Z q\(c ) • 4 2ic"(t ) - alL- — s w



### tL.t) z Q.(c ) + EL(C ) 

### I q.(t )

- > 1 * * G 

### j- i J (2.19 )

Z q.(t ) ?\t ) - > " T 

### (- ) W J -T^ C ; -^C 1 " ' N



### : a * <c ) i- l "

Sq . (2.19 ) iliustracs s th e obviou s fae t tha a the rati o o f iodin e concentratio nta gaaa a cos e rat e depend s o n th e relativ e releas e rate s o f th e iodine s an

d aobi e gase s frs a the reacto r eoneainaen t or , assuain g a radionuclid e independen t esntainaes t leakag e rasa , o a thei r relativ e inventorie s i n th e csntaiasans . Thus , i n orde r e

o b e abl e t s projec t thyroi d inhalatio ndose s c n eh e basi s o f clou d jrii.ir a dcs e rates , i t i s onl y necessar y

to kno w

eh a relativ e eoneainaen t reiaas e rate s o f radioiodine s an d sobl a ga s a s
an d no t thei r absolut e nagnitudes . Furthermore , sinc e releas e fro n th e eoneainaen t voul d reduc e the radioiodin e an d nobl e ga s inventorie s by

the saa e fractiona l aaounsx , thei r deoletio a b y leakag e int o th

a envirocaen s nee d no t be considere d i n assessin g thei r relativ e releas e rasas - .

D-2 1P.3 6

2.2. . 3 Flalt a .gates " Cerreetie a Th a abov e aeeha d farprojectin g thyroi d iahaiatls ndese s b y * 

### aeasutin g eleu d gaasadcs arate s wa s base d e s th s assuaptio n tha t th e cloud i s aeai-iafisii ala - extant . However , fo raparticula r esseentrstlea , th s actua l gaaa ades e rat e fre aafinit e pluae woul d tan d t s b e ssalle rtha

n tha tfrs aa

ainfinit e eleud . Thus , = * : r projeetlea s o f whol e bod y gasa a doses base d e a calculate d radionuclid e esaeeatratiea s l a th e plen a woul d ten d t o overestiaat e th s dsses . Conversely , projection s ai thyroi d ishaiatie a dese s base d c a aeasureaent a at gaas a des e rate s woul d tead t o uaderestlaat e th e inhalatie a dose s becaus e e f reduce d gaaa a dcse rates . Th a rati o o f gaas a dose rat a i a a flalt a clou d t o th s
aaaa rat e i a a niafialt a cloud savin g th s saae concentratio na s th e centerlia s a f th s finit e eleud fs r 0. 7 Ms 7 gaaa a photon s i a shsv a i a flgar e 7. m

at refarene s (i). I t depend s onl y slightl y

c a gaaa a photo nenergy

an d sa y be aaatssa

d t s be vali d fc r the gas m ss.ar"ST spectri nat

radisicdirs s an

d tabi s gases . Thi s rati o i s pietta d aa
a functio nc f r , the staadar d deviatio nc f th s cloud ccacsncratio n Tarth a cloud caste r lia s an d fc r Iscatica a of f eh e cante r lite' . Fs r
a stun d leve l release , the valu e e f a ca nt e replace d b y r ' averag a whic hi s ( r • O* . Figure s 3*' 0 an d 3.: : o f refarene s ;_£" ' provid o value a fc r r. . aad ?

_aa a functio no f dsvcvia d distanc eP.3 7

fa r th a Faaquil l stability classe s A

throug hF . Th

a resultin

g value s for a ca

nb e uae d i nfigur e 7.1 4 o f referenc e (a ) co dacarain

a eh e rati o o f cha gaaa a doa e rat e i na finit e clou d e o th e gj-os a doae rac e i

na seai-infinit a clou d fo r th e differen t stability classe s an

d a s differen t downwin d distances . Thi a functiona l dependenc e ca nbe expressed aaeheaaeieall y a s



### 2- - (« , x , 12 ) , (2.20 ) D 7

vnere :
D T -5 — - rati o o f gaaaa dos e ras e froa a finit e clou d t s chat D ' froa a

a infinit e clou

d

- > downwin

d distanc e o f expose d locatio

nfrs a point o f releas e E Z • ataospheri e stability elaa a (A , 3 , C , D , S , o r F )
a • average radionuclide eoneentratio nstandar

d deviation . 3 y dividin

g th e aeasured clou

d gacaa dos e ras a b y eh e rati o D ' * y - ^ , o r o y nultiplyin

g i t b y it s inverse , -r—i on e ca ncsaaensac a D ' D T fo r eh e reduce

d gaaaa dos e rac e frs a a finit e eleu d inprojectin

g radioiodis e ehyrai d inhalatio ndose s baae

d o neavirocaenca i aeasureaeat s of gasaa dos e race s inair .P.3 8



### 3. 0 Zagat"Pwsftvrr 3. 1 Badlssnclid aSctgpe. . Tessa , Tahl a3* 1 give s th e flsals aproduc tsourc e laveatsr y aad assodate d dat avhla h wa s used , i athi s Appendiat adevels p whol e bod y aa d thyroi d issalatist v isaa projectio n aethods . Ths radionuclid e searo s terr aar e essentiall y th e aaa e aathos e given - l aWASH-1*00

, Appendix 7 * (7) , exeep tfsrth e iaveatcrie s o f aetaatabl e Ie-132 3 ac d I*-T-33a , which ar e baaed c a3SA C ced e eaicalatlca s (£) . The y ar e als o l agee d agreeaea twit h aeuro atara s calculate d b

y Ansa , a tal . (,»).' , ats l represen tth s equillbriu acer e laveatsr y ot

radisiedisa s aad

- cobl e gase s i aatypica l 1,CC 0 K5» e (3,2C 0 M5it

) powe rreacter . Thes e '^i^^l esr e isventsrle s ver e \iaad t o calculat e radleauelld e act!vltie s a aafunctio n o f

tla e accordin g tadeca y reiatisashlp s presente d i s flgsr e 3.1 . Sinc e Ca-13 5 sa c --a regarde d a s atahl e (half-Uf as 2. 3 x 10 " years) , eleve n deca y stairs 2 

### ar e a f

sufficien tlengt h t o describ e th ateapora l behavio r s f radionuclide s liste d i atail s 3*'•' *

^Eleve n chair s wer

e -isai is accoun tfc rsuitipi adeca y sodes . Th

e fractio n c f

aaueiid s i n adeca y chai n i adatarsine d b y amaj Wmaaaaarama- aa ra ^mmaraaaa maa -•».« . Amrarsra -^* *-. J . . V» aa. „i .

.l!aP.3 9

Tabl e 3.1 . Eadionuslide sourc e can * 

### Nuclid e

2T-3 3 £r-35 a Er-3 7 £r-3 8 la-12 3 2e-I33 a Ia-12 5 2e-123 n ; 1-13 1
^ ~ 1-13 2 1-12 3 1-13 4 1-13 3 3ali-liia *



### (hr )

9. 4 x IO 4 

### 4.4 3 . 1.2 7 2. 3 12 7 53. 3 9.1 7 0.2 7 19 3 2.2 9 20. 3 0.37 7 6.3 9 Ta

l r * a7 . Inventor y (10 8 ci )

0.003 6 0.2 4 0.4 7

_ 

# o.s a 1. 7 0.0 4 0.3 4 0.1 9 0.3 3 1. 2 1. 7 1. 9 1. 5 Averag e See n Energy 4



### pe rDisintegratio n S 3 

### G£a7 )
0.25 1 0.22 6 1.3 3 0.24 9 0.10 2 0. 0 0.31 0 .0. 0 0.13 3 0.52 5 0.41 7 0.59 1 0.39 4 Averag e Cam aEnerg y

pas Dislntagratio n S y 

### (2£a7 )
0.002 2 0.1 3 0-7 9 2. 2 0.030 c 

### 0.020 s 

### 0.2 5 0.5 3 0.2 9 2. 2 0.6 0 2. 6 1. 5

?rs a tabl e 7X1 , refaranc a ("I'D )
Ease d o nreference s (7 ) "an d (3) . "Carracta

d for interna l conversio n(tabl e 71 , rafaranc s (10)) ,

0-2 3Sr . (0.21 ) 70 ; 3 * r-^ S

Sb 3 5 (ssabla )

S r S r 3 7 33
3 1
2 2 S ~

3 " 3 * 3 a' (stable )

^ 3 8 ." •Sr 3 8 (ssabla )
5*" (stable )
Za(scabie )

V12 3 -t>«_ 3 (stasia ) ^ ^

.13 4 •2a U 4 (stable )
.12 3 (0.13 )

3ase d o n dat ai n rafarsnc a(1£)
. I T - isocari c transition . I ran chic 5 ratio s i n parentheses
.

Ta •maamam, 1

• -*— 3 - * fjiA-t-i'-A-L

iodin e an c ceil age s caca v ehalns
.
5-2 5P.4 1

3. 2 Thyroi d Des e Conversio nFactor s farF.adleisdia e "relatio n To us e th

e thyroi d iahalatls a dcs e trojeotle a aethod s discussed l a aeetlea ' 2.2. 2 c f thi s Appendia , i t i s necessar y t a deterala e th

e appropriat e dos e conversio nfactor s far th

e individua l radlcicdin e isotope s whichsight b e presen t i a ai r a l th e point o f exposure .

t h Th e thyroi d iahalatia a dos e conversio nfactar , DC . , haa been define d t s b e equa l t

o ths iahaiatic a dcs e t o th e thyroi d resultin g fro a th e exposur e t

o a uni t integrate

d activity

i a ai r o f th

e let h radioiedla e isotope . I t aa y b e vrittena s

DCr 1 a 5.9 2 xIO 2 2 2 - " /\-p C
- ; 2 T )cl t



## - * 'al e "T e J sxp 

## " *

. 5.5 2 

## x 10 2 

## 2-lN ^ . - 

## (3* 0

where : DC?, ^ s thyroi d iahalatiaa isse -conversio nfactar far th

e Set a iodis e iaotspe (rad-a'/Ci-a ) H?. - breathin

g rat a (s J /a ) *a k " " ractic a 3 * itta^ ^ activity a f th e Jet a radioiodine iaotsp

e vhic hdapesit a i a th e thyroid . a s aas s a f th

e thyroi d (g )

5-2 7P.4 2

E . * effaetiv e csers ? absorbe d i s eh a ehyrai d pe r disintegratio no f the ks hradioiodin e acs a Cha7/dis ) 3.9 2 x IO 2 - 1. 6 x 10" * rad-g/>le 7 x 3. 7 s 10 1 0 dis/s-C i

(rad-g-dis/Ha7-a-Ci ) *-, , - affectiv e deca y eonstan to f eh e ks h radioiodin e i n eh e thyroi d (s* 1 )

- 0*69 3 ^ 0.69 3 \ mm »- mam^amam * _•» _ where : e.^, - - saclea rhalf-lif ao f th akai l radioiodin e (s ) t - g k- biologica l baif-iif ai n eh athyroi d o f th e ia h

- radioiodia a(s) . 3.2. 1 Deseadane ao f Thyroi d Haa s and Breachin g itae ao n Ast e Sinc e th e thyroi d aass , a s vei l a s neeaboli e activity , depend s o n aperson' s age , eh e doa e conversio n facto rea ab aasaecta d e o b a afunctio n s f

age , and , e s properl y avaiuac ait , th aag e dasesdens a o f th e paraaaear s 22 , f , X , a , aa d y eua c b e deearained . Tabl e 3. 2 praseac s valua ao f eoea l bod y nass , ehyroi s nass , and 3-ra3ehiu g rat aa s afusecie s o f aga . -Vii vai-^e aar a3*st,d c adat a i arefaraac a(11). Ths valae s o f breachin g rat e ar e charsetaristi s o f th e "ligh tactivity " phase , whic h i agraaee rtha n eh adaily . averag e breathin g raea , especiall y i c eh acas e c f aaevbera . The braathin g rate s c f

eha5 yea rri d sa d I f ~as rel d ver adaeamina d by 'rscdiea i iscarsoiitic n on th aiaoi s a f ;cd v ccs3 .

D-Z 3 ~ >Tabl e 3.2 . Bod y nass , thyroi d aass , aa d breathla g ras a a s a functiono f ag a

Ag e Tear s

Newborn


### 1
3
1 0
1 3
Adul t 3od

y Mas s * 3


### 3. 3
1 0
1 9
2 2
6 0
7 0 Thyroi d Mas s S


### 1
1. 8
3. 6
7. 4
12. 1


### 1 6 Braaching Eas e a 3 / s .
2. 5 E-0 5
6. 9 2-0 3
1. 3 S-04 (a )

2. 2 S-0 4
3. 2 E-04 (a )

3. 3 2-0 4

Ineersolasad o

nsh e basi s o f bod

y aass .



### •2 9P.4 4

3.2. 2 Tstak a o f Ishala d aadioiodia e int o th a Thvroi d ^ammma—mam—m^^aaaaaaammmaaamaaamama—aammmmammaawa^maammmaaamaaamama^mmaaaaam Thyroida l iodis e uptak e i adependea s e o alarg e extan to n eh a esea l iodin e i n eh adisc . Th e Federaeie ae f America n Societie s fs r Experiaenta l 3iolog y prepare d arepor to a"Iodin e i aFoods " fs rth e Foo d and Dru g Aiaisistratio n (12) . I s ehi s report , iodis e was aoes d
aa eeaia g fre adia c wis h arang e o f 33 2 e o 45 4 u g l/day ; and fre a eh e aeaoaphere , 5 e o 10 0 u g l/day . Th e eoea l ascinaea d inc'aicai s aor e tha aewie aeh e reessaende d dail y allowanc e o f 3 5 e o 15 0 u g l/day . Th e reflectio n o f

variatio n i n dietar y intak e o f iodin e i n th e fractiona l upeak ao f iodis e i s wel l know n (13,14,1*) . zta effect s o f eh e changin g dietar y iediu e value s hav e bee n reflaese d i s eh e 24-hou rthyroi d uptak e value s recentl y reporte d fc riodise-13 1 (12,l£-22) . The se w vaiua s reporte d includ e 21.3 2 a6 2 OS) , 12.1 2 h 6.1 2 (19J , iS S s 3 3 (23) , 13.5 2 s 4.J 2 (21) , 13.4 2 s 5.3 2 (22) , 20.0 2 a6.3 2 (23) , an d 17.4 2 s (-- ) 7.2 2 (24) . Th e averag e o f ehea e value s i s 17.3 2 upeaica . Sarhausec , e s al . (23) , ravieve d eh e raporc s i n en e iitarstur a aa d coapare d eh e 24-hou r1-13 1 upeakavaiua s reporea d i n chiidra n fre abirt h e s 20 jaar aa i ag e wie h chai row n daca . Th

e rasuit a suppor teh e thesi s eha tfro abirt h eo abou t1 yea ro f ag e eher s i s a

a reduceio n i n eh e thyroi d uptak e value . A c birth , ehyrsi d uptak e i s ^

D-2 CP.4 5

frs a 1. 5 e

s 2 tiae s highe r tha nth e adui c value , bu

t b y 1 yea r o f ag e i t ha s droppe

d dow nt a abou c th a adul t value (in Sarhausen , et al . (23) , fre a 4 0 e o 70 2 uptak e a

c birt hdow

nt a % 20 2 upeaka a

c 1 yea r o f ag

e an d older) . Th

e particularl y

hig hvalue s (60-702 ) hav e beenobserve

d in th

e firs t fe

w day a afte r birth(24) . 11'in , ec al . (25) , foun

d i n thei r revie

w of th e literatur e tha t afte r 2 year s o f ag e th e thyroi d uptake value vasvrelativel y constant . Veliaan , e c al . (26), reporte d sisilar findings . O a eh a basi s o f thi s literscur e survey , th e fractio

no f ingeste d radioiodin

e activity

vhla hdeposit s in th

e thyroid , f . , i s assuae

d t a b e 2 0 percent fo

r individual s les s tha n1 year old an

d 1 7 percen t fs r individual s abov e eh e ag e o f 1 jaas. Sinc e thi a value i

a base d e s dat a fo

r 1-131 , it shoul d b e eaaservstiv

e fo r th e shorte r live

d iodin e isotopes . I f th e fractio

no f iahala

d radioiodine vhichreache s th s thyrsid , f , i s asstse d t s b e 7 5 percen t of f (27) , the s f i s equa l t o 2 3 percent fs r individual s unde r 1 yea r of ag e an d 1 3 persen s fo

r individual s 1 .3r--y** i -f

c m j~m .* . *- . T-.. ' yea roi d an

d older . 2.2. 3 Effectiv e Deeav Energie s o f 1-131 , 1-132 . 1-133 , 1-134 , an d I-ij i i n iuss n Thvroi c fluclei o f

iodia e isotope s 1-13 2 throug h 1-13 5 ai l deca y b y th e eaiasic n o f

bet a (£ ) particles . I n general , vhe n a nucleu s eeit s a " bet a partieia , i ti a lef ti n aa excite d stat e an d shed s it a exces s - eaerg y b

y eithe reaittia g a gaas a (? ) ra y o rb y internall y convertin g a

n orbita l electro n (23) .

D-3 1P.4 6



### Conservativel y arwtrr'.r g tha tth e tota l bet aaa d electro n energ y i s locall y absorbe d l ath athyroid , th e effectiv e deca y energ y o f
eac h radionuclid e l ath e aia ao f th e averag e bee aenergy , th s energ y o f th aconverte d an

d Auge relectrons , aa

d th e fractio n o f

ealtte d
x-ra y aa d gaea-ra y energ y which i s absorbe d locall y i n th e thyroid . Thaa , the - affectiv e daes y energ y

S 

### ' S 

### E * 2 

### e*t*i S 

### r , , (3*2 )

vhere : "z. a th e averag e bee a eaerg y 2 , a th e energ y

e f th e esnverta d and Auge r electron s S «.th e «nerg 7 e f th s ita ' xo r ga=a-rsy , aa d T l t-x 9 the fractio nI

which ' i a locall y absorbe d i a the 1 thyroid . . Fo r radionuclide s whic hhav e eeapiieata d deca y scheaes , rigorou s calculatio no f E ca nbecen e quit e tedious . Hence , a n apsrexiaat s setho d o f calculatin g t. h . e affactiv e deca y

energie s c f 1-13 " throug h2-'3 5 '-a s develope d which , a t a substantia l saving s i n effort , yleld a value s o f 1 whic har e beiiave d t a b e sufficientl y accurat e far

acciden t dss e calculations . i *-



### ~ >

5-3 2

### Tabl e 3.1 , i n sectio a3.1 , present s th e radioactiv e half-live s an d averag e bet aaa

d gasa aenergie s eeicte d pe rdisintegratio n b y nucle i o f

1-13 1 throug h 1-135 . Th e valu e o f

E ^ i n cabl e 3. 1 i s th e tota l transitio n energ y aa d include s aa y interna l conversio n energ y aa wel l a s th e averag e gaaa aenerg y emitte d pe r disintegration . I n radionuclide s unde rconsideration , ehe proces s o f interna l eoaveraio n i s relativel y uainportant . England , e s ai . (10 ) (table s T T an d TTI) , indicat e cha c i a1-13 1 an d 1-13 5 th e interna l eooversie aenerg y (energ y o f ejecte d electron s an d associate d x-rays ) account s fs ronl y 0.010 4 an d 0.023 6 o f

ehe tota l transitio n energ y o f

th e tv o radionuclides , respectively . Conservativel y aastalin g tha tal l o f

th e interna l conversio n energ y i s inserte d e o ejecte d electrons , th s energ y o f thes e electron s voul d accoun tfo r onl y abou c 2 persen s o f th e averag e 1-12 1 bet aenerg y an d approxiaatel y 9 pereen to f eh e averag e 1-13 5 bet aenergy . Dillnan , e e al . (23) , iadisac atha tehasu ao f eh e energie s o f

th e converte d
an d Augerelectron s account s fa ra s auc h as. 5 pereea to f eh e averag e 1-13 1 bee aeaerg y an

d fo rabouc 1 pereen to f th e averag e 1-13 3 bet a eaergy . Considerin g eh e ralaciv e csueribusicu s a f eh e fiv e iodin e isotope s i n araacto rgrad e isocopi e aisaur e t o th e thyroi d
^Eaergy liberate d i n transitio n fre aa n excite d stat e eo th e ground stata .

:*,_•;• •P.4 8



### iahalatic adss e (flgar e 7 1 13-4 , referenc e (7) ) aad th e degre e e f
accurac y repaire d fa rprojectin g dese s i s acciden tsituations , interna l eoaverale acan clearl y b e tegieete d i a-ealaalatla g th e effectiv e decay energie s o f I-13 1 throug h 1-13 5 l ath s huaa n thyroid . A s indicate d i aEq . (3.2) , th e absorbe d fraction , i , i s a funct i cae f

gaaaaphoto n eaergy . . sswever , a s afirs t approxiaaticn , asa y b e take n t ab e aconstant , equa l t ait s -value . a tth e averag e photo n energy , E, , . Then , th e effectiv e deca y
* 4 m 

### energ y i s

S a S a * sS Y(3*3 )



### wher e aas(2 v

### ),-an d S v

### aI E -

" i ' i 1 7aiue s o f

S* v

### fc r2-13 1 throug h 1-13 5 ar e presente d beic w and , excep tfc r2-13* . ver e ai l take afro atabl e I , referenc e (3). Th e valu e ai T v

### fo rI-13 a

### •-'a aestisate d fre adecay dat a-in tabl e 1 ,
' X 

### referenc e (29) . laocsp e 1-13 1 1-13 2 1-13 3 --'3 4 1,-135 (Me7/?haccn ) 0. 4 0.7 9 0.5 S C. 9 . ' 1. 5P.4 9



### Talue s o f

s a aafunctio n o f

individua l ag e an

d iodin e isotope , vhic h ver s de tami s ed b y thi aaethod , ar e presente d i n cabl e 3.2 . Tabl a2. 4 presens aeh e ealcniace d effectiv e diainsegrasis n energie s o f Ch e fiv e iodis e isotope s i aeh e thyroi d a s afunctio n o f age . Th aaccurac y o f

thi s aetho d o f

calculatin g effectiv e deca y energie s va aeeaee d b y eoapsrin g th e value s o f ? fo r1-13 1 an

d 1-133 , fs rafiv e yea rold , e s value s o f f calculate d rigorousl y accordin g t o Eq . (3.2) . Th aconversio n proces s va afull y eoaaidered , deca y das ai n referenc e (22 ) vaxa uaed , an d value s .o f

a aa afunctic n o f

thyroi d aaa aaa

d photo n eaerg y ver e obtaine d b y graphica l interpolatio n o f dac ai n tabl e 22.1 , referenc e (30) . T o vithi n TJO significan tfigures , th e value s o f 1 ver e foun d
s ab e 0.2 0 He

T aad 0.4 2 fo r1-13 1 an d 1-133 , respectively . Th e difference s ar e aaiai y dna za sligh tdiscrepancie s i n deca y energie s i areference s (10 ) an d (28) , an

d t o round off

errors . 3.2. 4 Effectiv e Deca y Constant s o f Iodin e Isotsoe s 1-13 1 throug h . I-ij ai n tn e sirra-

n Thyroi d a s aJunctio n o f auo-ac tAz

e Tabl a3. 5 shew s th e ag e dependenc e o f th e effectiv e deca y constant s (A,'s ) o f

th e fiv e iodin e isotope s uade rconsideratio n i n th e huaan thyroid . Thes e value s ver e calculate d uain g th e nueiaa rdeca y half-live s i n cabl e 3. 1 an d esc.rtaca s o f

biologica l half-live s i n refaranc a(3D .

D-3 5P.5 0

fabia . 3.3 . Abserba d fraction s (4 ) i aeh achyrol d a s afaacaio ao f

ag e aa d iodin e Isotop e

Hewbora
^


### 5 1

1. 3
3. 6 0.004 3

.006 0
.01 3 0.004 3

.006 0
.01 7 Tsyrai d Ag e "as e Absorbe d?T3cslo s (.)^> fs r Taar s g 1-13 1 1-13 2 1-13 3 1-13 4 >12 5

5.005 0 0.004 7 0.004 3
.006 2 .005 9 .C05 4
.01 3 .01 7 .01 3
1 0 7. 4 .02 3 .02 3 .02 3 .02 3 .02 1
1 3 U. I ' .02 3 .02 7 .02 3 .02 5 .02 3
Adul t I s .03 1 .02 9 .02 2 .32 9 .02 5

^Thi s .nfomatis a wa s deriv& d fre a isfersatie s i n tabl e 22.1 , ra f s r anc e (20) . Th e absorbe d frscslo n fo r a . 1 sran thyroi d wa s obtaine d b yaultlplylng ehe valu e o f • > fs r a 2 gra n thyrsl d b yeh a r3si o s f cub e root s o f th

a uasses . Poiua a o f
. fo r specifi c chose n energie s an d thyroi d naaae s ver a obtninad b yeithe r choosin

g th s closes t vaiua s prasensad i a ch

a raxerase s o r b

yisserpolaeicn
.P.5 1



### Tabl e 3.4 . Effectiv e deca y energie s fo r1-13 1 throug h 1-13 5

presen tI n th e thyroi d a s afuacsio ao f ag e

Ag e Tear s
Hewbot n
1
5
1 0
1 3
Adul t Effectiv e Deca y Eaerg y E Q£a7 ) fo r

1-13 1 1-13 2 1-13 2 1 1-13 4 1-13 3
0.1 9
.1 9
.1 9
.1 9
.2 0
.2 0 0.5 4

.5 4
.5 6
.5 8
.5 9
.5 9 0.4 2

.4 2
.4 3
.4 3
.4 3
.4 4 0.7 0

.7 0
.7 4
.7 3 ;7 6
.7 7 0.4 0

.4 0
.4 2
.4 2
.43 . '.4 3

0-3 "Tabl a3. 5 Eff aesiv e deca y cssssans s o f 1-13 1 throug h 1-13 5 l aeh e tuaa aehyrai d a s afunctio n o f ag e

Ag e Tear s C-131 - Ef f acsiv aDeca y Cons tan s ( s j 1-13 2 1-13 3 • 1-13 4 1-12 3
Newbor n 1.42-0 6 3.3E-0 3 9.7S-0 6 2.22-0 4 3.02-03 '

1.32-0 6 3.32-0 5 3.32-0 6 2.22-C 4 3 . 02-0 5
1.32-0 6 3.52-0 5 9.32-0 6 2.22-0 4
1 0 1.12-0 6 3.42-0 3 9.4Z-C 6 2.22-0 4 2.92-0 5
1 3 1.12-3 6 3.42-0 5 9.4E-0 6 i. 22-0 4 2.92-0 5
Adul t .12-0 6 3.4S-0 5 9.22-0 6 2.22-0 4 2.52-3 3

D-2 3P.5 3

3.2. 5 Dasendenc a of Thyroi d Do3 e Conversio nFacto r c

nAge Th a ag e dependen t thyroi d doae eoaveraio nfactor s fs r iodin e iaocope s 1-13 1 throug h1-13 5 have beencalculated accordin g t a Sq . (3.1 ) aa

d are presensed i ncabl e 3.6 . Th s age grou p waie a woul d receiv e eh e greacea e thyroi d inhalatio ndoa e fro a s

nexpoaur e t s a give nradioiodine activity concentratio

ninai r appear s t s b e comprise

d of nswbor a babie s whos e dos e conversio nfactor i s frs a 1. 5 t s 2 tine s grease r tha nth e doa e conversio

nfactor fa

r adults . Tabl e 3. 6 als o indicate s thae th e variationo f eh

e doa e conversio

n factar vit hag

e i s rasher saall , especiall y belo w e o th e ag e o f 1 0 yeara . A a i a th a eas e o f vnol e bod y ;»—• • dos e calculations , i t i a aaatae d cha c th e ehyrai d dos e equivalen t i nrsa a i s equa l e

o th e absorbe d doa e i a rads . 4, 0 Eesult s Tabl e 4. 1 present s eh e eoabine

d care an

d eancaiaaenc inventory , A . (t) , o f nobi s gase s an d halogen s a

a a functio

ne f tiae afte r shutdown . Th

e eonsainaenc leakag e ras e i s aasase

d t o b e sera , an

d thus , ch

a decreas e o f th

a radioiodin

e an d nobl e gs s inventorie s vit h els e is du

e only t o radioactiv

e decay . Hiaed o ndas a i a tabl e 4.1 , tabl e 4, 2 present s th e rati o of iodin e t a nobl e ga s inventor y i nth e esasaisaen s as a functio no f cin e aftar shutdow

nan d th e iodin e releas e fraction . Assurin g aTabl a 3.6 . Thyroi d dos e conversio nfacta r a a a fuacsio a o f ag e ac d isdln a Isoeop a

Ag e Tear s lasalaclo nDos a Pa r Tni t Activit yExposure , rad s Ci-sac/uJ 2-13 1 1-13 2 1-13 3 1-13 4 1-13 3 Xsvbot a 45 0 2 2 12 0 1 1 4 5

43 0 1 9 13 0 9. 7 3 9
5
1 0 40 0

40 0 1 3

i s 13 0

U O 9. 4

7. ;
1 5
Adul t 38 0

29 0 1 4 .93 7. 0 3 0
5. 5
Maninu aAg

e Croup liavbo m .5 0 15 0

-o
lati o o f y^nlnu n Ag e Crou p e o Adul : 1. 6 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0

:-4 o

### Tabl a4.1 . Hobl aga s an d iodin e iavenssr y i aeh e reacto rcsr a an d eaneaiaaen s a s afnaesis ao f tlae *

H a s Afte r Shutdow n (hr )

. 0.0 . 

### 1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
4. 0
6. 0
12. 0 Tsea l Iodine Iavenssr

y (10 a Ci )


### 7. 2
5. 6

A- 7
4. 1
3. 3

. 2



### - 2


### 2. 4 Tsea l Nobl e Ca s Iavenssr

y C10 a Ci )


### 3. 7
3. 4
3. 2
3. 0
2. 9
2. 3
2. 5

~3ase do ath ashutdow n equilibriu n cor ainventor y o f atypica l 1,00 0 stfe

- (2,20 0 iSfc ) powe r raacna r

an dcer e containmen t leakag e ra so 1 tt



### V loilln u Uultiaa u

... . _o""ift£t_i«»» »
1. 0 

### o. s 0.2 5 0 . 1 0.0 5 0.02 5 0.0 1 0.00 5 0.0112 5 0.0U 1 0.000 5 • 0.0002 5 0.000 1 Tulil o 4 .

0 . 0

2 . 0 0.9 U .4 9 . 2 0 .091 1 .04 9 .02 0 .009 0 .1)04 9 .002 0 .0009 0 .0004 9 .0002 0 2 . Iodin e t o

JodJn o reieaa e

1. 0

1. 6 a. 2 . 4 1 . 1 6 .00 2 .04 1 .01 6 .000 2 .004 1 .001 6 .0000 2 .0004 1 .0001 6 nobl e ga u

fructlu n act !

an d
Tlio u
2 . 0

l . S . 1 1 .3 7 .1 5 

## .o n .01 7 .01 5 .007 ) .003 7 .001 5 .0007 3 .0003 7 .0001 5 

# U vlt y rati o

tlu a utter - i

o a a functio n ultutdou n
afte r tibutdoun (l.r ) 

## i:! »

1. 4 .6 0 .3 4 .1 4 .06 0 .03 4 .01 4 .006 0 .003 4 .001 4 .0006 0 .0003 4 .00014 .

A
* (' r 4 . 0

1. 3 .6 6 . 3 1 .1 3 .06 6 .03 3 .01 3 .006 6 .003 3 .001 3 .0006 6 .0003 3 .0001 3 i i 

# ; S ixt



### 6 J )

1. 1 .5 7 . 2 9 . 1 1 .05 7 .02 9 .01 1 .005 7 .002 9 .001 1 .0005 7 .0002 9 .0001 1

i i
i 

### 1

12. 0

. 9 6 . 4 8 .2 4 .09 6 .04 0 .02 4 .009 6 .004 0 .002 4 .0009 6 .0004 0 .0002 4 .00009 6



### )radienuclid e independen t caatalaaen t leakag e rat a an d X/Q , thi s aoul d als o b

e th e rati o o f iodla e ta nobl e ga s releas e rats s aa d 4 concentration s i a air . Th e releas e fractio

no f aobl s gase s i s take a .t

a b e equa l t

a one . 3eeaus e o f thei r alsila r cheaica l properties , al l iodla e isotope s are assuae d to hav

e equa l releas e fractions. . The value s l a tabl e 4. 2 indicat e tha t th e rati o o f tota l iodine s t

o scal e gase s varie s frsa. approxiaatel y 2 a t shutdow

nt s 1
a t 1 2 hours . A

t a a iodine releas e fractio nequa l t

a 0.25 , correspondin

g t a a desig

nbasl a acciden t (£,£) , thi a rati o varie s HTcm approxiaatel y 0. 5 t a 0.2 5 ove r th

e 12-hou

r perio d afte r shctdswn . •4. 1 Vhol e 5ed

v Dos e Tabl e 4. 2 present s th e rati o o f th

a aeai-iaflait a alou d gaaaa dcs e rat e t s th

e cobl e ga s concentratio n(ECC* ) a s a functio na f a tin e afta r anutdsv ncalculate

d i naccordanc e withth e aethod s presented i a seetia n2.2. . at

thi a Appendix . Sine s the y ar e highl y volatile , tabl e gase s resultin g froa deca

y o f th e esr e equllihriua 4 Althougha particula r iodla e fractio naa y b e release

d t a csstaiaaeat , deposltle a o f th e iodine s e

a surface s aa

d th e eperatioa . o f aa y engineere

d safsgcard s t

a reduc e th

e alrtcra e aaacaatratlaa s l a eoctaiaaen t woul d reduc e th e fractio

ne f r3diaiediae s released t a th s eavirocaeat . Thes e factor s wil l influenc e th e correctio

n faetar a regardin

g ths ladls e t

a astl a ga

a activit

y rati o a

a discussed later .

D-4 3P.5 8

4.3 . Saei a o

f nobl e ga s gasa

a doa e ra s 2CC^ . a s a fssetioa of ds e af 1 Tab- a -*.3 . Saei a o f nobl e ga s gasa

a doa e ras a e

a nabl a ga

a concentration , afta r shucdow

n


### 2C q afta rShutdow

n ren/h r (hr ) . Cl/a- > 0 5.33*0 2 . i O 1. 3 5.0Z+0 2 2. 3 4.32+0 2 3. 3 3.7Z+0 2 4. 3 3.12+0 2 6. 5 2;2E-H3 2 _J 12.3 I.2TH3 2P.5 9

laveatsr

y ai radisisdlae s ar e assv=e d t s contribut e t s th e nobl e ga s
sourc e tarn , an

d th e ^»—- » dos e rat a als o include s a coaponen t fro a Hb-38 , whic hi a a daughte r produc t o f Sr-8S . Also , th e tla e uait a i a HCC * hav

e beea converted fro a aeeoad s ta hours . Figur e 4. 1 (figur e 5. 1 o f Chapte r 5 ) present s a grap he f th a projected vhoi a bod y gaas a dos e a s a functio ne f gaas a dss e rat a i a ai r ac d th e projected duratio no f exposure . Th e projected vhci a bod y dos e i s alapi y

th e resul t o f aultlplyln g th e gaaa a des e rat e i a ai r b y th a projected exposur e duration . Th s projected exposur e durationi a i n hours , aa d th e gaaa a dos e rat a i s i a area/hr (10" 3 rea/hr) . Th

e srdis3t e ca th

e right , nobl e ga s concentratio n i nair , va s adde

d b y assurin

g a gaaaa dss e rat s t a nobl e ga s 2 —/> - ecacsntratie a rati o c f 3. 1 x> 0 •'• ' •,"•

• Thi s particula r value wa s C1/B J calculated t

a eorrespca

d t a radiaauclide alxture s tha t woul d exis t
a t 4. 5 houra afte r reactor ahutdewn, . a s indicated l a tabl e 4.3 . Fo r shutdow ntiae s greate r thaa 4. 5 hours , thi a ahcia s c f 3GC " fo r n cobl e gase s vil l ten d t a overestiaat e th e gaa a dos e rat s relativ e t s nobl e ga s concentration . I a instance s o f lon g deca y period s
vcer e enl y th e lan g live d tool s rase s reaaia , epuasis a 2. 7 ac d th e gasa a deca y energie s liste d i n tabl e 3* ' aa y b e ••isetL t a calculat e dcs e rat e aor e accuratel y tha n thos e l a figur e 4.: . 4. 2 Thyr-ei d Dcs e The rati o o f

th s thyroi d halatio n dos e t a th e tota l radioisdia a csaaaatratia n i s air , (212) , calculate d b y aethad a —•essrta d i

r,o ct* ' •*

—~ r* -.*. *hi a i—°—di r* 9 -'-a . *

—ta^ * a—•

•
a s a factio n c f

tia e afta rahutdewn a tvnic h expcsur e begins , t_ ,

3-4 52

:a 5 

### X X i

. I l. l Mi l 

# KXXniii i

7 ~

Iff 4
.


### 1

10* - •«s r 

### t o ts z rat s caAg g Tla e eS apaia e ?«oraa*meia- { 3«a a radlamli m spoaox arxc a(aaVhr) ae a ! jewjacta d liara-ita- i a i axpoaor aCora) . Zsetaaf cS aywjeesa d ut». U bod y ioa a £?s s sS acusva aaecv*» aa c b«io w st a patae .



### . y .'' ' - v 

### i \ i \ • V i i \

i t i ix„ \

i i i i i i r . i I I i i j
- ij ! 

# x i xi xX n ^

Xo- i M 

# i M I 

# i i i i i i i, i 

# p r
XI ' XXPft

. X^iUH I 1 I I M l X l L X i 

## - X !

" < '! • •&*• •i. a

• 7

^ i > S i • \; \ \ : \ I .N

j I I i I I W . !' \ ' \ l 'X . > I : ; N \ ' I ! i • i.i ' I 

### X i X i IXIM I X I
- X N IX M X \

I 

# X iXl X I i i L U



# X I XXI X XX I lii ! 

# i 

# Kimx t KiMKX>^iiiiig

- •10- 1

• 7 

# r 4

s

•ia- 2 : •7 "

3

2 - •',« , ' . k 

# S L x . • x ;



# - ^s> \ i , \i
. . . • v j \ j N N i ' I I 'v J iX~ " ' X I .\ i I i i ' l \ i \ i\ ! 'Ni ' 

### i X I lX ; M l X> : 

### X I ' N Mi l X ! X~ X iXij ! I I "ml 

### 1 

# !XMXi.

. X -i\ j ihi l X sXiWflS,: ' 1

•••"V J 

# NB -

: i ^ 

## ^ ! j


## - ! 

## X ^ ' ^ : I i l i ! H 

### X ' N 

### ;! ; l X I X I N i ; I
N 

# l ! I lllil i i 1X 1 X X IXMXIB

.



# N H

- ixiC " 

### .T-.zv.zia « : : 7 ; : :. : zzur. i'mr.Z'.zr. I'C-r.) : o : c "!;-jr » 4. 1 '"oisetap 1 •«!«! « sccv - tasw ascs e i s i ^nrrie n c f sran a »xcosur s -it s inc - rrsjKt w rjrstis n zf wcosur s

### ("). .

Tabl e 4.4 . Il/iti o o f a chil d thyroi d Inhalatio n doa e t o radlotodlu o concentration ,

UIC . M U u functio n o f tliu a afte r reacto r aliutdow u a t whic h expouur o Itegln u an d th u luhalutlo n expoaur e duratio n (—;-,—T )



# y Tim

e afte r uhuldou n a t whic h uvpouur e atartu (l» )



### 1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
4. 0
6. 0
12. 0 1.0/l. r

5.0EI0 S
5.6EI0 5
6.1KI0 5
6.5EIO S
7.1EI0 S
0.4EIO 5 2.0/h r

9.0EIO S
1.1EI0 6
1.2EI06 .
1.3EI0 6
1.4El0 6
1.7EI0 6 3.0/h t

1.4EI0 6
1.6EI0 6
1.HEI0 6
1.9EI0 6
2.1EI0 6
2.5EI0 6 4.0/hr '

1.9EI0 6
2.IE10 6
2.3KI0 6
2.5EI0 6
2.8E10 6
3.3E10 6 6.0/h r

2.0EI0 6
3.2EI0 6
3.4E10 6

3.7EI0 6
4.IEI0 6
4.9EI0 6 12.0/h r

5.2EI0 6
5.9EI0 6
6.SEI0 6
7.OK10 6

7.7EI0 6
9.3EI0 6 

## I I

j ' 

## i ;

! i

### andth e inhaiatio nerasur e daraeiaa , t . th e tin e t i s th e its a o f the tia e afte r ihucdcv na s whic hreleas e oescr s an d she ?L« w trave l das . th e projecte dessoaur e duratio nvoul db e deeessaae db y the sssssioaa l seacu s o f the ; engineere dsax aey systea s o r the vin d directio a persistenc e a c ch a tia e o f the aeeidens . I t ia aaaisae d tha e aonicsrina . personne l voul db e abl e c o reac hth

e projecte d essoaur e pois e suc htha e enviroeaenca l seasuresest s esui dbe take n•=.* * V » , vithi napprozcsacel y

0. 5 hour s afte r plo w arrival . A

chang e i ncha tin e o f saaauzeaent , 5 , o f Q. 5 bout s va a foundt o chang e SI C b y a e sca t 1 0 percen t ar . t equa l t o 1 hou r and b y 2 percen t a t t equa l t o 1 2 house . tabl e 4. 5 preaene a ehe 7ali.e s o f radioiodis e concentratio ni a ai r vale s voui ddelive r a 5 re a thyroi dinhalatio ndos e to a cevbo m _,, . bab y (critica l ag e jrous ) aa a functio no f inhalaeie a tin e an d si n/ difiaren s tine s afte r shutdown , vhe nthe expoaur e i s assuae d: s b e seartad . thes e value s ver e obtaine db y dividin g 5 re a b

y ehe rati o a f projecte dthyroi ddos e c s radioiedis s cssssssratisn , 220 , an d ar e plotte di s figur e 4.2 .

. . . . . . i .i s vQui ac e aspsscas , zzz cescenaraci-c n : rraaicicams s require d t s delive ra5 re m thyroi d cos e decrease s vic h increas e i n "isa aste rshutdow n sicc ach ashort-live d isotope s decay , and chi y th e 1eng-live d isotope s 1-12 1 an d 1-12 2 (vit h larg e dss e conversio n factors ) rssai n i n ch aradioiodis e sixsurs .<;. )

Tuhl e 4.5 . Hudloludlu u concentratio nI nai r whic hwoul d raaul t I na 5 ret i thyroi d Inhalatio nduu o t o a chil d a u a functio no f tim e afte r rouclo r uhutdown , t u , at whic h expoaur u hegluu and tha luhalatlo u tlni u (Cl/w^ )



# i Tim e ufte r

Shutdown , t u (hr )



### 1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
4. 0
6. 0
12. 0 1.0/h r 2.0/hr lnhulut l 3.0/hr o nTim e

4.0/hr Radtulodln e concentratio nyieldin g S re m thyroi d

1.0E-0 5
U.9U-0 6
U.2E-0 6

7.7E-0 6
7.1E-0 6
5.9E-0 6 S.1E-0 6

4.5E-0 6
4.2E-0 6
3.9E-0 6
3.6E-0 6
3.0E-O 6 3.5E-0 6

3.1E-0 6
2.BE-0 6
2.6E-0 6
2.4 E 0 6
2.0E-0 6 2.6E-0 6

2.3E-0 6
2.1E-0 6

2.0E-0 6
1.0E-0 6
1.5E-0 6 6.0/h r doa e t o chil d

l.BE-0 6
1.6E-0 6
1.5E-Q 6

1.4E-0 6
1.2E-0 6
1.0E-0 6 12.0/h r

(til/» 3 )

9.5E-0 7

1 8.4E-0 7
7.7E-0 7

7.2E-0 7 * 6.SE-0 7
S.4E-0 7

I I IP.6 4

w

mt aa

mX

All O

?ro j ecte d axsasur a dumelo n(br ) 'igur e 4.1 . Fiv e re s isodos e Us e fs r chil d thyroi d a s a functio n-i

radioiodin e concentratio na c tb e star t c f arrosura , expoaur a duratio nan d tin e afte r sbucdev c a t vhic h exposur e begins , t .

--; uGivena knovledg e o f th e cin e after reactor shutdow na t vhic h expoaur e begin s an

d eh e projected inhalatio nperiod , figure 4. 2 sa y b e uae d t o determine th

e radioiodis e concentraticnvhichvoul d delive r a 5 re s dos e t o th e thyroi d b

y sispi y locatin

g th e ordinat e
o f th e appropriat e t lis e a e th e projected inhalatio nels e t . For an y differen t thyroi d doa e th e iodin e concentratio

nca nb e scale d linearly . ?s r exaaple , i i th e plua e arriva l tin e a t a give

n locatio nwer e abou t 4 hour s an d th e projecte

d expoaur e tia

e ver e alao 4 houra , th

e radioiodine eoneensracionvhichvoul d delive r a 5
re s thyroi d inhalatio ndoae c

o a chil d voul d b

e equa l t s

— o 3 approximatel y

2 s 1 0 Ci/ a o f air . Figur e 4. 2 ca

nala o b e use d t s projec t thyroi d doaea baae d o s radioiodin

e concentration s estiaate d froa eoneainaen t releas e rat e
an d aeteorologiea l condition s a e th e tia e of th e accident . However , figure 4, 2 shoul d sot b e uae d c o projec t inhalatio ndose s froa singl e iodin

e isotope s becaus e i nit s derivatio

na fiv e eoaponene „^£^ES*arJBse

f radioiodine s ha s beenassuaed . Fc r that purpose , th e dos e conversio

nfactor s listsd i ntabl e 3. 5 na

y b e use d (auitipiie

d

- - J b y 3. 6 x10 " t s conver t -jnit s c f tin e fro a second s t

c hours) . Similarly , figure 4. 2 voul d not b e suitabl e fc

r projectin

g thyroi d doae i i th

e releas e oecssre

d froa a reactor that ha d bee nshu t dovu , fs r a perio

d suc htha e th e shorter-live

d isotope s o

f iodis e ha

d decayed . I s suc

ha case , th

e dos e conversio

nfacto r fo r iodine-13 1 fr m tabl a 3. 5 voul d b e sere ansrooriata .

D-5 iP.6 6

th e rati o o f

iodin e ceneessratic n t s ehe seai-isfinit a eleu d gasa a doae ras a fro a iodise s an d sobl e gaaea , 2IC* , vhic h va s diacsaae d i a secsio a 2.2.2 , i a presente d i n tabl e 4. 6 a s a fuaesio n o f tin e afta rreacto rshuedows an d iodis e reieaa e fraction , th e increas e o f

2ZS * vit h tia e i s dae t s ehe deca y o f ehe short-lived . bu s asergeci c (i s gasa a eaergy ) £r-38 , 1-132 , an d 1-134 . th e value s i s tabl e 4. 6 iadieas a tha e ehe rati o o f iodin e eoeeentrseie n t s seai-isfinit e clou d gasa a dos e rae e frs a bot h sobl a mat, gaae a aa d iodine s varie s fro a approxiaaeel y 5 s 1 0 as. shutdow n
e o 1. 3 x1 0 a s 12. 5 hours . Fo r an iodis e releas e fractio nequa l t o 0.25 , thi a rati o varie s fre a aperoxiaaeal y 4 x1 0 e

o

- 4 9 x1 0 ove r a 12. 5 hou r perio d afta r shutdown . Figur a 4. 3 present s a grapho f projecte d thyroi d dos e a s a fssetio a o f th

e projecte d tin e perio d e f exposur e an d eithe r th

e radioiodis e concentratic nc r th e gaas a doa e ras e i n air . th e ralacicasai ? baevee a thyroi d dos e an d radioiodin e concentratio nva s establishe d b

y selectin g th

a 5 ras. 'Lisa frs a figur e A. 2 vhic h correspond s t o a 4 hou r perio d afta r reacto r shusiev e a c vhic h exposur e i s assesse

d e o begin , thi s line va s chose nbecaus e eve r a n ishalasic s peris d c f 1 2 hours , ai i eh e ethe r line s ar e vithin; 4 c 3 2 persen s rang e o f eh e 4 hou r lise . Fo r differen t thyroi d doses , eh e iodin e cencenerstie s ha s bee s seale d linearis . Fc r csnesseraei m 

# 3

# I )

V
Xrl T<ilili ! 4.6 . Hut l o o f IoJln u concuntrutloi i t o tota l Iodin e and nohl a gu a gauuu a doa e rat a u a a functio n o l lodin

u luleuu a fractio nund tluu ufte r uhutdou n/*•£/]»;[

_\ \rcm/hr /

loilln. : Iluloua e l-'ructlo u

1. 0 0 . 5 0.2 5 0. 1 0.0 5 0.02 5 0.0 1 0.00 5 0.002 5 0.00 1 0.000 5 0.0002 5 0.000 1 0. 0 (hr )

6.OK-0 4 5.IE-0 4 4.0K-0 4 2.4E-0 4 1.5E-0 4 B.2 E 0 5 3.5E-0 5 l.UE-0 5 9.I E 0 6 3.7B-0 6 l.UE-0 6 9.2E-0 7 3.7E-0 / Tim e ufle r Shutdow n 1. 5 (hr ) 2. 5 (hr ) 3. 5 (hr ) 4. 5 (hr ) 6. 5 (hr ) I 12. 5 (hr ) lodinu concentru t Iont o \ dou e ra t e rati o /ci/w * \ \ rcut/h r/ 6.9E-0 4 5.6E-0 4 4.1E-0 4 2.3B-0 4 1.3E-0 4 7.1E-A 5 3.0E-0 5 1.5E-0 5 7.6E-0 6 3.1E-0 6 I.5E-0 6 7.7E-0 7 3.1E-0 / 7.6B-0 4

6.2K-0 4 4.5E-0 4 2.5E-0 4 1.4E-0 4 7.6E-0 5 3.2E-0 5 1.6B-0 5 0.2E-0 6 3.3E-0 6 1.6E-0 6 0.2E-0 7 3.3E-0 7 8.4B-0 4

6.UE-0 4 4.9E-0 4 2.7E-0 4 1.6B-0 4 0.4E-O 5 3.5E-0 5 l.flE-0 5 9.0E-0 6 3.6E-0 6 1.0E-0 6 9.1E-0 7 3.6E-0 7 9.IE-0 4

7.4E-0 4 5.4E-0 4 3.0B-0 4 1.7E-0 4 9.3E-0 5 3.9E-0 5 2.0E-0 5 1.0E-0 5 4.0E-0 6 2.0E-0 6 1.0E-0 6 4.0E-O 7 1.0E-0 3

0.5E-O 4 6.4B-0 4 3.6E-0 4 2.1E-0 4 1.1E-0 4 4.0E-O 5 2.4 E 0 5 1.2E-0 5 4.9E-0 6 2.5E-0 6 1.2E-0 6 5.0E-0 7 1.3E-0 1

1.1E-0 3 tt.BE-04 5.2E-0 4 3.1E-0 4 1.7E-0 4 7.5E-0 5 3.0E-O 5 1.9E-0 5 7.UE-0 6 3.9E-0 6 2.0E-0 6 7.0E-O 7 

# i 'P.6 8

. 3 " 

### ; - i f f ur i 

# ^=r = 

# .C S

. . N''.
. 'i
. '•'• ><'.' iV.yi.jiny-"- 1 ' ':• " •- . ' - 

### f.N . ^ j:\j i i; . |rl ; i'«4ax- . I . I I| ! I• • i I 

# l .X^tFfC g I I I ,cayro «


### Itt' \ 

# ^m^ ^Sr 

# 1

- 

# x.! x mtm. x N l ! < i i isii i I :.-»yr ai s iaam I - 3



### \ Ki\j . i rv.-"-x, . \ i l X N \ J 

## XJMik> j X i KMi!^

- X

10'' 1 ! ' 1 NJ > 1 i ; • N^ , K , ' v . • \ ; • N . \ • • I ! . i . 1 I'i'Sll l \ j \, \ l ! f\; i X.. . , \ | 

# 1 I mi-inv
. x x ixur^ x ^ 

# 1 1 ! X I N.;\!li V X l • io

a."-. 1 -.•... : s

• ; i , i i . i , • . .v. - . . Tt ' 3SZ T3t S CXWS * ' ' -i " V.a. -ZM

poiae . ;agrta«neiS 4 :Za txaostr a1 |
aa d taclacc * U a;KO-««a- . rarrol d io u j i

1 ) 1 , . . r| * ' 1 sf \• \ V . V N i N 

# X I

I > II I IIII I I I 

### C a.2 .4 .

7 1 3 2 3 '•

* 7 1 3 ZC 3' 0 ' Projecte d Exposur e Tin e (sours ) Frmiw < u mm'tsraviTKa ass ~a ArjxcrtxO F sn a .Hiai S7W«s

« IUTS . 

### : s .ucssca s ctscrrnurt s aA 3 Aa o r- s rovers :Z.TSU:;2 

### r^ i

' "^' S .Pifa 3*CUU3 s a'.-» e - N SSSjunsT-ZH

m.ra "lingn . . -iS. . i i. 0

.-> x ia" 3



### iavtse c 3

/P.6 9

ssasurement s sade les s tha n4 hour s after reactor shutdown , figure 4. 3 vii i slightl y

overestiaat e th

a thyroi d dose ; aa d fo r
aaasureacne s sad

e sor e tha

n4 hour s afte r reacto r shutdown , th e dos e vii i b e undereseiaaced . Figur e 4. 4 provide s s nindicatio

nof th

e
error invoived . th e ordinat e o f thi s figure provide s a correctio n factor . 3ecaus e o f shift s i s win d direction , i t i s unlikel y that thyroi d inhalatio

ndoee s wotsi

d b e projeesed fo

r cin e period s beyon

d th e range considered i s tabl e 4. 2 . Hovever , fo r thos e instance s vhe nthat rang

e sigh s b

e exceeded , th

e line s sav

e bee nextende

d fre a 0. 1 t o 3 0 hour s i s figure 4.3 . th e adul t thyroi d inhalatio ndose s whichhav

e bee nindicate

d i s figure 4. 3 hav

e beenobtaine

d b y dividin

g th e newbor

ninfan t dose s b y a factor o f tvo , i s accordanc e vit hdiscussio ni s sectie

n3.2. 5
of thi s Appendix , th e us e o f th

e aaaa faeter fs r 1-13 1 as fs r th e oehe r iodis e isotope s (se e tabl a 3.6 ) introduce s a nerror i s th

e adul t dos e of a s aos t 2 3 percent , vhichi s vei l vithi nth

e uncertainty

range of th

e overal l dos e projectio nnethod . A s discusse

d previously , th

e iodin e reisas a fractio

nvoui d depen d c s Ch

e functiona l scstu

a o f th e engineere

d safae

y systeas , ac d significant fraction s cf th e esre inventor

y o f radioiodine s voul d b e expecte

d t o b e release

d t s th

e esvirssses t onl y i s ch s aos t
severe type s o f accidents . Hovever , if , fs r th e purpos e of

D-5 5

## u

1.2 -

O lam u < W W Z a 1. 1

1.3 P.7 0

~r*"^ f

=2 =

^ 2 =

XSZ

W 05 ) «

a. 3 > •

0. 7 

# I

1 2 3 4 5 9 7 3 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 T1M B (HR ) AFT3 3 SHUTCC/V N 

## ssua s 4. 4 csan-STTSj i -Acnn c~ a-rrnsn : .'jHULvna: . :cc : A 3 A r-JJiCTu M C F 7- « AF7S J 3SAflTa 3 S.UJTZCV/ H 

### THAT 

## HAjjifl»a» gC5.tcsinA7:c. tr s MEMSUSSJ .

:-« 5P.7 1



### analysis , aG.23 iodin e releas e fractio n i s assuae d , the n cabl e 4. 5 indicate s cha tove raels e perio d o f 12. 5 hour s afte rreacto r shusdov n th e rati o o f iodis e concentratio n e s elsu d gasss ados e ras a i s equa l t o 6 x 1 0 s 3 0 percen t\ rAm 

### / n 

### j)- Shi s rati o ha s bee n use d eo establis h eh e functiona l dependenc e o f thyroi d inhalatio n dos e on th e garo aexsosur e rac e i s air , i s area/hr , a s indicate d i s figur e 4.3 . . FF Sins e sh e relationshi p besvee u garmi aexposur e rae e i n ai ran d thyroi d inhaiaeio n dos e i n fignr a4. 3 i s baae d e n th e seai-infisit e eiou d assisseien , eh e us e o f gaas aexposur e rae e frs aafinit e eleu d t o eacr-ar n thyroi d dss e b y mean s o f figur e 4. 3 vii i ten d c o s— underestimat e th s thyroi d dose , t o compensat e fsr-thi aeffect , th e

' .
_aeasure d eiou d gasss aexsosur e ras ashoul d b e sulci?lie d b y th e fiais apita s correctio n facto r-plotte d i n figur e 4. 3 befor e bein g applie d i s figur e 4. 3 t o estisae e projecte d thyroi d dose , thi s factor , whic h ha s bee n plotte d a s afuaetic n o f distanc e fre a

• reacto ran

d aesospheri e stabilit y elass , i s eq^a l t o c^ e raci o o f gasss aexposur e rac e fro e a n infinit e clou d c

o cha tfros tafinit e eioud , aa discusse d i n sectio n 2.2. 3 c f thi s Appendix . Ih e finit e clou d correctio n facco raa y als o b e use d c s reduc e ehe vhol abod y gses u dos e fre aagive n nobl e ga s concentratio n vhic h ha s bee n

J 

### 1hes e assuaption s xst i s agresaen s vit h AS C guidanc e (£,£ ) en assuaption s cha c sa y b e use d i n evaluatin g th e radiological" " consequence s o f

a n aeeiden : ae aligh tvate rcoole d nuclea rreve r facilitv .

D-3 7o 

### J 

### A 2


# a 

# • * I 2 

# s * at J 

### e l J 

# I . 

# V*. K w I I


### I F STASiirrt i i 

# \ i A | M 

# A . \ - \ 

### i\S I I N 

# \ ' V » 

# ' \ M X. M 

# \ : !

I .Mil l I 'M M 

### I I I 

### I I

. 1 l I i ! i l l 

### i i I I 

### i i i i n i III M
i i i ii . 

### •TOUSST/HSCHAHT.FIW D .TH E C33R2C7IQ

M ?ACTTJ

S



## . eanasspaaoia aT

O TH E ! I I

! • I I



### J . CISTAaCSAH

O ATaOSTHEiH

C I STA81UT

Y CLAS S A T WHIC H T TH E £S>CSUR

£ MEASURESIST

T 7 WA S XSAQE . AH D MUim ? I

T | 3YTHS3EASUHE3GAAOJ A 7 CffQSUft

Z SAT s 3£?QHS IT

S 7 US E < » FiSUf. E 4JL . i !



### M i l 

### I i y 

## 777 1 i 

## I I i M l I l 

### ill !

Mil l i i i i iI' i 

## II I I i I . i II I

i I I 

## Mi l I l f

. Iii i i I I i i



### U 2 3 4.337391 0 1 5 2 3 2 3 445 3 7T

3 IC O 0STA.1C 2 GaiCKTSSS } 

### 0. 6 3 3 I C SISTA/IC ; 

## muss. Z. "mZ

-»«l|*»* 1 I - » *.*,.«•• . *>*«*>f)*11ir>* > " 1 • > """ " maa. • . a\a **/'••- « aamaaaaamara.aaaaaa,.. m. m — m. — 

### FtSUs- U 4.-, Za-.aA.iiA ia*t'\!Zi}.\m. RAii r.FFiiai Ci—il D Uam.: t 

### .m.m,l-.m;.i .';,,,,„..

?.£71.3ZZ

z/lZP.7 3

estisate

d b y aeas a o f figur e 4.1 . t o d o this , th

e estisated whol e bod y dos a shoul d be-divided b y th e finit e elsu

d correctio

nfactor . Cbvlotisiy , whol e bod y doa e projection s baae d o naeasureaeat s o f gasaa expcsur e rare I s ai r shoul d no t b e aodified . I s th a developmen t o f figur e 4.3 , th e iodis e reieaa e fractio n
va a aaause

d t a b a Q.2S, an

d th e nobl e ga

a reieaa e fractio

nvaa
aaause d t s b e 1.0 . thi a correspond s t s a s iodis e t s nobl e ga a rati o
o f abou t 0.3 * Pe r aeeidert a i a vale s th a iodis e reieaa e fraetlenc r th e iodis e t

a nobl e ga

a rati o l a know

nts b a differen t froa that vcis a ha s bee naaauae

d i s preparatio

ns f figure -1.3 , a seecs d suitialieativ

e correetis a factc r coul d b e uae d t a correc t th

e thyroi d issalaticndose s projected e nth e baai a o f aeaauresent a o f gasaa dos e rat a l a ai r an d figur e -1.3 * Thi a correetis a facta r haa bee nplotte

d i a figur e 4. 5 a

a a functio

no f th a rati o c f iodis e t a nobl e gaa activitie s , an d ha a bee nobtaiaed b

y diTidis r th

e rati o
c f icdis e ecacentratient a gaas a dos e rata a t isdis e reieaa e fraetle ne^ual't o 0.2 5 b

y th e rati o e f iodis e cscsantratlo nt s gasaa dss e rat e a

t ether icdis a releas e fraeticns . Th s isdis s releas e eerreetlcnfactor varie s b y a t aos t 2 3 pereen t ever Ch e 12. 5 hcu

r tfs e perio

d after reacts r ahutdewn , an d ita valu

e a t 4 . 5 hear s haa ' bee nselecte

d fc r figur e 4.5 .

5" , 1.

1 3 J J a) t m,aH rara,-.m, m *'- —

- --•«» . » * 9 'U^.JJJ . -O**^ ^ Sft2 T reaets r 3hutdcwr. , tn s iscis s c

s teni a ga s activity rati o = " . " elit e j*e

" eas e f-^a-ctltzc .

Xa-S-fc t 

## I . • i o

A : r » xx 111 " /

1

K I •

1 l

II I l l

I I I •' » 

### ,

'~ — 

# 7 ..

. r

III ' 

# y y i ^ / 

### M* y

i IIIII IIII : CttllliCCTIONfACIOI t MMIIIESI'OMOINt i I O Till : Know n ilAIIIOIOOINIiAJOU I l i UAS AC1IVIT V IIAVIO . 

### in n m- l vmi s cniiutcvmr j FA C I Oi l H Y lil t GAMM A fcMI'OSIIIIi: II A Il i lOU b IISIDlUlUIUIAriN U linffllOitCIL O II I VJIOI O OOS E I H flliUll t 4V I

/ II I 1 IX

b /

III 2 2 m a t II I • IIAOIOIIIOIII L IIIIJOIU L (IA S Ai:|IVIIVIIAII O I IH "

UfillU L 1 6 IIAI.IliJlllU.I E KC l EAS E CUUllLCIIUI I FAfcVOI l



# I J i l .P.7 5

3. 0 Accuracy

o f 3os e Projectio nMethod s Th e ealculaeiora l aethod s thae have beenpresente d er e intende

d fs r ua a i a escisaein g projected populatio ndoe a froa exposur e t a th e pluse . Thes e doee projection s woul d b a neede d ver y quieki y follovin

g eailecsio

nof ch a dat a o

nvhichth

e calculation s voul d b a based . Therefore , niaerou s assumption s hav e bee naade t

a reduc e Ch

e
nee d fo r collectio

no f differen t type s o f daea , an d wis heac

h aaauaption , th

a poeancia l exist s fo r introductio

no f error . Severa l cutsactio a factor carve s hav e bea nprovide

d c o reduc e eh

e error fo

r
ease s wher e daea sigh t b e availabl e t

o determine thee e factors . Inadditio

nt s error s associate d vitheaieulasiona l assumptions , there - is a poeancia l fo r aajo r eeror s i a th e das a use

d
aa a basi s fo

r th e calculations . Bot htype s o f error s ar e eonsidersd . 5. 1 Calculationa l Zrror s Associacad vit hReleas e Rat e Assuaption s It ha s beenassuae

d thae th

e releas e vii i b

e continuou s an

d a e
a constant sate . H o eairelationa l erro r voul d resul t froa thi s aasuspeic a if chs releas e actuall y occurre

d i nehi s sanner . Hovever , there ar

e a ninfinit e nuaber o f releas e rac e characteristic s that coul d occur . Thi s introduce s a poeancia l error i a th e issu e dac a vhic

hvii i b

a discusse

d later .

0-3 1P.7 6



### 5. 2 Calculations ! Irrw aAaaeclata d wit h Asauaotiea s on Heleas e Characteristic s -'•••- • Matthod ahav e bee n provide d fo rprojectin g dos at abot h th e thyroi d an

d t s th awncl e bod

y baaed , e

n ta o differen ttype s e f data . Ose typ e e f

dat avoul d b e grea aairborn e concentratlona , an d th e othe rwould b e gaaaa. exposur e rat aaeasureaeats . Datao a esacentratlc n coul d b e fro aeithe renvlronsenta l aeaauresent ao r fre acalculation s based , t s releas e rates , diataaea , aataeroioglea l eonditicsa , an

d wlstspeed . ^ m 

### ..^_ ^
_mmZ 

### - - > 

### —c.^ - ? 5.2. 1 Srror e i s Vhtl g 3ce v 3os e I f whol e bod

y des e prelections - ar e baaed e agasa aexposur e .-at e aeaauresenta , th e onl y aaausptic aaffeetls g talsuiatisaa i erro r woul d b atha to f

seetia g -exposur e rat aequa l t s des e rata , vhie s i a eeaaervatlve , b

y afaste ro f

abou t1..23 . I f th e expoaur e rat ai abase d e anobl e gaaconcentrations , a possibl e ealeuiatleaa l «rrarfactc ro f s.S averaiisa perio d s f 1 C o 12* 5 hour s afta rshutdevT . ta y b e eaceustare d becaus e c f change s i s th e ecapositie ae f ch aplus e resuicis g fre adspiatie ac f Ch a shorter-Live d isotope s fre aradioactiv e tecsy . Th awhol e bod

y gasa aexposure - rat aaaaociate d wit h a aairborn e concentratio n e f

nobl e gaae aan

d icdins s a

ashovn i s figur e 4. f va s provide d so perai tth e us e o f gasa aexposur e rat aseasurasent at s satlsat aprojecte d thyroi d dss e frea - Ishaiatic s e f radisisdlnea . I : va ato tintende d fs rastisacii g gssr asxpesur e -te afre agrts s 

# J

3~5 ;P.7 7

concentratio

nseasureaenc s o

r calculations . However , b y appropriat e
us e o f correctio

nfactsr s provide

d ia figure s 4.4 , 4.,5 , an d 4.6 , on

e eoul d eseiaat e exposur e ras a froa gros s concentratio ndaea . Th

e
error associated wit heh a calculation s woul d b e prisiarii

y associate

d withth e accurac

y o f eh e dae a use

d e o obtai ncorrectio

nfactsr s an

d
not withassumption s regardin g sixture e of . iodine s an d nobl e gase s i nch a release . A a additiona l consideratio nfo r whol e bod

y dos e woul d b

e th e contributio

nfroa particulat e aaterials . Baae d o ninformatio

ni a referenc e (32) , airborne particulat e aaterial s woul d esstribut e about 2 0 percent o f th e externa l dos e frs a th e plac e withth

e remainin

g bein g contributed b

y iodine s an

d nobl e gases . Thi s eoul d
caus e th

e whol e bod

y dos e projection s base d e nconcentration s o f iodiae s an

d sobl e gase s i

nai r e o b e about 2 0 percent low . 2*2. 2 Sisur s i nThyroi d Dos e Tw o aethod s o f projectin g thyroi d inhalatio ndos e ar

e provided . Cn

e aetho d use s gros s iodin e eoneentratio

na s a basis , an d th e ocher use s gasaa exposur e rat e dac a a s a basis . Th e relativ

e abundanc e cf Ch

e diffarant isoespe s o f iodin e change s a

s a functio

no f tia e aftar shusdov

nvhic hchange s ch

a dos e conversio

nfactor . I f Ch

e correctio

nfacto r curve s ar

e use d t o
eorree t this ' error , there shoul d no e b e significan t error assoeiaee d wic hchangin

g characteristic s du e t s deca

y of short-live

d isotope sP.7 8

prio r e s sear s o f exposure . However , 4 ga p releas a a a appose d t s t
cor e sal t releas a coul d cause ' ch a iodis e ai xta hav e a relativ e concentratio no f iodise-11 1 highe r tha a aaaxmatd du e c s eh

e deca y o f short-live d isotope s durin g cha . proces s o f leachin g fre a eh e fue l pallae s s s sh e gaps . Thi s coul d caus e thyroi d dos e projection s fre a ga p release s ta b a usdereseisaee d b y a aaxiais a o f abou t 3 0 persens . Th a uaa o f gasa a exposur e rac e aeasureaeat s e o projec t ehyroi d dos e require s assua?tien s regardin g she characteristic s o f eh e release , an

d i f sh e characteristic s ar e different tha a assuaed , eh e resulcin g dos e esstsate s coul d includ e larg e errors . Thi s voul d so e b « th e preferre d dat a bas e fs r eseiaaeis g ehyroi d dos e bu s eoul d b e
use d i i iodis e esaseasrasic s data ver e so e available . T o rsduc a th e
erro r involved , correctio nfacto r chart s fs r isotoni c csapositie n hav e bee ninclude d aa figure s 4. 4 an d 4.a . I f dae a ar e availabi a co perai t determinatio no f thes e correctio nfassors , the onl y significan t error s shoul d be . a possibl e 2 0 percen t usdarascisac a associate d wis ha gap releas e aa discusse d abov e sn d a possibl e " 0 percen t oversscisat a fre a particulat s nacaria i contributio nc o £=s a exposur e rata . 5. 3 Srror s Assoeiasa d -ric h-nou s Oat a Dac a wil l b

a collecte d uade r pressur e o f eaergeae y conditions , aa d th e associate d error s sa y severel y

affse t eh

e accurac y

c f dos e prejaeeicn . Irrer s cause d b y inaccurat e cac a raiasin g zz (I)P.7 9

eavironaanta l level s a s a fuaesio n o f tiae , (2 ) the duratio n o f esposura , o r (2 ) the radiolesiea i characteristic s e s the releas e eoul d seriousl yaffec t the dosa-projectio n results . Additiona l
error s es a ba aaaociate d wit h iafessatio n on windspee d aad direction , ataospheri e stability , precipitation , aa d wit h interpretatio n o f iascruaeacatio a readiags
. 3.3. 1 Duratio n o f issosur a T o projec t doa e base d o n concentration s o r exposur e rates , i c i s alway s necessaryt o '.eno w the duratio n o f exposure . I t ha a bee n aastaa d fs r purpose s c f chas e caieaiaeioa s cha t chi s parsaete r vii i b e known , whe a i n fac t th e duration-nigh t rang e fre a a valu e o f car o du e t o error s i a wind directio n dac a o r c o a valu e equa l ca the duratio a o f releas e i f win d directio n i a persisten t i a the predicte d direction
. Th e resultia g erro r i a the projecte d dos e eoul d b e eithe r positiv e o r negativ e an d woul d b e proportiona l co she erro r i a the estiaate d duratio n excep t a s affecte d b yeh e change s i a concentratic n a s a functio n o f tiae
. I t i s no e possibl e t s pu t bound s on ehi s ssurs s e f error . 5.3. 2 Error s i n ?.aleas g Rat a Dat a The releas e ras a csui d hav e ass ydiffaraa s characteristic s du e t s pressur e transient s cause d b ychange s i n ehe csr a conditions , operatio n o f engineere d safeguards , o r change s i n eoneainaen t integrity
. Thes e condition s coul d introduc e on e s r ncr e ordar s c f nagnitud e error s i n eh e projecte d dos e dependin g o n vhsths r ch a dat a

D-5 iP.8 0

foraic g ehe basi s fo r dos e projectio nwar e ebeaias d frea ' a hig ho r lev poia t i a the transient . Thi s erro r coul d b e reduce d b

y frequen t updatin g e f dasa . 5.3. 3 Srror s i a Dae a o n?.elaas e Characteristic s I f gaaa a dos e race s ar e use d c s aseiaac s projecte d ehyroi d inhalatio ndoses , correctio nfacto r curve s ar e provide d vhic h ueiiis a tha raiaeiv e aaouac s o f iodise s aad sobl e gase s i a ch s ' . release . I f eh

e das a ar e eo e availabl e c s perai t us e o f ches e csrreesic c factors , arror s coul d b e issrcduca d i a projecte d ehyroi d dose s rangin g fre a a factc r o f 2 to o le w e s a facto r o f IC

O a r sor a
coo high . 5.3. 4 Srrar s i s Saviramaaata i Seasuresest s and 'afaraatic n isvirocaenca i iafossasic a woul d iaslud e js= a radiatio n"*"\ exposur e rats , airborn e concentration s o c radioactiv e uatariai , acaospheri e seabilis y class , windspeed , as s predicte d nesaorsiagica i condisiens . heasuraaenc s o f axporur s rats s an d csncaneracicn s vcui c b e raprasecsaciv e a f a particula r laeatie nac a particula r cine , an d they sa y ne e represen t riche r eh e averag e or -"•'•"- ' eesditien s a t cha e iocaeiou . Lavel s a t a particula r locatio nvii i chang e a s a functio no f eia a dependin g onwind directio nstability , localise d dispersio nconditions , an d fluctuaeien s i a reiaas e rats . "T o liait s
canb e assigne d c

o eh e error s assoeiasa d vit hsuc haeasureaests , bu t eha y csui d aasil / /ar

y ova r 1 : r ser a srdar s t t nssrieuca .P.8 1

5. 4 Surmar

v A suaaar y o f th e poeeneia l error s associate d withdos a projectio

naachod s presented her e i s provide d i ntabl a 2.1 . The poeeneia l erro r faetor s ar e vaiua s tha t eoul d b a divide

d int o th

e calculate

d dos a t s gee th

a tru e dose . Du

e e s eh e aan y unknown s associated wic

hinput dat a an

d inforaation , ic i s no t possibl e to assig nlimit s e

o ch a poeeneia l errors . However , i e is apparen t thae Ch e potentia l error s associate d wis hinaccurat e inpu t daea overvhel a thos e associated wis hcalculationa l assumptions , an d therefore , furthe r refinemen t of assuaption s dee s no t appear c o b e necessary .

D-o 7Tabl a 5.1 . Satlsata d error s aaaeelata d wit hdes e caleulatio a saehod a P.8 2



### Calcalatlsna l Aaauaptlsa a Aaauastla a

Whole bod

y dea arata
. equal s exposur e rat a Vhol e body dos e rat a fro anoBl e ga a cencaatrattie ai ane ta 

### functio n o f

th e si^tur e ove r a1 t a'2 h r

perio d Whole body doa e rat a fre aalxtur e of

' sobl a Saae a=m diodise s i ato t influence db

y particulate s i s th a plua e Thyrci ddes awil l ts t b ainfluence dt y a ccncsscratlc n aarichs d i s I-*3 1 Potentia l Srro r Facto r

1*3 3 sC.5 a

1 t a0. 3

1 t s 0. 7 

### Inpu t Dat a Typ e o f Dat a

Duratio n a f

expcsur e eatisate a Heleas e rat a 2eleaa acharacteristic s isvlronsssta l seasuresest s as d Potentia l ji'ro r Facto ?

unknow n 0. 1 t a7 0 sor e s r lass

• t l t a10 0 

### ser e e rlas s 0.0: 1 t a10

0

a 

### Th aua e o f

thes e pre^ecsie n nathoc s fa r tobi agase s whic hhaddecaye d fc r veei ac s tenth s (a anlgn t b e Chs cas e fc r

accidenta l reiaaae afrea^vaat s ga adeca y Casks ) coul dcaus e sverestisate ae f Ch awhol e bedy des e b

y afacto r o f 1 0 e r aore .

D~5 3P.8 3



### RLS"s~gNC3 S U ) ISTSSHAnCNA L CCKSCSSION CN RADIATION

UNIT S Aim

«£ASU222NT S * " * ICS URepor t 19 . Sadiasio nquaaeitie s an dUnits . Internationa l Coaaisaie nonRadiatio nUnit s aa dMeasurements , Washington , D.C . 2001 4 (Jul y

1 , 1971) . (2 ) 21C3A2DSCN , A . C . 3 . "Tha 3istori c Devalopaen t o f Concept s o f

~ Radiatio nDoa e Cctsoisseas. " Snvironaanca l Protectio nAgency , Offie s o f Sadiatio nPrograms , Washington , D.C . 20460 . Publishe di nthe Proceeding s o f the Eight hMidyea r Topica l Syoposiu a o f sh

e Healt hPhysic s Societ y (Octobe r 1974) . (2) U.S . tNVT30NKEStA L PSCTSCT2C N AC2NC7 . 4 0 CTl

190 , " ~ laviroaaenta l Radiatio nProtectio nRaquireaeae s fo r Noraa l Operation * o f Activitie s i a th e Uraniu s Fue l Cycle , Fina l Znvironaenca i Stataaent . Zaviroaaeata l Protectio nAgency , Offic e o f ladiaeio nPragmas , Washington , D.C . 2046 0 (Novembe r 1976) . (4 ) U.S . AXC2G C ENE2G 7 C3KKISSI0N . Regulator y Guid e 1.3 . " * Assumption s Use dfo r Evaluatin g the Potentia l Radioiogisa i Consequence s o f a los s o f Coolan t Acciden t fo r Soilin g Wate r Reactors . Directorat e o f Regulator y Standards , Nuclea r Regulator y

Ccaaissisn , Washington , D.C . 2055 5 (Jun e 1972) . (5) U.S . ATOXI C HSZ2C 7 COMMISSION . Regulatter y Cuid a 1.4 . " Aastapeisn s Use dfo r Evaluatin g th a Potentia l Radiologica l Consequence s o f a

- Los s o f Coolan t Acciden t fs r Pressurise d Wase r Reactors . Directorat e o f Regulator y Seasdares , Nuclea r Regulator y

Csssaissien , Washiagtsn , D.C . 2055 5 (Jua e 1973) . (a) D' . SLA3E , ed . "Meteorolog y aadAtomi c Energ y

- 1963, " U.S . AZ C

~ Repor t TT3-24190 . Environmenta l Scienc e Service s Acaiaiacraeion , Ai r Resource s Lab s (Jul y 1963) . (7) U.S . NUCLZA3 . RSCULATCS T CCMMISSION . Reacto r Safet y Study : A s Assessaea s o f Acciden t Risk s i a U.S . Cccsereia l Nuclea r Powe r Plants , WASE-14C 0 (SU?.£S-75/Q14) , Appendi x71 , Calculatio na f Reacto r Acciden t Consequences . Suclaa r Regulator y Coaaission , Washington , D.C . 2055 5 (Octobe r 1975) . (3) S2C2A23SCN , L . C . "User' s Manua l fo r Ch e Fortra nVersio no f RSAC - A Radiologica l Safet y Analysi s Coapuca r Prograa, " ITO-17261 , AZ C Research - aadDevelooaen t Report , hatheaatic s and Computers , Healt haadSafety , TT3-450 0 (Jua e 1963) .

D-6 9P.8 4

(?) AJBJC

, C 3 . AS S M

» --• 2032. . The Effectivenes s o f She!earin g a s " " aProcaetivf

j Measur e Agains tSuclaa rAccident s Involvin g &as«ou s Releases- . Pacific-Sierr aResearc h Csrporaeioa , prepared ' fs rSh e U.S. Esvirsttsmata l Protectio n Agency , Contrac t Ua. 63-01-322 3 (Deceabe r1975) . (10 ) E3CT.A.YC

, t * 2> . JxSO 2 . 2

Y SCSNT23 . "S3DF/3-I 7 ?ission-?raduc s "~" Files : Surssar y o f Majo rNuclid e Daea, " Lo s Aiaao s Seiansifi c Laborator y o f

th e Uaiversit y c f

California , Haeioua i Technica l lafarsacic aSerriea, . Soriagfiaid , Virgini a2215 1 (Qersha s 1973) . (11 ) 3T3SNAJT0NAL , CCXKISSIC N C N RADIOLOGICA

L FS0T5CTI0N . "Repor t

~ ~ o f th e Tas kCroup on Rafarenc e Man, " ICS ? Publicatio n 23 , Per.gamon Press , Sa

w Torie (1975) . (12 ) FTSZSa , S . D . iSD C. J . CARS. "Iodis e i aFoods ; Cheaica l Methodolog y i-zs. Sourea s .a f Iodin e i n th e Sun a n Diee. " Contrac t So . F2 A 71-25 4 prepares ; fo rDivisio n o f Nutrition , 3uraa u o f Foods , FDA. Federatio n a f America n Soeiaeia s a f Experiaenta l 3iology , 3eehssda , Marylan d (1974) . (13 ) 322SCN , S . A . "Faehway s o f Isdin aMeeaboiiaa, " Aaeriea n Journa l o f

Medicine , 20:653-66 3 (1956) . ; (W COTC , T . 3. , D . A . FISHES , W . M . MeCCNASTf

, AO T C . S . THOMPSON

. "Iodis e Intak e i aeh e Unite d Staeas : A Reassessment , J . Clin . Zsdccriaol , 30:659-66 3 (1970) . (13 ) C2AZSCN

, R . J . "Factor s Which lafluene e eh e Radioactiv e Iodin e Thyroi d Upcak aTase, " Aaariea aJourna l o f Medicine , 23:297-41 5 (1960) . ~ ~ ! , (IS) 3L2M

, M . AO T R . CEANESA

. lowe rNorma

l Value s fa r iZl

Z Thyroi d Upcaka . .lo tReiaca d s o th e Ingescio n a f Whica3r3ad,' ' . Journa l o f

Nuclea rMedicine , ^.-743.-74 5 (1970). . (17 ) CA7LA.I

, R . 2 . AuQ

- R . SUJAS . "Thyroi d Uptak e o i Radioactiv e Icaise : A Reevaiuasiau, " J. , iaerica aMedicin e Associatian , 215:Sla-vl 3 (1971) . (1£ ) A1AZ3AZI, N . F. , 5 . Z. 3ALFS23 , AN D W . L . ASH3C2N

. " A Reevaluatio n o f i3l I Thyroi d Uaeaka, " Radial . 105:611-61 4 (1972) .

3-7 0(1£ ) 2H2NA2D , J . D. , R . A . McDONAlD , AN D 3 . A . NH3MI-H . "Ne w Norma l Raage s fs r th

e Radioiodia e Uotake Seudy, " Jcuraa i of Nuclea r Madiciae , 11:449-45 1 (1970). " (20 ) FITtMAN , J . A. , JR. , S . Z. DAXLZT , HI , AN S 3 . J . 3SSC3X . "" " "Changin

g Norma l Vaiua s fo r Thyroida l Radioiodia e Uotake, " Na v Englan d Journa l o f Madieiaa , 230:1421-143 4 (1969) . (2£ ) GHAESZMANI , C . C. , ? . 3 . E077S2 , 3 . 2 . OPFHNESTM , AS D "~ " A . GOTTSC3AL2. . "Ne v Norma l Value s fo

r Thyroi d Upcaka o f Radioactiv

e Iodlae, " Journa l o f AmericanMedica l Association , 217:337-33 9 (1971) . (22 ) EA2VST , W . C , D . T . KO?? , AN T W . W . 30VT2 . "Furthe r Obaarvasisn s o

nth e Horma l Radioactiv e lodiae Uptake, " Journa l o f Nuclea r Madieiaa , 13:543-55 0 (1972) . (23 ) SA2HAUSSN , L. , e c al * "lodia e Metabolism i a Childrenaa

d "" * Adolescene s i a a a Are a of th

e Community, " A£C-tr-7431 , U.S . Aeoai e laerg

y Cooissicn , Of f le a o f lafessacio nService s (1974) . (24 ) Fisaa , D * A. , T . 3 . CDDG , AN D J . C . 3U22CUCHS * "Thyroida l Radioiodia e Upcaka Rac e Measuremen t i a Infants, " American Journa l Disease s a f Children , 103:42-5 3 (1962) . (25 ) U.'Z3, L . A* . fl. V . ASZZANGZL'SSAZA , 70 . 0 . JCCNSTANHNOV , AN D I . A . LZ3S2A2Z7 . "Radioactiv e lodiae i a eh

e Probis a of Radiacio a Safety, " Acoaisdae , Mescsw , 1972 , AZC-tr-7526 , U.S. Atrai c Energ

y Ccta-ission , Offic e o f InforaacicnService s (1974) . . - . (25 ) WHLLMAN , 3 . N. , J . 6 . 3522IASZS , AH D 3 . M . 3SANSCN . "Tocai an d Partial-3cd

y Countin

g of Childrenfo

r Radiopharmaceutica l Sosimecr

y Daca, " pp. 132-15 6 i a Medica l Radionuclide s Radiacio a Dose ' aa d Effaces , R . J . Clousisr , C . L . Edwards , aa d W . S * Snyder , editors , AZC Syaposiua Serie s #20 , U.S . Aeoai e Eaerg y Ccsaissica , Divisio no f Technica l lafaraatio a (1970) . (27 ) ZTTZSNATTCNA

L COMMISSIO

N C N P.A3I0LCCTCA

L PF.GT2CTICN . "Resor t a f Cctesittse I I c

nPermissibl e Dos e fo r Interna l Radiacioa, " 1C2 ? Publicatio

n2 , Pergaao

nPress , Ne

w York (1959) . * • (2 3 5 DZLLMAN , L . T . AN D F . C . 7C

N DS 3 LAGZ . "Radionuclide Deca y Scheme s an

d Nuclea r Paraaaear s fs r Us e i s Radiacios-Oos e Estim a tics, " MS D Pasphlet , No . 10 . Societ y o f Nuclea r Medicin e (Seotember 1975) .

3-7 1P.8 6 1

(29 ) U.S . 0S?A3SMEN T 0 ? zZiLTH, EDUCATION AND WgL?A32 . """" "Radialagica i Healt hHandbook. " U.S . Publi e Healt hServic e (Januar y

1970) . (30 ) FORD , M . R . AND V . S . SNT3E3 . "Variaeia no f Absorbe d Fractio n "" " wic hShap e an

d Sis a o f ch

a Thyroid, " Healt hPhysic s Divisio n Annua l Progres s Repor t for Perio d Eadin g Jul y 31 , 1975 . Oa k Ridg e Naciena i Laboratory , Q2SL-504 6 (Septembe r i975) . (.21) U.S . SITVTSONMSStA L PHOTSCTIQ N

AGZNCT . "Ssvironaenca l Analysi s o f ehe Uraniu

m Fue l Cycle , Par e H - Suclaa r Powe r Reactors. " Offle a o f Radiacio a Prograas , U.S . Eavlrpnaenca i Proeaetio n Agenc y (Noveaae r 1973) . (32 ) WALL , I . 3. , a e ai . "Overvie v o f eh e Reacts r Safet y

Study "" " Consequenc e Medal, " HUB2C-3340 . U.S . Nuclea r Reguiacor y Cosaission , Washington , D.C . 2055 5 (Octobe r 1977) .

•r.Li«u i 7nu i

u;JTT = : -.irt

:-;*:..i. -