4 '7i 

.4. 

The Laurentian Great Lakes 

CANADA 

MICHIGAN . 

_.--- 

- Kilometers ILLINOIS 

0 100 200 
GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 

YEARLY 

REPORT 

FY 1993 

Director 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48 105-1593 

(3 1 3) 74 1-2235 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does not 

constitute an endorsement by NOAAIERL. Use for 

publicity or advertising purposes, of information from 

this publication concerning proprietary products or the 

tests of such products, is not authorized. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Edited by C.M. Darnell and D.F. Reid. 

Design and electronic production by C.M. Darnell. 

GLERL Contribution No. 932. 

Cover photo by Dale Dong. 

Photo taken at Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. 

ii 
Contents 

Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 

Non-Indigenous Species ........................................................................ 3 

Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes ........................... 6 

Pollutant Effects ..................................................................................... 9 

Marine Hazards and Water Management Research ............................... 12 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) ................... 16 

Coast Watch ............................................................................................ 18 

Nearshore Processes .............................................................................. 19 

Independent Research Projects .............................................................. 22 

Facilities and Services ........................................................................... 25 

Outreach Activities ................................................................................ 29 

GLERL Seminars .................................................................................. 38 

FY 93 Staff ............................................................................................ 39 

Visiting Scientists .................................................................................. 40 

FY 93 Publications ................................................................................ 41 

FY 93 Presentations ............................................................................... 45 

Acronyms ............................................................................................... 49 

iii 

Introduction 

The Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory (GLERL), 

located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is 1 

of 11 environmental laboratories 

operated by the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA), Office of Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Research (OAR), 

through the Environmental Research 

Laboratories Directorate. 

GLERL's mission is to conduct 

integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of 

resource management and environmental services in coastal and 

estuarine waters, with a special 

emphasis on the Great Lakes. 

GLERL's research focuses on the 

biological, chemical, and physical 

processes occurring in natural 

ecosystems. GLERL cooperates 

closely with other federal, state, and 

local agencies, private industry, 

academia, and the general public on 

major environmental projects in the 

Great Lakes and marine coastal 

ecosystems. 

The products of GLERL's 

research are available as scientific 

publications, NOAA Technical Series 

reports, computer programs and 

computer-based models, brochures, 

posters, and presentations at scientific and ~ublic meetings. These 

products are used by government, 

educational, and private organizations and individuals. During FY 93, 

52 scientific ~ublications were 

published by GLERL authors, and 

62 presentations were given by 

GLERL staff at scientific and public 

meetings and in schools. 

This report describes the 

significant activities and accomplishments of GLERL staff during the 

period October 1, 1992 - September 

30, 1993. For general information 

on how to obtain GLERL products, 

see the Facilities and Services section 

of this report. 

GLERL's scientific programs are 

organized into research programs 

that are essential to understanding 

and solving critical Great Lakes 

~roblems and that are in keeping 

with NOAA's mission: Pollutant 

Effects, Marine Hazards and Water 

Management, Non-Indigenous 

Species, Climate Variability and 

Global Change in Large Lakes, and 

Nearshore Processes. In addition, 

GLERL scientists are also involved in 

the Nutrient-Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity (NECOP) 

program, the Great Lakes 

Coastwatch program, and several 

independent research projects. 

GLERL enhances its research 

activities through the Cooperative 

Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER). CILER, 

which is a joint research enterprise of 

the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and GLERL, 

allows scientists from throughout the 

Great Lakes basin the opportunity to 

collaborate on a wide variety of 

research topics of mutual interest. 

Many of the projects described here 

involve participation with CILER 

Fellows, Visiting Fellows, and other 

staff. GLERL scientists are assisted 

by six support units that provide 

technical, operational, and administrative assistance to the scientific 

staff: 

+ the Administrative Office 

provides personnel, budget, 

purchasing, and facility information and management for the 

laboratory; 

+ the Computer Systems Group 

maintains GLERL's in-house 

computer network, the interface 

with off-site mainframe and super 

computers, and provides related 

user support to GLERL staff and 

others; 

+ the Library maintains a research 

collection tailored to GLERL staff 

needs and offers special retrieval 

services for materials not in the 

existing holdings; 

+ the Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

designs, builds, and maintains 

instruments and systems for 

hands-on and automated field 

collection of data; 

+ the RN Shenebon, GLERL's 

research vessel, is the primary 

platform used by GLERL staff for 

field operations on the lakes. 

+ the Publications Unit is responsible for providing editorial and 

publications support to GLERL 

staff, distributing GLERL publications, responding to related 

information requests, and designing and fabricating displays. 
GLERL's Organization Structure 

Assistant to Director 

Publications Unit Administrative Office 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Marine Instrumentation Lab 

Facilities Support 

Vessel Operations 

Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

- L 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

Computer Systems Support 

Statistical Services 

Library Information Services 

- 

I I 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division Physical Sciences Division 

Research Programs 

-------- Non-Indigenous Species - - - - - - - - 

---- Climate Variability and Global Change in Large Lakes - - - - 

---------- Pollutant Effects - - - - - - - - - - 

--- - Marine Hazards and Water Management Research - - - - 

--------- Nearshore Processes - - - - - - - - - 

Independent Research Projects and other NOAA-wide programs 
Non-Indigenous Species 

T he objective of this program is to - 

expand our knowledge of the biology 

and the ecological effects of nonindigenous species in the Great 

Lakes. Research involves field 

investigations to monitor ecosystem 

changes and community response to 

these species and examines biological 

traits of the organisms themselves. 

Research also includes laboratory 

experiments to determine metabolic 

features and feeding rates and 

examines toxicokinetic and bioaccumulation of toxics. 

remained the same as in previous 

years. Preliminary analysis of 

phytoplankton data indicated that 

since the zebra mussels became 

established in the bay, chlorophyll 

concentrations have declined, light 

transmittance has increased, primary 

production is lower than in previous 

years, and phytoplankton growth 

rates have remained unchanged since 

1990. Clearance rates, or the 

amount of water cleared of particles 

per unit time, were measured 

monthly. The impact of food 

quality on these rates was determined 

for water from the inner bay (low 

Effects the On quality) and the outer bay (high 

the Lower Web Saginaw quality). Clearance rates were higher 

Bay. (Project Scientists: Nalepa, in the spring and lower in the fall at - - Fahnenstiel, and McCorrnick) both sites. In addition, rates were 

The objectives of this project are 

(1) to identify and understand 

changes in the abundance, biomass, 

and composition of the lower food 

web of saginaw Bay that have 

resulted from the invasion of the 

zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), 

(2) to construct a model of carbon 

flow through the system and determine major changes in pathways 

which may have been caused by the 

zebra mussel disrupting the ecosystem, and (3) to monitor changes in 

the abundance and distribution of 

the zebra mussel in the bay (Figure 

1). Although the number of stations 

in the monitoring program were 

decreased in FY 93, the number of 

master stations in which phytoplankton growth rates and primary 

production estimates were examined 

lower in the inner bay, indicating 

that zebra mussels respond to the 

type of food available. 

Toxicokinetics and 

Bioaccumulation of Organic 

Contaminants by the Zebra 

Mussel. (Project Scientist: Landrum) 

This project is assessing the 

impact of the zebra mussel on the 

distribution of contaminants in 

ecosystems dominated by these 

organisms. The feeding activities of 

zebra mussels may result in faster 

deposition of sediments and may also 

change the composition and mobility of materials on the bottom. The 

selected chemicals, primarily polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs), are representative of both 

their class and the physical and 

chemical characteristics embodied in 

the chemicals as model compounds. 

Compounds from other chemical 

classes will be employed where 

specific characteristics will be helpful 

to determine specific processes or 

mechanisms of action. In FY 93, 

significant progress was made to 

develop the methodology for measuring the assimilation efficiency, by 

zebra mussels, for accumulation of 

organic contaminants from particles, 

suspended sediments, and algae. The 

experimental work on the role of 

temperature on toxicokinetics was 

completed and the data analyzed. 

Results indicate that temperature has 

little effect on the filtration rate for 

animals collected from the field 

except for those that have overwintered. Field samples (zebra 

mussels, gammarid amphipods, 

suspended sediment, and fish) were 

collected to determine the concentration of contaminants in a food chain 

that includes zebra mussels. 

Direct Observations on the 

Trophic Ecology of Drebsena 

Early Life Stages: The Critical 

Planktonic Period. (Project 

Scientist: Vanderploeg) 

The pelagic phase (eggs and 

larvae) of the zebra mussel is a weak 

link in its life cycle, with mortalities 

of nearly 100% depending on 

environmental conditions (narrow 

window of temperature, food, 
predation, etc.). This program is (1) 

observing keding mechanisms, 

partide choice, and feeding rates of 

Dreissena larvae, (2) determining 

nutritional requirements of Dreissena 

larvae, and (3) determining the 

vulnerability of Dreixrma eggs and 

larvae to zooplankton. In FY 93, 

adult zebra mussels were reared in 

the laboratory and fed commercial 

oyster food. Fertilized eggs were 

produced at all times of year from 

laboratory-maintained stocks that 

were spawned with serotonin or a 

serotonin agonist. A wide variety of 

freshwater algae (greens, bluegreens, 

cryptophytes, and chrysophytes) 

offered in pure cultures of single 

species or in pairs of species did not 

promote long-term growth. Initial 

successes at rearing larvae allowed us 

to do preliminary experiments on 

larval feeding. Predation of larvae by 

omnivorous and predacious calanoid 

copepods (Diaptomus, Epischura, 

Limnocahnus) was studied by 

examining the loss of larvae confined 

in bottles with the predators. The 

larvae were highly vulnerable to 

predation in the trocophore state, the 

stage before formation of the shell. 

Long-Term Changes in the 

Resuspendable Sediments of 

Saginaw Bay. (Project Scientists: 

Eadie, and Bell) 

During feeding, adult zebra 

mussels capture suspended particulate matter and redeposit it as feces 

and pseudofeces on the bottom. 

This activity will possibly change the 

composition and mobility of materials in the sediment resuspendable 

pool in Saginaw Bay, resulting in 

changes in system residence times of 

partide-associated constituents. This 

program is (1) deploying autosequencing sediment traps at two 

locations in Saginaw Bay (one inner 

bay; one outer bay)for the collection 

of resuspendable sediments, (2) 

analyzing these samples for gross 

compositional changes and for 

nutrients, carbon, and Cesium-1 37 

to estimate the resuspension flux of 

these constituents, and (3) measuring 

the stable isotope composition of the 

biota to examine carbon and nitrogen pathways and changes caused by 

the mussel. The ten 1-week trap 

deployments in 1992 collected more 

mass and significantly more organic 

matter than the traps covering the 

same period in 199 1. The increased 

concentration or organic matter in 

the resuspendable material is believed 

to be caused by the repackaging of 

particulate organic matter by zebra 

mussels. Stable isotopes are being 

measured on the trap samples and 

biota to uncover trophic linkages. 

Efkts of the Zebra Mussel on 

Nutrient Cycling and Lower 

Food Web Dynamics in Saginaw 

Bay, Lake Huron. (Project Scientist: 

Gardner) 

By altering the phytoplankton 

and bacterial biomass, both of which 

compete for phosphorus, and the 

suspended particulates, zebra mussels 

may act nutrient cycles and 

microbial dynamics in the bay. This 

task is (1) determining the direct and 

indirect effects of the zebra mussel on 

nutrient regeneration and uptake by 

various trophic components in the 

lower food web, (2) determining the 

effects of the zebra mussel on bacteria 

standing crop, cell size, and growth 

rates, (3) determining how the 

Figure I. The abunclance ofubra mwseh &square meter) in Saginaw Bay in fall 1991, 1992, and 1993. 
sources, cycling rates, and fate of 

labile dissolved organic matter are 

affected by the presence of the zebra 

mussel, (4) collecting and determining the "nutritional composition" of 

feces and pseudofeces produced by 

the zebra mussel, and (5) comparing 

field observations of standing stocks 

and process rates with those predicted from bottle and mesocosm 

experiments. In FY 93, a seasonal 

(June-October) field study on the 

direct and indirect effects of the zebra 

mussel on community ammonium 

regeneration and potential uptake 

rates at two stations in Saginaw Bay 

was completed. The study revealed 

some unexpected results: in contrast 

to the spring period, when zebra 

mussels quantitatively removed 

phytoplankton from the water, in the 

summer period, filtering activity was 

dramatically decreased when the 

bluegreen alga, Microrystis sp., 

became abundant. When Microcystis 

was dominant, the effects of the 

zebra mussel on the planktonic 

community was much reduced. 

Isotope enrichment experiments were 

initiated to examine the effects of 

zebra mussels on the dynamics of the 

interactions between dissolved 

organic matter (dissolved free amino 

acids) and bacteria and other microorganisms. Removal of added amino 

acids was faster in the presence of 

zebra mussels than in their absence. 

This observation indicates that zebra 

mussels can affect bacterial dynamics 

and the composition of organic 

substrates available to bacteria. 

Thus, in addition to directly affecting 

the phytoplankton, thg q&ra mussel 

affects the flow of carb8n'and 

nutrients through the microbial food 

web. 

Metabolic Physiology of the 

Zebra Mussel. (Project Scientist: 

Nalepa) 

Although information is available from Europe about biological 

and ecological characteristics of the 

zebra mussel, little is known about its 

physiological characteristics or 

variation in its biochemical content. 

Such data is important because it 

serves as an indicator of the relative 

health of the population. Thus, 

comparisons of such data from 

different areas and during different - 

times of the year may lead to a better 

understanding of the ecological 

requirements of the organisms and, 

over time, may provide an understanding of fluctuations in the 

populations. This program is 

determining seasonal oxygen consumption, nitrogen (ammonia) 

excretion of zebra mussels collected 

from Lake St. Clair, and lipid 

content and C:N ratios of soft tissue 

from zebra mussels collected from 

Lake St. Clair and Saginaw Bay. 

Zebra mussels are being collected 

monthly at several different locations 

in Lake St. Clair and Saginaw Bay. 

Lipid content, carbon content, 

nitrogen content, and the amount of 

soft body tissue per unit length are 

determined for mussels of different 

sizes (as measured by shell length). 

In both water bodies, there were 

consistent seasonal changes in the 

body tissue weight per shell length, 

with highest tissue weight occurring 

in the spring followed by a general 

decline to lowest weights in late 

summer/fall. This is likely related to 

the reproductive cycle of the organism. However, a general decline was 

also noted from year-to-year, indicating populations are perhaps becoming food limited. 
Climate Variability 

and Global Change in 

Large Lakes 

T he Great Lakes region is rich in 

human and natural resources, with 

diverse economic activities and 

complex infrastructure. The economic and environmental importance of the basin and its sensitivity 

to dimate fluctuations are clear. The 

potential impacts of climate change 

and variability on the environment 

and socio-economic fabric of the 

region are serious and complex. For 

example, climate change scenarios 

suggest that lake levels may decline as 

much as 2 meters resulting in - significant economic losses to .. . . . 

for the basin. An emphasis will be 

on practical applications such as the 

development and assessment of 

adaptive strategies in the areas of 

ecosystem health, water-dependent 

economic activities, coastal zone 

management, and lake level fluctuations. 

Effect of Climate Change on 

Large-Lake Ice Cycles. (Project 

Scientists: Assel; Robertson, USGS) 

The duration and extent of ice 

cover on the Great Lakes have a 

shipping, hydropower, and recre- major impact on the economy of the ational boating. Ecosystem health region by impeding commercial 

be through the loss navigation. interfering with hvdro- . - - - 0 wetlands and other important 0 

power production and cooling water habitats, changes in assimilative intakes, and damaging shore struc- capacities, warmer temperatures, and tures. The ice cover also impacts the 

increased anoxia due to decreased water balance of the lake by affecting spring and fall turnovers in the water lake eva~oration and other heat and column. 

NOAA and the Canadian 

Atmospheric Environment Service 

agreed to develop and conduct a 

research program for the Great 

Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin 

including studies to improve our 

understanding of the complex 

interactions between climate change 

and variability and our social and 

economic frameworks and the 

environment, and to provide relevant 

information and policy options so 

that informed regional adaptation1 

mitigation options can be developed 

momentum transfers. The biology 

and chemistry of the lakes are also 

affected by the length and extent of 

ice cover. Climate change associated 

with global warming will possibly 

affect the ice cover which in turn will 

affect other physical, chemical, and 

biological processes. Objectives of 

this program indude (1) developing 

improved models to better simulate 

the seasonal cyde of ice formation 

and loss on the Great Lakes, (2) 

modeling Great Lakes ice cover for 

past winters, and (3) providing 

historical information on lake-scale 

ice cover trends, cycles, and variations on the Great Lakes that will be 

usehl in placing the ice cover of the 

1990s and beyond in historical 

perspective. In FY 93, the evaluation 

of a linked model for lake ice and 

lake evaporation was completed, and 

the model was used to simulate the 

lake-averaged ice cover climatology 

for each Great Lake for three base 

periods. Analysis of Grand Traverse 

Bay and Lake Mendota ice cover 

freeze and breakup dates was com- 

~leted. The long-term freeze-up and 

ice-loss records at both Grand 

Traverse Bay and Lake Mendota 

(which began in the 1850s) exhibit a 

shift in the average date to later 

freeze-up, earlier ice-loss, and shorter 

duration of seasonal ice cover starting 

about 1890. Another important 

finding is that the timing of freeze-up 

and break-up at these two locations 

represents an integration of air 

temperatures over slightly different 

seasons (months). Thus, a gradual 

warming during the 20th century, 

which was reflected in a second shifi 

to earlier average ice-loss dates after 

1890, was first evident in Grand 

Traverse Bay ice-loss dates (starting 

around 1940) and later in the ice-loss 

dates of Lake Mendota (starting 

around 1980) (Figure 2). Changes 

in the average freeze-up and ice-loss 

dates were quantified in terms of 

changes in average seasonal air 

temperature by empirical and 
r 

Ice-loss Trends 1 851 -1 993 

- Grand Traverse Bay 4 Lake Mendota 

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 

winter season 

process-driven models and used to 

estimate changes in average air 

temperature for ice event integration 

periods over the past 143 years. 

Future changes in ice cover will be 

useful to identify and quantify 

climate change in winter and spring 

air temperatures. Recent studies of 

lake whitefish recruitment and 

planktonic activity under the ice, 

respectively, have also demonstrated 

the importance of ice cover on the 

winter ecosystem of the Great Lakes. 

Thermal Structure Monitoring 

for Climate Change. (Project 

Scientist: McCorrnick) 

The main objectives of this 

project are (1) to develop improved 

climatological information (via 

observations, new instrumentation, 

and improved analysis) on the 

distribution and variability of coastal 

and offshore temperatures and study 

their dependence on meteorological 

and hydrological forces with emphasis on changes in climate, 

and (2) to concurrently provide data 

for improving numerical models that 

can simulate and predict the thermal 

structure in the lakes. In FY 93, all 

subsurface moorings were successfully retrieved and the data were 

recovered. All thermistor chain data 

were archived. Water temperature 

data from two shore sites (Green Bay, 

WI and Sault Ste. Marie, MI) was 

collected and archived. 

Current Velocity Profile 

Measurements in the Straits of 

Mackinac Using Acoustic 

Doppler Current Profilers. 

(Project Scientist: Miller) 

The Straits of Mackinac connecting Lakes Michigan and Huron is an 

area of complex flow important to 

determine chemical and biological 

material flux, heat budgets, and lake 

flushing. This program is (1) 

measuring current profiles in a 

strongly stratified shear flow, (2) 

relating these data to the numerous 

bi-lake hydraulic and hydrodynamic 

forcing processes, and (3) providing 

the framework for a future expanded 

study of the water volume transport 

process through the straits. In FY 

93, net volume flux was computed 

using both the measured currents 

and the traditional water balance 

method. For the 136-day JuneOctober period, the water balance 

method gave a mean transport of 

1600 m3s-' into Lake Huron, a value 

similar to previous estimates. Measured currents indicated that the net 

transport was near zero, due mainly 

Figure 2. Tm-year moving 

average of ice loss date (plotted 

on year 1O)fir Grand Traverse 

Bay and Lake Mendota. 

to the large inflow into Lake Michigan during October. The discrepancies between methods may be due to 

(1) the different time scales inherent 

in the two methods, (2) the Straits 

have a greater horizontal shear than 

assumed, particularly during unstratified conditions, or (3) the influence 

of strait dynamics. A plan to investigate the effects of sills and boundaries 

on the strait dynamics and mass flux 

transports between lakes was developed. 

Impacts of Climate Change on 

the Hydrology of the Great 

Lakes. (Project Scientist: Croley) 

The primary goal of this task is 

to determine potential impacts of 

future climate change on the hydrology of the Great Lakes basin, and 

specifically on net basin water 

supplies. Of particular concern is 

how various climate regimes may 

affect variability from year-to-year in 

net basin supplies and in lake levels. 

In FY 92, two geographic areas 

representing potential future climates 

in the Great Lakes basin were chosen. 

They represent "hot and dry" and 

"hot and wet" possibilities for the 

Great Lakes. In FY 93, the second 

two geographic areas, representing 

potential future climates in the Great 

Lakes basin, were identified by the 

Midwest Climate Center (MCC). 

They represent the "very hot and 

dry" and "very hot and wet" possibilities for the Great Lakes. MCC 

prepared the climate data for each 

geographic region, however, additional data are required for the 

eastern part of each area (particularly 

in North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Virginia, and parts of Georgia). 

MCC transferred all overland and 

overlake meteorological station data 

required for the four dimate scenarios to GLERL; it is also investigating the availability of the additional 

data identified above. GLERL 

identified the actual stations to be 

used in running the hydrologic 

model for these second two scenarios 

and has computationaUy transferred 

them to the Great Lakes basin. 

GLERL has almost completed 

determination of the areal average 

meteorology for all variables of 

interest by using its Thiessenweighting algorithms and data 

reduction software. GLERL's 

hydrologid simulation models for 

basin runoff and lake thermodynamics and the Canadian Climate 

Centre's general circulation model of 

the atmosphere were used to estimate 

Great Lakes double CO, climate 

change impacts for the International 

Joint Commission (IJC) in their 

Water Levels Reference Study (see 

Marine Hazards and Water Resources Research). Water temperatures increased, and the lakes 

changed from dimictic (two turnovers a year as density passes through 

maximum at 3.98"C) to monomictic 

(single turnover a year as temperatures stop declining, above 3.98"C, 

and start rising) between 24% and 

98% of the time. The monomictic 

turnover occurred earlier in the year 

than the dimictic turnovers, and was 

deeper (Figure 3). 

Winter Ecology in Lakes. (Project 

Scientists: Vanderploeg, and Bolsenga) 

This program involves laboratory 

and field studies to determine the 

effects of ice cover on ecological and 

related processes for selected sites on 

Great Slave Lake in the Canadian 

Northwest Territories (in collaboration with the Canadian National 

0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

dashed lines are 0.5'C decrements below 4.O.C 

300 

h 

350 DJFMAMJJASOND 

5 

a 0 0" 

5 0 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

350 DJFMAMJJASOND 

Fipre 3. Stcady-state Lake Superior dcpth-time temperature isolines. 

Hydrology Research Institute), on Slave Lake were the reasons for the 

the Laurentian Great Lh, on the difference. Stored lipids must be 

Mongolian large lakes, and on fueling much of the reproduction in 

certain small lakes to contrast Great Slave Lake. These results give 

impacts. us insights on how these copepods, 

Data from the trip to Great 

Slave Lake were analyzed. Both 

Limnocalanw and Diaptomus sieilis 

had higher lipid concentrations in 

Great Slave Lake than in Lake 

Michigan even though ovary development and egg carrying were high 

and about the same in both lakes. 

Feeding rate of Diaptomus sicilk in 

ice covered Great Slave Lake was 

lower than ever observed in open or 

ice-covered Lake Michigan. Lowered 

feeding effort and low quality and 

concentration of the seston of Great 

important to large lake ecosystems 

from the Canadian arctic down to the 

Laurentian Great Lakes, cope with 

winter. This information will be 

usell for designing future studies to 

evaluate the effect of climate change 

on these large lakes. 
Th is program pursues research to 

increase our understanding of the 

dynamics and effects of con raminants 

in the ecosystem. The conceptual 

framework for rhis research is the 

basic toxicological concept that 

effects are related to rhe attainment 

of a critical dose of contaminant for a 

specific durarion. This research 

strives for a generic understanding of 

contaminant dynamics and effects 

that can be applied to many different 

sysrems using sites and processes 

from the Great Lakes as specific 

examples. The research effort 

combines process studies and mathematical modeling to improve our 

understanding and abiliry to predict 

contaminant fate and effects in the 

Great Lakes. The program focuses 

on toxic organic contaminants, with 

primary emphasis on exposure and 

effects and a lesser emphasis on fate 

and assessment. Since the role of 

conraminated sediments remains 

among the least well understood, but 

probably among the most important, 

of the exposure pathways, much of 

the current research is focused on 

sedimen t-associated contaminants 

and exposure to benthos. 

Contaminant Effects and the 

Relationship to Exposure. (Project 

Scientist: Landrum) 

This project focuses on developing the relationship between contaminant exposure and contaminant 

effects on biota (Figure 4). To 

accomplish rhis goal, new bioassays 

are being developed and the body 

burdens required to elicit the effects 

of these contaminants are being 

followed. In FY 93, sample analyses 

of pyrene exposed Diporeia (amphipod) and Lumbn'nrlus (oligochaete) 

were completed. The amphipod 

Diporeia did not exhibit a predictable 

dose response when sediment 

concentration was the measure of 

exposure (Figure 5a). However, a 

good dose response was exhibired 

when body residue was used to 

provide rhe extent of exposure 

(Figure 5b). The observed LD,, 

(lethal dose which results in 50% 

mortality of population) was simiIar 

to that predicted for nonpolar 

organic compounds in the range of 6 

pmol g-' in the organism and confirms the previous data for the 

mixcure that produced toxicity at a 

similar internal concentration. For 

the worm Lumbriculus, no LC5, 

(lethal concentration in environmenr 

resulting in 50% mortality) or ED,, 

could be determined for the exposure 

because the worms exhibited signif;- 

cant avoidance of the sediment at the 

higher doses, and the lower doses 

were not sufticient to cause mortality. The EC,, (effective concentration at which 50% of worms will 

Figure 4. The rtlationship Bctauem the mtml Pscposure roncenaation and the 

toxic response ofthe organisms. The repme is proportional to the concentration 

at the receptor which ti, in turn, proportionai to the concenwarion in the oyanisms and strbsequenrb the exposure concentrrstion. 

External 

Basis 

Rnviror 

for LC, 

. - . . . . - 

* Time - 

R Ine 

~rnent C 

deterr 

- Dose - ise Relz 

External Environment 

Concenrrarron t 

h "YZ 

nination 

Qrganis 

Basi 

rnx 

is for LE 

the RE 

I,, dete 

*. 

res 

?ceptor 

rminatio 
Figurc5a. The 

tvsponrc of Diporeia 

spp. exposed to pyrene 

con~minated sediment. 

Sedi~nenl Concentration (ug/g) 

Figure 5b. Thc 

response of Diporeia 

spp. bared on -mulatcdpyrcnc conccntration. 

Diporeia Concentration (umol/g) 

leave sediment) for avoidance was 

226 pg g' dry sediment. The uptake 

clearance (the volume or mass of the 

source compartments scavenged of 

contaminant per mass of organisms 

per time--g dry wt sediment g-' 

organism h-') for Lumbriculw 

declined with increasing concentrations of pyrene in the sediment, 

The effect of bioturbation processes 

on porosity, particle size distribution, 

and distribution of organic matter 

including contaminants is also 

examined. In FY 93, bioturbation 

studies using DDT and marine 

organisms were completed and the 

samples analyzed. 

which reflected the sediment avoidance and perhaps a change in feeding Long-Term T-ends in Benthic 

behavior. Populations. (Project Scientist: 

Nalepa) 

Physical and Biological 

Diagenetic Processes in 

Sediments. (Project Scientist: 

Landrum) 

This research examines the 

feeding, burrowing, and other 

locomotive activities of benthic 

invertebrates that contribute to 

The objectives of this project are 

to determine trends in benthic 

populations in selected areas of the 

Great Lakes, and, if trends are 

detected, to determine the most 

probable reasons for the changes 

observed such as increases in contaminants in the sediments. In FY 

93, samples were collected at 40 sites 

sediment bioturbation and the effect in southkrn Lake Michigan in the 

of contaminants on these processes. spring, summer, and fa6 The 

benthic community will be examined 

and compared to the community 

found in 1987-87 and 1980-81. 

This research is closely linked to 

EPA's EMAP program whose 

objective is to assess the status of the 

benthic community in the nearshore 

waters of the lake. Also, as part of 

EMAP, benthic samples were 

collected in the nearshore waters of 

Lake Superior. 

Bioavailability of SedimentAssociated Toxic Organic 

Contaminants. (Project Scientist: 

Landrum) 

In order to assess the risks of 

contaminated sediments, there is a 

need to determine the conditions 

under which sediment associated 

toxic organic compounds accumulate 

in benthic organisms, to determine if 

the toxins are transferred up the food 

chain, and to develop models for 

describing bioaccumulation. In FY 

93, methods to measure assimilation 

efficiencies in benthic invertebrates 

ingesting sediment-associated 

contaminants continued to be 

developed. The previous finding that 

Chromium-51 would not serve as an 

appropriate nonassimilated tracer for 

organic contaminants led to investigations of the use of organic carbon 

as a tracer. The question of the 

importance of feeding was also 

investigated in several bioassays. 

Careful studies employing Diporcia, 

an organism that feeds intermittently, showed that feeding was very 

important for accumulation of 

hydrophobic organic contaminants 

such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 

hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP). 

Overall, the assimilation efficiency 

for sediment-sorbed BaP is approximately 15-30% for Diporeia and 20- 

30% for Lumbriculw varicgatus. The 

assimilation efficiency for HCBP was 

estimated to be about 60% for 

Diporcia, but considerable effort 
must be made before more accurate 

values can be detirmined. Sediment 

aging was investigated in a series of 

studies with BaP. This effort 

extended over the course of 1 year. 

The distribution of contaminant 

particles of different sizes was 

examined as one measure to help 

explain the variability in bioavailability among different sediment and for 

different dasses of compounds that 

could not be explained by organic 

carbon normalization. The studies 

examining the relative exposure for 

Chironomus riparius (midge), Lumbricubs variegatus, and Diporeia spp. 

to whole sediment, elutriates, and 

pore water continued and were 

completed. Part of the effort to 

better define the exposure involved 

studying the partitioning to the 

dissolved organic matter. 

Results showed that aqueous 

extracts ofwhole sediment did not 

accurately represent the exposure 

observed in whole sediment. Generally, the aqueous extracts underexposed organisms compared to whole 

sediment, even after adjusting 

accumulation to the fraction of 

organic carbon in the test media. 

Bioaccumulation and contaminant 

clearance data suggest that a number 

of factors such as the indicator 

species, exposure media, and chemical/physical properties of individual 

contaminants are responsible for the 

accumulation differences observed 

among the tested media. Normalizing bioaccumulation to the amount 

of organic carbon in a source compartment adjusted for bioavailability 

differences of only some contaminants. We suggest that the bioavailability of contaminants such as those 

tested cannot be accurately predicted 

in bioassays that expose organisms to 

aqueous representations of whole 

sediment. 

Assessment of Extractability and 

Bioavailability. (Project Scientist: 

Van Hoof) 

Currently, a major topic of 

interest in assessing the exposure of 

benthic organisms to hydrophobic 

organic compounds (HOCs) is the 

relative importance of uptake via the 

bulk overlying water, interstitial pore 

water, or ingestion of sediment. The 

bioavailability of HOCs is a function 

of the kinetics of desorption from 

particles and dissolved organic 

matter, mass transfer and assimilation 

from the aqueous phase, and ingestion of particles and assimilation. 

The context of the HOC association 

with sediment particles is important 

to the measurement of these rates. 

For example, two factors often 

neglected in laboratory studies, 

which may significantly influence the 

extent of sorption, are pollutantsediment contact time and physicochemical processes involved with 

environmental weathering. Consequently, there is a significant need to 

compare benthic organism accumulation of HOCs from laboratory-dosed 

sediment exposures to accumulations 

obtained from field contaminated 

sediments. This project is assessing 

the importance of environmental 

factors such as contact time and 

weathering on HOC sorption to 

sediment and bioaccumulation by 

the benthic organism Diporeia p. In 

addition, the potential of using 

chemical extraction kinetics to assess 

bioavailability is being explored. 

In FY 93, analytical methods 

were established for the extraction of 

PAHs in tissue and sediment and for 

extract cleanup. A method for the 

quantification of PAHs was also 

established using an isotope dilution 

technique by gas chromatography/ 

mass spectrometry (GUMS). Time 

courses for Lumbriculus uptake of 

laboratory-dosed isotopically labeled 

PAHs were measured simultaneously 

with those of field contaminant 

PAHs. Uptake clearance rate 

calculations are in progress. 

- - 

Supercritical extraction instrumentation was installed and demonstrated. 

Significant progress was made to 

establish the best available technique 

to measure truly dissolved trace 

organics in lake water. The XAD 

(cross-linked polystyrene) resin 

extraction was used instead of the 

logistically difficult gas-purging 

technique. Consultation with 

experts of both techniques confirmed 

that both methods gave similar 

results. The apparatus is currently 

under construction and will be field 

tested in August. 

Bioenergetics of the Great Lakes 

Amphipod Diporeia p. (Project 

Scientist: Quigley) 

The overall project objective is to 

obtain a detailed energy (carbon 

flow) budget for Diporeia sp. In FY 

93, all data analyses were completed 

and manuscripts are being written. 
Marine Hazards 

and water 

Resources Research 

G reat Lakes water is used for 

drinking, power generation, commercial shipping and recreation, and 

it supports an extensive commercial 

and sport fishery. Both natural 

(evaporation) and anthropogenic - - 

(diversions, consumption) influences 

threaten this valuable resource. 

Astute water management must be - 

practiced to preserve the Great Lakes 

water supply. This program relates 

to prediction, climatology, statistics 

for decision making, process studies, 

and interfaces with policy and 

decision makers. Marink hazards are 

a result of a variety of environmental 

phenomena. Such hazards pose 

threats of loss of lives or property 

and social or economic disruption. 

Large waves, high and low lake 

levels, heavy snowfalls, ice, and 

erosion are significant hazards in the 

Great Lakes system and (with the 

exception of low lake levels) in other 

coastal areas as well. Human-caused 

hazards also pose serious threats, 

especially spills of petroleum products and chemicals. This program is 

providing models and other service 

products to assist in marine hazard 

prediction, emergency response, 

damage prevention and reduction, 

and more effective management of 

water resources. 

Great Lakes Evaporation and 

Heat Storage. (Project Scientist: 

Croley) 

This program seeks to (1) derive 

lake surface temperature and cloud 

cover models using NOAA and - 

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 

classifl and interpret 

temperature patterns 

respect to weather 

develop a lake 

patterns when no satellite 

available, and (4) develop 

spatially distributed 

heat fluxes at the 

using satellite and 

data, including a 

lake evaporation. 

prietaty image 

extract watei surface tempkrature for 

temperature images, 

interfaces to other 

oped, tested, and used. A Idatabase 

containing all available suqkace 

temperature images, all d 

and all cloud-free images 

for each lake. All 

images were used to 

temperature 

two-dimensional tempera 

bined with the normal ice cover 

reported in the Great Lakes Ice Atlas 

to yield a database for normal 

temperature and ice cover for each 

Great Lake. This database was used 

to simulate temperature and ice cover 

patterns in the newly developed twodimensional thermodynamic model 

of the Great Lakes. The model uses 

meteorologicd measurements from 

different sites and satellite-derived 

surface temperatures to estimate 

energy flux patterns at the water 

surface as depicted in Figure 6. 

Great Lakes Hydrology and Ice 

Data Bases. (Project Scientists: Assel, 

and Lee) 

This program develops and 

maintains historical Great Lakes 

hydrology and ice cover databases. It 

develops and maintains geographic 

information data bases of the Great 

Lakes basin and links the hydrology 

and ice cover databases with the 

geographic databases for spatial 

analysis. In FY 93, pre-1948 historic 

monthly precipitation data for the 

eight Great Lakes states was digitized, 

except for 70 stations. Work has 

begun to digitize the pre- 1948 

monthly air temperature data. An 

interactive computer animation of 

the normal temperature and ice cover 

for the Great Lakes was produced. 
I) Mdent solar racWon 

4) sensible heat transfer + 

Ekrgy flux CW/ma) 

123 4s 

43 -35 -115 -75 -lW 

95 -m -1ln 4 --ss 

1M -25 -1125 -55 -70 

105 -m -tm 45 -55 

11U -15 -95 -35 -40 

115 -10 -25 -2.5 

Lake Circulation and Thermal 

Structure Modeling. (Project 

Scientists: Schwab, McCormick, and 

O'Cennor) 

The objectives of this project are 

(1) to develop and test improved 

hydrodynamic models that can 

simulate and predict the threedimensional structure of currents 

and temperatures in the Great Lakes, 

and (2) to extend the models to 

simulate and predict the transport 

and diffusion of pollutants and 

nutrients and to participate in 

coupling these models to aquatic 

ecology and water quality rnodeb. 

In FY 93, heat fluxes calculared 

using Great Lakes Forecasting 

System (GLFS) algorithms were 

compared with calculations using 

other methods; the resulrs were 

comparable. The GLFS combines 

data from satellite, land, and lakebased systems with computer models 

for real-time prediction of the status 

oFthe Grear Lakes. The system, 

linking existing models, computer 

systems, and data networks, is a joint 

development of NOAAlGLERL and 

The Ohio Stare University (OSU). 

Investigations into the coupling of 

wind wave dynamics wiA threedimensional circulation were initiated. A suite of sample products 

from the GLFS for display on PCbased GLFSView (computer program 

to view GLFS output) were developed and evaluated for user interest. 

These indude plots of vertically 

integrated currents, surface water 

temperature, water level, and satellite-derived fields. A detailed 

comparison of three-dimensional 

model results with observational data 

was initiated for the 1979 Lake Erie 

USlCanada Joint Experiment dataset 

and for the 199 I Coastwatch 

dataset. Lace Erie nowcasts on 

OSUs Cray computer continued 

through 1333. Tests showed that 

nowcasts produced on a Unix 

workstation at GLEN with a 5-km 

grid compare favorably with OSU's 

nowcasts on the 2-km grid. 

Figure 6: Lake Supcrdor ssafacc mctp 

j~. From thc GLERL Geographic 

Inf;7rmabion Sysm (CIS) Laborabory. 

Great Lakes Water-Lwel 

Statistics for Decision-Making. 

(Project Scientisa: Quinn, Lee, and 

Herche) 

The long-term objective of this 

project is to dwelop improved waterlevel statistics that reflect (1) existing 

hydrologic and hydraulic conditions, 

(2) the long lag response of the lakes 

to rnetearological variabitity, (3) 

secular changes in climatic regimes, 

and (4) the needs ofdiverse Great 

Lakes decision makers. 

Hydro-Quebec recently undercook a study of the spillway adequacy 

of the Beaubarnois-Les Cedres 

control structures located in the St. 

Lawrence River, upstream of Montreal, Quebec. A GLERL scientist 

served on the committee established 

to provide consultation and review of 

the development of a probabIe 

maximum flood (PMF). GLERL 

was contracted to model Lake 

Ontario outflows as part of the study. 

Stochastically generated Great 

Lakes net basin supplies were used by 

GLERL in a Great Lakes hydrologic 

response model to obtain Lake 

Ontario levels and outflows. Nearly 

50,000 years of Lake Ontario 

outflows were simulated and analyzed (Figure 7). Historical Lake 

Ontario ouzflows could not be used 

for the study because of anthropogenic effects reflected in the data, the 

statistically short record length, and 

autocorrelation of the data. A 

significant problem was thc lack of 

robustness in the Lake Superior and' 

Lake Ontario regdation plans during 

simulations with extreme water 
supplies. GLERL modified the 

regulation plans consistent with the 

IJC's regulation criteria and past 

operational actions to give reasonable 

results under these conditions. It was 

found that some of the regulation 

criteria cannot be met simultaneously 

under extreme conditions and that 

historical water supplies, the current 

standard for the design and evaluation of modifications to the operational regulation plans, should no 

longer be the sole test of the plans. 

Coastal Hazards. (Project Scientist: 

Schwab) 

Meteorological and oceanographic conditions in coastal areas 

can sometimes become dangerous - 

enough to cause significant damage 

to property (boats, ships, structures, 

etc.) and result in loss of human 

lives. Therefore, it is imperative to 

have an operational system in place 

that will provide timely warnings of 

impending adverse natural conditions to the coastal community so 

that precautions can be taken to 

mitigate the damages. The primary 

factor responsible for producing 

hazardous conditions is the marine 

surface wind. The wind is a hazard 

by itself for boats, ships, and other 

structures, but the danger to these is - 

increased by wind-generated waves, 

storm surges, and generated currents. 

This project addresses the development of models for coastal wind 

forecasts since these are first-order 

factors in creating hazardous conditions in coastal regions. The primary 

objectives of this study are to test, 

evaluate, and make refinements to 

marine boundary layer physics in the 

mesoscale models for wind predictions over the Great Lakes. GLERL 

researchers work closely with researchers at the ~ational Meteorological Center (NMC) who are 

involved in developing the EtaReturn period (yeor) 

Figure Z CumuIutivejFequmcy of quarter monthly maximum 

annualflbws in Lake Ontario. 

coordinate model. Specifically, the 

focus will be on testing model 

performance over the Great Lakes 

region and looking for necessary 

changes in the grid representation of 

the coastline geometry and topography, and modifications to the 

boundary layer physics to improve its 

performance. In FY 93, we began to 

acquire Eta model forecasts from the 

40 krn semi-operational run in April 

1993. Surface fields for friction 

velocity, heat flux, and wind vectors 

are being archived at GLERL. 

Comparisons with the National Data 

Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy data in 

the Great Lakes were begun. 

Next-Generation Runoff ModeL 

(Project Scientist: Lee) 

GLERL has developed conceptual model-based techniques for 

simulating moisture storages and 

runoff from the 12 1 watersheds 

draining into the Laurentian Great 

Lakes. The existing hydrologic 

process models are lumped-parameter 

models that apply to irregular-shaped 

areas of 30-100 km and periods of l30 days. This program seeks to 

refine runoff models so that they can 

be integrated with atmospheric 

process models in another task and 

can incorporate recent advancements 

in measurements of hydrometeorological data Linking the surface 

hydrology process models with 

atmospheric process models will 

allow feedback between climate and 

land surface and result in more 

accurate estimates of regional and 

local impacts of climate change. The 

goals of this program are to (1) 

develop the next-generation runoff 

models with gridded land surface 

parameterizations from 1 to 30 km, 

which can be incorporated into 

mesoscale atmospheric models and 

water supply simulation and forecasting packages, and (2) to implement 

the improved models at agencies 

responsible for water resources 

forecasting and management. In FY 

93, we acquired a geographic information system for water resources 

and began acquisition and development of spatial databases. 
Coupled Hydrosphere 

Atmosphere Research Model. 

(Project Scientist: Croley) 

Hydrologic-atmospheric impacts 

of climate and their management and 

changes in the Great Lakes are 

important and share several interesting aspects. Understanding how the 

Great Lakes affect the weather and 

understanding how the weather 

affects the Great Lakes will allow 

more informed decisions to be made 

concerning potential impacts of an 

altered climate scenario and also 

concerning highly anomalous (wet) 

seasonal weather patterns such as that 

experienced in parts of the midwest 

during the summer of 1993. The 

main goal of this research is to assess - 

the hydrologic-atmospheric dynamics 

within the Great Lakes basin. This is 

supported by three objectives: (1) 

develop a Coupled HydrologicAtmospheric Research Model 

(CHARM) from existing atmospheric and hydrologic models by 

using two-way dynamic interactions, 

(2) enhance the model with secondgeneration surface parameterizations 

for lake thermal flux and runoff, and 

(3) refine earlier climate change 

estimates and estimates from other 

mesoscale modeling efforts by 

developing one-way linkages between 

them and the Great Lakes hydrology 

models. In FY 93, we acquired a 

Regional Atmospheric Modeling 

System (RAMS) and have modified it 

to accommodate a version of the 

GLERL runoff model. 

International Joint Commission 

(IJC) Great Lakes Levels 

Reference Study. 

(Project Scientists: Lee, Croley, and 

Quinn) 

On August 1, 1986, the Canadian and U.S. Governments, in 

response to record high Great Lakes 

water levels, issued a Reference to the 

IJC to examine and report on 

methods of alleviating the adverse 

consequences of fluctuating water 

levels in the Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence River Basin. Phase I1 

began in November 1990 and was 

completed in March 1993 with the 

submittal of the Study Board's 

recommendations to the Commission. 

GLERL scientists served as 

members of Working Committee 3, 

charged with addressing existing 

regulation, system-wide regulation, 

and crises conditions responses. The 

focus was on the hydraulics and 

hydrology of the Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence River system, climate and 

climate changes, and on the improvement of water level forecasting and 

statistical techniques. Water supply 

scenarios for the testing and evaluation of proposed regulation plans 

were prepared and included an - - 

historical net basin supply series, wet 

and dry years analogues, and a global 

warming scenario. A Basis of - 

Comparison was also prepared-a 

90-year set of lake levels and flows 

reflecting a consistent hydraulic 

regime in the Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence River system. These levels 

and flows were used to assess the 

effects of modified lake regulation 

and climate change. In addition, a 

probabilistic net basin supply forecast 

technique was developed using 

GLERL's Great Lakes Forecast 

Package. A group of experts convened to develop improved water 

level statistics, and to assess specific 

statistical and forecasting informational needs of those affected by 

Great Lakes water levels. 
NECOP 

T he Nutrient-Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity (NECOP) 

program is one of a series of NOAAwide activities within the Coastal 

Ocean Program dealing with major 

problems in the coastal ocean. The 

central hypothesis is that increased 

nutrient input from the Mississippi 

River has led to increased productivity, with undesirable consequences. 

GLERL is involved in several studies 

that have been underway for 3 years. 

Fate and Effects of Riverine (and 

Shelf-Derived) Dissolved 

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen 

on Mississippi River Plume-Gulf 

Shelf Processes. (Project Scientists: 

Gardner, and Eadie) 

The objectives of this study are 

to define the chemical and isotopic 

composition of riverine and Mississippi River PlumeIGulf Shelf (MRPI 

GS) dissolved organic nitrogen 

(DON) and determine the biological 

reactivity of dissolved organic carbon 

(DOC) and DON. Isotopic analysis 

allows us to distinguish between 

riverine input nutrients and shelfderived nutrients and also to measure 

rates of nutrient recycling. In FY 93, 

sample analysis from 1992 cruises 

was completed and samples and data 

were collected on the July 1993 

NECOP process cruise. Preliminary 

analysis reveals that nitrogen recycling by bacteria and invertebrates is 

a major process providing nitrogen to 

phytoplankton, and that nitrogen 

recycling is also strongly dependent 

on primary production. 

Dark bottle incubations and 

I5NH, isotope dilution experiments, 

in incubators designed to simulate 

natural light and temperature 

conditions, were conducted on six 

cruises to estimate nitrogen regeneration rates. 

Retrospective Analysis of 

Nutrient-Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity in Louisiana 

Continental Shelf Sediments 

(Project Scientists: Eadie, and Robbins) 

The objectives of this program 

are to (1) identify areas in the coastal 

region where sediments with coherent geochronologies of approximately 

200 years can be collected, and (2) 

examine the selected cores for tracers 

of past water and ecosystem conditions (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, diatom 

frustules, and stable isotopes). 

Records of nutrient loads into 

the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River only extend back to the 

1950s. To estimate nutrient loading 

from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya 

River (MAR) system prior to that 

time we looked at commercial 

fertilizer consumption records (solid 

area shown in Figure 8). Since most 

of the fertilizer consumed in the U.S. 

is used within the Mississippi River 

basin, the commercial fertilizer 

consumption records provided useful 

information regarding nutrient loads 

to the Gulf via the MAR system. A 

substantial increase in fertilizer use 

began after 1935 and continued to 

increase until the mid- 1970s. Our 

hypothesis was that the increased 

load of nutrients from the Mississippi 

River increases primary productivity 

in the shelf region when that additional organic matter settles to the 

bottom waters and is decomposed by 

bacteria. Oxygen is then used bter 

than it can be replaced, and hypoxia 

occurs. Analysis revealed that a 

change in the isotopic composition 

of the carbon in the shells of bottom 

dwellers begins after 1950. This is 

caused by an increase in the delivery 

of organic material to the bottom 

waters, the fuel that causes hypoxia. 

Our results indicate that sometime 

after World War 11, increased 

nutrient loads from the Mississippi 

River to the Gulf of Mexico caused 

an increase in the amount of organic 

matter delivered to the stagnant 

bottom waters, resulting in an 

increase in the consumption of 

oxygen, causing hypoxia. 

Buoyancy and Nutrient 

Exchange in the Mississippi 

River Outflow Region. (Project 

Scientists: Bratkovich, and Dinnel) 

The focus of research in this 

program is the examination of 

processes contributing to the advective exchange of environmentally 

significant fields in the Mississippi 

River outflow region. The primary 

objectives of this study are to establish an historical relationship between 
60 8 Figure 8. Comparison of US. 

E fdilizer consumption (shadrd area) 

a with amount of organic carbon g 50 

.- c. 7 g ammukatwn in the sediment (line) 

P in the region of seasonal bypoxia. 

$40 

- 

C 

z 

0 3 

t30 

Q) 

Y 

N c .- .- - 

t' 54 

Q) 20 LL 0 

~ 

= 10 49 

u 

Q) 

cn 

0 3 

1895 191 5 1935 1955 1975 1995 

buoyancy and nutrient fluxes for the 

Mississippi-Atchafdaya River (MAR) 

system and to quantitatively determine the scales of variability for 

buoyancy and nutrient fields in a 

shelf region dominated by riverine 

sources. In FY 93, field work and 

analyses of field data and the historical database continued. In addition, 

a simple plume model for physicdbiological interactions was constructed. 

Primary Production and Vertid 

Flux of Organic Carbon. (Project 

Scientists: Fahnenstiel, Redalje, and 

Lohrenz) 

This research is addressing the 

following objectives: (1) characterize 

photoautotrophic community 

dynamics in relation to optical 

conditions, nutrient inputs, and 

other aspects of the physical and 

chemical environment, (2) examine 

the relationship between phytoplankton production, growth, and biomass, and the vertical export of fured 

carbon from the surfice waters of the 

MRP Inner Gulf Shelf (IGS), and (3) 

develop conceptual and predictive 

models that describe the production 

and fate of fured carbon as a function 

of optical conditions, nutrient 

inputs, and other environmental 

variables. In FY 93, we participated 

in the NECOP cruise and workshop. 

Primary production is difficult to 

measure directly. In the study 

region, primary production was 

estimated using a model based on the 

Great Lakes Primary Production 

Model. The model was dibrated 

with measured values of daily 

variations in surface light, depth 

variations in photosynthetic characteristics, light penetration, and 

chlorophyll concentrations. These 

direct measurements were taken at 

30 stations during five NECOP 

cruises. By applying these measured 

values to the model, primary production could be estimated. Results 

indicate the highest integral production was generally seen at regions of 

intermediate salinities where plume 

and oceanic waters mixed. 
Coastwatch 

c oastwatch is a NOAA-wide 

program within the Coastal Ocean 

Program. As a CoastWatch Regional 

Site, GLERL is establishing operations of the Great Lakes Regional 

National Ocean Communications 

Network (NOCN) Node (RNN), 

identiQing regional CoastWatch 

users and their NOAA data needs, 

and supplying useful products to 

participants in the Great Lakes 

CoastWatch Program. 

Grcat Lakes CoastWatch and 

NOAA Ocean Communications 

Network. (Project Scientist: 

Leshkevich) 

The objectives of this task are to 

(1) establish operations of the Great 

Lakes RNN, (2) identifj. regional 

CoastWatch users and supply their 

NOAA data needs, and (3) research 

and develop related products and 

uses specific to the Great Lakes 

region using CoastWatch data. In 

FY 93, Great Lakes CoastWatch 

users were increased fiom 15 to 20 

and their CoastWatch data needs 

were supplied. Downloading of 

Great Lakes water-level data from the 

National Ocean Service (NOS) was 

begun and the data were incorporated (redistributed) as a CoastWatch 

product on an experimental basis. 

The Great Lakes CoastWatch Users 

Guide and viewing and printing 

sohare were distributed to current 

local users. Also Ocean Map 

(OCNMAP) multi-channel sea 

surface temperature (MCSST) and 

non-linear sea surface temperature 

(NLSST) data were compared with 

NDBC buoy measurements of 

surface water temperature for 

approximately 1 year of data. 

Great Lakes CoastWatch Product 

Development and Research. 

(Project Scientist: Leshkevich) 

The objectives of this task are to 

evaluate and help validate Great 

Lakes CoastWatch products, provide 

input to the National Environmental 

Satellite, Data, and Information 

Service (NESDIS) for product needs 

and development, and research and 

develop related products and uses 

specific to the Great Lakes region 

using CoastWatch data. In FY 93, 

field work to collect ground truth for 

synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data 

analysis was completed. Naval 

Research Laboratory (NRL) Satellite 

Image Processing System (NSIPS) 

image processing sofnvare was 

obtained from Stennis Space Center 

for use in SAR data analysis. 
Nearshore Processes -1~1- 

Th is new program, in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin, the 

University of Wisconsin, and the 

U.S. Geological Survey, was begun to 

provide much needed information on 

the nearshore environment. This 

information is essential to wise 

management of the Great Lakes 

ecosystem. 

The specific objectives of this 

program are to (1) synthesize the 

results of research studies on coastal 

hydrodynamics, biological processes, 

and water chemistry of the nearshore 

region and apply them to ~ractical 

problems of coastal environmental 

management and planning, (2) 

sponsor basic and applied scientific 

research to critical coastal environmental problems requiring unique 

expertise available in academic and 

NOAA laboratories, and (3) cooperative closely with other federal 

agencies, such as the USEPA, USGS, 

USFWS, and NBS in their areas of 

expertise, to develop comprehensive 

knowledge (biology, chemistry, and 

physics) of each study area. 

BiologicaJ Productivity Along 

Thermal Fronts and in Coastal 

Waters (Project Scientists: Brooks and 

Sandgren, Univ. of WI; Bratkovich, 

GLERL) 

The objective of this project is to 

collect data in the Wisconsin nearshore area to define the physical and 

chemical conditions in the water 

column on either side of the thermal 

front as the front progresses offshore. 

The data collected will also document onshore-offshore gradients of 

physical water mass structure and 

associated chemical and biological 

variables in the coastal zone near 

Milwaukee. 

In N 93, a joint study on the 

biological productivity along the 

thermal front in nearshore areas was 

conducted for both the west shore 

and east shore of Lake Michigan. 

The study is aimed at assessing the 

role thermal fronts play as barriers to, 

or facilitators of, advective transport 

of heat, nutrients, and biota from the 

coastal zone to offshore areas. 

Successhl weekly cruises were 

conducted during May and June. 

Wisconsin Nearshore Water 

Study (Project Scientists: Lee, Univ. of 

WI; Liu, GLERL) 

This project focuses on understanding the kctors affecting 

lakeshore erosion and property 

damage along the western Lake 

Michigan shoreline. Wind and wave 

models will be identified for evaluation with wind and wave data 

measured with the nearshore NDBC 

buoy. Furthermore, an array of wave 

measurements in shallow water will 

be made to study the shoaling effects. 

In FY 93, the measured wind, 

wave, and current data are being used 

to develop a detailed numerical 

hydrodynamid model to cover 

Milwaukee Harbor and the nearshore 

lake waters. The results help understand and manage water quality in 

Milwaukee Harbor and the nearshore 

area of Lake Michigan. 

The Pollution Plume Outside 

Milwaukee Harbor and its 

Relationship to the Quality of 

the Drinking Water Taken into 

the Howard Avenue Treatment 

Plant (Project Scientists: Christensen, 

Univ. of WI; Bratkovich, GLERL) 

This project is aimed at investigating how the Milwaukee Harbor 

pollution plume impacts the quality 

of the intake water from nearshore 

Lake Michigan and whether the 

intake pipe will be extended or 

relocated. The primary product will 

be analyzing available existing data 

and a collection of regularly observed 

pollution plumes documented by 

curves of constant value of water 

quality parameters. 

In N 93, initial evaluations were 

made of the pollution plumes in the 

outer Milwaukee Harbor and 

nearshore areas based on turbidity, 

ammonia, and chloride data collected 

at the Milwaukee Metropolitan 

Sewer District. 
Dynamics of Nearshore Fronts/ 

Plumes and Related Ecological 

Issues (Project Scientist: Bratkovich) 

Coastal ftonts and buoyant 

plumes are two related classes of 

hydrodynamic phenomena found in 

nearshore waters. Fronts and plumes 

can have a variety of ecological 

impacts including the deterioration 

or enhancement of coastal water 

quality, a recent topic of concern 

since Milwaukee residents have 

experienced drinking water problems. 

The objectives of this project are 

(I) to acquire physical, chemical, and 

biological data appropriate to the 

study of fronts and plumes in the 

vicinity of Milwaukee Harbor on the 

west side of Lake Michigan, (2) to 

acquire similar data in the vicinity of 

Grand Haven, MI on the east side of 

Lake Michigan, (3) to analyze these 

data sets to look for similarities or 

contrasts in the variability and 

structure of related fields and underlying kinematic, thermodynamic, or 

dynamic principles. In addition to 

the above, we will continue to gather, 

organize, and analyze historical data 

base components pertinent to 

meteorological forcing and limnological response functions. 

Current Measurements in the 

Nearshore Milwaukee Area 

(Project Scientist: Miller) 

The nearshore zone is the most 

environmentally sensitive area in the 

Great Lakes and also the region 

where the major nutrient and 

contaminant inputs occur. There is a 

need for increased understanding of 

the physical dynamics in this region 

and the mass exchange processes that 

occur between the nearshore region 

and the open lake. This project 

involves long-term measurement of 

the current structure and variability 

in both rhe nearshore and adjacent 

ashore areas. 

The objectives are (1) to obtain 

current velocity and temperature data 

in the coastal zone near the NDBC 

buoy near Milwaukee Harbor, WI 

for 1 year, (2) determine the magnitude of the interaction between the 

nearshore and oshore dynamics on 

a cross-lake transect between Grand 

Haven, MI and Milwaukee, WI, and 

(3) to identify the processes responsible for the transport of materials 

across the lake slope. 

In N 93, one mooring of 

current meters was deployed to 

measure current speed and water 

temperatures at two depths. 

Surface Wind, Wave, and 

Temperature Measurements in 

the Nearshore Milwaukee Area 

(Project Scientist: Liu) 

Wind and waves are primary 

driving forces for water movements 

in the oceans and lakes and are major 

basic factors in determining nearshore hydrodynamics. GLERL has 

successfully studied, developed, and 

tested deep water wave prediction 

models for the Great Lakes, but 

shallow water effects that alter waves 

in the nearshore zone remain unex- 

 lo red. A coupled approach of 

experimental analysis and model 

development for shallow water wave 

effects in the Great Lakes is essential 

and presently nonexistent. To 

remedy this critical deficiency, a 

collection and synthesis of wind and 

wave data should be the first and 

foremost task in a comprehensive 

nearshore hydrodynamics study. The 

NDBC buoy was deployed and 

collected wind and wave data in the 

center locations of the Great Lakes 

since 1979. While nearshore areas of 

the Great Lakes are most environmentally sensitive and intensely 

utilized, a similar data collection 

system for the nearshore area is, 

however, completely lacking and 

urgently needed. 

The objectives of this project are 

to obtain detailed measurements, 

quantitative analyses, and couple 

them with model studies to provide 

the presently unavailable nearshore 

wind and wave information needed 

for the nearshore hydrodynamics 

studies. 

In FY 93, A NOAAINDBC 

buoy was deployed near Milwaukee 

Harbor to provide meteorological 

and directional wave information. 

The excellent data sets obtained from 

this buoy are useful for supporting 

the nearshore research studies and for 

assisting the National Weather 

Service in providing more accurate 

real-time information for the lake 

nearshore area. 

Also in FY 93: (1) two workshops were held to discuss and 

initiate needed studies on physical 

processes for the Wisconsin nearshore environment toward developing effective Great Lakes coastal 

nearshore management strategies. 

(2) Deployed and retrieved GLERL 

WRIPS wave measurement buoy in 

nearshore western Lake Michigan 

southeast of Milwaukee Harbor. 

Measurements from this buoy will be 

used to compare wave characteristics 

with nearshore and open lake 

measurements from NDBC buoys. 

(3) Analyzed WRIPS buoy measurements collected during 1988 and 

1989 from other areas in the Great 

Lakes. The analysis using Wavelet 

Transform techniques showed the 

importance of wave grouping 

characteristics. 
Exchange Processes in Coast, 

Environments. (Project Scientist: 

Bratkovich) 

This project seeks to observe, 

analyze, and quantitatively characterize exchange processes impacting 

variable fields of environmental 

concern. An essential first step in 

this sequence Is to measure (observe) 

a range of physical, biological, or 

chemical fields that affect or characterize the variability of the target field 

(usually horizontal current carnponents, water density or temperature, 

impacting critical bioiogicd or 

chemical fields). The objectives are 

(1) to evaluate the relative importance of advective exchange mechanisms, (2) to identify and investigate 

the dominant intervariable relationships which form the linkage of rhese 

exchange mechanisms, and (3) ro 

develop realistic conceptual, statistical, and analytical models of specific 

exchange processes that affect 

variability in fields of environmental 

concern. 

In 93, several historical data 

sets have been organized and documented in report format. A river 

plume simulation model was also 

constructed and tested with the 

intent of tracing riverine constituent 

evolution as they encounter and mix 

with receiving reservoirs (lakes or 

oceanic shelf waters). Finally, a 

scientific journal article was published on the topic of ail spill 

advection in a coasrd setting. 

Andysis of Sediment 

Resuspension Data in Southern 

Green Bay (Project Scientist: Hawley) 

The objectives of this project are 

to develop an empirical model of 

wave-induced sediment resuspension 

in Green Bay, and to evaluate this 

model using the field observations 

collected during the summer of 1989 

at several sites in the southern part of 

the bay. 

In FY 93, several existing models 

of resuspension were evaluated for 

use (induding those developed by 

Lavelle, by Glenn and Grant, and by 

Hawley and Lesht), but since they all 

assume lateral homogeneity, they 

were unsuitable for use. This is 

because water depth changes substantially over short distances in Green 

Bay. This makes resuspension a very 

loca! occurrence and increases the: 

importance of laterat advection as a 

process affecting the measured 

concentrations of suspended sediment. In order to duate the data 

collected, either the model must 

include advective effects (which will 

require a three-dimensional circulation model), or the effects of these 

advective episodes must be removed 

from the data being used to evaluate 

the simulation. 
Independent 

Research Projects 

S everal independent research Portage Lake, both of which are at or Wisconsin. Analyses of these samples 

projects are also included in the near EPA Superfbnd sites, were by neutron activation and developGLERL research program. These completed. Bromine was found to ment of a Lake Baika mass balance 

projects are considered important to be strongly correlated with biogenic model to be used for interpreting the 

the GLERL mission, but do silica, which is a surrogate for data were begun. A profile of 

not currently integrate into one of determining diatom biomass. radiocesium in a well-characterized 

the coordinated research programs. Previous sediment trap studies at core from Lake Coeur D'Alene was 

GLERL showed that bromine is least completed as part of a project with 

Environmental Radiotracers. subject to remod from the epilim- the USGS. The radiocesium profile 

nion of the lakes because of its low exhibited several correspondences (Project Scientist: Robbins) affinity for particulate matter and with atmospheric loadings, which 

This project encompasses high biological activity, which allows permitted development of a first cut 

studies of diverse aquatic systems much ofit to rec+e within the model of long-term transport in the 

and emphasizes the use of radiotrac- epilimnion. ~h~ correlation in lakelriverlwatershed system. 

ers to identi5 and model funda- sediment cores with biogenic silica 

mental lakelwatershed transport may allow bromine to also be used as 

processes. Objectives of the pro- a surrogate for biomass. T~ uplore Carbon Biogeochemistry in 

gram are (1) to identify principal this further, biweekly Lakes and Coastal Ecosystems. 

mechanisms in aquatic sampling was initiated to determine (Project Scientist: Eadie) 

systems and determine associated the ,,a variations in elemental Great Lakes and coastal ecosys- Space-time scales and ntes, (2) to composition, especially brombe. tems are continually subject to a investigate and quantify sediment The reworking rates of Yo& series of stressors that are transient in depositional and geochemical 

were measured using the gamma scan nature. These lead to issues such as 

processes, (3) to develop geochronological information from sediment system, providing the first measure- the biogeochemical response of 

radionuclide profiles for paleolimno- of its apparent rate and =ge systems to increased or decreased 

of diffusive mixing of sediments. nutrient loads, man-induced changes logical studies, (4) to determine and 

Existing biomrbation models were in the carbon cyde and climate, and account for relationships between 

employed with suitable revision for the introduction of toxic contami- system loadings and sedimentary 

records of tracers, contaminants, interpretation of the data. Neutron nants and their ~~ffects. This project 

and other constituents, and (5) to activation studies were also carried fc~uses on these issues through 

apply techniques, insights, and out, establishing the feasibility of research on processes regulating the 

models arising from radiotracer using activated metal-doped glass major biogeochemical cycles and 

partides of specified size to study fluxes with an emphasis on carbon. studies to specific problems of 

particle-selective reworking of The long-term goal of this research is ecosystem dynamics, environmental 

contamination, and regional effects sediments using the gamma scan the development of a hierarchy of 

of climate change. system. calibrated numerical models of 

processes regulating the biogeoDuring FY 93 analyses of sedi- Radiocesium profiles were chemical cycle of carbon in the Great 

ment cores from Lake George and 'om Lake BaikaJ as of Lakes with subsequent applications a collaboration with the University of 

to coastal ecosystems. In order to 
accomplish this, a series of tasks need 

to be undertaken to provide insight 

into, and rates for, important 

processes including CO, gas exchange, remineralization of organic 

carbon (primary production is 

assumed known from published data, 

but this parameter is very weak), 

formation of CaCO,, vertical flux of 

carbon species, dissolution rate of 

CaCO,, and remineralization of 

carbon in sediments and transport 

across the sediment water interface. 

During FY 93, analyses of C- 13 

and N-15 in sediments from all of 

the Great Lakes were completed and 

revealed evidence for a basin-wide 

increase in productivity beginning in 

the mid-nineteenth century. In Lake 

Erie, we also found a clear signal of 

reduced productivity after the mid 

1970s due to the implementation of 

nutrient load reductions. The 

sediment record of nitrogen isotopes 

in Lake Erie also clearly documented 

a major isotopic shift beginning 

around 1875, which we attribute to 

the onset of extensive denitrification 

associated with widespread water 

column oxygen depletion. We also 

started evaluating the use of stable 

isotopes as possible tracers of the 

pathways of energy and trace contaminants through the food web. 

Autosequencing trap samples 

were recovered in support of 

GLERL's Bi~~eochernistry Project 

and also the EPA-EMAP Program, to 

determine mass and organic carbon 

flux as well as provide samples for 

analyses of contaminants, nutrients, 

and biota. These data are being 

evaluated under the EMAP program 

for their utility as integrated ecosystem indicators and will also be used 

under GLERL's Bi~~eochemistry 

Project for developing mass balances 

for several chemical species. 

Lake Circulation and Bottom 

Boundary Layer Studies. (Project 

Scientists: Saylor and Miller) 

The existence of a persistent 

benthic boundary laye;has been 

documented in the offshore regions 

of all of the Great Lakes. Although 

the layer contains only a small 

portion of the total suspended 

material found in the lakes, sediment 

trap studies have shown that the bulk 

of the mass flux occurs within the 

bottom 25 m. This study will 

quantify the distribution of bottom 

current intensities as functions of 

space and time in order to parameterize the distribution and frequency of 

resuspension events. 

GLERL began a cooperative 

research program to study currents 

and sedimentary processes of Lake 

Champlain in 199 1. Moorings were 

placedthroughout the basin. Results 

have revealed remarkable episodes of 

large amplitude internal seiche 

propagation within the lake basin. 

These waves, which propagate on the 

thermocline, occur only during the 

summer ~eriod when the lake water 

is density stratified. Wave heights 

reach 30-40 m and the wave periods 

are close to 4 days in length. The 

internal waves drive high speed 

currents back and forth along the 

north-south trending lake basin axis. 

The currents at the lake bottom are 

large enough to resuspend the lake 

flow sediments and inject sediments 

contaminated with many toxic 

materials into the lakewater, providing a continuing source of toxins to 

the lake as the sediment particles 

interact with it. The studies have 

revealed a complex and dynamic 

physical environmental that we have 

just begun to understand. 

Nitrogen Dynamics. (Project 

Scientist: Gardner) 

This study is providing (1) 

improved methodologies to measure 

fluxes of important nitrogen compounds that reflect nitrogen dynamics in lakes, wetlands, or marine 

coastal regions, (2) identify, quantify, 

and compare major processes controlling nitrogen regeneration from 

lake and marine coastal sediments, 

and (3) identify and quantify major 

nitrogen regeneration processes in 

lake and/or marine pelagic waters. 

In FY 92, a capillary electrophoresis instrument with a post-column 

reactor and detector for laser induced 

fluorescent detection has been 

designed and assembled. During FY 

93, the system is currently being 

evaluated to test its potential applicability to the measurement of ammonium in water samples. 

Dr. Janusz Tomaszek, Rzeszo'w 

University of Technology, Rzeszo'w, 

Poland came to GLERL to do 

preliminary research on denitrification in Old Woman Creek, Lake 

Erie. The preliminary results 

indicate that denitrification is a 

major sink for nitrogen in Old 

Woman Creek and that this process 

may substantially reduce concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen 

coming into the system from agricultural runoff. 

Pelagic/Benthic Energy Transfer 

and Bioenergetics Models of 

Macroinvertebrates. (Project 

Scientists: Gardner, and Cavdetto) 

The objectives of this study were 

to (1) develop a model for the 

seasonal transfer of carbon from the 

pelagic euphotic zone to benthic 

macroinvertebrates, (2) to examine 

mechanisms of energy transfer from 
phytoplankton to Diporeia sp. and 

Mysis reiicta, (3) to provide data and 

develop energetics (carbon flow) 

models for the benthic macroinvertebrates Diporeia (and M. reiicta), and 

(4) to estimate Diporeia production 

rates and variability at one site in 

Lake Michigan. 

A small study on factors that 

might affect hydrolysis of lipids in 

invertebrates while samples are being 

dried for lipid analysis. The results 

did not show great differences among 

drying methods but hydrolysis of 

lipids was lowest under the normal 

drying conditions (55°C under 

nitrogen). 

Analysis of a Diporeia study 

comparing lipid levels and lipid 

classes in Lakes Michigan and 

Ontario was completed. Results 

show that total lipid levels were 

higher in Diporeia from Lake Ontario than from Lake Michigan. This 

result may be an indicator of food 

quality and quantity differences 

between the two lakes. 

Microplankton in the Great 

Lakes: A Comparative Study of 

Lakes Huron, Michigan, 

Ontario, and Okeechobee. 

(Project Scientist: Fahnenstiel) 

The microplankton (bacteria, 

algae, and protists) occupy a key 

position in the food web of large 

lakes and may constitute most of the 

pelagic biomass as well as control 

carbon and nutrient cycling. Although these organisms occupy a key 

position, very little is known about 

the biomass and production of this 

important taxa. The goal of this 

project is to examine the dynamics of 

microplankton including key processes in several large lakes in order to 

further our understanding of the 

food web. 

In FY 93 we participated in the 

first Great Lakes cruise and made 

initial measurements of growth rates 

during spring conditions in Lakes 

Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. 

In addition, a chlorophyll-labeling 

technique was developed for use in 

the Great Lakes. 

The Microbial Food Web in the 

Great Lakes. (Project Scientist: 

Fahnenstiel) 

In the past fkw years, aquatic 

food webs have been discovered to be 

far more complex than previously 

thought. The discovery of the 

microbial food web h& forced a 

revision of contemporary models of 

plankton dynamics. These new 

discoveries have changed our ideas of 

the classical food webto include the 

recognition that photosynthetic and 

heterotrophic picoplankton can play 

a dominant role in nutrient cycling, 

that pelagic plankton food webs - 

include a much greater number of 

trophic levels, and that a large 

percent of primary production is not 

consumed directly by zooplankton 

but rather is channelled through a 

detrital pool. 

While GLERL has been a leader 

in freshwater microbial research, 

there is still much uncertainty 

regarding the microbial food web in 

the Great Lakes, particularly with 

reference to linkages between picoplankton production and the metazoans. 

In FY 93, data evaluation 

continued and manuscript preparation is in progress. 

Ecological Monitoring. (Project 

Scientist: Pernie) 

Maintaining long-term data to 

provide a basis for recognizing and 

forecasting changes in plankton 

dynamics due to climate changes is 

needed because potential change in 

both absolute temperature and the 

onset and duration of thermal 

stratification could lead to substantial 

changes in Great Lakes ecology. The 

primary objective of this project is to 

monitor plankton dynamics to 

recognize changes due to climate 

change caused by increase in atmospheric CO, . Collection of a 

detailed data set capable of separating 

normal seasonal dynamics and year 

to year variability from long-term 

changes is necessary to detect dimate-driven effects. These data will 

also be useful for detecting long-term 

changes due to nutrient loadings, 

exotic species invasions, fish management, and other general ecological 

events. 

In FY 93, seasonal carbon 

analysis comparison study between 

the oxidation and combustion 

methods was completed. Weekly 

data collection continued in Lake 

Michigan both during the formation 

of the thermal front in the spring and - - 

during late summer for Bythotrephes 

population monitoring. 

Zebra Mussel Protocol . (Project 

Scientist: Reid) 

A committee of academic and 

government scientists, chaired by 

David Reid (GLERL), developed a 

draft Zebra-Mussel-Specific Containment Protocol for use nationally by 

the research community as an 

"Approved Species-Specific Protocol," (ASSP) as defined by the 

Nonindigenous Species Research 

Protocol of the Interagency Aquatic 

Nuisance Species Task Force. The 

draft Zebra-Mussel-Specific Containment Protocol was presented at a 

special session of the 3rd International Zebra Mussel Conference in 

Toronto, Canada, in February, 1993, 

revised based on comments and 

inputs received there, and submitted 

to the ANS Task Force Research 

Protocol Committee for final 

comment and/or approval. Final 

action is still pending. 
Facilities and 

Services 

G LERL's research facility 

contains 17 laboratories equipped 

with general laboratory equipment. 

In addition, GLERL has a stable 

isotope mass spectrometer (SIMS), 

several gas chromatographs and 

liquid scintillation counters, a high 

pressure liquid chromatography 

system, a multi-channel Coulter 

Counter, growth chambers and - 

incubators, stereo and inverted 

microscopes, and a fully equipped 

multi-purpose epifluorescence 

microscope. GLERL also has high 

speed micro-cinematography equipment located in a temperaturecontrolled environmental chamber 

which is maintained for conducting 

experiments and growing biological 

cultures at low temperatures. A new 

Geographic Information System 

Laboratory was established at 

GLEFU during FY 93. See page 28 

for more information. 

Computer Facility 

The GLERL computer facility can 

be best characterized as a Local Area 

Network (LAN) of distributed 

computing resources. This network 

currently consists of 8 VAXs, 5 

UNIXIRISC workstations, 15 PCs 

which are connected by an ethernet, 

and approximately 80 additional PCs 

able to access the network via a 

communications switch. The LAN is 

connected to the Internet via a router 

to MichNet. 

A variety of scientific applications, 

including real-time and near realtime data acquisition, data reduction, graphics, large scale modeling, 

statistical and mathematical analysis, 

electronic mail, and remote file 

transfer are accessed by GLERL 

personnel and collaborators. 

GLEFU is the Great Lakes 

Redistribution Node of the National 

Ocean Communication Network 

(NOCN), and, as such, makes 

satellite imagery available to government, private, and academic users 

throughout the Great Lakes region. 

Library 

The GLERL library has a program-oriented research collection 

maintained in support of the 

laboratory's research activities. The 

collection reflects an emphasis on 

freshwater studies, particularly in the 

Great Lakes basin. The library 

currently receives 198 periodical 

subscriptions. Most GLERL books 

dating from 1980 onward, as well as 

many earlier books, are included in 

the online union catalog by OCLC 

Online Computer Library Center, 

Inc. These books are also reflected in 

the NOAA Library Catalog which is 

available via remote online access, 

commercial CD-ROM, and the 

library's public access workstation. 

Both EPA and NOAA libraries 

participate in the catalog. Library 

records may be interactively searched 

using Boolean search options and 

displayed in various formats. 

GLERL library facilities are open to 

the public for reference use during 

normal business hours. 

Library st& maintain the collection and provide library and infor- 
Facility; two CD-ROM based 

databases were added to the public 

access workstation, and library 

owned dissertations were cataloged in 

to a PC based database. The Muskegon branch library materials are 

primarily intended for the immediate 

reference needs. of researchers while 

they are working at the lake-side 

facility. The added CD-ROM 

databases provide indexed coverage 

of materials in the Sea-Grant Depository Library as well as water resource 

publications from Environment 

Canada and other international 

sources. The new dissertation 

database permits both quick access 

for researchers using printed indexes 

and computer access when detailed 

searching is required. 

The GLERL library is a member 

of the Michigan Library Consortium 

(MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston 

Library Network (WLLN), Federal 

Library and Information Network 

(FEDLINK), NOAA Library and 

Information Network (NLIN) , and 

the OCLC. 

Information Services 

- Publications Unit 

The Publications Unit staff are 

responsible for providing editorial 

and publications support to the 

scientific st&, for preparing and 

distributing GLERL publications, 

and for responding to publications 

and information requests from the 

public. They also produce and 

update reports, brochures, and 

displays concerning GLERL's work. 

Research products generated 

during FY 73 include 52 scientific 

articles, reports, and books and 60 

formal presentations. There were 

1,855 documented requests for 

GLERL information, with 3,501 

items mailed in response to those 

requests. 

The Publications Unit maintains 

a mailing list for distribution of 

GLERL publications. The GLERL 

Yearly Report and the Six Month 

Update are automatically distributed 

according to this mailing list. All 

new publications, including NOAA 

reports, journal articles, and books, 

are added to our six-month update 

listing of new publications to keep 

our users informed of GLERL's 

latest product releases. 

Vessel Operations 

- Muskegon Vessel 

Operations Facility 

The GLERL Vessel Operations 

Facility is located in Muskegon, MI 

in a former Coast Guard Base that 

includes three buildings and research 

vessel dockage. 

This hcility has great potential for 

the establishment of a lake-side 

laboratory that has a continuous 

supply of lake water and will allow 

some studies to be conducted that 

are not fkasible at the laboratory in 

Ann Arbor. At present, samples are 

transported to Ann Arbor for 

analysis. A separate garage building 

is being used for a crew office, a 

workshop, and for storage of ship 

supplies and equipment. The third 

GLERL building is used for storage 

of research equipment. It has been 

renovated to include a new chemical 

laboratory. Equipment installation 

was completed in 1993. 

There is dockage for the RN 

Shenehon and one of the smaller 

research launches in the Coast Guard 

mooring basin adjacent to the main 

building. There is an additional 100 

feet of dockage in the Government 

mooring basin currently being leased 

from the Corps of Engineers and 

located approximately 0.3 mile from 

the main building. 

- Research Vessels 

The Shenehon is owned and 

operated by GLERL. The Shenehon is 

based at the Vessel Operations 

Facility, Muskegon, MI and is the 

primary platform used in support of 

GLERL's open lake field investigations. The vessel is 65.6 feet long, 

with a 6.5-foot mean drafi, a 700- 

nautical-mile cruising range, and a 

10-knot cruising speed. Navigation 

equipment include a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two 

LORAN-C (Location Radio Navigation-Coordinates) units, Sperry Auto 

Pilot and a Raytheon Depth 

Sounder. A 55-channel radiotelephone is available for ship to shore 

communication. Electrical power is 

provided by a modern 20-kW, 3- 

phase Onan generator, and a 30-kW, 

3-phase Onan diesel generator. An 

electro-hydraulic articulated crane is 

used for deployment and retrieval of 

water and bottom sediment samplers 

and heavy instrument moorings. 

Electrohydraulic winches handle 

hydrographic wire and multiconductor cable for sample casts and in situ 

measurements of water variables. An 

on-board wet laboratory is available 

for onsite experiments and sample 

processing. Scientific equipment 
includes various sizes of Niskin 

samplers, reversing,thermometers, 

bottom samplers including a smdi 

box corer and Filtering equipment. 

The Shm~bon is a designated 

NOAA weather reporting station, 

and has a Shipboard Environmental 

(Data) Acquisition System (SFAS) 

installed by the National Ocean 

Service. This system provides 

increased capability to collect and 

sransmir weather data using satellite 

communications. 

A data acquisition system of 

GLERL design, separate from the 

SEAS system, records and plots data 

from a Sea Tech transmissometer 

which is coupled ro an electronic 

bathythermograph. The system 

includes equipment to record, 

process, and plot water temperature 

data collected using Sippican 

Expendable Barhphermograph 

WT) probes. 

Two small boats are used as 

auxiliary research platforms. A 23- 

foot Monark workboat, The Remorse, 

is outfitted as a research launch with 

navigational and saFety equipment 

and an electric winch and crane. 

A SeaArk workboat, The C$ops, 

measures 28.5 feet in length, including a 2.5 foot deck extension, and is 

used primarily for the Non-Indigenous Species Program in Saginaw 

Bay and Lake St. Clair. This boat is 

transported by trailer to remote sites 

as required. Navigation equipment 

includes a radar, magnetic compass, 

a 3 1-channel radiotelephone, a 

LORAN-C, a 50-kHz digital depth 

sounder with digital display and auto 

pilot. There are two soundec wells. 

An electric winch and crane are 

available for deployment and 

retrieval of sampling equipment. 

Safety equipment includes an 

inflatable life raft and an EPIRB 

(emergency transmitter). 

- Research Support 

The majority of the work supported by the Shenebon, the 28-foot, 

and the 23-foot launch was connected with biological studies in 

Lake Michigan and in Saginaw Bay. 

These studies included benthic, 

planktonic, and bacterial experiments relating to algal growth, 

zooplankton grazing, food chain 

transport in the aquatic environment, fire and effects of sedimentassociated toxic organics, and longterm trends of benthic fauna. 

Exotic species, such as the zebra 

mussel and Bythotr~phes continue to 

be a very important part of the 

studies. 

During FY 1993, numerous 

cruises were made by the Sbmehon 

in Lake Michigan, and one cruise 

was made into Lake Huron and 

Saginaw Bay. 

The 100-meter station off Grand 

Haven, MI continued ro be the sire 

monitored using sediment traps and 

periodic water and plankton samplings to study the tempord variations in water quality, and the 

vertical mass and chemical flux as 

determined by samples from the 

traps. Particular emphasis was placed 

on carbon pools and the rates of 

transfer. Several cruises were made 

during the spring using the Shenebon 

along traverses in the vicinity of 

Grand Haven and Muskegon, MI in 

connection with studies of frontal 

processes and thermal bar development and decay. 

Sediment traps were deployed at 

one station in Lake Michigan and at 

one station in Green Bay to monitor 

the vertical mass and chemical flux. 

Current and temperature sensors 

were deployed in the center of the 

southern basin of Lake Michigan and 

in Saginaw Bay. 

Three GElU-designed sequentid 

sediment traps were deployed over 

the winter of 1 992- 1 993 in Lake 

Michigan and will be recavered in 

1994. One trap mooring was 

established in Green Bay in conjunction with the University of Wisconsin. One 2-day cruise was made in 

Thunder Bay (Alpena, MI) to 

GLERC sn'entiits working 

aboard the Cyclops. 
evaluate the conditions in rhe 

~ro~osed Marine Sanctuary. This 

cruise followed a 2-week cruise in 

Saginaw Bay. 

The RfV Shcmthle continues to 

attract attention as she cruises the 

lakes. Vessel operations supported a 

GLERLMuskegon school project to 

monitor the population and growth 

of zebra mussels in Muskegon Lake. 

Several newspaper articles were 

written during the year covering 

research efforts supported by the 

Shenehon 

Marine Instrumentation 

Laboratory 

The Marine Instrumentation 

Laboratory (MIL) staff select, 

calibrate, repair, and, when necessary, adapt or design instruments to 

collect data in the lakes and their 

environs. Engineers and technicians 

in this unit work closely with 

GLERL researchers to ensure that 

instruments are compatible with 

their needs. They also participate in 

field experiments by providing 

support for the deployment and 

retrieval of field equipment, assisrance with the collection of samples 

and data, and in-field maintenance 

or repair of equipment. GLERL's 

data collection equipment includes 

43 AMF Vector Averaging Current 

Meters, 14 AMF Acoustical Releases, 

7 Mini-TOD Drifier Buoys, I 

Adarno-Rupp Waverider WNPS 

Buoy, 5 Aanderaa Thermistor String 

Recorders, 5 Marsh McBirney 585 

Current Meters, I RID Instrument 

Co. RDDR-1200 Acoustical 

Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 2 

RDSC-600 ADCPs, 1 RDSC broad 

band ADCP, and 7 sequential 

sediment samplers. 

In FY 93, MIL staffevaiuated 

and initiated procurement of five 

more acoustical releases. Instruments prepared and developed by 

MIL staffwent to southern Lake 

Michigan, Green Bay, WI, Saginaw 

Bay, Lake Champlain, NY, Cape 

Hateras, NC, and the Gulf of 

Mexico in support of National 

programs such as NECOP and 

SABRE as well as EPA contracts and 

nearshore hydrodynamics. 

A meteorological data collection 

~latform was installed on the Gravelly Shoal Lighthouse located in Bay 

City, MI and serviced by MOIL KO 

povide real-time meteorologisal data 

&rough the GOES satellite system 

for the zebra mussel experiments 

being conducted in Saginaw Bay. 

A new photesynthetron was 

constructed to measure photosynthesis irradiance for use in primary 

production studies and resulted in a 

number of inquiries from academia. 

A refined design was constructed 

through Great Lakes Engineering 

Company who plans to build and 

supply these as a commercial item. 

Geographic l nformation 

System Laboratory 

The development of GLERL's 

Geographic Information System 

(GIS) laboratory was initiated in the 

of 1992. The laboratory is 

composed of commercial GIs 

sohare resident on a UNIX workstation, 10 GI3 external disk storage, 

a high accuracy digitizer, color 

thermal wax transfer printer, CDROM drive, and is connected to 

GLERL's computer network and the 

Internet. A full-time GIS specialist 

operates the system. 

GIs technology has become an 

essential tool of spatid data management. It has enhanced the efficiency 

and andpic power of traditional 

mapping ani provides a powerful 

system for developing environmental 

process models. GERL's GIS 

laboratory was initially developed to 

suppo~ GLERL's hydrologic modelling research. The development of 

distributed parameter hydrologic 

process models requires the management of large spatial data sets, easily 

done within the framework of the 

GIS. In addition, the recent development of information-rich landsurface data sets necessitates a GIS 

for acquisition and use. In support 

of GLERL's hydrologic research, 

detailed topography, soils, land use1 

land cover, and hydrography have 

been obtained for the Great Lakes 

region. 

Use of the GIs laboratory in 

support of other GLERL research has 

increased. In support of the Great 

Lakes Ice Cover Data Rescue Program, Great Lakes ice charts are 

being digitized. Along with ice cover 

extent, ice characteristics such as type 

and thickness are being preserved. 

The GIs has been used to produce 

maps of monthly and annual thermal 

fluxes for each of the Great Lakes, to 

provide conversion factors between 

the irregular shaped areas of the 

lumped parameter runoff mode1 and 

the 40 km gridded RAMS atrnospheric mode1 to enable linkage of 

these models, and to develop various 

graphical products in support of 

technical papers and presentations. 

Digitizing of Great Lakes in cha~ 

wing the CIS laboratoty. 
Outreach 

T he GLERL mission includes the development of environmental information, data, and service tools for users in 

government and private organizations. Staff participation on boards, commissions, task forces, and committees helps 

to identify environmental information needed by our users and to guide our research focus and the development of 

usable products. During FY 93, GLERL staff participated as members of the following boards, committees, and task 

forces: 

International Joint Commission 

+ Council of Great Lakes Research Managers (A. Beeton, member) 

+ Great Lakes Water Levels Reference 

- Working Committee 3: Existing Replation, System-wide Regulation, and Crises Conditions (F. Quinn) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 1: Regulation Studies (D. Lee) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 2: Support Studies (U.S. Co-chair, F. Quinn, D. Lee) 

- Working Committee 3, T&k Group 3: Crises Conditions (D. Lee) 

+ Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

- Hydrometeorology and Modeling Subcommittee (T. Croley 11, D. Lee) 

- River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

+ International Great Lakes Levels and Flows Advisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair) 

Other interagency, professional society, and international activities: 

+ American Institute of Hydrology - Michigan State Section (T. Croley, President) 

+ American Society for Testing and Materials Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee (P. Landrum) 

+ American Society for Limnology & Oceanography 

- Editorial Board (H. Vanderploeg) 

- Finance Committee (A. Beeton, chair) 

+ American Society of Civil Engineers 

- Task Committee on Hydrodynamics of Lakes (P. Liu) 

+ American Water Resources Association - Michigan State Section 

- Vice President and Program Committee Chair (D. Lee) 

+ Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS, USEPA) 

- ToxicityIChemistry Work Group (P. Landrum) 

- Management Advisory Committee (D. Reid) 

+ Chemosphere, Board of Editors (P. Landrum) 
+ Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Editorial Board (P. Landrum) 

+ Eastern Snow Confkrence Steering Committee (D. Norton) 

+ Environmental Reviews, Assoc. Editor (A. Beeton) 

+ Great Lakes Commission 

- Drought Management and Great Lakes Water Levels Task Force (F. Quinn) 

- Great Lakes Panel on Non-Indigenous Species (T. Nalepa, V. Chair; A. Beeton) 

- Great Lakes Speakers Bureau Directory (G. Pernie, F. Quinn) 

- Task Force on Emergency Preparedness (D. Reid) 

- Ecosystem Charter Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Observer delegate (A. Beeton) 

+ Great Lakes GIs Coordinating Committee (G. Lcshkevich) 

+ Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

+ Hydobiologa, Special Issue 

- Associate Editor (B. Eadie) 

+ International Association for Great Lakes Research 

- Board of Directors (T. Nalepa, M. Quigley, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- IAGLR Membership and Endowment Committee (M. Quigley, Chair; B. Eadie, Liaison with SIL) 

- Journal of Great Lakes Research (F. Quinn, D. Schwab, T. Nalepa, P. Landrum, Associate Editors) 

+ International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

+ International Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Ice Information Working Group (R Asse1,U.S. Co-chair; 

S. Bolsenga, D. Norton, G. Leshkevich) 

+ Interagency Non-Indigenous Species Research Protocol Committee (D. Reid, Member) 

+ International Mathematics and Statistical Library (IMSL) North American Users Group (L. Herche, Chair) 

+ Michigan Sea Grant Research Advisory Committee 0. Saylor, A. Bratkovich) 

+ Midwestern Climate Center 

- External Advisory Panel (T. Croley 11) 

- Research Review Committee (T. Croley 11) 

+ Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Program reviewer (A. Beeton) 

+ National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton, W. Gardner, H. Vanderploeg, P. Landrum, A. Bratkovich, D. Schwab) 

+ National Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Review Panel (T. Nalepa) 

+ National Sea Grant Chesapeake Bay Review Panel (P. Landrum) 

+ NOAA Climate and Global Change Program 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. Vanderploeg) 

+ NOAA Coastal Ocean Program 

- Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem Technical Advisory Committee (D. Reid) 

- Great Lakes Forecasting System (D. Schwab, M. McCormidc) 

- Coastal Hazards Component (D. Schwab) 

- NOAAIERL Satellite Requirements Committee (S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 
- NOAA Mississippi River PlumeIGulf Shelf Region Research Planning Workshop 

(W. Gardner, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- NOAA NECOP Technical Advisory Committee (B. Eadie, W. Gardner) 

- CoastWatch Program (G. Leshkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

- CoastWatch SAR Implementation Team (G. Leshkevich) 

+ NOAA Measurement Technique Development/Ocean Acoustic Techniques and Climate Change Committee 

Member (M. McCormick) 

+ NOAAINOS Thunder Bay Marine Sanctuary 

+ NOAAINURP University of ConnecticutIAvery Pt. Center 

- Proposal Review Panel (D. Reid) 

+ NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New Bedford Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

+ NSF Long-Term Ecological Research Network (S. Bolsenga) 

+ OhioSeaGrant 

- Zebra Mussel Project (A. Beeton, T. Nalepa, W. Gardner) 

- Ph.D. Committees (D. Schwab) 

- Research program participation (S. Bolsenga) 

+ Regional Response Team (RRT), Region V 

- Department of Commerce Representative (D. Reid) 

+ Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

- Board of Directors (P. Landrum) (P. VanHoof, D. Gossiaux, members) 

+ State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources 

- Great ~&es Information System Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Michigan Great Lakes Fund (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga) 

- Ecosystem Management Workshop (A. Beeton) 

- Saginaw Bay National Water Quality Initiative Tech. Advisory Committee (W. Gardner) 

+ State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, Great Lakes Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) 

+ The University of Michigan 

- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER) Board of Directors; Council of 

Fellows (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga, B. Eadie, T. Nalepa,F. Quinn, D. Reid, D. Schwab, A. Bratkovich) 

- Biological Station Executive Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Ph.D Committees (A. Beeton, A. Bratkovich, G. Fahnenstiel, J. Saylor, B. Eadie, H. Vanderploeg) 

- School of Natural Resources, Adjunct Prof. (J. Robbins) (G. Fahnenstiel) 

- School of Public Health, Dept. of Environmental Health, Adjunct Prof'. (A. Beeton) 

- Task Force on Environmental Studies (A. Beeton) 

+ Thurston Nature Center Advisory Committee (A. Bratkovich) 

+ U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Group 

- Great Lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee (R Assel, U.S. Co-chair) 

+ U.S. Department of Commerce Consolidated Scientific Computing System Technical Committee (G. Spalding) 

+ U.S. Department of Energy, Ocean Margins Program 
- Review Panel (B. Eadie) 

+ U.S. Department of State 

- Cooperative Study on Chernobyl Fallout in Masurian Lakes, Poland 0. Robbins) 

- Mongolian Cooperative Research Program (S. Bolsenga, D. Norton) 

- Russian cooperative research programs (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga) 

+ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

- Binational Executive CommitteelUSA-Canada (A. Beeton) 

- Policy Committee (A. Beeton; S. Bolsenga, Alternate) 

- State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference Steering Committee (H. Vanderploeg) 

+ U.S. Soil Conservation Service (A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) 

+ University of Nebraska - Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie) 

+ University of Wisconsin - Ph.D. Committee (B. Eadie). 

+ University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute (A. Beeton, Site Team Member) 

+ Wayne County Community College 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. Booker) 

+ Zebra Mussel Coordination Committee (A. Beeton, Chair) 

International Activities 

Cooperative research is often performed with scientists from around the world. In FY 93, this included scientists 

from Canada, Chile, Germany, Israel, Russia, Poland, Mongolia, and Venezuela. 

Visiting Scientists 

- University of Minnesota 

- Case-Western Reserve University 

- Kent State University 

Cooperative Research was performed with the following organizations: 

- Argonne National Laboratory 

- Canadian Climate Center 

- Canada Hydrographic Service 

- Canadian National Hydrology Research Institute 

- Center of Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 

- Illinois State Water Survey 

- Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada 

- Michigan State University 

- Middlebury College and Larnont-Doherty 

- Midwest Climate Center 

- NASAIGoddard 

- Nad Ocean and Atmospheric Research Lab (NOARL) 

- NOAAAOML 

- NOAA ERL Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 
- NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 

- Ohio State University 

- State University of New York - Stony Brook 

- Stockholm University, Sweden 

- USSR Academy of Sciences 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 

- U.S. EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office 

- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Madison, WI 

- University of Munich, Germany 

- University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 

- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee on Yellowstone Lake and Green Bay 

- University of Wisconsin on Nearshore Hydrodynamics 

- Weber State University 

GLERL also: 

- Convened and chaired a committee to develop zebra mussel specific research protocols. 

- Provided statistical consulting to scientists from The University of Michigan and The University of British 

Columbia. 

- Continued coordination with .the Midwestern Climate Center and the Illinois State Water Survey to develop a 

Midwestern Climate Information System (MICIS). 

- In cooperation with researchers from Ohio State University, NOAA Center for Ocean Analysis and Prediction 

(COAP), and the National Weather Service, developed the Great Lakes Forecasting System, a prototype coastal 

ocean prediction system for the Great Lakes. 

- Provided hydrologic consulting to Hydro-Quebec for their Beauharnois-Les Cedres Extreme Flood Study. 

- Serve as adjunct professors at The University of Michigan. 

- Serve as adjunct professors at the University of Wisconsin 

- Serve as adjunct professors at the University of Nebraska 

- Serve as adjunct professors at The Ohio State University. 

- Served on a review panel for the Department of Interior's Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for the 

Great Lakes, a 2-year effort to develop a computer program for assessing financial damages for environmental 

accidents on the Great Lakes. 

- Participated in Cooperative Student Programs with The University of Michigan and Eastern Michigan University. 

- Guided students on tours of our facility and gave briefings of GLERL activities. 

- Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility used in Muskegon Area Labor Day Telethon for Muscular Dystrophy. 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of GLERL staff is attendance and participation in scientific and 

technical meetings. During Fi' 93, GLERL sponsored 9 in-house seminars as part of the GLERL Informal Seminar 

Series. Our st& made 62 presentations concerning GLERL's work at public and professional meetings. 
Technology Transfers 

GLERL st& responded to 1,855 requests for information during FY 93 and provided more than 3,501 items to 

service those requests. Many of the products that GLERL produces and distributes involve a transfer of both technology and data. During EY 93, GLERL's outreach of this nature involved the transfer of the following: 

- Great Lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover Model 

- Canadian Climate Center 

Great Lakes Coastwatch Data 

- Argonne National Laboratory 

- Bloom Trail High School 

- Center for Great Laces Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 

- Department of Civil Engineering, Ohio State University 

- Eastern Michigan University 

- Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) (STEP Program) 

- Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program 

- Lake Superior Center, Duluth, MN 

- McMaster University, Environmentd Hydraulics Program 

- Miami University, Department of Geography 

- Michigan DNR Forest Management Division 

- Michigan Sea Grant Program 

- Michigan State University 

- Michigan Technologid University 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab 

- U.S. EPA, Great Lakes Nationd Program Oflice 

- U.S. Department of Interior, Hammond Bay Biological Station 

- U.S. Department of Interior, Nationd Fisheries Research Center, Great Lakes 

- U.S. Department of Interior, USGS, Water Resources Division 

- University of Florida, Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

- University of Wisconsin-Madison (Wisconsin Sea Grant Program) 

Hydrologic Response Model 

- Ohio State University 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

Water Resources Simulation Package 

- Harvard University 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 
Wave Forecast Model 

- National Weather Service, Cleveland, OH 

"Pathfinder" Trajectory Prediction System 

- U.S. Department of the Interior 

- U.S. Coast Guard 

- McMaster University 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) 

Satellite Drifter Programs 

- Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

- Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

Evaporation and Other Data 

- National Weather Service 

- University of Wisconsin 

GLERL's data gathering equipment was shared with: 

- The University of Michigan (Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences; College of Engineering) 

- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

- U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 

- Canadian Centre for Inland Waters 

- University of Wisconsin 

- University of S. Mississippi 

- Middlebury College 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, SUNY Stony Brook 

- GLERL-designed photosynthetron was shared with Kent State Univ., SUNY, and the Univ. of San Francisco. 

Plans for construction of sediment traps were shared with: 

- Ocean Sciences Centre, Newfoundland, Canada 

- University of Stockholm, Sweden 

- Great Lakes Engineering Company 

- University of Michigan 

- University of Florida 

- University of North Carolina 

- University of Minnesota 

- Duke University 
Other. 

- Filtration device developed at GLERL is being marketed by a small business (St. John Associates). 

- Great lakes Engineering Co. is using plans developed at GLEN., to build and market a photosynthetron. 

GLERL and Great Lakes Education 

In keeping with NOAA" desire to better inform the public of its research activities, GLERL is involved in a 

number of Great Lakes community education programs. In FY 93 GLERL staff: 

- participated as role models in the Girls Excel in Match and Science (GEMS) conference held at North Canton 

High School. 

- made presentations concerning the Great Lakes and GLERL programs at area schools and have given several tours 

of our facility to interested students and teachers. 

- In conjunction with the Lake Michigan Federation, the TUV Shenehon worked with students from Muskegon 

High School studying zebra mussel densities in Lake Michigan (J. Grimes, Coordinator). In addition, the 

Shenehon was used several times to provide cruises for various student groups. 

- participated in a hands-on science fair hosted by the Alpena Public School system. 

- represented GLERL at sweral community environmend awareness functions. 

Partners for Excellence 

This year marks our fifth year involved in a with the Science Depmmenr of the Ann Arbor Public 

Schools' Partners for Excellence Program (T. Nalepa, GLERL Coordinator). This program seeks to enrich the 

schools' curriculum in the area of environmental science, particularly with respect to the Great Lakes and aquatic 

sciences. Designated partnership activities include: 

+ Providing mentors to help students with science fair projects. 

+ Providing "hands-on" experience to promising science-orienred students via participation in a Student 

Volunteer Program. 

+ Providing information on careers in 

environmental science and acting as 

consultants for the science curriculum. 

+ Inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored seminars. 

Scimtirt Margaret Lansing 

avcrsrcs #kc culkction of water 

$ampla for procasing at the 

bb. Thcsc girG arcparh'cjpants in *Take a Girl to 

Work Day." 
Great Lakes Education Kit 

The ~ublicationi Unit has compiled and is continually updating a kit composed of materials for teachers who wish 

to integrate Great Lakes education into their curriculum. The kit is available on a loan basis. Contact the Publications Unit for more information. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

In conjunction with the 34th Annual Southeast Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored awards for 

outstanding projects in aquatic science in each of the Science Fair divisions: Senior Projects, Junior Projects, and 

Junior Models and Collections. GLERL staff (T. Croley, D. Schwab, H. Vanderploeg, J. Saylor, A. Beeton, and J. 

Cotner) acted as general science fair judges and also as judges for the GLERL award in the Southeast Michigan and 

local junior high science fairs. 

Satellite Technology Education Program (STEP) 

This is a NASA and NOAA program to introduce and use satellite images and data in the classroom (K-12). This 

program was coordinated and implemented by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM). GLERL 

participates by providing Coastwatch data and products. 

Student Volunteer Program 

GLERL and the Ann Arbor Public Schools established a Student Volunteer Program authorized by the Civil Service 

Reform Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-454). This program ~rovideselected high school students with the opportunity 

to perform volunteer work at GLERL after school. 

ERL Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Outreach 

In FY 93, GLERL hosted a 1 7-year-old high school graduate from Ann Arbor Pioneer for a 6-week summer 

internship in cooperation with the ERLIEEO Minority Outreach Program. 

Take A Girl to Work Day 

GLERL's Federal Women's Program Coordinator, Eugenia Lashbrook, organized GLERL's participation in the 

first annual "Take a Girl to Work Day." Six girls spent the day at GLERL observing and working with several 

GLERL employees. Some of their activities included collecting and testing water samples, labelling sample containers, 

grinding sediment samples, and digitizing zebra mussels. 
T he following seminars were held at GLERL during N 93: 

Seminars 

Mass fluxes of nutrients and phytoplankton in the Jet1 

Eddy system of the northern California coastal transition 

zone. B. Jones, GLERL National Research Council 

Senior Fellow, University of Southern California. November 4, 1992. 

h 

Patterns of temperature and energy fluxes at the Great 

Lakes surfice. K. Schneider, GLERL NRC Post Doc, 

Institut fur Geographie, Universitat Munchen, Germany. 

December 8, 1992. 

Photoautotrophic picoplankton and the microbial food 

web in the Laurentian Great Lakes: New paradigms for 

limnologists. G. Fahnenstiel, GLERL. February 4, 

NOAA Earth System Data Directory: Guide to Environmental Data. P. Grimm, NOAAINESDISIEIS. June 

22, 1993. 

Burrowing mayflies (Hmagenia) and caddisflies (Oecetis) 

as indicators of ecosystem health in the Great Lakes: 

Early signs and possible causes of population recovery. 

KA. Krieger, Research Associate, Water Quality Laboratory, Heidelberg College, Tifin, OH. July 6, 1993. 

Organic pollutants in sediments: Sediment distribution, 

toxicity and bioaccumulation to benthic organisms. J. 

Kukkonen, GLERL Visiting Scientist, University of 

Finland. July 8, 1993. 

1993. Hydrodynamic modeling and pollutant transport studies 

Initial response of submersed macrophytes to increased at McMaster University. I. Tsanis, McMaster University. 

water clarity in Saginaw Bay. J. Skubinna, Michigan August 10, 1993 

State University. April 2, 1993. The last NECOP Cruise: Tales from the Gulf of 

Mexico. B. Eadie, GLERL. August 13, 1993. 
Staff 

Office of the Director Administrative Services 

Beeton, A.M. - Director Mark, S.V. - Head Wiliams, R.S. - Secretary Lashbrook, E.K. Bolsenga, S.J. - Asst. to Director Mull, R.C. Kulpanowski, K.A.-Certified Industrial 

Publications Unit 

Darnell, C.M. - Head 

Sparks, K.J. 

Hygienist 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Computer and Information Soo H.K. - Head 

Systems Croup Lojewski, N.L. -Secretary 

Spalding, G.E. - Head Bell, G.L. 

Lojewski, N.L. -Secretary Booker, H.L. 

Del Proposto, D.J. James, C.*. R/V Shenehon 

Lane, J.C. Morse, D.V. -Ship Operator Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, Library Facility Lee, J.P. Burns, W.R. L.R. 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian Miller, T.C. Grimes, J.E. 

Lefevre, J.T. 

Threm, S.M. Muzzi, R.W. Wilkinson, J.A. 

Shrum, A.F. 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Reid, D.F. - Head 

Fohey, J.A. - Secretary 

Bridgeman, T.C Landrum, P.F. 

Calhoun, C.C.- Lang, G.A. 

Cavaletto, J.F. Lansing, M.B. 

DeLaSierra, R.U.C Liebig, J.R. 

Eadie, B.J. Lynn, J.A. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. Morehead, N.R. 

Fanslow, D.L. Nalepa, T.F. 

Faust, W.R. Nelson, A.S.* 

Gardner, W.S. Pernie, G.L. 

Gluck, A.A.= Quigley, M.A. 

Gordon, W.M.- Robbins, J.A. 

Gossiaux, D.C. Rood, R.W.C 

Gostenik, G.W.* Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Harkey, VanHoof, P.A. 

Johengen, T.H.C Wagoner, B.B. 

Johnson, J.R.C Wimmer, M." 

Krause, A.EC Wojcik, J.A.C 

Physical Sciences Division 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.J. - Secretary 

Assel, R.A. Lofgren, B.M.C 

Blythe, K.L.' McCormick, M.J. 

Bratkovich, A.W. Meyer, D.E. 

Carter, B.S.= Miller, G.S. 

Clites, A.H. Muhr, G.C. 

Conklin, P.A.= Nicolini, S.' 

Croley, T.E., II Norton, D.C. 

Dong, D.Y .C OIConnor, W.P.C 

Hawley, N. Presley, J.W.' 

Hibner, B.A.C Ridley, A.C 

Hunter, T.S. Saylor, J.H. 

Jones, B.H.N Schneider, K.N 

Lee, D.H. Schwab, D.J. 

Leshkevich, G.A. Sellinger, C.E. 

Liu, P.C. 

* - lndicates WAE Employee 

= - lndicates Co-op Employee 

-Indicates NRC Fellow 

- lndicates ClLER Employee 
Visiting Scientists 

Dr. Ladd Johnson 

Williams College, Mystic, CT 

Dr. Johnson conducted post-doctoral research on zebra 

mussel distribution. He began his work here in December 1991. 

Dr. Jussi Kukkonen 

Academy of Finland. 

His research focuses on the fate, bioavailability, and 

toxicity of organic pollutants in freshwater sediments. 

Dr. Kukkonen is performing collaborative research with 

Dr. Peter Landrum from February 92 - July 93. 

Dr. Sandor Mulsow 

Case Western Reserve University 

Dr. Mulsow is working on an EPA project investigating 

bioturbation with Dr. Peter Landrum and Dr. John 

Robbins from January 1992 -January 1993. 

Dr. Janusz Tomazek 

International Research and Exchanges Board, Inc., 

Rzeszo'w University of Technology, Rzeszo'w, Poland. 

From September - December 1992, Dr. Tomazek 

conducted research on denitrification in Old Woman 

Creek with Dr. Wayne Gardner. 
FY 93 Publications 

ASSEL, R.A. Book review of "Climate Change on the CARRICK, H.J., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and W.D. 

Great Lakes Basin." Bulletin of the American Meteorologi- Taylor. Growth and production of planktonic protozoa 

cal Society 74(6): 1087-1088 (1993). in Lake Michigan: In situ versus in vitro comparisons and 

importance to food web dynamics. Limnology and 

Barron, M.G., G.R. STEHLY, and W.L. Hayton. Oceanography 37(6):1221-1235 (1992). 

Pharmacokinetic modeling in aquatic animals. I. Models 

and concepts. Aquatic Toxicology 17: 187-2 12 (1 990). CLITES, A.H. (Editor). Improved communication of 

Great Lakes water level information. NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-77 (NTIS # not yet available), 75 pp. (1993). 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and C.E. Herdendorf. Lake Erie and 

Lake St. Chir Handbook. Wayne State University Press, 

Detroit, MI, 467 pp. (1993). Coadey, J.P., J.H. Carey, and B.J. EADIE. Specific 

organic components as tracers of contaminated fine 

sediment dispersal in Lake Ontario near Toronto. 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and D.C. NORTON. Great Lakes Hydrobiologia 235/236:85-96 (1992). 

air temperature trends for land stations, 1901 - 1987. 

journalof re at Lakes Research 19'(2):379-388 (1993). COTNER, J.B., Jr., and W.S. GARDNER. Heterotrophic bacterial mediation of ammonium and 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and H-A. VANDERPLOEG. hi- dissolved free amino acid fluxes in the Mississippi River 

mating photosynthetically available radiation into open Marine E~~& Progress Series 93:75-87 (1993). 

and ice-covered freshwater lakes from surface characteristics; a high transmittance case study. Hydrobiologia 2431 

244:95-104 (1992). CROLEY, T.E., 11. Climate change impacts on Great 

Lakes water supplies. Proceedings, Managing Water - - 

Resources During Global change, Reno,-~, November 

Breaker, L.C., and A.W. BRATKOVICH. Coastd- 1-5, 1992. American Water Resources Association, 24 1 - 

ocean processes and their influence on the oil spilled off 250 (1992). 

San Francisco by the MIV Puerto Rican. Marine Environmental Research 36:153-184 (1993). CROLEY, T.E., 11, and D.H. LEE. Evaluation of Great 

Lakes net basin supply forecasts. Water Resources Bubtin 

Brown, R.W., W.W. TAYLOR, and R.A. ASSEL. 29(2):267-282 (1993). 

Factors affecting the recruitment of Lake Whitefish in - 

two areas of Northern Lake Michigan. Journal of Great 

Lakes Research 19(2):4 18-428 (1 993). Diebel, D., J.F. CAVALETTO, M. Riehl, and W.S. 

GARDNER. Lipid and lipid dass content of the pelagic 

tunicate Oikophura vanhoeffeni. Marine Ecology Progress 

Callender, E., and J.A. ROBBINS. Transport and Series 88:297-302 (1 992). 

accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a 

Missouri River reservoir. Water Resources Research 

29(6):1787-1804 (1993). 

'Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. 
Donelan, M., M. Skafel, H. Graber, P.C. LIU, D.J. 

SCHWAB, and S. Venkatesh. On the growth rate of 

wind-generated waves. Atmosphere-Ocean 30(3):457-478 

(1992). 

DONG, D.Y., A.W. BRATKOVICH, and S.P. Dinnel. 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

(NECOP) CTD Observations from WV Longhorn 

Cruise May 14-21, 1992. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-80 

(PB93-197895lXAB) 109 pp. (1993). 

Fisher, S.W., D.C. GOSSIAUX, K.A. Bruner, and P.F. 

LANDRUM. Investigations of the toxicokinetics of 

hydrophobic contaminants in the zebra mussel (Dreissma 

polymorpha). In Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and 

Control T.F. Ndepa, and D. W. Schloesser (eds.). Lewis 

Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 465-490 (1993). 

Fisher, S.W., M.J. LYDY, J. Barger, and P.F. LANDRUM. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for 

predicting the toxicity of pesticides in aquatic systems 

with sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

12:1307-1318 (1993). 

FITZGERALD, S.A., and W.S. GARDNER. An dgd 

carbon budget for pelagic/benthic coupling in Lake 

Michigan. Limnology and Oceanography 38(3):547-560 

(1 993). 

GARDNER, W.S., J.B. COTNER, Jr., and L.R. HERCHE. Chromatographic measurement of nitrogen 

mineralization rates in marine coastal waters with I5N. 

Marine Ecology Progress Series 93:65-73 (1 993). 

GOSSIAUX, D.C., P.F. LANDRUM, and V.N. Tsymbal. Response of the amphipod Diporeia spp. to various 

stressors: cadmium, salinity, and temperature. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 18(3):364-371 (1992). 

GOSSIAUX, D.C., P.F. LANDRUM, and V.N. Tsymbal. A survey of Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay, Lake 

Huron sediments using two bioassays with the arnphipod 

Diporcia spp. Jounzal of Great Lakes Research 19(2):322- 

332 (1993). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Directory. C.M. Darnell (ed.). Great 

Lakes Environmentd Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 42 pp. (1992). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. FY 1992 Yearly Rqort. C.M. Darnel1 

and S.J. Bolsenga (eds.). Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 68 pp. (1993). 

HANEY, G.A., and S.]. Klaine. Bioconcentration of 

trans-chlordane by the midge, Chironomus decorur. 

Chnnosphere24(12):1911-1919 (1992). 

HAWLEY, N., and B.M. Lesht. Sediment resuspension 

in Lake St. Clair. Limnology and Oceanography 

37(8): 1720-1737 (1992). 

HAWLEY, N., and J. NIESTER. Measurement of 

horizontal sediment flux in Green Bay, May-October, 

1989. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(2):368-378 

(1993). 

Hill, C., M.A. QUIGLEY, J.F. CAVALETTO, and 

W.M. GORDON. Seasonal changes in lipid content 

and composition in the benthic amphipods Monoporeia 

aflnis and Pontoporeia femorata. Limnology and Oceanography 37(6): 1280- 1289 (1 992). 

LANDRUM, P.F., T.D. FONTAINE, B.J. EADIE, and 

G.A. LANG. Modeling the accumulation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons by the amphipod Diporeia (spp.). 

In Chemical Dynamics in Fresh Water Ecosystems, F.A. P.C. 

Gobas, and J. A. McCorquodale (eds.). Lewis Publishers, 

Boca Raton, FL, 1 1 1-128 (1992). 

LANDRUM, P.F., H. Lee, 11, and M.J. LYDY. Toxicokinetics in aquatic systems: Model comparisons and use 

in hazard assessment. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chnniscry 1 1: 1709-1725 (1992). 

LEE, D.H. (Editor). Basis of comparison, Great LakesSt. Lawrence River system. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-79 

(PB93-197978IXAB), 1 19 pp. (1 993). 

LEE, D.H. (Editor). Great Lakes water level statistical 

techniques. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-78 (NTIS # not 

yet available), 63 pp. (1993). 
LEE, D.H. (Editor). ,Climate, Climate Change, Water 

Level Forecasting, and Frequency Analysis. Main Report 

and Volumes 1-4, Task Group 2, Working Committee 3, 

International Joint Commission Levels Reference Study 

(Phase II), International Joint Commission, Ann Arbor, 

MI, (1993). 

LEE, D.H., and F.H. QUINN. Climate change impacts 

on Great Lakes levels and flows. Proceedings, Managing 

Water Resources During Global Change, Reno, NV, 

November 1-5,1992. American Water Resources 

Association, 387-396 (1 992). 

LESHKEVICH, G.A., D.J. SCHWAB, and G.C. 

MUHR. NOAA's CoastWatch: Satellite Environmental 

Monitoring of the Great Lakes. Proceedings, First 

Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and 

Coastal Environments, New Orleans, LA, June 15- 17, 

1992. American Society for Photogrammetry and 

Remote Sensing, 575-588 (1 993). 

LESHKEVICH, G.A., D.J. SCHWAB, and G.C. 

MUHR. Satellite environmental monitoring of the Great 

Lakes: A review of NOAA's Great Lakes CoastWatch 

program. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 

Sensing 59(3):371-379 (1993). 

LYDY, M.J., and P.F. LANDRUM. Assimilation 

efficiency for sediment sorbed benzo(a)pyrene by Diporeia spp. Aquatic Toxicology 26:209-224 (1 993). 

McNaught, D.C. Commentary. IAGLR: Who are we 

today and how did we evolve? journal of Great Lakes 

Research 19(1): 183-193 (1993). 

Merritt, R.W., D.A. Craig, E.D. Walker, H.A. 

VANDERPLOEG, and R.S. Wotton. Interfacial feeding 

behavior and particle flow patterns of Anopheles 

quandrimacukztus larvae (Dipteria: Culicidae). Journal of 

Insect Behavior 5(6):741-761 (1992). 

Meyers, P.A., and B.J. EADIE. Sources, degradation, 

and resynthesis of organic matter associated with sinking 

in Lake Michigan. Organic Geochemistry 

20(1):47-56 (1993). 

MILLER, G.S., and J.H. SAYLOR. Low-frequency 

water volume transport through the midsection of Green 

Bay, Lake Michigan, calculated from current and temperature observations. journal of Great Lakes Research 

19(2):361-367 (1993). 

MOLL, R.A., A.W. BRATKOVICH, W.Y.B. Chang, 

and P. Pu. Physical, chemical, and biological conditions 

associated with the Lake Michigan vernal thermal front. 

Estuaries 16(1):92-103 (1993). 

MOLL, R., T.H. JOHENGEN, A.W. BRATKOVICH, 

J.H. SAYLOR, G. Meadows, L. Meadows, and G.L. 

PERNIE. Vernal thermal fronts in large lakes: A case 

study from Lake Michigan. Verb. Internat. Verein. 

Limn01 25:65-68 (1993). 

NALEPA, T.F., and D.W. Schlosser (Editors). Zebra 

Musselc Biology, Impacts, and Control. Lewis Publishers, 

Chelsea, MI, 810 pp. (1992). 

QUIGLEY, M.A., W.S. GARDNER, and W.M. GORDON. Metabolism of the zebra mussel (Dreissena 

polymorpha) in Lake St. Clair of the Great Lakes. In 

Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control, T.F. Nalepa, 

and D.W. Schloesser (eds.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, 

MI, 295-306 (1993). 

SCHWAB, D.J. Hydrodynamic modeling in the Great 

Lakes from 1950 to 1990 and prospects for the 1990's. 

In Chemical Dynamics in Fresh Water Ecosystems, F .A. P .C . Gobas and J.A. McCorquodale (eds.). Lewis Publishers, 

Boca Raton, FL, 41-62 (1992). 

SCHWAB, D.J., G.A. LESHKEVICH, and G.C. 

MUHR Satellite measurements of surface water temperature in the Great Lakes: Great Lakes CoastWatch. 

journal of Great Lakes Research 18(2):247-258 (1 992). 

Smith, R.E.H., J.F. CAVALETTO, B.J. EADIE, and 

W.S. GARDNER. Growth and lipid composition of 

high arctic ice algae during the spring bloom at Resolute, 

Northwest-Territories, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series91:l (1993). 
STEHLY, G.R, and W.L. Hayton. Errors in the use of 

the accelerated bioconcentration test. In Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Eleventh Volume, G.W. Suter 

11, and M. A. Lewis (eds.). American Society for Testing 

and Materids, Philadelphia, PA, 573-584 (1989). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., S.J. BOLSENGA, G.L. 

FAHNENSTIEL, J.R LIEBIG, and W.S. GARDNER 

Plankton ecology in an ice-covered bay of Lake Michigan: utilization of a winter phytoplankton bloom by 

reproducing copepods. Hydrobiologa 2431244: 175- 183 

(1992). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. LIEBIG, and M. Omair. 

Bythotrephes predation on Great Lakes zooplankton 

measured by an in situ method: implications for zooplankton community structure. Archivf: Hydrobiologie 

127(1):1-8 (1993). 
FY 93 Presentations 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory ice and snow research 1992-93. 21st Annual 

Meeting of International Great LakesISt. Lawrence Ice 

Information Work Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 

October 6, 1992. 

ASSEL, R.A., and D.M. Robertson. Regional climate 

change in the shore zone of the Laurentian Great Lakes of 

North America inferred from ice event dates. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Water Interfaces: Dynamics and Management, university of Alberta, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 2, 1993. 

BEETON, A.M. Impact of zebra mussels on the western 

Lake Erie ecosystem. Zebra Mussel Workshop '93. U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago, IL, March 30, 1993. 

BEETON, A.M. National zebra mussel coordination. 

Zebra Mussel Workshop '93, U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, Chicago, IL, March 30, 1993. 

BEETON, A.M., and J.H. SAYLOR. Limnology of 

Lake Huron. Lake Huron Basin Symposium, Aquatic 

Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Windsor, 

Ontario, Canada, September 27-29, 1993. 

Berg, D.J., S.W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. The 

effects of algal palatability and concentration on ingestion 

rate and production of feces and pseudofeces by Dreissena 

polymorpha. 13th Annual Meeting of the Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, 

OH, November 8-10, 1992. 

Berg, D.J., S.W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. The 

roles of algal concentration and palatability in determining clearance rates and production of pseudofeces and 

feces by zebra mussels. 3rd International Zebra Mussel 

Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February, 1993. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Riverine source functions and 

impacts: Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Water Interfaces: Dynamics and Management, university of Alberta, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 1, 1993. 

BRIDGEMAN, T.B., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and G.A. 

LANG. Primary production in Saginaw BayILake Huron 

from 1990 to 1992 and comparisons to 1974-75. 1993 

Annual Meeting, American Society for Limnology and 

Oceanography, Alberta Environment Fisheries and 

Oceans Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 30- 

June 3, 1993. 

Bruner, K.A., S.W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of hydrophobic 

contaminants by the zebra mussel Dreissenapolymorpha. 

13th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH, November 

8-10, 1992. 

Bruner, K.A., S.W. Fisher, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Accumulation of hydrophobic contaminants by the zebra 

mussel, Dreissena polymorpha: Algal and sediment routes 

of exposure. 3rd International Zebra Mussel Conference, 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February, 1993. 

CAVALETTO, J.F., T.F. NALEPA, R. Dermott, and 

W.S. GARDNER. Seasonal variation of weight, length, 

and lipid composition in Lake Michigan and Ontario 

Diporeia sp. International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, St. Norbert College, University of Wisconsin, 

Green Bay, WI, June 6-10, 1993. 

Chow, K.C.A., D.H. LEE, and D. Fay. Hydrologic 

impacts of regulation scenarios of flood risk levels. 

Stochastic and Statistical Methods in Hydrology and 

Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, June 21, 1993. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Climate change impacts on Great 

Lakes water supplies. Fall Conference, American Water 

Resources Association, Reno, NV, November 3, 1992. 
EADIE, B.J. Carbon flu and remineralization in Lake 

Michigan, 1978-92. Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, December, 1992. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and G.A. LANG. Environmental control of primary production and fate of organic 

matter in the outflow areas of the Mississippi River and 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Symposium, 

Tarpon Springs, FL, December 9- 12, 1992. 

FANSLOW, D.L., T.F. NALEPA, and W.M. GORDON. Filtering effects of the zebra mussel, Dreissena 

polymorpha, on the natural seston in Saginaw Bay for the 

1992 season. International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, St. Norbert College, University of Wisconsin, 

Green Bay, WI, June 6- 10, 1993. 

FAUST, W.R. Accumulation of radiolabeled contaminants from five Lake Michigan sediments by Diporeia spp. 

13th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH, November 8-12, 

1992. 

Fisher, S.W., M. Atanasoff, and P.F. LANDRUM. The 

relationship between aqueous concentration and the toxic 

dose of pentachlorophenol in the zebra mussel. 3rd 

International Zebra Mussel Conference, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada, February, 1993. 

Fisher, S.W., and P.F. LANDRUM. Evaluation of the 

toxic concentration of pentachlorophenol in the zebra 

mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, under varying conditions 

of temperature and pH. 13th Annual Meeting, Society 

of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, 

OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

GARDNER, W.S. Fractionation of ammonium isotopes 

for isotope dilution experiments by HPLC. Analytical 

Seminar, Department of Chemistry, University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, September 22, 1993. 

GARDNER, W.S. Nutritional indicators of foodweb 

dynamics-in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Aquatic 

Ecosystem Research Consortium Colloquium, Kent State 

University, Kent, OH, March 16, 1993. 

GARDNER, W.S., J.F. CAVALElTO, and J.B. 

COTNER, Jr. Relationship between ammonium 

regeneration rates and organic substrate availability in 

Gulf of Mexico-Mississippi river plum waters. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Water Interfaces: Dynamics and Management, university of Alberta, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 30-June 3, 1993. 

GARDNER, W.S., J.F. CAVALETTO, J.R 

JOHNSON, J.B. COTNER, Jr., and R.T. Heath. 

Regeneration rates and potential uptake rates of ammonium in Saginaw Bay water in the presence and absence 

of zebra mussels during the summer of 1992. International Association for Great Lakes Research, St. Norbert 

College, University of Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, June 

6-10, 1993. 

GARDNER, W.S., J.B. COTNER, Jr., and J.F. CAVALETTO. Direct chromatographic measurement of 

dissolved 15NH4: 14NH4 ratios in isotope dilution 

experiments for determining ammonium regeneration 

rates in natural waters. Fifteenth Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop, Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources, Madison, WI, October 16- 17, 1992. 

GOSSIAUX, D.C., P.F. LANDRUM, and V.N. Tsymbd. A survey of Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay, Lake 

Huron, sediments using two bioassays with the amphipod Diporeia spp. 13th Annual Meeting, Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, 

OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

GOSSIAUX, D.C., P.F. LANDRUM, and V.N. Tsymbal. Response of the amphipod Diporeia spp. to various 

stressors: cadmium, salinity, and temperature. 13th 

Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

HARKEY, G.A., and P.F. LANDRUM. Evaluating the 

accumulation of hydrophobic compounds via whole 

sediment, porewater, and elutriate bioassays. Indiana 

Water Resources Association Symposium, Marshall, IN, 

June, 1992. 

HARKEY, G.A., and P.F. LANDRUM. Evaluating the 

bioavailability of transchlordane and benzo(a)pyrene in 

whole sediment, porewater, and elutriate exposures. 13th 

Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

JOHENGEN, T., G. PERNIE, 0. Johannsson. Comparisons of biotic community structure and nutrient 

dynamics in the open waters of Lake Michigan and Lake 

Ontario over the past decade. International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, St. Norbert College, University 

of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, June 6-10, 1993. 
JOHNSON, J., J.B. COTNER, Jr., and W.S. GARDNER. Zebra mus'sel grazing of bacteria in Saginaw Bay. 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, St. 

Norbert College, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, 

WI, June 6-10, 1993. 

KUKKONEN, J., and P.F. LANDRUM. The binding 

of organic xenobiotics to the different sediment particle 

size fractions. First Society of Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, March 

28-April 2, 1993. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability and equilibrium 

partitioning. ARCS Technology Transfer Workshop: 

Managing Contaminated Sediment, University of 

Wisconsin, Madison, WI, April 14, 1993. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment associated 

contaminants: Big, small, and gourmet pieces. Fort 

Johnson Marine Science Seminar Series, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Charleston, SC, October 23, 1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Critical issues in sediment toxicology: 

bi~availabilit~. Third Symposium on Environmental 

Toxicology & Risk Assessment: ~~uatic, Plant, and 

Terrestrial, American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Atlanta, GA, April 27, 1993. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and W.S. DUPUIS. Examination of 

equilibrium partitioning theory and residue-based effects 

for assessing hazard of sediment-associated contaminants. 

13th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH, November 8-12, 

1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Nearshore processes in the fate, 

distribution, and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic 

contaminants. The Great Lakes - Coastal Ocean Program Workshop, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Ypsilanti, MI, November 5-6, 1992. 

LANDRUM. P.F., and D.C. GOSSIAUX. Role of 

temperature in the accumulation kinetics of the zebra 

mussel Dreissena polymorpha: Effect of long-term acclimation in the field. 13th Annual Meeting, Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, 

OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

LEE, D.H., and F.H. QUINN. Climate change impacts 

on Great Lakes levels and flows. Fall Conference, 

American Water Resources Association, Reno, NV, 

November 4, 1992. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A., and W. Pichel. Great Lakes 

Coastwatch: SAR ice research applications. ASF SAR 

Users Meeting, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 

July 28,1993. 

LYDY, M.J., G.A. J. KUKKONEN, and P.F. 

LANDRUM. The importance of ingestion in the 

bioaccumulation process. 13th Annual Meeting, Society 

of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, 

OH, November 8-12, 1992. 

McCORMICK, M.J. Mixed layer modelling approach 

to water quality problems. Proceedings, Workshop on 

Physical Limnology of Large Lake Systems of Europe and 

North America, Petrozavadsk, Karelia, Russia, October 

20, 1992. 

NALEPA, T.F. Impact of zebra mussels on lake ecosystems. 12th Annual International NALMS Conference, 

Ohio Sea Grant, Cincinnati, OH, November 4-5, 1992. 

NALEPA, T.F. Preliminary impacts of the zebra mussel 

on water quality of Saginaw Bay. Third International 

Zebra Mussel Conference "93", Ministry of Natural 

Resources, Toronto, Canada, February 22-26, 1993. 

NALEPA, T.F. The impact of the zebra mussel, Dreissenapolymorpha, on the unionidae in Lake St. Clair. 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, St. 

Norbert College, University of Green Bay, Green Bay, 

WI, June 6-10, 1993. 

NALEPA, T.F. Water quality of Saginaw Bay after the 

invasion of the zebra mussel, Dreissenapolymorpha. Lake 

Huron Basin Symposium, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and 

Management Society, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 

September 27-29, 1993. 

O'CONNOR, W.P., and D.J. SCHWAB. Sensitivity of 

Great Lakes forecasting system nowcasts to meteorological fields and model parameters. 3rd International 

Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, ASCE, 

Chicago, IL, September 8-10, 1993. 

QUINN, F.H. Water levels, climate change, and 

diversions. Engineering Foundation Conference: Management of Water Resources in North America, Tucson, 

Arizona, September 7, 1993. 
QUINN, F.H., J.A. DERECKI, and C.E. SELLINGER 

Pre-1900 St. Clair River flow regime. International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, St. Norbert 

College, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, June 

6-10, 1993. 

REID, D.F. Consideration for zebra mussel containment 

and confinement protocols. Third International Zebra 

Mussel Conference "93", Ministry of Natural Resources, 

Toronto, Canada, February 22-26, 1993. 

ROBBINS, J.A. The use of radiotracers to identifjr and 

model fundamental processes in large lakes. UNESCOLAEA Consultants' Meeting, International Atomic 

Energy Agency-UNESCO, Vienna, Austria, December 

10-17, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A., and L.R HERCHE. Thirty years of 

210Pb dating: successes and failures. Ninth International 

Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Teat 

University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, September 15, 

1993. 

SAYLOR, J.H. Physical processes driving high-speed 

currents in Lake Champlain bottom water. Geological 

Society of America, Northeast Section, Burlington, VT, 

March 24, 1993. 

SAYLOR, J.H. Studies of the physics of bottom boundary lay processes in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Proceedings, Workshop on Physical Lirnnology of Large Lake 

Systems of Europe and North America, Petrozavadsk, 

Karelia, Russia, October 20, 1992. 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER A comparison of 

wind-forcing internal seiches in Green Bay and Lake 

Champlain. International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, St. Norbert College, University of Wisconsin, 

Green Bay, WI, June 6- 10, 1993. 

SCHNEIDER, K., R.A. ASSEL, and T.E. CROLEY. 

Normal temperature and ice cover of the Great Lakes: A 

computer animation. International Association of Great 

Lakes Research, St. Norbert College, University of 

Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, June 6-10, 1993. 

SCI-IWAB, D.J. The Great Lakes forecasting project. 

Workshop on Physical Limnology of Large Lake Systems 

of Europe and North America, Petrozavadsk, Karelia, 

Russia, October 20, 1992. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. LIEBIG, and M. Omair. 

Bythot~ephes predation on Lake Huron zooplankton: 

Implications for Great Lakes zooplankton community 

structure. Lake Huron Basin Symposium, Aquatic 

Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Windsor, 

Ontario, Canada, September 27-29, 1993. 

VAN HOOF, P.A. Influence of nonionic surfactants on 

the anaerobic dechlorination of hexachlorabenzene. 

Fifteeth Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop, 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 

WI, October 16, 1992. 

WAGONER, B.B., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Phytoplankton !growth rates from Saginaw Bay/Lake Huron 

using the chlorophyll labeling technique. Annual 

Meeting, American Society for Limnology and Oceanography, Alberta Environment Fisheries and Oceans 

Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 30-June 3, 

1993. 

WOJCIK, J.A., and T.F. NALEPA. Measurement of 

settling rate and population growth of the zebra mussel, 

Dreissenapolymorpha (Pdas), in Saginaw Bay. International Association for Great Lakes Research, St. Norbert 

College, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, June 

6-10, 1993. 

SCHNEIDER, K., T.E. CROLEY, 11. Patterns of 

temperature and energy fluxes at the Great Lakes surfice. 

International Association of Great Lakes Research, St. 

Norbert College, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, 

WI, June 6-10, 1993. 
Acronyms 

AAPS 

ADCP 

ARCS 

ASSP 

AVHRR 

BaP 

CCIW 

CD-ROM 

CER 

CHARM 

CILER 

COP 

CSCS 

CTD 

CZE 

DOC 

DOM 

DON 

EC50 

E-MAP 

EEO 

EPA 

ERL 

ERS 

FEDLINK 

FIBS 

FNOC 

FY 

GOES 

GCM 

GCIMS 

GIs 

GLERL 

GLFS 

GPS 

HCBP 

HOC 

HPLC 

IDIDAS 

IJC 

IMSL 

MARC 

MICIS 

MOIL 

Ann Arbor Public Schools 

Acoustic Doppler Current Profder 

Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments 

Approved Species-Specific Protocol 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 

Benzo(a) pyrene 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

Compact Disk - Read Only Memory 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research 

Coupled Hydrosphere Atmosphere Research Model 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research 

Coastal Ocean Program 

Consolidated Scientific Computing System 

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth. 

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 

Dissolved Organic Carbon 

Dissolved Organic Matter 

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 

Effective concentration at which 50% of worms will leave sediment) 

EPA Mapping Program 

Equal Employment Opportunity 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Earth Resources Satellite 

Federal Library and Information Network 

Field by Information Blending and Smoothing 

Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center 

Fiscal Year 

Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite 

General Circulation Model 

Gas Chr~mato~raphylMass Spectrometry 

Geographic Information System 

Great Lakes Environment4 Research Laboratory 

Great Lakes Forecasting System 

Global Positioning System 

Hexachlorobiphenyl 

Hydrophobic Organic Compound 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography 

Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis System 

International Joint Commission 

International Mathematics and Statistical Library 

Machine-Readable Cataloging 

Midwestern Climate Information System 

Marine Operations and Instrumentation Laboratory 
LAN 

L AVc 

LC50 

LD50 

LORAN-C 

MAR 

MCC 

MCSST 

MLC 

MRP 

MRPIGS 

MRPIIGS 

NBS 

NDBC 

NECOP 

NESDIS 

NIST 

NLIN 

NLSST 

NMC 

NOAA 

NOCN 

NOS 

NFU 

NSIPS 

NSF 

NWS 

OAR 

OCLC 

OCNMAP 

osu 

P AH 

PCB 

PDMS 

PMF 

POC 

POM 

PMEL 

RAMS 

RNN 

SAR 

SEAS 

SIMS 

SPM 

SST 

TM 

USGS 

USFWS 

VACM 

WLLN 

XBT 

Local Area Network 

Local Area VAXduster 

Lethal concentration in environment resulting in 50% mortality. 

Lethal dose which results in 50% mortality of population. 

Location Radio Navigation- Coordinate. 

Mississippi AtWaya River 

Midwest Climate Center 

Multi-Channel Sea Su& Temperature 

Michigan Library Consortium 

Mississippi River Plume 

Mississippi River PlumeIGulf Shelf 

Mississippi River PlumeIInner Gulf Shelf 

National Bureau of Standards 

National Data Buoy Center 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity 

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NOAA Library and Information Network 

Non-Linear Sea Surface Temperature 

National Marine Center 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Ocean Communication Network 

National Ocean Service 

Naval Research Laboratory 

NU Satellite Impage Processing Systems 

National Science Foundation 

National Weather Service 

Oflice of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Online Computer Library Center 

Ocean Map 

The Ohio State University 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

Polydimethylsiloxane 

Probable Maximum Flood 

Particulate Organic Carbon 

Particulate Organic Matter 

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 

Regional Atmospheric Modeling System 

Regional Network Node 

Synthetic Aperture Radar 

Shipboard Environmental Acquisition System 

Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer 

Suspended Particulate Material 

Sea Surface Temperature 

Thematic Mapper 

U.S. Geological Survey 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Vector Averaging Current Meter 

Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network 

Expendable Bathythermograph