FOURTH DIVISION

ELLINGTON, P. J.,

BRANCH and MERCIER, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

July 12, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0047. THE STATE v. RUCKER. 

BRANCH, Judge.

A trial court grantedCharlesRucker’s motion to suppress a handgun recovered

in a warrantless search of the camper where he lived while on probation. On appeal

from that ruling, the State argues that the trial court erred when it granted the motion

because Rucker had agreed that his residence could be searched without a warrant as

a condition of his probation and because the search was not unreasonable. We

conclude that under the circumstances of this search, which include Rucker’s valid

waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights, neither the officers’ entry by invitation into

the camper’s front room nor their seizure of the handgun they saw in plain view from

that room can be said to be unreasonable. We therefore reverse. 
When the facts material to a motion to suppress are disputed, it generally

isfor the trial judge to resolve those disputes and determine the material

facts. This principle is a settled one, and this Court has identified three

corollaries of the principle, which limit the scope of review in appeals

from a grant or denial of a motion to suppress in which the trial court

has made express findings of disputed facts. First, an appellate court

generally must accept those findings unless they are clearly erroneous.

Second, an appellate court must construe the evidentiary record in the

light most favorable to the factual findings and judgment of the trial

court. And third, an appellate court generallymust limit its consideration

of the disputed facts to those expressly found by the trial court.

Hughes v. State, 296 Ga. 744, 746 (1) (770 SE2d 636) (2015) (citations, punctuation

and footnotes omitted). 

Thus viewed in favor of the trial court’s factual findings and judgment, the

record shows that on September 26, 2014, a narcotics investigator with the Jackson

County Sheriff’s Office received an anonymous tip that Rucker was involved in the

sale of illegal narcotics from his residence on Apple Valley Road. The investigator

also learned that Rucker was on probation for possession of methamphetamine, a

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felony,

1

and had signed a waiver of rights as a condition of his probation that

provided as follows:

The undersigned does hereby agree and consent to waive his/her

[F]ourth [A]mendment rights, agreeing to wit: that his/her person,

property, residence, vehicle(s), and papers may be searched without a

warrant. Said consent being an agreed[-]upon condition of his/her

probation. 

Later on the same day, the three officers went to Rucker’s residence, a camper about

15 feet wide parked on an open lot.

2 When the officers knocked on the back door of

the camper, a woman asked who was there. When the officers identified themselves,

the woman responded that she had to put on some clothes before she could come to

the door. When the clothed woman appeared at the door moments later, the officers

told her that they were investigating complaints of “possible narcotic activity in the

area” and asked if they could “come inside and speak with her,” to which the woman

agreed. 

1 See OCGA § 16-13-30 (c) (“Except as otherwise provided, any person who

violates subsection (a) of this Code section with respect to a controlled substance in

Schedule I or a narcotic drug in Schedule II shall be guilty of a felony”). 

2 There is no dispute that the officers believed that the camper was Rucker’s

residence and that it was in fact his residence. 

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Once inside the living room, the officers confirmed by “glanc[ing] around the

house” that Rucker was not present. From the same vantage point in the living room,

however, one of the officerssaw a black revolver on what appeared to be a nightstand

in the adjoining bedroom. An officer estimated that the nightstand was “seven or

eight feet” from the front door of the camper. When the woman told the officer that

the gun did not belong to her but rather to Rucker, the officer entered the bedroom,

took the revolver, and advised the woman that they were going to obtain a search

warrant for a search of the entire camper. On hearing this, the woman said, “If you’re

going to get a search warrant, we have this in here,” and handed the officers a

marijuana grinder containing a small amount of methamphetamine and a marijuana

pipe in the jar of the grinder. The woman also told the officers that she and Rucker

were “staying together” in the camper, had been in “a relationship for a short amount

of time,” and that she was sleeping in the same room as Rucker. After one of the

officers obtained a search warrant, which they considered “err[ing] on the side of

caution” in light of Rucker’s written waiver, the officers also seized empty butane

cans, a propane torch, some hypodermic needles, and a saw. The officers then

obtained an arrest warrant for Rucker, who was arrested the next day at a chemical

plant nearby. 

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Rucker was charged with possession of methamphetamine and possession of

a firearm by a convicted felon. At the hearing on Rucker’s motion to suppress, the

parties stipulated that the drug possession charge had been dismissed for reasons

unrelated to the validity of the search of the camper. After hearing testimony from all

three officers, the trial court filed a written order including the following factual

findings:

– The police officers “did not articulate any reasonable or good-faith

suspicion for the search,” the only basis for which was an “unverified”

and “anonymous tip.” 

– The officers “could not provide any definitive reason for believing the

home belonged to” Rucker and that they “had no information about the

[woman] at the residence, including whether she lived there.” 

– The “only evidence in the record” that the woman answering the door

had authority to give consent was “the testimony that there was some

clothing belonging to a [woman] inside the residence and that she may

have been staying there.” 

On the basis of these findings, the court held that notwithstanding Rucker’s written

waiver, there was “no authority” for the search of his residence in his absence, and

“no reliance” on that waiver was possible “because [police had] no reasonable good5
faith suspicion” for their search. The court also held that even if the officers did have

authority to search, their obtaining of the handgun was “so close in time and space to

the[ir] illegal entry” that there were “no intervening circumstances” to attenuate the

conclusion that the evidence was properly suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. 

The State argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law when it concluded

that the search of the camper was unreasonable and therefore illegal. We agree. 

As a preliminary matter, we cannot accept the trial court’s clearly erroneous

factual findings that the officers had “no information” about the woman who

answered the door of Rucker’s camper or that the “only evidence in the record”

supporting a conclusion thatshe had authority to give consent wastestimony thatshe

had clothing there and “may have been staying there.” The woman’s presence alone

in the camper was some evidence of her authority to give consent, and the woman

told the officers shortly after they entered, but after they had seen the handgun at

issue, that she was involved in a relationship with Rucker and had been sharing a

bedroom with him in the camper. We are aware that “we generally must presume that

the absence of a finding of fact that would tend to undermine the conclusion of the

trial court reflects a considered choice to reject the evidence offered to prove that

fact[.]” Hughes, 296 Ga. at 747 (1). We may reject a clearly erroneousfinding of fact,

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however, id. at 746 (1), and there is nothing in the record before us to contradict the

woman’s account of her relationship with Rucker. Even if the trial court was entitled

to disbelieve the officers’ testimony as to what the woman told them on this subject,

then, the court was not entitled to mischaracterize the record as not including such

information – an error that weakens our confidence in the trial court’s ultimate legal

conclusion. See State v. Porter, 288 Ga. 524, 526 (2) (a) (705 SE2d 636 (2011) (when

a trial court “has clearly erred in some of itsfindings of fact and/or has misapplied the

law to some degree, the deference owed the trial court’s ultimate ruling is

diminished.”). 

Next, the law governing a warrantless entry into or search of a probationer’s

residence is clear. “If a warrantless search has occurred pursuant to a special

condition of probation, a reviewing court [must] analyze the facts and circumstances

to determine whether the search in question was based upon reasonable grounds,

balancing the government’s need to search against the invasion caused by the

warrantless search.” Harrell v. State, 253 Ga. App. 440, 442 (2) (559 SE2d 155)

(2002). “A search conducted pursuant to a special condition of probation need not be

made as a routine incident of the probation supervision process. The rule is that there

must be some conduct reasonably suggestive of criminal activity to trigger the

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search.” Rocco v. State, 267 Ga. App. 900, 903 (2) (601 SE2d 189) (2004)

(punctuation and footnote omitted). Such a search “can be prompted by a good-faith

suspicion, arising from routine police investigative work.” Id. Thus, 

as a general rule, the police can search a probationer, who is subject to

a waiver of Fourth Amendment rights as a special condition of

probation, at any time, day or night, and with or without a warrant,

provided there exists a reasonable or good-faith suspicion for search,

that is, the police must not merely be acting in bad faith or in an

arbitrary and capricious manner (such as searching to harass [a]

probationer).

Hess v. State, 296 Ga. App. 300, 302 (2) (674 SE2d 362) (2009) (punctuation and

footnote omitted; emphasissupplied);see also Brooks v. State, 292 Ga. App. 445, 449

(2) (664 SE2d 827) (2008). 

Given that Rucker does not challenge the validity of his written waiver of his

Fourth Amendment rights, the only issue before us is whether police acted in bad

faith or in an arbitrary or capricious manner when, acting on the basis of an

anonymous tip and with the knowledge that Rucker was on probation for a drug

offense and had signed a valid waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights, they (a)

knocked on the door of the camper, (b) entered the camper by the invitation of the

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woman who answered the door in Rucker’s absence, and (c) saw and seized the

handgun at issue from the bedroom.

(a) Written Waiver, Anonymous Tip, and Approach to the Camper. It is

undisputed that these officers received an anonymous tip that Rucker was selling

narcotics at his residence and established that Rucker had waived his Fourth

Amendment rights as a condition of his probation for selling methamphetamine. The

officers acted on this information by going to Rucker’s residence in order to conduct

what this Court has called a “permissible knock-and-talk procedure,” which did not

in itself amount to a search or seizure. Herring v. State, 279 Ga. App. 162, 164 (630

SE2d 776) (2006) (officers were authorized to knock on a defendant’s house door

after receiving an anonymous tip of drug activity at a house); see also Pickens v.

State, 225 Ga. App. 792, 793 (484 SE2d 731) (1997) (police officer was authorized

to knock on defendant’s door without an articulable suspicion in order to investigate

a report of a crime). It is also undisputed that the camper was actually Rucker’s

residence, and there is no evidence in the record before us that the officers used

trickery to gain entrance to the camper or that their purpose in going there was to

harass Rucker. See Herring, 279 Ga. App. at 164 (noting absence of evidence that

officers gained access via consent by ruse or trickery). 

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This Court has repeatedly held, moreover, that a defendant’s status as a

probationer for drug offenses and that defendant’s execution of a Fourth Amendment

waiver as a special condition of probation are relevant to a determination whether an

officer is acting reasonably or in good faith in initiating a search of the probationer’s

residence. In Hess v. State, 296 Ga. App. 300 (674 SE2d 362) (2009), for example,

we held that police were authorized to act on an anonymous tip to search the room in

his mother’s house where a defendant was living. Id. at 302 (2). Among the totality

of circumstances that we held assupporting the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s

motion to suppress were his probationary status for drug offenses and the mother’s

consent to the search. Id.; see also Brooks, 292 Ga. App. at 449-450 (2) (when

probationer had waived his Fourth Amendment rights and complained to police that

he was being watched, a warrantless search of probationer pursuant to two

anonymous tips was not unreasonable); Rocco, 267 Ga. App. at 903 (2) (affirming

denial of a motion to suppress in the absence of any evidence that officers “acted in

bad faith or in an arbitrary or capricious manner or solely to harass” a probationer

when they went to his house to investigate a tip that he was “still involved in drug

activity”); Prince v. State, 299 Ga. App. 164, 170 (3) (b) (682 SE2d 180) (2009)

(officers pursuing an anonymous tip were “were authorized to investigate whether [a

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probationer] possessed drugs while on probation pursuant to his valid [Fourth

Amendment] waiver” and were therefore lawfully present at the side door of his

residence). 

In this case, evidence supporting the officers’ decision to investigate the

anonymous tip included Rucker’s status as a probationer on drug charges and his

execution of a valid waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights; the officers undertook

an authorized knock-and-talk procedure that did not amount to a search; and there is

no evidence in the record to justify a conclusion that they acted in bad faith or with

the intent to harass Rucker when they did so. The trial court therefore erred when it

concluded that the officers had no reasonable good faith suspicion. On the contrary,

the officers acted properly when they engaged in a knock-and-talk at the door of

Rucker’s camper.

(b) Consent. It is well-established that when the State “‘seeks to justify a

warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent, it is not limited to proof that

consent was given by the defendant, but may show that permission to search was

obtained from a third party who possessed common authority over or other sufficient

relationship to the premises or effectssought to be inspected.’” Hall v. State, 239 Ga.

832, 832-833 (1) (238 SE2d 912) (1977) (emphasis supplied), quoting United States

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v. Matlock, 415 U. S. 164, 171 (94 SCt 988, 39 LE2d 242) (1974). “The State has the

burden to establish that the consenting third party hassuch common authority.” Niles

v. State, 325 Ga. App. 621, 623 (754 SE2d 406) (2014), citing Illinois v. Rodriguez,

497 U. S. 181, 182 (110 SCt 2793, 111 LE2d 148) (1990). 

Common authority justifying third-party consent for police to enter the

premises rests “on mutual use of the property by persons generally

having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable

to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the

inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that

one of their number might permit the common area to be searched.”

Niles, 325 Ga. App. at 622-623, quoting Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n. 7. But “even if

the consenting third party did not in fact have authority to give consent to enter,

where police reasonably believed that the third party had such authority, this

constitutes apparent authority which validates the entry.” Niles, 325 Ga. App. at 623,

citing Rodriguez, 497 U. S. at 182. 

“As with other factual determinations bearing upon search and seizure,

determination of consent to enter must be judged against an objective

standard: would the facts available to the officer at the moment warrant

a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the consenting party had

authority over the premises? If not, then warrantless entry without

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further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists. But if so, the

search is valid.”

Niles, 325 Ga. App. at 623, quoting Rodriguez, 497 U. S. at 188-189 (citation and

punctuation omitted).

As we have already noted, this trial court mischaracterized the record when it

found “no information” in the record concerning the woman’s status as a resident of

the camper. As the trial court acknowledged, moreover, the woman’s claim that she

was living there with Rucker, which was never disputed or disproved, distinguishes

this case from Hunt v. State, 302 Ga. App. 578, 581 (691 SE2d 368) (2010). There,

we reversed the denial of a homeowner’s motion to suppress on the ground that an

occupant of the house told police that he did not live in the house such that he had no

apparent authority to consent to a warrantless search. Id. at 580 (1). 

Here, by contrast, and even assuming that the trial court discounted all the

testimony tending to establish that the woman had actual common authority to grant

access to the living room of the camper, there was no evidence to support a

conclusion that these officers acted in an objectively unreasonable way when they

concluded that the woman who invited them inside its common area had “common

authority or other sufficientrelationship with the property” such that they could enter.

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Hall, 238 Ga. at 833. The trial court therefore erred when it concluded that these

officers made an illegal entry into the camper’s front room. See Ford v. State, 214 Ga.

App. 284, 286-287 (3) (447 SE2d 334) (1994) (defendant’s sister had sufficient

authority and control to consent to a search of her entire apartment, including the

bedroomwhere the defendant wasstaying);Niles, 325 Ga. App. at 622, 623 (evidence

that a defendant’s brother had “a key and access to the residence and use of a

bedroom” was sufficient to establish that the resident had “common authority” over

“common areas in the residence,” including the hallway from which police saw the

contraband at issue); Luke v. State, 178 Ga. App. 614, 618 (344 SE2d 452) (1986)

(affirming denial of motion to suppress when defendant’s wife “obviously possessed”

authority to give consent to search residence she shared with husband). 

(c) Plain View. It is also undisputed that the officersresponded to the woman’s

request to enter the camper only to the extent of entering its front room, “an area

where a visitor would normally be received.” Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure

(5th ed. 2012), § 8.5 (e), vol. 4, p. 312, citing United States v. Turbyfill, 525 F.2d 57,

59 (8th Cir. 1975) (no error in trial court’s finding that a house occupant’s acts of

opening a door to police and stepping back from it “constituted an implied invitation

to enter” the front room of the house, from which officerssaw the contraband at issue

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in plain view). Because police were lawfully in this camper’s entry area pursuant to

the woman’s invitation to enter that part of the camper, “they were lawfully in a

position to see the contraband in plain view” in the bedroom. Niles, 325 Ga. App. at

624 (citation omitted);see also Prince, 299 Ga. App. at 170 (3) (b) (officers pursuing

an anonymous tip were lawfully present at the side door of the residence of a

probationer who had executed a valid Fourth Amendment waiver, from which

position officers saw the contraband at issue in plain view).

In sum, “although we owe substantial deference to the way in which the trial

court resolved disputed questions of material fact, we owe no deference at all to the

trial court with respect to questions of law, and instead, we must apply the law

ourselves to the material facts.” Hughes, 296 Ga. at 750 (2) (citation omitted). As we

have noted, there is nothing in the record before us to support a determination that

officers were acting unreasonably or in an arbitrary, capricious, or harassing way

when they followed up on an anonymous tip concerning a known drug offender and

felon who had executed a valid waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights by going to

the residence named in the tip and accepting an occupant’s invitation to enter the

front room of that residence, from which they saw a handgun in the bedroom only

seven or eight feet away. Thus the totality of the circumstances here, including the

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routine investigation of a tip concerning drug activity at a probationer’s house, gave

these officers “a sufficiently reasonable or good-faith suspicion for the search so that

the officers were not acting in an arbitrary, capricious, or harassing manner” as a

matter of law. Hess, 296 Ga. App. at 302 (2). The trial court therefore erred when it

granted the motion to suppress the handgun at issue here. See id. (affirming denial of

motion to suppress when probationer’s mother gave consent to search his room);

Brooks, 292 Ga. App. at 450 (2) (noting absence of evidence to support any finding

of harassment by officers conducting a search of probationer’s residence); State v.

West, 237 Ga. App. 185, 186-187 (514 SE2d 257) (1999) (reversing grant of motion

to suppress when defendant’s mother had the authority to consent to a search of her

home, including the bedroom she permitted her son to use for free); Ford, 214 Ga.

App. at 286-287 (3) (affirming denial of motion to suppress when police reasonably

believed that defendant’s sister had authority to give consent to search apartment

bedroom where drugs were found). 

Judgmentreversed. Ellington, P. J., and Mercier, J., concur in judgment only. 

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