GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 
rJ 'i 

.C55 

The Laurentian Great Lakes 

CANADA 

0 

- 

100 200 
GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 

ANNUAL 

REPORT 

FY 1990 

Director 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 481 05-1 593 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOAAIERL. Use 

for publicity or advertising purposes, of information 

from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is not authorized. 
v CONTENTS 

Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 

Non-Indigenous Species ............................................................................. 3 

Pollutant Effects .......................................................................................... 7 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research ............................................................. 11 

Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes .................................. 15 

Marine Hazards and Water Management Research ................................... 19 

Green Bay ................................................................................................... 23 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) ......................... 25 

Coast Watch ............................................................................................... -27 

Independent Research Projects ................................................................ -29 

Facilities and Services ................................................................................ 33 

Outreach Activities ...................................................................................... 41 

GL ERL Seminars ........................................................................................ 49 

FY 90 Staff .................................................................................................. 51 

FY 90 Publications ...................................................................................... 53 

FY 90 Presentations ................................................................................... 57 

iii 
v Introduction 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

RJ. Mahler 

Figure 1. Organization structure of NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories 

T he Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is one 

of eleven environmental laboratories operated by the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), through the Environmental Research 

Laboratories Directorate located in Boulder, Colorado 

(Figure 1). 

GLERL's mission is to conduct integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in 

coastal and estuarine waters, with a special emphasis 

on the Great Lakes. GLERL's research has traditionally 

been focused on investigations to improve our understanding of, and ability to predict, the biological, 

chemical, and physical processes occurring in natural 

ecosystems. Such processes affect the fate and effects 

of pollutants, the cycling and through-put of nutrients 

and energy within the food chain, water quality, and 

water quantity (lake levels and the hydrologic cycle), 

or they pose a hazard to the human populations using 

the natural resources of the ecosystem. In addition, 

GLERL cooperates closely with other federal, state, 

and local agencies, private industry, academia, and 

the general public on major environmental projects in 

the Great Lakes. 

The products of GLERL's research are made 

available on a regular basis as scientific publications, 

NOAA Technical Series reports, computer programs 

and computer-based models, brochures, posters, and 

presentations at scientific and public meetings. These 

products are used by government, educational, and 

private organizations for purposes ranging from purely 

informational to actual applications and operational 

use. During FY 90, 45 scientific publications by 

GLERL authors were published, and 55 talks were 

presented by GLERL staff at scientific and public 

meetings and in local schools. 

This annual report describes the significant activities and accomplishments of GLERL staff during the 

period October 1, 1989 - September 30, 1990. For 
r Introduction r 

general information on how to obtain GLERL products, see the Outreach section of this report. 

GLERL's scientific programs are organized into six 

coordinated research programs considered critical to 

the NOAA mission and to Great Lakes problems (Non 

Indigenous Species, Pollutant Effects, Coordinated 

Ecosystem Research, Climate Variability and Global 

Change, Marine Hazards and Water Management, 

Green Bay Coordinated Research); two major activities (the Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity, NECOP, program, and Coastwatch) and several 

independent research projects. There are also a 

number of support units that provide technical, 

operational, and administrative assistance to the scientific staff: 

r a Marine Operations and Instrumentation Laboratory, where instruments and systems for hands-on 

and automated field collection of data are designed, 

built, and maintained; 

r a Computer and Information Systems Group that 

maintains GLERL's in-house computer network, interfaces with off-site mainframe and super computers, 

and provides related user support to the GLERL staff 

and others; 

r an Information Services Group that is responsible 

for providing editorial and publications support to the 

GLERL staff, distributing GLERL. publications, and 

responding to related information requests; 

r a Library that maintains a research collection 

tailored to GLERL staff needs and which offers special 

retrieval services for materials not in the existing 

holdings; 

r the R,V Sbenebon, GLERL's research vessel and the 

primary platform used by GLERL staff for field operations on the lakes; 

r and an Administrative Office that provides personnel, budget, purchasing, and facility information and 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Director I. Assistant to the Director 

I 

Physical Sciences Division 

Publications Office 

- 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

V Marine Instrumentation Lab 

V Facilities Support 

V Vessel Operations 

. 1 

Coordinated Research Programs 

Administrative Office 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

V Computer Systems Support 

V Statistical Services 

V Library Information Services 

I 

------ Coordinated Ecosystems Research - - - - - - ------ Climate Variability and Global Change - - - - - 

------ Green Bay Coordinated Research - - - - - - 

----- Marine Hazards and Water Hazards Research - - - - --------- Pollutant Effects - - - - - - - - - Non-Indigenous Species - - - - - - - 

Independent Research Projects 

Figure 2. GLERL's Organizational Structure 
IF: Nalepa, Program Leader 

The zebra mussel (Dreissena polyrnorpha] 

?!?, ecently, two species were introduced into the Great Lakes that have the potential to dramatica! 1 y a1 ter trophic rela tionships of the en tire ecosystem: the zebra musseI (Dreissena polymorpha), and 

the spiny water flea (Bythot rqhes cedersf roemi). Dreissena is capable of increasing in numbers very 

rapidly and is both a voracious dil ter-feeder and a high-density fouling organism. This species is 

likely to have a profound effect on the cycling of materials as well as ecological implications to other 

species. Bythof vephes has become a dominant member of the plankton in all the Great Lakes. Our own 

preliminary work suggests that Bythot rephes is a voxaciobs selective predator. Recent shifts in 

zooplankton community structure from Daphnia, the favorite food of Bythotrephes, to copepods in 

Lake Michigan have been hypothesized to be caused by Byfhot rtrphes. The goal of this program is to 

expand our knowledge of the biology and the ecological effects of non-indigenous species in the 

Great Lakes. Individual scientific studies within this coordinated research program, principal 

investigators, objectives of the studies, and FY 90 accomplishments follow. 
r Non-Indigenous Species r 

Examining the Impacts of the Zebra Fish and Bytbotrepbes : A Story of 

Mussel, Dreissena Polymorpba , on the Aversion Conditioning, Recruitment, and 

Lower Food Web of Saginaw Bay. Food Web Structure. 

Project Scientists: T.F. Nalepa, 

G.L. Fahnenstiel, and M.J. McCownick 

The objectives of this project are (1) to define 

changes in the abundance, biomass, and composition 

of the lower food web of Saginaw Bay that have 

resulted from the invasion of the zebra mussel, (2) to 

construct a model of carbon flow through the system 

and determine process-oriented changes, and (3) to 

monitor changes in the abundance and distribution of 

the zebra mussel in the bay. During FY 90, samples for 

phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos were taken 

at 13 representative stations throughout the bay in 

May, July, and September. In addition, CTD casts 

were made (vertical profiles) at the same stations and 

primary production determined. Arrangements were 

made with the Bay City Water Plant and the SaginawProject Scientist: H.A. Vanderploeg 

The objective of this program is to determine the 

effect of Bytbotrepbes on the feeding and selectivity 

of juvenile fishes on Great Lakes zooplankton. 

In FY 90, we set up aquaria and fish holding tanks in 

the GLERL cinematography lab and videotaped a 

series of experiments that demonstrated the development of aversion conditioning in perch to attacking 

Bytbotrephes. D. R. Barnhisel completed behavioral 

analyses of the tapes. 

Ecology of an Invader: The Physiological 

Ecology of Bytbotrepbes and its Direct 

Effect on Food Web Structure in the Great 

Midland Water Plant station to begin taking weekly Lakes. 

water samples for later analysis. Project Scientist: H.A. Vanderploeg 

Participating Scientists: W.S. Gardner, and J.R. Liebig 

Metabolic Physiology of the Zebra 

Mussel, Dreissena Polymorpba . Project Scientist: M.A . Quigley 

Objectives of the program are to (1) seasonally 

determine oxygen consumption and nitrogen (ammonia) excretion of zebra mussels collected from 

Lake St. Clair, and (2) seasonally determine lipid 

content and C:N ratios of soft tissue from zebra 

mussels collected from Lake St. Clair. During FY 90, 

zebra mussels were collected from two sites in Lake 

St. Clair (one site with high abundance and one with 

low abundance) once a month beginning in April. A 

diver survey of unionids and zebra mussels was 

conducted in Lake St. Clair in September. Samples 

were collected at 30 stations located throughout the 

lake. 

Objectives of the program are to (1) determine in 

situ selectivity and predation rates of Bytbotrephes 

cederstmemi on zooplankton in Great Lakes and 

examine the effect of Bytbotrepbes on food web 

structure, (2) determine spatial distribution of Bythotrephes and its prey and relate vertical distribution 

to light climate, (3) directly observe predation mechanisms of Bytbotrepbesusing Schlieren videography to 

observe swimming and attacks and use high-speed 

videography to observe prey handling of tethered 

animals, (4) determine N excretion, lipid content, 

respiration, and reproductive condition of Bytbotrephes 

to understand its bioenergetics, life-cycle strategy, 

and ability to survive in the Great Lakes, and (5) 

develop a model ofselective predation by Bythorrepbes 

to predict its impact on Great Lakes corrimunity 

structure. Accomplishments in FY 90 include the 

analysis of the results of in situ feeding experiments 

performed over the past 2 years, and the initiation of 

weekly Bythotrepbes sampling for population dynamics study which began in June 1990 at an offshore 

and inshore station. 
r N o n - I n d i g e n o u s S p e c i e s r 

Direct Observations on the Trophic 

Ecology of the Dreissena Early Life Stages: 

The Critical Planktonic Period. 

Project Scientist: H.A. Vandetploeg 

Objectives of the study are to (1) observe feeding 

mechanisms, particle choice, and feeding rates of 

Dreissena larvae, (2) determine nutritional requirements of Dreissena larvae, and (3) determine vulnerability of Dreissena eggs and larvae to zooplankton. 

Since this program was only recently instituted, initial 

results will be reported in FY 91. 

Toxicokinetics and Bioaccumulation of 

Organic Contaminants by the Zebra 

Mussel. 

Project Scientist: P.F. Landrum 

This project will primarily employ selected members from two classes of compounds, the chlorinated 

hydrocarbons primarily polychlorinated biphenyls 

(PCB's) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAH's). These selected chemicals will be representative of both their class and of the physical chemical 

characteristics embodied in the chemicals as model 

compounds. Compounds from other chemical classes 

will be employed where specific characteristics will 

be helpful to determine specific processes or mechanisms of action. Due to the recent start-up of this 

program, no results are reported. In FY 91, the field 

work and priorities for kinetics testing will be planned 

for the up-coming field season, toxicokinetics for 

accumulation from water by zebra mussels will be 

examined for selected PAH and PCB congeners, the 

respiration rate will be determined for comparison 

with uptake clearance of the contaminants, and the 

lipid content of the mussels will be examined for 

effects of lipid content on elimination. 
RE Landrum, Program Leader 

The Gornrna Scan System is used to study the role of benthic organisms to transport 

contaminants In the sediments and to measure the effect oJ conlaminants on bioturbotion. 

he goal of the Pollutant Effects Coordinated Research Program is to increase 

understanding d the dynamics, fate, and effects of contaminants in the ecosystem. 

The research effort will be a combination of process studies and mathematical 

modeling that will improve our understanding and ability to predict contaminant 

fate and effem in the Great Lakes. This research will lead to improved contaminants 

effects forecasting and management approaches. 7'his program will attempt to 

address the following questions: (1) For a given load of toxic contaminant, what 

level of exposure can be expected For various biota? (2) What is the assimilative 

capacity for toxic contaminants defining no-effect loads for both species and 

communities? (3) What kind of prediction can be applied to catastrophic events to 

insure best management decisions? (4) What are the effects of long-term low-level 

contaminant exposure? 
r Pollutant Effects r 

Sediment-Associated Toxic Organics: 

Fate and Effects. 

Project Scientist: P.F. Landrum 

Throughout, the project will primarily employ 

selected members from two classes of compounds: 

The chlorinated hydrocarbons and the polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Objectives of the 

program are as follows: Using Diporeiasp ., develop 

one or two subacute bioassays for sediment-associated 

pollutants; investigate the use of bioturbation by 

benthos as a chronic effects endpoint for sedimentassociated pollutants; determine the assimilation efficiency of Diporeia for ingested sediment-associated 

organic pollutants; examine the role of aging and 

organic carbon content on biological availability to 

Diporeia of selected organic contaminants associated 

with sediments; and develop a comprehensive contaminant fate simulation model for sediment-associated toxicants to better understand the bioavailable 

sources within the sediments and determine if transfer 

of sediment-associated toxicants to the food chain is 

significant. In FY 90, we completed initial examinations of many of the major variables that could affect 

the bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. The 28-day mortality bioassay and the sedimedavoidance preference bioassay were employed 

as a portion of the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency's (EPA) program of Assessment and 

Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS). An 

approach was investigated with some of the very toxic 

sediments to establish the amount of toxicity equivalents by diluting the sediments with either a reference 

sediment or clean sand. Characterization of the 

amphipod Diporeia was advanced by examining 

responses to stressors, salinity, temperature, and 

cadmium (Cd) toxicity. ?'he experiment to examine 

the role of contact time between the contaminant and 

sediment particles used selected PAHs as the model 

contaminants. The bioavailability of compounds was 

generally reduced with increased aging and contact 

time between the sediment and the contaminant. The 

first studies on the role of organic carbon on sediment-associated contaminant bioavailability exposed 

organic contaminants was developed. The bioavailability of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons sorbed to 

sediments was investigated with Diporeia. A study 

was performed to investigate the effect of aging and 

changes in contact time between sediments and 

contaminants on the partition coefficients between 

sediment particles and interstitial water. 

Physiological and Biochemical Measures of 

Contaminant Effects. 

Project Scientist: P.F. Landrum 

The study is divided into measures at both a 

physiological level and a biochemical level. The 

physiological responses such as respiration and excretion are organism responses that are indicative of 

the integration of all biochemical processes within the 

animal. Biochemical measures focus on specific 

enzyme systems or small groups of enzymes of similar 

function that may be effected by a perturbation. 

Physiological measures: (1) The atomic 0:N ratios 

(number of oxygen atoms consumed during respiration divided by the number of nitrogen atoms excreted) will be measured in the amphipod Dporeia 

sp. and the usehlness as a physiological measure of 

stress will be determined. Biochemical measures: (2) The catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) will be measured in the 

chironomid, Chironomus tentans to establish normal physiological levels and explore the possibility 

that changes in these levels represent an indicator of 

sublethal stress. In FY 90, the 0:N ratio for Diporeia 

sp. was examined on both a north-south and eastwest transect near Grand Haven in Lake Michigan. In 

addition, the method for measuring catecholamines 

in invertebrates by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was 

perfected. 

Long-term Trends in Benthic Populations. 

Project Scientist: T.F. Nalepa 

Dzporeia to sediments containing three levels of 

organic carbon plus a fourth sediment where only the The objectives of this project are to first determine 

fine fraction was dosed. A mechanistic model to trends in benthic populations in selected areas of the 

describe the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated Great Lakes and, if trends are detected, to determine 
r Pollutant Effects r 

the most probable reasons for the changes observed. 

During the past fiscal year, all chironomids in the 

Saginaw Bay samples were identified to species, and 

oligochaetes were identified to species in 2 of the 6 

data sets. Samples for the fish exclosure experiments 

were collected in August 1990. The data on long-term 

trends in mussel populations in western Lake Erie 

were analyzed. 

Bioenergetics of the Great Lakes Amphipod 

Diporeia sp. 

Project Scientist: M.A . Quigley 

The overall objective for this project is to obtain 

a detailed energy (carbon flow) budget in Diporeia 

sp. defined in the overall context of Ricker's (1968) 

energy budget equation. A mass-balance-based model 

will then be constructed from available data complemented with data from project sampling/experiments. 

During FY 90, we assembled and began use of a 

personal computer-based microscope/digitizer system that allows for rapid and reliable completion of 

Diporeia body length measurements needed for 

production estimates. 

Bioavailability and Toxicity of Sedimeilt-Associated Toxic Organic Contaminants. 

Project Scientist: P.F. Landrum 

A previous project developed important background information and a proposed mechanistic 

model for the accumulation of sediment-associated 

contaminants. However, the influence of sediments 

on the fate and effects of organic contaminants in the 

aquatic environment continues to remain poorly 

understood. In light of our previous efforts, the 

research will take two directions. First, studies of the 

bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants 

will continue to generate the data required to verify 

and expand our mechanistic model. The second area 

will be the effect of these sediment-associated contaminants in the exposed organisms and the factors 

that alter the toxicity with an aim toward establishing 

predictive models based on structure activity relationships. EFFECTS: (1) The bioassays developed at 

GLERL will continue to be calibrated against ofher 

bioassays with field collected material and through 

the use of standard toxicants. (2) Measures of 

bioturbation by benthos as a chronic effects end point 

for sediment-associated pollutants will continue to be 

developed. (3) Investigate the influence of manipulations of sediment such as dilutions, storage, additions of bulk contaminants like silicon oil on the 

toxicity of organic contaminants. FATE: (4) Determine the assimilation efficiency of Diporeia sp. for 

ingested sediment-associated organic pollutants. (5) 

Continue to develop the data required to improve the 

parameterization of the mechanistic bioaccumulation 

model. (6) Validate the kinetics data obtained with 

laboratory manipulated sediments by exposing 

Diporeia sp. to field collected sediments containing 

similar contaminants. (7) Continue to develop simulation models for sediment-associated toxicants to 

better understand the bioavailable sources within the 

sediments and determine if transfer of sedimentassociated toxicants to the food chain is significant. 

Since this study is new, no results for FY 90 are 

reported. 
Ecosystem 

G.L. Fahnenstiel, Program Leader 

7bis catamaran was conveard for u5.e in acoustic doppler 

current pro filer measurements Jor study of fish biosize and 

biomass. 

T he dynamics of Great Lakes ecosysterns, including those of their fish 

populations, are controlled by the aclions of humans and nature. Long-term 

observations of ecosystem components 

(e.g., the abundance of fish, plankton, 

nuzsienrs) demonstrate that they can be 

highly variable in time and space. 

Identifying the cause(s3 ofthis variability 

is, therefore, a worthy goal because it 

wiII lead to an understanding of the 

relative importance of different influences on ecological dynamics. The goal 

of the Coordinated Ecosystem Research 

program is to improve predictions of 

ecological change that resul~ from natural 

and man-made perturbations. The early 

part of this program will focus on improving predictions of food web dynamics that support a $2-4 billion per 

year Great Lakes salmonine fishery. A 

key aspect of the program is to understand relationships between the dynamics of forage fish, the lower food 

web that supports their growth, and 

characteristics of he physical environment. Specific studies will be conducted to (1) quantify temporal and 

spatial trends andvariability, (2) identify 

first order relationships among fish 

populations, lower food web, and 

physical factors, and (31 provide estimates of biotic biomass for use in ecological simulation models. 
r Coordinated Ecosystem Research r 

Whole-Lake Physical Variability. 

Project Scientists: M.J. McCormick, 

A. M. Bratkovich, and G. A. Leshkevich 

The objective of this program is to estimate the 

whole-lake spatial distribution of temperature and 

velocity structure and its correlation with simultaneous measurements associated with the upper and 

lower food web. 

In FY 90, we contributed to numerous planning 

documents for GLERL's participation in the Coastal 

Ocean Program (COP), compared METOCEAN platform performance against National Data Buoy Center 

(NDBC) meteorological data and data obtained from 

Mini-TOD drifters, conducted several Lagrangian 

cluster experiments in Lake Ontario with Canadian 

scientists, and participated in desiming and implementing a fully portable platform (catamaran) for 

making accoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) 

measurements. 

Spatial Distribution and Production of 

Zooplankton in Lake Michigan. 

Project Scientists: G.A. Laird Penie, 

H.A. Vanderploeg, and A.M. Bratkovich 

The objectives of this program are to (1) determine spatial distribution of macrozooplankton to 

identify areas of intense connection between phytoplankton and zooplankton and between zooplankton 

and fishes in Lake Michigan for intensive lake-wide 

spring, late summer, and fall cruises, and (2) to 

determine secondary production in Lake Michigan 

from biweekly collections at representative sites. This 

is a new program and commencement of work 

depends on external hnding. 

The Microbial Food Web in the Great 

Lakes. 

Project Scientists: G.L. Fahnenstiel and 

G. A. Lung 

This program seeks to develop a carbon based 

Microplankton in the Great Lakes: model of the microbial food web that can be interfaced 

Whole-Lake Biomass and Production into existing plankton models and provide relevant 

Estimates and their Associated Temporal experimental and descriptive data on the microbial 

and Spatial Variability. food web as needed for the carbon based model. In 

FY 90, we finished analysis of data collected on 

Project Scientists: G.L. Fahnenstiel and Synechococcus, compared cellular production rates G. A. Leshkevich of picoplankton populations in the Gulf of Mexico 

This program seeks to provide whole-lake esti- and in the Great Lakes with differential filtration and 

autoradiography, conducted four cruises on the Great mates of microplankton biomass and examine the Lakes designed to examine the importance of pro- spatial and temporal variability to provide production tozooplankton, i.e. abundance, composition and role estimates of microplankton preferably on a whole- in carbon cycling, finished the analysis of red fluo- lake basis, and to provide support information as rescing communities in the Great Lakes, and conducted needed to evaluate the role of microplankton. In FY experiments on the die1 division cycle of 90, we participated as a member of the Coastal Synechococcus. Fisheries Ecosystem Development team and conducted a cruise in Lake Ontario. 

Food Quality in Pelagic Food Webs. 

Project Scientist: H.A . Vanderploeg 

Contributing Scientists: N.M. Butler, W.S. Gardner, 

G.A. Paffenhofer, and J.R. Strickler 

The objective of this program is to develop 

mechanistic models of effect of food quality on 

selection ingestion, assimilation, and lipid storage by 
r Coordinated Ecosystem Research r 

zooplankton. Progress in FY 90 included continuing 

work on feeding mechanisms of Diaptomus and 

other copepods (Limnocalanus, Senecella) using highspeed microcinematography and traditional feeding 

experiments. We discovered that copepods could use 

mechanical cues to perceive particles and, once a 

particle is captured, particle rejection occurs at the 

mouth. Our results also showed that it is probable that 

both mechanical and chemical cues are used and that 

mechanoperception becomes important to large 

particles, whereas chemoperception dominates for 

small particles. We monitored seasonal lipid content, 

composition, and reproductive status of Limnocalanus 

macrurus females to understand its life cycle strategy. 

Whole-Lake Estimates of Macrobenthos 

Production and Biomass. 

Project Scientist: 7:F. Nalepa 

The objectives of this program are to obtain 

whole-lake estimates of the abundance, biomass, and 

production of Diporeia sp. and M. relicta and to 

determine spatial variation in these two species and 

examine potential relationships to upwelling/ 

downwelling, primary production, and fish aggregations. The plan for I990 was to continue picking and 

sorting through the benthic samples collected in 

southern 1,ake Michigan in 1986 and 1987. This task 

has currently been completed. 

Pelagic/Benthic Energy Transfer and 

Bioenergetics Models of 

Macroinvertebrates. 

Project Scientists: W.S. Gardner, M.A. Quigley, and 

S.A. Fitzgerald 

The objectives of this study are to (1) develop a 

model for the seasonal transfer of carbon from the 

pelagic euphotic zone to benthic macroinvertebrates, 

(2) to examine mechanisms of energy transfer from 

phytoplankton to Diporeia sp. and Mys& relicta, (3) 

to provide data and develop energetics (carbon flow) 

models for the benthic macroinvertebrates Diporeia 

sp. (and M. relicta), and (4) to estimate Diporeia sp. 

production rates and variability at one site in Lake 

Michigan. A specific plan of action was developed to 

(1) elucidate the seasonal input rates and composition 

of "new carbon" reaching the benthos, (2) estimate 

the fate (benthic biomass production vs. respiration) 

of the incoming particulate carbon, (3) examine the 

biochemical partitioning of the carbon in the organisms, and (4) develop a carbon budget to quantify the 

input, alteration, and burial rates of carbon from 

settling particles in Lake Michigan. Following this 

action plan, a sediment-trap program was established 

to characterize the quality and quantity of organic 

carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica, and diatom species 

that are deposited at the sediment/water interface at 

our 45-m depth research site. Naturally occurring 

radioisotopes (210Pb, 137C~, 7Be) will be used to estimate the residence time of particles in the water 

column and to correct the mass fluxes measured in the 

traps for the percentage of material that is resuspended. An experiment has been started to feed 14Clabeled diatoms to Diporeia sp. in microcosms and 

then monitor 14C as respired carbon dioxide, dissolved organic carbon metabolic intermediates, and 

animal biomass. 

The Influence of Ice Cover and Spring 

Weather on Larval Survival and Year 

Class Strength of Northern Lake 

Michigan Whitefish (Coregonus 

Shpeaformis). 

Project Scientist: R.A . Assel 

Contributing Scientists: K. W. Brown and W. W. 

Taylor 

The goal of this project is to assess the influence 

of climatic factors on the egg and larval survival and 

eventual year class formation of lake whitefish. Ice 

cover models were developed for three areas of 

northern Lake Michigan (1) the northern section of 

Green Bay, (2) the north shore of Lake Michigan in the 

vicinity of Naubinway, MI, and (3) the Grand Traverse 

- Little Traverse Bay - Fox Island - N. Manitou Island 

region of the northeast shore. A stepwise regression 

approach was used to select model parameters and to 

construct whitefish recruitment models for northern 

Green Bay and the north shore of Lake Michigan. 
Climate Variability 

& Global Change 

in Large Lakes 

S. J. Bolsenga, Program Leader 

Scenarios developed at GLERL indicate that Great Lakes ice conditions will dramatically 

alter with global warming. 

IF or climate change to be understood more adequately, the processes included in the General 

Circulation Model (GCM) analyses must be extensively studied. Some of these processes include 

vertical dynamical heat fluxes, heat transport by deep lake currents, deep lake convective dynamics, 

deep water circularion, biogeochemical cycling, and the effect of ice. By better understanding these 

processes and in studying the regional aspects of climate change, GLEIX" Coordinated Research 

Program on Climate Variability/Global Change in Large Lakes will contribute to the immense 

problem of understanding global climate change. A limited number of ongoing studies have been 

internally funded and are currently producing results. Additional studies have been proposed for 

outside Funding both by GLERL researchers alone and by GLERL researchers jointly with scientists 

from the Cooperative Institute for Lirnnology and Ecosystems Research (CIIER). Planning activities 

for involvement with the NOAA Ecological Systems & Dynamics Project, National Science 

Foundation CNSF) Long Term Ecological Research Sites and Global Change Research, the Freshwater 

Initiative, the Global Exchange and Water Cycle Experiment, U.S.-U.S.S.R. Working Group WIT, and 

the Joint U.S. Canadian Study on the Impacts of Climate Change on the Great Lakes are currently 

underway SO integrate involvement with activities outside of GLERL. 
r Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes r 

An Exploratory Study of Great Lakes Mendota freezeup, breakup, and ice cover over the 

Climate VariabiHty Using Chaotic past 140 years and quantify (model) these changes in 

Dynamics. terms of seasonal changes in air temperature, (3) to 

reconstruct the past 140 years of Lake Michigan ice Project Scientist: P. C. Liu 

cover, and (4) to provide historic information on ice 

cover trends, cycles, and variations on the Great Lakes The objective of this study is to explore the that will be useful in placing the ice cover of the 1990s applicability of chaotic dynamics for the analysis of and beyond in historical perspective. In FY 90, the Great Lakes climate changes as well as other physical monthly ice cover concentrations typical of severe and biogeochemical processes. In FY 90, we con- winters and mild winters on Lakes Erie and Superior ducted an extensive literature review over the field of between 1897-98 and 1982-83 were identified. Aver- chaos and chaotic dynamics, made tentative analysis age 700-mb heights and associated circulation patterns on Lake Erie daily water level data, and participated 

in the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "fractal coincident with contemporary severe and mild winters were identified. geometry and analysis." 

Ecological Monitoring. 

Project Scientist: G.A. Laird Pernie 

The primary objective of this project is to monitor 

plankton dynamics to recognize changes due to 

climate change caused by increases in atmospheric 

CO,. Increases in atmospheric CO, may lead to 

changes in absolute temperature, the onset and 

duration of thermal stratifications, and critical inorganic carbon dynarnics - all of which are important 

ecological functions. We also seek to monitor, on a 

routine basis, several critical biological, chemical, and 

physical parameters to detect detailed seasonal and 

vertical variations. Finally, we seek to develop a 

computer data base capable of compiling and presenting the monitoring data in a form that will be 

accessible to interested scientists and agencies. In FY 

90, we developed and submitted a FY 90 planning 

Climate Impacts on Large Lake 

Hydrology. 

Project Scientist: T.E. Croley, I1 

This research will lead to a reassessment of the 

effect of global warming, as represen~ed by a doubling of atmospheric CO,, on large-lake water supplies and has the following objectives: Refine hydrologic modeling abilities for basin runoff and lake 

evaporation; assess and improve linkages between 

hydrologic models and developing atmospheric mesoscale models and atmospheric general circulation 

models (GCMs); estimate hydrologic impacts of anticipated or experimental climate changes. This 

program is a new start this year and current progress, 

except for planning activities, is limited. 

document for the ecological monitoring project within Water Resources and Climate Change 

the climate program. We also compiled some moni- Contingency Planning. toring - data. Thus far in 1990, biweekly field trips to 

one station have been successfully accomplished. Project Scientist: H.C. Hartmann 

This project has two main object~ves: Identify 

impact of climate change on Large opportunities and constraints for effecuve long-term 

Ice Cycles. water resources contingency planning that include 

climate change considerations; develop and assess 

PrO~ecr SCientisrs R,A '~sei and D.M Robertson options for decreasing the sensi[iviry of water resource 

management to climatic variability. In I7Y 90, a broad 

The [his program are ('1 to develop array of potential adaptive stra~egies for ('rear Lakes 

improved models to better simulate the seasonal cycle water management was developed wiLtlin three gen- of ice forlnation and loss on Lakes Erie and Superior, eral po~icy-o~jcctive categories: reducing regional (2) to define trends in Grand Traverse Bay and Lake 
r Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes r 

impacts of climate change, (2) reducing vulnerability 

to climate change impacts, and (3) equitably distributing climate change impacts. Based on a review of 

existing Great Lakes institutions and policies that have 

relevance to water quantity management and/or 

climate change, a number of strengths and weaknesses 

were identified, and several themes concerning barriers to further progress in contingency planning were 

discerned. The previous accomplishments provided a 

basis for identifying necessary preconditions for fostering regional climate change contingency planning, 

appropriate institutional attributes and mechanisms 

for conducting a contingency planning process, and 

specific elements that should be included in contingency plans. 

Current Velocity Profile Measurements 

in the Straits of Mackinac Using Acoustic 

Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP1s): A 

Pilot Study. 

Project Scientists: J.H. Saylor and G.S. Miller 

This study seeks to measure current profiles in 

strongly stratified shear flow, relate these data to the 

numerous bi-lake hydraulic and hydrodynamic forcing processes, and provide the framework for a future 

expanded study of the water volume transport process through the Straits. Two moorings were deployed in the Straits in June 1990. A two-day 

temperature survey using a Seabird CDT system was 

completed in August 1990. 

Thermal Structure Monitoring for Climate 

Change. 

Project Scientist: M. J. McCormick 

The main objectives of this project are to (1) 

develop improved climatological information (via 

observations, new instrumentation, and improved 

analysis) on the distribution and variability of coastal 

and offshore temperatures and to study their dependence on meteorological and hydrological forces 

with emphasis on potential changes in climate, (2) to 

concurrently provide data for improving numerical 

models that can simulate and predict the thermal 

structure in the lakes, and (3) to improve our understanding of the physics of lakes by analyzing the 

results of objectives (1) and (2). A "permanent1' 

monitoring site was established in Lake Michigan near 

meteorological buoy NDBC 45007 in the spring and 

summer of FY 90. Three moorings were deployed. 

Two are subsurface with one mooring consisting of 5 

vector averaging current meters (VACMs) recording 

hourly temperature and velocity data, while the other 

contains 11 thermistors recording temperatures at 3 

hour intervals. The third mooring is surface deployed 

and will be retrieved in the fall. The subsurface 

moorings will record data throughout the winter until 

retrieved next spring. Once retrieved, the moorings 

will be refurbished and redeployed as soon as possible. 
Marine Hazards 

and Wa 

Managernen 

v Research 

H.C. Hartmann, and D.J. Schwab, Go-Program Leaders 

Storms during high lake ieueki can cause severe damage. 

N atural hazards encompass a wide variety of environrnemal phenomena that pose threats 

of loss of lives or property and social or economic disruption. Large waves, high and low lake 

levels, heavy snowfalls, ice, and erosion are important natural hazards in the Great Lakes 

syskm and Cwith the exception of low lake levels) in other coastal areas as well. Humancaused hazards also pose serious threats, especially spills of petroleum products and 

chemicals. The program is comprised of four broad components: Prediction, Climatology and 

Statistics for Decision Making, Process Studies, and Interface with Policy and Decision Makers. 
r Marine Hazards and Water Management Research v 

Great Lakes Snow Characteristics. 

Project Scientist: S.J. Bolsenga 

Contributing Scientists: R.A. Assel and D.C. Norton 

The objectives of this study are to compile 

monthly, yearly, and period of record snowfall maps 

for the Great Lakes basin, to analyze the spatial and 

temporal variation of the snowfall using 5,10,20, and 

30 year monthly averages over the period of record of 

the database, and to develop quantitative relationships between northern hemisphere circulation patterns and Great Lakes snowfall/snow cover. In FY 90, 

a case study of the ice cover, winter severity, and early 

winter snowfall for winter 1989-90 was analyzed 

because of the anomalous temperatures of December 

1989 and January 1990. A snowfall database was built 

for eight Great Lake states and Ontario through 1986. 

A new method to produce annual snowfall sums 

incorporating all available monthly data was developed with a Surface 111 graphics package. We also 

computed regional monthly snowfall grids from 1951- 

1986 and made 5, 10, and 30 year average annual 

grids. 

Great Lakes Evaporation, Water Supply 

Forecasting, and Simulation. 

Project Scientist: T.E. Croley, 11 

The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) 

Lake Evaporation: assess potential of determining 

groundwater fluxes using the evaporation models; 

update hydrometeorological data report; develop 

models on lake segments with ice-cover models; 

build lake surface temperature and cloud cover 

models; classify lake surface temperature patterns 

with special respect to the weather situation; develop 

models of the heat flux at the lake surface. (2) Water 

Supply Forecasting: add capability for generating 

probabilistic outlooks to forecast package; make the 

forecast package easily used and implemented; 

evaluate the package to assess adequacy in forecasting net basin supplies to appraise worth of improved 

lake evaporation techniques, to further determine 

error components, to analyze the importance of initial 

conditions, and to examine the utility of gamma aerial 

snowpack water equivalent measurements for Great 

Lakes water supply forecasting; compare the forecast 

package with climate-based and existing trend-regression analyses. (3) Water Supply Simulation: 

develop an Integrated-System Hydrologic Package 

for use by intra- and inter-division personnel and 

outside agencies. In FY 90, we developed shallowwater and deep-water concepts of heat storage and 

tested them against observed heat storage and surface 

temperature data, expanded the heat storage superposition model to include heat deficiency modeling 

as superposition and to introduce mixing of aged heat 

additions, and assessed the alternate long-wave radiation and sensible heat hnctions and tried other 

physically-based models for solar radiation and-reflection. 

In addition, we incorporated water surface temperature observations as boundary conditions in lake 

evaporation simulations and forecasts, incorporated 

a revised lake evaporation model into the forecast 

package, developed database management software 

for incorporation of improved evaporation and water 

temperature estimates into water supply outlooks, 

and developed the water supply package for use on 

personal computers. 

Great Lakes Water Level Statistics for 

Decision Making. 

Project Scientist: H. C. Hartmann 

This project is for development of improved 

water level statistics that reflect existing hydrologic 

and hydraulic conditions, the long lag-response of the 

lakes to meteorologic variability, secular changes in 

climatic regimes, and the needs (e.g., varied planning 

horizons, understanding the limits of lake level statistics) of diverse Great Lakes decision makers. In FY 

90, we developed a resampling strategy for estimating 

Great Lakes levels statistics, patterned after wellknown bootstrap techniques, and demonstrated its 

application using a 130-year record of monthly mean 

water levels for Lake Erie. The resampling analyses 

clearly show that lake level exceedance probabilities 

should be conditioned on the length of the planning 

horizon, the starting month of the planning horizon, 

the initial lake level, and the climatic regime. Our 

methodology offers distinct advantages in that it can 

be extended to additionally consider storm and wind 
r Marine Hazards and Water Management Research r 

effects on levels, to incorporate levels data available 

prior to continuous records, and to develop other 

types of lake levels statistics useful to decision makers, such as duration and time-to-exceedance probabilities. 

Objective Analysis of Great Lakes 

Marine Meteorological Observations. 

Project Scientist: D.J. Schwa6 

The main objective of this project is to develop 

and test improved techniques for objective analysis of 

overwater meteorological fields and to apply these 

techniques to practical problems of hindcasting and 

forecasting winds, waves, storm surges, and lake 

circulation. In FY 90, a system for acquiring and 

storing routine meteorological observations from 

NDBC buoys, CMAN stations, Coast Guard and other 

coastal stations, and ships was implemented. Two 

methods for objective analysis of wind data were 

examined: an inverse power law method and a twostep exponential weighting method. The inverse 

power law method appears to be suitable for use in 

the Great Lakes. 

Assessment of Shallow Water Effects on 

Great Lakes Wind Waves. 

Project Scientist: P. C. Liu 

This program seeks to quantitatively assess the 

importance of shallow water effects on wind waves in 

the Great Lakes, to identify as well as quantify the 

circumstances and locations in which shallow water 

effects have a significant impact on deep water waves, 

and improve understanding and prediction techniques of shallow water waves. The GLERL WRIPS 

Waverider buoy was deployed in the shallow water of 

Green Bay during the autumn of 1989 along with an 

overwater meteorological station. Data from the buoy 

and the meteorological station will be used for model 

testing in this constricted and shallow embayment. 

The state-of-the-art third generation WAM wave prediction model has been successfully implemented for 

the applications of Great Lakes waves studies. 
7 Green Bayv 

N. Hawley, Program Leader 

T he presence of toxic organic maL . >$: 

terials in the water, sediment, and 

P -- " 

- *;&: ,j 

biota of Green Bay has long been a 

cause for concern and has severely 

.$. effected the bay's fishery. En order to 0 a address the problems in the bay, the 

U.S. EPA has undertaken the Green 

Bay Mass Balance Study with two 

major objectives (1) to provide inr""-.- formation to aid and support regulatory activities in Green Bay, and (2) 

to pilot the use of the mass balance 

approach to regulation of toxic sub- 1 < stances in Green Bay. 

Rottom resting tripod deployed ro monitor sediment 

concentrations and curPents in Green Bay. 
r Green Bay r 

Sediment Resuspension in Green Bay. Sediment Resuspension and Particle 

Project Scientist: N. Hawley Settling Velocities in Green Bay. 

Project Scientist: B. J. Eadie 

The objectives of this study are to develop an 

empirical relationship which predicts bottom 

resuspension in Green Bay as a function of current 

velocity, and to measure the horizontal flux of sediment in and out of southern Green Bay. In FY 90, 

tripods were serviced and redeployed at approximately 5 week intervals. The summer 1989 data has 

been edited, filtered where necessary, and corrected. 

The data has been plotted and inspected and is now 

ready for analysis. The winter data has been plotted 

and filtered, but fouling corrections have not yet been 

determined. 

Water Volume Transport Measurements 

in Green Bay. 

Project Scientists: J.H. Saylor and G.S. Miller 

The objectives of this program are to measure the 

water volume exchange between the upper and 

lower parts of Green Bay, and to provide measurements for calibrating improved hydrodynamic models for simulating Green Bay circulation and water 

volume transport. In FY 70, all current and temperature measuring instruments were removed from the 

bay during October 1989. An acoustic doppler 

profiler was redeployed in Death's Door Passage in 

November 1989. It operated during winter, part of the 

time under the ice, until retrieval in June 1790. All 

recorded data were translated from magnetic tape 

cassettes to VN( compatible formats, edited, and put 

together as a Green Bay data archive. Several 

differing algorithms were developed and tested to 

compute water volume transports on key Green Bay 

cross sections. Tests to insure conservation of mass 

and accuracy are continuing. All data in the Green 

Bay archive were provided to the U.S. EPA Large 

Lakes Research Station. 

This study seeks to quantify the seasonal flux of 

resuspended sediments within the bay, and estimate 

net ensemble particle and particulate organic carbon 

(POC) settling velocities at monthly intervals. Sediment traps have been deployed and retrieved at U.S. 

EPA stations in Green Bay. Samples have been dried, 

weighed, and stored frozen. Organic carbon analysis 

was completed. 
B. J. Eadie, Program Leader 

w*e- , 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity CNECOP) program is one of 

a series of NOAA-wide programs dealing 

wii3 major problems in the coastal ocean. 

The central hypothesis is that the increased 

nutrient input from the Mississippi River 

has led to increased productivity with 

undesirable consequences. GLERL is 

involved in a number of smdies, all of 

which are new stam in F?i' 90. Since 

substantial results are nor yet available, 

only the objectives of the studies are 

given. 

The Mfssisslppi Kfuer Plume (left) as ft dlsslpales into 

the GubJ of Mexico (~!gbt). 
r NECOP r 

Buoyancy and Nutrient Exchange in the models which describe the production and fate of 

Mississippi Outflow Region. fixed carbon as a .function of optical conditions, 

Project Scientists: A. M. Bratkovich nutrient inputs, and other environmental variables. 

Contributing Scientists: M. Dagg, S. Dinnel, G.L. 

Fahnenstiel, G. Hitchcock, S. Lohrenz, P. Ortner, T. 

Whitledge, and W. Wiseman Suspended Sediment on the Louisiana 

Continental Shelf: Concentrations, 

The primary objectives of this study are to establish an historical relationship between buoyancy and 

nutrient fluxes for the Mississippi Atchafalaya River 

(MAR) system, and to quantitatively determine the 

scales of variability for buoyancy and nutrient fields 

in a shelf region dominated by riverine sources. 

Retrospective Analysis of Nutrient 

Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity in 

Sediments from the Louisiana 

Continental Shelf. 

Project Scientists: B.J. Eadie and J.A. Robbins 

Contributing Scientists: T. Nelsen, J. Trefry, 

S. Metz, P. T. Blackweller, B. McKee, and 

K. von Damm 

Compositions, and Transport Pathways. 

Project Scientist: N. Hawley 

This study has three major objectives: (1) To map 

the spatial distribution and, to the extent possible, the 

temporal variations of suspended particulate material 

(SPM) concentrations and compositions in the Mississippi River plume and adjacent shelf waters, (2) to 

determine, within the limits imposed by the budget, 

the importance of lateral transport of SPM in the study 

region, and (3) to determine what, if any, relationships exist between the existence and extent of 

nepheloid layers and other characteristics of the water 

column such as vertical temperature and salinity 

structure, ambient current velocity, wave activity, and 

river discharge. 

The objectives of this program are to identify 

areas in the coastal region where sediments with 

coherent geochronologies covering a period of apThe Fate and Effects of Riverine (and 

proximately 200 years can be collected, and examine Shelf-Derived) Dissolved Organic 

the selected cores for tracers of past water and Nitrogen on Mississippi River plume/ 

ecosystem conditions (e.g. C,N, diatom frustules, Gulf 

stable isotopes, etc.). Project Scientists: W.S. Gardner and B.J. Eadie 

Contributing Scientists: J.B. Cotner, M.R. Lansing, 

and J.F. Cavaletto 

Primary Production and Vertical Flux of 

Organic Carbon from Mississippi River The objectives of this study are to define the 

Plume and Adjacent Shelf Waters. chemical and isotopic composition of riverine and 

MRP/GS dissolved organic matter (DOM), and to 

Project Scientists: G. L. Fahnenstiel, S. Lohrenz, determine the biological reactivity of dissolved orD. Redalje, and G. Knauer ganic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen 

(DON). The research will address the following objec- . 

tives: (1) Characterize photoautotrophic community 

dynamics in relation to optical conditions, nutrient 

inputs, and other aspects of the physical/chemical 

environment, (2) examine the relationship between 

phytoplankton production, growth, and biomass and 

the vertical export of fixed carbon from surface waters 

of the Mississippi River Plume/Inner Gulf Shelf (MRP/ 

IGS), and (3) develop conceptual and predictive 
D. J. Sch wab and G. A. Leshkevich, Co-Program Leaders 

The CoastWatch product currently received at GLFRL is satellite deriv~d 

surface temperature. The originai images are in color. 

oasfWatch is a NOAA-wide program within the Coastal Ocean Program (NCOF) 

designed to focus on specific regional and national priorities in the coastal environment. 

NOAA resources are being brought together to provide a cohesive and near-real time 

delivery system to allow time-critical "decision support" in response to rapidly 

emerging coastal environmental situations. GLERL has been chosen as the focal point 

in the Grcat Lakes region for this program, Two subprograms are included in the 

CoastWatch program. 
r CoastWatch r 

The general objectives of CoastWatch are (1) To 

provide access to near-real time and retrospective 

satellite and aircraft observations for the coastal ocean 

of the U.S. for federal, state, and local decision 

making, (2) to develop workstations and associated 

software systems for integrated analyses of 

environmental quality, coastal hazards, and wetlands 

change, (3) to develop a communications system 

supporting distribution of near-real time and historical 

satellite and in situ observations to national and 

regional coastal users, and (4) to develop and 

implement a database management and display system 

that supports integrated coastal ocean applications. 

Great Lakes CoastWatch and NOAA Ocean 

Communications Network 

Project Scientists: D.J. Schwab, G. A. Leshkevich, and 

G. E. Spalding 

The specific objectives of this project at GLERL are 

to establish operations of'the Great Lakes Regional 

National Ocean Communication Network (NOCN) 

Node (RNN), to identify regional CoastWatch users 

and their NOAA data needs, and to develop and 

supply useful products to participants in the Great 

Lakes CoastWatch program. 

In FY 90, a computer initiative for Great Lakes 

RNN was developed and computer equipment for 

communications, data display, data storage, and data 

analysis was purchased. 

Great Lakes Coastwatch Product 

Development and Research 

Project Scientist: G. A. Leshkevich 

As a CoastWatch Regional Site, GLERL will establish 

operations of the Great Lakes RNN, identify regional 

CoastWatch users and their NOAA data needs, and 

supply useful products to participants in the Great 

Lakes CoastWatch Program. The CoastWatch product 

currently being received over the NOCN Node for use 

and redistribution is satellite derived surface 

temperature. Other products are planned including 

turbidity, ocean color, ice mapping etc., many using 

new satellite sensors such as SeaWiFs and Synthetic 

Aperture Radar (SAR). However, research is needed 

not only for the validation and implementation of this 

data in the Great Lakes region, which can lead to the 

enhancement or improvement of the Great Lakes 

CoastWatch product being distributed, but also for the 

development of regional products and uses of benefit 

to GLERL and its local CoastWatch sites. 

The objectives of this portion of the CoastWatch 

Program are to evaluate and help validate Great Lakes 

CoastWatch products, provide input to the National 

Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

(NESDIS) for product needs and development, and to 

research and develop related products and uses 

specific to the Great Lakes region using CoastWatch 

data. 
Research 

v Projects 

Diporeia sp., used in many GLPRL research projects, wm previously 

classified as Pontoporeia hoyi. 

S everal independent research projccts are also included in the GLERL research 

program. These projects are considered important to the GLERL mission but do not 

currently integrate into one of the Coordinated Research Programs. Titles of the 

projects with principal investigators and contributing scientists are listed below. 
r Independent Research Projects r 

Exchange Processes in Coastal 

Environments. 

Project Scientist: A. Bratkovicb 

CoUaborating Scientists: R. Bemtein, L. Breaker, W. Cbang, 

D. Cbelton, L. Cmwder, M. Dagg, S. Dinnel, G. Fabnenstiel, 

B. Hickey, G. Hitcbcock,D. Hoss, B. Jones, M. Kosm, G. 

Laird, G. Lawrence, J. Ledwell, G. Leshkevich, R. Moll, G. 

Meadows, R. Moll, P. Ortner, J. Rice, 

L. Rosenfeld, L. SanfordJ. Saylor, L. Washbum, and 

T. Whitledge 

This program seeks to observe, analyze and 

quantitatively characterize exchange processes impacting variable fields of environmental concern. An 

essential first step in this sequence is to measure 

(observe) a range of physical, biological or chemical 

fields which affect or characterize the variability of the 

target field (usually horizontal current components, 

water density or temperature, impacting critical biological or chemical fields). The objectives are: 1) to 

evaluate the relative importance of advective exchange 

mechanisms; 2) to identify and investigate the dominant 

intervariable relationships which form the linkage of 

these exchange mechanisms; and 3) to develop 

realistic conceptual, statistical and analytical models 

of specific exchange processes which affect variability in fields of environmental concern. 

with an emphasis on carbon. The long-term goal of 

this research is the development of a hierarchy of 

calibrated numerical models of processes regulating 

the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the Great Lakes 

with subsequent applications to coastal ecosystems. 

In order to accomplish this, a series of tasks need to 

be undertaken to provide insight into and rates for 

important processes including C02 gas exchange, 

remineralization of organic carbon (primary production is assumed known from published data, but this 

parameter is very weak), formation of CaC03, vertical 

flux of carbon species, dissolution rate of CaC03, 

remineralization of carbon in sediments and transport 

across the sediment water interface. 

Environmental Radiotracers. 

Project Scientist: J.A. Robbins 

This project encompasses studies of diverse aquatic 

systems and emphasizes the use of radiotracers to 

identify and model fundamental lake/watershed 

transport processes. Objectives of the program are: 1) 

To identify principal transport mechanisms in aquatic 

systems and determine associated space-time scales 

and rates; 2) to investigate and quantify sediment 

depositional and geochemical processes; 3) to 

develop geochronological information from sediment 

radionuclide profiles for paleolimnological studies; 4) 

Carbon Biogeochemistr~ in Lakes and to determine and account for relationships between 

Coastal Ecosystems. system loadings and sedimentary records of tracers, 

Project Scientist: B.J. Eadie contaminants and other constituents; and 5) to apply 

ContributingScientists: J.A. Robbins, G. Bell, G.A. Laird techniques, insights and models arising from radioPemie, A. Mudroch, J. Coakley, F. Rosa, C. Parrish, D. tracer studies to specific problems of ecosystem 

Adams, J. Val Klump, P. Meyers, C. Lohman, S. dynamics, environmental contamination and regional 

Eisenreich, J. Baker, and R. Lively effects of climate change. 

Great Lakes and coastal ecosystems are continu- 

. ally subject to a series of stressors that are transient in 

nature. These lead to issues such as the biogeochemi- Upper Niagara River Cooperative Flow 

cal response of systems to increased or decreased Model. 

nutrient loads, man induced changes in the carbon Project Scientist: J.A. Derecki 

cycle and climate, and the introduction of toxic 

contaminants and their effects. This project focuses This research will lead to a better understanding 

on these issues through research on processes regu- of unsteady flows in the upper Niagara River and to 

lating the major biogeochemical cycles and fluxes, improved determination of flows and river profiles 

under various flow conditions. 
r Independent Research Projects r 

Upper Niagara River Unsteady Flow 

Model. 

Project Scientist: J.A . Derecki 

The Niagara River is the only Great Lakes connecting channel that does not have a hydraulic transient 

model for the simulation of unsteady flows. This 

study seeks to develop an unsteady flow model for 

the upper Niagara River above the Falls, and to 

calibrate the model by reavaluation of the bottom 

roughness parameters. 

Detroit River Unsteady Flow Analysis. 

Project Scientist: J.A. Derecki 

This research will lead to a better understanding 

of the unsteady flow conditions, including flow 

reversals in the river, and to improved calibration of 

the existing Detroit River unsteady flow models by 

using an acoustic doppler current profiler flow meter 

at the Fort Wayne section of the Detroit River. 

Resuspension of Bottom Sediments in 

Lake Superior. 

Project Scientist: N. Hawley 

This program seeks to measure the frequency, 

duration, and magnitude of sediment resuspension 

episodes using instrumented platforms deployed in 

Whitefish Bay and off the Keewenaw peninsula; to 

experimentally measure erosion threshold velocities 

using a bottom-resting flume; and to relate these 

measurements to the properties of the bottom material. 

Dynamics of the Bottom Boundary Layer 

in Lake Michigan. 

Project Scientists: J.H. Saylor and G.S. Miller 

only a small proportion of the total suspended material found in the lakes, sediment trap studies have 

shown that the bulk of the mass flux occurs within the 

bottom 25 m. This study will quantify the distribution 

of bottom current intensities as functions of space and 

time in order to parameterize the distribution and 

frequency of resuspension events. 

Taxonomic Clarification of Great Lakes 

Pontoporeiid Amphipod. 

Project Scientist: M.J. Quigley 

Contributing Scientists: E.L. Bousfield and M. Luttenton 

This work will focus on determining the taxonomic diversity of pontoporeiid amphipods of the 

upper Great Lakes and describing corresponding 

species morphology, distribution and habitat. Preliminary studies of Lake Michigan adult pontoporeiid 

amphipods has indicated that at least four separate 

species may exist along a nearshore-offshore gradient. 

Nitrogen Dynamics. 

Project Scientist: W.S. Gardner 

Contributing Scientists: S. Fitzgerald and]. Cottner 

This study will provide improved methodologies 

to measure fluxes of important nitrogen compounds 

that reflect nitrogen dynamics in lakes, wetlands, or 

marine coastal regions; identify, quantify, and compare major processes controlling nitrogen regeneration from lake and marine coastal sediments; and 

identify and quantify major nitrogen regeneration 

processes in lake and/or marine pelagic waters. 

The existence of a persistent benthic boundary 

layer has been documented in the offshore regions of 

all of the Great Lakes. Although the layer contains 
and 

A GLERRI, scimtirt works with zehra musseLc in [he [@id lahraloty. 

(G LERL's research faciliry is 3 mcirfcrn building with over 24,600 squarc feet of usable space, including 

1 3 l:i bora tories 14,100 sq. ft.), conference rooms (990 sq. ft.), a Ei brary (1,250 sq. ft.), and computer resources 

<1,2211 sq, ft.). In addition to general laboratory equipment, GLERL has a rully-equipped low-level 

radioisotope analysis laboratory, a stable isotope mass spectrometer (SIMS), several gas chromatographs 

and liquid scint illalion counters, a tligh pressure liquid chromatography system, a multi-channel Coulrcr 

Counter, a full complcrnent of growth chambers and incubators, stereo and invertcd microscopes, and a 

fully equipped multi-purpose epifluorescence microscope. GIIRI. also maintains and operatcs a High 

Speed MicrncinemaLography 1,aboratot-y housed in a temperature-controllcdcnvironmental chamber. The 

combinatjon of high-specd (500 frames per second) and precise controI of temperatures between 1" and 

30" C allows advanccd studies of the feeding behavior of zooplankton over the broad range of 

temperatures found in the natural Great 1,akes environment. In addition, a separate Cold Room is 

maintained for conducting experiments and growing biological cultures at low temperatures. 
r Facilities and Services r 

Computer Facility Drifter Data 

1. Lake Erie 1986 - Miller The GLERL Computer Facility consists of a 2. L~~~ Michigan Bay) 1989 - Miller 

Local Area VAXcluster (LAVc) of nine VAX 

computers on site and the capability of access- WaYe Data ing a Cyber 855 mainframe and a Cyber 205 L~~~ Michigan 1973 - Liu 

supercomputer at the National Institute of Stan- 2. L~~~ Michigan 1975 thru 1977 - Liu dards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, 

MD. GLERL is one of five remote nodes to the 

NIST facility, which is known as the Department 

of Commerce Consolidated Scientific Computing System (CSCS). GLERL is also the Great 

Lakes Regional Node of the National Ocean 

Communications Network. 

User terminals and microcomputers throughout 

the GLERL facility are hardwired to a communications switch that allows users to access the 

LAVc as well as the Cyber computers in Gaithersburg. Off-site access to the system is available through telephone lines and a private 

network that links NIST and all remote connections to the CSCS systems. 

A variety of applications, including real time 

and near-real time data acquisition, data reduction, graphics, large scale modeling, statistical 

and mathematical analysis, telecommunications, 

and word processing support more than 80 

accounts. Laboratory office automation, administrative/accounting functions, and scientific applications are supported by more than 85 

loosely networked microcomputers. 

During FY90, the Computer and Information 

Systems Group conducted an inventory of data bases 

archived at GLERL. The program is an ongoing 

activity of a GLERL Data Committee and contributes 

to the larger-scale NOAA effort of archiving usable 

data and making that data available for use by all 

interested scientists. A listing of the data base 

categories and the scientisits responsible for collectiodarchiving is given below. 

Current Meter and Water Temperature 

1. Lake Huron Nov. 1974 thru 1975 - Miller 

2. Lake Michigan 1976 thru 1989 - Miller 

3. Lake Erie 1979 thru 1980 - Miller 

Computerized Bathymetry 

1. Lake Superior - Schwab 

2. Lake Michigan - Schwab 

3. Lake Huron - Schwab 

4. Lake St. Clair - Schwab 

5. Lake Erie - Schwab 

6. Lake Ontario - Schwab 

Data 

Meteorological (Air Temperature, Wind 

Speed and 

thru October) - Hawley 

1990 - Hawley 

Vertical Velocity Pro es 

1. St. Clair River 1984 hru 1986 - Derecki 

2. Detroit River 1986 t b ru 1986 - Derecki 

Biological and Water Data 

1. Lake 1983 thru 1990 

- Laird Pernie 

Sediment Trap flux, Some Chemical 

Characteristics) 

1. Lake 

- Eadie 

- Eadie 

Water Data (Temper 

1. Lake Michigan 

- Bratkovich 

Water Temperature 

1. Lake Superior for Months 1976 thru 

1979 - Assel 

2. Lake Superior for 1973 thru 

1976 - Assel 
r Facilities and Services r 

Water Data (Temperature, Salinity, Transparency, etc.) 

1. Lake Michigan (Green Bay) May 1989 thru May 

1990 - Hawley 

2. Lake St. Clair 1986 (May thru October) - Hawley 

3. Lake Michigan 1975 thru 1990 - Bell 

4. Gulf of Mexico (North) June, July 1990 

- Bratkovich 

Water Characteristics (Chemical, Physical, 

Bottom Sediment, etc.) 

1. Lake Erie, June thru Nov. 1965, April thru Dec. 

1967 - Bell 

2. Lake Huron, May thru Nov. 1966 - Bell 

3. Lake Superior and St. Marys River, May thru 

Nov. 1968 - Bell 

4. Lake Superior, May thru Nov. 1969 - Bell 

5. Lake Michigan, May thru Nov. 1970 - Bell 

6. Lake Michigan, May thru Nov. 1975 - Bell 

7. Lake Ontario, Oswego, Rochester Harbor, May 

thru Nov. 1971 - Bell 

8. Lake Ontario, Oswego Harbor, May thru Nov. 

1972 - Bell 

9. Lake Ontario, 4 cruises July thru Nov. 1972 

- Bell 

10. Straits of Mackinac, May thru Nov. 1973 - Bell 

11. Lake St. Clair and Detroit River, May thru Nov. 

1974 - Bell. 

Shipboard Meteorological Data 

I. For all Great Lakes cruises from 1965 thru 1975 

- Bell 

Library 

The GLERL library staff provide library and 

related services in support of the laboratory's 

research activities. A program-oriented research 

collection is maintained, with special retrieval 

services available when the existing collection 

cannot meet the needs of individual researchers. 

Library services include acquisition, circulation, 

interlibrary loan, reference, and online information retrieval for laboratory-affiliated personnel. 

The library staff expedite on-demand document 

retrieval and provide expanded reference capability on behalf of scientists through direct access arrangements with the University of Michigan libraries. GLERL Library facilities and collection are available for public use on-site during normal business hours. 

Collection holdings include 4,440 books, 4,985 

unbound periodical volumes, and 3,100 technical reports in program subject areas of climatology, contaminant organics, hydrology, hydraulics, ice, limnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, sedimentation, and wave motion. The Great Lakes Basin 

is emphasized. The library also receives 191 

current periodical titles. The technical reports 

collection is supported by the GLERL library 

reports catalog database and may be searched 

on-site using interactive search options. 

During FY 90, the library staff submitted 

existing card catalog records for the retrospective conversion into machine readable format 

and inclusion in the Online Computer Library 

Center's (OCLC) catalog. Another project was 

initiated to re-catalog some of the technical 

reports from the GLERL reports catalog database 

into the OCLC catalog. Converted records from 

both projects will be included in the NOAA 

libraries union catalog which is searchable on 

CD-ROM in NOAA libraries. Also during this 

fiscal year, the library processed its second 

highest number of interlibrary loan requests. 

In FY 91, the library staff plan to continue to 

catalog older materials into the collection as 

well as convert existing database records into 

the OCLC database. As these efforts are completed, the library will have the majority of its 

collection integrated into the NOAA union list 

catalog where records will be accessible using 

interactive Boolean search options. 

The GLERL library is a member of the Michigan Library Consortium (MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network (WLLN), Federal Library and Information Network (FEDLINK), NOAA 

Library and Information Network (NLIN), and 

the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC). 
r Facilities and Services r 

Information Services - 

Publications Unit 

The Publications Unit staff are responsible 

for providing editorial and publications support 

to the scientific staff, for distributing GLERL 

publications, and for responding to publications 

and information requests from the public. They 

also produce and update brochures and informative fixed and portable displays concerning 

GLERL's work and/or important environmental 

issues. 

For FY 90, the Information Services Group 

completed displays that were exhibited at an 

Earth Day Open House held at GLERL, a presentation at the University of Michigan in association with Earth Day, and at a zebra mussel 

conference in Washington, DC. Displays were 

also exhibited for a visit to GLERL by students 

from Eastern Michigan University's Summer Institute, 

and at an Open House held at Muskegon, MI in 

honor of the relocation of our vessel operations. 

Research products generated during FY 90 

include 45 scientific articles, reports, and books, 

and 55 formal presentations. There were over 

Vessel Operations 

In FY 90, as a result of the reorganization, 

Vessel Operations and the Marine Instrumentation Laboratory were combined and are now 

designated the Marine Operations and Instrumentation Laboratory (MOIL). 

r Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

The base for Vessel Operations was moved 

during June from Grand Haven, MI to Muskegon, 

MI. The old Coast Guard Base with two buildings and 1.3 acres of land was declared surplus 

by the Coast Guard, 9th District, and leased to 

GLERL for 1 year to establish a Vessel Operations Facility. While this is a temporary agreement with the Coast Guard, Congressional action has been initiated to transfer the title from 

the Coast Guard to NOAA through the efforts of 

Representative Robert W. Davis (Coast Guard 

and Navigation Subcommittee of the House Merchant 

Marine and Fisheries Committee) and Representative Guy Vander Jagt (Ways and Means Committee). Mr. Rick Chapla, Department of Planning and Economic Development, City of Muskegon, 

has been helpful in facilitating the move. 

2,200 documented requests for GLERL informa- There is dockage for the R/V Shenehon and tion, with over 3,100 items mailed as a result of 

a smaller research launch in the Coast Guard those requests. mooring basin adjacent to the main building. A 

5 year lease for 100 feet of dockage has also The Publications Unit maintains and updates been obtained from the Corps of Engineers at eight mailing lists for GLERL products. New the Government Mooring Basin approximately NOAA-series publications are automatically dis- 0.3 miles from the main building. tributed according to these mailing lists. All new 

publications, including journal articles and books, 

are added to our six-month update listing of new 

publications, which keeps our users informed of 

GLERL's latest product releases. If you would 

like to be added to GLERL's mailing list, or 

would like additional information on GLERL's 

research activities, please write to: 

Publications Office 

NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1593 

The main building has 10 rooms, a full 

basement, two toilets and a shower room, and 

storage in the attic. The large galley can be 

converted to a laboratory in the future. This 

facility has great potential for the establishment 

of a lake-side laboratory for GLERL which can 

have a continuous supply of lake water and will 

allow some studies to be conducted that are not 

feasible at the laboratory in Ann Arbor. There is 

a separate building which is being utilized for a 

crew office, a workshop, and for storage of ship 

supplies and equipment. A third building, on 
r Facilities and Services 7 

The R/VShenehon, dockedai the new 

Ve'essel Operalions FaciIily located in 

Muskegon, MI, is fully equipped for 

oceanographic studies and is the 

primary vessel used throughout rhe 

Great Lakes to collect he data used in 

most GLERL products. 

city property, is being used for storage of re- phase Onan generator, a 30-kW, 3-phase diesel 

search equipment. generator which is original equipment. An 

electro-hydraulic articulated crane is used for 

The City of Muskegon sponsored a I-day 

Open House and welcoming reception to celebrate the arrival of GLERL and the K/V Sbenehon to the new Muskegon facility. GLEKL 

personnel set up displays and conducted tours. 

The U.S. and NOAA flags were raiscd as the new 

facility was dedicated. The event was well 

attended by the public, and GLERL received 

television, radio, and newspaper coverage. 

r Research Vessel Shenebon 

'The Shenebon is owned and operated by 

GLERL. It is based at the old U.S. Coast Guard 

Station at Muskegon, MI and is lhe primary 

platform used in suppors of GLERL's opcn lake 

fieId investigations. 'l'hc vessel is 65.6 feet long, 

has a 6.5-ft mean draft, a 700-nautical-mile 

cruising range, and a 10-knot cruising speed. 

Navigational equipment. includes a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two LORAN-C units, 

a Sperry Auto Pilot, and a Raytheon Depth 

Sounder. A 55-channel radiotelephone is available for ship-to-shore communications. Electrical power is provided by a modern 20-kW, 3- 

deployment and retrieval of water and bottom 

sediment samplers and heavy instrument moorings. Electro-hydraulic winches handle hydrographic wire and m~llticonductor cable for sample 

casts and in-siru measurernenrs OF water variables. An on-board wct labora~osy is available 

for onsite experiments and sample processing. 

Scientific equipment includes various sizes of 

Niskia samplers, reversing thermometers, and 

bottom samplers including a small box corer. A 

data acquisition system, separate from the Shipboard Environrncnral (Data) Acquisition System 

(SEAS), records and plots data from a Sea Tech 

transmissameter coupled to an electronic 

bath ytt~errnogsaph. The system includes equipment to record, process and plot water temperature data collected using Sippican Expendable 

Bathythermograph (XBT) probes. 

The Shenebon is a designated NOAA weather 

reporting station and has a SEAS installed by the 

National Ocean Service. This system, the first 

installed in the Great Lakes, provides increased 

capahiIity to collecr and transmit weather data 

using satellite communications. 
r Facilities and Services r 

A 25-foot Bertram cruiser has been modified 

for use as an auxiliary research platform which 

is transported by trailer to remote sites. Navigational equipment includes radar, a magnetic 

compass, a 91-channel radiotelephone, a LoranC and a 50-kHz depth sounder, and a 120-kHz 

depth sounder with digital and video displays. 

An electric winch is available for deployment 

and retrieval of light sampling equipment. An 

inflatable life raft was added during FY 90. 

r Research Support 

The majority of the work supported by the 

Shenehon and the Bertram launch was connected with biological studies in Lake Michigan 

and in Saginaw Bay. These studies included 

benthic, planktonic, and bacterial experiments 

relating to algal growth, zooplankton grazing, 

food chain transport in the aquatic environment, 

fate and effects of sediment-associated toxic 

organics, and long term trends of benthic fauna. 

During FY 90, cruises were made in Lake 

Michigan, Straits of Mackinac, Saginaw Bay, and 

into Green Bay. The cruises into Green Bay 

were made as part of a cooperative study with 

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 

with the University of Wisconsin. The Bertram 

cruiser was used primarily for biological.studies 

(7 weeks) in Saginaw Bay, and for temperature 

transects in Lake Michigan. 

Sediment traps were deployed at two stations in Lake Michigan and at five stations in 

Green Bay to monitor the vertical mass and 

chemical flux. Instrument tripods were deployed over the winter in Green Bay to study 

bottom currents and the resuspension of sediments. 

Current meters and temperature sensors were 

deployed in Green Bay over the winter as part 

of a bottom boundary layer study and to determine water currents in Green Bay. Two acoustic 

doppler profilers were removed from Green Bay 

and deployed in the Straits of Mackinac. Current 

and temperature sensors were deployed in the 

center of the southern basin of Lake Michigan. 

The 100-meter station off Grand Haven, MI 

continued to be the site monitored using sediment traps and periodic water and plankton 

samplings to study temporal variations in water 

quality as well as vertical mass and chemical flux 

as determined.by trap samples. Particular emphasis was placed on carbon pools and rates of 

transfer. Several cruises were made using both 

the Shenehonand the Bertram launch in connection 

with studies of frontal processes along traverses 

off Grand Haven and Muskegon, MI. 

A prototype sediment trap of GLERL design 

for collecting sequential samples in the water 

column was successfully tested in Lake Michigan. The trap will be deployed along with two 

sequencing traps of PMEL design during the 

winter in Lake Michigan. Several more traps of 

the GLERL design will be constructed and deployed throughout the Great Lakes. 

The wire line sweep technique developed by 

GLERL was successfully used again to recover 

sediment trap moorings from submerged positions in Lake Michigan and Green Bay. The 

technique continues to pay dividends due to 

rapid and inexpensive recovery of lost equipment. 

r Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

The marine operations and instrumentation 

laboratory (MOIL) staff select, calibrate, repair, 

and, when necessary, adapt or design instruments to collect data in the lakes and their 

environs. Engineers and technicians in this unit 

work closely with GLERL researchers to ensure 

that instruments are compatible with their needs. 

They also participate in field experiments by 

providing support for the deployment and retrieval of field equipment, assistance with the 

collection of samples and data, and in-field 

maintenance or repair of equipment. GLERL's 

data collection equipment includes 44 AMF Vector Averaging Current Meters, 16 AMF Acoustical Releases, 7 Mini-TOD Drifter Buoys, 1 Adamo- 
7 Facilities and Services r 

We acquired a used catamaran and converted 

it into a towed vehicle for downward current 

profiling using our RDRR-1200 Acoustical Doppler Current Profiler. 

Modifications were made to our old inventory of drifters to allow external disconnection 

of power and downloading of data without 

opening the sealed instrument which will result 

in faster field usage turnaround. These drifters 

were used in conjunction with Canadian scientist on Lake Ontario. 

The GLERL-designed sediment trap for collecting 

sequential samples in the water column was successfully rested in Lake Michigan. 

Rupp Wavetider WRlPS Buoy, 5 Aanderaa Thermistor String Recorders, 5 Marsh McBirney 585 

Current Meters, 1 RD Instrument Co. RDKR1200 Acoustical Doppler Current Profiler, and 2 

RDSC-600 Acoustical Doppler Current Profilers. 

During FY 90, MOIL staff, in conjunction with 

the Great Lakes Engineering Company, Ann 

Arbor, MI, built and tested a sequential sediment 

samples that would withstand working pressure 

of 200 meters with 23 discrete samples of individual preset exposure times from 1 minute to 1 

year. A microcomputer is the controller of the 

system and serves as a data logger for in situ 

measurements. Present plans call for adding six 

more to our inventory. 
In mo~nitfon of Earth Day 19W, CURL, along with seueml other lmal research agmcies, 

opened their doors to continue to in fom the public of cumt reseansb activities. 

The GLERL mission includes the develop- Intcrflaliolld and 

rnent of environmental information, data, and 

service tools for users in government and 

private organizations. Identifying the environmental information needed to fulfill this 

mission is a vital activity of GLERL staff and 

helps guide our research programs. Participation on boards, commissions, task forces, 

and committees is an essential part of this 

effort. EqualIy important is the role played 

by the Publications Unit, which supports all 

aspects of publishing GLERL's products, making them available to those who necd them, 

answering information requests, and creating 

displays and general literature concerning 

GP,ERL's products and work. 

Interagency Participation 

Staff participation on boards, commissions, 

task forces, and committees provides a mechanism for defining new research initiatives, identifying user needs, and guiding the development 

of usable products. Participation also helps to 

maintain staff involvement in programs concerned 

wilh environmental problems and issues of waterand land-oriented resource development and 

management issues. 

During FY 90, GLERL staff participated as 

members of the foIIowing boards, committees, 

and task forces: 
r Outreach Activities r 

International Joint Commission 

r Great Lakes Science Advisory Board 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Chair) 

- Council of Great Lakes Research 

Managers (D. Reid, Alternate) 

r Corporate Management Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

r Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 

Surveillance Work Group 

- Great Lakes Surveillance Subcommittee 

(B. Eadie) 

- Lake Michigan Task Force (B. Eadie) 

- Lake Erie Task Force 0. Robbins) 

- Lake Huron Task Force (T. Nalepa) 

- Upper Connecting Channels Task Force 

0. Derecki) 

- Workshop on Applications of Mass 

Balance to the Management of Toxic 

Substances in the re at Lakes 

(B. Eadie, Co-chair) 

r Great Lakes Water Levels Reference 

- Functional Group 1: Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Climate (F. Quinn) 

- Functional Group 3: Socio-Economic 

and Environmental Impact Assessment 

Group (H. Hartmann) 

r Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes 

Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

- Hydrometeorology and Modeling 

Subcommittee (T. Croley, 11) 

- River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

r International Great Lakes Levels and Flows 

Advisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair) 

r Biennial Meeting 1991 Program Subcommitte (A. Beeton) 

Other interagency, professional society, 

and international activities: 

r International Association for Great Lakes 

Research 

- Board of Directors 

(D. Schwab, Treasurer) (T. Nalepa, M. 

Quigley, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- IAGLR Membership and Endowment 

Committee (M. Quigley, Chair) 

- Journal of Great Lakes Research 

(F. Quinn, Associate Editor) 

r National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton, W. 

Gardner, H. Vanderploeg, P. Landrum) 

r The University of Michigan 

- Cooperative Institute for Limnology 

and Ecosystems Research (CILER) 

(A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga) 

- Biological Station Executive Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

- Ph.D Committees (A. Beeton, S. 

Tarapchak, A. Bratkovich) 

r Ohio Sea Grant 

- Zebra Mussel Project (A. Beeton) 

- Lake Erie Ice Studies (S. Bolsenga) 

r American Society for Testing and Materials 

Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee 

(P. Landrum) 

r Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS, USEPA) 

- Toxicity/Chemistry Work Group 

(P. Landrum) 

- Management Advisory Commiteee 

(D. Reid) 

r Chemosphere, Board of Editors 

(P. Landrum) 

r Department of Commerce Consolidated 

Scientific Computing System Technical 

Committee (G. Spalding) 

r Great Lakes Commission 

- Drought Management and Great Lakes 

Water Levels Task Force (H. Hartmann, 

F. Quinn) 

- Great Lakes Speakers Bureau 

Directory (G. Laird Pernie, F. Quinn, 

H. Hartmann) 
r Outreach Activities r 

- Task Force on Emergency Preparedness 

(D. Reid) 

- Observer delegate (A. Beeton) 

r Great Lakes Environmental Action Program 

(Great LEAP/USCOE) 

(A. Beeton, G. Leshkevich) 

r Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

r Great Lakes GIs Coordinating Committee 

(G. Leshkevich) 

r Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 

EPA Policy Committee (A. Beeton) 

r Green Bay Mass Balance Study (USEPA) 

- Field Operations Committee 

(N. Hawley) 

- Management Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Modeling Work Group (T. Saylor) 

- Technical Advisory Committe 

(B. Eadie) 

- Lake Ontario Dioxin Superfund 

Management Panel (B. Eadie) 

r Handbook of Environmental Chemist y, 

Advisory Board (P. Landrum) 

r Huron River Watershed Council 

(S. Tarapchak, Advisor) 

- Portage Lake Project (A. Beeton) 

r International Mathematics and Statistical 

Library (IMSL) North American Users 

Group (L. Herche, Co-chair) 

r International Association of Theoretical 

and Applied Limnology 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

r Lake Ontario Nutrient Cycle/Foodweb 

Modeling Workshop 

(S. Tarapchak) 

r 

r NASA/Lockheed Freshwater Initiative 

(S. Bolsenga) 

r NCAR Great Lakes Climate Change Program 

(S. Bolsenga) 

r NOAA Climate and Global Change Program 

- Ecosystems Working Group (D. Reid, 

S. Bolsenga) 

r NOAA Coastal Ocean Program 

- Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem Component 

Interline Office Development Team (G. 

Fahnenstiel) 

- Observations and Predictions Component 

Interline Office Development Team (A. 

Bratkovich) 

- Physical Impacts Component (D.Schwab) 

r NOAA/ERL Satellite Requirements 

Committee (S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 

r NOAA Estuarine Habitat Research 

Workshop (W. Gardner) 

r NOAA Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf 

Region Research Planning Workshop 

(W. Gardner) 

r NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New 

Bedford Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

r NOAA NECOP Technical Advisory 

Committee (B. Eadie, A. Bratkovich) 

r NOAA/NESDIS Coastwatch Program 

(G. Leshkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

r NSF Long-Term Ecological Research 

Network (S. Bolsenga, S. Tarapchak) 

r Regional Response Team (RRT), Region V 

- Department of Commerce Alternate 

Representative (D. Reid) 

r Michigan Sea Grant Research Advisory 

Committee 0. Saylor, A. Bratkovich) 

r State of Michigan, Department of Natural 

Resources 

- Great Lakes Information System 

Technical Advisory Committee 

(A. Beeton) 
r Outreach Activities r 

- Michigan Great Lakes Fund (A. Beeton) - Continued to develop a cooperative research 

- Toxic Substances Control Commission program with the People's Republic of China. 

(A. Beeton, Commissioner) As part of this program, GLERL hosted a visiting scientist who came to GLERL to learn 

r State University of New York (SUNY) sediment analysis techniques. 

Buffalo, Great Lakes Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) - Hosted a four-month visit by a hydrobiologist 

from the VNIIVO Institute, All-Union Scientific 

r U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Research Institute for Water Protection in Kharkov, 

Grou~ USSR, as part of the Environmental Protection r 

- Great Lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee Exchange Program. 

(R. Assel, U.S. Co-chair) 

- Established a cooperative zebra mussel monir International Great Lakes - St. Lawrence toring effort with the U.S. Coast Guard wherein 

Ice Information Working Group Coast Guard staff survey and report zebra 

(R. Assel, U.S. Co-chair, S. Bolsenga) mussel infestations on navigation buoys as 

they are recovered for winter storage. 

r U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Policy Committee (A. Beeton, S. ~~l~~~~~ - Participated in an ad-~OC international "mussel 

Alternate) watch" committee to act as a clearinghouse 

and validation point for reported zebra mussel 

r U.S. Soil Conservation Service sightings. This committee has been instru- 

(A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) mental in attempting to control unfounded 

rumors about the spread of the zebra mussel 

r U.S. Department of State and in providing accurate, verified data. 

- Cooperative Study on Chernobyl 

Fallout in Masurian Lakes, Poland - Conducted a cooperative research project with 

0. Robbins) the Department of Pathology at The University 

- Mongolian Cooperative Research of Michigan Medical School. 

Program (S. Bolsenga) 

- Conducted cooperative research with scienV Waterloo Natural History Association tists at Michigan State University, Department 

(H. Hartmann) of Fish and Wildlife. 

r Wayne County Community College - Provided statistical consulting to scientists 

- Technical Advisory Committee from The University of Michigan and The 

(H. Booker) University of British Columbia. 

GLERL scientists also: - Worked with EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, 

SD on ob~aining and installing LAS image- - Conducted cooperative research with scientists from the University of Konstanz, W. Ger- processing software at GLERL. 

many on a comprehensive study of Chernobyl - Fostered coordination with the Midwestern Fallout in Lake Konstanz. 

Climate Center and the Illinois State Water 

Survey to develop a Midwestern Climate Infor- - Conducted cooperative research study of evaporation 

and climate change with scientists from the mation System (MICIS). 

USSR Academy of Sciences. 
r Outreach Activities r 

- Conducted cooperative research with scien- Meetings and Presentations 

tists at NASA/Goddard to measure bidirectional reflectance of ice. An integral part of the scientific development 

of GLERL staff is attendance and participation in 

- Conducted cooperative research with the Na- scientific and technical meetings. During FY 90, 

val Ocean and Atmospheric Research Lab (NOARL). GLERL sponsored 20 in-house seminars as part 

of the GLERL Informal Seminar Series. Our staff 

- Collaborated with scientists at Michigan State made 55 presentations concerning GLERL's work 

University to study the ecology of the larvae of at public and professional meetings. 

the mosquito Anopboles, a vector of malaria. In FY 90, GLERL staff members served as co- 

- Conducted cooperative research with the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service on under-the-ice 

ecology. 

- Served as adjunct professors at The University 

of Michigan. 

- Served on an expert advisory/review panel for 

Carnegie-Mellon University's Physical-Technical Systems Class on Catastrophic Spills on 

the Great Lakes. 

- Served as expert advisors for the U.S. Navy 

acoustics research program in Lake Pend Oreille, 

ID. 

- Participated in Cooperative Student Programs 

with The University of Michigan and Eastern 

Michigan University. 

chairman of the following sessions: 

- Sediment Toxicity: Bioavailability and Field 

Assessments at the Tenth Annual Meeting of 

the Society of Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 

- Organic Substances and Sediments in Water: 

Biological Processes: Bioaccumulation and 

Bioturbation 177th National Meeting of the 

American Chemical Society. 

- Nutritional Biochemistry, Behavior, and Physiology at the National Science Foundation workshop 

Future Directions in Zooplankton Biology (H. 

Vanderploeg). 

- Organized and chaired an IJC Workshop on 

Applications of the Mass Balance Approach to 

the Management of Toxic Substances in the 

Great Lakes held in Barrie, Ontario, Canada in 

March 1770 (B. Eadie). 

- Measured lipids for scientists at the University 

of Waterloo, Canada. Technology Transfers 

GLERL staff responded to approximately 2,200 

- Measured lipids in marine zooplankton for a requests for information during FY 70 and procooperative study with Memorial University of vided 3,100 items to service those requests. 

Newfoundland, Canada. Many of the products that GLERL produces and 

distributes involve, to some degree, a transfer of 

- Conducted a cooperative study on lipids with both technology and data. During FY 70, GLERL's 

scientists from the University of Stockholm, outreach of this nature involved the transfer of 

Sweden. the following: 

- Established a cooperative Great Lakes bathym- Great Lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover 

etry charting project with scientists at NOAA's Model 

National Geophysical Data Center. - Canadian Climate Center 

- Hosted students from several area schools. Great Lakes Snowfall Maps 

The students were given laboratory tours and - Interactive Concepts, Inc. 

briefed on GLERL activities. 
r Outreach Activities r 

Hydrologic Response Model 

- University of Minnesota 

- Provided continuing assistance to the US 

Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo 

District 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic 

Engineering Center 

- New York Power Authority 

Wave Forecast Model 

- US Army Corps of Engineers 

- University of Wisconsin 

"Pathfinder" Trajectory Prediction 

System 

- US Department of the Interior 

- US Coast Guard 

- McMaster University 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

- Michigan State University 

- University of Florida 

Satellite Drifter Programs 

- Scripps Oceanographic Institute 

Large Basin Runoff Model 

- Michigan State University 

- The Water Network 

Lake Evaporation Model 

- Atmospheric Environment Service 

Real-time Interactive Data Acquisition 

Software 

- R.D. Instrument Co. 

GLERLts data gathering equipment was 

shared with: 

- The University of Michigan, Great Lakes 

Research Division 

- Michigan State Police 

- Great Lakes Engineering dompany 

Lipid Methodology 

New micro-methods developed at GLERL 

to measure lipids in aquatic invertebrates 

were transferred to: 

- National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario 

- National Hydrology Research Institute, 

Saskatchewan, Canada. 

- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, 

Oregon. 

Eastern Michigan University's Summer 

Institute 

During July 1990, GLERL scientists participated in a career night event and hosted a lab 

tour for high school honor students participating in EMU'S Summer Institute Program. The 

Summer Institute Program is funded by the 

Michigan Department of Education and is 

designed to provide college-bound students 

with an introduction to university life. 

GLERL and Great Lakes 

Education - 

Partners for Excellence 

In conjunction with NOAA's desire to better 

inform the public of its research efforts, GLERL 

is involved in a number of Great Lakes community educational programs. In FY 90, GLERL 

continued its involvement with the Science Department of the Ann Arbor Public Schools' Partners for Excellence Program (T. Nalepa, GLERL 

Coordinator). The partnership seeks to enrich 

the public schools' curriculum in the area of 

environmental science, particularly with respect 

to the Great Lakes and aquatic sciences. Designated partnership activities included: 

r Providing mentors to help students with science fair projects. 

Plans for construction of sediment traps r Providing practical "hands-on" experience to 

were shared with: promising science-oriented students via partici- 

- University of Minnesota pation in a Student Volunteer Program. 

- University of Stockholm, Sweden 
v Outreach Activities r 

r Providing information on careers in environmental science and acting as consultants for the 

science curriculum. 

v Inviting science tcachers to laboratory-sponsored seminars. 

Southeast Michigan ScIence Falr 

In conjunction with the 32nd Annual Southeast Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored 

awards for outstanding projects in aquatic science in, each of the Science Pair divisions: 

Senior Projects, Junior Projects, and Junior Models and Collections. GLERL staff (T. Croley, I3 

Schwab, H. VanderpIoeg, J. Saylor, and A. Beeton) 

acted as general Science Fair judges and also as 

judges for the GLERL award in the Southeast 

Michigan and local junior high science lairs. 

(Public Law 95-454). This program provides 

selected high school students with the opportunity to perform volunteer work at GLERL after 

school. Each participant is assigned to a GLERL 

research scientist who supervises the student's 

work and activities related to an active GLERL 

research project. 

Teacher-~~-GLERL Project 

During FY 89, GLERL scientists (A. Beeton, 

D. Reid) initiated a project to host a middle 

school science teacher at GLERL for a onesemester sabbatical funded by the Ann arbor 

Public Schools (AAPS) System. After several 

discussions with AAPS officials and a format 

written proposal, the project was accepted and 

sabbatical funds were allocated for the 1991 

school year. Ms. Sandy Aquino, a science teacher 

at Tappan Middle School, has been selected for Student VoIunteer Program the project and will be residcnt ah GLERL from 

GLERL and the Ann Arbor January to June, 1991 to develop curriculum 

established a Student Volunteer Program au- enhancements in the area of aquatic environthosized by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 mental science, 

High school students 

pnrticipating in 

Eastern Michigan 

Uniuesity 's Summer 

Itistilute I+ogmm were 

givm a tour of the 

Laborwtoy. Hew, a 

GXRi scinti~b explains the we of 

GiXRL 3 data gatbetisag 

equipment. 
v GLERL Seminars. 

October 18, 1989 

Jackson, George. 

Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University. Understanding small scale planktonic 

interactions by simulating chemotactic behavior in 

the presence of fluid flow. 

October 31, 1989 

Gatt, Joel. 

University of Wisconsin. Use of isotopic signatures 

for developing water balances: potential applications to the Great Lakes. 

November 8, 1989 

Qi, Yu-Zao. 

Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China. 

Red tide and eutrophication in Shenzhen Bay, 

China. 

November 29, 1989 

Sherr, Evelyn. 

University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sepelo 

Island, GA. Jumping through the microbial loop: 

Roles of protozoa in aquatic food web. 

December 6, 1989 

Taylor, William. 

University of Waterloo, Canada. Small versus large 

zooplankton: mechanisms underlying top-down 

effects in lakes. 

December 12, 1989 

Masse, Ann. 

National Water Research Institute, Canadian Center 

for Inland Waters. Frontal dynamics - Niagara 

River plume in Lake Ontario. 

February 1, 1990 

Privalsky, Victor. 

Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR. Climatic 

variability: stochastic models, predictability and 

spectra. 

February 2, 1990 

Ferronsky, Sergei. 

Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR. The atmospheric energy: measurement process. 

February 7, 1990 

Fitzgerald, Sharon. 

GLERL. The biogeochemistry of amino acids in 

sediments from the Great Lakes. 

March 14, 1990 

Barnhisel, Rae. 

University of Michigan. Great Lakes fish aversion to 

Bythotrephes cedentroemi. 

April 11, 1990 

Cuhel , Russel. 

Center for Great Lakes Studies, Milwaukee, WI. 

Sulfate assimilation and the global sulfur cycle. 

April 12, 1990 

Cuhel, Russell. 

Center for Great Lakes Studies, Milwauke, WI. 

Evidence for phosphorus deficiency in the Sargasso 

Sea. 

April 24, 1990 

Derecki, Jan. 

GLERL. Video enhancement and documentation of 

underwater research operations. 

May 3, 1990 

Spiesberger, J. 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, 

MA. Global warming and acoustic tomography of 

oceans. 

May 31, 1990 

Johnson, R.K. 

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Timeseries analysis of profundal zoobenthos in 

Sweden's Great Lakes. 
r GLERL Seminars r 

June 19, 1990 

Robertson, D.M. 

Centre for Water Research, University of Western 

Austrailia. The use of lakewater temperature and 

ice cover as climatic indicators. 

August 8, 1990 

Magnuson, J. 

University of Wisconsin. Long-term ecological 

research on lakes and global change. 

August 30, 1990 

Tseng, W., and K. Buttleman. 

NESDIS. NOAA's Coastwatch Program and the 

Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis 

System (IDIDAS). 

September 26, 1990 

Walline, P.D. 

Lake Kimeret Lab, Tiberias, Israel. Fisheries 

research at the Kimeret Limnological Laboratory. 

August 29, 1990 

Leshkevich, George. 

GLERL. Digital image processing at GLERL using 

the IVAS/LAS system. 
v FY 90 Staff. 

Office of the Director Physical Sciences Division Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Beeton A.M. - Director Quinn, F.H. - Head Reid, D.F. - Head 

Noble, P.E. - Secretary Lawton, B.J. - Secretary Williams, R.S - Secretary 

Bolsenga, S.J. - Asst. to Director Assel, R.A. Barnhisel, D.R.' 

Johengen, T.H.' Bratkovich, A. W. Bell, G.L. 

Administration 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, E.K. 

Lee, J.P. 

Mull, R.C. 

Information Services 

Bolsenga, S.J. - Head 

Darnell, C.M. 

Hubbard, B.D. 

Sparks, K.J. 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Del Proposto, D.J. 

Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Lefevre, J.T. 

Library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Clites, A.H. 

Croley, T.E., I1 

Derecki, J.A. 

Dong, D.Y.' 

Gottlieb, E.S.' 

Hartrnann, H.C. 

Hawley, N. 

Huff, L.E.' 

Hunter, T.S. 

Jankuski, D.A.' 

Kelley, R.N. 

Leshkevich, G.A. 

Liu, P.C. 

Mamre, S.R.' 

McCormick, M.J. 

Miller, G.S. 

Muhr, G.C. 

Norton, D.C. 

Saylor, J.H. 

Schwab, D.J. 

Sellinger, C.E 

Shenot, J.M.* 

Thomas, J.D.' 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo H.K. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Booker, H.L. 

Kistler, R.D. R/V Shenebon 

Lane, J.C. Morse, D.V. - Master Mate 

Marbury, S.D.J.* Burns, W.R. 

Miller, T.C. Grimes, J.E. 

Muzzi, R.W. Marquardt, J.W.* 

Carrick, H.J. 

Cavaletto, J.F. 

Cotner, J. 

Eadie, B.J. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. 

Faust, W.R. 

Fitzgerald, S.A. 

Ford, M.A. 

Gardner, W.S. 

Gordon, W.M.' 

Gossiaux, D.C. 

Hentz, N.G.' 

Hohmann, J.' 

Laird Pernie, G.A. 

Landrum, P.F. 

Lansing, M.B. 

Lang, G.A. 

Liebig, J.R. 

Lindner, S.R. 

McElroy, K.D.* 

Morehead, N.R. 

Nalepa, T.F. 

Niester, J.M.* 

Patton, T.R.' 

Pear, E.J.' 

Quigley, M.A. 

Ramaley, T.B.' 

Ratkos, J.M . 

Robbins, J.A. 

Rybczyk, J.M. 

Scavia, D. 

Tarapchak, S.J. 

Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Wimmer, M.' 

Woo, R.Y.' 

* - Indicates WAE Employee 

t - Indicates Co-op Employee 
FY90 

. Publications. 

Bedford, K.W., C.J. Merry, and D.J. SCHWAB. Realtime Lake Erie current and temperature field forecasting 

- An integrated modeling and AVHRR methodology 

Proceedings, 1989 American Society of 

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and the 

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Fall 

Convention, Cleveland, OH, September 17-21, 1989, 

77-78 (1 989). 

Bedford, K.W., and D.J. SCWAB. Preparation of 

real-time Great Lakes forecasts. Cray Channels 

Summer 1990:14-17 (1990). 

Bedford, K.W., C.-C. Yen, J. Kempf, D.J. SCHWAB, R. 

Marshall, and C. Kuan. A 313-stereo graphics interface 

for operational Great Lakes forecasts. Proceedings, 

Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference, Newport, 

RI, November 15-17, 1989. American Society of Civil 

Engineers, 248-257 (1990). 

BEETON, A.M. A vision of the future. Proceedings, 

The Great Lakes Basin: A Regional Focus on the 

Environment and Human Health, Chicago, IL, October 

16-18, 1988. Great Lakes Coalition of Public Health 

Associations, 31-35 (1989). 

CARKICK, H.J., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Biomass, 

size structure, and composition of phototrophic and 

heterotrophic nanoflagellate communities in Lakes 

Huron and Michigan. CanadianJournal of F&heries 

and Aquatic Sciences 460 1): 1922-1928 (1989). 

CARRICK, H.J., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Planktonic 

protozoa in Lakes Huron and Michigan: seasonal 

abundance and corrlposition of ciliates and 

dinoflagellates. Journal of Great Lakes Research 

16(2):317-329 (1970). 

Chin, Y.-P., W.J. Weber, Jr., and B.J. EADIE. Estimating 

the effecls of dispersed organic polymers on the 

sorption of contaminants by natural solids. 2. Sorption 

in the presence of humic and other natural 

macromolecules. Environmental Science and 

Technology 24(6):837-842 (1990). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Great Lakes hydrological impacts of 

2xC0, climate change. Proceedings, lnrernational 

and Transboundary Water Resources Issues, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada, April 1-5, 1990. American Water 

Resources Association, 595-604 (1990). 

EADIE, B.J., N.R. MOREHEAD, and P.F. LANDRUM. 

Three-phase partitioning of hydrophobic organic 

compounds in Great Lakes waters. Cbemosphere 

20(1-2):161-178 (1990). 

EADIE, B.J., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, J.A. ROBBINS, 

and G.L. BELL. Significance of sediment resuspension 

and particle settling. In Large Lakes: Ecologzcal 

Structure and Function, M.M. Tilzer and C. Serruya 

(eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, 196-209 (1990). 

Edgington, D.N., and J.A. ROBBINS. Time scales of 

sediment focusing in large lakes as revealed by 

measurement of fallout Cs-137. In I;a,rge Lakes: 

Ecological Structure and Functzon, M .M. Tilzer and 

C. Sermya (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, 210- 

223 (1990). 

Evans, M.S., and P.F. LANDRUM. Toxicokinetics of 

DDE, Benzo(a)pyrene, and 2,4,5,2',4',5'- 

Hexachlorobiphenyl in Pontopolpeta hoyz and MyslS 

relicta. Jouroal of Great Lakes Keseurch 15(4):589- 

600 (1989). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., J.F. CHANDLER, H.J. CAKRICK, 

and D. SCAVIA. Photosynthetic characteristics of 

phytoplankton communities in Lakes Huron and 

Michigan: P-1 parameters and end-products. Journal 

of Great Lakes Research 15(3):394-407 (1989). 
r FY 90 Publications r 

GARDNER, W.S., P.F. LANDRUM, and J.F. 

CAVALETTO. Lipid-partitioning and disposition of 

benzo(a)pyrene and Hexachlorobiphenyl in Lake 

Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis relicta. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chernfitry9: 1269-1278 

(1990). 

GARDNER, W.S., M.A. QUIGLEY, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, 

D. SCAVIA, and W.A. Frez. Pontoporeia hoyi- a direct 

trophic link between spring diatoms and fish in Lake 

Michigan. In Large Lakes: Ecological Structure and 

Function, M.M. Tilzer and C. Serruya (eds.). SpringerVerlag, New York, 632-644 (1990). 

GO'ITLIEB, E.S., J.H. SAYLOR, and G.S. MILLER. 

Currents and temperatures observed in Lake Michigan 

from June 1982 to July 1983. NOAA TM ERL GLERL71 (PB90-131921/XAB), 47 pp. (1989). 

GO'ITLIEB, E.S., J.H. SAYLOR, and G.S. MILLER. 

Currents, temperatures, and divergences observed in 

eastern central Lake Michigan during May-October 

1984. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-72 (PB90-131194/XAB), 

48 pp. (1989). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Annual Report for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 86-87. Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 61 pp (1989). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Annual Report for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 88. Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 64 pp. (1990). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY. Annual Report for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 89. Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 53 pp. (1990). 

HARTMANN, H.C., andM.J. Donahue. The institutional 

morass: Constraints and opportunities for issue 

management. Proceedings, International and 

Transboundary Water Resources Issues, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada, April 1-5, 1990. American Water 

Resources Association, 329-338 (1990). 

HARTMANN, H.C., andF.H. QUINN. Climaticextremes 

and Great Lakes water management. Proceedings, 

VIth IWRA World Congress on Water Resources, Vol. 

11, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 28-June 3, 1988. 

International Water Resources Association, Urbana, 

IL, 476-485 (1988). 

HAWLEY, N., and J.E. ZYREN. Transparency 

calibrations for Lake St. Clair and Lake Michigan. 

Journal of Great Lake Research 16(1): 113-120 (1990). 

Holland, R.E., A.M. BEETON and T.H. JOHENGEN. 

Saline Valley rural clean water project interim report 

on monitoring during 1987. Contract report, Michigan 

Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw County Board 

of Commissioners, the Monroe County Board of 

Commissioners, the Washtenaw County Soil 

Conservation District, and the Monroe County Soil 

and Water Conservation District, 117 pp. (1988). 

Holland, R.E., A.M. BEETON and T.H. JOHENGEN. 

Saline Valley rural clean water project interim report 

on monitoring during 1988. Contract report, Michigan 

Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw County Board 

of Commissioners, the Monroe County Board of 

Commissioners, the Washtenaw County Soil 

Conservation District, and the Monroe County Soil 

and Water Conservation District, 85 pp. (1989). 

JOHENGEN, T.H., A.M. BEETON and R.E. Holland. 

Saline Valley rural clean water project interim report 

on monitoring during 1989. Contract report, Michigan 

Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw County Board 

of Commissioners, the Monroe County Board of 

Commissioners, the Washtenaw County Soil 

Conservation District, and the Monroe County Soil 

'and Water Conservation District, 78 pp. (1990). 

KEILTY, T.J. Note. Evidence for Alewife (Alosa 

pseudoharengus) predation on the European 

cladoceran Bythotrephescedmtroemiin northern Lake 

Michigan. Journal of GreatLakesResearch 16(2):330- 

333 (1990). 
r FY 90 Publications r 

KEILTY, T.J., and P.F. LANDRUM. Population-specific 

toxicity responses by the freshwater oligochaete, 

Stylodrilus heringianus, in natural Lake Michigan 

sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemisty 

91147-1154 (1990). 

LAIRD, G.A., and D. SCAVIA. Distribution of labile 

dissolved organic carbon in Lake Michigan. Limnology 

and Oceanography 35(2):443-447 (1990). 

LAIRD PERNIE, G., D. SCAVIA, M.L. Pace, and H.J. 

CARRICK. Micrograzer impact and substrate limitation 

of bacterioplankton in Lake Michigan. Canadian 

Journal ofFisheriesandAquaticScience47: 1836-1841 

(1990). 

LANDRUM, P.F. and J.A. ROBBINS. Bioavailability of 

sediment-associated contaminants to benthic 

invertebrates. In Sediments: Chemistry and Toxicity 

of In-Place Pollutants, R. Baudo, J.P. Giesy, and H. 

Muhtau (eds.). Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 

237-263 (1990). 

LANG, G.A., and T.D. FONTAINE, 111. Modeling the 

fate and transport of organic contaminants in Lake St. 

Clair. Journal of Great LakesResearch 16(2):216-232 

(1990). 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Diurnal patterns of the bidirectional reflectance of fresh-water ice. Annals of 

Glaciology 14:153-157 (1790). 

LINDNER, S.R. Sorption of volatile organic compounds 

and their mixtures on synthetic and natural soils. 

Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 230 

pp. (1770). 

MILLER, G.S., R.W. MUZZI, J.E. DUNGAN, and J.H. 

SAYLOR. Technical Note. Adding LORAN-C position 

recording to a satellite-tracked drifter buoy. M7S 

Journal 23(3):36-38 (1989). 

NALEPA, T.F. Estimates of macroinvertebrate biomass 

in Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 

15(3):437-443 (1989). 

QUIGLEY, M.A., J.F. CAVALE'ITO, and W.S. GARDNER. 

Lipid composition related to size and maturity of the 

amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. Journal of Great Lukes 

Research 15(4):601-610 (1989). 

QUINN, F.H., and C.E. SELLINGER. Note. Lake 

Michigan record levels of 1838, a present perspective. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 160): 133-138 (1990). 

ROBBINS, J.A., A. Mudroch, and B.G. Oliver. Transport 

and storage of 13'Cs and 210Pb in sediments of Lake St. 

Clair. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 47(3):572-587 (1770). 

SCAVIA, D., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. From 

picoplankton to fish: Complex interactions in the 

Great Lakes. In Complex Interactions in Lake 

Communities, S.R. Carpenter (ed.). Springer-Verlag, 

New York, 85-97 (1988). 

Shabman, L., B. Smit, W. Shoots, L. Ludlow, K. 

O'Grady, H.C. HARTMANN, and C. Stewart. Living 

with the Lakes: Challenges and Opportunities, Annex 

C: Interests, Policies, and Decision Making: Proposects 

for Managing the Water Levels Issue in the Great 

Lakes - St. Lawrence River Basin. International Joint 

Commission, Washington, DC, 153 pp. (1990). 

STEHLY, G.R., and W.L. Hayton. Effect of pH on the 

accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol in 

goldfish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:464-470 (1 990). 

STEHLY, G.R., P.F. LANDRUM, M.G. Henry, and C. 

KLEMM. Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9: 167-174 

(1 990). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and R.A. Moll. Phosphorus sources 

for phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Michigan. 

Journal ofplankton Research 12(4):743-758 (1990). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., G.-A. Paffenhofer, and J.R. 

LIEBIG. Concentration-variable interactions between 

calanoid copepods and particles of different food 

quality: observations and hypotheses. In Behauioural 

Mechanisms of Food Selection, R.N. Hughes (ed.). 

Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, NATO AS1 Series, 

Vol. G20, 595-613 (1790). 
v Presentations. 

ASSEL, R.A., and D.C. NORTON. A comparison of 

Great Lakes winter severity and ice cover - winter 

1989-90 vs. the historical record. 47th Eastern Snow 

Conference, Bangor, ME, June 7-8, 1990. 

BEETON, A.M. New directions for estuarine research. 

Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Conference, Huron, OH, October 20, 1989. 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and VANDEWLOEG, H.A. Estimating photosynthetically active irradiance to open and 

ice-covered freshwater lakes from surface characteristics - a high transmitrance case study. Finnish 

Limnological Society and .Societas Internationalis 

Limnologiae, Dynamics and Use of Lacustrine Ecosystems, Helsinki, Finland, August 6-10, 1990. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. A simple stochastic model for 

physical-biological interactions near frontal features. 

American Geophysical UniodAmerican Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography Ocean Sciences 

Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 11-17, 1990. 

BEETON, A.M. Virtual elimination of persistent toxic 

substances in Great Lakes. Annual Universities Council 

on Water Resources "Water Issues in an Environmental 

Era," West Point Military Academy, NY, August 2, 

1990. 

CAVALE'ITO, J.P., and W.S. GARDNER. Lipid class 

distribution In some Great Lakes invertebrates. 33rd 

Conference, Inrernarional Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 

1990. 

CROLEY, T.E., II., and H.C. HARTMANN. GLERLts 

near-real time hydrological outlook package. 3rd 

Conference, In~ernational Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 

1990. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Great Lakes hydrological impacts of 

2xC0, climate change. Conference on International 

Transboundary Water Resources Issues, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada, April 1-5, 1990. 

EADIE, B.J., W.R. FAUST, N.R. MOREHEAD, and J.A. 

ROBBINS. Phase distribution of PAH in Great Lakes 

waters and sediments. American Chemical Society, 

Boston, MA, April 23, 1990. 

FAUST, W.R. Effect of variation in organic carbon 

content on the uptake clearance of PCBs and PAHs by 

the amphipod Pontoporeia hop. 14th Symposium on 

Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, San Francisco, CA, April 22-24, 1990. 

GARDNER, W.S., P.F. LANDRUM, and J.F. CAVALETTO. Lipid partitioning and disposition of 

benzo(a)pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl in Lake 

Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi and Mys6 relicta. 33rd 

Conference, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13- 17, 

1990. 

GARDNER, W.S., and G.A. LAIRD. Can thymidine 

serve as a carbon source to substrate-limited Lake 

Michigan bacteria? American Geophysical Union/ 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography 

Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 

12, 1990. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Climate change impacts on Great 

Lakes levels and flows: energy and transportation 

implications. Climate Change Workshop: Implications for Water and Ecological Resources, Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, March 14, 1990. 

HARTMANN, I-I.C. Global warming impacts on Great 

Lakes levels and flows: policy and pianning implications. Faculty Seminar, Hubert Humphrey Institute 
r FY 90 Presentations r 

for Public Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, April 26, 1990. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Global warming impacts on Great 

Lakes levels and flows: policy and planning implications. Faculty Global Warming Seminar, University 

of Minnesota, Minneapolis, April 26, 1990. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Great Lakes water levels: Predictions anduncertainties. Ann Arbor Power Squadron, 

Ann Arbor, MI, March 3, 1990. 

HARTMANN, H.C. The greenhouse effect, the Great 

Lakes, and you. Congressional Student Forum, 17th 

District-Michigan, U.S. House of Representatives, 

Berkley, MI, October 23, 1989. 

HARTMANN, H.C., and T.E. CROLEY, 11. An evaluation of GLERL's hydrological outlook package. 33rd 

Conference, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 

1990. 

HARTMANN, H.C., and M.J. Donahue. The institutional morass: Constraints and opportunities for issue 

management. Conference on International Transboundary Water Resources Issues, Toronto, Ontario, 

Canada, April 1-5, 1990. 

HAWLEY, N., and B.M. Lesht. Observations of 

sediment movement in southern Green Bay. American Geophysical UniodArnerican Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography Ocean Sciences Meeting, New 

Orleans, LA, February 11-17, 1990. 

HENTZ, N.G., and G.A. LAIRD. Recent trends in 

epilimnetic Lake Michigan total phosphorus, chlorophyll a. and secchi disk depth. 33rd Conference, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

HERCHE, L.R. Estimation of Great Lakes water level 

statistics: conditioning via the bootstrap. 3rd 

Conference, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 

1990. 

ated PCB and PAH congeners. Fall meeting of the 

Central Great Lakes Regional Chapter of the Society of 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, St. Clair, 

MI, September 26, 1990. 

LANDRUM, P.F., W.R. FAUST, and B.J. EADIE. Role 

of aging on the bioavailability of PAH by the amphipod 

Pontorporeia hoyi. 10th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 29 - November 2, 

1989. 

LANDRUM, P.F., T.D. FONTAINE, 111, B.J. EADIE, and 

W.R. FAUST. Prediction and uncertainty: field 

validation of a laboratory derived toxicokinetics model. 

33rd Conference, International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13- 

17, 1990. 

LANSING, M.B. Catecholamine concentrations as 

potential stress indicators in the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans. Annual Meeting of the Michigan 

Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Albion College, 

Albion, MI, March 9, 1990. 

LANSING, M.B., and W.S. GARDNER. Catecholamine 

concentrations as potential stress indicators in the 

aquatic midge Chironomus tentans. 33rd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Temperature measurements of 

lake ice surfaces using an Airborne Forward Looking 

Infrared Radiometer (FLIR). 33rd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, 

Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

LINDNER, S.R. Vapor, phase sorption of volatile 

organic compounds and their mixtures on synthetic 

and natural soils. Central Great Lakes Regional 

Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry, Flint, MI, March 9, 1990. 

LIU, P.C. A further look at parameterization of windwave spectra. 24th Annual Congress of the Canadian 

Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS), 

Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, May 28, 1990. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and FAUST, W.R. The role of organic 

carbon on the uptake clearance of sediment associ- 
r FY 90 Presentations r 

McCORMICK, M.J. Potential changes on thermal 

structure and cycle of Lake Michigan due to global 

warming. American Geophysical Union/American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 11-17, 

1990. 

MILLER, G.S., and J.H. SAYLOR. Lake Erie currents 

during maximum ice cover. American Geophysical 

Union/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 

February 11-17, 1990. 

NALEPA, T.F. Spread of the zebra mussel in the Great 

Lakes: St. Clair to Erie and beyond. Zebra Mussel 

Conference, Rochester, NY, November 28, 1989. 

PATTON, T.R., and G.A. LAIRD. Recent trends in Lake 

Michigan bacterial abundances and organic carbon. 

33rd Conference, International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13- 

17, 1990. 

QUlGLEY, M.A., P.F. LANDRUM, C.R. KLEMM, and 

W.S. GORDON. Effects of decreased ambient oxygen 

concentration on respiration rate of the Great Lakes 

amphipod Dzporeia sp. 33rd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, 

Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

QUINN, F.H. Global warming effects on the Great 

Lakes. Global Warming Effects on the Great Lakes 

Environmental Roundtable, Lake Geneva, WI, November 7-9, 1989. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water level statistics and 

decision making. 33rd Conference, International 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

QUINN, F.H. Hydraulic residence times for the Great 

Lakes. 33rd Conference, International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 

May 13-17, 1990. 

QUINN, F.H. Potential implications of global warming 

on the hydrology of the Great Lakes basin. Global 

Climate Changes: The Potential Effects on the Great 

Lakes, Milwaukee, WI, February 15, 1990 

QUINN, F.H. Present and hture Lake Erie water 

levels. Monthly meeting of the Greater Cleveland 

Boating Association, Cleveland, OH, April 10, 1990. 

QUINN, F.H. Water level and diversion issues of the 

Great Lakes. Spring Course, Great Lakes Biology and 

Management, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 

MI, May 11, 1990. 

ROBBINS, J.A., G. Lindner, W. Pfeiffer, J. Kleiner, and 

H.H. Stabel. Epilimnetic scavenging of Chernobyl 

fallout radionuclides in Lake Constance. American 

Chemical Society, Boston, MA, April 23, 1990. 

RYBCZYK, J.M., T.D. FONTAINE, and G.A. LANG. A 

modelling approach for understanding carbon flows 

in Lake St. Clair. Fifth Annual Landscape Ecology 

Symposium, Oxford, OH, March 21, 1990. 

RYBCZYK, J.M., T.D. FONTAINE, 111, and G .A. LANG. 

A modelling approach for understanding food webs 

and nutrient cycling in Lake St. Clair and the potential 

effects of the zebra clam (Dreissenapolymo?j!)ba). 33rd 

Conference, International Association for Great Lakes 

Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13-17,1990 

SAYLOR, J.H. Currents and circulation of southern 

Lake Michigan. Regional Charterboat Workshop, 

Grand Haven, MI, January 26, 1990. 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Observations of 

seasonal current variations in Green Bay, Lake 

Michigan. American Geophysical UniodAmerican 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 11-17, 

1990. 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Water circulation, 

volume transport, and temperature measurements in 

Green Bay, Lake Michigan. 33rd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, 

Ontario, Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 

SCHWAB, D.J. A review of hydrodynamic modeling 

in the Great Lakes from 1950-1990 and prospects for 

the 1990's. 33rd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada, May 13-17, 1990. 
r FY 90 Presentations r 

SCHWAB, D.J., G.S. MILLER, R.C. Murthy, and K. VANDERPLOEG, H.A., S.J. BOLSENGA, and G.L. 

Miners. Comparison of modeled and observed drifter FAHNENSTIEL. Plankton ecology in an ice-covered 

trajectories in western Lake Erie. 24th AMU~ Con- freshwater fjord. Finnish Limnological Society and 

gress of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceano- Societas Internationalis Limnologiae, Dynamics and 

graphic Society (CMOS), Victoria, British Columbia, Use of Lacustrine Ecosystems, Helsinki, Finland, AuCanada, May 28, 1990. gust 6-10, 1990. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Global change: The Great Lakes VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. LIEBIG, and M. Omair. 

system. Workshop on Long-Term Ecological Research Bythotrephes predation on Great Lakes zooplankton 

-Global Change, Denver, CO, November 14-17,1989. measured by a modified in situ method. 33rd 

Conference, International Association for Great 

TARAPCHAK, S.J. Phytoplankton-bacterial phospho- Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 13- 

rus dynamics: conjecture and fact. Department of 17, 1990. 

Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, December 1, 1989. 

f? U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1991 - 556-460/20128