NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal 

revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter 

of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 

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before this opinion goes to press.

2020 VT 35

No. 2019-166

Bourdeau Bros., Inc. Supreme Court

On Appeal from

 v. Superior Court, Franklin Unit,

Civil Division

Boissonneault Family Farm, Inc. et al. March Term, 2020

Robert A. Mello, J.

Arend R. Tensen of Cullenberg & Tensen, PLLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, for 

 Plaintiff-Appellant.

Jay Boissonneault, Pro Se, St. Albans, Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton, Carroll and Cohen, JJ.

¶ 1. COHEN, J. This is a collection action brought by a grain supplier against dairy 

farmers for unpaid grain bills. Plaintiff, the prevailing party below, appeals the trial court’s denial 

of its request for attorney’s fees. Plaintiff argues that it was entitled to recover attorney’s fees 

based on a term contained in invoices that it provided to defendants each time it delivered grain. 

Plaintiff argues that under 9A V.S.A. § 2-207, the term became part of the parties’ contract when 

defendants failed to object to it within a reasonable time. Defendants cross-appeal, arguing that 

the trial court improperly calculated damages and erred by dismissing their counterclaim and 

finding defendant Jay Boissonneault personally liable. We remand for the trial court to reconsider 

whether plaintiff is entitled to attorney’s fees, but otherwise affirm the judgment.
2

¶ 2. Plaintiff Bourdeau Bros., Inc. is a Vermont company that sells agricultural supplies, 

feed, and chemicals. Defendants operate a dairy farm in Georgia, Vermont. In July 2016, plaintiff 

sued defendant Boissonneault Family Farm, Inc. (BFF) for amounts owed for grain delivered by 

plaintiff to the farm. Plaintiff subsequently amended its complaint to add Jay and Cathy 

Boissonneault as co-defendants. In their answer, defendants denied that Cathy Boissonneault or 

BFF had done business with Bourdeau Bros., Inc. Defendants moved to dismiss Cathy 

Boissonneault and BFF as defendants. The court denied the motion. In February 2018, defendants 

filed a counterclaim alleging that plaintiff owed defendants $16,000 for water plaintiff took from 

defendants’ pond. 

¶ 3. A two-day bench trial took place in March 2019. At the conclusion of the trial, the 

court dismissed plaintiff’s claims against Cathy Boissonneault. The court found that beginning in 

2012, defendants Jay Boissonneault and BFF had an oral agreement with plaintiff to purchase 

grain. Each time plaintiff delivered grain, it presented an invoice to defendants. Defendants 

consistently paid the amounts indicated in the invoices until 2015, when defendants stopped 

paying. The court found that defendants owed plaintiff $27,564.97 for grain delivered in 2015, 

including interest of eighteen percent per year. The court denied plaintiff’s request for attorney’s 

fees despite language in the invoices stating that plaintiff would be entitled to such fees in the 

event of a collection action. The court explained that the attorney’s fees provision was a material 

alteration to the parties’ oral agreement to which defendants had not agreed. The court also 

dismissed defendants’ counterclaim for damages for water taken by plaintiff.

¶ 4. Both parties appealed. Plaintiff argues that the court erred in denying its request 

for attorney’s fees, which it asserts were contractually required. Defendants deny that they owe 

attorneys’ fees. They also challenge the court’s calculation of damages and claim that it erred in 

dismissing their counterclaim and in finding defendant Jay Boissonneault personally liable. 
3

¶ 5. On appeal, we review the trial court’s factual findings in the light most favorable 

to the prevailing party. Rubin v. Sterling Enterprises, Inc., 164 Vt. 582, 588, 674 A.2d 782, 786 

(1996). We will affirm the court’s findings of fact if there is credible evidence in the record to 

support them, even if substantial contradictory evidence exists. Lofts Essex, LLC v. Strategis 

Floor & Decor Inc., 2019 VT 82, ¶ 17, __ Vt. __, 224 A.3d 116. “Where the trial court has applied 

the proper legal standard, we will uphold its conclusions of law if reasonably supported by its 

findings.” Highgate Assocs., Ltd. v. Merryfield, 157 Vt. 313, 315-16, 597 A.2d 1280, 1281-82 

(1991). 

¶ 6. We begin by addressing plaintiff’s claim that the court erred in denying its request 

for attorney’s fees. The general rule is that attorney’s fees are not recoverable “absent a statutory 

or contractual exception.” DJ Painting, Inc. v. Baraw Enters., Inc., 172 Vt. 239, 246, 776 A.2d 

413, 419 (2001). Plaintiff argues that it was entitled to attorney’s fees based on the following 

provision that appeared at the bottom of each invoice it presented to defendants: 

 Terms: Net 30 days, a finance charge, based on the following 

periodic rates: 11⁄2 % per month (18 annual percentage rate) will be 

applied to any past due balance which was billed 30 days or more 

prior to the closing date of this statement . . . . A customer will be 

responsible for reasonable attorney fees and costs if collection of the 

amount becomes necessary. 

Plaintiff argues that under § 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code, these additional terms 

formed part of its agreement to sell grain to defendants. Plaintiff claims that defendants indicated 

their assent to the terms by paying interest on past-due amounts without objection. The trial court 

agreed that plaintiff was entitled to collect interest based on the above provision because 

defendants had never objected and because plaintiff would be entitled to collect statutory interest

in the absence of the provision. However, it denied plaintiff’s request for attorney’s fees, stating: 

“We follow in this country the American Rule under which all parties are responsible for their own 
4

attorney’s fees. In order for there to be an exception, the parties have to agree otherwise. So that’s 

a material alteration . . . .” 

¶ 7. Section 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), as enacted in Vermont, 

provides in part: 

 (1) A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written 

confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an 

acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from 

those offered or agreed upon, unless acceptance is expressly made 

conditional on assent to the additional or different terms.

 (2) The additional terms are to be construed as proposals for 

addition to the contract. Between merchants such terms become part 

of the contract unless: . . .

 (b) they materially alter it . . . .

9A V.S.A. § 2-207(1)-(2)(b). This Court has never had occasion to interpret § 2-207. The proper 

interpretation of the statute is a legal question that we review without deference to the trial court. 

See In re Treetop Dev. Co. Act 250 Dev., 2016 VT 20, ¶ 9, 201 Vt. 532, 143 A.3d 1086. 

¶ 8. As a preliminary issue, we must determine whether the parties qualify as 

“merchants” to whom § 2-207 applies. For purposes of the UCC, a merchant is defined in relevant 

part as “a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his or her occupation holds himself 

or herself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the 

transaction.” 9A V.S.A. § 2-104(1). Plaintiff is plainly a merchant for purposes of this case

because it deals in grain, which is the subject of the contract at issue. Similarly, we conclude that 

defendants Jay Boissonneault and BFF are merchants in this context because they have specialized 

knowledge of grain purchasing acquired in the course of their business as dairy farmers. See Aube 

v. O’Brien, 140 Vt. 1, 4, 433 A.2d 298, 300 (1981) (holding that bonded cattle dealer and dairy 

farmer were both merchants under § 2-104(1)); see also In re Montagne, 431 B.R. 94, 113 (Bankr. 

D. Vt. 2010) (“A dairy farmer is a merchant in all aspects of his mercantile capacity, i.e., with 

respect to goods for dairy farming operations, but not for every purchase of goods.”). The trial 
5

court therefore correctly concluded that § 2-207(2)(b) is applicable to defendants’ agreement to 

purchase grain from plaintiff.

¶ 9. However, we cannot affirm the trial court’s ruling that the invoice term allowing 

plaintiff to recover reasonable attorney’s fees in the event of a collection action was, as a matter 

of law, a material alteration to the parties’ contract. As discussed further below, we conclude that 

the determination of whether an additional term materially alters a contract under § 2-207 requires 

a factual inquiry into the particular circumstances of each case. Because the trial court made no 

findings to support its conclusion, we must remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 10. The UCC does not define what constitutes a material alteration. However, Official 

Comment 4 to § 2-207 lists several examples of clauses “which would normally ‘materially alter’

the contract and so result in surprise or hardship if incorporated without express awareness by the 

other party,” such as a disclaimer of standard warranties. 9A V.S.A. § 2-207 cmt. 4. Comment 5 

lists examples of terms “which involve no element of unreasonable surprise and which therefore 

are to be incorporated in the contract unless notice of objection is seasonably given,” such as 

interest on past-due amounts. Id. cmt. 5. Attorney’s fees are not on either list. 

¶ 11. Based on the language of Comments 4 and 5, most courts agree that an additional 

term is a material alteration if it would result in unreasonable surprise or hardship if incorporated 

without the buyer’s express awareness.1 See, e.g., Am. Ins. Co. v. El Paso Pipe & Supply Co., 978 

F.2d 1185, 1190 (10th Cir. 1992); Luedtke Eng’g Co. v. Ind. Limestone Co., 740 F.2d 598, 600 

(7th Cir. 1984); St. Charles Cable TV, Inc. v. Eagle Comtronics, Inc., 687 F. Supp. 820, 827 

(S.D.N.Y. 1988); Palmer G. Lewis Co. v. ARCO Chem. Co., 904 P.2d 1221, 1229 (Alaska 1995); 

C9 Ventures v. SVC-W., L.P., 136 Cal. Rptr. 3d 550, 568 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012); Oakley Fertilizer, 

1

 One of the express purposes of the Vermont UCC is “to make uniform the law among 

the various jurisdictions.” 9A V.S.A. § 1-103(a)(3). Accordingly, it is appropriate for this Court 

to examine how other courts have interpreted § 2-207 to aid our review of that provision. 
6

Inc. v. Cont’l Ins. Co., 276 S.W.3d 342, 348 (Mo. Ct. App. 2009); Stanley-Bostitch, Inc. v. 

Regenerative Envtl. Equip. Co., 786 A.2d 1063, 1066 (R.I. 2001). We find the majority view to 

be persuasive. Accordingly, we hold that the test for a material alteration under 9A V.S.A. § 2-

207 is whether the additional term would result in surprise or hardship to the non-assenting party. 

¶ 12. Because the law presumes consent to an additional term if no objection is made 

within a reasonable time, see 9A V.S.A. § 2-207 cmt. 6, the non-assenting party bears the burden 

of demonstrating that the additional term would result in surprise or hardship and so constitutes a 

material alteration to the contract. Comark Merch., Inc. v. Highland Grp., Inc., 932 F.2d 1196, 

1201 (7th Cir. 1991) (explaining that “[a]s between merchants, paragraph 2-207(2)(b) presumes 

the inclusion of the additional clause unless one of the three exceptions is met,” so party opposing 

inclusion bears burden of proving exception); Bayway Ref. Co. v. Oxygenated Mktg. & Trading 

A.G., 215 F.3d 219, 223 (2d Cir. 2000) (noting that nearly every court to consider issue has held 

that party opposing inclusion of additional terms shoulders burden of proof, and listing cases). 

¶ 13. Furthermore, we conclude, in accordance with the prevailing view, that “whether 

an additional term in a written confirmation constitutes a ‘material alteration’ is a question of fact 

to be resolved by the circumstances of each particular case.” 2 N & D Fashions, Inc. v. DHJ Indus., 

Inc., 548 F.2d 722, 726 (8th Cir. 1976); see also Am. Ins. Co., 978 F.2d at 1190 (noting general 

agreement among jurisdictions that whether addition is material alteration is question of fact). This 

2

 The clauses listed in Comment 4 to § 2-207 and certain other common boilerplate clauses

have been held by some courts to be material alterations as a matter of law. See, e.g., Rottinghaus 

v. Howell, 666 P.2d 899, 904-05 (Wash. Ct. App. 1983) (affirming trial court’s conclusion that 

disclaimer of standard warranties was material alteration as matter of law, citing Comment 4); 

Resch v. Greenlee Bros. & Co., 381 N.W.2d 590, 593 (Wis. Ct. App. 1985) (holding 

indemnification clause shifting liability to buyer for claims arising from product purchased was 

material alteration as matter of law). Because this case does not involve one of these types of 

clauses, we do not address whether this approach is appropriate. We note that the modern trend 

appears to be to consider the facts of each case. See T. Davis, U.C.C. Section 2-207: When Does 

an Additional Term Materially Alter a Contract?, 65 Cath. U. L. Rev. 489, 509 (2016) (noting 

departure from earlier approach). 
7

approach makes sense because the materiality of an alteration depends largely on the subjective,

and objectively reasonable, expectations of the parties in the context of a particular transaction or 

business relationship. Ebasco Servs. Inc. v. Pa. Power & Light Co., 402 F. Supp. 421, 442-43 

(E.D. Pa. 1975) (explaining Official Comment 4 “indicates to us that the materiality of a change 

is to be judged in large part by the expectations of the parties involved in the transaction,” which 

“is a determination uniquely within the province of a fact finder”). Thus, relevant factors to the 

materiality determination may include the prior course of dealing between the parties, the number 

of written confirmations provided by plaintiff, and whether the term reflects industry custom. Am. 

Ins. Co., 978 F.2d at 1191. 

¶ 14. The majority of courts faced with challenges under § 2-207(2)(b) to attorney’s fees 

provisions contained in written confirmations between merchants have applied this case-by-case

analysis.3 Comark, 932 F.2d at 1203 n.8 (explaining that courts tend to analyze materiality of 

attorney’s fees provisions as factual question, and listing cases). In cases where non-assenting 

parties failed to demonstrate surprise or hardship, courts have upheld attorney’s fees provisions. 

See Coosemans Specialties, Inc. v. Gargiulo, 485 F.3d 701, 708 (2d Cir. 2007) (affirming 

enforcement of attorney’s fees provision where defendants failed to offer evidence to show 

objective or subjective surprise). But where non-assenting parties have shown that attorney’s fees 

3 A few courts have held that an attorney’s fees provision is a material alteration as a matter 

of law. See A.E. Robinson Oil Co. v. Cty. Forest Prods., Inc., 2012 ME 29, ¶ 10 n.3, 40 A.3d 20; 

Johnson Tire Serv., Inc. v. Thorn, Inc., 613 P.2d 521, 523 (Utah 1980). These cases contain little 

analysis and we find them to be unpersuasive. In Herzog Oil Field Serv., Inc. v. Otto Torpedo 

Co., 570 A.2d 549, 551-52 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990), a Pennsylvania appellate court held that a clause 

awarding the seller attorney’s fees of 25% of the balance owed in the event of a collection action 

was a material alteration because attorney’s fees provisions were uncommon and were usually less

than 25% of the balance owed and the provision changed the buyer’s financial obligation “to a 

material degree.” However, the court cited no authority or facts to support these assertions. We 

believe the majority view—that the materiality determination must be supported by a factual 

analysis of the particular case—is the better-reasoned approach. See Rocheux Int’l of N.J., Inc. v. 

U.S. Merchs. Fin. Grp., Inc., 741 F. Supp. 2d 651, 686 (D.N.J. 2010) (criticizing Herzog and 

Johnson Tire). 
8

provisions resulted in surprise or hardship, courts have declined to enforce them. See Comark, 

932 F.2d at 1202 (affirming district court’s conclusion that attorney’s fees term unfairly surprised 

defendant, and therefore materially altered contract, in absence of evidence that such fees were 

expected under industry custom or prior dealing between parties). 

¶ 15. We adopt the majority approach and hold that the question of whether additional 

terms, including attorney’s fees provisions, materially alter a sales contract between merchants 

under § 2-207(2)(b) is a question of fact to be determined under the circumstances of the particular 

case. The trial court in this case concluded that the attorney’s fees provision was a material 

alteration as a matter of law and therefore made no findings to support its conclusion. Accordingly, 

we must reverse the court’s decision on this issue and remand for it to make findings. Parker v. 

Parker, 2012 VT 20, ¶ 13, 191 Vt. 222, 45 A.3d 48 (explaining that this Court will remand for 

additional findings if findings are inadequate to permit review of trial court decision).

¶ 16. With respect to their cross-appeal, defendants’ first argument appears to be that the 

court erroneously included sums due for grain purchased in 2014 in its damages award, when 

plaintiff only sought payment for grain purchased in 2015. This argument is without merit. The 

billing statements admitted into evidence below indicate that at the beginning of 2015, defendants 

owed $5669 for grain delivered in 2014 and that defendants paid for this grain in January 2015. 

The damages awarded by the court did not include this amount. We therefore affirm the court’s 

calculation of damages. 

¶ 17. Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their counterclaim for 

amounts allegedly owed by plaintiff for water it removed from a pond on the farm rented by 

defendants. We see no error. An agricultural tenant generally does not have the right to sell natural 

resources that are on the land. See Univ. of Vt. & State Agric. Coll. v. Ward, 104 Vt. 239, 158 A. 

773, 784 (1932) (holding that durable lease permitting tenant to take wood for personal use did not 

give tenant or his administrator right to sell timber from land; severance of wood from land 
9

converted it into personal property, which was owned by landlord). The trial court found that the 

terms of the lease between BFF and the owner of the farmland did not give BFF the exclusive right 

to control the water in the pond. The court further found that landowner expressly permitted

plaintiff and others to take water from a fire hydrant connected to the pond throughout the course 

of the lease. The record supports these findings. The lease contains no provision granting 

defendants exclusive control over the water in the pond. Plaintiff’s representative and landowner

both testified that landowner permitted plaintiff to take water from the fire hydrant to use in 

spraying landowner’s and others’ fields. Landowner testified that the hydrant was paid for by the 

State of Vermont and installed by the town for use by its fire department. He had never charged 

anyone for its use. This evidence supports the court’s findings, which in turn support its conclusion 

that defendants were not legally entitled to recover damages for water plaintiff removed from the 

pond. The court did not err in dismissing defendants’ counterclaim. 

¶ 18. Finally, defendant Jay Boissonneault argues that he is only an agent for BFF and is 

not liable for the company’s debts, and therefore the court erred in holding him personally liable

for damages awarded to plaintiff. Defendant invited the alleged error by taking the position below 

that he, and not the corporation, was responsible for the grain orders. See State v. Longe, 170 Vt. 

35, 44 n.1, 743 A.2d 569, 575 n.1 (1999) (“The invited error doctrine holds that an action induced 

by an appellant cannot ordinarily be a ground of error.”). We therefore decline to disturb the 

court’s decision that defendant Jay Boissonneault is personally liable.

The matter is remanded for further proceedings on the issue of whether plaintiff is entitled 

to attorney’s fees. The judgment is otherwise affirmed.

FOR THE COURT:

Associate Justice