# Patent

## Title
Fisheye lens graphical user interfaces

## Abstract

In an implementation, an appearance of a lens is applied to an original image by a data processing system to produce a presentation for display on a display screen, the appearance of the lens having a focal region at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region. A data interaction mode is provided by the data processing system to interact with underlying data of the focal region if a cursor is positioned over the focal region in the presentation. A lens interaction mode is provided by the data processing system to adjust one or more parameters of the appearance of the lens if the cursor is positioned over the shoulder region in the presentation. The presentation is displayed on the display screen.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority as a continuation from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/104,571 filed Apr. 13, 2005, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/561,876, filed Apr. 14, 2004, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference


BACKGROUND
Modern computer graphics systems, including virtual environment systems, are used for numerous applications such as flight training, surveillance, and even playing computer games. In general, these applications are launched by the computer graphics system's operating system upon selection by a user from a menu or other graphical user interface (“GUI”). A GUI is used to convey information to and receive commands from users and generally includes a variety of GUI objects or controls, including icons, toolbars, drop-down menus, text, dialog boxes, buttons, and the like. A user typically interacts with a GUI by using a pointing device (e.g., a mouse) to position a pointer or cursor over an object and “clicking” on the object.
One problem with these computer graphics systems is their inability to effectively display detailed information for selected graphic objects when those objects are in the context of a larger image. A user may desire access to detailed information with respect to an object in order to closely examine the object, to interact with the object, or to interface with an external application or network through the object. For example, the detailed information may be a close-up view of the object or a region of a digital map image.
While an application may provide a GUI for a user to access and view detailed information for a selected object in a larger image, in doing so, the relative location of the object in the larger image may be lost to the user. Thus, while the user may have gained access to the detailed information to interact with the object, the user may lose sight of the context within which that object is positioned in the larger image. This is especially so when the user interacts with the GUI using a computer mouse or keyboard. The interaction may further distract the user from the context in which the detailed information is to be understood. This problem is an example of what is often referred to as the “screen real estate problem”.
SUMMARY
According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for interacting with a region-of-interest in an original image displayed on a display screen, comprising: applying a lens to the original image to produce a presentation for display on the display screen, the lens having a focal region for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region; receiving one or more first signals to interact with the region-of-interest when a cursor is positioned over the focal region in the presentation; and, receiving one or more second signals to adjust the lens through a graphical user interface (“GUI”) displayed over the lens when the cursor is positioned over the shoulder region in the presentation.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for interacting with a region-of-interest in an original image displayed on a display screen, comprising: applying a lens to the original image to produce a presentation for display on the display screen, the lens having within a perimeter, a focal region for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region; receiving one or more first signals to interact with the region-of-interest when a cursor is positioned over one of the focal region and shoulder region in the presentation; and, receiving one or more second signals to adjust the lens through a graphical user interface (“GUI”) displayed over the lens when the cursor is positioned over the perimeter of the lens in the presentation.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for generating a presentation of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen, comprising: receiving one or more first signals to define a boundary for the region-of-interest in the original image; receiving one or more second signals to adjust the boundary thereby defining a lens for the region-of-interest, the lens having within a perimeter, a focal region for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region, the perimeter having an extent and the focal region having a magnification both defined by the boundary; and, applying the lens to the original image to produce the presentation.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for generating a presentation of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen, comprising: applying a lens to the original image to produce a presentation for display on the display screen, the lens having a focal region for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region, the focal and shoulder regions separated by a perimeter; and, receiving one or more signals to reposition the lens when a cursor is positioned in the focal region and pushed against the perimeter.
In accordance with further embodiments there is provided an apparatus such as a data processing system, a method for adapting this system, as well as articles of manufacture such as a computer readable medium having program instructions recorded thereon for practicing the method.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the embodiments will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the geometry for constructing a three-dimensional perspective viewing frustum, relative to an x, y, z coordinate system, in accordance with elastic presentation space graphics technology;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the geometry of a presentation in accordance with elastic presentation space graphics technology;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system;
FIG. 4 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having lens control elements for user interaction with detail-in-context presentations in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having lens control elements, including a scoop control slide bar icon, for user interaction with detail-in-context presentations in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having designated regions for lens control and data interaction in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a partial screen capture illustrating the GUI of FIG. 6 in which shading is used to indicate the regions for lens control and data interaction;
FIG. 8 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having arrow icons presented on the sides of a lens for positioning the lens in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a screen capture illustrating a GUI in which a tab icon is presented on a side of a lens for positioning the lens in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI for specifying and adjusting a lens through its focal region in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a partial screen capture illustrating a lens specified with the GUI of FIG. 10 in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having a button icon for switching between a current initial lens specification GUI and a subsequent lens adjustment GUI in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 13 is a partial screen capture illustrating the subsequent lens adjustment GUI presented upon selection of the button icon of the GUI of FIG. 12 in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI for positioning a lens in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a partial screen capture illustrating the repositioning of a lens with the GUI of FIG. 14 in accordance with an embodiment; and
FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating operations of software modules within the memory of the data processing system for interacting with a region-of-interest in an original image displayed on a display screen, in accordance with an embodiment.



It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that the techniques described herein may be practiced without these specific details. The term “data processing system” is used herein to refer to any machine for processing data, including the computer systems and network arrangements described herein. The techniques may be implemented in any computer programming language provided that the operating system of the data processing system provides the facilities that may support the techniques.
The “screen real estate problem” generally arises whenever large amounts of information are to be displayed on a display screen of limited size. Conventional tools that address this problem include panning and zooming. While these tools are suitable for a large number of visual display applications, these conventional tools become less effective where sections of the visual information are spatially related, such as in layered maps and three-dimensional representations, for example. In this type of information display, panning and zooming are not as effective as much of the context of the panned or zoomed display may be hidden.
One solution to this problem is the application of “detail-in-context” presentation techniques. Detail-in-context is the magnification of a particular region-of-interest (the “focal region” or “detail”) in a data presentation while preserving visibility of the surrounding information (the “context”). This technique has applicability to the display of large surface area media (e.g. digital maps) on computer screens of variable size including graphics workstations, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and cell phones.
In the detail-in-context discourse, differentiation is often made between the terms “representation” and “presentation”. A representation is a formal system, or mapping, for specifying raw information or data that is stored in a computer or data processing system. For example, a digital map of a city is a representation of raw data including street names and the relative geographic location of streets and utilities. Such a representation may be displayed visually on a computer screen or printed on paper. On the other hand, a presentation is a spatial organization of a given representation that is appropriate for the task at hand. Thus, a presentation of a representation organizes such things as the point of view and the relative emphasis of different parts or regions of the representation. For example, a digital map of a city may be presented with a region magnified to reveal street names.
In general, a detail-in-context presentation may be considered as a distorted view (or distortion) of a portion of the original representation or image where the distortion is the result of the application of a “lens” like distortion function to the original representation. A detailed review of various detail-in-context presentation techniques such as “Elastic Presentation Space” (“EPS”) (or “Pliable Display Technology” (“PDT”)) may be found in a publication by Marianne S. T. Carpendale, entitled “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space” (Carpendale, Marianne S. T., A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space (Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University, 1999)), which is incorporated herein by reference.
In general, detail-in-context data presentations are characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context), the result typically giving the appearance of a lens having been applied to the display surface. Using the techniques described by Carpendale, points in a representation are displaced in three dimensions and a perspective projection is used to display the points on a two-dimensional presentation display. Thus, when a lens is applied to a two-dimensional continuous surface representation, for example, the resulting presentation appears to be three-dimensional. In other words, the lens transformation appears to have stretched the continuous surface in a third dimension. In EPS graphics technology, a two-dimensional visual representation is placed onto a surface; this surface is placed in three-dimensional space; the surface, containing the representation, is viewed through perspective projection; and the surface is manipulated to effect the reorganization of image details. The presentation transformation is separated into two steps: surface manipulation or distortion and perspective projection.
FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the geometry 100 for constructing a three-dimensional (“3D”) perspective viewing frustum 220, relative to an x, y, z coordinate system, in accordance with elastic presentation space (EPS) graphics technology. In EPS technology, detail-in-context views of two-dimensional (“2D”) visual representations are created with sight-line aligned distortions of a 2D information presentation surface within a 3D perspective viewing frustum 220. In EPS, magnification of regions of interest and the accompanying compression of the contextual region to accommodate this change in scale are produced by the movement of regions of the surface towards the viewpoint (“VP”) 240 located at the apex of the pyramidal shape 220 containing the frustum. The process of projecting these transformed layouts via a perspective projection results in a new 2D layout which includes the zoomed and compressed regions. The use of the third dimension and perspective distortion to provide magnification in EPS provides a meaningful metaphor for the process of distorting the information presentation surface. The 3D manipulation of the information presentation surface in such a system is an intermediate step in the process of creating a new 2D layout of the information.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the geometry 200 of a presentation in accordance with known EPS graphics technology. EPS graphics technology employs viewer-aligned perspective projections to produce detail-in-context presentations in a reference view plane 201 which may be viewed on a display. Undistorted 2D data points are located in a basal plane 210 of a 3D perspective viewing volume or frustum 220 which is defined by extreme rays 221 and 222 and the basal plane 210. The VP 240 is generally located above the centre point of the basal plane 210 and reference view plane (“RVP”) 201. Points in the basal plane 210 are displaced upward onto a distorted surface 230 which is defined by a general 3D distortion function (i.e. a detail-in-context distortion basis function). The direction of the perspective projection corresponding to the distorted surface 230 is indicated by the line FPo-FP 231 drawn from a point FPo 232 in the basal plane 210 through the point FP 233 which corresponds to the focus or focal region or focal point of the distorted surface 230. Typically, the perspective projection has a direction 231 that is viewer-aligned (i.e., the points FPo 232, FP 233, and VP 240 are collinear).
EPS is applicable to multidimensional data and is suited to implementation on a computer for dynamic detail-in-context display on an electronic display surface such as a monitor. In the case of two dimensional data, EPS is typically characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired 233, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context) 234, the end result typically giving the appearance of a lens 230 having been applied to the display surface. The areas of the lens 230 where compression occurs may be referred to as the “shoulder” 234 of the lens 230. The area of the representation transformed by the lens may be referred to as the “lensed area”. The lensed area thus includes the focal region and the shoulder. To reiterate, the source image or representation to be viewed is located in the basal plane 210. Magnification 233 and compression 234 are achieved through elevating elements of the source image relative to the basal plane 210, and then projecting the resultant distorted surface onto the reference view plane 201. EPS performs detail-in-context presentation of n-dimensional data through the use of a procedure wherein the data is mapped into a region in an (n+1) dimensional space, manipulated through perspective projections in the (n+1) dimensional space, and then finally transformed back into n-dimensional space for presentation. EPS has numerous advantages over conventional zoom, pan, and scroll technologies, including the capability of preserving the visibility of information outside 234 the local region-of-interest 233.
For example, and referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in two dimensions, EPS can be implemented through the projection of an image onto a reference plane 201 in the following manner. The source image or representation is located on a basal plane 210, and those regions of interest 233 of the image for which magnification is desired are elevated so as to move them closer to a reference plane situated between the reference viewpoint 240 and the reference view plane 201. Magnification of the focal region 233 closest to the RVP 201 varies inversely with distance from the RVP 201. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, compression of regions 234 outside the focal region 233 is a function of both distance from the RVP 201, and the gradient of the function describing the vertical distance from the RVP 201 with respect to horizontal distance from the focal region 233. The resultant combination of magnification 233 and compression 234 of the image as seen from the reference viewpoint 240 results in a lens-like effect similar to that of a magnifying glass applied to the image. Hence, the various functions used to vary the magnification and compression of the source image via vertical displacement from the basal plane 210 are described as lenses, lens types, or lens functions. Lens functions that describe basic lens types with point and circular focal regions, as well as certain more complex lenses and advanced capabilities such as folding, have previously been described by Carpendale.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system 300 adapted to implement an embodiment. The data processing system 300 is suitable for implementing EPS technology, for displaying detail-in-context presentations of representations in conjunction with a detail-in-context graphical user interface (GUI) 400, as described below, and for adjusting detail-in-context lenses in detail-in-context presentations. The data processing system 300 includes an input device 310, a central processing unit (“CPU”) 320, memory 330, and a display 340. The input device 310 may include a keyboard, a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, an eye tracking device, a position tracking device, or a similar device. The CPU 320 may include dedicated coprocessors and memory devices. The memory 330 may include RAM, ROM, databases, or disk devices. And, the display 340 may include a computer screen, terminal device, or a hardcopy producing output device such as a printer or plotter. The data processing system 300 has stored therein data representing sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed. Of course, the data processing system 300 may contain additional software and hardware.
Thus, the data processing system 300 includes computer executable programmed instructions for directing the system 300. The programmed instructions may be embodied in one or more software modules 331 resident in the memory 330 of the data processing system 300. Alternatively, the programmed instructions may be embodied on a tangible computer readable medium (such as a CD disk or floppy disk) which may be used for transporting the programmed instructions to the memory 330 of the data processing system 300. Alternatively, the programmed instructions may be embedded in a computer-readable, signal-bearing medium that is uploaded to a network by a vendor or supplier of the programmed instructions, and this signal-bearing medium may be downloaded through an interface to the data processing system 300 from the network by end users or potential buyers.
As mentioned, detail-in-context presentations of data using techniques such as pliable surfaces, as described by Carpendale, are useful in presenting large amounts of information on limited-size display surfaces. Detail-in-context views allow magnification of a particular region-of-interest (the “focal region”) 233 in a data presentation while preserving visibility of the surrounding information 210. In the following, GUIs are described having lens control elements that can be implemented in software and applied to the editing of digital images and to the adjustment lenses in detail-in-context presentations. The software can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 400 having lens control elements for user interaction with detail-in-context presentations in accordance with an embodiment. Detail-in-context presentations are characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context), the end result typically giving the appearance of a lens having been applied to the display screen surface. This lens 410 includes a “focal region” 420 having high magnification, a surrounding “shoulder region” 430 where information is typically visibly compressed, and a “base” 412 surrounding the shoulder region 430 and defining the extent of the lens 410. In FIG. 4, the lens 410 is shown with a circular shaped base 412 (or outline) and with a focal region 420 lying near the center of the lens 410. However, the lens 410 and focal region 420 may have any desired shape. For example, in FIG. 5, the lens 410 has a pyramid shape with a flat top 420 and trapezoidal shoulders 430. As mentioned above, the base of the lens 412 may be coextensive with the focal region 420.
In general, the GUI 400 has lens control elements that, in combination, provide for the interactive control of the lens 410. The effective control of the characteristics of the lens 410 by a user (i.e., dynamic interaction with a detail-in-context lens) is advantageous. At a given time, one or more of these lens control elements may be made visible to the user on the display surface 340 by appearing as overlay icons on the lens 410. Interaction with each element is performed via the motion of an input or pointing device 310 (e.g., a mouse) with the motion resulting in an appropriate change in the corresponding lens characteristic. As will be described, selection of which lens control element is actively controlled by the motion of the pointing device 310 at any given time is determined by the proximity of the icon representing the pointing device 310 (e.g. cursor) on the display surface 340 to the appropriate component of the lens 410. For example, “dragging” of the pointing device at the periphery of the bounding rectangle of the lens base 412 causes a corresponding change in the size of the lens 410 (i.e. “resizing”). Thus, the GUI 400 provides the user with a visual representation of which lens control element is being adjusted through the display of one or more corresponding icons.
For ease of understanding, the following description is in the context of using a two-dimensional pointing device 310 that is a mouse, but it will be understood that the techniques may be practiced with other 2D or 3D (or even greater numbers of dimensions) pointing devices including a trackball, a pen and tablet, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, and a position tracking device.
A mouse 310 controls the position of a cursor icon 401 that is displayed on the display screen 340. The cursor 401 is moved by moving the mouse 310 over a flat surface, such as the top of a desk, in the desired direction of movement of the cursor 401. Thus, the two-dimensional movement of the mouse 310 on the flat surface translates into a corresponding two-dimensional movement of the cursor 401 on the display screen 340.
A mouse 310 typically has one or more finger actuated control buttons (i.e. mouse buttons). While the mouse buttons can be used for different functions such as selecting a menu option pointed at by the cursor 401, the disclosed techniques may use a single mouse button to “select” a lens 410 and to trace the movement of the cursor 401 along a desired path. Specifically, to select a lens 410, the cursor 401 is first located within the extent of the lens 410. In other words, the cursor 401 is “pointed” at the lens 410. Next, the mouse button is depressed and released. That is, the mouse button is “clicked”. Selection is thus a point and click operation. To trace the movement of the cursor 401, the cursor 401 is located at the desired starting location, the mouse button is depressed to signal the computer 320 to activate a lens control element, and the mouse 310 is moved while maintaining the button depressed. After the desired path has been traced, the mouse button is released. This procedure is often referred to as “clicking” and “dragging” (i.e. a click and drag operation). It will be understood that a predetermined key on a keyboard 310 could also be used to activate a mouse click or drag. In the following, the term “clicking” will refer to the depression of a mouse button indicating a selection by the user and the term “dragging” will refer to the subsequent motion of the mouse 310 and cursor 401 without the release of the mouse button.
The GUI 400 may include the following lens control elements: move, pickup, resize base, resize focus, fold, magnify, zoom, and scoop. Each of these lens control elements has at least one lens control icon or alternate cursor icon associated with it. In general, when a lens 410 is selected by a user through a point and click operation, the following lens control icons may be displayed over the lens 410: pickup icon 450, base outline icon 412, base bounding rectangle icon 411, focal region bounding rectangle icon 421, handle icons 481, 482, 491, 492 (see FIG. 5) magnify slide bar icon 440, zoom icon 495, and scoop slide bar icon 540 (see FIG. 5). Typically, these icons are displayed simultaneously after selection of the lens 410. In addition, when the cursor 401 is located within the extent of a selected lens 410, an alternate cursor icon 460, 470, 480, 490, 495 may be displayed over the lens 410 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. These lens control elements, corresponding icons, and their effects on the characteristics of a lens 410 are described below with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.
In general, when a lens 410 is selected by a point and click operation, bounding rectangle icons 411, 421 are displayed surrounding the base 412 and focal region 420 of the selected lens 410 to indicate that the lens 410 has been selected. With respect to the bounding rectangles 411, 421 one might view them as glass windows enclosing the lens base 412 and focal region 420, respectively. The bounding rectangles 411, 421 include handle icons 481, 482, 491, 492 allowing for direct manipulation of the enclosed base 412 and focal region 420 as will be explained below. Thus, the bounding rectangles 411, 421 inform the user that the lens 410 has been selected and also provide the user with indications as to what manipulation operations might be possible for the selected lens 410 though use of the displayed handles 481, 482, 491, 492. Note that it is well within the scope of the techniques described herein to provide a bounding region having a shape other than generally rectangular. Such a bounding region could be of any of a great number of shapes including oblong, oval, ovoid, conical, cubic, cylindrical, polyhedral, spherical, etc.
Moreover, the cursor 401 provides a visual cue indicating the nature of an available lens control element. As such, the cursor 401 will generally change in form by simply pointing to a different lens control icon 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440, 540. For example, when resizing the base 412 of a lens 410 using a corner handle 491, the cursor 401 will change form to a resize icon 490 once it is pointed at (i.e. positioned over) the corner handle 491. The cursor 401 will remain in the form of the resize icon 490 until the cursor 401 has been moved away from the corner handle 491.
Lateral movement of a lens 410 is provided by the move lens control element of the GUI 400. This functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the lens 410 through a point and click operation. Then, the user points to a point within the lens 410 that is other than a point lying on a lens control icon 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440, 540. When the cursor 401 is so located, a move icon 460 is displayed over the lens 410 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The move icon 460 informs the user that the lens 410 may be moved and also provides the user with indications as to what movement operations are possible for the selected lens 410. For example, the move icon 460 may include arrowheads indicating up, down, left, and right motion. Next, the lens 410 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags the lens 410 to the desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is locked in its new position until a further pickup and move operation is performed.
Lateral movement of a lens 410 is also provided by the pickup lens control element of the GUI. This functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the lens 410 through a point and click operation. As mentioned above, when the lens 410 is selected a pickup icon 450 is displayed over the lens 410 near the centre of the lens 410. Typically, the pickup icon 450 will be a crosshairs. In addition, a base outline 412 is displayed over the lens 410 representing the base 412 of the lens 410. The crosshairs 450 and lens outline 412 inform the user that the lens has been selected and also provides the user with an indication as to the pickup operation that is possible for the selected lens 410. Next, the user points at the crosshairs 450 with the cursor 401. Then, the lens outline 412 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags the crosshairs 450 to the desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. The full lens 410 is then moved to the new position and is locked there until a further pickup operation is performed. In contrast to the move operation described above, with the pickup operation, it is the outline 412 of the lens 410 that the user repositions rather than the full lens 410.
Resizing of the base 412 (or outline) of a lens 410 is provided by the resize base lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 is displayed surrounding the base 412. For a rectangular shaped base 412, the bounding rectangle icon 411 may be coextensive with the perimeter of the base 412. The bounding rectangle 411 includes handles 491. These handles 491 can be used to stretch the base 412 taller or shorter, wider or narrower, or proportionally larger or smaller. The corner handles 491 will keep the proportions the same while changing the size. The middle handles 492 (see FIG. 5) will make the base 412 taller or shorter, wider or narrower. Resizing the base 412 by the corner handles 491 will keep the base 412 in proportion. Resizing the base 412 by the middle handles 492 will change the proportions of the base 412. That is, the middle handles 492 change the aspect ratio of the base 412 (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the bounding rectangle 411 of the base 412). When a user points at a handle 491 with the cursor 401 a resize icon 490 may be displayed over the handle 491 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The resize icon 490 informs the user that the handle 491 may be selected and also provides the user with indications as to the resizing operations that are possible with the selected handle. For example, the resize icon 490 for a corner handle 491 may include arrows indicating proportional resizing. The resize icon (not shown) for a middle handle 492 may include arrows indicating width resizing or height resizing. After pointing at the desired handle 491, 492 the user would click and drag the handle 491, 492 until the desired shape and size for the base 412 is reached. Once the desired shape and size are reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The base 412 of the lens 410 is then locked in its new size and shape until a further base resize operation is performed.
Resizing of the focal region 420 of a lens 410 is provided by the resize focus lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. For a rectangular shaped focal region 420, the bounding rectangle icon 421 may be coextensive with the perimeter of the focal region 420. The bounding rectangle 421 includes handles 481, 482. These handles 481, 482 can be used to stretch the focal region 420 taller or shorter, wider or narrower, or proportionally larger or smaller. The corner handles 481 will keep the proportions the same while changing the size. The middle handles 482 will make the focal region 420 taller or shorter, wider or narrower. Resizing the focal region 420 by the corner handles 481 will keep the focal region 420 in proportion. Resizing the focal region 420 by the middle handles 482 will change the proportions of the focal region 420. That is, the middle handles 482 change the aspect ratio of the focal region 420 (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the bounding rectangle 421 of the focal region 420). When a user points at a handle 481, 482 with the cursor 401 a resize icon 480 may be displayed over the handle 481, 482 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The resize icon 480 informs the user that a handle 481, 482 may be selected and also provides the user with indications as to the resizing operations that are possible with the selected handle. For example, the resize icon 480 for a corner handle 481 may include arrows indicating proportional resizing. The resize icon 480 for a middle handle 482 may include arrows indicating width resizing or height resizing. After pointing at the desired handle 481, 482, the user would click and drag the handle 481, 482 until the desired shape and size for the focal region 420 is reached. Once the desired shape and size are reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The focal region 420 is then locked in its new size and shape until a further focus resize operation is performed.
Folding of the focal region 420 of a lens 410 is provided by the fold control element of the GUI. In general, control of the degree and direction of folding (i.e. skewing of the viewer aligned vector 231 as described by Carpendale) is accomplished by a click and drag operation on a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 surrounding the focal region 420. The direction of folding is determined by the direction in which the point 471 is dragged. The degree of folding is determined by the magnitude of the translation of the cursor 401 during the drag. In general, the direction and degree of folding corresponds to the relative displacement of the focus 420 with respect to the lens base 410. In other words, and referring to FIG. 2, the direction and degree of folding corresponds to the displacement of the point FP 233 relative to the point FPo 232, where the vector joining the points FPo 232 and FP 233 defines the viewer aligned vector 231. In particular, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. The bounding rectangle 421 includes handles 481, 482. When a user points at a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 surrounding the focal region 420 with the cursor 401, a fold icon 470 may be displayed over the point 471 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The fold icon 470 informs the user that a point 471 on the bounding rectangle 421 may be selected and also provides the user with indications as to what fold operations are possible. For example, the fold icon 470 may include arrowheads indicating up, down, left, and right motion. By choosing a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 a user may control the degree and direction of folding. To control the direction of folding, the user would click on the point 471 and drag in the desired direction of folding. To control the degree of folding, the user would drag to a greater or lesser degree in the desired direction of folding. Once the desired direction and degree of folding is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected fold until a further fold operation is performed.
Magnification of the lens 410 is provided by the magnify lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, the magnify control is presented to the user as a slide bar icon 440 near or adjacent to the lens 410 and typically to one side of the lens 410. Sliding the bar 441 of the slide bar 440 results in a proportional change in the magnification of the lens 410. The slide bar 440 informs the user that magnification of the lens 410 may be selected and also provides the user with an indication as to what level of magnification is possible. The slide bar 440 includes a bar 441 that may be slid up and down, or left and right, to adjust and indicate the level of magnification. To control the level of magnification, the user would click on the bar 441 of the slide bar 440 and drag in the direction of desired magnification level. Once the desired level of magnification is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected magnification until a further magnification operation is performed. In general, the focal region 420 is an area of the lens 410 having constant magnification (i.e. if the focal region is a plane). Again referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, magnification of the focal region 420, 233 varies inversely with the distance from the focal region 420, 233 to the reference view plane (RVP) 201. Magnification of areas lying in the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 also varies inversely with their distance from the RVP 201. Thus, magnification of areas lying in the shoulder region 430 will range from unity at the base 412 to the level of magnification of the focal region 420.
Zoom functionality is provided by the zoom lens control element of the GUI. Referring to FIG. 2, the zoom lens control element, for example, allows a user to quickly navigate to a region-of-interest 233 within a continuous view of a larger presentation 210 and then zoom in to that region-of-interest 233 for detailed viewing or editing. Referring to FIG. 4, the combined presentation area covered by the focal region 420 and shoulder region 430 and surrounded by the base 412 may be referred to as the “extent of the lens”. Similarly, the presentation area covered by the focal region 420 may be referred to as the “extent of the focal region”. The extent of the lens may be indicated to a user by a base bounding rectangle 411 when the lens 410 is selected. The extent of the lens may also be indicated by an arbitrarily shaped figure that bounds or is coincident with the perimeter of the base 412. Similarly, the extent of the focal region may be indicated by a second bounding rectangle 421 or arbitrarily shaped figure. The zoom lens control element allows a user to: (a) “zoom in” to the extent of the focal region such that the extent of the focal region fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to focal region extent”); (b) “zoom in” to the extent of the lens such that the extent of the lens fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to lens extent”); or, (c) “zoom in” to the area lying outside of the extent of the focal region such that the area without the focal region is magnified to the same level as the extent of the focal region (i.e. “zoom to scale”).
In particular, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 is displayed surrounding the base 412 and a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. Zoom functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the zoom icon 495 through a point and click operation When a user selects zoom functionality, a zoom cursor icon 496 may be displayed to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The zoom cursor icon 496 provides the user with indications as to what zoom operations are possible. For example, the zoom cursor icon 496 may include a magnifying glass. By choosing a point within the extent of the focal region, within the extent of the lens, or without the extent of the lens, the user may control the zoom function. To zoom in to the extent of the focal region such that the extent of the focal region fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to focal region extent”), the user would point and click within the extent of the focal region. To zoom in to the extent of the lens such that the extent of the lens fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to lens extent”), the user would point and click within the extent of the lens. Or, to zoom in to the presentation area without the extent of the focal region, such that the area without the extent of the focal region is magnified to the same level as the extent of the focal region (i.e. “zoom to scale”), the user would point and click without the extent of the lens. After the point and click operation is complete, the presentation is locked with the selected zoom until a further zoom operation is performed.
Alternatively, rather than choosing a point within the extent of the focal region, within the extent of the lens, or without the extent of the lens to select the zoom function, a zoom function menu with multiple items (not shown) or multiple zoom function icons (not shown) may be used for zoom function selection. The zoom function menu may be presented as a pull-down menu. The zoom function icons may be presented in a toolbar or adjacent to the lens 410 when the lens is selected. Individual zoom function menu items or zoom function icons may be provided for each of the “zoom to focal region extent”, “zoom to lens extent”, and “zoom to scale” functions described above. In this alternative, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 may be displayed surrounding the base 412 and a bounding rectangle icon 421 may be displayed surrounding the focal region 420. Zoom functionality is accomplished by the user selecting a zoom function from the zoom function menu or via the zoom function icons using a point and click operation. In this way, a zoom function may be selected without considering the position of the cursor 401 within the lens 410.
The concavity or “scoop” of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 is provided by the scoop lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, the scoop control is presented to the user as a slide bar icon 540 (see FIG. 5) near or adjacent to the lens 410 and typically below the lens 410. Sliding the bar 541 (see FIG. 5) of the slide bar 540 results in a proportional change in the concavity or scoop of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410. The slide bar 540 informs the user that the shape of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 may be selected and also provides the user with an indication as to what degree of shaping is possible. The slide bar 540 includes a bar 541 that may be slid left and right, or up and down, to adjust and indicate the degree of scooping. To control the degree of scooping, the user would click on the bar 541 of the slide bar 540 and drag in the direction of desired scooping degree. Once the desired degree of scooping is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected scoop until a further scooping operation is performed.
A user may choose to hide one or more lens control icons 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440, 495, 540 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 from view so as not to impede the user's view of the image within the lens 410. This may be helpful, for example, during an editing or move operation. A user may select this option through means such as a menu, toolbar, or lens property dialog box.
In addition, the GUI 400 may maintain a record of control element operations such that the user may restore pre-operation presentations. This record of operations may be accessed by or presented to the user through “Undo” and “Redo” icons 497, 498, through a pull-down operation history menu (not shown), or through a toolbar.
Thus, detail-in-context data viewing techniques allow a user to view multiple levels of detail or resolution on one display 340. The appearance of the data display or presentation is that of one or more virtual lenses showing detail 233 within the context of a larger area view 210. Using multiple lenses in detail-in-context data presentations may be used to compare two regions of interest at the same time. Folding enhances this comparison by allowing the user to pull the regions of interest closer together. Moreover, using detail-in-context technology such as PDT, an area of interest can be magnified to pixel level resolution, or to any level of detail available from the source information, for in-depth review. The digital images may include graphic images, maps, photographic images, or text documents, and the source information may be in raster, vector, or text form.
For example, in order to view a selected object or area in detail, a user can define a lens 410 over the object using the GUI 400. The lens 410 may be introduced to the original image to form a presentation through the use of a pull-down menu selection, tool bar icon, etc. Using lens control elements for the GUI 400, such as move, pickup, resize base, resize focus, fold, magnify, zoom, and scoop, as described above, the user adjusts the lens 410 for detailed viewing of the object or area. Using the magnify lens control element, for example, the user may magnify the focal region 420 of the lens 410 to pixel quality resolution revealing detailed information pertaining to the selected object or area. That is, a base image (i.e., the image outside the extent of the lens) is displayed at a low resolution while a lens image (i.e., the image within the extent of the lens) is displayed at a resolution based on a user selected magnification 440, 441.
In operation, the data processing system 300 employs EPS techniques with an input device 310 and GUI 400 for selecting objects or areas for detailed display to a user on a display screen 340. Data representing an original image or representation is received by the CPU 320 of the data processing system 300. Using EPS techniques, the CPU 320 processes the data in accordance with instructions received from the user via an input device 310 and GUI 400 to produce a detail-in-context presentation. The presentation is presented to the user on a display screen 340. It will be understood that the CPU 320 may apply a transformation to the shoulder region 430 surrounding the region-of-interest 420 to affect blending or folding in accordance with EPS technology. For example, the transformation may map the region-of-interest 420 and/or shoulder region 430 to a predefined lens surface, defined by a transformation or distortion function and having a variety of shapes, using EPS techniques. Or, the lens 410 may be simply coextensive with the region-of-interest 420.
The lens control elements of the GUI 400 are adjusted by the user via an input device 310 to control the characteristics of the lens 410 in the detail-in-context presentation. Using an input device 310 such as a mouse, a user adjusts parameters of the lens 410 using icons and scroll bars of the GUI 400 that are displayed over the lens 410 on the display screen 340. The user may also adjust parameters of the image of the full scene. Signals representing input device 310 movements and selections are transmitted to the CPU 320 of the data processing system 300 where they are translated into instructions for lens control.
Moreover, the lens 410 may be added to the presentation before or after the object or area is selected. That is, the user may first add a lens 410 to a presentation or the user may move a pre-existing lens into place over the selected object or area. The lens 410 may be introduced to the original image to form the presentation through the use of a pull-down menu selection, tool bar icon, etc.
By using a detail-in-context lens 410 to select an object or area for detailed information gathering, a user can view a large area (i.e., outside the extent of the lens 410) while focusing in on a smaller area (or within the focal region 420 of the lens 410) surrounding the selected object. This makes it possible for a user to accurately gather detailed information without losing visibility or context of the portion of the original image surrounding the selected object.
The above methods and GUIs for adjusting lenses may utilize modes to provide interaction with underlying data or the lens, e.g., to determine if mouse clicks are to operate on a lens 410 or on the underlying data (i.e., the representation). For example, FIG. 5 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 500 having lens control elements, including a scoop control slide bar icon 540, 541, for user interaction with detail-in-context presentations in accordance with an embodiment. If a user clicks and drags on the lens focal region 420 while in “lens mode”, the lens 410 will be translated according to the mouse movements. If the user clicks and drags on the lens focal region 420 while in an application specific mode such as “draw mode,” then editing of the underlying representation will be enabled through the lens 410. Refer to the above description of the move lens and pickup lens control elements. The switching of modes is typically performed by selecting from a toolbar or menu in which the modes are presented or by entering a mode selection command through a keyboard. Thus, modes (e.g., lens mode, draw mode, etc.) may be used to separate lens interactions from data interactions, which may be beneficial in applications in which the use of such modes is desired to provide for explicit switching to perform different interactions. Thus, in one instance the GUIs 400, 500 of FIGS. 4 and 5 may use of the focal region 420 and shoulder region 430 for lens control. In an implementation, clicking the mouse 410 while the cursor 401 is located in the focal region 420 causes the lens parameters to be changed and cannot be simultaneously used to manipulate (e.g., edit) the underlying data.
FIG. 6 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 600 having designated regions for lens control 430 and data interaction 420 in accordance with an embodiment. In the GUI 600 of FIG. 6, the focal region 420 of the lens 410 is reserved for direct interaction with the underlying data using a tool currently selected by the user. The tool may be a drawing tool or an editing tool, etc. The shoulder region 430 is reserved for lens control. The focal region 420 and shoulder region 430 are separated by the focal region bounding rectangle icon 421 and its handle icons 481, 482 for adjusting the focal region 420. In order to move the lens 410, the user clicks and drags on a point in the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410. The currently selected tool operates in the focal region 420 of the lens 410, whereas clicking elsewhere 430, 481, 482 in the lens 410 manipulates the lens 410 itself. Thus, the GUI 600 provides switching between lens interaction and data interaction modes. With the GUI 600, a user can seamlessly switch from a mode for adjusting lens parameters to a mode for interacting with representation data. In general, GUI lens control elements are not located in the focal region 420 (or alternatively in the lensed area 420, 430) which frees up this region to be used for data manipulation. Thus, lens interaction is possible regardless of what application tool (e.g., draw, edit, cut, paste, etc.) the user has selected.
FIG. 7 is a partial screen capture illustrating the GUI 600 of FIG. 6 in which shading is used to indicate the regions for lens control 430, 421, 481, 482 and data interaction 420. In FIG. 7, the focal region 420 is shaded in a first tone to identify it as a region for data interaction, the focal region bounding rectangle and handle icons 421, 481, 492, are shaded in a second tone to identify them as regions for lens control (i.e., focal region control), and the shoulder region 430 is shaded in a third tone to identify it as a region for lens control (i.e., lens movement).
FIG. 8 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 800 having arrow icons 801, 802, 803, 804 presented on the sides of a lens 410 for positioning the lens 410 in accordance with an embodiment. According to the embodiment of FIG. 8, the entire region inside the bounds of the lens (the lensed region 420, 430) is reserved for interaction with the data, as such, new lens control elements are provided for adjusting the position of the lens 410 and for adjusting parameters for the focal region 420. These control elements are displayed outside the bounds 412 of the lens 410 so that the interior of the lens 420, 430 can be used for data interaction. In FIG. 8, each side of the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 of the lens 410 includes an arrow icon 801, 802, 803, 804 for positioning the lens 410. Each arrow icon 801, 802, 803, 804 is used to move the lens 410 in the one-dimensional direction in which the arrow is pointing (i.e., up 801, left 802, down 803, right 804). Alternatively, each arrow icon 801, 802, 803, 804 can be used to move the lens 410 in two-dimensions. The lens 410 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags one of the arrow icons 801, 802, 803, 804 to a desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. A slide bar 440 is used to adjust the level of magnification for the lens 410. Handles 491 on the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 of the lens 410 are used to resize the bounds 412 of the lens 410.
Independent techniques are not provided to resize the focal region 420 in this instance, rather, the handles 491, 492 on the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 also function to resize the focal region 420. In other words, resizing of the bounds 411 of the focal region 420 is coupled to resizing of the bounds 412 of the base 412 of the lens 410. As the size (i.e., area) of lens base 412 increases, the size of the focal region 420 increases correspondingly. Likewise, as the size of the lens base 412 decreases, the size of the focal region 420 decreases correspondingly. According to one embodiment, a user may chose the relationship between resizing of the base and focal region. For example, a menu item may be provided for selecting a constant ratio between the sizes of the base and the focal region (e.g., given a predetermined limit for the size of the base). A second menu item may be provided for selecting a constant absolute difference in size between the size of the base and the focal region (e.g., given a predetermined limit for the size of the base).
FIG. 9 is a screen capture illustrating a GUI 900 in which a tab icon 905 is presented on a side of a lens 410 for positioning the lens 410 in accordance with an embodiment. According to the embodiment of FIG. 9, the entire region inside the bounds of the lens (the lensed region 420, 430) is reserved for interaction with the data, as such, new lens control elements are provided for adjusting the position of the lens 410 and for adjusting parameters for the focal region 420. These control elements are displayed outside the bounds 412 of the lens 410 so that the interior of the lens 420, 430 can be used for data interaction. In FIG. 9, one side of the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 of the lens 410 includes a tab icon 905 for positioning the lens 410. The tab icon 905 is used to move the lens 410 in two-dimensions. The lens 410 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags on the tab icon 905 to a desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. A slide bar 440 is used to adjust the level of magnification for the lens 410. Handles 491, 492 on the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 of the lens 410 are used to resize the bounds 412 of the lens 410. Independent means are not provided to resize the focal region 420 in this instance, rather, the handles 491 on the bounding rectangle icon 411 for the base 412 also function to resize the focal region 420. In other words, resizing of the bounds 411 of the focal region 420 is coupled to resizing of the bounds 412 of the base 412 of the lens 410. As the size (i.e., area) of lens base 412 increases, the size of the focal region 420 increases correspondingly. Likewise, as the size of the lens base 412 decreases, the size of the focal region 420 decreases correspondingly. As with the embodiment of FIG. 8, a user may chose the relationship between resizing of the base and focal region by selecting from a menu.
FIG. 10 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 1000 for specifying and adjusting a lens through its focal region in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 11 is a partial screen capture illustrating a lens specified with the GUI 1000 of FIG. 10 in accordance with an embodiment. The GUI 1000 of FIG. 10 includes a user defined bounding rectangle icon 1001 for a region-of-interest 1005 in the representation that will become the focal region 420 of the lens 410 presentation shown in FIG. 11. The GUI 1000 is used to specify a lens 410 as follows. First, an undistorted representation 1010 is displayed to a user on the display screen 340. Second, the user identifies a region-of-interest 1005 in the representation 1010 that the user would like to have magnified. Third, the user activates a software module 331 (e.g., by selection a menu item in a pull down menu, etc.) allowing the user to draw a bounding rectangle icon 1001 around the region-of-interest 1005 by moving a cursor 401 on the display screen 340 with a pointing device 310 such as a mouse. Of course, the bounding rectangle icon 1001 could have any other shape (e.g., a circle, polygon, etc.). Fourth, the user adjusts the bounding rectangle icon 1001 to specify a magnification for the region-of-interest 1005. The magnification so specified is used to generate a detail-in-context lens presentation 1110 (see FIG. 11) having a lens 410 with a focal region 420 sized in accordance with the specified magnification. In other words, by “pulling” or “pushing” on a side of the bounding rectangle icon 1001 with a cursor 401 and mouse 310, the user specifies the size (i.e., area) of the focal region 420 which defines a magnification for the region-of-interest 1005. As the focal region 420 expands (or contracts), the lens bounds 412 expands (or contracts) correspondingly.
Advantageously, the GUI 1000 of FIGS. 10 and 11 provides a simple technique for a user to select a region-of-interest 1005 and then quickly magnify that region-of-interest to a desired level. The size of the focal region 420, and hence the magnification of the lens, is adjusted directly by input from the user. That is, by pulling or pushing on a side of the bounding rectangle icon 1001 with a cursor 401 and mouse 310, the size of the focal region 420, magnification of the lens, and extent 412 of the lens 410 are specified. Once the lens 410 is created, as shown in the presentation of FIG. 11, the GUI 1000 can be used to further adjust the focal region 420 and hence the lens 410.
Note that with the GUI 1000 of FIGS. 10 and 11, changing the size of the focal region 420 changes the size of objects presented in the focal region 420. That is, focal region size is related to magnification. In contrast, with the GUIs 400, 500 of FIGS. 4 and 5, changing the size of the focal region 420 changes the amount of information from the original representation presented in the focal region 420. That is, focal region size is not related to magnification (i.e., magnification remains constant when the size of the focal region is adjusted).
FIG. 12 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 1200 having a button icon 1201 for switching between a current initial lens specification GUI 1000 and a subsequent lens adjustment GUI 500 in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 13 is a partial screen capture illustrating the subsequent lens adjustment GUI 500 presented upon selection of the button icon 1201 of the GUI 1200 of FIG. 12 in accordance with an embodiment. The method of specifying and adjusting a lens 410 using the GUI 1000 of FIGS. 10 and 11 can be an initial step in a user interaction with the lens 410. By this, it is meant that this initial step occurs once. After this initial step, the lens control elements associated with the GUIs 400, 500 of FIGS. 4 and 5 are used to adjust the lens 410.
The GUI 1200 of FIG. 12 includes on the bounding rectangle icon 1001 of FIGS. 10 and 11 a button icon 1201 for selection by a user to indicate to software modules 331 in the data processing system 300 that initial specification of the lens 410 is complete. In FIG. 12, the button icon 1201 is a “close box” icon 1201. Rather than including the button icon 1201 on the bounding rectangle icon 1001, a menu item in a pull-down menu or an icon in a toolbar could be provided as a means for indicating to the system 300 that the initial specification of the lens 410 has been completed. Upon selecting the button icon 1201, the GUI 1200 of FIG. 12 transitions to the GUI 500 of FIG. 5 as shown in FIG. 13.
According to one embodiment, the GUI 1000 of FIGS. 10 and 11 functions as both the initial technique to specify the lens 410 and the subsequent technique for adjusting the lens 410. In this embodiment, the GUI 1000 can include one or more of the lens control elements described with respect to the GUIs 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 of FIGS. 4-9.
FIG. 14 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 1400 for positioning a lens 410 in accordance with an embodiment. In FIG. 14, the lens 410 has a circular shaped focal region 420, shoulder region 430, and base 412. However, the lens 410 may be of any other shape (e.g., rectangular, etc.). According to this embodiment, the position of the lens 410 depends on the position of the cursor 401 within the presentation 1401.
If the cursor 401 is repositioned (i.e., by moving a mouse 310) within the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420 of the lens 410, the lens 410 remains in place. Movement of the cursor 401 within the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420 is indicated by the single arrow 1410 in FIG. 14. However, if the cursor 401 is placed in contact with the inner side of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420, subsequent movement of the cursor 401 causes the lens 410 to be correspondingly repositioned.
FIG. 15 is a partial screen capture illustrating the repositioning of a lens with the GUI 1400 of FIG. 14 in accordance with an embodiment. In FIG. 15, the cursor 401 is shown in contact with the inner side of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420. As so positioned, the direction of movement of the lens 410 upon subsequent movement of the cursor 410 is indicated by the multiple arrows 1510. Thus, the lens 410 may be repositioned within the presentation 1401 when the cursor 401 is “pushed” against the inner side of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420.
With the GUI 1400 of FIGS. 14 and 15, magnification for the lens 410 can be adjusted using a scroll wheel provided on the mouse 310, using commands entered through a keyboard, or by selection from a toolbar or menu. If the magnification level is reduced to zero, the lens 410 will not be included in the presentation 1401 and hence manipulation of the cursor 401 within the presentation 1401 will not have an effect on lens positioning.
When the pointing device 310 is a mouse or trackball, the position of the cursor 410 remains under the control of the pointing device. That is, the cursor 401 does not travel instantly from point to point, as it could were the pointing device a pen or stylus input device. Thus, with a mouse input device, the position of the lens 410 in the presentation 1401 is governed by the movement of the cursor 410 by the mouse within the focal region 420. As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, moving the cursor 401 about within the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420 does not move the lens, whereas moving the cursor 401 against the inner side of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420 causes the lens 410 to be repositioned such that the cursor 401 does not travel outside of the focal region 420.
If the pointing device 310 is a pen or stylus input device (such as those used with computer tablets), the device 310 may be lifted from the tablet, moved to a different position, and then returned to the surface of the tablet. Correspondingly, the cursor 401 disappears from the display 340 when the pen 310 is lifted and reappears when the pen is returned to the surface of the tablet. According to one embodiment, when the pen 310 is lifted and moved to a new position, the lens 410 is repositioned correspondingly at the new position of the cursor 401. According to another embodiment, and referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, if the pen 310 is lifted and repositioned such that the cursor 401 is positioned outside of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420 of the lens 410, the lens 410 remains stationary until the cursor 401 is returned to within the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420. In both of these pen related embodiments, the lens 410 is repositioned when the cursor 401 is pushed against the inner side of the perimeter 1405 of the focal region 420. Magnification for the lens 410 can be adjusted using commands entered through a keyboard, or by selection from a toolbar or menu.
The above described method (i.e., relating to FIGS. 6 and 7) may be summarized with the aid of a flowchart. FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating operations 1600 of software modules 331 within the memory 330 of the data processing system 300 for interacting with a region-of-interest in an original image displayed on a display screen 340, in accordance with an embodiment.
At step 1601, the operations 1600 start.
At step 1602, a lens 410 is applied to the original image to produce a presentation for display on the display screen 340, the lens 410 having a focal region 420 for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region 430.
At step 1603, one or more first signals are received to interact with the region-of-interest when a cursor 401 is positioned over the focal region 420 in the presentation.
At step 1604, one or more second signals are received to adjust the lens 410 through a graphical user interface (“GUI”) 600 displayed over the lens 410 when the cursor 401 is positioned over the shoulder region 430 in the presentation.
At step 1605, the operations 1600 end.
The step of applying 1602 may further include displacing the original image onto the lens 230, 410 and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane 201 in a direction 231 aligned with a viewpoint 240 for the region-of-interest 233. The method may further include displaying the presentation on the display screen 340. The lens 410 may be a surface 230. The GUI 600 may include functionality to adjust at least one of: a magnification for the focal region; a degree of scooping for the shoulder region; a size and a shape for the focal region; a size and a shape for a perimeter of the lens; or a location for the lens within the original image. At least some of this functionality may be implemented using icons 440, 540, 481, 482, 491, 492. The method may further include receiving the one or more first and second signals and signals to position the cursor 401 on the display screen 340 from a pointing device 310 manipulated by a user. The pointing device 310 may be configured as at least one of a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, and a position tracking device. The method may further include applying first and second shades to the focal region 420 and shoulder region 430, respectively, the first shade indicating that the focal region is for editing the original image and the second shade indicating that the shoulder region is for adjusting the lens 410.
While these techniques were primarily discussed as a method, it should be readily understood that the apparatus discussed above with reference to a data processing system 300, may be programmed to enable the practice of the method. Moreover, an article of manufacture for use with a data processing system 300, such as a pre-recorded storage device or other similar tangible computer readable medium including program instructions recorded thereon, may direct the data processing system 300 to facilitate the practice of the method. It is understood that such apparatus and articles of manufacture also come within the scope.
In particular, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in a tangible data carrier product according to one embodiment. This data carrier product can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3. In addition, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in a computer software product according to one embodiment. This computer software product can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3. Moreover, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in an integrated circuit product including a coprocessor or memory according to one embodiment ntion. This integrated circuit product can be installed in the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3.
The embodiments described above are intended to be exemplary. The scope of the techniques described herein is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method comprising:
applying an appearance of a lens to an image by a data processing system to produce a presentation for display on a display screen, the appearance of the lens having a focal region at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region;
providing a data interaction mode by the data processing system to interact with underlying data of the focal region responsive to positioning a cursor over the focal region in the presentation;
providing a lens interaction mode by the data processing system to adjust one or more parameters of the appearance of the lens responsive to positioning of the cursor over the shoulder region in the presentation; and
displaying the presentation on the display screen.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the focal region includes a magnification and the shoulder region includes a magnification that provides a transition from the magnification of the focal region to the image.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying further comprises displacing the image onto the appearance of the lens and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane in a direction aligned with a viewpoint for the focal region.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the appearance of the lens is a surface.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the lens interaction mode causes a graphical user interface (GUI) to be output to adjust the one or more parameters.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the cursor is positioned on the display screen in response to signals received from a pointing device.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the pointing device is at least one of a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, or a position tracking device.

8. A method comprising:
applying an appearance of a lens to an image by a data processing system to produce a presentation for display on a display screen, the appearance of the lens having a perimeter;
providing a data interaction mode by the data processing system to interact with underlying data within the appearance of the lens responsive to a cursor being positioned within the perimeter;
providing a lens interaction mode by the data processing system to adjust one or more parameters of the appearance of the lens responsive to the cursor being positioned over the perimeter of the appearance of the lens in the presentation; and
displaying the presentation on the display screen.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the appearance of the lens includes a focal region having a magnification and a shoulder region having a magnification that provides a transition from the magnification of the focal region to the image.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein the applying further comprises displacing the image onto the appearance of the lens and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane in a direction aligned with a viewpoint for the focal region.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the appearance of the lens is a surface.

12. The method of claim 8 wherein the lens interaction mode causes a graphical user interface (GUI) to be output to adjust the one or more parameters.

13. The method of claim 8 wherein the cursor is positioned on the display screen in response to signals received from a pointing device.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pointing device is at least one of a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, or a position tracking device.

15. An article of manufacture including a computer-readable medium having instruction stored thereon that, responsive to execution by a data processing system, cause the data processing system to perform operations comprising:
applying an appearance of a lens to an image to produce a presentation for display on a display screen, the appearance of the lens having a focal region at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region; and
responsive to repositioning of a cursor from the focal region in the presentation to the shoulder region, switching from a data interaction mode that is configured to provide interaction with underlying data of the focal region to a lens interaction mode that is configured to provide adjustment of one or more parameters of the appearance of the lens.

16. The article of manufacture of claim 15 wherein the focal region has a magnification and the shoulder region has a magnification that provides a transition from the magnification of the focal region to the image.

17. The article of manufacture of claim 15 wherein the applying further comprises displacing the image onto the appearance of the lens and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane in a direction aligned with a viewpoint for the focal region.

18. The article of manufacture of claim 15 wherein the lens interaction mode causes a graphical user interface (GUI) to be output to adjust the one or more parameters.

19. The article of manufacture of claim 15 wherein the cursor is positioned in response to signals received from a pointing device.

20. The article of manufacture of claim 19 wherein the pointing device is at least one of a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, or a position tracking device.

21. An article of manufacture including a computer-readable medium having instruction stored thereon that, responsive to execution by a data processing system, cause the data processing system to perform operations comprising:
applying an appearance of a lens to an image to produce a presentation for display on a display screen, the appearance of the lens having a perimeter;
responsive to repositioning of a cursor from within the appearance of the lens to the perimeter, switching from a data interaction mode that is configured to provide interaction with underlying data of the focal region to a lens interaction mode that is configured to provide adjustment of one or more parameters of the appearance of the lens.

22. The article of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the appearance of the lens includes a focal region having a magnification and a shoulder region having a magnification that provides a transition from the magnification of the focal region to the image.

23. The article of manufacture of claim 22 wherein the applying further comprises displacing the image onto the appearance of the lens and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane in a direction aligned with a viewpoint for the focal region.

24. The article of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the appearance of the lens is a surface.

25. The article of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the lens interaction mode causes a graphical user interface (GUI) to be output to adjust the one or more parameters.

26. The article of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the cursor is positioned in response to signals received from a pointing device.

27. The article of manufacture of claim 26 wherein the pointing device is at least one of a mouse, a pen and tablet, a trackball, a keyboard, an eye tracking device, or a position tracking device.