GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL 

REPORT 

FY 1989 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Natlod Oceanic and Atmcspherlc Administration 

Omce of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research E. Environmental Research Laboratorb q 
On the mum Bythomphes, a hat Luke~ invdw. Redwwnftwn Berg, DJ, and D. W. Garton. Seasonal ahndance of tbe exotic predamy cladocmn, Bythotrephes cederstroemi, in wmm Uke Ede. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 14:4 79-488 C1988). 
GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT 

FY 89 

DIRECTOR 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48101-1593 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOAA/ERL. Use 

for publicity or advertising purposes, of information 

from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is not authorized. 
CONTENTS 

Introduction ................................................................... 1 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group ...... 5 

Lake Hydrology Group .................................................. 9 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group ................... 15 

Environmental Systems Studies Group ............................ 19 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group .................. 24 

Facilities and Services .................................................. 27 

Outreach Activities ........................................................ 33 

GLERL Seminars ............................................................. 39 

FY 89 Staff ...................................................................... 43 

FY 89 Publications ......................................................... 45 

FY 89 Presentations ...................................................... 49 

iii 
Introduction 

Otganization structure of the Environmental Research kaboratories. 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is one 

of eleven environmental laboratories operated by the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), through the Environmental Research 

Laboratories (ERL) Directorate located in Boulder, 

Colorado. 

GLERL's mission is to conduct integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in 

coastal and estuarine waters, with a special emphasis 

on the Great Lakes. GLERL's research has traditionally 

been focused on investigations to improve our understanding of, and ability to predict, the biological, 

chemical, and physical processes occurring in natural 

ecosystems. Such processes affect the fate and effects 

of pollutants, the cycling and through-put of nutrients 

and energy within the food chain, water quality and 

water quantity Oake levels and the hydrologic cycle), 

and may pose a hazard to the human populations 

using the natural resources of the ecosystem. 

federal, state, and local agencies, private industry, 

academia, and the general public on major environmental projects in the Great Lakes such as the Green 

Bay Mass Balance Project (page 25) hnded partially 

by EPA and partially from GLERL base research funds. 

The products of GLERL's research are made 

available on a regular basis as scientific publications, 

NOAA Technical Series reports, computer programs 

and computer-based models, brochures, posters, and 

presentations at scientific and public meetings. These 

products are used by government, educational, and 

private organizations for purposes ranging from pure 

information to actual applications and operations. 

During FY 89, GLERL authors produced 54 scientific 

publications and GLERL staff presented 81 talks at 

scientific and public meetings and in schools. 

This annual report describes the significant activities and accomplishments of GLERL staff during the 

period October 1,1988 through September 30, 1989. 

The scientific program descriptions are organized in 

sections by scientific groups and projects within each 

group are described. 

In addition, GLERL cooperates closely with other 
Introduction 

GLERL in Transition 

1 

Biogeochemid Sciences Division 

I 

Physical Sciences Division 

(Acting Deputy Director) 

histant to the Dtcctor 

Publications Office 

Coordinated Research Programs 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

Marine Instrumentation Lab 

Facilities Support 

Vessel Operations 

--------- Coordinated Ecosystem Research - - - - - - - - - 

---------- Climate and Global Change - - - - - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - - - Green Bay Coor&mted Research - - - - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - - - - Na~al Hazards Research - - - - - - - - - - 

------------ PollutantEffects------------ 

Computer and Information 

Systems Group 

Computer System8 Suplnrt 

Statistical servka 

Library Infomution Services 

i 

Independent Research Projects 

Figure 1. GLERL's cuwent otganization, beginning in FEW. 

1 n our FY 88 Annual Report, we noted that GLERL velop additional programs directed toward critical 

had begun a thorough review of its programmatic and 

functional organization in a deliberateeffort to examine 

and assess where GLERL should be heading as we 

enter the 1990s . A planning retreat involving all of 

GLERL's senior research staff and the Director and 

senior staff members of ERL was conducted in the fall 

of 1988. The objective of the retreat was to sharply 

identify critical environmental problems and to improve the management of GLERL's research activities 

in view of the limited resources to support these 

activities. The retreat and other subsequent events, 

such as a thorough in-house scientifidmanagement 

review of both existing and newly proposed programs, has produced a major reorganization to deglobal, regional, and national issues. 

In the Fall of 1989 the previous structure of five 

scientific groups was reorganized into Coordinated 

Research Programs, considered to be critical environmental issues requiring coordinated team efforts, and 

a number of individual research programs. Two 

divisions, Physical Sciences and Biogeochemical Sciences, administrate the science in a matrix management configuration as indicated by the chart (Figure 

1). It should be noted that the content of this annual 

report covers the period October 1, 1988 through 

September 30, 1989 (FY 89) and, as such, reports 

activities under the old organizational structure (Figure 2). 
Introduction 

Organization 

A.M. beton 

ACT. DECUTV DIRECTOR F.H. hhn 

ASST. TO DIRECTOR O.F. Raid 

RlV Shmnehon S.V. Mark, Head 

INFORMATION 

SERVICES INSTRUMENTATION 

UIORATORY 

COMPUTER symus QROUP 

GC. Spolding, Heod 

F.H. Quinn. Head Ed. Eodia. Head W.S. Cordner, Head 

Figure 2. During FY89, GLERL was organized into five scientific groups. 

Synthetic Organics 

and Particle Dynamics Group 

Ecosystem and 

Nutrient Dynamics Group 

studied the processes that control the movement and studied the ecological systems of the Great Lakes and 

interactions of trace contaminants in the Great Lakes coastal marine environment^, f0C~Sing On factors and 

and coastal marine ecosystems. The group's research Processes that affect ecological succession and conincreases our of and ability to predict trol the flow of nutrients and biochemical energy (and 

the behavior, fate, and effects of contaminants in the therefore, toxics) through the food web. Group 

natural environment. members provide improved information to resource 

managers who make decisions that impact both water 

Lake Hydrology Group quality and living resources. 

investigated the hydrologic and hydraulic processes 

that affect the water supply to, and the amount of Systems Studies Group 

water in, the Great Lakes. This group provides developed models of environmental systems based 

improved methods of forecasting lake levels and on the premise that cost-effective management of our 

simulating river flows, and conducts research to natural resources requires consideration of competcharacterize and increase our understanding of the ing human, economic, regulatory, and ecological 

seasonal ice and snow cover in the Great Lakes Basin. factors. Group members use these models to evaluate 
Introduction 

and compare the probable costs versus benefits of H a Computer Systems Group that maintains GLERL's 

resource management plans, and to identify alterna- in-house computer network, manages the interface 

tive plans that optimally balance competing and with off-site mainframe and super computers, and 

conflicting demands on the marine environment. provides related user support to the GLERL staff 

and others; 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

studied the physical variables that characterize a lake 

environment and the manner in which those variables 

change with external forces, such as wind, heat 

exchange, and connecting channel flows. The results 

of this research can help resource managers understand, alleviate, or reduce the impact of physical 

hazards and contaminant transport on both the environment and the people who use it. 

an Information Services Group that provides editorial and publications support to the GLERL staff, 

distributes GLERL publications, and responds to 

related information requests; 

H a Library that maintains a research collection 

tailored to GLEN, staff needs and which offers 

special retrieval services for materials not in the 

existing holdings; 

H the RN SHENEHON, GLERL's research vessel and 

A number of support units provide technical, the primary platform used by GLERL staff for field 

operational, and administrative assistance to the sci- oprations on the lakes; 

entific staff: 

H and an Administrative Office that provides persona Marine Instrumentation Laboratory, where instru- nel, budget, purchasing, and facility information 

ments and systems for hands-on and automated and management^ collection of field data are designed, built, and 

maintained; 
Synthetic Organics and 

Particle Dynamics Group 

Toxic Trophics: The Vicious Circle 

AIR 

Synthetic Organics 

-.---ILLIUYU*Y.rC.*L* 

WATER 

-4 Benthic Organisms Alewife Plankton 

.... 

...... .... 

... 

..... 

.... . . 

A conceptual representation of the cycling oftrace contamkants in the 

Great Lakes and the closed-loop relationship to human beings. 

S tudies by this group involve processes that control the movement and 

interactions of trace contaminants in the Great Lukes and coastal 

marine ecosystems; this research increases understanding andpredicta bility 

of the behaviov, fate, and effects of contaminants in thenatural environment. 

GLERL has a continuing program in collaboration Sediment-Associated T~~.~ Oiganics. 

with the EPA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and 

various Canadian agencies to develop and improve Fate and Effects 

our understanding of the processes that control the Contaminated sediments represent a large potendistribution, cycling and fate of organic contaminants, tial source, and in some cases the only apparent 

their toxicology, and their biotransfer. A major focus source, of contaminants to the food chain. In the 

of this research is on the association of toxic organics Great Lakes, sediment-associated pollutants are imwith suspended and deposited sediments. plicated as either the major source or one of the major 
Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics 

sources of environmental problems in 41 of the 42 

Areas of Concern listed by the Intefnational Joint 

Commission (IJC) for the Great Lakes. A major part 

of GLERL's research on toxics focuses on the toxicology and bioavailability of contaminants from sediments in the Great Lakes. This project evaluates 

factors that influence the biological availability and 

toxicity of sediment-associated organic contaminants 

and has used selected chlorinated hydrocarbons and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as representative 

of two major classes of persistent contaminants in the 

Great Lakes. This work will generate the basic 

information required to better understand the significance of sediment contamination and to provide 

the regulatory agencies with models and data for 

assessing organic contamination. In FY 89: 

w The %&day mortality bioassay and the sediment 

avoidance/preference bioassay were performed on 

samples collected from Saginaw Bay. These included 

samples from a new station closer to shore than a 

previous station where there was significant mortality 

of P. hoyi. The new station samples also showed 

significant mortalityof P. hoyi while those collected 

from the old station did not for this collection. Thus, 

the mortality-producing contaminant seems to be 

transient. The most preferred sediment, based on our 

sediment avoidance/preference design for Saginaw 

Bay, was that collected from the old station. The order 

of preference generally increased for sediments taken 

at increasing distances from the mouth of the Saginaw 

River. 

w The Gamma Scan System was modified to allow use 

of a ,,Cd x-ray source to measure the porosity of 

sediments in a non-destructive manner. This modification permits better compaction and Wrosity change 

estimates in sediment microcosms as experiments 

progress. 

w We exposed oligochaete worms (StyIodn'Ius heringianus) collected from offshore sites in Lake 

Michigan near Grand Haven and Benton Harbor to 

sediments also collected from these two sites. The 

Benton Harbor sediments were toxic to the organisms 

from Grand Haven, whereas the organisms from 

Benton Harbor were unaffected by sediments from 

Grand Haven. These results indicate something quite 

logical, but rarely demonstrated: the organisms 

collected from offshore Benton Harbor have developed some tolerance to the generally higher concentrations of contaminants found in these local sediments. 

Pontoporeiu hoyiwere exposed to four dose levels 

of a mix of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The 

LC, estimate for this mixture of PAH was 601 nmoles 

g-' dry sediment as the molar sum of the individual 

PAH congeners. At the highest dose tested, 327 

nmoles g-I dry sediment, the LT,, time required for 

50% mortality was estimated to be 49 d. Finally, the 

body burden required to produce 50% mortality was 

6.1 pmol g-l wet weight organisms. From these results 

the mechanism of toxicity was presumed to be by 

non-polar narcosis. The toxicokinetics for this mixture was characterized by increased rate of accumulation with increased concentration in the sediment 

to an apparent plateau. These increases were similar 

for both radiolabeled materials, pyrene and phenanthrene that were present in trace amounts and for 

non-labelled PAH that was present in much greater 

quantities. The partition coefficient between the 

sediment particles and the interstitial water remained 

constant across the range of PAH concentrations for 

the two radiotracers. Thus, the increase in the rate of 

accumulation could not be attributed to changes in 

the partitioning. 

A subsequent experiment examined the role of 

contact time between contaminant and sediment 

particles using selected PAH as the model contaminants. The contact times were 3,60, and 150 d. The 

exposures were all run at the same time to avoid 

physiological differences between organisms that 

occur over the course of a season. The concentration 

of PAH used was intended to be sufficiently low that 

no toxicity would occur. Examination of mortality 

over the time of the experiment showed no significant 

mortality except in one replicate on the last day of the 

study. Further, the lipid content of the organisms was 

not significantly different over the course of the 

experiment indicating that the organisms were apparently healthy. The partition coefficients between 

sediment interstitial water and sediment particles 

increased for the radiotracers, pyrene and phenanthrene, with increasing contact time between the 

contaminant and the sediments. The uptake clearance 

for the radiotracers was similar to that from the 
Synthetic Organics a nd Particle Dynamics 

previous studies for 3 d aging at similar PAH concentrations. Again, the greater the PAH concentration, 

the greater the apparent rate of accumulation. The 

uptake clearance for both phenanthrene and pyrene 

declined when the sediment aging was 60 d and for 

phenanthrene the uptake clearance remained constant between 60 and 150 d of aging while for pyrene 

the uptake clearance increased slightly. 

a The first studies of the role of organic carbon on the 

bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants 

exposed P. hoyi to sediments containing three levels 

of organic carbon plus a fourth sediment where only 

the fine fraction was dosed. The compounds used 

were pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, hexachlorobiphenyl 

and tetrachlorobiphenyl. The sample analysis showed 

the organisms exposed to the highest organic carbon 

content accumulated the lowest concentrations of 

contaminants. Data analysis is incomplete. 

a An experiment was designed to examine in detail 

the effect of co-solvents and contact time on the 

partition coefficient between sediment particles and 

sediment interstitial water. The study is still in 

progress, but preliminary data indicate that both 

factors affect partitioning. 

w An experiment to examine the role of bulk chemical 

contamination on trace contaminants compared 

sediments first dosed with selected levels of silicone 

oil and subsequently with3H-benzo(a)pyrene and 14Chexachlorobiphenyl. Due to a calculation error the 

radiotracers were dosed at too low a level for the 

kinetics to be accurately determined. The silicone oil 

at the highest dose did produce mortality, but there 

were insufficient data to determine an LC,. This experiment will be repeated when time permits. 

Sediment and Resuspension 

Processes 

Sediments play a major role in the regulation of 

aquatic systems and serve as a natural repository of 

indicators of present and historical changes in ecosystem status and chemical loadings. Our research, 

while focused on the Great Lakes, encompasses 

diverse aquatic systems. We emphasize the use of 

radiotracers to identify and model fundamental lake/ 

watershed sediment transport processes. During FY 

89: 

a In collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey, 

we completed measurements and theoretical treatment of radionuclide profiles in sediments from the 

Oahe Reservoir system (SD). 

a In collaboration with Polish scientists and support 

from the Marie S. Curie Fund administered by the U.S. 

Department of State, we developed a multi-component 

model for the response of water, sediments, and fish 

in Lake Sniardwy (Poland) to contaminants from the 

Chemobyl reactor accident. 

a In collaboration with scientists at the University of 

Constance and the West German government, we 

developed a phase-specific response model for the 

scavenging of Chemobyl radionuclides from Lake 

Constance. 

a Completed measurements and theoretical treatment of radionuclide profiles in sediments from Lake 

Ontario as part of an EPA-sponsored study of dioxin 

contamination. 

a In collaboration with EPA and the Canada Centre 

for Inland Waters (CCIW, we developed a long-term 

fate model for contaminants in Lake St. Clair sediments. 

a Completed theoretical and experimental studies of 

epilimnetic cycling of natural and fallout radionuclides in Lake Michigan. 

a Concluded that data from GLERL on the results from 

a 3-year sediment trap intercalibration can be combined without bias with data from the Canada Centre 

for Inland Waters (CCIW). This will allow a synthesis 

of sediment flux information covering all five Great 

Lakes. 

Isotope Biogeochemistry in 

Limnology 

GLERL1s stable isotope research focuses on the 

processes that regulate the major biogeochemical 

cycles and uses analyses and modeling of the fractionation of natural stable isotopes. During FY 89, 

sample preparation and clean-up systems for the 
S y n t h e t i c O r g a n i c s and Particle Dynamics 

stable isotope mass spectrometer were completed, 

making the isotope facility fully functional. A sediment core from the Mississippi delta was analyzed for 

stable isotopes to test an hypothesis that nutrientenhanced productivity is related to increased transport of carbon to the sediments. 
Stom durlng h fgh hke helevels cause smm damage to shorelines. 

F nvestfgate hydmlogk and hydraulic ~TDL:RSSC?S that aflect the water supply to, and 

amount of water in, the Great I;akes; prowl& improved metbodc of forecasting lake 

lmls and simulating tiurnfitus, and condwt research to cbamcterfie and increase our 

urndentanding offhe semonal ice and snow cover in the Great La ka Basin. 

Major changes in water quantity in the Great Lakes 

are caused by annual and seasonal variations in ~e 

water supply, consumptive use, and interbasin diversions. Superimposed upon the natural fluctuations 

are a number of anthropogenic changes which have 

had or could have major effects on Great Lakes water 

quantity. GLEN'S hydrologic research program is 

direfled toward improving both our knowledge of 

the hydrologic and hydraulic processes and our 

methods of forecasting and simulating water supplies 

and lake levels. 

Me EvapomElon Forecasting and 

Simulation 

Evaporation from the Great Lakes is on the same 

order of magnitude as precipitation and runoff 20 the 

lakes. It therefore represents a significant component 

of the lakes net supply and its determination is crucial 

in estimating Iake levels. Existing evapomtion estimation techniques result in the major portion of forecast 

errors. Our research seeks to develop working 

models of lake evaporation that can be used effectively on daily, weekly, and monthly time intervals for 

each of the Great Lakes. These models will be 

incorporated into the GLEFU water supply and Iake 

level simulation and forecasting procedures. During 

FY 89: 

u A water surface'temperature database was constructed for Lake Michigan and used to calibrate the 

existing model. 
Lake Hydrology Group 

w The evaporation model was evaluated by outside 

reviewers and relevant strengths and weaknesses 

were analyzed. This formed the basis for several of 

our current plans. 

w Work was begun on heat storage concepts and heat 

storage superposition; wind-mixed aging and mixing 

of aged heat additions was implemented in the 

superposition. 

w Bowen's ratio was removed as a means of computing sensible heat transfers and replaced with direct 

calculation of sensible heat from the computed transfer 

coefficient and other terms; this improved both the 

sensible and long-wave flux estimations as compared 

to other investigators' experiences. 

Intermediate recalibration and reapplication of the 

evaporation and heat storage model for each of the 

Great Lakes were made and represent an available 

intermediate application for outside agency interests. 

Figure 3 compares the Lake Ontario surface energy 

fluxes as derived weekly during the International 

Field Year for the Great lakes by Atwater (Pinsak, A.P., 

and G.K. Rodgers. Energy balance. In IFYGL-lhe 

InternationalField Yearforthe GreutL.uk, E.J. Aubert 

and T.L. Richards (eds.) NOAA, GLERL, Ann Arbor, 

MI, 169-197 (1981)) and modeled daily with GLERL's 

lake evaporation and heat storage model. Aside from 

minor under-estimation of sensible heat by Atwater in 

May and June, these independent estimates agree 

remarkably well. Independent verification of GLERL's 

modeled water surface temperatures by satellite 

measurements and of heat fluxes by comparison with 

other investigators' measurements builds confidence 

in GLERL's lake evaporation estimates on each of the 

Great Lakes. 

Lake Level Management 

On August 1,1986 the Governments of the United 

States and Canada, pursuant to Article IX of the 

Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, forwarded a Water 

Levels Reference to the International Joint Commission. The Reference requested that the Commission 

examine and report upon methods of alleviating the 

adverse consequences of fluctuating water levels in 

the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Given the 

LAKE ONTARIO Plammh b ne4.a.a. lD8l IAtw~I~Il 

JFMAMJ JASOND 

Figure 3. Measured (FYGL) and modeled (GLEE) Lake 

Ontario energy fluxes. 

complexity and unprecedented scope of the Reference, Great Lakes agencies were called upon to 

contribute to new initiatives and new approaches "ar 

beyond those authorized in previous References." 

Accordingly, GLERL scientists provided wide-ranging 

support for the Reference via hydrological and climatological analyses, development of simulation and 

forecasting techniques, policy and institutional 

analyses, and ongoing technical support and report 

preparation. In FY89: 

w We conducted a hydroclimatic study to assess the 

impact on the Great Lakes of a recurrence of the 

extremely wet climate regime of 1870-1885; precipitation over that period was about 11% greater than 

any comparable period since 1900. We developed a 

database of monthly air temperatures and precipitation for 1870-1885, used the data with conceptual 

models for each component of net basin supply, and 

examined impacts on lake levels using existing 

regulation rules and connecting channel conditions. 

The study indicated that Lake Erie levels at present are 
Lake Hydrology Group 

more sensitive to high precipitation compared to a 

century ago, probably due to land use-changes and/ 

or connecting channel modifications. Consideration 

of the pre-1900 meteorology highlights the limitations 

of using only 1900-present meteorology and lake 

level records to examine the potential for lake level 

extremes. 

We conducted reviews of U.S. and Canadian policy 

and institutions affecting management of Great Lakes 

levels. This effort focused on three main areas: 1) the 

structure and adequacy of existing institutions for 

dealing with Great Lakes levels-related problems, 2) 

the prospects for using alternative dispute resolution 

strategies for dealing with lake level management and 

use conflicts, and 3) opportunities and approaches for 

developing a U.S.-Canada Water Quality Agreement 

on the broad principle of guiding water quantity 

management and based on case studies of other 

binational water agreements. Ostensibly, the large 

number of institutions which influence use of the Great 

Lakes leads to public confusion and a perception of 

institutional unresponsiveness. However, the exclusive and adversarial nature of traditional agency 

decision-making processes appears to be a more 

pivotal problem. Future planning must incorporate 

processes such as facilitated policy dialogues, collaborative problem solving, or negotiations which 

seek to build consensus among the various interest 

groups (agencies included) that have some stake in 

Great Lakes management decisions. Case studies of 

other binational water agreements (e.g., the Great 

Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the Skagit River 

Treaty) identified common themes for successful 

dispute resolution involving, 1) necessary conditions 

to induce binational action on a boundary water issue, 

2) procedures for developing a binational agreement, 

and 3) the structure and operation of a binational 

agreement. 

Great Lakes Snow Cover 

Snow cover represents a vast reservoir of freshwater that, during the spring, contributes to the water 

supply of the Lakes and to the groundwater of the 

basin. The climatology of the Great Lakes snow cover 

is largely unknown. Under this project we will 

develop monthly, yearly, and period of record snow 

cover maps for the Great Lakes Basin and develop 

improvements to the methods available to map the 

Great Lakes basin snow cover which focus on applications of both surface station and remotely-sensed 

data. 

During FY 89, an extensive database of snowfall 

and snow on the ground was acquired. That database 

has currently been quality controlled. Preliminary 

runs using a commercially available program to 

produce automatic contour maps of snowfall amounts 

show great promise. Eighty-two stations with long 

term, nearly continuous records and distributed relatively evenly throughout the basin have been selected 

for analysis of extreme snowfall events and for 

evidence of climate variability signals. 

Climate Change Impacts on Large Lake 

Hydrology and Thermal Structure 

Global warming or cooling could significantly 

change the water levels and ice covers on the large 

lakes of the world, and thus affect related interests. 

GLERL's research is focused on assessments of (1) the 

effects of global warming (as represented by a doubling of atmospheric CO3 on large lake water supplies, lake levels, and ice cover, starting with the Great 

Lakes, and (2) the potential effects of precipitation in 

the Great Lakes as great as that recorded for the period 

1870-1885 under present basin characteristics, diversions, regulations, and connecting channel regimes. 

During FY 89 we: 

Combined, for integrated modeling of Great Lakes 

hydrology and water levels, GLERL's Large Basin 

Runoff Model, the early lake evaporation and heat 

storage model, overlake precipitation, Great Lakes 

levels regulations plans, connecting channel flow 

routing models, and lake water balances. 

Applied data adjustments for an atmosphere with 

double CO, content to our historical data sets to 

construct climate change scenarios. 

Performed simulations with the integrated hydrology models and both the historical time series and the 

2xC0, time series. 

Due to the large and slowly changing storages of 

water and heat in large lakes, they buffer the effects 

of most short-term (interannual) meteorological variability and react to, and record, the longer period 
Lake Hydrology Group 

fluctuations characteristic of global climate change. 

Thus, large lakes may be ideally suited for studying 

the regional effects of global climate change. As a 

start, GLERL has established a core research program 

to examine and evaluate the potential effects of 

climate change on the Laurentian Great Lakes. 

We began to examine opportunities and constraints for climate change contingency planning for 

the Great Lakes Basin. A broad range of potential 

adaptive strategies was developed within three general policy-objective categories, 1) reducing regional 

relevance to Great Lakes water quantity management 

and climate change, a number of strengths and 

weaknesses were identified as were several themes 

concerning barriers to further progress in climate 

change contingency planning. This work provides a 

basis for understanding the necessary preconditions 

for fostering regional climate change contingency 

planning, the appropriate institutional attributes and 

mechanisms for conducting a contingency planning 

process, and specific elements t!!at should be included in a contingency plan. 

impacts of climate change, 2) reducing vuinerability ReCOiZS~ctiOn of mng-Tem ~;lk~~ to climate change impacts, and 3) equitably distributing climate change impacts. Based on a review of Ice Cover Climatology 

DECEMBER, JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY 

LAKE ERIE 

6 & 30 YEAR RUNNINQ MEANS 

MARCH AND APRIL 

LAKE ERlE 

- 

existing Great Lakes inst&tions and policies that have Observations of midlake Great Lakes ice cover are 

sparse prior to the decade of the 1960s. In an effort 

to provide an historical perspective of midlake ice 

cover from the turn of the century, daily average ice 

cover for Lakes Erie and Superior over 86 winters 

(1897-98 to 1982-83) was estimated using empiricalstatistical ice cover models developed in an earlier 

study. Analysis of these reconstructed ice cycles 

indicated three ice cover regimes: (1) a high ice cover 

regime from the late 1890s to early 1920s; (2) a low ice 

cover regime from the early 1920s to late 1950s; (3) 

a high ice cover regime from the late 1950s to the early 

1980s (Figure 4). Thus, the cover climatologies 

developed during the 1960s and 1970s may not be 

representative of ice covers in the low ice cover 

regime of the 1920s to late 1950s. Further analysis 

shows long-term average maximal monthly ice cover 

occurs in February and is 68 percent for Lake Erie and 

40 percent for Lake Superior (Figure 5). Midlake ice 

formation occurs about 1 month earlier on both lakes 

during severe winters. Average maximal monthly ice 

cover during severe and during mild winters is 95 

percent and 14 percent for Lake Erie and 87 percent 

and 17 percent for Lake Superior. Severe winters are 

Figure 4. 30-year continuous (thick solid line) and 5- 

year continuous (thin solid Nne) averages of the reconstructed monthly ice cover for Lake Erie. The horfiontal 

line on each graph is the long-term (86-winter) average. 

i%e 30-year and 5-year continuous averages are plotted 

on the year they end; for example, the first 30-year 

contin- aver@e is calculated for the yean of 18% to 

1927 and is plotted on the year 1927. 
Lake Hydrology Group 

MONTHLY ICE COVER (AVE +/- SD) WINTERS 1897-98 m 1982-83 

LAKE ERIE 

100 

E 80 

> 

8 

W 60 

s2 

UJ 

40 

0 Ei 

20 

0 

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY 

Figure 5. Reconstructed average monthly ice cover for Lake Erte. The 

hatched areas above and below the monthly average represent the variation 

over the 86 winters (average plus and minus one standard deviation). 

associated with lower 700-mb heights over the eastem United States compared to mild ice cover winters. 

Thus, accurate 30 to 90 day 700-mb forecasts may be 

the key to long-range forecasts of above or below 

normal Great Lakes ice cover. Spectral analysis of the 

reconstructed total winter ice cover suggests interannual variations in ice cycles correspond with the 2- to 

3-year interannual variation in atmospheric variables 

known as the quasibiennial oscillation. 

Detroit River Unsteady Flow Analysis 

The Detroit River is a hnnel conveying the water 

from the upper Great Lakes to Lake Erie and serves as 

the dilution source for many industrial and municipal 

waste discharges. The flow can vary rapidly in 

response to storm surges on Lake Erie even reversing 

(flowing north) at times. These flow reversals disrupt 

the normal contaminant pathway and could transport 

contaminants that would ordinarily flow into Lake 

Erie back into Lake St. Clair. To study the Detroit River 

flows, especially those that occur during wind setups 

and storm surges on Lake Erie, an experimental field 

measurement program was conducted on the River. 

The measurements consisted of 1) river flow variations with time obtained with an acoustic Doppler 

current profiler operated at the Ft. Wayne section in 

the upper river; and 2) of complementary meteorological data (wind speed and direction, and air 

temperature) recorded at the Grosse Ile micro-met 

station, which was located at the mouth of the river to 

reflect over-lake meteorological conditions with a 

minimum of land effects. During FY89: 

The experimental field measurement program, 

terminating field operations at the micro-met station 

(July 1989) and the river velocity section (October 

1989), was completed. 
Lake Hydrology Group 

We completed the Detroit River flow reversal study. 

The only measured flow reversal in the river occurred 

on December 15, 1987. Results of the study, which 

include analysis and comparison of measured and 

model-simulated flows, were presented at the International Association of Great Lakes Research Annual 

Conference in Madison, WI, and are described in a 

journal article (Journal of Great Lakes Research, in 

press). 

H General results of the study indicate that flow 

reversals in the Detroit River may occur during large 

wind set-ups in western Lake Erie, and that this flow 

reversal process can be produced by meteorological Figure 6. Meteorological data for the 15-min. wind speed factors alone. It was previously presumed that and and ab tmature mennrementsfiom 

reversals required a large ice jam in the St. Clair River Gm mk,,t Station at the mouth ofthe to substantially reduce the inflow to Lake St. Clair and Rim on December 15 1937. 

its outflow through the Detroit River. Meteorological 

Grow Ile Meteorological Data- 12/15/87 

c?g 

- ts 

/.-- 

I C 

--6 

+ -m 056 0121W2l24 

Tie Ihowr) i 

measurements (Figure 6) show that the December 15, 

1987 Detroit River flow reversal was caused by strong 

winds blowing steadily from the east and piling water 

in the shallow western Lake Erie basin. At about 

10:00, the wind direction shifted suddenly; high 

winds started blowing steadily from the southwest, 

approximately parallel to the western lake shoreline 

and directly opposite to the river flow, which forced 

the set-up in western Lake Erie into the Detroit River. 

At the Ft. Wayne section about 45 km upstream a 

complete flow reversal, with negative flows in the 

entire water column, was measured approximately 1 

hour later at about 11:OO (Figure 7). This figure also 

shows that variations in the measured resultant velocity and the extrapolated river discharge are very Figure 7. Measured resultant velocity and extrapolated similar, which means that changes in discharge de- rim dirchalge the Ft. sectbn the 

pend primarily on the variations in velocity and the Bmit Rim on December 15, 1M7for hour& and 15- 

effect of the cross-section area of the river, the other minwe data. 

factor affecting discharge, is secondary even during 

extreme variations in flow. 

1.5 I I I 1 I 12 500 

- 2.0 I I I I I +-5000 

0 4 8 12 I6 20 24 

Time (hours) 

H The study also showed that inclusion of wind shear data are normally not available. Consequently, noris essential and that 15-minute data inputs (water mally-feasible model runs produce substantial underlevels and winds) in the unsteady flow models are estimation of both the occurrence and the magnitude 

needed for the flow reversal simulations to be in of flow reversals. 

reasonable agreement with the measurements. Such 

simulations would normally be based on hourly 

water levels, which represent the shortest period of 

data normally available, and would not include the 

wind shear effect on flows, since appropriate wind 
Ecosystem and Nutlvu'ent 

Dynamics Group 

4 --J 

I" - .$i->-? 

;+ 

CLERL scientbts aboard the WV Shenehon collect samples for use in research sbudies. 

epomible for conducting srudia on the ecological sysfetnr of the Gmt Lakes 

and coma! markne envimnments, focusing on factors andpmmes that aflect 

ecological swcmbn and conml tbefrow of nutzbmts and babemica1 energy (and 

therefore, foxics) through tbefood web; p?wide improved information to resource 

managers who naa ke dec#oras impacting both water qua Bty and living mourc.es. 

Phytoplankton In the Upper Great Lakes 

Continued research was conducted to clarify the 

roIe of nanoplankton and picoplankton in the Great 

Lakes ecosystem and to examine the methods and 

technology for determining primary prductjon. 

Our research found thal: 

Protozoan abundance5 and biomass comparisons 

for Lakes Huron and Michigan showed similar ahndances reported for other oligotrophic environments. 

Because the biomass of microzooplankton rivals 

crustacean zooplankton biomass, m icrozooplankton 

may be more important grazers than once thought. 

Because of high turnover rates of ciliates relative to 

macroz~oplankton, ciliates may be fat more important in, carbon and nutrient cycling than 

macrozooplankton. 

Photosynthetic picoplankton are about 30x more 

abundant than "aditiona1"hytoplankton and constitute approximately 17% of total photosynthetic 

biomass. The pimplankton community is dominated 

by Spwcbocwcw; which comprises 80% of the totaI 
Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

Phosphorus Dynamics and Microplankton 

Growth In Lake Michlgan 

To understand phytoplankton-bacterial interactions and the seasonal succession of phytoplankton in 

the Great Lakes, it is necessary to understand the 

dynamics of P, the limiting nutrient in the Great Lakes. 

GERL continues to study the dynamics of and 

mechanisms behind seasonal mccessjon of algae in 

Lake Michigan. 

Figure 8. Transmission electron naicmgrapbs of 

Synechococcus. FeedZng Dynamics and Life-Cycle Strategies 

of Zooplankton 

3~4r*yw 

Models of phytoplankton and zooplankton succession usually distinguish between two groups of 

herbivorous zooplankton: copepods of the genus 

8)- On an annual basis, ~hotos~hetic mtomm spp. and cladocemns. The biology of 

picoplankton contribute about 35% of total upper Diaptommspp. is less we] 1 understood. These highly Great Lakes primary ~~~~~ction, with a peak cantri- selective omnivores have been the recent focus of 

bution of nearly 75% during the late summer and el intense study to develop a behavior-based model of 

fall. These result^ will change existing ideas about food selection feeding rate, which is necessary to 

Great lakes plankton dynamics. understand seasonal succession of plankton (Figure 

9). 

r A new approach to estimate an upper bound on 

ambient phosphate concentration was developed 

and applied to Lake Michigan. This approach allows 

reliable estimates of ambient phosphate concentration required for testing mathematical models of 

Eacterla bn Great Lakes Food Webs Wax esters were found to be important components 

I phosphate cycling in the lower food web. 

! Bacteria in Lake Michigan were shown to rely on 

-$- organic phosphorus as a principal source of P and \ apparently take-up P by a transport system similar to .@:* ,A -- - that of non-aquatic bacteria. 

We have been studying the pathways of organic 

carbon and nutrient recycling mechanisms at the 

bacterial level as well as the fate of bacteria1 carbon. 

This yeas we completed comparative bacterial uptake 

experiments using thymidine, amino acids, and glucose as organic substrates. These experiments revealed that thymidine is not readily available as a 

carbon source to Lake Michigan bacteria during shortterm bacterial growth-rate experiments. This is 

consistent with the assumption that thymidine uptake 

can be used as a measure of DNA synthesis. 

of the total lipids in two species of Great Lakes 

zooplankton. Wax esters commonly occur in marine 

zoopIankton, but have not previously been observed 

in freshwater zooplankton. 

The dadoceran Bythotrqbe& a northern European 

invader which was first found in the Great Lakes in the 

mid-1980s, has undergone a population explosion. 

We performed experiments to determine their feeding habits and found that their natural prey are the 

indigenous species of cladocerans, as well as cope- 
Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

pod nauplii. Bythotrephes (see cover) has the potential to severely disrupt the existing fbad web. 

A comparative field study of the seasonal lipid 

content and composition of Pontoporeia from LPkes 

Michigan and Huron and the Baltic Seas was initiated 

with scientists from the University of Stockholm. This 

study is examining the similarities and differences in 

energy accumulation patterns in Pontoporeia from the 

three ecosystems to provide information about 

mechanisms of pelagichenthic energy transfers. 

Research continued with the Skidaway Institute of 

Oceanography, Savannah, GA, to investigate copepod life strategies in estuarine, coastal, and offshore 

waters in the southeastern Bight. This year, nitrogen 

excretion rates were measured for the offshore copepod, Eucalanus hyalinus, under different food and 

temperature regimes. Understanding the differential 

abilities of copepods to survive in the three environments will provide needed information about the 

coastal marine system and useful comparison with 

Great Lakes organisms. 

The disposition of the lipophilic contaminants 

benzo[alpyrene (BAP) and hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) 

in Pontqorda hoyiand My- relkta was studied using 

a new "physica1"lipid-class fractionation technique. 

The differential disposition of these contaminants 

likely affects their transport and fate in the aquatic 

food web. 

Benthic Ecology and Sediment Nutrient/ 

Energy Transformations 

Benthic invertebrates have several important roles 

in the Great Lakes ecosystem. These organisms form 

a vital link between primary production and fish 

production; they feed on material settled from the 

water column and are, in turn, fed upon by most 

species of Great Lakes fsh. We examine benthic 

processes related to both organisms and sediments to 

improve our understanding of how these two benthic 

components affect, and are affected by, the rest of the 

system. In FY 89, we completed a study of phosphorus cycling by mussels in Lake St. Clair. Mussel 

biodeposition may be an important source of nutrients to other biotic components in the lake, such as 

Fgure 2. Seasonal trend of total 

and storage lipia3 for 

Lirnnocalanus macmms, June 

thmugh late October. Open 

symbols - males; closed symbols - 

females. 

I I I 1 I h 

C, 

100 

-1988- 1987 

C, 

0- 

Lake Huron 

F 0 20- - 

s 

w 0 I I I I 1-1 

100 

z-6 "'e 80- 

.- a, 

J- a 60- 

0' 

cng 40- 2- 

2 20- c/,s w 

O 

Time (months) 

I 1 k I I 

Wax estew Z <' 

Triacylglycerols 

-a- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

JJASON 
Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

macrophytes and invertebrate deposit-feeders, 

Because of their limited mobility and relatively 

long life cycles (when compared to plankton), benthic fauna form stable communities that integrate and 

reflect environmental conditions over long periods of 

time. GLERL has an established research program to 

examine trends in benthic populations and to relate 

these observations to environmental conditions and 

control measures implemented to improve water 

quality. During FY 89, benthic organisms in sediments collected from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were 

sorted and counted to assess long-term trends as a 

biomonitor of changes in water quality. The data 

show a two-fold increase in the abundance of pollution-tolerant oligochaete worms since the early 1970s. 

Hexagenia spp., the pollution-sensitive Mayfly larvae, was completely absent. Thus, it appears that the 

benthic community in Saginaw Bay does not yet 

reflect recent efforts to improve water quality in 

Saginaw Bay. 

A study with S. Seitzinger of the National Academy 

of Sciences, Philadelphia, was conducted to investigate mechanisms of nitrogen flux in coastal marine 

sediments as compared to Great Lakes sediments. 

Pairing of the ammonium ion with sea salts appears 

to allow part of the ammonium to diffuse from 

estuarine sediments before it becomes nitrified and 

denitrified. This previously unrecognized mechanism affects the amount of nitrogen that can reach 

phytoplankton as an available form in marine coastal 

systems. The results from this research were presented at a workshop on the cycling of reduced gases 

in the hydrosphere held in conjunction with the 1989 

SIL Conference in Munich, W. Germany. 
Conzputm and conaputer modeling are an Integral part of S'tm Sudfes at GLEE. 

evelop models of environmental systems bmed on the pm&e that costeflective management of our natural resources wquim that we 

consider the competing human, economic, wgulato y, and ecological factom; use 

models to cvalwate and compare theproba ble costs us. benefia of resuurce management plans; and identffi alternative plans that optimally balance competing a& 

conjlicnng demands on the marftze muimnment. 

Long-Tenn Distributed Costs of 

Environmental ConWatlon 

GLERL is engaged in a study of the long-term cosk 

of pollution that are bornc by the public and paid out 

of public funds. Improper dbpsal of taxic conzaminants costs society far more than just cleanup 

costs. 4gency expenses, cpsts of reseirch and 

litigation, and resource damages represent additional 

costs of pollution. These costs are generalIy borne by 

the public rather than by the polluter and are therefore termed "distributed" costs. In a 2-year effort 

culminating in 1989, several cases of industrial pollution of aquatic systems were analyzed from a distributed costs perspective: PCBs in New Bedford Harbor, 

MA., and Hudson River, NY; and Kepone in the James 

River, VA. 
Enuironmental Systems Studies Group 

Cost analyses for the three sites resulted in a wide 

variety of distributed cost estimates (Figure 10). 

Ratios of distributed cost to industry cost ranged from 

150:l (Hudson River) to 0.7:l (James River) to as yet 

undetermined (New Bedford Harbor - still in litigation). 

In all three cases, estimated costs attributable to 

damaged fisheries exceeded both cleanup and other 

documented agency costs. 

The costs attributable to resource damage are 

much too large to ignore. The federal natural 

resources damage assessment suit for New Bedford 

Harbor is claiming from $40-$55 million (1985$) in 

PCB damages to fisheries, recreation, and amenity 

value. Kepone poisoning of the James River caused 

an estimated $20 million (1980$) in damage to local 

fsheries. PCBs in Hudson River fish have already cost 

sport and commercial fishermen an estimated $300 

million (1987$). These are in addition to cleanup, 

agency, and litigation costs, which are also quite 

large. Further, the cost of deferring costs by passing 

them on to future generations is substantial. 

Contamhant Fate Models for Lake St. Clair 

Lake St. Clair supports one of the largest coastal 

wetlands in the Great Lakes, estimated to be greater 

than 140 krn,. The lake and its associated wetlands 

provide an important spawning and nursery habitat 

for over 70 species of fish and offer an imporkint 

nesting area for waterfowl. Inputs of toxic contamiNew Bedford Harbor, MA (1985 $) 

Agency costs (- $36 M) 

Resource damages (- $48 M) 

...... Industry Costs (- $84 M) 

James River, VA (1 977 $) 

Aa( Agency costs (- $2 M) 

Resource damages (- $1 5 M) 

,L .L. Industry Costs (- $32 M) 

Hudson River, NY (1 987 $1 

Agency costs (- $65 M) 

Resource damages (- $1 1 16 M) 

industry Costs (- $8 M) ,,,,,,,,,,, 

Flgure PO. Summa y 

oJdrSMbuted cost 

estimates for welldocumented envimnmental pofiutf on 

episodes at three sites. 
Environmental Systems Studies Group 

Factors Considered Ranking 

Accumulation and Residence Time 

K,, Loading Site, Wind Direction K, >> Loading Site > Wind Direction 

Loading Site, Wind Direction Loading Site > Wind Direction 

K,, Wind Direction K,>> Wind Direction 

Koc, Loading Site K, >> Loading Site 

Transboundary Transport 

K,, Loading Site, Wind Direction Loading Site >> K,> Wind Direction 

Loading Site, Wind Direction Loading Site >> Wind Direction 

K,, Wind Direction K, > Wind Direction 

K,, Loading site Loading Site >> K, 

Table 1. Relative importance of chernicalparHtbning (KJ, Wing site, and wind direction on 

model-simulated steady-state contaminant accumulation (and residence time) and transbounday transport in Luke St. Clair. 

nants to the lake are of concern because they can 

deleteriously affect these desirable ecological characteristics. 

Documented storages of organic contaminants, 

radionuclides, and trace metals indicate the ability of 

Lake St. Clair's sediments to collect and retain significant amounts of particle-associated chemicals, despite the lake's rapid hydrological flushing. Once 

contaminants enter the lake, their ultimate fate is 

controlled by the chemical properties of the contaminant, the location and magnitude of the contaminant 

load, the composition and distribution of suspended 

and settled solids, the frequency and size of resuspension events, the wind speed and direction, and the 

lake's circulation pattern. Quantifying the relative 

importance of these factors will help to determine 

their effect on the long-term accumulation of contaminants by the lake's sediments and biota and on 

potential transboundary contaminant flux. 

and transport across the U.S.-Canadian international 

boundary. Model simulations showed that Km had the 

most significant effect on long-term contaminant 

accumulation and residence time, followed (in order 

of appearance) by loading site, and wind direction 

(Table 1). Alternatively, simulated transboundary 

transport was most affected by the location of the 

contaminant load, followed by Km and wind direction. Note that these findings are based on steadystate analyses; the rankings would likely change for 

short-term exposure. 

Ecological Process Models for Lake St. Clair 

A Lake St. Clair ecosystem model was programmed 

in FORTRAN on GLERL's VAX-CLUSTER Computer 

System. The model is divided into 12 hydrologically 

connected segments, each containing a non-stratified 

water column layer and a sediment layer. This 

segmentation scheme effectively separates littoral 

zones from pelagic zones and waters influenced by 

The contaminant fate and transport model for Lake Huron from those influenced by the Thames 

Lake St. Clair was used to assess the relative impor- River. Water movement through the twelve segments 

is controlled by wind induced flow fields generated tance of three factors--chemical partioning (Km), by a Lake St. Clair hydrodynamic model developed by loading site, and wind direction--on the steady-state other GLERL researchers. lakewide contaminant accumulation, residence time, 
Environmental Systems Studies Group 

The model describes the dynamics of three 

groups of phytoplankton, one group of macrophytes, 

four groups of benthic invertebrates, Unionidae clams, 

four groups of zooplankton, and several particle and 

nutrient compartments. Fish dynamics are ,not 

modelled explicitly, although consumption of lower 

trophic levels by fish is accounted for. This has made 

it possible to estimate the relative importance of prey 

items to fish biomass production. Forcing functions 

incorporated into the model include insolation, temperature, ice cover, nutrient loading, and allocthonous 

inputs of plankton and non-living organic matter. 

Figure 11, a carbon flow diagram of the model, 

shows that macrophyte gross primary production in 

Lake St. Clair (53 g C/m, l year) is greater than 

phytoplankton gross primary production (39 g C/m, 

eyear). Figure 11 also reveals that the flow of carbon 

to fsh through the benthic pathway is greater than the 

flow of carbon to fsh through the planktonic pathway. 

Figure 12 shows simulated community gross production and respiration over a one-year period in 

Anchor Bay, a largely littoral area of Lake St. Clair 

r-------; i I I I fish 

I 

I I L----- -----J 

1.8 

7.4 

0.8 

3.4 

39 r--- 

0.7 J 

wdknent-C 

FUNCTIONS 

- Insolath 62.8 5.0 

- Temperature 

-Ice 

- Nutrient Loading 

Figure 11. Simplified carbon flow diagram of the Lake St. Clair ewsystem. Arrows represent flows of carbon in 

gramslm, year. Solid boxes represent the mean annual carbon mass per square meter fir each of the model 

compartments. The solid boxes are drawn in proportion to the compartment sizes and carbon flows respectively. 

The short, open ended, cud arrows represent imports and exports of carbon to and from the system. Key: 

DZF = Diffusion, E = Egestion and Excretion, EMERG = Emer8ency, GPP = dross Primary Production, NPM 

= Non Predatory Mortality, R = Respiration, RESUS = Resicspension, SET = Settling, SLF =- Sloughing. 
Environmental Systems S t u d i e s G r o u p 

Community production and resplratlon 

I 

1 -0 - Slmulated 

moan +I- SE 

0.4 - 

where macrophyte density is high. The bay is an 

important fish spawning and nursery region. Mean 

observed production and respiration values, and 

associated standard errors, are also plotted on Figure 

12. The simulated community metabolism values are 

well within the range of observed values. Model runs 

revealed that insolation and temperature are the two 

factors that limit primary production in Anchor Bay. 

Understanding Fish Foodweb, Nutrient, and 

Contaminant Dynamics in Green Bay An 

Integrated Modeling Approach 

To understand the relative importance of the 

various food and water pathways of PCB accumulation by fish in Green Bay, it is necessary to understand 

food web relationships, population structure, and the 

bioenergetics of the fish. GLERL is developing a 

predictive model of fish population dynamics and 

variability in Green Bay. During FY 89 bioenergetics 

models of alewife, perch, and walleye populations 

were developed and calibration of these models was 

started. 

Figure 12. Daily simulated community 

gross production and respiration in a 

littoral region of Lake St. Clair (Anchor 

Bay). Observed values, measured on 

August 31,1978, are also plotted. The 

simulated results fall well within the 

range of observed values. 
Waw'der buoys an? used by the Physical LlmnoCogy and Meteomlop Group in wave 

memumnent reseansk. 

tudy ,he physical variables that characterize a lak environment and the 

+i manw in wbfch those vadables change with external foxes, such as 

wind, heat ~xcbange, and connecting channelflows; the results of thfi mearch 

he@ alleviate or t~dm the impact of pbysfcal hazar& and contaminant 

transport on both the enrrironnzenr and the people who use it. 

Exchange Processes 3Ln Coastal 

Environments 

This research is motivated by a number of pressing 

environmental issues which are often associated with 

increasing population densities in coastal regions and 

with man's increased usage and exploihtion of coastal 

resources over the past several decades. The longerterm effects of man's day-to-day activities and the 

shorter-term crisis situations induced by various environmental "incidents9ase taking a significant toll on 

the health of coastal ecosystems. 

The central focus of his research activity is the 

examination of processes contributing to the advective exchange of environmentally significant fields in 

coastal envitonmehts. Generally speaking, processes 

which mediate the exchange of physically, biologically, or chemically significant fields in coastal regions 
Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

are poorly understood. As a result, associated models 

of and predictive capabilities for the variability of 

associated fields are crude. 

Several studies were initiated during FY 89 as part 

of this project. 

Field studies of the physical and biological variability across the springtime thermal front in Lake Michigan were initiated in collaboration with University of 

Michigan researchers. Transect data were gathered 

from ships to delineate the detailed structure of the 

front in physical, chemical, and biological fields. 

Field studies of mixing phenomena in deep coastal 

basins continued in the Santa Cruz Basin in the 

Southern California Bight. This work was performed 

in collaboration with scientists from the Lamont 

Doherty Geological Observatory and from the University of Washington. 

Plans were laid for studies of processes governing 

the exchange of fresh water flowing from the Mississippi River into the Northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Preliminary plans were formulated for processoriented studies of the exchange mechanisms associated with the Gulf Stream front and the shelf waters 

of the South Atlantic Bight. 

Lake Michigan Circulation and Dynamics of 

the Bottom Boundary Layer 

We are studying the physics of the benthic boundary layer, with focus on bottom currents and resuspension. An experiment was conducted near Grand 

Haven, MI in April 1989 during which acoustic 

Doppler profilers were deployed alongside the Benthic 

Layer Interactive Profiling System (BLIPS) developed 

at Louisiana State University. The BLIPS provided 

measurements of sediment concentrations and finescale current structure within the lower 1.5 m of the 

water column (the logarithmic boundary layer), while 

our Doppler profilers measured and recorded Ekman 

layer currents. 

waves, water surface oscillations, storm surges, and 

flooding. 

We are assessing the importance of shallow water 

effects on wind waves in the Great Lakes by identifying the circumstances and locations in which shallow 

water effects have a significant impact on wave 

growth, propagation, or decay, and by quantifying 

the extent of that impact. Our theoretical approach 

focuses on the GLEWDonelan deep water parametric wave prediction model. It will be tested against 

shallow water data sets to determine the limitations of 

its applicability. For the region from the shoreline to 

where the deep water model is no longer applicable, 

we will compare predictions of several existing theories and models of wind wave behavior in shallow 

water, including the Kitaigorodskii shallow water 

modification to the JONSWAP spectrum (so called 

TMA spectrum), empirical techniques suggested in 

the literature, and a third-generation numerical wave 

prediction model WAM). 

A WaveRider Information Processing System 

WRIPS) buoy was deployed in Green Bay to obtain 

data on waves in this shallow embayrnent. 

An initial study was conducted to compare the most 

advanced third-generation WAM model and the 

GLEWDonelan model for prediction of surface waves 

on Lake Michigan. Results of both models were 

closely similar for the 10-day test in October 1988. 

Green Bay Studies 

Green Bay, a large embayment on the west side of 

Lake Michigan, is plagued with toxic organics, especially PCBs, in the water, sediment, and biota. The 

USEPA initiated a major interagency study of Green 

Bay in FY E% to develop as complete and accurate a 

whole-bay mass balance for PCBs as possible, given 

funding and technical constraints. During FY 89, with 

partial funding from EPA and the balance from 

GLERL's base, GLERL conducted projects on water 

volume transport and sediment resuspension in Green 

Bay. 

Surface Waves and Water-Level Fluctuations The models necessary to develop a comprehensive Green Bay contaminant mass balance require a GLERL research in these areas includes field and knowledge of water volume throughout the analytical investigations to develop simulation and Bay, its tributaries, and to and from'lake Michigan. In prediction models of over-water wind and wind 
Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

this program GLERL is responsible for measuring 

water volume exchanges between the upper and 

lower parts of Green Bay and between the Bay and 

Lake Michigan. Winter current meter moorings established in Green Bay in late FY 88 were recovered in 

May 1989 and an array of 18 current meter moorings 

and four thermistor chains were deployed to determine the circulation in Green Bay during the summer 

and fall seasons. 

Because most of the PCB reservoir in Green Bay 

is found in sediments, resuspension information is 

needed to develop a Green Bay mass balance model. 

GLERL is- using both instrumented tripods and a 

bottom-resting flume in which the flow can be 

controlled to develop an empirical relationship between bottom resuspension and current velocity. 

w Four instrumented tripods were deployed in Green 

Bay near the sites of seasonal current meter moorings, 

and a meteorological station was established to measure 

overlake winds and air and water temperatures. 

The measured water transparency during the winter 

was greater than during the summer at most locations, 

but the suspended material appeared to have the 

same properties during both seasons. 

Analyses of initial data from the test tripod deployment during FY 88 showed that wave action was a 

significant resuspension agent at a station 9 m deep; 

three resuspension events correlated with high wave 

activity. 

Potential Changes in Thermal Structure 

and Cycle of Lake Michigan Due to Global 

w-8 

A one-dimensional numerical model was used to 

estimate present and possible future temperature 

structures in Lake Michigan. The estimates were 

based on model simulations of the 1981-1984 offshore temperature field. After estimating water temperature climatology, three scenarios were examined 

based on general circulation models in which atmospheric CO, was doubled. The models were those of 

the Goddard Institute of Space Sciences (GISS), the 

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and 

Oregon State University (OSU). 

This study does not forecast what may happen to 

Lake Michigan's temperature structure and cycle; it is 

a sensitivity study. Bearing this in mind, the potential 

changes to Lake Michigan suggested by the three 

scenarios include the following: 

Surface water temperatures would be higher 

throughout the year, with colder bottom temperatures 

in late summer and autumn. 

The heat content of the water column would also 

be higher, with the largest increases in winter, although 

after cold winters the OSU model showed that the 

autumn heat content may be less than under present 

conditions. 

The surface mixed layer and thermocline would be 

shallower in summer, and the temperature gradients 

across the thermocline would be stronger. Thus, 

more energy would be required to effect large scale 

vertical mixing. 

The summer stratified period would extend up to 

2 months longer. The biggest change would be earlier 

springtime onset to full thermal stratification. 

Under the GISS and GFDL scenarios, the lake may 

no longer turn over fully during most winters. Thus, 

the deeper regions of Lake Michigan may experience 

a permanent thermocline with a shallower seasonal 

thermocline superimposed (as for most of the world's 

oceans). If this occurs, and if these regions are 

polluted and deep enough for the presence of a 

permanent thermocline, then the potential reduction 

in large scale vertical mixing could further degrade 

water quality at these sites. 

The most important conclusion from this research 

is recognition of the critical need for permanent 

monitoring of offshore waters of the Great Lakes in 

order to generate high quality, long-term data sets 

which will advance our knowledge of the long-term 

behavior of basic physical and biological processes. 
The sample pmcessing iab where much of GLERLS sediment anabses is coducted. 

G LEiZ's mearch facdlZty is a modem beailding with over 24,600 sgwre feet of 

usable space, including 13 labwatotia (4,100 s4.m crmfermce moms (997 

sg. J). ), a librmy (1,250 sq.ft.), and computer resources (1,220 sq.fl.1. In additicm 

to general Labomto y equ@ment, GEE has a&@-ep ppd low-level radiofiotope 

anaIys& labomtoy, a stable isotope rnm spectrometer (SuwS), several gas cbmmcstographs and lfqutd scintillation counten, a high pressure IQuU ckromatograpby 

system, a multi-cbannel Codrev Counter, afUII comphwnf ofgmtb chambers and 

incubatom, stmeo and inmd microscopes, and a fully equi&bed multi-peslpose 

q~~uorescmce mgmoscope. 

GLERL also maintains and operates a High Speed addition, a separate Cold Room is maintained for 

Micmcinemato~ra~h~ Laboratory housed in a tern- conducting experiments and growing biological culperatuse-controIIed environmental chamber. The bres at temperatures. 

combination of high-speed (500 frames per second) 

and precise control of temperatures between 1" and computer ~~~ili~~ 

30°C allows advanced studies of the feeding behavior 

of zooplankton over the broad range of temperatures The GLERL Computer consists 

found in the natural Great Lakes environment. In a Local Area VAXcluster (LAVi=) of eight VAX 
Facilities and Services 

computers on site and the capability of accessing a Cyber 855 mainframe and a Cyber 205 

supercomputer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology CNIST) in Gaithersburg, 

MD. GLERL is one of five remote nodes to the 

NlST facility, which is known as the Department 

of Commerce Consolidated Scientific Camputing System CCSCS). 

User terminals and microcomputers throughout 

the GLERL facility are hardwired to a communications switch that allows users to access the 

LAVc as well as the Cyber computers in Gaithersburg. Off-site access to the system is available through telephone lines and a private network 

that links NIST and all remote connections to the 

CSCS systems. 

A variety of applications, including real-time 

and near-real time data acquistion, data reduction, graphics, large scale modeling, statistical 

and mathematical analysis, telecommunications, 

and word processing, support more than 80 

accounts. Laboratory office automation, administrative/accounting functions, and scientific 

applications are supported by more than 70 

loosely networked microcomputers. 

-- GLERL's computer fac f lip. 

contaminant organics, hydrology, hydraulics, 

ice, limnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, sedimentation, 

and wave motion with emphasis on the Great 

Lakes Basin. The library. also receives 194 

current periodical titles. The technical reports 

collection is supported by the GLERL library 

reports catalog database and may be searched 

on-site. 

Library During FY89 two new databases; the NOAA 

libraries union catalog, and the GLERL periodi- The library staff provide library and cal catalog, improved access to GLERLts book 

related Services in support of GLERL's research and periodical A self-contained 

activities . A program-oriented research collec- catalog station received from the NOAA Headtion is maintained and special retrieval services quarters Library provides access to the NOAA 

are available when the existing collection can- catalog interactive, ~~~i

op- not meet the needs of individual researchers. tions and CD-ROM (compact Disk - Read Only Library services include acquisition, circulation, Memory) applications. N~~ books are added to 

interlibrary loan, reference, and online informa- the as they are acquired and 

tion retrieval for laboratory-affiliated personnel. cataloged by GLEI(L librari staff. A local, online 

The library staff expedite on-demand document periodical database was created and placed on 

retrieval and provide expanded reference caPa- the GLERL computer, using menu driven opera- bility through direct access arrangements with tions, library users may now search the periodiThe University of Michigan libraries. GLERL cal catalog by title to verify detailed holdings 

library facilities and coilections are available for and to identify shelving locations. ~h~ catalog 

public use on-site during normal business hours. is updated by library staff. 

Collection holdings include 3,990 books, In FY90, the library staff hopes to complete 

4,772 unbound periodical volumes, and 3,073 the update of periodical holdings in The Michitechnical reports in the areas of climatology, gan Union List of Serials. Retrospective catalog- 
Facilities and Services 

ing of books for inclusion in the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) catalog is also 

under consideration. Older books included in 

the online database would be reflected in,the 

NOAA libraries union catalog and could be 

searched on-site by library users using the new 

CD-ROM based catalog station. 

The GLERL library is a member of the Michigan Library Consortium (MLC), Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network (WLLN), Federal Library and Information Network (FEDLINK), NOAA 

Library and Information Network (NLIN), and 

the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC). 

Information Services - 

Publications Unit 

The Publications Unit staff are responsible 

for providing editorial and publications support 

to the scientific staff, for distributing GLERL 

publications, and for responding to publications 

and information requests from the public. They 

also produce and update brochures and informative fixed and portable displays concerning 

GLERL's work and/or important environmental 

issues. 

For FY 89 the Information Services Group 

completed displays that were exhibited at the 

following events: 

H Michigan Collegiate Job Fair held in West 

Bloomfield, MI. 

H The 2nd Annual Government Career Day held 

at Michigan State University in E. lansing, MI. 

H Symposium on Ice and Climate sponsored by 

the International Glaciological Society in Seattle, WA. 

H Great Lakes Festival in South Haven, MI. 

Displays were also completed and exhibited 

for a visit to GLERL by delegates from the 

National Symposium on the Environment, and 

also for a media tour of GLERL sponsored by the 

Northeast Midwest Institute. 

Research products generated during FY 89 

include 54 scientific articles, reports, and books, 

and 81 formal presentations. There were over 

1,400 documented requests for GLERL information, 

with over 2,900 items mailed as a result of those 

requests. 

The Publications Unit maintains and updates eight mailing lists for GLERL products. 

New NOAA-series publications are automatically distributed according to these mailing lists. 

All new publications, including journal articles 

and books, are added to our six-month update 

listing of new publications, which keeps our 

users informed of GLERL's latest product releases. 

Research Vessel Sbenebon 

The Shenehon is owned and operated by 

GLERL. It is based at the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers' boat yard at Grand Haven, Michigan, 

and is the primary platform used in support of 

GLERL's open lake field investigations. The 

vessel is 65.6 feet long, has a 6.5-ft mean draft, 

a 700-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 10- 

knot cruising speed. Navigational equipment 

includes a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two LORAN-C units, a Sperry Auto Pilot, and 

a Raytheon Depth Sounder. A 55-channel radiotelephone is available for ship-to-shore communications. The electrical system was modernized during FY 89 by installing a new 20-kW, 3- 

phase Onan generator. An electro-hydraulic 

articulated crane is used for deployment and 

retrieval of water and bottom sediment samplers 

and heavy instrument moorings. Electro-hydraulic winches handle hydrographic wire and 

multiconductor cable for water samplers and insitu measurements of water variables. An onboard wet laboratory is available for onsite 

experiments and sample processing. Scientific 

equipment includes various sizes of Niskin samplers, 

reversing thermometers, and bottom samplers 

including a small box corer. A data acquisition 

system, separate from the Shipboard Environmental 

(Data) Acquisition System (SEAS), records and 

plots data from .a Sea Tech transmissometer 

coupled to an electronic bathythermograph. The 

system includes equipment to record water tem- 
Facilities and Services 

perature data collectedusing Sippican Expendable 

Bathythermograph (XBTJ probes. 

The Sbenehon is a designated NOAA weath,er 

reporting station and has an SEAS installed by 

the National Ocean Service. This system, the 

first installed in the Great Lakes, provides increased capability to collect and transmit weather 

data using satellite communications. 

A 25-foot Bertram cruiser has been modified 

for use as an auxilliary research platform. NavigationaI equipment includes radar, magnetic 

compass, a 91-channel radiotelephone, a LoranC and a 50-kHz depth sounder. An electric 

winch is available for deployment and retrieval 

of light sampling equipment. 

During FY 89 cruises were made in Lake 

Michigan, northern Lake Huron and Saginaw 

Bay, and several longer cruises (48 days) were 

made into Green Ray. The Green Bay cruises 

were part of a cooperative study with the Environmental Protection Agency. 

Sediment traps were deployed at two stations in Lake Michigan and at five stations in 

Green Bay to monitor the vertical mass and 

chemical flux. Instrument tripods were tested in 

Lake Michigan and deployed over the winter in 

Green Bay to study bottom currents and the 

resuspension of sediments. 

Current meters and temperature sensors were 

tested in Lake Michigan and deployed in Green 

Bay over the winter as part of a bottom boundary layer study and to determine water currents 

in Green Bay. ARGOS drifters were also deployed in Green Bay to chart the near-surface 

water current fields. A Waverider was deployed 

in Green Bay and at a later date near Frankfort, 

MI to determine the effects of shallow water on 

wind waves. 

The majority of the work supported by the 

Shenebon and the Bertram launch was connected with bioIogical studies in Lake Michigan, 

northern Lake Huron, and in Saginaw Bay. These 

studies included benthic, planktonic, and bacte7be WV Shenehon is fully aqttqpd for .oceancgrapbic sdks 

and is lbep'mury wssel wed tbmugbout Lbe Great lakes to 

collect dw data used in mat CLERLpducts. 

rial experiments relating to algal growth, zooplankton grazing, food chain transport in the 

aquatic environment, fate and effects of sediment associated toxic organics, and long-term 

trends of benthic fauna. 

The 100-meter station off Grand Haven, MI 

continued to be monitored using sediment traps 

and periodic water and plankton samplings to 

study temporal variations in water quality as 

well as vertical mass and chemical flux as determined by trap samples. Particular emphasis was 

placed on carbon pools and sates of transfer. 

Several cruises were made using both the Shenebon 

and the Bertram 'launch for studies of frontal 

processes along traverses off Grand Haven and 

between Grand Haven and Sturgeon Bay, WI. 
Facilities and Services 

Drifters were deployed and retrieved in southern tion Package. A highly successful lagrangian 

Lake Michigan as part of a cooperative study to measurement experiment was done with several 

test experimental equipment for the U.S. Navy. LORAN-C drogues developed at MIL for high 

resolution position tracking. Enhancements were 

The Shenehon participated in a 3-day open made to the Gamma-Scan System with integrahouse sponsored by the Maritime Museum at tion of a position-monitoring device and active 

South Haven, MI. The event was well attended radiant source holder. 

by the public, and GLERL received beneficial 

TV, radio, and newspaper coverage. One short 

cruise for school children was made from Grand 

Haven. 

The wire line sweep technique developed by 

GLERL was successfully used again to recover 

two sediment trap moorings and one current 

meter mooring from submerged positions in 

Lake Michigan and Green Bay. The technique 

continues to pay dividends in rapid recovery of 

lost equipment, no loss of data, and no need of 

contract divers. 

Marine Instrumentation 

Laboratory 

The Marine Instrumentation Laboratory (MIL) 

staff select, calibrate, repair, and, when necessary, adapt or design instruments to collect data 

in the lakes and their environs. Engineers and 

technicians in this unit work closely with GLERL 

researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible with their needs. MIL staff also participate in field experiments by providing support 

for the deployment and retrieval of field equipment, assistance with the collection of samples 

and data, and in-field maintenance or repair of 

equipment. GLERLfs data collection equipment 

includes 44 AMF Vector Averaging Current 

Meters, 16 AMF Acoustical Releases, 7 Mini-TOD 

Drifter Buoys, 1 Damo-Rupp Waverider WRIPS 

Buoy, 5 Aanderaa Thermistor String Recorders, 

5 Marsh McBirney 585 Current Meters, and 1 RD 

Instrument Co. RDRR-1200 Acoustical Doppler 

Current Profiler. 

During FY 89, MIL engineers and technicians 

participated in the Green Bay Project for measurement of water movement and sediment transport. An NBS time routine was installed on the 

GLERL VAX computer's Real-time Data Collec- 
As part of the PamersJor Excellmce Program with tbe Ann Arbor Publdc 

Schools System, GLERL hosted an open house for school children. 

International and 

Interagency Participation 

he GLERL mission Includes the devel- Staff participation on boards, commissions, 

Oprnenf of environmental information, data, task forces, and committeff provides a and service tools for users in government and nism for defining new research initiatives, iden- private organizations. Identifying the envi- tifying user needs, and guiding the development ronmental information needed to fulfill this of usable products. Participation also helps to 

mission is a vital activity of GLERL staff and maintain staff involvement in programs concerned guide Our research Programs' with environmental and issues of water- pation On commissions, forces, and ]and-oriented resource development and and committees is an essential part of this management issues. effort. Equally important is the role played 

by the PubIications IJnit, which supporb all During FY 89, GLERL staff participated as of publishing GLERL's products, members of the following boards, committees, ing them available to those who need them, and task forces: answering information requests, and creating - 

displays and general literature concerning Enternational Joint Commission 

GLERL's products and work. 

Great Lakes Science Advisory Board 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Chair) 
Outreach Activities 

- Council of Great Lakes Research 

Managers (D. Reid, Alternate) 

w Corporate Management Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

w Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 

Surveillance Work Group 

- Great Lakes Surveillance Subcommittee 

(B. Eadie) 

- Lake Michigan Task Force (B. Eadie) 

- Lake Erie Task Force 0. Robbins) 

- Lake Huron Task Force (T. Nalepa) 

- Workshop on Applications of Mass 

Balance to the Management of Toxic 

Substances in the Great Lakes 

(B. Eadie, Co-chair) 

Great Lakes Water Levels Reference 

- Functional Group 1: Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Climate (F. Quinn) 

- Functional Group 3: Socio-Economic 

and Environmental Impact Assessment 

Group (H. Hartmann) 

w Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes 

Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

- Hydrometeorology and Modeling 

Subcommittee (T. Croley) 

- River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

w International Great Lakes Levels and Flows 

Advisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. Co-chair) 

Other interagency, professional society, 

and international activities: 

w International Association for Great Lakes 

Research 

- Board of Directors 

(D. Schwab, Treasurer) (T. Nalepa) 

- IAGLR Membership and Endowment 

Committee (M. Quigley, Chair) 

- Journal of Great Lakes Research 

(F. Quinn, Associate Editor) 

w National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton, H. 

Vanderploeg, P. Landrum) 

w The University of Michigan 

- Cooperative Institute for Limnology 

and Ecosystems Research (CILER) 

(A. Beeton) 

- Biological Station Executive Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

- Ph.D Committee (A. Beeton, S. 

Tarapchak) 

w Ohio Sea Grant 

- Zebra Mussel Project (A. Beeton) 

- Lake Erie Ice Studies (S. Bolsenga) 

w American Society for Testing and Materials 

Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee 

(P. Landrum) 

w Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS, USEPA) 

- Toxicity/Chemistry Work Group 

(P. Landrum) 

- Management Advisory Commiteee 

(D. Reid) 

Chemosphere, Board of Editors 

(P. Landrum) 

w Department of Commerce Consolidated 

Scientific Computing System Technical 

Committee (G. Spalding) 

Great Lakes Commission 

- Drought Management and Great Lakes 

Water Levels Task Force (H. Hartmann, 

F. Quinn) 

- Great Lakes Speakers Bureau 

Directory (G. Laird, F. Quinn, H. Hartmann) 

- Task Force on Emergency Preparedness 

(D. Reid) 

Great Lakes Environmental Action Program 

(Great LEAP) 

(A. Beeton, H. Hartmann, G. Leshkevich) 

w Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee 

(A. Beeton) 
O u t r e a c h A c t i v i t i e s 

w Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 

EPA Policy Committee (A. Beeton) 

w Green Bay Mass Balance Study (USEPA) 

- Field Operations Committee 

(N. Hawley) 

- Management Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Modeling Work Group (J. Saylor) 

- Technical Advisory Committe 

(B. Eadie) 

- Lake Ontario Dioxin Superfund 

Management Panel (B. Eadie) 

NOAA Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf 

Region Research Planning Workshop 

(W. Gardner) 

NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New 

Bedford Superfund Action (B. Eadie) 

NOAA NECOP Technical Advisory 

Committee (B. Eadie) 

w NOAA/NESDIS Coastwatch Program 

(G. Leshkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

w Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Regional Response Team (RRT), Region V 

Advisory Board (P. Landrum) - Department of Commerce Alternate 

Representative (D. Reid) 

w Huron River Watershed Council 

(S. Tarapchak, Advisor) Sea Grant Research Advisory Committee 

- Portage Lake Project (A. Beeton) (J. Saylor) 

w Institute of Global Affairs of Michigan 

- Muskegon Vessel Base (A. Beeton, 

D. Reid, S. Bolsenga, G. Bell) 

w International Mathematics and Statistical 

Library (IMSL) North American Users 

Group (L. Herche, Co-chairman) 

w International Association of Theoretical 

and Applied Limnology 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

Lake Ontario Nutrient Cycle/Foodweb 

Modeling Workshop 

(S. Tarapchak) 

w Michigan Technology Council of Washtenaw Community College (A. Beeton) 

w NOAA Coastal Ocean Program 

- Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem Component 

Interline Office Development Team (G. 

Fahnenstiel) 

w NOAA/ERL Satellite Requirements 

Committee (S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 

w NOAA Estuarine Habitat Research 

Workshop (W. Gardner) 

Sediment Toxicology and Chemistry 

Workgroup for the Assessment and 

Remediation of Contaminated Sediments 

Program (US EPA) (P. Landrum) 

w State of Michigan, Department of Natural 

Resources 

- Great Lakes Information System 

Technical Advisory Committee 

(A. Beeton) 

- Michigan Great Lakes Fund (A. Beeton) 

- Toxic Substances Control Commission 

(A. Beeton, Commissioner) 

w State University of New York (SUNY) 

Buffalo, Great Lakes Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) 

w U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working 

Group 

- Great Lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee 

(R. Assel) 

w International Great Lakes - St. Lawrence 

Ice Information Working Group 

(S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 

r U.S. Soil Conservation Service 

(A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) 
Outreach Activities 

U.S. Department of State - Conducted cooperative research project with 

- Cooperative Study on Chernobyl the Department of Pathology at The University 

Fallout in Masurian Lakes, Poland of Michigan Medical School. 

(J. Robbins) 

- Conducted cooperative research with scienWaterloo Natural History Association tists at Michigan State University, Department 

(H. Hartmann) of Fish and Wildlife. 

GLERL scientists also: 

- Conducted cooperative research on Chernobyl 

Fallout in Masurian Lakes, Poland, sponsored 

by the U.S. State Department. 

- Conducted cooperative research with scientists from the University of Konstanz, W. Germany 

on a comprehensive study of Chernobyl Fallout in Lake Konstanz. 

- Conducted cooperative research study of evaporation 

and climate change with scientists from the 

USSR Academy of Sciences. 

- Continued to develop a cooperative research 

program with the People's Republic of China. 

- Provided statistical consulting to scientists 

from The University of Michigan and the University of British Columbia. 

- Worked with EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, 

SD on obtaining and installing LAS imageprocessing software at GLERL. 

- Fostered coordination with the Midwestern 

Climate Center and the Illinois State Water 

Survey to develop a Midwestern Climate Information System (MICIS). 

- Conducted cooperative research with scientists at NASMGoddard to measure bidirectional reflectance of ice. 

- ~~~~~d a four-month visit by a hydrobiologist - Conducted cooperative research with the Nafrom the VNIIVO Institute, All-Union Scientific val Ocean and Atmospheric Research Lab (NOARC). 

Research Institute for Water Protection in Kharkov, 

USSR, as part of the ~~~i~~Protection - Served on a doctoral committee at The UniverExchange Program. sity of Michigan. 

- Established a cooperative zebra mussel monitoring effort with the U.S. Coast Guard wherein 

Coast Guard staff survey and report zebra 

mussel infestations on navigation buoys as 

they are recovered for winter storage. 

- Participated in an ad-hoc international "mussel 

watch"committee to act as a clearinghouse 

and validation point for reported zebra mussel 

sightings. This committee has been instrumental in attempting to control unfounded 

rumors about the spread of the zebra musse1,and 

in providing accurate, verified data. 

- Assisted Michigan State Police in the recovery 

of a drowning victim off Mackinac Bridge, and 

in an educational program for State Police and 

County Sheriff professional divers. 

- Collaborated with scientists at Michigan State 

University. 

- Conducted cooperative research with the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service on under-the-ice 

ecology. 

- Served as adjunct professors at The University 

of Michigan. 

- Served on an expert advisory/review panel for 

Carnegie-Mellon University's Physical-Technical Systems Class on Catastrophic Spills on the 

Great Lakes. 

- Participated in Cooperative Student Programs 

with The University of Michigan and Eastern 

Michigan University. 
Outreach Activities 

- Measured lipids for scientists at the University 

of Waterloo, Canada. 

- Measured lipids in marine zooplankton for a 

cooperative study with Memorial University of 

Newfoundland, Canada. 

- Conducted a cooperative study on lipids with 

scientists from the University of Stockholm, 

Sweden. 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of 

GLERL staff is attendance and participation in 

scientific and technical meetings. During FY 89, 

GLERL sponsored 39 in-house seminars as part 

of the GLERL Informal Seminar Series. Our staff 

made 81 presentations concerning GLERL's work 

at public and professional meetings. Also, in FY 

89, GLERL scientists organized and chaired a 

two-session workshop on Large Lakes and Global 

Climate Change at the 24th Congress of the 

International Association of Theoretical and Applied 

Limnology held in Munich, W. Germany (A. 

Beeton, F. Quinn, and D. Reid). Five other 

GLERL scientists were invited to make presentations at the same meeting (R. Assel, G. Fahnenstiel, 

W. Gardner, J. Robbins, andT. Croley). A GLERL 

staff member also served as co-chair of the 

session on Nutritional Biochemistry, Behavior, 

and Physiology at the National Science Foundation workshop "Future Directions in Zooplankton Biology" (H. Vanderploeg). 

Technology Transfers 

GLERL staff responded to approximately 1,400 

requests for information during FY 89 and provided 2,900 items to service those requests. 

Many of the products that GLERL produces and 

distributes involve, to some degree, a transfer of 

both technology and data. During FY 89 GLERL's 

outreach of this nature involved the transfer of 

the following: 

Great Lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover 

Model 

- Canadian Climate Center 

Hydrologic Response Model 

- University of Minnesota 

- Provided continuing assistance to the US 

Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo 

District 

- US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic 

Engineering Center 

- New York Power Authority 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

- Michigan State University 

- University of Florida 

Satellite Drifter Programs 

- Scripps Oceanographic Institute 

Large Basin Runoff Model 

- Michigan State University 

- The Water Network 

Lake Evaporation Model 

- Atmospheric Environment Service 

Real-time Interactive Data Acquisition 

Software 

- R.D. Instrument Co. 

GLERL's data gathering equipment was 

shared with: 

- The University of Michigan, Great Lakes 

Research Division 

- Michigan State Police 

Plans for construction of sediment traps 

were shared with: 

- Environment Canada 
O u t r e a c h A c t i u i t i e s 

- Ocean Science Center, New Foundland ence in each of the Science Fair divisions: 

Senior Projects, Junior Projects, and Junior ModLipid Methodology els and Collections. GLERL staff (T. Croley, M. 

Quigley, D. Schwab, T. Nalepa, and A. Beeton) New micro-meth0ds at GLERL acted as general Science Fair judges and also as measure lipids in aquatic invertebrates were judges for the GLERL award. transferred to: 

- National Water Research Institute, Burling- Student volunteer Program - ton, Ontario 

- National Hydrology Research Institute, GLERL and the Ann Arbor Public Schools established 

a Student Volunteer Program authorized by the Saskatchewan, Canada. 

- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (Public Law 95- 

454). This program provides selected high 

GLERL and Great Lakes 

Education - 

Partners for Excellence 

In conjunction with NOAA's desire to better 

inform the public of its research efforts, GLERL 

is involved in a number of Great Lakes community educational programs. In FY 89 GLERL 

continued its involvement with the Science Department of the Ann Arbor Public Schools' Partners 

for Excellence Program (T. Nalepa, GLERL 

Coordinator). The partnership seeks to enrich 

the public schools' curriculum in the area of 

environmental science, particularly with respect 

to the Great Lakes and aquatic sciences. Designated partnership activities included: 

Providing mentors to help students with Science Fair projects. 

Providing practical "hands-on-xperience to 

promising science-oriented students via participation in a Student Volunteer Program. 

Providing information on careers in environmental science and acting as consultants for the 

science curriculum. 

Inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored seminars. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

school students with the opportunity to perform 

volunteer work at GLERL after school. Each 

participant will be assigned to a GLERL research 

scientist who will supervise the student's work 

and activities related to an active GLERL research project. 

Teacher-at-GLERL Project 

During FY 89 GLERL scientists (A. Beeton, D. 

Reid) initiated a project to host a middle school 

science teacher at GLERL for a one-semester 

sabbatical funded by the Ann Arbor Public Schools 

System. After several discussions with AAPS 

officials and a formal written proposal, the 

project was accepted and sabbatical funds were 

allocated for the 1991 school year. Ms. Sandy 

Aquino, a science teacher at Tappan Middle 

School, has been selected for the project and 

will be resident at GLERL from January to June, 

1991 to develop curriculum enhancements in 

the area of aquatic environmental science. 

In conjunction with the 1989 Southeast Michigan Regional Science Fair, GLERL sponsored 

awards for Outstanding Projects in Aquatic Sci- 
GLERL 

Seminars 

Date Name and Affiliation Seminar Topic 

October 6, 1988 Tsanis, I. McMaster University. Directional wave spectra in Lake Ontario. 

October 12, 1988 Strickler, J.R. Woods Hole, MA. Physical and biological energy flow: The 

role of turbulence at the zooplankton, 

phytoplankton interface. 

October 18, 1988 Spigel, R. University of Canter- Selective withdrawal in reservoirs. 

bury, New Zealand. 

October 19, 1988 Privalsky, V. Water Problems Dynamic stochastic models and linear 

Institute; Moscow, USSR. prediction of water level fluctuations in 

terminal lakes. 

October 20, 1988 Spigel, R. University of Cater- Geothermal heating in Lake Rotoiti, North 

bury, New Zealand. Island, New Zealand. 

October 24, 1988 Webb, T. Brown University. Vegetation and climate change during the 

past 18,000 years in Eastern America. 

October 27, 1988 Bernstein, R.L. Seaspace. Satellite sea surface temperature data: 

Impact on California coastal circulation 

studies. 

November 3, 1988 Lehman, J. The University of Lake trophic state and the role of food 

Michigan. web structure. 

November 8, 1988 Wright, S.J. The University of Mixing mechanisms for slightly buoyant 

Michigan. point source discharges. 

November 15,1988 Breaker, L. National Meteoro- Inter-annual and related variability in sea 

logical Center. surface temperature along the California 

coast. 

November 16, 1988 Kitchell, J. The University of Indicators and idiosyncracies of food web 

Wisconsin. interactions in the Great Lakes. 

November 30, 1988 Tessier, A. Michigan State Zooplankton communities of the NorthUniversity. eastern United States. 
GLERL Seminars 

Date Name and Affiliation Seminar Topic 

January 5, 1989 Liu, P.C. GLERL. Generalizing and improving the JONSWAP 

wind-wave spectrum. 

January 11, 1989 Brandt, S., and D. Stewart. System level management and production in 

SUNY-Syracuse. the Great lakes: Bioacoustics, bioenergetics, 

and multi-lake comparisons. 

January 13, 1989 

January 18, 1989 

January 25,1989 

February 1,1989 

February 7,1989 

February 8,1989 

February 15,1989 

February 16, 1989 

February 21, 1989 

February 22, 1989 

March 1, 1989 

March 8, 1989 

Hitchcock, G. NOMAOML. Phytoplankton dynamics in realtion to mesoscale processes. 

Fahnenstiel, G. GLERL. The role of phototrophic picoplankton in the 

Great Lakes. 

Webb, P. The University of Effects of boundaries on fsh locomotor 

Michigan. functional morphology. 

Quigley, M. GLERL. Energetic implications of 0:N ratios in the 

amphipod Pontoporeia hqyi. 

Barns, P. U.S.G.C., Menlo Coastal processes involving sea ice. 

Park. 

Weisenburg, D. Texas A & M Biological responses to physical processes at 

University. oceanic fronts. 

Robbins, J. GLERL. A recent history of "biogenic" silica accumulation in Lake Erie sediments and the saga of 

the Great Black Swamp. 

Arts, M.T. National Hydrol- Young-of-the-year perch predation on Holopeogy Research Institute. dium [Cladoceral: Indirect effects of reduced 

body size. 

~rinkmann: W. The Univer- Local trees and teleconnections. Ways to 

sity of Wisconsin. improve the reconstruction of net basin supply 

to the Great Lakes. 

Landrum, P.F. GLERL. Update on bioavailability from sediments. 

Vanderploeg, H. GLERL. Feeding mechanisims, selectivity, feeding 

rates, and life-cycle strategies of freshwater 

and marine zooplankton: Some interesting 

narratives and myths. 

Jude, D. The University of Stock discrimination in Great Lakes populaMichigan. tions of yellow perch and walleyes: Lord of 

the Rings. 
GLERL Seminars 

Date 

March 14, 1989 

March 15, 1989 

March 22, 1989 

March 28, 1989 

April 5, 1989 

April 12, 1989 

April 19, 1989 

June 21, 1989 

June 22, 1989 

June 28, 1989 

Name and Affiliation Seminar Topic 

Ledwell, J. Lamont-Doherty Mixing experiments in Southern California 

Geological Observatory. basin. 

Tarapchak, S. GLERL. Phosphorus plankton dynamics: Organic 

phosphorus transport by bacteria. 

Hawley, N. GLERL. Field observations of sediment trasport in the 

Great Lakes or "How I Spent My Last Four 

Summers." 

Nalepa, T. GLERL. Distribution, abundance, role in phosphorus 

cycling, and other aspects of freshwater 

mussel populations in Lake St. Clair. 

Adams, C. Louisiana State BLIPS: A system for studying benthic boundUniversity. ary layer dynamics. 

Strickler, R. Boston Univer- Physical and biological energy flow: The role 

sity Marine Program. of turbulence at the zooplankton/phytoplankton interface. 

DeMott, W. Indianafirdue Food detection and discrimination by zooUniversity at Fort Wayne. plankton. 

Magnuson, J. The University Potential influence of climate change on Lake 

of Wisconsin. Michigan fishes. 

Ahir, S. National Cancer Hormonal regulation of N-nitrosamine metaInstitute. bolism in the kidney of BALB/C Mice. 

Ortner, P. NOMAOML. Fine-scale biological observations within the 

Sheilikof Straits. 

September 15, 1989 Muzzi, R. GLERL. Improving satellite-tracked drifter buoy resolution by using LORAN-C. 

September 19, 1989 Osborn, T. Johns Hopkins Physical processes in planktonic feeding. 

University. 

September 28, 1989 Gooch, J. Chesapeake Structure activity relationships for induction of 

Biological Laboratory. the hepatic mono-oxygenase system of a 

marine telost by PCBs. 
FY 8' Staff 

Offlce of the Director 

Beeton A.M. - Director 

Noble, P.E. - Secretary 

Reid, D.F. - Ass't to the Director 

Admhbtration 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, E.K. Mull, R.C. 

Lee, J.P. 

Computer Facility 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

Del Proposto, D.J. Lefevre, J.T. 

Fenton, J.F. Shrum, A.F. 

Herche, L.R. 

Information Services 

Reid, D.F. - Head 

Darnell, C.M. Hubbard, B.D. 

Environmental Systems Studies Group 

Fontaine, T.D. - Head 

Dillingham, L.E. - Secretary 

Clites, A.H. Rybczyk, J.M. 

Lang, G.A. Wells, J.R.' 

Ratkos, J.M .' 

Physical Urnnology and Meteorology Group 

Saylor, J.H. - Acting Head 

Dillingham, L.E. - Secretary 

Gottlieb, E.S.* McCormick, M.J. 

Jackson, C.W.* Miller, G.S. 

Hawley, N. Muhr, G.C. 

Liu, P.C. Schwab, D.J. 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

Soo H.K. - Head 

Booker, H.L. Muzzi, R.W. 

Dungan, J.E. Hartung, ST.* 

Kistler, R.D. Zick, S.I.* 

Miller, T.C. 

* - Indicates WAE Employee 

t - Indicates Co-op Employee 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 

Gardner, W.S. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Barnhisel, D.R.* Gibson, M.K.* Patton, T.R.' 

Belz, L.K.* Gordon, W.M.' Quigley, M.A. 

Bowerstock, K.L.' Hentz, N.G.' Ropek, R.E.' 

Breitspecher, M.B.' Hohrnam, J.' Scavia, D. 

Carrick, H.J. Laird, G.A. Szymanski, D.B.' 

Cavaletto, J.F. Liebig, J.R. Tarapchak, S.J. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. Malczyk, J.M. Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Ford, M.A.* Nalepa, T.F. Wirnmer, M.' 

Lake Hydrology Group 

Quim, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.J. - Secretary 

Assel, R.A. Leshkevich, G.A. 

Bolsenga, S.J. Markham, R.A.' 

Croley, T.E., 11 Mazure, S.R.* 

Derecki, J.A. McCardell, C.V.' 

Hartmam, H.C. Norton, D.C. 

Hunter, T.S. Sellinger, C.E. 

Jankuski, DA.' Thomas, J.D.' 

Kelley, R.N. 

Library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - Librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics 

Eadie, B.J. - Head 

Mactaggart, I.R. - Secretary 

Bell, G.L. Morehead, N.R. 

Faust, W.R. Niester, J.M.* 

Gagalis, L.J.' Pear, E.J.' 

Gossiaux, D.C.* Rae, G.K.* 

Keilty, T.J.' Robbins, J.A. 

Landrum, P.F. 

R/V Sbenebon 

Morse, D.V. - Master Mate 

Burns, W.R. 

Grimes, J.E. 
Publications 

ASSEL, R.A.' Impact of global warming on Great 

Lakes ice cycles. The Potential Effects of Global 

Climate Change on the United States: Appendix A - 

Water Resources, EPA DW13932631-01-0. U.S. EPA 

Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, 5.1-5.30 (1989). 

BENNE'IT, J.R., and J.E. CAMPBELL. Accuracy of a 

finite-difference method for computing lake currents. 

Journal of Computational Physics 68(2):262-271 

(1987). 

BOLSENGA, S.J. Certain properties of spectrally 

integrated and spectral transmittances of freshwater 

ice from 400-700 NM. Proceedings, POAC '89: 10th 

International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Lulea, Sweden, June 

12-16,1989. Lulea University of Technology, 188-198 

(1 989). 

BOLSENGA, S.J., J.E. Gannon, G. Kennedy, D.C. 

NORTON, and C.E. Ilerdendorf. ROV dives under 

Great Lakes ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 16539-93 (1989). 

BOLSENGA, S .J., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, M.A. 

QUIGLEY, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Note. Operations for an under-ice ecology program. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 14(3):372-376 (1988). 

CARRICK, H.J., and R.L. Lowe. Benthic algal response 

to N and P enrichment along a pH gradient. 

Hydrobiologia 179:119-127 (1989). 

CARRICK, H.J., R.L. Lowe, and J.T. Rotenberry. Guilds 

of benthic algae along nutrient gradients: relationships to algal community diversity. Journal of North 

American Benthological Society7(2): 1 17-128 (1988). 

CAVALET'I'O, J.F., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, and W.S. 

GARDNER. Wax esters in two species of freshwater 

zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 

34(4):785-789 (1989). 

CLITES, A.H. Observations of concurrent drifting 

buoy and current meter measurements in Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lukes Research 15(2): 197-204 

(1 989). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Lumped modeling of Laurentian 

Great Lakes evaporation, heat storage, and energy 

fluxes for forecasting and simulation. NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-70 (PB89-185540/XAB) 48 pp. (1989). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Verifiable evaporation modeling on 

the Laurentian Great Lakes. Water Resources Research 25(5):781-792 (1989). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Water level fluctuations on the 

Great Lakes. In The Great Lake Erie, A Reference 

Tat for Educators and Communicators, R.W. Fortner 

and V.J. Mayer (eds.). The Ohio State University 

Research Foundation, Columbus. 93-102 (1987). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Climate 

change effects on Great Lakes levels. Reprinted from 

Hydraulic Engineering Proceedings '89, National 

Conference, Hydraulic Division/American Society of 

Civil Engineers, New Orleans, LA, August 14-18,1989. 

653-658 (1989). 

CROLEY, T.E., 11, and H.C. HARTMANN. Effects of 

climate changes on the Laurentian Great Lakes levels. 

The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the 

United States: Appendix A - Water Resources, EPA 

DW13932631-01-0. U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, 4.14.34 (1989). 

'Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. 
FY89 Publications 

Eisenreich, S.J., P.D. Capel, J.A. ROBBINS, and R KEILTY, T.J., D.S. White, and P.F. LANDRUM. SubleBourbonniere. Accumulation and diagehesis of chlo- thal responses to endrin in sediment by Limnodrflus 

rinated hydrocarbons in lacustrine sediments. Envi- ho$"meisterl Uubificidae), and in mixed-culture with 

mnmental Science and Technology 23(9): 1 1 16-1 126 Stylodrilus heringiunus (Lumbriculidae). Aquatic 

(1 989). ' Toxicology 13227-250 (1988). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and H.J. CARRICK. Primary 

production in lakes Huron and Michigan: in vim 

and in situ comparisons. Journal of Plankton 

Research 10(6):1273-1283 (1988). 

Fox, M.G., and A.M. BEETON. Phosphorus concentration trends in the Saline River watershed, USA. 

Verhandlungen- Internationale Verdnigung Fuer 

Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 23: 11 19- 

1124 (1988). 

GARDNER, W.S., J.F. CHANDLER, and G.A. LAIRD. 

Organic nitrogen mineralization and substrate limitation of bacteria in Lake Michigan. Limnology and 

Oceanography 34(2):478-485 (1989). 

GARDNER, W.S., B.J. EADIE, J.F. CHANDLER, C.C. 

PARRISH, and J.M. MALCZYK. Mass flux and "nutritional composition%f settling epilimnetic particles in 

Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of FIsheties and 

Aquatic Sciences 46(7): 11 18-1 124 (1989). 

GAUVIN, J.M., W.S. GARDNER, and M.A. QUIGLEY. 

Effects of food removal on nutrient release rates and 

lipid content of Lake Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi. 

Canadiun Journal of F&h& and Aquatic 

Sciences 46(7): 1125-1 130 (1989). 

HARTMANN, H.C. Historical basis for limits on Lake 

Superior water level regulations. Joutpal of Great 

Lukes Research 14(3):316-324 (1988). 

KEILTY, T.J. Note. A new biological marker layer in 

the sediments of the Great Lakes: Bythotrephes 

Cedentmemi (Schodler) Spines. Journal of Great 

Lakes Research 14(3):369-371 (1988). 

KEILTY, T.J., and G.R. STEHLY. Preliminary investigation of protein utilization by an aquatic earthworm 

in response to sublethal stress. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43:350-354 

(1989). 

KEILTY, T.J., D.S. White, and P.F. LANDRUM. Sublethal responses to endrin in sediment by Stylodrilus 

heringiunus (Lumbriculidae) as measured by a 137- 

cesium marker layer technique. Aquatic To~cology 

13251-270 (1988). 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed to sediments for the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. Enuimnmental Science and Technology 23(5):588595 

(1 989). 

LANDRUM, P.F., W.R. FAUST, and B.J. EADIE. Bioavailability and toxicity of a mixture of sedimentassociated chlorinated hydrocarbons to the amphipod 

Pontoporeia hoyi. In Aquatic Toxicology and 

HazardAssessment: 12th Volume, ASTM STP 1027, 

U.M. Cowgill, and L.R. Williams (eds.). American 

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 315- 

329 (1989). 

LANDRUM, P.F., and R. POORE. Toxicokinetics of 

selected xenobiotics in Hexagenia limbata. Journal 

of Great Lukes Research 14(4):427-437 (1988). 

LANG, G.A., J.A. MORTON, and T.D. FONTAINE, 111. 

Total phosphorus budget for Lake St. Clair: 1975-80. 

Journal of Great Luk Research 14(3):257-266 (1988). 

Lindner, G., W. Pfeiffer, J.A. ROBBINS, and E. Recknagel. Long-lived Chernobyl radionuclides in Lake 

Constance: speciation, sedimentation and biological 

transfer. Proceedings, XV Conference of the International Radiation Protection Association, Visby, Sweden, September, 1989. The Radio Ecology of Natural 

and Artificial Radionuclides. Progress in Radiation 

Protection Series, FS89048T, W. Feld (ed.). Verlag 

Tuv Rheinland GMBH, Koln, 295-300 (1989). 

Lindner, G., W. Pfeiffer, U. Wahl, J. Kleiner, H.H. 

Stabel, P. Frenzel, J.A. ROBBINS, F. Giovanoli, A. 

Lenhard, and E. Recknagel. Sedimentation of longlived radionuclides in Lake Constance. Proceedings, 
FY89 Publications 

~eavy ~etals in the Environment, Val. 1, Geneva, 1989. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 27- 

Switzerland, September 14, 1989. CEP Consultants 30 (1989) 

Ltd, J-P. Vemet (ed.), Edinburgh, UK, 449-452 (1989). 

ROBBINS, J.A. The role of radiotracers in studies of 

LIU, P.C. On the slope of equilibrium range in the aquatic contamination. Proceedings, Heavy Metals in 

frequency spectrum of wind waves. Journal of the Environment, Vol. 1, Geneva, Switzerland, Sep- Geophysical Research 94(C4):5017-5023 (1989). tember 14, 1989. CEP Consultants Ltd, J-P. Vernet 

(ed.), Edinburgh, UK, 449-452 (1989). LIU, P.C. What is the slope of equilibrium range in the 

frequency spectrum of wind ~aves? Proceedings, ROBBINS, J.A., T.J. KEILTY, D.S. White, and D.N. 

21st coastal ~ngineering Conference CERC/ASCE, Edgington. Relationships between tubificid abunCosta del sol-~alaga, Spain, June 21,1988. 1045-1057 dances, sediment composition, and accumulation 

(1988). rates in Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of F&h& 

and Aquatic Sciences 46(2):223-231 (1989). McCORMICK, M.J. Potential climate changes to the 

Lake Michigan thermal structure. The Potential Effects SCAVIA, D. On the role of bacteria in secondary of Global Climate Change on the United States: production. ~i~~ology and Oceanography 

Appendix A - Water Resources, EPA DW13932957- 33(5):1220- 1224 (19%). 

01-0. U.S. EPA Ofice of Policy, Planning and 

Evaluation, Washington, DC, 6.1-6.26 (1989). Schelske, C.L., J.A. ROBBINS, W.S. GARDNER, D.J. 

Conley, and R.A. Bourbonniere. Sediment record of 

MUZZI, R.W., and G.S. MILLER. Improving satellite biogeochemical responses to anthropogenic perturtracked drifter buoy resolution b~ using LORAN-C- bations of nutrient cycles in Lake Ontario. Canadian 

Proceedings, Oceans '89, Seattle, WA, September 18- Journal of ~&h& and Aquatic Sciences45:1291- 

21,1989. Marine Technology Society and the Oceanic 1303 (1989). 

Engineering Society of the Institute of Electrical and 

Electronics Engineers, 856-859 (1989). SCHWAB, D.J. A numerical wave prediction model 

for personal computers. Proceedings, 21st Coastal 

NALEPA, T.F. , and J.M. GAUVIN. Distribution, bun- Engineering Conference CERC/ASCE, Costa del Soldance, and biomass of freshwater mussels Malaga, Spain, June 21, 1988. 2991-2997 (1988). 

(Biva1via:Unionidae) in Lake St. Clair. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 14(4):411-419 (1988). SCHWAB, D.J. The use of analyzed wind fields from 

the Great Lakes Marine Observation Network in wave 

QmGLEY, M.A., and G.A. LING. Mem~rement of and storm surge forecast models. Preprints, 2nd 

amphipod body length using a digitizer. H~dmbi- International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and 

ologia 171:255-258 (1989). Forecasting, Vancouver, BC, April 25-29, 1989. Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 

QUINN, F.H. Detroit River flow reversals. Journal ~o-iew, Ontario, 257-266 (1989). 

of Great Lakes Research 14(4):383-387 (1988). 

SCHWAB, D.J., A.H. CLITES, C.R. Murthy, J.E. SANQmNN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, Past, Present, DALL, L.A. Meadows, and G.A. Meadows. The effect 

and future. Proceedings, The Great Lakes: Living of wind on transport and circulation in Lake St. Clair. 

with ~orth ~merica's ~nland Waters, Milwaukee, WI, Journal of Geophystcal Research 94(C4):4947-4958 

November 6, 1988. American Water Resources As- (1989). 

sociation, 83-92 (1988). 

STEHLY, G.R., and W.L. Hayton. Disposition of 

QmNN, F.H., and S.A. Changnon. Climate scenarios pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Salmo gaird- for the Great Lakes Basin. Preprints, Sixth Conference neri): effect of inhibition of metabolism. 

on Applied Climatology, Charleston, SC, March 7-10, qua& ~oxicology 14: 131-148 (1989). 
FY89 Publications 

STEHLY, G.R., and W.L. Hayton. Metabolism of 

pentachlorophenol by fish. Xenobiotica 19(1):75-81 

(1989). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Orthophosphate 

concentrations in lake water: analysis of Rigler's 

radiobioassay method. Canadiun Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences45(12):2230-2237 (1988). 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Phosphate 

uptake by microbial assemblages: Model requirements and evaluation of experimental methods. 

Journal of Environmental Quality18(1):17-25 (1989). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., G-A. Paffenhofer, and J.R. 

LIEBIG. Diaptomus vs. net phytoplankton: Effects 

of algal size and morphology on selectivity of a 

behaviorally flexible, omnivorous copepod. Bulktin 

of Marlne Science 43(3):377-394 (1988). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A. [among 56 others]. Future 

marine zooplankton research-A perspective: Marine 

Zooplankton Colloquium 1, Lake Arrowhead Conference Center, Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA, April 18- 22, 

1988. Marine Ecology Progress Series 55: 197-206 

(1989). 

Williamson, C.E., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Predatory suspension-feeding in Diaptomus. prey defenses and the avoidance of cannibalism. Bulktin of 

Marine Science 43(3):561-572 (1988). 
Presentations 

ASSEL. R.A. Climatic warming scenarios and Great 

Lakes ice cover. American Geophysical Union Fall 

Meetingherican Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 9,1988. 

ASSEL, R.A. Potential effects of greenhouse warming 

on the ice cover of the Laurentian Great Lakes of 

North America. 24th Congress, International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL), 

University of Konstanz, Munich, Germany, August 13, 

1989. 

BEETON, A.M. Impact of changing atmosphere on 

the Great Lakes. Sixth International Conference on 

Atmospheric Deposition, Chicago, IL, March 22,1989. 

BEETON, A.M. Limnology of the Nam Ngum Reservoir, Laos. 24th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL), 

University of Konstanz, Munich, Germany, August 13, 

1989. 

BOLSENGA, S.J. Basic ice characteristics. Michigan 

Sea Grant Ice Workshop. Michigan Sea Grant and 

Michigan State University, Cheboygen and Lansing, 

MI, November 1-3, 1988. 

BOLSENGA, S.J. Certain properties of spectrally 

integrated and spectrally sliced transmittances of 

freshwater ice from 400-700 NM. POAC 89: Tenth 

International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Lulea, Sweden, June 

12, 1989. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. Physical variability of frontal 

features in large lakes and coastal oceanic environment. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting/ 

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography 

Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 5, 

1988. 

CARRICK, H.J. Biomass, size structure, and composition of phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoflagellate communities in Lakes Huron and Michigan. 

American Geophysical Union Fall MeetingAmerican 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter 

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 5-9, 1988. 

CHANDLER, J.F., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, and W.S. 

GARDNER. Presence of wax esters in two species of 

Great Lakes hypolimnetic zooplankton. 32nd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30-June 2, 1989. 

CLITES, A.H., J.R. WELLS, and T.D. FONTAINE. The 

long-term distributed costs of contaminated sediments. 32nd Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30,1989. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Effects of climate changes on the 

Laurentian Great Lakes. 24th Congress, International 

Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 

(SIL), University of Konstanz, Munich, Germany, 

August 13, 1989. 

CROLEY, T.E., 11. Great Lakes levels, predictions, and 

uncertainties. Saginaw Bay Development Council, 

Bay City, MI, March 9, 1989. 

CROLEY, T.E. 11. Double CO, climate change impacts 

on North American Great Lakes hydrology. Conference on the Soviet Mongolian Experiment on Lake 

Ubsa-Nur, Kyzyl, Tuva, Siberia, USSR, August 1-8, 

1989. 

DERECKI, J.A., and F.H. QUINN. Comparison of 

measured and simulated flow reversals in the Detroit 

River. 32nd Conference, International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30, 1989. 

EADIE, B.J. Sediment resuspension and settling in the 

Great Lakes. American Geophysical Union Fall 

Meetingherican Society of Limnology and Ocean- 
FY89 Presentations 

ography Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Decem- tional Association for Great Lakes Research, Madison, 

ber 6,1988. WI, May 30-June 2, 1989. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L. Lower food web dynamics and 

fsh in Lake Michigan. Workshop: comp&ing 

Production Dynamics of the Lake Michigan and Lake 

Ontario Ecosystems, Syracuse, NY, December 1, 

1988. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and R. Itturiaga. A comparison 

of photosynthetic picoplankton communities from 

the upper Great Lakes and the Sargasso Sea. American Geophysical Union Fall Meetingherican Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, 

San Francisco, CA, December 5-9, 1988. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., C. Schelske, and M.J. 

McCORMICK. Effects of nutrients on photosynthesis 

in Lake Superior. 24th Congress of the International 

Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, 

Munich, Germany, August 17, 1989. 

FAUST, W.R., P.F. LANDRUM, and B.J. EADIE. Variation in the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAH) to the amphipod Pontoporda 

hqylwith sediment aging. 32nd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Madison, 

WI, June 1, 1989. 

FONTAINE, T.D., 111. Optimization and uncertainty 

analysis and ecological modeling of the Great Lakes. 

Advances in Understanding Ecological Systems, Chapel 

Hill, NC, September 1, 1989. 

FONTAINE, T.D., 111. Distributed costs of environmental pollution. Advances in Understanding Ecological Systems, Chapel Hill, NC, September 2, 1989. 

GARDNER, W.S., B.J. EADIE, J.M. GAUVIN, and M.A. 

QUIGLEY. Trophic energy transfer from spring 

diatoms to a benthic amphipod in Lake Michigan. 

American Geophysical Union Fall MeetingAmerican 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter 

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 5-9, 1988. 

GARDNER, W.S., G.A. LAIRD, and J.F. CHANDLER. 

Organic substrate supply as a major factor limiting 

microbial ammonium production rates in Lake Michigan epilimnetic waters. 32nd Conference, InternaGARDNER, W.S., S. Seitzinger, and J.M. MALCZYK. 

Denitrification in Lake (and estuarine) sediments: 

effects of salinity on the extent of denitrification of 

mineralized nitrogen. 24th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL), University of Konstanz, Munich, Germany, 

August 18, 1989. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Lessons from the past: Implications of 1870-1885 meteorology. 32nd Conference, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Madison, WI, May 30, 1989. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Great Lakes levels: prediction and 

uncertainties. Second Annual Lake Erie Marine 

Management Conference, Sandusky, OH, March 1, 

1989. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Predicting Great Lakes water 

levels. Coastal Engineering for the Great Lakes, 

Madison, WI, December 5, 1988. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Climate change effects on Great 

Lakes levels. National Conference on Hydraulic 

Engineering, Session: Water Resource Implications of 

Global Climate Change, New Orleans, LA, August 14, 

1989. 

HARTMANN, H.C. Lake level fluctuations and the 

greenhouse effect. Environmental Issues of the Lake 

Superior Region, University of Wisconsin, Superior, 

WI, April 28, 1989. 

HAWLEY, N. A simple mass balance model for 

predicting sediment resuspension due to wave action. 

American Geophysical Union Fall MeetingAmerican 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter 

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 4, 1988. 

HAWLEY, N. Observations of threshold erosion 

velocities using a bottom-resting flume. 32nd Conference, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30, 1989. 

JOHENGEN, T.H. Monitoring the effectiveness of 

best management practices to reduce agricultural 
FY89 Presentations 

nonpoint source pollution. Eighth Annual Interna- LANG, G.A., and T.D. Fontaine, 111. Simulating 

tional Symposium on Lake and Watershed Manage- transboundary movement of contaminants in Lake St. 

ment, North American Lake Management Society, St. Clair. 32nd Conference, International Association for 

Louis, MO, November, 1988. Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30, 1989. 

LAIRD, G.A., and D. SCAVIA. Sources and distribution of labile dissolved organic carbon in Lake Michigan. 

32nd Conference, International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30-June 2, 1989. 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, and W.R. FAUST. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of a mixture of sedimentassociated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the 

amphipod, Pontoporeia hgri. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Ninth Annual 

Meeting, Arlington, VA, November 15, 1988. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of pentachlorophenol and carbaryl to Pontoporefa hoytand 

Mysls relicta. 13th Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, American Society for Testing 

and Materials Committee E-47 on Biological Effects 

and Environmental Fate, Atlanta, GA, April 17, 1989. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and J.A. ROBBINS. Bioavailability: 

How sediment-associated contaminants are accumulated by benthos or is interstitial water the answer? 

Workshop on Fates and Effects of In-Place Pollutants 

in Aquatic Ecosystems, Instituto Italiano Di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, Italy, August 29, 1989. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants - Is sediment interstitial 

water the answer? Third Nordic Symposium on 

Organic Environmental Chemicals, University of 

Joensuu, Huhrnari, Finland, September 12, 1989. 

LANDRUM, P.F., and J.A. ROBBINS. Modeling the 

bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. 

Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, Michigan State University, Kellogg Center, 

Lansing, MI, September 22, 1989. 

LANG, G.A., and T.D. Fontaine, 111. Simulating 

transboundary movement of contaminants in Lake St. 

Clair. Annual Conference, International Society for 

Ecological Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 6, 1989. 

LANSING, M.B. A new reverse phase high pressure 

liquid chromatography technique for measuring catecholamine concentrations in aquatic invertebrates. 

Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters Annual Meeting, Grand Valley State University, Grand 

Rapids, MI, March 17, 1989. 

LANSING, M.B., and W.S. GARDNER A reverse 

phase high performance liquid chromatography technique to measure catecholamines in aquatic invertebrates. 32nd Conference, International Association 

for Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, May 30-June 

6, 1989. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Diurnal patterns of the bidirectional reflectance of freshwater ice. International 

Glaciology Society Symposium on Ice and Climate, 

Seattle, WA, August 21, 1989. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Anisotropic characteristics of 

lake ice. American Society for Photogrammetry and 

Remote Sensing Symposium, Cleveland, OH, September 20, 1989. 

LIU, P.C. Further look at parameterizations of wind 

wave spectrum. American Geophysical Union Fall 

Meetingherican Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 6, 1988. 

LIU, P.C., and D.J. SCHWAB. The progress report on 

application of WAM to Lake Michigan. Wave Model 

Development and Implementation Group Annual 

Workshop, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Valencia, Spain, May 21-28, 1989. 

McCORMICK, M.H. Global environmental problems 

and their links with the Great Lakes. Michigan 

Materials Society, Department of Materials Science 

and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor, January 11, 1989. 

MUZZI, R.W., and G.S. MIILER. Improving satellitetracked drifter buoy resolution by using LORAN-C. 
FY89 Presentations 

Oceans '89, Seattle, WA, September 20, 1989. sources, Roscommon, MI, February 1, 1989. 

NALEPA, T.F., W.S. GARDNER, and J. MALCZYK. QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present, 

Phosphorus cycling by mussels (Uni0nidae:Bivalvia) and future. Seminar, Illinois State Water Survey, 

in Lake St. Clair. 32nd Conference, International Champaign, IL, January 25, 1989. 

Association for Great Lakes Research, Madison, WI, 

May 30-June 2, 1989. QUINN, F.H. Fluctuating lake levels, Lake Erie. A 

look at the land side: A seminar on Lake Erie shoreline 

NALEPA, T.F. Biology. Career Day, Forsythe Junior management. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 

High School, Ann Arbor, MI, April 20, 1989. Westlake, OH, December 1, 1988. 

NALEPA, T.F. The view from a submersible: video QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present, 

highlights from the bottom of Lake Superior. Great and future. Great Lakes United, Owen Sound, OnLakes Maritime Association, Cleveland, OH, April 4, tario, Canada, May 6, 1989. 

1989. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Radiotracers in Polish lake sediments. 

NALEPA, T.F. Preliminary analysis of trends in American Geophysical Union Fall MeetingIAmerican 

benthic populations in Saginaw Bay. Saginaw Bay Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter 

Research Workshop, Bay City, MI, April 10, 1989. Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 8, 1988. 

QUIGLEY, M.A., P.F. LANDRUM, and W.S. GARD- ROBBINS, J.A. Biogenic silica deposition in Lake Erie 

NER. Energetic implications of 0:N ratios in the since 1800. American Geophysical Union Fall Meetamphipod Pontopomia hoyi. 32nd Conference, In- ing/American Society of Limnology and Oceanograternational Association for Great Lakes Research, phy Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 7, 

Madison, WI, May 30-June 2, 1989. 1988. 

QUIGLEY, M.A., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Feeding ROBBINS, J.A., and B.J. EADIE. Transport of natural 

ecology of the Great Lakes amphipod Pontoporda and anthropogenic radionuclides in the Laurentian 

hop. Eighth International Colloquim on Amphipoda, Great Lakes. 24th Congress, International Association 

Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME, September 14, of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL), Univer1989. sity of Konstanz, Munich, Germany, August 16,1989. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present 

and future. Symposium on the Great Lakes: Living 

with North America's Inland Waters. American Water 

Resources Association, Milwaukee, WI, November 6, 

1988. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present, 

and future. 1989 Annual Conference, American Water 

Resources Association - Wisconsin Section, Madison, 

WI, March 2, 1989. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present, 

and future. Seminar, Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI, February 15, 1989. 

ROBBINS, J.A. The role of radiotracers in studies of 

aquatic contamination. Seventh International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Geneva, 

Switzerland, September 14, 1989. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Sedimentation of longlived radionuclides in Lake Constance. Seventh International 

Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, 

Geneva, Switzerland, September 14, 1989. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Radionuclide studies in the North 

American Great Lakes. Seminar, Department of 

Physics, University of Konstanz, Munich, West Germany, June 23, 1989. 

QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels, past, present, ROBBINS, J.A. Radionuclides in the North American 

and future. Seminar, Department of Natural ~e- Great Lakes: Seasonal cycling af natural and fallout 
FY89 Presentations 

species. Seminar, Limnological Institute, University of 

Konstanz, Munich, West Germany, August 24, 1989. 

RYBCZYK, J.M.,T.D. FONTAINE, 111, and G.A. LANG. 

A modeling approach for understanding carbon flows 

in the Lake St. Clair ecosystem. Annual Conference of 

the International Society for Ecological Modeling, 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 8, 1989. 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Studies of water 

volume transport in Green Bay. 32nd Conference, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, 

Madison, WI, May 30-June 2, 1989. 

SAYLOR, J.H., M.J. McCORMICK, and G.S. MILLER. 

Influence of bottom Ekman layer dynamics on the 

stratification of southern Lake Michigan. American 

Geophysical Union Spring Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 

May 8-12, 1989. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., and G.A. Paffenhofer. Feeding mechanisms and life-cycle strategies of Great 

Lakes and marine calanoid copepods. American 

Geophysical Union Fall MeetingIAmerican Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting San 

Francisco, CA, December 5-9, 1988. 

Merritt, R.W., E.D. Walker, and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. 

Feeding behavior and particle flow patterns in larval 

Anopheles mosquitoes. 37th Annual North American 

Benthological Society Meeting, Guelph, Ontario, 

Canada, May 16-19, 1989. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A. Concentration-variable interactions between calanoid copepods and particles of 

different food quality: observations and hypotheses. 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Advanced 

Workshop on Behavioral Mechamisms of Feeding, 

Gregynog, Wales, United Kingdom, July 18, 1989. 

SCHWAB, D.J. Storm surge planning on the Great VANDERPLOEG, H.A. Copepod feeding as narrative: 

Lakes. Coastal Engineering for the Great Lakes, cinematographic observations and the optimal-foragMadison, WI, ~ecember 5, 1988. ing myth. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 

Advanced Workshop on Behavioral Mechanisms of 

SCHWAB, D.J. Estimation of overlake wind fields Feeding, Gregynog, Wales, United Kingdom, July 16- 

from the Great Lakes Marine Observation Network. 21, 1989. 

32nd Conference, International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, Madison, WI, June 6, 1989. 

SCHWAB, D.J. The use of analyzed wind fields from 

the Great Lakes Marine Observation Network in wave 

and storm surge forecast models. Second International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Vancouver, British Columbia, April 25-28, 1989. 

STEHLY, G.R. Multiexponential disposition of xenobiotics in aquatic organisms. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Ninth AMU~~ 

Meeting, Arlington, VA, October 15, 1988. 

TARAPCHAK, S.J., and L.R. HERCHE. Phosphorus 

transport by aquatic bacteria. American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, Fairbanks, AK, June 

16, 1989. 

TARAPCHAK, S. J. Phosphorus uptake kinetics by 

natural populations of Lake Michigan phytoplankton 

and bacteria. The University of Michigan Biochemistry Department, AM Arbor, July 6, 1989. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990-757-374/2W36 

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