Watkins, W. A. and W. E. Schevill. 1979. Aerial observation of feeding
behavior in four baleen whales: Eubalaena glacialis, Balaenoptera

borealis, Megaptera novaeangliae, and Balaenoptera physalus. J. Manm.
60: 155-163.

Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. E. P. Dutton, New York,
NY.

White, J. R. 1976: A pygmy killer whale found on the east coast of Florida.
Florida Sci. 39: 37-41.

Whitehead, H., P. Harcourt, K. Ingham, and H. Clark. 1980. The migration of
humpback whales past the Bay de Verde Peninsula, Newfoundland, during
June and July, 1978. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 58: 687-697.

Wilke, F. and K. W. Kenyon. 1952. Notes on food of fur seals, sea lions, and
harbour porpoise. J. Wildl. Manag. 16: 396-397.

Williamson, G. R. 1961. Two kinds of minke whales in the Antarctic. Norsk
Hvalfangst. 50: 133-141.

Wursig, B. and M. Wirsig. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the bottlenose

dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in the South Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 77:
399-412.

Xampany Baro, J. and S. Filella Cornado. 1976. Data on three sperm whales

Physeter macrocephalus L. captured on the Atlantic coast of Galicia,
Spain. Misc. Zool. 3: 235-242.

Yamada, M. 1954. An account of a rare porpoise, Feresa Gray from Japan.
Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 9: 59-88.

Yukhov, V. L. 1971a. Distribution and certain biological characteristics of
Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman) in the Antarctic. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 11:

14-25.

s7


animals, or Azov porpoises tend to be significantly smaller. Without the

Tomilin data, the literature mean is 48 kg (n=944).

FOOD - 95% fish, 5% squid. (Coffey 1978; Fink 1959; Freund 1932; Gaskin
et al. 1974; Jones 1981; Lindroth 1962; Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a;
Prescott and Fiorelli 1980; Rae 1965, 1973; Scheffer 1953; Sergeant and Fisher
1957; Smith and Gaskin 1974; Spotte et al. 1980; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975;
Wilke and Kenyon 1952)

Primary prey items are non-spiny fishes less than about 30-35 cm in
length, especially clupeoids, gadoids, and scombrids. Reports occasionally
mention crustaceans or benthic invertebrates in stomach contents of harbor

porpoises. |
Saddleback dolphin (Delphinus delphis):

WEIGHT - 65 kg. (Busnel et al. 1968; Coffey 1978; Collett 1981; Fiscus
and Niggol 1965; Gihr and Pilleri 1969, 1979; Harrison et al. 1972; Pilleri
1967; Sergeant 1958, 1969; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

Literature mean = 64.7 kg (n=84).

FOOD - 85% fish, 15% squid. (Brown and Norris 1956; Coffey 1978; Collett
1981; Collett et al. 1981; Evans 1975; Fiscus and Niggol 1965; Fitch and
Brownell 1968; Jones 1981; Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a; Norris and
Prescott 1961; Sergeant 1958; Sergeant and Fisher 1957; Tomilin 1957; Walker
1975)

This species exhibits a highly variable diet, taking many types of fish,

including engraulids, clupeids, gadids, scombrids, carangids, myctophids,

23




TAXON ; BIOMASS STANDING
SEASON BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI DENSITY STOCK

FALL K Zz CF 5.78 104.9 61 + 964 173.4 1816.6
FALL K Zz HC 254.64 187652.8 2668 + 40784 30.6 320.2
SPRING L x FC 26.41 947.0 40 + 39 1.2 1.8
SUMMER =sL x FC 31.37 1303.8 48 + 69 1.4 2.2
SPRING L Y CF 19.59 1271.8 37 + 35 587.6 1096.5
SPRING  L Y FC 49.58 1932.3 93 + 44 2.2 4.2
SPRING L Zz BF 5.57 95.5 78 + 105 222.8 3100.5
SPRING = L Zz vel 3.48 49.3 48 + 75 45.3 630.2
SPRING L Zz DE 28.76 2362.1 400 + 520 24.4 340.1
SPRING L Zz FO 31.35 708.0 436 + 285 1.4 19.6
SPRING L Z HC 68.22, -:13066.6 = 949 #=«:1223 8.2 113.9
SUMMER LL z” AD = 44.06 14015.6 613 + 2045 6.0 83.4
SUMMER = L Zz HC 427.31 407502.3 5946 + 11028 51.3 713.6
FALL L Zz DE 16.20 877.4 225 + 345 13.8 191.6
FALL L Zz HC 538.06 575754.9 7488 + 8829 64.6 898.5
SUMMER M x FC 88.75 5731.5 157 + 06077 4.0 7.1
SPRING M Y FC 76.24 5646.3 101 +# 159 3.4 4.6
SUMMER M Y CF . 9.00 . 230.3 12 + 13 270.0 359.4
SUMMER M Y FC 106.32 =—:19546.9 142 + 118 4.8 6.4
WINTER M z FC 7.00 79.8 106 + 168 0.3 4.8
WINTER 1M z HC 182.74 97844.4 2772 + 5891 21.9 332.7
SPRING M z CF 4.43 58.4 67 + 185 132.8 2015.4
SPRING M z cl 3.92 16.9 60 + 99 17.7 267.9
SPRING M Z FC 149.47 16612.3 2268 + 3111 6.7 102.0
SUMMER M z. AD 15.42 1760.8 234 + 339 2.1 31.8
SUMMER M z BE 4.07 56.6 62 + 61 162.8 2469.3
SUMMER M Z BG 0.84 1.7 130+ Ll 21.0 318.1
SUMMER  M Zz CF 6.79 110.1 103 + 85 203.6 3088.6
SUMMER M Zz cr 4.01 7.6 6l + 22 18.0 273.6
SUMMER M Zz FC 101.17 6544.7, 1535 + 654 4.6 69.1
SUMMER M Zz HC 299.04 - 186318.2 4537 + 3489 35.9 544.4
WINTER oN Y AD 80.88  46322.5 477 + 1061 11.0 64.9
SPRING N Y CF 3.29 30.2 19 + 21 98.8 582.7
SPRING N Y cl 11.67 113.8 69 + 40 52.5 309.7
SPRING N Y DE 183.55 89004.9 1082 + 1118 156.0 919.9
SPRING N Y. FC. 38,92 1324.3 229 + 136 1.8 10.3
SPRING N Y HC «6290.32 211852.0 1712 + 1724 34.8 205.4
FALL N 4 HC © 521.22 681653.1 3073 + 12093 62.5 368.8
FALL N Y. JG 429.22 741249.6 2531 + 12611 27.9 164.5
WINTER = N Zz AD 154.75  176185.7 2046 + 3527 21.0 278.3
WINTER ON Zz CF 2.84 24.1 38 + Al 85.1 1125.9
WINTER oN Zz cc 12.77 570.6 169 + 201 166.0 2195.4
WINTER N Zo FC 4.79 33.6 . 63 + 49 0.2 2.9
WINTER ON - Zz GA 43.63 5699.2 577 + 634 4.8 63.5
WINTER oN Zz GB 42.77 2678.5 566 + 435 3.9 51.5
WINTER oN zZ0 HC 250.13. -142339.2 3307 + 3170 30.0 396.9
SPRING N Zz. cA 0.56 0.3 T+ 4 13.1 172.6
SPRING N z eG 4.13 58.1 55 + 54 53.7 710.5
SPRING N Zz FC 18.60 262.5° 246 + 114 0.8 lls
SPRING N Ze- GF 53.14 11399.6 703 + 752 4.9 64.6
SPRING N Zz HC 566.62 724482.5 7492. + 5996 68.0 899.1
SUMMER NV Z BE 3.30 24.9 44 + 55 65.9 871.7

66


Table 5. Seasonal estimates of total consumption
of fish, squid, and zooplankton by whales and dol-
phins off the northeast U.S., with annual totals.

(LOCKYER METABOLIC MODEL)

WINTER 37192 16617 5037
SPRING 903 84 71728 23606
SUMMER 93914 88152 11267
FALL 54833 47084 4846
ANNUAL TOTAL 276323 223581 44756

(BRODY-HINGA METABOLIC MODEL)

WINTER 25712 11474 2964
SPRING 59974 49546 13744
SUMMER 607 89 60014 6452
FALL 38096 32903 2841
ANNUAL TOTAL 184571 153937 26001

77


FOOD - 100% zooplankton. (Allen’1916; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Klumov
1962; Laws 1977; Matthews 1932, 1938b; Nemoto 1970; Nemoto and Kawamura 1977;
Nishiwaki 1972a; Qmra 1957, 1958; Qmra et al. 1969; Tomilin 1957; Watkins
and Schevill 1976, 1979)

In all oceans, right whales prefer calanoid copepods, with juvenile
euphausiids an alternate prey. North Atlantic right whales appear to feed
primarily on Calanus finmarchicus. CETAP observations in the Great South
Channel indicate a correlation between right whale distribution and densest

concentrations of C. finmarchicus (CETAP 1982b).

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae):

WEIGHT - 25,000 kg. (Ash 1953, 1957; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Gihr and
Pilleri 1979; Laws 1977; Lockyer 1976; Nishiwaki 1959; Ohno and Fujino 1952;
Quiring 1943; Schultz 1938; Sergeant 1969; Tomilin 1957; Zenkovitch 1934,
1937)

The literature mean was 25,131 kg (n=1068.5), mostly from indirect
estimates based on cooker fillings by Ash. We are assuming that a positive
bias due to whaling data from the Antarctic is countered by a negative bias in

the cooker data due to loss of fluids, viscera, etc.

FOOD - 95% fish, 5% zooplankton. (Allen 1916; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932;
Hain et al. 1982; Ingebrigtsen 1929; Jurasz and Jurasz 1979; Laws 1977;
Mackintosh 1946; Matthews 1932, 1938a; Mayo 1982; Mitchell 1973; Mizue 1951;
Morch 1911; Nemoto 1970; Nemoto and Kawammra 1977; Nishiwaki 1959, 1972a; Ohno
and Fujino 1952; Overholtz and Nicolas 1979; Pike 1950; Rice 1963, 1977a;
Sergeant 1966; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975; Watkins

and Schevill 1979; Whitehead et al. 1980)

13


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1
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i
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TOTAL (mT)

DAILY (mg/m2/day)

CETACEAN DENSITY*

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

rc

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

PL

TE

SEASON BLOCK STRATUM

SOSCHDDCDTDDDDCSCSCAODSOWVSOHNGTOAMDONADDDOPODDANDVOSOANDOCOOCOROCS
é HU WADt” tON = OO aA amt tt
“a Come OAN AD nt on a
a a
DOANDOCODONRIDODAANRONGDDOODHN VON OANYDTOSDHONONOORDNDNNDONOO
Anon aD SQuoNn Aon O®nRAND FON MOAN
ARAN oa) tO ANNA aoe a
a S:) aN a
a
OtTNOANACORMADNODNANNODOYATADONDODONANtHNAANDONAOCOAOSO
ARM CDR ANDAMOMNADAGARRAMION Jt FAT ON a re)
OND ANN FAH ANONAAHONTHNOOMNARAN t+ Anaont cay
wn Nae e NO RAMAN nt No a
a a

eroceooo gee oes eNoenremangrnoegggsenosogumosggoace

SdSccSSocddeSSSoSSSOSoSOSHSOSOMSGHSSSO SSO OSS S SAS SOHO SOOSOOSS

MAAeseccootOCOFnONMOOCOATTOMNNHAN SOO OMeMecnANSC Se ae oles

HaassdddcNdddnaindddddcdddddAdcdccccssccsedsseasSCSs

etooonnnowanattantardannmMeanegreoodedRAgeetitegges

SSaddddddddorkdeSdnndd ed ston SSdSASKAssAdSSSdSrSS

SHWDSPSCSTSCDSDODSCDCSCDONTCOMADNSOMOHAMOSCSCOACSCOH+NOHNMOSCOCSOMOSD

SessdddddddddddsddgovaysedcEssdsddddarsodnsssddads
wo quar ao

HAIR NecoMmOMOOMIHARCONEROSRANRTOOCOLONONMAgQIOUAMOOHCS

nang ssdddddduirsaddcdkscndaddcdddusessddddsdddddd

Nota oo ANAND
oN st ne +
eenooannonannaarardooNtannaad MOESONOMOTGONMTOOUMOOROS
ee et ee eee ee eee ar re ee tee ee
Sagrdadadcccctdeatatadgirdragssdddadesnadgsoidcosca
DON AAANODG CAHRIAHTANNDO a7 ON AAO

aa A 4 NO ANS to tet a

72


The following three species were not observed from the CETAP random
transect aerial surveys, and hence have no density estimates calculated.
Nevertheless, they were sighted on one or more occasions in or near the study
area (see CETAP 1982b for details), and are included here for this reason. No

quantitative prey preferences will be given.
Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus):

WEIGHT - literature mean = 87,227 kg (n=78). (Anon 1948; Ash 1955;
Coffey 1978; Crile 1941; Freund 1932; Ichihara 1966; Krogh 1934; Laurie 1933;
Laws 1977; Lockyer 1976; Nemoto 1970; Nishiwaki 1950; Nishiwaki and Hayashi
1950; Ohno and Fujino 1952; Schultz 1938; Sergeant 1969; Slijper 1962)

Antarctic and older data predominate in the literature; a value of around

70,000 kg is probably more realistic for North Atlantic blue whales.

FOOD - zooplankton. (Allen 1916; Betesheva 1954; Coffey 1978; Freund
1932; Hjort and Ruud 1929; Ingebrigtsen 1929; Laws 1977; Mackintosh 1946;
Mackintosh and Wheeler 1929; Morch 1911; Nemoto 1970; Nemoto and Kawamura
1977; Nishiwaki 1972a; Nishiwaki and Hayashi 1950; Pervushin 1968; Pike -1950;
Rice 1977a; Sleptsov 1955; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957)

Blue whales feed almost exclusively on euphausiids, with occasional

reports of copepods, fish, or squid, which may be mainly incidental prey.
Killer whale (Orcinus orca):

WEIGHT - literature mean = 2,853 kg (n=12). (Caldwell and Brown 1964;
Coffey 1978; Fiscus and Niggol 1965; Gihr and Pilleri ‘1979; Harrison et.al.

1972; Newman and McGeer 1966; Sergeant 1969; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

30


Bjarnason, I. and P. Lingaas. 1954. Some weight measurements of whales..
Norsk Hvalfangst. 43: 8-11.

Bottino, N. R. 1978. Lipids of the Antarctic sei whale, Balaenoptera
borealis. Lipids 13: 18-23.

Brimley, H. H. 1943. .A second specimen of True’s- beaked whale, Mesoplodon
mirus True, from North Carolina. J. Manm. 24: 199-203.

Brody, S. 1968. Bioenergetics and Growth. Hafner Publ. Co., Inc., New York,
NY.

Brown, D. H. and K. S. Norris. 1956. Observations of captive and wild
cetaceans. J. Manm. 37: 311-326.

Brown, S. G. 1968. Feeding of sei whale at South Georgia. - Norsk Hvalfangst.-
57: 118-125.

Budker, P. 1950. Sur un rorqual de Rudolphi, ou ”sei whale” (Balaenoptera
borealis, Lesson) capture au Cap Lopex, (Gabon). Manmalia-14: 154-158.

Budylenko, G. A. 1978.. On sei-whale feeding in the Southern Ocean. Rept.
Intern. Whaling Comm. 28: 379-383.

Budylenko, G. A. 1981. Distribution and some aspects of the biology of
killer whales in the South Atlantic. Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. 31:
523-525.

Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density
from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildl. Monogr.
72: 1-202.

Busnel, R. G., G. Pilleri, and F. C. Fraser. 1968. Notes concernant le
dauphin Stenella styx Gray 1846. Manmalia 32: 192-203.

Caldwell, D. K. and D. H. Brown.. 1964. Tooth wear as a correlate of
described feeding behavior by the killer whale, with notes on a captive

specimen. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 63: 128-140. -

37


BLOCK STRATUM

Ci hi ke ee ne ee nn

NNNNNNNNN NNN NNN NNN NNN KM KKK KEN NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN NN NNN

TAXON

1.03
2.82
31.15
9.94
103.05
3.59
33.30
103.73
50.50
126.35
260.24
44,13
1.18
60.13
119.13
24.88
159.58
43.24
0.74
1.50
10.29
38.22
272.62
56.95
72.46
374.41

VAR LAN CE

18891 .0
299557 .9
1034.8
38.7

20685.0
73220.3
1475.5
10730.7
1697137.1
24.9
19907.7
45176.9
23.4
75.5
3.0
21.1
3665.5
219.8
41799.3
43.2
3822.6
40518.4
5853.7
27565.3
280913.2
14650.3
3.7
9461.6
51114.7
1994.0
36495.4

7238.8
7836.2
127873.9

62

NUMBER 95% CI

3377

4637

Ue TD Lt De de ft De De De Le Le fe De Le De be De Db Le be DE De De De De De 1 Le De + Pt dt fe be De de De Le 1+ Lt be D4 Lt 1 d+ 1+ Lt Dt 1

-
NNO

SOMNNBOANWONSHVADANOBIDHORGONDAARYVERPOUNIYONNOBNEPUUBHRUUGHOY

0

N

Boe

or

a
no FON wo

BUN

NS

NOR YUNOONDYUERAOCOVDUBWAYUDAYNUEOCBOYVUNWNUDUOHONYUOOFAWAOL

w
wwowrE

ye

STAN DING
STOCK

966.6
1422.9
299.5
44.7
56.9
62.3
925.7
25.2
260.5
23.3


metabolic model; Table 4b, those derived from the Brody-Hinga model. The
tables also list the biomass densities of each of the three feeding classes
for each season/area. The consumption data are summarized in Table 5, which
shows the estimated total consumption of fish, squid, and zooplankton by
cetaceans in the waters of the northeast OCS for each season and for the
entire year. The annual consumption totals are about 276,000 mf of fish,
224,000 mI of squid, and 45,000 mI of zooplankton, based on the Lockyer model.
Using the Brody-Hinga model, the totals are 185,000, 154,000, and 26,000 mT,
respectively. Total estimated prey consumption by cetaceans from the two
models are therefore approximately 545,000 and 365,000 mil/year, respectively.

These data must be considered to be only mininmm estimates. Several
factors exist with the potential to increase the estimates by an order of
magnitude or more:

(1) The method: used to calculate population density estimates results in
a minimm estimate. Line transect theory assumes that the probability of
sighting an animal located directly on the track line is 100% (Burnham et al.
1980). This assumption is violated for cetacean surveys since some proportion
of individuals are missed because they are submerged below the surface and not
visible when the airplane passes. CETAP collected quantitative dive time data
during two cruises to attempt to correct for this, however sufficient data are
available only for three species (CETAP 1982b). Dive data indicate. that
density estimates for right whales should be increased by a factor of 3.00,
humpback whales by.3.65, and fin whales by 4.85. No similar data exist for
other species. Since correcting for diving for only some species would bias
the overall results, we have not used any dive corrections.

(2) Baleen whales are often highly migratory, and it is usually assumed
that they feed very little, if at all, while migrating or while on their

winter range. This probably varies between species and between life history

33


TAXON BIOMASS STANDING
SEASON BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI DENSITY STOCK

I Z AD 327.51 772589.3 1108 + 3690 44,5 150.6
SUMMER I Zz GF 695.03 1889467.4 2351 + 5771 63.9 216.3
FALL I z AD 55.33 23082.1 187 + 264 7.5 25.4
FALL I Zz CF 4.06 44.4 14 + 12 121.8 411.8
FALL I Z DE 527.73 707401.8 1785 + 1463 448.6 1517.1
FALL I Zz FD 29.87 4205.7 101 + 113 10.2 34.3
FALL I Zz HE 628.78 535744.2 2127 + 1273 94.3 319.0
WINTER J x GA 43.36 5581.0 278 + 401 4.8 30.6
SPRING J x CF 13.67 567.7 88 + 109 410.0 2632.3
SUMMER J x CF 43.43 4260.2 279 + 1041 1303.0 8366.6
FALL J x BG 2.02 10.2 1304 19 50.5 324.1
FALL J x cL 7.24 31.8 46 + 33 32.6 209.1
FALL J x FC 9.19 92.5 59 + 57 0.4 2.7
FALL J x HC 119,98 43425.5 770 + 1238 14.4 92.5
WINTER J Y AD 98.61 70422.7 209 + 698 13.4 28.4
WINTER J Y HC 318.78 275931.5 676 + 1383 38.3 81.1
SPRING J Y BG 28.05 1124.2 59 + 66 701.3 1486.8
SPRING J Y CF 63.05 9010.1 134 + 186 1891.6 4010.1
SPRING J XY HC 555.69 . 706782.7 1178 + 1648 66.7 141.4
SUMMER J Y CF 18,12 1136.1 38 + 178 543.5 1152.2
SUMMER J Y cL 16.05 161.1 34 + 67 72.2 153.1
FALL J Y AA 2.78 ~ Ul 6 + 9 63.1 133.9
FALL J Y CF 23.13 ~ 1334.9 49 + 96 694.0 1471.2
FALL J Y HC 1698.9 7797607.5 3602 + 7349 203.9 432.2
WINTER J Z AD 52.22 18661.8 568 + 1063 7.1 77.3
WINTER J Z HC 168.83 81505.1 1837 + 2222 20.3 220.4
WINTER J Z JG 69.51 19533.2 756 + 1088 4.5 49.2
SPRING J z BG 1.51 7.5 16 + 23 37.8 411.0
SPRING J Zz CF 4.08 45.3 44 + 56 122.3 1330.1
SPRING J Z FC 10.32 139.2 112 + 99 0.5 5.1
SPRING J: Z GF 117.88 42251.5 1283 + 1719 10.8 118.0
SPRING J Z- 2 HC 628.49 878378.5 6838 + 7838 75.4 820.6
SUMMER J z AA 3.58 162.1 39 + 220 81.2 883.1
SUMMER J Z BG 14,70 1057.5 160 + 563 367.4 3997.8
SUMMER J Z CF 9.91 483.0 108 + 380 297.3 3234.7
SUMMER J Zz GF 286.67 453309.6 3119 + 11655 26.4 286.9
SUMMER J Zz HC 873.40 1853188.3 9503 + 23565 104.8 1140.3
FALL J Z HC 1006.1 2130172.2 10946 + 16667 120.7 1313.6
SUMMER K xX FC 21.40 929.8 35 + 35 1.0 1.6
WINTER K Y AD 95.49 67554.3 473, + 920 13.0 64.3
WINTER K Y FC 11.82 212.1 59 + 52 0.5 2.6
WINTER K Y GA 107.68 31346.0 533 + 627 11.8 58.6
SUMMER K Y AA 2.97 11.8 15 + 12 67.3 333.3
SUMMER K Y CF 16.45 730.1 Bl + 96 493.4 2441.7
FALL K Y CF 21.83 1584.3 108 + 313 654.8 3240.7
FALL K Y cr 9.67 105.0 48 + 81 43.5 215.3
WINTER K Z GA 32.17 2932.6 337 + 474 3.5 37.1
SPRING K Zz cl 2.00 5.0 21 + 29 9.0 94.4
SPRING K Zz HC 99.58 28866.3 1043 + 2210 11.9 125.2
SUMMER K Z BF 1.76 11.7 18 + 28 70.5 739.1
SUMMER K Z CF 2.94 26.4 31 + 41 88.2 924.4
SUMMER K zZ HC 323.95 224578.4 3395 + 3817 38.9 407.4

65


Hain, J. H. W., M. A. M. Hyman, R. D. Kenney, and H. E. Winn. In press. The
tole of cetaceans in the shelf edge region of the western North Atlantic.
Mar. Fish. Rev.

Hall, J. D., W. G. Gillmartin, and J. L. Mattson. 1971. Investigation of a
Pacific pilot whale stranding on Clemente Island. J. Wildl. Dis. 7:
324-327.

Hamilton, P. V. and R. T. Nishimoto. 1977. Dolphin predation on mllet.
Florida Sci. 40: 251-252.

Harrison, R. J., R. L. Brownell, and R. C. Boice. 1972. Reproduction and
gonadal appearances in same odontocetes. Pp. 361-429 in: R. J. Harrison
(ed). Functional Anatomy of Marine Manmals, Vol. 1. Academic Press,
London.

Hinga, K. R. 1979. The food requirements of whales in the Southern
Hemisphere. Deep-Sea Res. 26: 569-577.

Hjort, J. and J. T. Ruud. 1929. Whaling and fishing in the North Atlantic.
Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Perm. Intern. Explor. Mer 56: 1-123.

Hogan, T. 1975. Movements and behavior of the bottlenose dolphin in the
Savannah River mouth area. Unpubl. manuscript.

Horwood, J. W. 1981. On the join exploration of krill and whales. Pp.
363-368 in: FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working
Party on Marine Mammals. Manmals in the Sea, Vol. III, General Papers
and Large Cetaceans. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organ., Rome.

Hotta, H., H. Mako, K. Okada, and U. Yamada. 1969. On the stomach contents
of dolphins and porpoises off Kyushu. Bull. Sekai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab.
37: 71-85.

Ichihara,.T.. 1966. The pygmy blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, a
new subspecies from the Antarctic. Pp. 79-113 in: K. S. Norris (ed).

Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA.

43


AVERAGE DENSITY
k 6:

VARIAN CE oF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,

SEASON STRATUM E “F I L
WINTER x 9,900 0,9009 0; 9000 0, (0000 0.0000 0, 9000 9.0000 0.0000 “0.0000
+00 +00°  OE+01 9 GEr00 Gz+00 GE+00GE*OOdE+09
t i + O# O+ O+ 8 + O+ O+ O+ o
-¥ 9.0009 0.0000 0.0000 09,0000 0.0009 09,0009 0.0000 09,0009 0.0000 9.0009 00000 90,0000 0.0000
GE+00 G09 OE+09 GErOg GE*OD GEFOQ GE*OD GErOQ OE*OY GE*0D GEOQ EOD dE*00
+ Os Oe O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ a O+ Oe °
2 9.0099 9.9099 9,0099 0,0099 9.0009 9.0009 9.0009 9-099 9,0009 9.9009 9,0009 0:0000 0,000
209 E+09 GE+09 GE*0d GE*0o OE*OO GE*Od GE*Og —GEOD GE+09 OE+09 6E+00 9
+ Os 0% O+ OF O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ Os f+ Oe 0
SPRING x 0,000 9.0009 0,9000 0.0009 00000 9-0009 0,000 0.0009 9.0000
GE+09 GEr09 E00 GE+ODOE+OY —GE+OYEOd —GE+ODOE+0
+ 8 + 8 + O+ Oe O+ O+ O+ O+ 0
Y 9.0099 0,0009 0,0009 0.0009 0,0009 0,000 0.0000 0.0000 9.0009 0:0000 9.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Oe+00 dEe09 Gk+00 GEr09 GE+00 GED OE*0D GE+09 OE+O9 OE00 OEe oE+09 GE+00
+ os Os Os 0+ O+ a Os O+ Os O+ OF O+ °
z 9,0000 90009 0.0000 09,0009 0,005¢ 09,0009 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 9.0009 0,0000 0,000
OE+00 “GE+09 GE+09 GEOG 28-04 EOD OE OE+00 OE+00 OE +00 OE+00 OE+09 OE+09
+ O+ O+ Oe O+ 67% Oe O+ O+ Ox O+ Os Oe 8
SUMMER x 9,000 0.0009 0,0009 0,9009 0,0000 0,0009 0,0009 0.0000 90,0000
GEs0g OE+09 © GE+09 —OE+09 +09 06409 GE+00 GEO OE+00
+ OF OF OF 8 + O+ 0+ O+ 0+ 0
Y 9.0009 0,0000 9.0099 0;0000 9.0099 0;0000 9.0099 0:0009 9.9009 00009 0,009 0.9000 9.0000
Ge+09 “GE+09  GE+00 oE+09 de+09 GE+00 9 0E+00 GE+09 GE+09  GE+00 E409 de+09 OE+00
+ 0+ O+ O08 0+ Oe O+ 0% O+ O+ O+ bs Os 0
Zz 9;0035 0,0000 0.0009 0,0009 0.0009 09,0009 90-0009 0,0000 0:0000 9,0000 0.0009 0:0000 0,000
ik=05 “OE+00 “Ok+09 OEs09 OE+09 © OE+0 09 Ge+09 Gze09 bE+00 GE+09 Og+09 OE+0
+ Slt OF O08 O+ i Os 8s Bs Os i Oe Oe 0
FALL x 9,000 0.0000 0.9009 0.0000 0,0009 0,0000 0,9009 “0.0000 09,0000
#00 OE+09 OE*09 DEO E+ OE+00
t+ OF Of Ox O+ O08 8 + Os 8 + .
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0.0000 0.0000
Ge*0g GE+09 “GE+09GEr09 GEO GEO GErOD GE+OD GEO OE+OD « GE+0g 0800
+ O+ a O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ ot ot tt °,
Zz 9.0009 09,0009 0.0000 00009 9.0000 90009 0,0009 9.0009 0:0009 o-0000 9,0000 9.0009
or +09 GE+09 E09 —OE+09GE+OD —OE+09GEvOD —OE+09 GErOg GEO.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° 0 .
3 + O+ O+ . O+ 0

85



(e) Average size within a population decreases with increased fishing
pressure; older data therefore tend to be biased high relative to current
populations.

(£) There may be differential distribution of size and age classes, so
data from wide geographic ranges may not accurately represent the study area.

Also given some consideration was any subjective impression of relative
or average size of individuals observed during the CETAP study. All factors
were considered in deriving the final value which is reported herein. When
any doubt existed, we considered it prudent to err toward conservative
estimates, using lower values.

For ‘the several unidentified species categories, the body weight values
were calculated as averages of all species observed in the region which could
be encompassed by the category, weighted by the number of sightings of each

individual species.
4. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF PREY DATA:

In a manner similar to that described above, the prey data gathered from
the literature were synthesized to derive an estimate of the feeding spectrum
of each cetacean species. Cetaceans are apex predators, feeding on a wide
variety of organisms. Their prey, however, can be broadly grouped into three
categories: fish, squid (including other cephalopods), and zooplankton, with
other prey items of relatively minor overall importance. An attempt was made
to classify the diet of each species as to percentage comprised by each of the
three prey classes. This proved to be a difficult task, again requiring a
large measure of subjective judgement. Very few quantitative data are

available; most reports cite simply the presence of specific items in stomach


‘TABLE OF CONTENTS

REVIBW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE........00 sees eeeeeeeee .

SUVMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF WEIGHT DATA..........0eeeeeeeae
SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF PREY DATA.........6 eee ee eeeeeee
DENSITY CALOULATIONS........... veeeeee senses fee e eens
RESULTS AND DISQUSSION..... eect eee e eee e tet en serene eeeee
INDIVIDUAL SPECIES SUMMARIES... 0.0.0. ce cece cece eee eees
Right whale (Balaena glacialis)...........s.seseeee

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)............

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus).......... dene

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)..........seeeeeeeee

Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis)..............0005

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)......ssseeseeeees

Goose-beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)............
Beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp.).....seseceeeeeeeere

Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)..

Pygmy/dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.)....... bee e eee tenet eeee
Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.)...........ceeeeeueaee

Gray grampus (Grampus griseus).........sseeseeeeeeee

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)............

Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus).............

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).............405

Preceding Page Blank id

14
15

16

18
18

19

22

22


Crile, G. 1941. Intelligence, Power, and Personality. McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY.

Croxall, J. P. and P. A. Prince. 1982. Caloric content of squid (Mollusca:
Cephalopoda). Brit. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 55: 27-32.

Dell, R. K. 1960. The New Zealand occurrences of the pygmy sperm whale,
Kogia breviceps: Rec. Dominion Mus. 3: 229-234.

Duguy, R., A. Casinos, and S. Filella. 1978. Note sur la biologie de
Stenella coeruleoalba dans le bassin occidental del la Mediterranee.
XXVI Congres-Assembles plenaire, Comite des Vertebres marins et
Cephalopods.

Enders, R. K. 1942. Notes on a stranded pygmy. sperm whale (Kogia
breviceps). Notul. Nat. 111: 1-6.

Evans, W.E. 1975. Distribution, differentiation of populations, and other
aspects of the natural history of Delphinus delphis Linnaeus in the
northern Pacific. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Calif., Los Angeles, CA.

Filella Cornado, S. 1971. Datas biametricos y morfologicos del Ziphius
cavirostris Cuv. hallado en la playa de Badalona, prov. de Barcelona,
Espana, el dia 20 de Marzo de 1970 (Cetacea: Ziphiidae). Misc. Zool. 3:
77-83.

Fink, B. D. 1959. Observations of porpoise predation on a school of. Pacific
sardines. Calif. Fish Game 45: 216-217.

Fiscus, C. H. and K. Niggol. 1965. Observations of cetaceans off California,
Oregon, and Washington. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish.
490: 1-27.

Fiscus, C. H. and-D. W. Rice. 1974. Giant squids, Architeuthis sp., from the
stomachs of sperm whales captured off California. Calif. Fish Game 60:

91-93.

40


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71


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASQN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR EUBALAENA GLACIALIS

WINTER x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 '0,0000
OE+00 OE+00 O£+00 9 OE+00 OE+00 O+00 0400 OB+00 08400

0 0 0 0
+ Of OF OF OF OF OF OF O+ ©

Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Ons 08 0800 08400 OE+00 08400 OE+08 08+ 08 O8+00 OE+08 OEs00 08+ 01 + O8+00 0400

+ Os Or O+ Os O+ Os O+ O+ O+ a Os Or °

z 0. itd 0.0900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 09,0088
ber Ol 08 des00 0+ 00 OE+00 Ge+09 O8+00 Se+09 OE+00 0E+00 =0E+00 (OE: +09 OE+00 -

+ Obs be be be be Oe Bs Os bs Oe Oe bse 8

SPRING 1 0.0008 0,0000 0. 9098 0.0000 0.0000 % 0008 % 9000 9 oog0 0.0000
2E-05 OE +09 Og 08 Ee +08 OE+00 +08 09 OE+00

+ Us bs C+ Os Os Os Se Oe 8

YX 0.0000 0.0000 00008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE +09 ORs 08 OE+ 08 01 E08 0400 08+08 O&+00 OE+08 OF+08 08400 OE+00 +00 O+08

+ Os a Os a Os os be Os Oe Os i O+ 0
z 00009 9,0009 09,0009 0;0000 9.0009 0,0000 0,000 0.0038 0.0019 09-0009 0.0009 0.0058 0:0000
E00 GEr00 GE¥O9 —GES00 GEr09 OESOD OED 78-05 38-03 +00 OE+09 5E-04 OE+00

+ bs Ob b+ bs bs Os Os 224 Os bs Os se 8

‘SUMMER x 0.0000 0.0000 .0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 9008 0.0000
OE 08 08400 Ge+09 Ob+00 O8+08 de+09 OE+00 = OE+: OE+00

0
+ Hy + Hy + Hy + 8 + 8 + Hy + O+ Os 0
Y 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE+00 GE+00 «—GE+00 © GE+00-«GE+00 © E+00 © GE+00-GE+00-GE+00—-GE¥00 *aeee3 GE+00 — OE+00
0 0 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 ° 0 0
+ O+ Os Os Os O+ Os Os Os Os Os Os - OF 0
z 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0000 0.0023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gee0g “OE+09 E09 GE*Og SEQ —GELOd iE-O5 GEr09 GE-05 GEFOg de+00 dee0g dE+09

+ Os O+ Of Os Os O+ bas Os 193+ Os O+ O+ 0

FALL x 95 9000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000
de+00 de+09 de+00 Ge+00 “GE+00 de+09 de+og “Ge+00
+ O+ 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + é + Hi + fi + :

Y 9,0099 0,009 0,009 0,0099 9,009 0,090 0,009 09,0009 0.0009 9.0009 . 0.0000 0.0000

E+00 Oer09 “Ge09 GEv0g Gr09 OEOg GEOd GE+0g E+: de+09 Ge+00

+ O+ Os bs O+ Oe os O+ Os ot ot : at

2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 9.0009 0.0009

Geeog “Ger09 GE+09 Gera de+09 Gerog dE09 Ox+09 Geag —Ge+09 de+09 bE+09

+ O+ .2 Os O+ bs Os Oe os .+ .¢ as O+ 0

80


iii fi )

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F /NEC- 41

Calculation of Standing Stocks
and Energetic Requirements
of the Cetaceans
of the Northeast United States
Outer Continental Shelf

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Northeast Fisheries Center
Woods Hole, Massachusetts

May 1985

RODUCI

NTs.




FOOD - 82% squid, 18% fish.
88.9% P. macrocephalus, 7.4% Mesoplodon spp., 2.5% Z. cavirostris, and
1.2% H. ampullatus.

The actual calculated average weight value was 18,000 kg, but it was
assumed that any sperm whale which might be mistaken for a beaked whale would

be a very small individual, so the smaller value shown was substituted.

Unidentified beaked dolphin:

WEIGHT - 110 kg.
FOOD - 85% fish, 15% squid.
41.3% 7. truncatus, 22.5%D. delphis, 20.8%L. acutus, and 15.5% Stenella

spp.
White-sided or saddleback dolphin:

WEIGHT - 91 kg.

FOOD - 87% fish, 13% squid.

51.9% D. delphis and 48.1% L. acutus.
Bottlenose dolphin or Stenella spp.:

WEIGHT - 124 kg.

FOOD - 83% fish, 17% squid.
72.7% T. truncatus and 27.3% Stenella spp.

28


AVERAGE: DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,

EASON, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR HYPEROODON AMPULLA

5 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 % 9008 % 9008 0.0000 0,0000 0. 9008

B00 GE¥09 dE+09 E+ +09 09 GE+09 GE+09 GE¥09 OE+O
+ bs 8 + 0 + O+ O+ 0% 8 + 8 + 0
Y 9,000, 0.0000 9.0009 09,0009 0,0000 90,0009 0,0009 0,0009 0.0009 0:0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
Geeog “Ger09 Ge+09 OE+00 ed GE+00 Oe+09 OE+09 GE+09 GE+00 GE+00SE+00
+ bs b2 Oe O+ O+ oe O+ bs O+ O+ OF O+ 0
z 9.0000 00009 0.0009 0.0009 0,9000 0.0000 9.0009 0.0000 9.0009 0.0090 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
GE*00 GExp9 OE*00 GE*OD GEvOg OE¥0 OE+00 Gee 09 Ort +09 GE+00 GE+09 GE*09 —GES00
+ oe bs os O+ os Oe Os Os Os os os a 0.
SPRING x 9.0000 0,0000 0, 0000 0, 9099 9-0000 0.0009 0,0009 00000 09,0000
6E+00 — OE+00 Sesog E+ GE+00 OE+00 « OE+00- GE*00-—«GE#00
0 9 8 0 0 0 0 0
+ Of OF H + Of O+ O+ O+ OF 0
¥ 9,9009 00000 0,0000 00009 0.0000 9-0000 09,0009 0.0000 9.0009 0,0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
E+00 GE+09 OE+00 G09 OE+09 6 B09 GEO GE+09 GE+09 GE+09 © GEF09 © GE+00 GE+0g
+ Of a Oo Oe: 0+ Bs Oe Os OF O+ $e Oe 0
z 950009 0.0009 0,0003 9.0009. 0:0009 0:0000 0,009 0,000 0,009 0,000 0,009 0,009 0,000
B09 O09 GE+00 OE+0 9 bEr09 “OEvOg GE+09 GEO OE+00 09 6409 OE+09 OE+0
+ OF Os oe O+ O+ Os Os Os Os Os be 8 0
SUMMER x 9,009 00000 9,009 09,0000 0,000 0.0000 09,0009 0.0000 90,0000
or +09 OEs00 GEOG © GE#00 GE+O0 dE+00 Gee09 GEO E400
+ O+ 8 + 8 + Os O+ H + 8 + Os
Y 9;0009 09,0009 9.0009 9-099 0-0009 0:0009 0:0009 0:0009 0:0009 0,009 0,0009 0.0000 0.0000
GE+09 Era dE+09 O8+09 “GE+00 GEO GE*00GE+Og 09 oE+00 SE+09 dE+09
+ Of O+¢ ia Os O+ oe 8+ O+ OF O8 be O+ 0
z 950009 9,0009 0-0009 0-0009 0;0009 0,009 0,000 0,0009 0,009 0,0000 0,0009 0,0090 0,000
Ges0g GEr09 OE+00 dE+00 +09 GE+09 OE+09 OE+01 9 dE+00  bE+00 OE+00 9 bE+09 Ses00
+ a Oe fe O+ Os Oe Oe O+ O+ OF OF OF 0
FALL x 9.0009 09000 9.0009 0,0009 0,009 0.0000 09,0009 0.0009 9.0000
dE+00 des00 Ge+09 G09 GE+09 des00 de+00 Oe 09 OE+09
+ 8 + 8 + 8 + O+ O+ 8 + H + Hy + .
Y 950090 0,9009 0:0009 0:0009 09,0000 0.0009 0.0000 0,0009 0,009 0,0009  . 0.0000 0.0000
+00 d+09 dEe0o 09 OE+09 “GE*0O G09 GE*O9 GEFOg GEO OE+00 — E+00
+ O+ Os Os O+ O+ O+ Os O+ ot + tt wt
z 9;0009 09,0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 9-0000 09,9009 0.0000 9-009 0,9000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 GE+00 Og+09 Gee00 GE+00 GE+09 © OE+00 G00 E09 OEFOD Ges 00 oE+09

O+

87


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABINDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASGN, BLOCK, AND STRATU R BALABNOPTERA PHYSALUS

WINTER =X 9,000 0.0000 0.0016 00000 0.0000 0,000 0.0000 0.0000 9.0009
Gre OE 3-05 de+09 dE+00 OE+00 de+00  OE¥09
+ 8 + 04 He Bs 8s Os Oe bs 8
Y 9,0026 0.0028 ~0:0040 0.0009 0.0009 0,000 9-0009 0.0000 0,0009 0.0009 09,0009 0.0000 0.0014
3e-05 3-05 iz-o4 dE+09 de+09 dzs09 de+09 E+ 9 O09 GE*Og OEFOg —GE+OD 3-05
+ 84 obs e+ b+ + Os Os O+ Os Oe O+ O+ 51
z 9;0009 0.0032 0,900 9.0000 0,009 09,0000 0-0009 0,000 0.0009 0:0017 0,003 0.0000 0.0000
iz-05 6E-95, Ger09 “GEr09 GEO GEO) E409 GE*0d iE-05 4E-05 Gzs00 GE+00
+ Bs Be Os be bs bs Be Bs Be abbs s21+ 0+ 0
SPRING =X 9,099 0,0009 90-0009 9.045 09,0000 0,078 0,020 0,0099 0.0000
GE+00 GE+00 G+ 04 OE+00 «5E-04 9 4E-05 E400 E+00
0 ESE 0 50 3
+ OF OF Bhs O+ 220+ + O+ 0
Y 9.0044 0;0028 0.0005 90046 0.0000 0.0563 0.0442 0.0111 0.0000 0.0021 9.0009 0.0041 0.0000
$E-05 38-05 58-06 105-05 98504 SE-04 Ger0g JE=05 Gev00iE-04 dE+00

2B 6 2 baat
+ ds 10s 4 Sees 84 Os Bee 84 0+ He be ies 8

z 0.0009 0.0009 0,0024. 0,0071° 0.0009 0,0024 0.0014 0.0009 90014 0.0000 0.0261 0,0094 0: 0041
Ge-06  dr+09 +00 SE-05 25-05 7-06 10E~06 E09 38-03 E-O4 iE-G4
: 0 att 0 26 14 13 21 9 22 52 38
+ 2B + O+% 8 + 120+ OF 99+ BO+ 88s 427+ OF 1086+ 108+ 134
sUMER = -X 9,0019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0147 0.0098 0.0000 0.0000
4E-03 GE+09 GE*00 GE+09 GE+00 Fe-94 SE 94 GE+00 GE+09
+ T+ OF8 Os Oe 8+ 1588+ Be 8
x 0,0063 0,026 0.0017 0,0013 0.0009 0.0061 0.0136 9.0000 0,0066 9.0009 0,0000 0.0009 0,000
fe-04 E05 05 2E-05 GE+00 4-04 GE+00 GE+00  GE#00 GEO
103 oe OFS 3 EDS TER 0 9 9 0 0 0
+ 280% 2224 100+ 38+  O+ 256+ 332+ O+ 4+ O+ O+ O% 0
z 9.0048 00060 0,0009 0,0000 0.9009 0:0035 0.0041 0.0000 00039 0,000 0,0028 0:0117 0.0042
3e-05 ie-04 OE+00 GE+00 OE $E-05° OE+0O 7E-05 GE+00 SE-05 «= iz-03 «9-05
54 7 ESS 3 25 64 39
+ 130+ 234 8 + 8 + O+ 992+ 251+ O+ 198+ O+ 160+ 218+ 139
FALL x 9,0009 0.0009 0.0023 0,0017 9.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,000 9.0000
OE+00 GE+09 GE~O5 3-05 OE 00 dE+09 dee09  OE+00
+ OF OF 2s 32s 04 8s Os O+ .
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.014% 0.0142 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0.0000 0.0000
GEs0o G09 GE+00 deso0 ds00 8-04 iz E-03 OEr09 OE+00 GE+09 dEe0o  E+09
+ oe i Oe Os O+ 535+ 1444+ O+ + _ as .+ 0
z 0.0000 0.0056 0,0000 0.0000 0,0025 0.0000 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0.0042 0.0000
GE+00 7E-05 OE+00 Geog 5E-03 GEOG 3 E-05 E09 EOD GEFOD 9E-05 — OE+00
0 69 3 0 0 0 : 23 0
+ : +

82


M = 110 w+ 783 (3)

where W is body weight in kg. Near-basal metabolism is defined as the cost of
slowly swinming and/or feeding. Brody (1968) derived an equation for the

basal metabolic rate of terrestrial manmals:
M = 70.5 W7325 (4)

Because cetaceans must swim to maintain position and stability in the water,
basal rates are probably not realistic, and certainly impossible to measure.
Hinga (1979) reviewed published data on the metabolism of smaller cetaceans,
and found close agreement with the Brody curve with a linear correction of 1.5

for conversion from basal to resting metabolism, with the resulting equation:
M = 105.75 Ww 7325 (5)

Although the Lockyer equation (3) for near-basal metabolism appears very
similar to the Brody-Hinga equation (5) for resting metabolism, the former
results in substantially higher estimates. The difference increases with
increasing body weight, averaging 25-30% higher across the range of typical
body weights. This may be due to a lack of exact equivalence between
near-basal and resting rates as defined. Because we can determine no valid
teason for selecting either model over the other, we have chosen to calculate
the consumption estimates using both models for comparative purposes.

Using either equation (3) or (5) and the body weights derived previously,
a daily near-basal (or resting) metabolic requirement per individual was

calculated for each species. To account for an assumed assimilation

10


Orr, R. T. 1966. Risso’s dolphin on the Pacific coast of North America. J.
Manm. 47: 341-343.

Overholtz, W. J. and J. R. Nicolas. 1979. Apparent feeding by the fin whale,
Balaenoptera physalus, and humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, on the
American sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, in the western North Atlantic.
Fish. Bull. 77: 285-287.

Paul, J. R. 1968. Risso’s dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Gulf of Mexico.
J. Manm. 49: 746-748.

Perrin, W. F. 1975. Distribution and differentiation of populations of
dolphins of the genus Stenella in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Canada 32: 1059-1067. -

Perrin, W. F., J. M. Coe, and J. R. Zweifel. 1976. Growth and reproduction
of the spotted porpoise, Stenella attenuata, in the offshore eastern
tropical Pacific. Fish. Bull. 74: 229-269.

Perrin, W. F. and C. L. Hubbs. 1969. Observations of a young pygmy killer
whale (Feresa attenuata Gray) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 15: 297-308.

Perrin, W. F. and E. L. Roberts. 1972. Organ weights of non-captive porpoise
(Stenella spp.). Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 71: 19-32.

Perrin, W. F., R. R. Warner, C. H. Fiscus, and D. B. Hoits. 1973. Stomach
contents of porpoise, Stenella spp., and yellowfin tuna, Thunnes
albacares, in mixed-species aggregations. Fish. Bull. 71: 1077-1092.

Pervushin, A. S. 1968. Observations of behavior and feeding of whalebone
whales in the area of the Crozet Islands. Okeanologiya 8: 139-145.

Pike, G. C. 1950. Stomach contents of whales caught off the coast of British
Columbia. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Pacific Prog. Rept. 83: 27-28.

Pike, G. C. and I. B. MacAskie. 1969. Marine manmals of British Columbia.

Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. 171: 1-54.

52


VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
» AND STRATUM, FOR STENELLA COERULEOALBA

WINTER x 5 2000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0. .0000 0, 0000 9% 9009
+08 Oe+09 OE+08 Or+08 On+09 OE+09 OE+00 dE+00

mary
+ O+ Os Oe Os O+ be oe Os 0

x 9.0000 050009 90009 0;9009 0.0009 0,009 9.0099 0,0099 09,0009 0.0000 09,0000 0.9000 9. 90000
B09 OE+00 GE+00  GE+00 E+ 00 be+09 dee09  dE+00 Gee Oxs09 dE+09 GE+09 OE+01
+ OF OF OF¢ Os Oe Oe t+ 84 bs + os be 8
FA 940008 050950 0-0000 0,000 0.1885 0,009 0.0000 0,009 09,0000 0,0099 90099 0.0009 0. 0000
OE 2 be+00 Gee 09 68-92 Gz+09 d+09 Ge+09  OE+09 09 bE+09 de+00 OE+01
+ Ose bs 8 6+ Os Os Oe 0s Os f+ bs 8
SPRING =X 9,0009 09,0009 0.0000 09,0009 0,0090 0.0009 0.0000 9.0009 0.0000
Oxs09 GEe09 Gz+09GEv0g de00 Gee09 “dE+09 dx+09 de+00
+ Ot O+ 8 t 3 + 8 + O+ 8 + 3 + 3
Y 9.0009 9,009 9.0009 9.0009 9.0009 9.0009 9,0090 09,0009 00090 0.0000 09,0000 0.0000 9.0000
OE+09  GE+09 de09 Geog “GE+09 “GEr09 E+09 Gag GE+09 Ge+09 dx+09 de+00 E+ 01 9
+ Oe rn b+ Os Os + Os bs Oe f+ 68
z 952042 959989 950670 051039 9.0099 9,009 9.0099 9,099 09,0099 9,000 9,009 9,009 9,000
166-02 GE+00 | 2E- 3e-02, GE+00 GE+09 Gerog “GEe09 OE+00 e+ 809 OEs00 d+09 OE+01

293
+ 3682 + O+ 1359 + 14433 + O+ oe os os O+ O+ bs Oe 0

SUMMER x 95 0000 95 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1E+00 }E+00 OE+09 OE+00 OE+ 98 OE+09 OE+09 OE+09 OE+00

+ os Os Os Os Oe os 8+ b+ 8

x 050000 90009 0-0000 00009 0,009 9.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,0090 0.9009 0,0009 0.0009 0, 9009
Se+09 de+09 de+09 dz+09 dEr00 dE+09 Og+og GEs09 “Gero OE+09 ds09 Ges!
+ Os Os Oe O+ OF OF O+ i 0+ O+ 8 Os 8
2 9,9009 0.9009 0:0009 0,0009 0:0009 0;0009 0:0009 0,0099 0,0009 0,0009 0.0009 0.0000 0. 9099
E00 GE09 OE+00GE+09 OEe09 GE+00 GE+09 GE+00 G09 OE*00GEFOQ dE+09 OE+0

+ Of oe Oe Oe Oe a Oe O+ O+ be Os be 0
FALL x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
OEs' 09 “GE*09 GEw0g  GE+09 Ox+o9 OE+0 9 GE+00 GE+00GE+00
: Hy + Os be 8 + O+ Os i + Oe :

x 9,0000 0,0009 0.0450 0.0009 0,00909 00009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000. 9.0000 09,0009

6 E00 OE00 ize +00 — OE+00 oes00 Oesog “OE+09 deg GEFOD #00 GE+09

0 ne 0 0 0 0 : 0
+ 8+ 8s 20234 Os Oe Os f+ Oe -t + ts ot
z 0,900 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000. 0.0000 0.0600
Ee 09 GEs09 GEe0g —OE+00 Ge+0g GE+o9 dE+09 — GE+09 des09 Geeoo Oe+09 9803

94


PREY CONSUMPTION (LOCKYER MODEL)

CETACEAN DENSITY*

TOTAL (mT)

DAILY (mg/m2/day)

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

PL

TE

Ic

WINTER

SEASON BLOCK STRATUM
SPRING

emoscoococoo Mor RoMmoos pos
- t7HRN7 Oo «~ ©
a AW 4 oa ©
+ a) aa nN
ees poononangszaneogoana
non AOAM +AAMS
AAA 4a OA mM MRHOS
aoa Ca) Oo
oenmoonosenngagsoganse
Wan Nn Nonnaoe Aanao
nan INN agqans
men ANN N ANStaHG

=

eagcesosoootoNwoNnooooos

SuacccdcdcdccdcdcdcndccoomadNa

eetqooocoeoneoMmaANowet+t0o

SHddScdccodcdSososSsdoUum

OttTDOONONDONMNTOORNNH TMH

SONNDDDOCOMANNOTOYTINMNAD

edessseeooooNnAONCONAOD

SHxSSSSodC ne igo acd voor
S 4 a
8 5 s

SMAMOSONONANMT40OtT4TAIS

egegoooocon oven gos S x cy ral
a 2
SyANteewmonwonnanwoownnst

oa ggzgcomonns ABNASoeKYS
SAFO Ho egAnan
NAN AN 4 nC

0
67

0
2351

0
3299

oo

0
84

233
7840

2689
1603
6067
6331

128
3125
5662
2213

ooao

0
290

0
771
107

0
5086

5
0
0

0
0
341
433

0
0

708
5177

2442

365
175
109
436

6673

0

173
1354

1989
1788

0
0
0
2360

64
115
2142
6933
3458

760
339
541
2185
4053

1907

4148
2301

0
0

82
0

5971
6226 19030

8153
3327

15483
12728

Sccosco¥doccscdccSoNNodoosd

SVeteLeneonrtssernqgemenraenranay

SatgarkcococoddcdcoddcoNconwoeN soo

SSINMINeSN NR eenaAcwenNneMenoaonwa

enema nNnotoooontnacoN tudgud

Snrentesnreoeatroocooamoowo
SPOMANSHOSORAMOYS odo 2 3 oomo
ZA

“2

SLLAAWSON SOHC OMMTNAMADARAT

Srgaogad sass = gs a ac Aon adod
egesggn

ro)

SCOnN
a AN

SANTINI ONWMOSCH AIM 4tOETOCOMAM

3 gtoconognoon RS 6 36 Dont ea

ber

aa
Naa

a

al
tH

aN

a

aso
WAND
4

NNN NKR HH HNN NHN NNN MN NN RN NNN DN NNN NNN

AAAARZ RARE EZ AZ azz zezazABACCCOCOONMAAMAMAMOOKCOOCOOOMNN

SUMMER
FALL

SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING

WINTER
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER

WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

WINTER
SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

WINTER
SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

WINTER
SPRING

SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

SUMMER

SPRING

SUMMER

73


stages within species. Any such period of reduced feeding would increase the
feeding rates required during time spent in the study area in order to
maintain near-basal metabolic. levels year-round. Scott et al. (1983) assumed
a four-month fasting period and consequent increase in feeding rates by a
factor of 1.5.

(3) The metabolic models used account only for near-basal or resting
metabolism, but not for increased activity levels, reproduction, lactation, or
growth. Hinga (1979) estimated that active metabolism of cetaceans is likely
to be 1.5 to 3 times resting levels.

For some species, the combined effects of.all three of the factors
discussed might put the actual consumption values at more than 20 times the
estimates presented. Hain et al. (In press) considered a reasonable upper
bound of the likely range of estimated consumption by cetaceans to be 10 times
estimates based on near-basal metabolism. Such an assumption in this case
would increase the estimated total prey consumption by cetaceans off the
northeastern U.S. to over five million metric tons annually. Our standing
stock and consumption estimates are approximately one-third to one-half those
calculated by Scott et al. (1983). The latter estimates were higher due to
inclusion of corrections for diving in fin, humpback, and right whales and for
winter fasting by all baleen whales, and to the use of somewhat higher average
body weight estimates than in the present study. By either set of estimates,
though, whales and dolphins are significant predators which need to be
included in any discussion of the trophic dynamics of the marine ecosystems

off the northeastern United States.

34


Korabel’nikov, L. V. 1959. The food of sperm whales in the Antarctic.
Priroda 3: 103-104.

Krogh, A. 1934. Physiology of the blue whale. Nature 133: 635-637.

Laevastu, T. and H. A. Larkins. 1981. Marine Fisheries Ecosystem, Its
Quantitative Evaluation in Management. Fishing News Books, Farnham
Surrey, UK.

Laurie, A. H. 1933. Some aspects of the respiration in blue and fin whales.
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Laws, R. M. 1977. Seals and whales of the Southern Ocean. Philos. Trans.
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Leatherwood, S. 1975. Some observations of feeding behavior of bottle-nosed
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46


Norris, K. S. and T. P. Dohl. 1980. Behavior of the Hawaiian, USA, spinner
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Whales in the North Pacific. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 21: 1-96.

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51


Lockyer, C. 1976. Body weights of some species of large whales. J. Cons.
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17: 93-168.

47


PREY CONSUMPTION (BRODY-HINGA MODEL)

DAILY (mg /m2/ da: )

TOTAL (mT)

CETACEAN DENSITY*

SEASON BLOCK STRATUM

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

TE PL

Ic

WINTER
SPRING

SODSDDDDDDDOHDOMODCHDONDHRONAWDDNDODADNDGDDONDOCOWO
a naw AO A MA Not Oo nmoous on +
oO af ane oN 40 a aaa AN ta
ot a nN a t+ 4 a
SYQGACONSCHA OE AADONNSAMSOH AAPOR SOANSSCOMNOTADONOAMLOT
won ANAKRRO CONGWH MtNOD NH DAT MATATAGOOIM
om oO a NN NNT NH OCDORA HW NN AD trgnanse
nN WN aaa aAtAT NAO
aa
SHANDOCHMOANS MATA OSAN SNOMONGWoONNSCOHNIADONANAAASH AY
ata AN ARAMANH OANOM HOERQ 2A EVtanegugeveioan
ton NOnRAtT ORSAM A AN awn Spa UMAte®oneag
AN ANS a ANMAD N FAM Om Ata ANNTTON

ONeCCCCCON OHNO HOCOMBWOTOHONDHONDOORYNAtOOOR OOOO

SAdcdcSdoSSoSSSCSOHSS OSHS OHSS SO OK OSSOSSONSOSSOSoOOSOHHSSSGS

SRMNGCSCDDDODDOHONAMONAMNAONODMANDONADONOCONTHAROANONE

SSESSCSSSSASSSSOH#ODCOOHNOANNANNDSDOOCSOSSOOOHOOANANONN

SMNOAOSCASCAMNNEMHOTNOAHRONANHDMOUNOCCHNMRAeTOOTAIHAN

SSHANSSSSSNSGHMNSONSOMANSSOMNSGANTHONSSSOSCONHNSOSCONMMAMSA

SAreeeseesee eo ent eNeeNMmONOMOAISONAQIONTNROSSEAMOOLS

SgosssssoRsigsdoosgersesayrsnsssganggossggosas

ttNaM
nN a a w a”

SMNOMMNSOCASCAANAMTIOOTITTOCOOOANMOONOCONGOMHMINAMAANAT

SHRNASCOCHONGDONNAMOOYNNRTONATITMONDOSCIAAIMt44tOtOONR MY

SASSddonomNrsderddgenssogussadshsdgrsénaged AOOK
FAs ean anes RRS AMT AROSAASA
AN AN A 3 san & 2aAa5 AN an

NNN NORDIN NN DN NNN DON NN DN NNN ODN NNN NNN

AAHAZSZSR SEBS ASAZSARZARZOCCCOCOCOMMAMAMAMOOOOTOCOCOCTOMAN

SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

SUMMER
SPRING
SUMMER

WINTER

76


SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASGN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR MESOPLODON SPP.

GE+00 GE+00 © GE+00 = OE+00 © OE+00OE+00 = E+00 © GE+00 OE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ O+ OF O+ OF OF OF OF O+ 0
YX 9.9090 0.0090 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 0,0000 0,0009 0,009 0,009 0,000 0,009 0,000 0,000

+09 des09 Oe+09 OE+09 ‘OE+ +08 O+09 OE+08 0+ 00- dze00 OE+00 OE+09 OE+00 0400
+ O+ O+ Oe os O+ Os 8 Os O+ O+ O+ Or 0

z 9,0009 0,0099. 0.9009 0.0008 0.0000 0,000 9.0000 9.0009 9.0009 0.0000 0:9000 0;0009 0.0009
OEs09 OEspo be+0g GEs09 “OE+09 OE+00 Oz+09 de+00 Oe+09 — OE+09 Ge+09 Se+09 E+
+ oe O+ Oe fs Os os bs Oe O+ O+ fe 8s 0
x 9,0009 0,0009 0,0009 0,009 09,0009 09,0009 9.0009 9.0009 9.0000
Ge+o9 Gera Ger09 erg EOD OE+OD GEVODGE+OD
+ O+ Hy + H + 8 + 3 + 3 + Hy + H + 0
YX 0.0000 0.0000 %5 9088 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0027
Ge+0g GE+09 OE+00 GE+09 OE+00 GE+09 GE+00GEOQGE*OO GEO GE*OD G00 6E-05
+ Os 8+ Os i 8+ 8+ 8+ 8+ Os b+ O+ Os 59
2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,' 3008 0.0000 0, 9009 o8 9008 0.0029
OE+09- “GE+09 © GE+00 EOD OE*OT © OEFOD OOD OE+OD © OE*O9 E+ OO OE+ 5E-05
+ fe Oe Oe Os Os Os Os Oe O+ Oe O+ O+ 81
x 0,0009 9.0009 0.0000 0,009 0.9009 00000 0.0009 90-0009 0.0000
+00 des09 OE+00 Oe+09 GE+09 E00 GEs00 Gesog OE+00
+ O+ Os 0+ 8 + 0 + 8 + i + 3 + 0
Y 98 gone 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 on gone -0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+08 dE+09 o5+00 oE+09 OE+09 OE+08 OB+08 0400 OE+00 OE+00 O8+09 OE+00
+ O+ Os os os os os os Os Os O+ oe O+ 8
z 0;0038 0,0009 09-0009 00000 0:00009 0-0009 0.0000 0:0009 0.0099 0.0000 0.0078 -0,0000 0,000
03 OE+00 G09 © GE+00 GEO GE*OD GEFOD GE*OD GEO OE+00 7-04 OE+00 0 OE+09
+ Ss O+ Oe oe be os Os Os Os O+ ae os 0
x oO. 39008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 o. 9088
+00 OE+00 de+09 OE+09 “Oes09 de+09  OE+09 dE+00 E+ 01
+ O+ ° + 0 + 8 + 8 + i + 8 + 8 t :
Y 0,9009 0.0009 00000 0,0009 0-0009 0.0000 0,0009 0-009 0.0000 0,0000 00000 0,0000
OE+og  OE+09 GEs09 dE+09 dE+09 de+09 dEs09 dE+09 OE+O1 0 OEFO0 Oe+og des00
+ a Oe Oe oe oe oe Os Oe + _ as at
z 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0.0000 0.0000
de+09 Ozs09 Oe+09 OEs09 OEs09 OE+09. OE+09 OE09 E09 GEKOD dE+09 OE+09

86


Fitch, J. E. and R. L. Brownell. 1968. Fish otoliths in cetacean stomachs
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Fordyce, R. E., R. H. Mattlin, and G. J. Wilson. 1979. Stranding of a
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Gambell, R. 1970. Weight of a sperm whale, whole and in parts. S. Afr. J.
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Populations. Intern. Coop. Publ. House, Fairland, MD.

41


NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC- 41

This TM series is used for documentation and timely communication of
preliminary results. interim reports, or special purpose information, and
has not received complete formal review, editorial control, or detailed
editing

Calculation of Standing Stocks
and Energetic Requirements
of the Cetaceans
of the Northeast United States
Outer Continental Shelf

Robert D. Kenney, Martin A.M. Hyman,
and Howard E. Winn

Graduate School of Oceanography. Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Ri 02882

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Malcolm Baldridge, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Anthony J. Calio, Acting Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service
William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

Northeast Fisheries Center
Woods Hole, Massachusetts

May 1985


BLOCK STRATUM

HHH HHH MH He Ree ee ee OOo ooo ooo oto

NNNNNNNNNNNN KKK NNN NNN NNN NNN NN NNN NNN RR RK

TAXON

CODE DENSITY VARIANCE

2.94
487 .66
89.18
85.33
156.22
65.36
96.61
50.12
34.44
72.70
110.25
107.91
70.05
30.82
612.43
149.08
373.00
384.13
58.89
12.58
120.36
14.94
124,97
182.52
156.77

3994.1
164813.5
16.4
5.7
4376.6
6779.8
15062.5
63.6
1750.6
239975
658.1
294.8
6408.1
42458.2
68030.2
8273.0
4415.3
40269.8
48.5
52644.7
44710.0
52916.1
353584.8
46220.1
22.4
666131.5
31218.6
12014.8
44798.8
6793.1
15797 .1

11688.5.

2051.6
19465.2
18214.5
20915.8
13604.7

2015.4

1202666.4
50993 .5
153269.4
589709.8
23821.6
323.8
37959.5
243.3
60872.8
54225.5
87553.3

64

NUMBER 95% CI

1018
1334
649
523
1625
42
1352
1072
1846
5299
1057

4690
858
821

1502
4ll
607
315
217
134
204
200
130
104

2071
504

1261

1299
199

43
407
51
423
617
530

Va be De De D+ be Le Le Le pe be + De be de Le de be + 1+ De be be be de De Dt + Le be De bt Le Dt Le 1+ 1+) Le be + 1+ 1+ b+ b+ be 1+ Le 1+ 1+ 14

104
140
3430
706
1225
2402
268
31
339
27
429
405
515

BIOMASS
DENSITY

e
NNWE OO

S
roEU

~
DOCUPWEUNUBNUUBREDAWUBEHYOHOUNWO

a
NYNRUPEE EOD
WCUDNARODARHUUEOCHONOLFOIYOMVOMOU

10.2

STAN DING
STOCK


Nicholson, A. J. 1954. Food of a beaked whale. J. Manm. 35: 59-70.

Nishimoto, S., M. Tozawa, and T. Kawakami. 1952. Food of sei whales,
Balaenoptera borealis, caught in the Bonin Island waters. Sci. Rept.
Whales Res. Inst. 7: 79-86.

Nishiwaki, M. 1950. On the body weight of whales. Sci. Rept. Whales Res.
Inst. 4: 184-209.

Nishiwaki, M. 1959. Humpback whales in Ryukyuan waters. Sci. Rept. Whales -
Res. Inst. 14: 49-87.

Nishiwaki, M. 1972a. General biology. Pp. 3-214 in: S. H.. Ridgway (ed).
Manmals of the Sea, Biology and Medicine. C. H. Thomas, Springfield,
IL.

Nishiwaki, M. 1972b. Catch of the Cuvier’s beaked whales off Japan in recent
years. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 24: 35-41.

Nishiwaki, M. and C, Handa. 1958. Killer whales caught off Japan for recent
10 years. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 13: 85-97.

Nishiwaki, M. and K. Hayashi. 1950. Biological survey of fin and blue whales
taken in the Antarctic season 1947-48 by the Japanese fleet. Sci. Rept.
Whales Res. Inst. 3: 132-190.

Nishiwaki, M., T. Kasuya, T. Kamiya, T. Tobayama, and M. Nakajima. 1965.
Feresa attenuata captured at the Pacific coast of Japan. Sci. Rept.
Whales. Res. Inst. 19: 65-95.

Nishiwaki, M. and T. Oye. 1951. Biological investigation on blue whales
(Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whales (B. physalus) caught by the
Japanese Antarctic whaling fleet. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 5:
91-160.

Norman, J. R. and F. C. Fraser. 1949. Field Book of Giant Fishes. Putnam,

New York, NY.

50


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASON, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR UNIDENTIFIED BEARED WHALE

WINTER X 9.9000 0,000 0.0000 9,0009 0.0000 0,000 0. 0000 0.0000 0, 0009
Gee GE+00 OE: #09 OE+00 et #09 O09 dE+09 GE #00 OErO
+ bs Ss Os 8 + bs Os bs Bs 8
Y 9,099 9.0009 0.0009 9,0099 9,0009 0.0099 0.0009 0,0009 0;0009 0,009 0,009 0.0000 0,000
GE+00 0E+00 © GE*00 -OE*00~—OE+00 Ger GEs09 dzs09 GE+00 —GE+00 «— E+00GE+0"
0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 f
+ Os $3 bs 8s b+ Os 8+ Os Bs Bs Oe Of «
z 9,0009 0;0009 0,009 09,0009 0,009 0,0009 00000 09,0000 9.0000 9.0009 0.0009 0-009 0,000:
GEr0o Gz+00 OE+00 GE+0d OE*00 OE+00 GE+09 GE+OD +00 de+09 Ges09 OE+0:
0 70 0 0 fy 0 8 0
+ bs “Oe Os Oe bs bs Se bs Be O+ Os Oe
SPRING =X 9,099 9.0099 0;0009 0;0099 0;0099 0,009 0,009 0,0000 0,000
GE+00 “OE+09OE+00 GE+09 GE*OD GE*OD OE+OG —GEOD GErO
+ b+ 8+ 64 S+ Os bs Se Os 8
Y 9,0099 9,0009 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,0090 09,0000 9.0009 9.0009 0.0009 0.000)
Ges09 “OE+09 GE+00 OE+00 GE+00 GE+00 GE+00 GE#00 GE+00 © GE#00 OO E+00 Ore
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 %
+ bs 0+ Os Os Oe be O+ O+ OF OF O+ O% ¢
z 9,0009 09,0009 0,0028 9,000 0.0009 0,0000 0.0009 9.9090 0.0009 0.0000 0,009 0.0009 0,006:
6E-06 GE+00 3E-05 GEr0g GE+0g © GE+09 Gx+09 GE+OG GE+OO OE+O OE+00  GE+ iz-o.
10 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 8 6:
+ 3s $4 OB. 84 82 bs 8s Oe Oe Oe O+ OO 138
SUMMER =X 9.0099 9.0099 9-0009 0.0009 0.0009 0,0009 0.0009 0,0099 0,000
GE+00 © GE+00 © GE+00 GE+ 0 9 GE*00 E+00 GE+00 GE+09  GEvO
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Os 8s Bs bs bs Os 8s B2 8
Y 9,0000 0,0009 90,0000 9.0009. 0.0000 0.0009 0,0009 0.0000 9.9009 0,0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
GEr09 “OE+09 GE+09 GESOD GEr09 GE+OD GEO GEvO0 OELOD GEO GEvOD Gee Gest
+ O+ Os O+ Os O+ O+ Os Os a O+ Os O+ ¢
z 0,019 0,009 0.001% 09,0000 0:9009 90009 0:0009 9.0009 0,099 9.0009 90000 0.0009 0,0107
8-06 “OE+09 5-06 Gerd GEOG GE*Og GEOG GE*Og —GEvag Gee #00 Ges09 OE+00
2 %s 82 Bs 8s Be O+ O% Os 82 (Os Oe O+ alc
FALL x 9.0009 9.0009 9;0009 0,0009 0,0099 0.0009 0,009 0,009 0,0000
GE+00 OE+00 OE+00 GEs09 E00 OE*Oo GE*Od GE+OD Gee
+ 6. $s Os Os se 8 + 8 + i to.
Y 9,0009 9,0099 0,0009 0,0009 0,009 0,009 0.0009 0,0009 0,0090 09,0009 . 0.0000 0.000¢
GEs0g GE+00 GE+00 G09 GE+00GE*OO GEO GE*OD GELOD - GE+00 GE+00
+ 0+ O+ Oe Os 0+ Os O* 8+ as ot tt +
z 9.0099 0.0009 0,009 0,0009 0,0009 0,0009 0,0009 0,0000 09,0090 00009. 90,0099 0, 0036
dEr09 dE+09 des0 GE+00 GEr09 GE*00 GErOO EvOg —OE*OD GEsOD

O+

99


merlucciids,. and scamberesocids, along with various cephalopods. Most studies

indicate feeding in the epipelagic zone.
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba):

WEIGHT - 55 kg. (Busnel et al. 1968; Gihr and Pilleri 1969, 1979; Odell

and Chapman 1976; Walker 1975)

FOOD - 60% squid, 40% fish. (Coffey 1978; Duguy et al. 1978; Hotta et
al. 1969; Mitchell 1975b; Miyazaki et al. 1973; Nishiwaki 1972a; Odell and
Chapman 1976; Walker 1975)

Dolphins in the genus Stenella consume a wide range of prey items, with
all species feeding on fish, squid, and some shrimp. _S§. coeruleoalba appears
to take more fish than the other species, however squid still appears to:
remain the major food. While all Stenella species prey upon mesopelagic
fishes to some extent, spinner dolphins (§. longirostris) seem to feed most
heavily in that depth range. Spotted dolphins show the shallowest feeding
depths, preying mainly on epipelagic squids and fishes, with the latter

including exocoetids, scambrids, and clupeids.
Spotted dolphin (Stenella spp.):
Two species are included: _§. attenuata and_§. plagiodon.

WEIGHT - SO kg. (Harrison et al. 1972; Kasuya et al. 1974; Perrin 1975;

Perrin and Roberts 1972; Perrin et al. 1976; Walker 1975)

24


point between the species, with breviceps larger and simus smaller; ‘this

seemed a logical value to use here.

FOOD - 100% squid. (Allen 1941; Benham 1901; Coffey 1978; Dell 1960;
Enders 1942; Fitch and Brownell 1968; Jones 1981; Maigret and Robineau 1981;
Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a; Ross 1979; Smalley 1959; Tomilin 1957; Walker
1975)

There are also reports of occasional fish in the diets of these species,

and crabs seem to be taken rather more frequently.

Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.):

Two species are included: Long-finned pilot whale (G. melaena) and
short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus).

WEIGHT - 850 kg. (Coffey 1978; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Harrison et al.
1972; Sergeant 1962, 1969; Tomilin 1957)

Literature means: melaena = 844 kg (n=37); macrorhynchus = 602 kg (n=6).
These data, the latter figure especially, are biased low by reliance upon

Captive specimens, which tend to be smaller individuals.

FOOD - 100% squid. (Anon 1955; Caldwell et al. 1971; Coffey 1978; Hall
et al. 1971; L’Hardy 1969; Mercer 1975; Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a;
Norris and Prescott 1961; Saemundsson 1939; Sergeant 1962; Sergeant and Fisher
1957; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

‘Some references indicate occasional feeding on fishes, however detailed

work in Newfoundland reported by Mercer and Sergeant indicate almost exclusive

20


BIOMASS AND CONSUMPTIGN ESTIMATES

Table 2 lists the estimates of density, variance of the density,
abundance, 95% confidence interval on the abundance, biomass density, and
standing stock for each species/season/sampling area. Because of space
limitations, species are identified by 2-letter codes; these codes are.
identified in Table 1. Table 3 summarizes the standing stock data as sums
across all areas for each species and season. It also shows standing stock
estimates for the ichthyophagous, teuthophagous, and planktonophagous
components of the cetacean commnity, as well as for the cetacean commmnity as
a whole.

Fin whales are the dominant species, in terms of standing stock, in all
seasons, comprising between 31% (fall) and 47% (winter) of the total cetacean
standing stock. Other dominant species, those comprising over 5% of the total
standing stock, listed in descending order for each séason, are:

Winter - sperm whale, saddleback dolphin, sei whale, pilot whale.

Spring - pilot whale, sperm whale, sei whale, right whale, white-sided

dolphin.

Sunmer - sperm whale, pilot whale, gray grampus, humpback whale.

Fall - pilot whale, white-sided dolphin, humpback whale.

In all seasons, the ichthyophagous cetaceans are the dominant feeding
class, followed by the teuthophages and then the planktonophages. From the
total standing stock values, the estimated annual average standing stock of
whales and dolphins off the northeastern U.S. is about 57,600 mI.

The results of the energetics and consumption calculations are listed in
Tables 4a and 4b, which show the estimated consumption of fish, squid, and
zooplankton in each season/area, both as a daily rate per unit area and as a

seasonal total. Table 4a shows the results obtained using the Lockyer


Sleptsov, M. M. 1955. Biology of Whales and the Whaling Fishery in Far
Eastern Seas. Food Industries Press, Moscow.

Slijper, E. J. 1962. Whales. Hutchinson and Co., London.

Smalley, A. E. 1959. Pygmy sperm whale in Georgia. J. Manm. 40: 452.

Smith, G. J. D. and D. E. Gaskin. 1974. The diet of harbor porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) in coastal waters of eastern Canada, with special
teference to the Bay of Fundy. Can J. Zool. 52: 777-782.

Spotte, S. and B. Babus. 1982. Does a pregnant dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
eat more? Cetology 39: 1-7.

Spotte, S., J. L. Dunn, L. E. Kezer, and F. M. Heard. 1980. Notes on the
care of a beach-stranded harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Cetology
32: 1-6.

Sutcliffe, W. H. and P. F. Brodie. 1977. Whale distributions in Nova Scotia
waters. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rept. 722. Fish. Mar. 'Serv., Mar. Ecol.
Lab., Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.: :

Tomilin, A. G. 1957. Manmals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries, Vol.
IX, Cetacea. Translation no. 1124, Israel Prog. Sci. Transl. (1967).

van Utrecht, W. L. 1978. Age and growth in Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758
(Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the North Sea. Bijdr. Dierkd. 48: 16-28.

Voisin, J. F. 1972. Notes on the behavior of the killer whale, Orcinus
orca (L.). Norw. J. Zool. 20: 93-96.

Voisin, J. F. 1976. On the behavior of the killer whale, Orcinus orca (L.).
Norw. J. Zool. 24: 69-71.

Walker, E. P. 1975. Manmals of the World, Second Edition. Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD.

Watkins, W. A. and W. E. Schevill. 1976. Right whale feeding and baleen

rattle. J. Mamm. 57: 58-66.

56


Consumption estimates are based on the Brody~Hinga

Estimates of the density (kg/km?) of cetaceans in the three main feeding
*IC=ichthyophagous, TE=teuthophagous, PL=planktonophagous.

classes off the northeast U.S., and estimates of the daily and total consumption of

fish, squid, and zooplankton.

metabolic model.

Table 4b.

PREY CONSUMPTION (BRODY-HINGA MODEL)

TOTAL (mT)

DAILY (mg/m“/day)

CETACEAN DENSITY*

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

FISH SQUID ZOOPL

TE PL

rc

SEASON BLOCK STRATUM

OSOFMROATMNOMOMWODCDOCOAWOHAORKRTOOYNNADONDOONONCOMOR
an otn +trRoOo aA oO oOo ano PTRHAMNN an wo wn roTN
bal NN coal aa lanl an coal =
SHESSHAVSYLMNSCSOSASAANTMSVWMGOHCSCSOHRVCOAANIPHROOCCVOSCV AH
+ Srntenan oS aDOGN FARAGAGSH aa
CHABAD t+ DOD ann WA AMAN DDE aaa
N saat st amy tN
SCOTOMTHNRONYASCTCSCOMARtOEMANLTOOMAADIDVAGSOROVOZN|D
mw ant NER DO Noonan Wad ANOOn. AMO Dinan One
On AAR SR OM DAAMTAQHO MAMANNDADRR t Ft OM
AIAN mNNN ane Nata coal aN a a a

ot 4gorNnoenqdd ooo od Od OMATOOM NO OOC HOO OHOOORAA

SccococcdSsSddoSosSdoSCOSSsSooOSsSSoSsCOSCSOSCOS Soo SOSSSOSoSSGSG

SCADOHFRAOMNNRYFODDOOMNONANTAHORCOODOHMATOHMOODODOWON

SSPCOSOHOOHMTH+OCOSCTCODCSOHMNDDDCDODOCOOCCOMORY+OODDCOCS

SNNOHAMMNRMAMNGOCSCONRAANTOTHOONAMNMAMtNEOMETOOAO

SSSSNNASGANNNSSCSDSOHSOOSONAMASCOCOONO SOON THNOHOSOONAS

SATPTONOMOTMOTOSCOONNNOMOYNANOCONTOCOMONWOCOTONON+tH

S¥SsFansurahkddccddddsondadcccddadddnddnshdcEers

SNEOHRONMOYATHTODOCONOCSCAMNTOANDCSOSOAMACMNORODOOOONA

Sdddkdantugnsddddcndgdrdissdddaddadaccddsenan
AATAW ae tan aad
aad

SEOTONONDANDDDODOOCOCANANRAOCDCSCONAHDDNONDONNNDOOS

SOR ous AeATSASSSS PFA ANA SESS SISA SUSAN S QAR ae
AH TODAS OA © anmM ANA NoAMaANonn O14
at a met a

D4 ODS DS DS DDE DD NON ON OG odd NON ON Sod NNN ON od

HAMA A AMMA AM eee OOOVVVOUOVOUU MEM ima mm

74


44.7% B. physalus, 22.5% _P. macrocephalus, 13.1% B. acutorostrata, 7.2%

M. novaeangliae, 5.6% _B. borealis, 4.1% B. glacialis, 1.9% Mesoplodon spp.,
0.6%.Z. cavirostris, and 0.3% H. ampullatus.

Unidentified large whale:

WEIGHT - 26,300 kg.
FOOD - 61% fish, 22% squid, 17% zooplankton.

53.2% B. physalus, 26.8% _P. macrocephalus, 8.6%M. novaeangliae, 6.7% B.
borealis, and 4.8% B. glacialis.

Unidentified medium whale:

WEIGHT - 6,360 kg.

FOOD - 58% fish, 13% squid, 29% zooplankton.

60.9% B. acutorostrata, 26.1% B. borealis, 8.7% Mesoplodon spp., 2.9% Z.
cavirostris, and 1.4% H. ampullatus.

Unidentified dolphin:

WEIGHT - 136 kg.

FOOD - 72% fish, 28% squid.

24.6% T. truncatus, 22.6% P. phocoena, 17.8%G. griseus, 13.4% D.
delphis, 12.4%1L. acutus, 9.2% Stenella spp., and 0.1% Kogia spp.

If pilot whales are included, the average weight value becomes 242 kg, a
significantly higher value. It was, however, assumed that pilot whales are

easily identified and rarely missed to avoid biasing this value too high.

26


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASGN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR PHOCOBNA PROCOENA

J x L 4 x ) P Q
WINTER =X 0.0000 0.0000 09000 9.0000 0,000 9, 0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
de+09 OE+09 OE609 oz+09 be+00 Geeog GE+09 GE+09 de09
+ 0 + OF OF Of Hy + 8 + 8 + Hy + 8
Y 9,009 0.0000 0,009 0,009 0,0009 0,000 0,0076 0,009 0,0009 0.0009 9:0009 0.9000 0,0098
GE+00 “GE+00 «—GE+00« GE+00 GE+00 +00 5-04 +00 GE+00 GE: B00 OE+0g
0 0 0 0 38 9 0 0 8
+ OF OF 0+ O+ OF OF 220+ OF OF Oe O+ O+ 0
2 0.0009 09,0000 0.0000 0-0000 0.0000 0,000 0,0009 0,0020 0,0029 0.0032 0.0030 9.0000 00000
des09 GEQ00 OE+09 GE+0D GEvOg G00 OE+00 205 05 RE dE+09 GE+09
+ OF O% Oe 8+ Os Os O+ 133 + 173+ 585+ 3534 O% 8
SPRING x 9.0009 09,0009 0,0009 9.0009 0,900 9.0009 09,0000 o-0169 0,000
+09 E409 © OEr0D de+09 des09 de+09 Oe
0 0 aera °
+ OF O8 H + i + 8 + 8 + 8+ ie 8
Y 0,0057 0.0062 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0473 0,0555 0,0286 0.0357 0.0497 0.0137
4e-04 — iE-04 Se ie-03 28-03 5E-03 5-04

6 E00 GE+09 — OE+09 GE+00 © OE+00
94 10: 0 ar 101
+ 258+ 318% fs Os 0+ Os be 20+ 76s+ Sas B78% ex tee

z 0.0000 0.0000 050008 0.0000 0.0000 0,051 0,051 0.0562 0.0720 0.0193 0,0025 0.0264 0,0108
O+00 OE+00 0+ 00 OE+08 OE+00 =2E-04 = 2E-0: 4E-03 6 E-03 78308 28-03 3E-03  2E-04

0 55 82 1092 146 99
+ O+ O+ fi + O+ O+ 235+ 227 + 2236 + 10602 + 841 + 96 + 287 + 174

SUMMER =X 9.0000 09,0009 0,0090 9.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0,0223 0.0423 0.0685
OE+09 GE+09 GEvag —GE+O9GEr0g OE+ 09 3-03 E-03
+ OF O08 os Os Os b+ 22% ris 2B

Y 0.0000 0.0009 0.0090 9.0000 0.0000 9.0000 0,0009 0.0009 0.1179 0.0000 09,0009 0:0000 0.0099

6E+00 OE+00 OE: #00 E400 OE+00 de+ag der09 GE+09 7 GE*09 GE+09 GEs0g dEHO

+ Of O¢ Os Os + Ss 8+ bs Mee Os f+ bs 8

2 0.0099 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0,0241 0.0689 0.0009 0:0009 0,000 0,0000

dE+09 GE+00 OE +00 E400 OE+00 de+09 Geog 2603 7°03 OE+09 GE+09 OE+09 GE+00

. + O08 Os Os Oe Os Oe 0+ 4930 + 2046 + Os bs bs 8
FALL x 9.0099 9.0000 25a 9.0099 0.0009 9,080 0.0044 9.0009 9.0000

GE+00 — OE+00 OE+00
0 58 7 0
+ OF O¢ Os Os OF 7214 92% OF ©

Y 95 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 95 9088 0.0000

90008 0.0008
OE+0 OE+01

+00 GE+00 —GE¥00 be09 OE+00 GE+00 GEe00 | 6 E+00 OEe09 GEsOD
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
+ OF OF OF Os 0+ OF OF 8 ar ot : a
2 0.0009 0,0008 0.0099 0.0009 0.0099 0,009 0,0009 0,0099 9.0009 0.0009. “6 “a 0 ay
Ox+09 GE+09 GEv0g de+09 de+09 de+09 de+09 “GE+09 Gz+09 © GEeOg

0» 8 8s Os 0+ . . :

92


contents or, at best, the number of stomachs in which an item occurred. Other
confounding factors include:

(a) Populations in different geographic regions often show very
different prey preferences. Wherever possible, North Atlantic data were
emphasized, with data from other regions given only secondary importance.

Data from other geographic areas are included because they demonstrate other
supporting prey items to which North Atlantic cetaceans may switch on the
basis of local availability.

(b) It seems from the literature that often only unusual prey items
found during stomach content analyses were deemed noteworthy enough to
report.

(c) Since many reports state only which items occurred, and not in what
quantities, it is possible that rare items were taken only incidentally while
feeding on same common prey. A good example of this is the oft-repeated
report of a humpback whale which had swallowed six comorants. No doubt the
whale accidentally ingested these while feeding on the same prey school as the
birds.

(d) Along similar lines, food studies using hard remains, e.g. fish
otoliths and bones, or squid beaks, pens, and eye lenses, cannot distinguish
between items eaten by the cetacean and items eaten previously by the prey and
still in the prey’s gut when it was eaten in turn.

(e) Prey preferences may change with time as relative abundances of prey
species vary. Human impacts on the Western North Atlantic have altered many
aspects of the ecosystem, perhaps causing or influencing concurrent shifts in
cetacean diets.

The feeding spectrum of each unidentified category was estimated, like
the body weight, as a weighted average of the values for all possibly included

species.


PREY CONSUMPTION (BRODY-HINGA MODEL)

DAILY (mg/m?/day)

TOTAL (mT)

CETACEAN DENSITY*

ZOOPL

4

FISH SQUID

FISH SQUID ZOOPI

PL

TE

1¢

SEASON BLOCK STRATUM

SASPDDDSDDCADDDDSCSCONOAHWORRAORDODDODDCODNDONDODDODOONSDS
ot mM OTN CAN Aa ao ot co)
nN ao oO a aI aN ned
AMMNDOCONOMNDSCAORDMDNODOMDHTNROMNANDAOCDSCOMOHOMANRODOHDOHOSO
ou40 ATs QBanoa AOH DGOARAM o7>N NKON
aon a Onan aaa WH a aa
wind aa om

a
SCANDONDMFORNADARRARDDATHOARRNOORONONZTONADORNDOADS
DODD ADG AHORGFNHDNDAGCDANRDAADODO a NHROARNA o
too ANA NR OM DBARMMAMOCDADR MO OFATON 5
aa aoa Aw +t NAtOM aN man

=

eneoeeeoec oC COCO ON OMACONNNROUNSEOC OOOO ONwOO SAN SOOCOONSS

SscdcddddcdSdcs6sedssodsSOHdSHdSSSSoSSSSSSodOSSOSsSSSSoSsSSodGddG

HROMMODCDCOCOOTOHRAANDOSCAMNMOAONTODNDSCOSONONCOCAINATSOOOSOSOS

SKedcddcodHddenddddddddsiddddddsdddddddsdsceddcds

eoanonn+tOwetNtt NT AMEMAIMeANOOOCOCONSANANOMOeNAOONSS

SFAddddodcodShdndsmadddndidcddddddS¥hSsNNSSSSoeSS

emaDoDDoePSD OOO OONSCONADNSCHAOUMOSOSOSOSCSCH+HROTNMOSCOSOONSS
S8sdsdddddddddddcudi¥cdaddc¥sdddddddatsoansscsdacs
+9 gun ae

MANRASCOSCROMGTOHAAAHRMOCONOM SOON ANRASCOSCOTONONARWSWAISSISS

Rdggessdd addr sg sdddirsdnddsddcdcdns¥sodmmodssaddTE

SBae BANS
g

3

SOHMCOCHNAONANNAANMAOCNMAANNABAESOHNONOASONMTOSCIAMGOAGS
or ee ee ere ee eee ee Ne ee ee ee eee et ee eee eee ee ee ee
SOQ OMTAROOGOSCTAVATAAAT HERON ND BVOSCSONOROMATROAVAISOSOO
noN AAANDODS GCARENHTNANDS eK)

a) aa AN mM No Anes 3 aa a

NNN WN 2d Pd bd OS DE Dt DDN NN dN NN ONO dN NNN SDD

Mom MM HHH HHH HHH HHH ONAN MMMM MMMM MMMM OAR

Mom oO Om Om Om om om mo em mo mM 4 AG Bom MO
BEE Bert Pert er Per PEEP EEE EEE EEEL EE PEELE
GEGRSR CEES SESESEER SSSR RESERESERESER EGER SEE REEERS

75


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY oP TMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASGN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR PHYS

A 001 A 0.0000 0. 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 9000
0409 0800 0+ 00 08+00 OE+09 OE+00 OE+ 08 0E+09 OFF

+ Hy + $ + $ + $ + $ + $ + 8 + Os i)
Y 95 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 0, 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E08 0408 O8+00 O40 OE. E+00 Oe+08 OE+ 8 Ge+09 OEM 08 OE+00 OE+00 OE+08 OEs00
+ O+ Oe Os os O+ os os O+ O+ Oe O+ O+ 0
Zz 0. 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0207 %% 9088 0.0000 0,0000 0. goas 0.0000 0.0013 0.0000 0.0009
SE 06 OE +00 O+08 OH +00 2E: E-O3 E+00 OE+00 OE+: 08 OE+ 08400 78-08 OE+00 9E-06
+ Ws “OH Oe O+ 12194 O+ Os os O+ OF 26+ OF 4%
SPRING x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000
0400 dz+09 OE+08 OE+00 O8+00 OE+08 OE+00 OE+09 OE+00
+ i + Hy + Hy + 8 + 8 + 8 + fi + 3 + 0
¥ % 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
06 OE+00 OE+09 OE+00 0E+00 oE+09 oz+0g OB+00 OE+00 OE+00 Os 00 OE+00 OE+00
+ 2s bs os os Oe Os $s O+ Os O+ O+ O+ 0
Zz 0,0023 0.0007 0.0023 0. 0150 0.0096 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0036
45-05 3-06 3E 03 8504 3-04 GE+09 e409 dEe0 OE+00 4+00 GE+00 © GE+00-—«BE~05.
3 iad 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
+ Te 55% 3s 2519+ 91+ fe O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ 101
SUMMER x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. goge 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000
OE+00 O+00 0400 OE+00 OE+00 E+ OE+00 GE+00 = GE+00
o 0 % o 0 0
+ O+ 0 + $ + 8 + O+ O+ Os O+ 0
Y 0.0000 0,0012 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

OE+00 1E-99 OE+00 O8+08 OE+ 00 0400 OE+00 OE+00 OE+ 00 OE+ +08 OEs09 GEs09 OE+00
+ O+ 1434 O+ Os O+ Os Os O+ O+ O+ be Os $

z 0,039 0.001% 0,003 0.0039 0,9000 9.0009 09,0009 0,0000 9.0009 0.0029 0:0052 00009 0,000
05 © 2B-05 05 GE+00 GE+09 GE+00 O00 OE: +09 05 ie-04 GE+00 — OE+00
ela yo ES 0 am 0 0
+ MW6+ 92+ 88+ 2+ OF Os Os Os Os 512 + 28 + O+ 0
FALL x 9.0099 0,0099 0,0009 0,0009 0.0009 90,0009 90,0009 0,000 0,000
Ge+09 “GE+09 GE*09 GE+00 dE+09 de+09 dE+00 GE+09 dee
+ Os Or O+ 8 + 8 + 8 tz 8 + 3 + .
Y 9.0099 0,0009 0,0009 0,0000 0,009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0,0009 09,0000 0.0000 0.0000
de+09 dEe09 Gee0o “dee O+09 de+09 dE+09 OE+09 OE+0 g  OEs00 GE+00 — GE+00
+ O+ Oe O+ be O+ O+ O+ O+ ot + ot
z 9,0009 0.0099 0.0034 0.0029 9.0009 9.0009 0.0099 0;0009 0,009 0,000. “0.0000 0,000
oE+0g 9800 be-05 4e-05 GEr09 GE+09 GE*OD berg OE*Og GE*OD de+09 Geog

O+

sib + 338 + 8 0 +

81


that these are the only such data for the region, and possibly among the best
of their kind for anywhere in the world. Since the beginning of the CETAP
sampling in 1979, surveys in both Canada and the U.S. have been modelled after
it. Details of the methods employed and the platform utilized can be found in
the various CETAP reports (CETAP 1981; 1982a; 1982b) and in Scott and Gilbert
(1982).

Until recently, little attention has been devoted to the role of marine
manmals in the ecosystems of the northwest Atlantic. In general, it was
considered that marine manmals in this region were not food limited, in spite
of the work of Laevastu and Larkins (1981) in the North Pacific and Horwood
(1981) in the Antarctic. However, it is possible that this position has been
based on the absence of reliable abundance estimates for various regions, due
to the. absence of a quantitative data base.

A major component of the CETAP study was the generation, from the random
transect aerial survey program, of a series of estimates of the population
density and abundance of sampled cetacean species in each of the various
sampling areas into which the northeast OCS was subdivided. The objective of
the work which we report herein was to use the CETAP data to develop estimates
of biomass density and energetic requirements of whales and dolphins in the
NMFS-NEFC region of interest for use in the development and refinement of NVFS

fisheries ecosystem management models.

The methodology involved in this project can most easily be divided into

six phases:


AVERAGE pEisity VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
k MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE

SEASQN STRATUM EC F Ss ae

WINTER =X 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
dE+00 dE+0g GE*00 GEr00GE¥Og GEFOOGE+0 Oe+09 oes09
+ 8 + 8 + $ + 8 + $ + i + H + H + 8

Y 9.0009 0.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,0009 0-0009 0,0009 0.0009 9.0000 9.0009 0,0000 0.0009 90,0009

#09 GEe00 OE+09 © GE*09 GEO GE*00 OE+O9 0g Ger 09 dE+09 Oks09 G09 OE+00

+ OF 8 O+ O+ oe O+ OF OF Os O+ Oe Os 0

z 9.0000 09,9009 0,000 9.0000 09,0009 0.0000 90009 0;0000 9.0009 0,000 0.0009 9.0009 0,000

be+09 Seepo dE+09 dz+00 oE+00 GE+00 GEr09 OE+00OE+09 des09 OE+09 z+ #09 0800

+ Oe O+ 8 b+ 8+ 0+ O+ OF OF OF + os 08
SPRING x 9.9009 00000 0,000 0.0000 00009 0.0000 0,0009 0.0000 9,009
+00  OE+00 Geog GE+00 GE+00 GE+00 © GE+00 GO E+00
0 0 0 9 0. 0
+ O+ O+ 0 + 8 + O+ 8 + O+ O# 0

*°0,9007 00000 00009 00000 0.0000 0,0208 0,015 00000 0,009 0,028 0,0078 0,003 0,009

Get og GE+09 dE+09 OE+0g BE 35-04 Ge+09  OE+00 Se 05 3E-05 3-08 GE+00

+ De Os Os 0+ Oe 94+ 106+ OF OF a + B+ 15+ 0

Z 9.0009 0,0009 90,0000 9.0099 0,0000 0.0011 0:0011 0.0009 00000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0012 0,000

GE+00  OE+09 Ges0g OEs09 oe+09 iE-0 05 1E-05 Og+09 GE+00” GE+OD GE+OD2E-05 GE+00

+ Oe O+ Oo 8+ a be 57+ OF OF OF OF 2Wt 0
suoeR =X 9.0099 0,0000 9.0009 0,909 0,0000 9.0009 0,0000 90-0009 0,000
dE+09 GE+09 OE+09 O+08 OE+08 OE+00 ° 0408 OE+ 98 OE+00 3
+ 8 + 3 + i + OF OF OF OF OF 0

Y 9.0000 09,0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,0000 0,0009 0,0009 0,0009 09,0009 0.0009 09,0009 0,0000 0,000

B00 de+00 Gze0d Gerad GE+00 GEOg —OE+00GE+09 OE+09 des00 Geog dEr09 OE¥09

+ 08 os Oe Os O+ OF OF 8+ Os Oe Oe O+ 0

2 9.0000 9.0009 0,0009 0-0009 0,0009 0.0053 0.0035 0,000 9.0005 0,000 9.0009 0,015 9.0000

GE+0g “GE*09 GE+09 OE+09 OE+00 SE 2E-04 GE+00 —2E-05 — OE+00

0 0 0 38 37 % % % 0 8 0

+ Of os O+ Os O+ 1579+ 343+ OF 36+ O+ OF 314 0
FALL x 9.0009 9.0009 0,9000 0.0009 00009 0.0018 00018 0:0000 90,0000
+09 +09 © OE+00 OE+00 dzs09 is-05 iz-03 O8+00GE+00,
+ Os oe Os O+ O+ 203+ Sle O+ :

Y 9.0000 9.9009 0,000 90,0009 0,0000 9-9009 0,0009 9.0009 0,000. 0.0009. 0.0000 0.0000

+00 Ses0g Gesog GEr09 GE+09 09 GE+00 OE+00 dE+00, dE+09 : GE+09 6E+09

+ O+ Ox oe oe oe O+ O+ O+ oe oy Det -t 8

z 0,909 0,0009 09,0000 9.0000 0.0000 9.0000 0.0009 0,0009 0,0000. 0.0027. 0.0032 0.0000

+00 desog dEe00  OE+ag dE+09 G£+00 GE+09 OE*00 GEOG’ ZE~95 3E-05 OE+00

wt + 334+ oO

0+ °, Os Oe O+ 0

79


AVERAGE D poigiry VARIANCE | oF OF THE SD DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,

TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS

SPRING

‘SUMMER

FALL

x

0.0000 0. 0000 “0, 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0. 0000 0.0000
61 +00 oEs00 OE+ 08 0400 OEs00 08+00 OE+ 01 4 O8+00 OE+0 08

+ 0 + Of os 68 + be os 8 + b+ 8
9.0000 0.0009 0,000 0.0009 0,0099 0.0099 0,0009 9.0009 00000
#00 Ox+09 S409 Oxs09 de00 Gee00 E+09 GE09 GEe09

°%

+ O02 O+ 0+ Os OF OF Of Os Be
9,0070 9.0497 0.0000 0.0009 0,0999 0,000 0.0009 0.0000 0,000
Se-04 108-93 dze00 OE+00 58-0: dzeoo de+09 be+00 des09

7
+ 2641088+ Os 4 Bs 0+ Os be Oe

0.0000 059008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0350 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 = OE+00 OE+08 0E+00 oe 03 OF +08 Se+08 O00 O8+08

+ Os Os 8 + 8 + TBs Hy + f + H + 0
9.0211 0.0009 0.0789 0.0355 0.0787 0.0009 0.0009 09,0000 0,000
3e03 Gee0g 36-02 Ge 0336-02 GE+00 Ge+09 © Gee0g Grea
347 0 ° 903-216 LAT 0
+ By. 8s 2834 alse 1. 8s Oe Os) Oe
0;1483 0.0889 0,0928 0.0562 0,1247 0,000 0,0009 0,0009 0.0000
agar 2s 03 8702 Ge+00 “Ge+09 be09 OB+00
Toss “"693 422 0 0 0 0
+ Bile 18os 1354 7s es 8s be Oe Oe
9,009 0,0009 0.0009 0:0120 0.0595 0,0009 0.0009 00009 09,0000
OE+00 © OE+00 © OE+00 GE+00 GE+00 E+00 E+ 00
0 0 ast Meera 0 0 0
+ OF OF OF 708+ 52+ O+ OF OF 0

0.0056 0.0067 0.0000 0.0397 0.0770 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 9008
28-04 SET OE+08 85503 2702 OE: E00 OE+09 OE+00 OE+00

+ Be Wee Os Be 205s 0s 0+ Os Oe

0.1526 o 0533 0,1108 9; 1180 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4E: 533 6E-03  2E-02 = 3E-02 des09 OE+00 OF+00 OE+00 OF+00
660 826 1135 0 0 0 Qo

ae U7 ec se 2 2s

ognae 05 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0,0384 oO 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000
+

0.0000 0. 0000 0. 58088 0. 2008
E409 OE+0 4 08 OE+

O+ O+ OF 0

0,000 0.0125 0.0000 0.0657
OE+ 08 tes OE+00 = 1E-02

601
by Se Os tee

0.0000 0.0147 0.0000 0,0294
Gerog iz} “GE+09 3°03
O+ 659+ O+ 540

9.0008 0.0780 0.0000 0.0864
+00 2Ea2 OE+00 = 2E-02

5
O+ 2941+ O+ 1637

0. 0281 0.0140 0, 50008 0.0000
SE 3803 E+00 OE+ 08

ise

383+ 3s bs 8

0.0000 0.0937 0.0000 0.1112

Ge+00 58-02 OB+00 = 3E-02
82: 0 "1018

O+ 3938+ O+ 2496

Oe+09 OE+00 68503 08 0E+00 OB+00 OE+00
+ O+ O+ Hi + ° + 18s O+ H + H + .
9.0099 0.0099 0,0009 0,0323 0.0511 0,0099 0.0009 0.0009 9.0000 0.0000. 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 OE+ +08 OE 08 E02 Ob+09 OB+08 Ob+00 +00 OE+00 . OE+00 0E+00
+ a O+ O+ 1035+ 427+ O+ OF OF t +t : +
0;0184 0.0000 0,1555 0,083 0,5605 0,000 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 « 0.0000 0.0315
QE+00 8 4E-02  2E-02 SE-01 OE+00 O£+00 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 . OE+00 = =4E-03
0 1158 798 189¢ 0 0 o 0 ) .
= 412918 + 11133 + 3659 + O+ O+ a+ ot : 0+ 5009

90


Yukhov, V. L. 1971b. Some data on the feeding of sperm whales in the high
latitudes of Antarctica. Trudy Atl. Nauch. Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz.
Okeanol. 39: 54-59.

Yukhov, V. L. 1972. Distributin of toothfish of the genus Dissostichus
(family Nototheniidae) in Antarctic waters of the Indian Ocean. Vopr.
Ikhtiol. 12: 384-385.

Zemsky, V. A. and D. D. Tomorov. 1964. Small rorqual (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata) from the Antarctic. Norsk Hvalfangst. 53: 302-305.
Zenkovitch, B. A. 1934. Some data on whales of the Far East. Doklady Akad.

Nauk. S.S.S.R. 2: 388-392.

Zenkovitch, B. A. 1937. Weighing of whales. Doklady Akad.. Nauk. S.S.S.R.
16: 177-182.

Zenkovitch, B. A. 1952. Whales and Whaling. Pishclepramisdat, Moscow.

Zenkovitch, B. A. 1955. On the lesser rorqual fishery. Rybn. Khoz. Karil.
7: 11-19.

58


Rice, D. W. 1977a. Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde’s
whale in the eastern North Pacific. Rept. Intern. Whaling-Comm., Spec.
Iss. 1: 92+97.

Rice, D..W. 1977b. A List of the Marine Manmal Names of the World. NOAA
Tech. Rept. NMFS SSRF-711.

Robbins, L. L., F. K. Oldham, and. E. M. K. Geiling. 1938. The stomach
contents of sperm whales caught off the west coast of British Columbia.
Brit. Col. Prov. Mis. Rept. 1937: 19-20.

Roe, H. S. J. 1969. The food and feeding habits of the sperm whales
(Physeter catodon L.) taken off the west coast of Iceland. J. Cons. 33:
93-102.

Ross, G. J. B. 1979. Records of pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, genus Kogia,
from southern Africa, with biological notes and some comparisons.” Ann.
Cape -Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. 11: 259-327.

Saayman, G. S., C. K. Tayler, and D. Bower. 1973. Diurnal activity in
captive and free-ranging Indian Ocean bottle nosed dolphins, (Tursiops
aduncus Ehrenburg). Behaviour 44: 212-233.

Saemmndsson, B. 1939. Mammalia. Pp. 1-52 im: A. Fridriksson, P. Hannesson,
A. S. Jensen, R. Sparck, B. Saenmndsson, and A. V. Taning (eds). Zoology
of Iceland, Vol. IV, Part 76. Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

Scheffer, V. B. 1953. Measurements and stomach contents of eleven delphinids
from the northeast Pacific. Murrelet 34: 27-30.

Scheffer, V. B.. and J..W.. Slipp. 1948. The whales and dolphins of Washington
state. Amer. Midl. Nat. 39: 257-289.

Schevill, W. E. 1957. Lagenorhynchus acutus off Cape Cod. J. Manm. 37:
128-129.

Schultz, L. P. 1938. Can the weight of whales and large fish be calculated?

J. Mamm. 19: 480-487.

54


FOOD - 90% fish, 10% zooplankton. (Allen .1916; Bannister and Baker 1967;
Best 1967; Betesheva 1954, 1955; CETAP 1981, 1982a, 1982b; Coffey 1978; Freund
1932; Hjort and Ruud 1929; Ingebrigtsen 1929; Jonsgard 1966; Katona et al.
1978a; Kawamura 1971; Kazuhiro and Murata 1951; Laws 1977; Lockyer 1978a;
Lockyer and Brown 1978; Mackintosh 1946; Mackintosh and Wheeler 1929; Mayo
1982; Mitchell 1975c; Mizue 1951; Morch 1911; Nemoto 1970; Nemoto and Kawamura
1977; Nishiwaki 1972a; Nishiwaki and Hayashi 1950; Overholtz.and Nicolas 1979;
Pervushin 1968; Pike 1950; Ponamareva 1949; Rice 1963, 1977a; Sergeant 1966;
Sleptsov 1955; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957; Watkins and Schevill
1979)

There seems to be a great deal of geographic variability in fin whale
diets. Data from the Canadian whaling station at Blandford, Nova Scotia show
a predominance of euphausiids. In Newfoundland, however, capelin make up
about 90% of the diet, while in the Gulf of Maine sand lance is. apparently the
primary prey. Smaller individuals are known to take some large copepods;

squid and myctophids are reported to be taken occasionally.

Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis):

WEIGHT - 13,000 kg. (Bjarnason and Lingaas 1954; Coffey 1978; Freund
1932; Fujino 1955; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Laws 1977; Lockyer 1976; Mitchell
1975a; Nemoto 1970; Qmra 1950; Sergeant 1969; Slijper 1962; Tomilin 1957)

Literature mean = 13,496 (n=57).

FOOD - 100% zooplankton. (Allen 1916; Best 1967; Betesheva 1954; Bottino
1978; Brown 1968; Budker 1950; Budylenko 1978; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932;

Gambell 1968; Gill and Hughes 1971; Hjort and Ruud 1929; Ingebrigtsen 1929;

16


Katona, S. K., W. W. Steiner, and H. E. Winn. 1978a. Marine manmals. Pp.
XIV.1-XIV.165 in: Center for Natural Areas. A summary and analysis of
environmental information on the continental shelf from the Bay of Fundy
to Cape Hatteras, Vol. I, Book 2. Rept. AASSO-CT6-45. Bureau of Land
Management, Washington, DC.

Katona, S. K., S. A. Testaverde, and B. Barr. 1978b. Observations on a
white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, probably killed in gill nets
in the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 76: 475-476.

Kasuya, T., N. Miyazaki, and W. H. Dawoin. 1974. Growth and reproduction of
Stenella attenuata in the Pacific coast of Japan. Sci. Rept. Whales Res.
Inst. 26: 157-226.

Kawamura, A. 1970. Food of sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) taken by
Japanese whaling expeditions in the Antarctic season 1967/68. Sci. Rept.
Whales Res. Inst. 22: 127-152.

Kawamura, A. 1971. Influence of chasing time to stomach contents of baleen
and spermwhales. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 23: 27-36.

Kawamura, A. 1973. Food and feeding of sei whale caught in the waters south
of 40 degrees North in the Pacific. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 25:
219-236.

Kawamura, A. 1974. Food and feeding ecology in the southern sei whale. Sci.
Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 26: 25-144.

Kazuhiro, M. and T. Murata. 1951. Biological investigation on the whales
caught by the Japanese Antarctic whaling fleet, season 1949-50. Sci.
Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 6: 73-131.

Kenyon, K. W. 1961. Cuvier beaked whales stranded in the Aleutian Islands.
J. Mamm. 42: 71-76.

Klumov, S. K. 1962. The right whales (Balaenidae) of the Pacific Ocean.

Trudy Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 58: 202-297.

45


Mitchell, E. 1975c. Trophic relationships and competition for food in
northwest Atlantic whales. Proc. Can. Soc. Zool. Ann. Mtg. 1974:
123-133.

Mitchell, E. and W. J. Houck. 1967. Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius
cavirostris) stranded in northern California. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada
24: 2503-2513.

Miyazaki, N., T. Kasuya, and M. Nishiwaki. 1973. Food of Stenella
coeruleoalba. Sci. Rept. Whales Res. Inst. 25: 265-275.

Mizue, 1951. Food of whales (in the adjacent waters of Japan). Sci. Rept.
Whales Res. Inst. 5: 81-90.

Mohl-Hansen, U. 1954. Investigation on reproduction and growth of the

porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) from the Baltic. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk
Natur. Foren. 116: 369-396.

Morch, J. A. 1911. On the natural history of the whale-bone whales. Proc.
Zool Soc. London 1911: 661-671.

Murray, J. and J. Hjort. 1912. The Depths of the Ocean. MacMillan, London.

Nemoto, T. 1970. Feeding patterns of baleen whales in the oceans. Pp.
241-252 in: J. H. Steele (ed). Marine Food Chains. Univ. Calif. Press,
Berkeley, CA.

Nemoto, T. and A. Kawamura. 1977. Characteristics of food habits and
distribution of baleen whales with special reference to the abundance of
North Pacific sei and Bryde’s whales. Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. ,
Spec. Iss. 1: 80-87.

Nemoto, T. and K. R. I. Yoo. An amphipod, Parathemisto gaudichaudii, as a
food of the Antarctic sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Sci. Rept.
Whales Res. Inst. 22: 153-158. :

Newman, M. A. and P. L. McGeer. 1966. The capture and care of a killer

whale, Orcinus orca, in British Columbia. Zoologica 51: 59-70.

49


APPENDIX A

Tables summarizing the CETAP population density and abundance estimates
for whales and dolphins observed in the waters of the northeastern
United States outer continental shelf, 1979-1981. The categories
“unidentified whale" "unidentified dolphin" and "unidentified beaked
whale" are pooled categories containing all unidentified sightings.

78


efficiency of 80% (Lockyer 1981), this value was then multiplied by 1.25,
resulting in an estimate of minimum daily feeding rate (kcal/day) per
individual for each species. The daily feeding rate (keal /km?/day) for each
species/season/sampling area was then computed by multiplying species density
times feeding rate. Total feeding (kcal) for each species/season/sampl ing
area was computed by multiplying species abundance times feeding rate times
number of days in the season. These values were then partitioned into the
three primary feeding classes (ichthyophagous or fish-eating, teuthophagous or
squid-eating, and planktonophagous or plankton-eating) using the prey spectra
developed previously. In each case, daily and seasonal feeding rates were
multiplied by the feeding spectrum percentages, and then converted fram energy
to biomass units of kg/km? /day and metric tons (mJ=1000 kg), respectively.
The energy-biamass conversions used were 1 kcal per gram wet weight for fish
and zooplankton (Clark and Prince 1980; Sissenwine et al. 1984) and 0.83 kcal
per gram wet weight for squid (Croxall and Prince 1982).

The biomass density data for each species were also partitioned into the
three feeding classes. The final step in the analysis was to sum the biomass
density, daily consumption, and total seasonal consumption data across species
within each feeding class to result in estimates for each feeding class/

season/sampling area.

RESULTS AND DISOUSSION

INDIVIDUAL SPECIES SUMMARIES

The CETAP random transect aerial surveys resulted in 1,652 on-census

sightings of 37 different taxonamic categories of cetaceans, including 20

11


Pilleri, G. 1967. Thoughts about the brain and behavior of Delphinus
delphis. Rev. Suisse Zool. 74: 665-677.

Pilleri, G. and M. Gihr. 1969a. Uber adriatische Tursiops truncatus (Montagu
1821) und vergleichende untersuchungen uber Mediterrane und Atlantische
Tummle. Invest. Cetacea 1: 66-73.

Pilleri, G. and M. Gihr. 1969b. On the anatomy and behavior of Risso’s
dolphin (Grampus griseus G. Cuvier). Invest. Cetacea 1: 74-93.

Ponomareva, L. A. 1949. On the nourishment of the plankton eating whale in
the Bering Sea. Doklady Akad. Nauk. §.S.S.R. 18(2).

Prescott, J. H. and P. M. Fiorelli. 1980. Review of harbor porpoise
(Phocoena phocoena) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic. Rept. MMC-78/08.
U.S. Mar. Manm. Commn., Washington, DC.

Pryor, T., K. Pryor, and K. S. Norris. 1965. Observations on a pygmy killer
whale (Feresa attenuata Gray) from Hawaii. J. Manm. 46: 450-461.

Quiring, D. P. 1943. Weight data on five whales. J. Manm. 24: 39-45.

Rae, B. B. 1965. The food of the common porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J.
Zool. 146: 114-122.

Rae, B. B. 1973. Additional notes on the food of the common porpoise
(Phocoena phocoena). J. Zool. 169: 127-131.

Ratnaswamy, M. 1982. A photogrammetric study of growth in the fin whale,
Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). M.S. thesis, Univ. of Rhode
Island, Kingston, RI.

Raven, H. C. 1942. On the structure of Mesoplodon densirostris, a rare
beaked whale. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 80: 23-50.

Rice, D. W. 1963. Progress report on biological studies of the larger
Cetacea in the waters off California. Norsk Hvalfangst. 52: 181-187.

Rice, D. W. 1968. Stomach contents and feeding behavior of killer whales in

the eastern North Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangst. 57: 35-38.

53


Saddleback dolphin (Delphinus delphis)........eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee . 23

Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)........sseeeee cence renee 24

Spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata/plagiodon)........-...eeee eee 24
Long-snouted spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)............. 25

Pygmy killer:whale (Feresa attenuata).........eeceee eee ee eee eees 25
Unidentified categories............. pee e ee ee eee see eeee beeen eens 25

Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)....... ccc cece cece eee n cree eens 30

Killer whale (Orcinus orca)......... cece eee eee Leese bees eneeeee 30
White-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)................ 31

BIOMASS AND CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES......0...0c0cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeens ee 32
LITERATURE CITED........ bene eee eee e eee eene beeen eee eee eee eens deeeene 35
FIGURES AND TABLES. 0.0... cece e etree eee ete tenn eee e denen 59
FIGURE 1. CETAP study area.........eeeee beens dee eeee beeen eee seeee SD
TABLE 1. List of species sighted.......... beens beeen 60

TABLE 2. Individual density, abundance, and standing stock estimates.. 61

TABLE 3. Total species standing stock estimates.. seeees 70
TABLE 4a. Prey consumption estimates (Lockyer modei)...........-..005- 71
TABLE 4b. Prey consumption estimates (Brody-Hinga model).............. 74
TABLE 5. Total consumption estimates............. beens been teen enee wee 77
APPENDIX A. CETAP density estimate summaries........ cece eee eee e eee e te eeee oe 78

iv


Table 3. Seasonal estimates of northeast U.S. continental shelf standing stocks of
cetacean species observed by CETAP aerial surveys, 1979-1981. Also shown are
estimated standing stocks of the entire cetacean community, and of the ichthyopha-
gous, teuthophagous, and planktonophagous components.

SPECIES WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL
Right whale . 0.0 5253.1 3208.4 0.0
Humpback whale 0.0 3302.5 4582.2 1938.0
Sperm whale 3006.5 8825.7 14902.1 1058.3
Fin whale 11189.2 31046.1 36422.2  11542.9
Sei whale 2195.4 7584.5 1012.0 1582.9
Minke whale 49.8 1495.3 533.6 424.5
Beaked whale 0.0 61.6 180.3 0.0
Goosebeaked whale 0.0 62.3 96.0 0.0
Northern bottlenose whale 0.0 47.3 0.0 0.0
Pygmy/dwarf sperm whale 0.0 12.4 0.0 0.0
Pilot whale . 1587.9 8896.4 8424.7 8181.4
Gray grampus . 264.1 2560.6 4730.5 1891.4
Pygmy killer whale 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.0
Bottlenose dolphin 348.2 1435.5 1918.1 816.0
Atlantic white-sided dolphin 1031.1 4346.4 4016.9 4856.5
Saddleback dolphin 2365.6 1674.8 477.2 1769.0
Striped dolphin : 155.5 188.7 108.3 91.7
Spotted dolphin - . 0.0 37.1 0.0 0.0
Spinner dolphin 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0
Harbor porpoise 12.5 232.4 86.2 2.7
Unidentified whale 0.0 460.5 1425.1 133.9
Unidentified large whale 0.0 0.0 0.0 1648.8
Unidentified rorqual 0.0 172.6 0.0 0.0
Fin or sei whale 0.0 0.0 0.0 159.1
Unidentified medium whale 0.0 140.6 91.4 199.5
Unidentified beaked whale 0.0 261.1 619.9 0.0
Unidentified beaked or sperm whale 0.0 0.0 74.8 0.0
Beaked or goosebeaked whale 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.3
Unidentified dolphin 680.9 569.1 454.7 531.2
Unidentified dolphin, not gray grampus 722.1 582.6 654.6 0.0
Unidentified beaked dolphin 230.2 264.1 245.0 126.2
Unidentified long~beaked dolphin 0.0 98.6 0.0 0.0
White-sided or saddleback dolphin 51.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bottlenose/striped/spotted/spinner dolphin 0.0 0.0 87.5 111.1
Saddleback/striped/spotted/spinner dolphin 0.0 70.7 63.0 408.1
Striped, spotted, or spinner dolphin 143.3 2026.2 1282.0 196.5
Striped or spotted dolphin 25.3 174.3 1050.0 | 159.1
Ichthyophagous cetaceans 15507.0 43933.9 49760.1 21885.7
Teuthophagous cetaceans 5235.3 21629.6  28647.7 12775.1
Planktonophagous cetaceans 3316.8  16319.6 8358.7 3245.4
Total cetacean communit: 24059.1

70


FOOD - .80% squid, 20% fish. (Caldwell and Caldwell 1966; Coffey 1978;
Fitch and Brownell 1968; Mitchell 1975b; Perrin et al. 1973; Walker 1975)

See striped dolphin.

Long-snouted spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris):

WEIGHT - 50 kg. (Harrison et al. 1972; Mead et al. 1980; Norris and Dohl

1980; Perrin 1975; Perrin and Roberts 1972; Walker 1975)

FOOD - 80% squid, 20% fish. (Fitch and Brownell 1968; Mitchell 1975b;
Norris and Doh] 1980; Perrin et al. 1973; Walker 1975)

See striped dolphin.

Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata):

WEIGHT - 150 kg. (Nishiwaki et al. 1965; Perrin and Hubbs 1969; Pryor et
al. 1965; Watson 1981; White 1976; Yamada 1954)

No actual data have been reported, only Tough estimates based on length.

FOOD - 100% fish. (Nishiwaki et al. 1965)
No data are available on stomach contents. Nishiwaki et al. reported a
captive specimen which fed on live sardines after refusing squid and some

other fishes.

Unidentified whale:

WEIGHT - 22,700 kg.

FOOD - 64% fish, 21% squid, 15% zooplankton.

25


TAXON ; BIOMASS STANDING
SEASCN BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI DENSITY _ STOCK
SPRING . P Y FC 55.91 1982.9 661 + 154 2.5 29.8
SPRING  P Y HC 413.13 350328.3 4887 + 2046 49.6 586.5
SUMMER P Y AD 14.70 1697.4 174 + 201 2.0 23.6
SUMMER P Y. cl 0.96 1.6 ll + 6 4.3 50.9
SUMMER P Y HC 95.04 =.21822.6 «1124 + 721 11.4 © 134.9
SPRING P z BF 7.82 201.4 43 4 25 312.7 1726.8
SPRING P 2 BG 0.97 2.0 5 x 3 24.2 133.5
SPRING  P 2 CF 11.73 309.5 65 + 31 352.0 1943.8
SPRING P z cI 2.31 3.9 130+ 4 10.4 57.4
SPRING P 2 FC 24.20 537.6 134 + 4 ll 6.0
SPRING P 2 GF 37.71 5057.1 208 + 127 3.5 19.2
SPRING  P FA HC 919.20 1760026.9 5076: + 2361 110.3 609.1
SUMMER P Z BG 1.93 7.8. lL # 7 48.2 266.3
SUMMER =P 2. CF. 15.61 624.6 86. + 65 468.3 2585.9
SUMMER P 2 GF 75.26  20288.6 416 + 368 6.9 38.2
SUMMER =P z HC 1146.4 2776630.7 6331 + 4306° 137.6 759.7
FALL P- z BG 4.42 46.5 24 + 31 110.6 610.6
FALL P Zz CF 5.96 109.2 33 + 48 178.9 988.1
WINTER Q Y CF 3.58 36.9 27% 25 «-:107.5 797.1
WINTER Q - Y JG 390.25 564988.3 2893 + 3086 25.4 188.0
SPRING Q Y AD 16.21 1925.3 120 + 106 2.2 16.3
SPRING Q. Y CG 2.68 25.1 20.* 12 34.8 257.8
SPRING  Q Y cI 5.27 17.3 39 + 10 23.7. 175.7
SPRING Q Y. DE 55,22 8478.9 409 + 223 46.9 347.9
SPRING Q Y EC 2.97 10.6 ° 22 + 8 3.6 26.4
SPRING  Q Y FC 16.06 192.5 119 * 34 0.7 5.4
SPRING Q Y Ho 52.40 7689.8 388 + 212 6.3 46.6
SPRING Q. Y HE 33.49 1889.9 248 + 105 5.0 37.2
SUMMER Q Y GF 62.45 15522.1 463- + 459 5.7 42.6
SUMMER Q Y: JG 78.34 247584 581 + 580 5.1 37.7
FALL Q Y JG 260.53 233338.8 1931 + 2405 16.9 125.5
WINTER Q Z- AD 35.64 9177.0 326 + 530 4.8 44.3
WINTER  Q z BE 1.90 11.3 7 oe 19 38.1 348.1
WINTER  Q z DE 48.56 6512.4 444 + 446 41.3 377.6
WINTER z GA 40.18 5626.6 368 + 415 44 40.4°
WINTER Q Z GF 151.25 79140.1 1384 + 1555 13.9 127.3
WINTER Q z HE-. 92.04 14266.1 842 + 660 13.8 126.3
WINTER Q Z| JG 284.60 © 269934.2 2604 + 2872 18.5 169.2
SPRING Q 2 AD 52.46 185189 480 + 438 Tl 65.3
SPRING Q z BE 3.73 31.5 34 4 18 74.7 683.3
SPRING Q 2 CF 3.85 38.7 35 + 20 115.4 1056.1
SPRING Q z cw 11,54 408.0 106 + 65, 150.1 1373.0
SPRING  Q Zz cr 1.14 1.7 10 + 4 5.1 46.8
SPRING Q z DE 166.78  69913.8 1526 + 851 141.8 1296.8
SPRING Q z EA 6.90 55.7 63 4 24 12.1 110.5:
SPRING Q Z° EC 3.20 12.9 29 4 12 3.8 35.2
SPRING  Q 2 FC 17.32 213.9 158 + 47. 0.8 71
SPRING  Q Z~ FD 18.88 1401.6 173 + 112i 6.4 58.7
SPRING Q z GF 37.11 5455.5 339 + 238 3.4 31.2
SPRING Q 2 HC 113.05 29468.0 1034 + 553 13.6 9 124.1
SPRING Q. 2 HE 90.32 120395. 826 + 353 13.5 123.9
SPRING Q 2 TA 43.63 2477.7 399 + ~=«:160 47 42.7

68


Table 2, Seasonal estimates of species density (individuals/1000 km”), variance of
the deysity, species abundance with 95% confidence interval, biomass density
(kg/km*), and standing stock (mT) for each CETAP aerial survey sampling area and for
each cetacean taxonomic category observed. See Table 1 for species names.

TAXON BIOMASS STANDING
SEASQN BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI DENSITY STOCK
SPRING E x BF 1.35 6.2 ll + 6 54.0 425.8
SPRING E x cL 1.00 0.8 B+ 2 4.5 35.4
SPRING E x GA 17.29 962.1 136 + 77 1.9 15.0
SPRING E x HC 99.16 29656.7 782 + 426 11.9 93.9
SUMMER E x CF 2.13 13.5 7+ 14 63.8 503.4
WINTER E Y AD 31.15 6637.1 Sll + 540 4.2 69.5
WINTER E Y CF 1,52 6.2 25 + 16 45.7 749.6
WINTER E Y cl 0.67 0.7 lls 5 3.0 49.8
WINTER E Y JG 691.03 1567584.9 11334 + 8296 44.9 736.7
SPRING E Y AA 0.19 0.1 3 0+ 1 4.2 69.3
SPRING E Y AD 14.07 1332.8 231 + 186 19 31.4
SPRING E Y BE 0.75 1.3 12 + 6 15.0 246.5
SPRING E Y¥ BG 0.77 1.1 1304 5 19.1 313.9
SPRING E Y CF 5.68 73.8 93 + 44 170.3 2793.7
SPRING E Y cL 1.83 2.3 30 + 8 8.2 135.0
SPRING E Y DE 67.11 11534,.1 1101 + 546 57.0 935.6
SPRING E Y FC 6.97 62.8 114 + 40 0.3 5.1
SPRING E Y HC 22.74 1388.8 373 + 189 2.7 44.8
SPRING E Y HE 25.44 916.9 417 + 154 3.8 62.6
SPRING E Y JG 93.65 28869.7 1536 + 864 6.1 99.8
SUMMER E Y CF 7.27 123.8 119 + 94 218.2 3578.9
SUMMER E Y FD 7.65 243.0 125 + 131 2.6 42.6
SUMMER E Y GA 15.97 721.8 262 + 227 1.8 28.8
SUMMER E Y GF 30.06 3490.0 493 + 498 2.8 45.4
SUMMER E Y HE 7.32 108.6 120 + 88 Tl 18.0
FALL E Y DE 31.35 4057.5 514 + 874 26.6 437.0
FALL E Y JG . 122.49 74711.6 2009 + 3749 8.0 130.6
WINTER E Z BE 0.66 2.0 7 + 7 13.2 149.7
WINTER. E Z CF 1,82 9.4 21+ 15 54.5 617.1
WINTER “E° Zz DE 42.17 4951.7 478 + 353 35.8 405.9
WINTER E Z GF. 26.27 2940.6 298 + 272 2.4 27.4
WINTER E Z HE 12.79 324.7 1450 + 91 1.9 21.7
WINTER E Z Jc 70.24 6319.2 796 + 399 3.8 43.0
WINTER E Zz JD 41.30 3672.1 468 + 304 2.2 25.3
WINTER E Z JG 428.39 631983.4 4852 + 3993 27.8 315.4
SPRING E Zz AC 1.05 3.2 12 + 7 6.7 76.0
SPRING E Z BE 2.79 16.7 32 + 15 55.9 632.8
SPRING E Z CF 1.54 6.1 Wo 90 46.1 521.7
SPRING E Z cl 3.40 7.5 39 + 10 15.3 173.3
SPRING E Z DE 85.55 18563.2 969 + 497 72.7 823.6
SPRING E Z EA 2.07 5.9 230+ 9 3.6 40.9
SPRING E Z FD 33.90 4097 .6 384 + 234 11.5 130.5
SPRING E Z GA 23.60 1503.3 267 + 142 2.6 29.4
SPRING E Z GF 22.21 1665.6 251 + 149 2.0 23.1
SPRING E Zz HC 33.83 3555.4 383 + 218 4.1 46.0
SPRING E Z HE 162.16 34762.4 1837 + 680 24.3 275.5
SPRING E Z Jc 59.38 5795.7 672 + 278 3.2 36.3
SPRING E 2 JD 34.91 1602.5 395 + 146 1.9 21.4

61


take some squid on occasion. Primary prey species in the western North

Atlantic are sand lance, capelin, herring, gadoids, and mackerel.

Goose-beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris):

WEIGHT - 1,900 kg. (Backus and Schevill 1961; Coffey 1978; Filella
Cornado 1971; Fordyce et al. 1979; Freund 1932; Kenyon 1961; Omura et al.
1955; Walker 1975)

Literature mean = 1,908 kg (n=4).

FOOD - 100% squid. (Coffey 1978; Filella Cornado 1971; Fordyce et al.
1979; Kenyon 1961; Mitchell 1975b; Mitchell and Houck 1967; Nicholson 1954;
Nishiwaki 1972a, 1972b; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

A- few references indicate occasional feeding on fish, crabs, and

echinodemms.

Beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp.):

Four species are included: True’s beaked whale (M. mirus), Antillean
beaked whale (M. europaeus), dense-beaked whale (M. densirostris), and North
Sea beaked whale (M. bidens).

WEIGHT - 1,200 kg. ‘(Brimley 1943; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Nishiwaki
1972a; Raven 1942)

Literature mean = 1,295 kg (n=4, 1 per species).

FOOD - 100% squid. (Mitchell 1975b; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

18


LITERATURE CITED

Akinushkin, I. I.. 1954. Cephalopod mollusks in the food of the sperm whale.
Doklady Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 96: 665-667.

Akimushkin, I. I. 1955. The feeding of the cachalot. Doklady Akad. Nauk.
§.S.S.R: 101: 1139-1140.

Allen, G. M. 1916. The whalebone whales of New England. Mem. Boston Soc.
»Nat. Hist. 8: 106-322.

Allen, G. M. 1941. Pygmy spermwhales in the Atlantic. Field. Mus. Nat.
Hist. Zool. Ser. 27: 17-36.

Anon. 1948. Antarctic expedition weighs 46 whales. Norsk Hvalfangst. 32:
500-504.

Anon. 1955. -Studies of minke whales and pilot whales at Newfoundland. Norsk
Hvalfangst. 44: 373-374.

Arsen’ev, V. A. 1961. Lesser rorquals of the Antarctic Balaenoptera
acutorostrata Lac. Rept. Conf. Ichthyol. Comm. U.S.S.R. Acad. Sci. Conf.
Sea Manm. 1959 12: 125-132.

Ash, C. E. 1953. Weights of Antarctic humpback whales. Norsk Hvalfangst.
42: 387-391.

Ash,'C. E. 1955. Comparing the fatness of whales. Norsk Hvalfangst. 44:
20-24.

Ash, C. E. 1957. Weights and oil yields of Antarctic humpback whales. Norsk
Hvalfangst. 46: 569-573.

Asper, E. D. and D. K. Odell. 1980. Bottlenose dolphin local herd
monitoring: Capture, marking, collection of biological data, and
follow-up observations of marked animals. Rept. no. NA-79-GA-C-00027.

Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Southeast Fish. Cent., Miami, FL.

35


Scott, G. P. and J. R. Gilbert. 1982. Problems and progress in the U.S. BIM-
sponsored CETAP surveys. Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. 32: 587-599.
Scott, G. P., R. D. Kenney, T. J. Thompson, and H. E. Winn. 1983. Functional
roles and ecological impacts of the cetacean commmnity in the waters of

the northeastern U.S. continental shelf. Document C.M.1983/N:12.
Intern. Counc. Explor. Sea, Copenhagen.

Seber, G. A. F. 1973. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related
Parameters. C. Griffin and Co., London.

Sergeant, D. E. 1958. Dolphins in Newfoundland waters. Can. Field Nat. 72:
156-159.

Sergeant, D. E. 1962. The biology of the pilot or pothead whale
Globicephala melaena (Traill) in Newfoundland waters. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada Bull. 132: 1-84.

Sergeant, D. E. 1963. Minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede, of
the western North Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 20: 1489-1504.

Sergeant, D. E. 1966. Populations of large whales in the western North
Atlantic with special reference to the fin whale. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada
Arctic Biol. Sta. Circ. 9: 1-13.

Sergeant, D. E. 1969. Feeding rates of Cetacea. FiskDir. Skr. Ser.
HavUnders. 15: 246-258.

Sergeant, D. E. and H. D. Fisher. 1957. The smaller Cetacea of eastern
Canadian waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 14: 83-115.

Sergeant, D. E., D. J. St.Aubin, and J. R. Geraci. 1980. Life history and
northwest Atlantic status of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin,
Lagenorhynchus acutus. Cetology 37:1-12.

Sissenwine, M. P., E. B. Cohen, and M. D. Grosslein. 1984. Structure of the
Georges Bank ecosystem. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Perm. Intern. Explor.

Mer 183:

5S


predation on squid (Lllex), with the few stragglers remaining when the squid

are absent feeding on cod.

Gray grampus (Grampus griseus):

WEIGHT - 340 kg. (Coffey 1978; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Leatherwood et al.
1979, 1980; Orr 1966; Paul 1968; Pilleri and Gihr 1969b; Tomilin 1957)

Literature mean = 336 kg (n=7).

FOOD - 100% squid. (Guiguet and Pike 1965; Jones 1981; Mitchell 1975b;

Nishiwaki 1972a; Orr 1966; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus):

WEIGHT - 150 kg. (Asper and Odell 1980; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Harrison
et al. 1972; Pilleri and Gihr 1969a; Sergeant 1969; Spotte and Babus 1982;
Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

Literature mean = 149 kg (n=66).

FOO - 100% fish. (Gunter 1942, 1951; Hamilton and Nishimoto 1977; Hogan
1975; Hotta et al. 1969; Irvine et al. 1981; Leatherwood 1975; Leatherwood et
al. 1978; Mermoz 1977; Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a; Norris and Prescott
1961; Saayman et al. 1973; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975; Wirsig and Wirsig 1979)

There are reports of occasional predation on squid or shrimp, but fish
predominate by far. A cautionary note is in order, however. - Nearly all
literature reports are of observations made close inshore. Off the northeast
U.S., Tursiops is also found offshore, near the shelf break, which may or may

not be a distinct sub-population (CETAP 1981, 1982a, 1982b). Is is possible

21


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASQN, BLOCK TUM, FO) PHALA .

SEASON STRATUM aa F G Bu a J L _
WINTER x 0. 0000 0. 9000 0. gia 5 9009" 05 9000 0. 0000 “0. 0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 OE+ 6E~ E+00 +00 GE+00 GE+00 OE+00 = OE+00
0 % 190 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0+ OF 1105+ O+ OF OF OF OF OO
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0, 9098 0.0000 0, 9088 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+09 OE+08 OE+08 GE+00 OE+00 OE: OE+00 OE+! 98 08400 OE+08 OE+00 0E+00 0E+00
+ Of O+ O08 O+ OF 0+ 8+ O+ O+ OF OF O+ 0
Zz 0.0661 0.0377° 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 95 goge 0.0000 0. 9008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0190 0.0000 0.0780
3E-02 1EO2 O£+00 OE+00 O£+00 +00 08400 OE+01 OE+00 OE+00 3E-03 OE+00 5E-02
749 468 0 3 167 0 7
+ 1845 + 11829 + O+ O+ O+ O+ Os O+ O+ O+ 45754 0+ 3137
SPRING x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
08400 OE 08 OE 08 OE+00 OE+08 0 E+00 Ges09 OE+ 08 OE+00
+ O+ O08 O+ 0+ 0+ 8 + 8 + O+ o-
Y 0.0650 0.0000 0.0197 0.0000 0.0735 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0, 1730 0,0976 0.0169 0.0569
4E-02 0E+00 «= BE-03-«OE+00 102-02 0E+00 08400 OE+00 OE+00 = 2-0. 6E-02 4E-03 3E-02
1066 0 225 0 136 0 0 Too 702 200 422
+ 39+ O+ 12314 O+ 925+ O+ 8 + 8 + O+ 5686 + 4355 + 690 + 1397
Zz 0,0879 .0383 0. 1334 0. bay 0,0855 09,0000 % goos 0, 0236 0. 328 0.0000 60,1853 06,0000 0.1718
5E-02 = 1E-02 188 LES SE-02 E+: SED 7E8 3 OF+00 §=2E-01 «=OE#00 = 1E-O1
996 475 009 703 289 % % 50h 492 0 1628 QO 1571
+ 2589 + 3588 + jee2 + 10116 + 1198 + O+ O+ 2336 + 11281 + O+ 9612 + O+ 3941
SUMMER x 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 OE+00 OF+00 OF+00 OF+00 OF+00 OE+00 0£+00 OE+00
O Qo 0 0 0 0 9 0
+ Of OF O+ O+ OF OF OF OF 0
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1280 0,0640 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 OE+00 OF+00 OF+00 OF+00 OF+00 OE+00 OF+00 OF+00 1E-01 65-02 OE+00 OE+00
Qo oO o oO oO 0 0 Q 755 460 Cy oO
+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ 0+ 17768 + 2713 + O+ 0
Zz 0.0749 0405 0.1972 0.0940 0.0000 0. ery 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3962 0.1612 0.0000 0.0203
9E-02 26-02 4E-0l 88-02 OE: +00 OEe OE+00 OE +08 OE+00 1E+00 1E-Ol1 0E+00 7E-03
849 502 1469 904 0 239 1416 oO
+ 4148 + 2864+ 7524 + 6898 + 3 + 8 + 3 + 8 + 0 4119456 + 7312 + O+ 1211
FALL x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 o5 9008 0.0000 0. 9008 0.0000
OE+00 OE+00 OF+00 OE+00 OE+00 +00 Gesog Ee OE+00
oO 0 O Qo 0 QO
+ Ox Os O+ O+ O+ O+ 8 + O+ .
Y 0.0670 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0.0000 0.0000
3E-02 0E+00 = OE+ 00 OF+00 OF+08 OE+00 OE+00 OF+00 OE+00 OE+H00 . OE+08 Ors 08
1099 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 .
£273 + O+ O+ Os Os O+ O+ O+ ot + : oe 0
. : 10 4, 0 021 0,001 0504 .
> OUBEE GREE SOO URLRR OEE COREE. ARORR REE) ORHR HONE: “a “i
+3300 + Os Bid + eat + O+ 0+ 6933 + : t +

88


Geraci, J. R., -S. A. Testaverde, D. J. St.Aubin, and T. H. Loop. 1978. A
"mass stranding of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus
acutus: A study into pathobiology and life history. Rept. MVMC-75/12.
U.S. Mar. Manm. Conmn., Washington, DC

Gihr, M. and G. Pilleri. 1969. On the anatomy and biometry of Stenella styx
Gray and Delphinus delphis L. (Cetacea, Delphinidae). Invest. Cetacea 1:
15-65.

Gibr, M. and G. Pilleri. 1979. Interspecific body weight - body length ratio
and body weight - brain weight ratio in Cetacea. Invest. Cetacea 10:
245-254.

Gill, C. D. and S. E. Hughes. 1971. A sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis,
feeding on Pacific saury, Cololabis sairi. Calif. Fish Game 57:

218-219.

Gray, D. 1882. Notes on the characters and habits of the bottlenose whale
(Hyperoodon rostratus). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1882: 726-731.

Guiguet, C. J, and G. C. Pike. 1965. First specimen record of the gray

grampus or Risso’s dolphin, Grampus griseus (Cuvier), from British
Columbia. Murrelet 46: 16.

Gunter, G. 1942. Contributions to the natural history of the bottlenose
dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montague), on the Texas coast, with
particular reference to food habits. J. Manm. 23: 267-276.

Gunter,.G. 1951. Consumption of shrimp by bottle-nosed dolphin. J. Manm. 32:
465-466.

Hain, J. H. W., G. R. Carter, S. D. Kraus, C. A. Mayo,.and H. E. Winn. 1982.

Feeding behavior of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the
western North Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 80: 259-268.

42


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95Z CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,

BY SEASQN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR BALAENOPTERA BOREALIS
BLOCK
H L J R

x : . +0000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 00000 0.0000
OE+00 O8+00 OE+00 08+ 00 OE+08 OE+00 OE+00 oE+09 O+00

+ bs b+ bs 8 + ds b2 O42 8 + 8

Y 930000 0.0009 0,000 0.0009 0;0000 9,009 0,0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,000

Se+00 deo GE+00 0 Geog OE+00 9 dE+09 Oee09 Geeog “Oe+09 “GEr09 E400 GEO SE +00

+ 0a f+ Os f+ os + 8+ bs 83 O+ OF OF 0

z 0,9000 9.0000 0,000 09-0000 0,000 9.0009 0.0000 9.0009 0.0000 0.0067 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Ges0o Ges po OE 09 “Ger0g “Gev0g “dee09 SE*00 Ge+09 oE+00 ie-04 “OE+09 “bEr09 bE+00

+ Os + Os O+ Os O28 Oe a O+ 1421+ Of O+ 0
SPRING =X 940008 9.0009 9.0009 9.0009 9-099 9.0000 9.0009 0,0099 0.0000
dE+00 Ge+09 Geog “OE*09  GE+09 oz E09 GEr09 OE+00 OE+00 9
+ 0 + 8 + O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ 8 + 0

Y 9,009 9.0009 0:0009 9.0000 9:0099 9.0009 90009 00000 0.0009 09,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0012

Gz+09 GE+09 GE+09 GE+00 GE+00 — GE+00 des09 GEs09 OE GE+00 © E+00 © GE*00 =i E-05

0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3

+ b+ Os Os OF OF O¢ Os 8s bs Os OF O+ 30

2 9,009 9,009 0,009 9.0009 9.9009 9.0009 09,0090 0,0022 0.0000 0.0024 0.0159 0,0000 0,015

oE+00 OE E09 OE+00 GE+00  GE+00 OE+00 3E=05 GE+09 28-03 7504 G00 GE-04

0 0 0 0 0 32 139 0 105

+ bs Oe Os + Os Os O¢ tes Os 134+ 598+ 0+ 270
SUMMER =X 9,9009 0.0009 0.0009 0,0009 9.0009 0.0009 0,0009 0.0000 0.0000
dE+09 GE+09 dE+00 GE +09 Oe G8609 GE+09 GE+00 Ges09
+ bs 0+ be 0 + bs 8 + 0s 82 8

Y 9,089 9.0009 09,0099 9-0009 9-000 9.0099 9.0099 0.0090 0.0000 0.0009 00000 9.0000 9, 0000

oE+00 GE+00 © GE+00 © OE+00 Gero “GEs0g “GEr09 GEs0o GEOG GE+Oo GE+00 GE+09
% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Os os Os 0+ Os Ob 3 $+ bs bs Be O+ 0

z 959000 050009 00000 0:0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0009 9.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0106
E+00 OE+00 OE +09 OE+00 +09 GE+09 — OE+00 OE+00 GE+00 © GE+00«GE+00 = BE-04
0 % 0 0 0 0 QO i)
+ O+ b+ O+ O+ Oe O+ O% Os O+ O+ O+ O+ 421
FALL x 959098 0,0099 0,009 0:0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0,0000 9.0000
+00  GE*00 OE+09 +00 OE+00  GE+ +00 OE+00 — GE+00
0 0 0 % 9 0 0
+ O+ O+ H + O+ O+ Os O+ O+ .
Y 950000 9,009 0;0009 0,009 0,0009 9.0009 00009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 . 0.0000 0.0000
+09 des0g Ge+09 “OE+09 GE+09  GE+09 GE+09 de+ag de+09 Oko F Oe+09 “GE+09
+ O+ Oo Os O+ O+ O+ Oo Os .t ot tt at 0
z 0,900 0,0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 09009 9.0090 00000 0.0000 0.0069. 0.0000 0.0000
#09 OE+00GE+00 §—GE+0DGE+00 O00 Oesog Oe+09 OE+09 BE-03 Oe+o9  Ge+09

83


Table 1. Species and species categories observed by CETAP random-
transect aerial surveys off the northeastern U.S., 1979-1981, showing
identification codes, numbers of sightings, and species/category names.

AA 6 Unidentified whale

AB 3 Unidentified large whale

AC 5 Unidentified medium whale

AD 54 Unidentified dolphin

BE 72 Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus

BF 13 Right whale, Balaena glacialis

BG 23 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae

cA 1 Unidentified rorqual

cD 1 Fin or sei whale

CF 143 Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus

G 18 Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis

cI 42 Minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata

DE 175 Pilot whale, Globicephala sp.

DI 1 Pygmy killer whale. Feresa attenuata

EA 10 Unidentified beaked whale

EB 1 Beaked or goosebeaked whale

EC 6 Beaked whale, Mesoplodon sp.

ED 2 Goosebeaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris

EE 1 Northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus
EF 1 Unidentified beaked whale or sperm whale

FB 1 Pygmy/dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sp.

FC 228 Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena

FD 180 Gray grampus, Grampus griseus

GA 25 Unidentified beaked dolphin

GB 1 White-sided or saddleback dolphin

Gc 2 Bottlenose, striped, spotted, or spinner dolphin
GF 27 Unidentified dolphin, not gray grampus

HC 125 Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus
HE 248 Bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus

TA 4 Unidentified long-beaked dolphin

JA 5 Saddleback, striped, spotted, or spinner dolphin
Jc 50 Striped, spotted, or spinner dolphin

JD 28 Striped or spotted dolphin

JE 2 Spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata/plagiodon
JF 12 Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba

JG 135 Saddleback dolphin, Delphinus delphis

KB 1 Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris

60


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARLAN CE | OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASQN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA

WINTER =X 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 149000 95 0000 0,000 0,0000 0.0000
drv0g deo dE+00 Et +00 OE+00 OE+00 OE*0D OE 09 8900
+ Os O04 O+ + Os bs Ss Se 8
Y 9,0005 0.0009 0.0009 9.0009 90000 0.0009 00009 09,0090 00000 0,000 0,0009 0,009 0,0009
38-06 — OE+00 dee09 deeo9 de+00 “Ger09 Oee0g GEeO9 GE+00GELOg —GE+00 GEO OE 00
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Be Os Os Os 0+ Oe bo Os Os O+ OF OF 0
z 0.0099 90,9099 0.0099 9.0099 9.0009 0.0099 9.0099 90,0009 9.0009 00000 00000 0,000 09,0000
GEs00 GE+00 © E+00 E00 © GE+00GE+O0 © GE+00 GE+OO-GEFOO-GE+00GE#00 © OE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0+ OF OF OF OF OF OF O+ Oe OF OF OF O
SPRING =X 0.0007 0,0009 0,000 9,0009 0.0000 9.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0, 0000 :
SE-06 GE+00 GE+00 GE+00 «GE+00 «= GE+00 GEO 9 GE+09 GE+00
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Bs 02 bs Os Os Be bs be 8
Y 9;0016 0.0009 0,0001 0,0099 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 9.0009 09,0000 0,0080 0,0080 0.0014 0,047
ies 95 OEe! GE+00 GE+00 © GE+00 © GE+00»GE+O0-GE+OO-«GE-05 «SE-05 7-06 © 6E-05
% of 0 0 0 0 47 5? v 35,
+ Bs bs as Os Ss 8s bs 8s Be Woe he 4s B
z 9,0022 0.0009 0-0099 9-0099 0.0009 00014 9.001% 0.0009 0,0014 0.0009 0,0000 0.0018 0,u009
E-05 0 E+ 00 E+ OE+00 © GE+00)«E-06 «= 4E-06 © 4E-06 © SE-06 © GE+00 © GE+00-3E-05 5-06
: 0 0 15 14 13 21 0 0 10 8
+ Ws Oe Os Os Os S84 Ses O2e 3004 Oe Oe Me 28
SUMER = -X 9.0099 9,0099 00009 09,0000 0,0099 0,000 9,0090 09,0090 0,000
GEe09 “GE+09 GEr0g © GErOg GEFOQ GerOg GErOg DEON OEeON
+ 0+ Os Os bs 8s Os Os Bs 8
Y 9.0099 0.0099 90000 0,0013 0,0000 0,0060 0,049 0,000 0,009 09,0000 0,009 0,000 0,009
GE+00 “GEr09 OE*00GE-O§ OED de-05 —3E-05 Oz+00 “GEr0g OE+00 GEOG JEG 00
: 0 8 0 13 20 0 0 0 7 0
2 Os bs Os 2s 04 18s Be Os 0+ Os + se 8
z 9.0099 9.0009 0;0000 0.0000 0.0000 0:0000 0.0000 0.0018 0.0029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,000,
+09 GEr09 GErOd GE+00 GE*00 GE*00 GE*00 BEG © iE-05 OE+0D Et +00 OE+00  OE+09
+ 0+ 8a” O+ OF OF OF OF 346% 81% 8+ bs bs 8
FALL x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0072 0.0023 0.0000 0.0000
Ges09 GE*0o GE+09 © GE+OQ GEFOQ GE-059E-OS GEO9 —OE+09
+ bs O4° ds Os Ss ss Ge Oe 2
Y 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,9009 09,0009 0,0000  . 0.0000 0.0000
dE+00 GE+00 GEr09 Gerag “GEvag Seva GE +00 OEr00 GE+00 — GE+00
Oo. 0 0 9 8 0 : 0 0
+ bs O27 bs Os Bs 8 + OF a as aes ++ 0
2 0,0009 9,0099 0.0009 09,0009 0.0009 09,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9000 . 0.0000 0.0000
dEs00 oE+09 Oe+09 Geog OE+00 GErag 6: Ge+09 GE+00 GE+00 de+09 GE+09

84


Unidentified dolphin, not gray grampus:

WEIGHT - 92 kg.
FOCD - 88% fish, 12% squid.

29.9% T. truncatus, 27.5% P. phocoena, 16.3% D. delphis, 15.1% L. acutus,
11.2% Stenella spp., and 0.1% Kogia spp.
Weight would be 224 kg if pilot whales were included. See unidentified

dolphin, above.

Saddleback dolphin or Stenella spp.:

WEIGHT - 61 kg.
FOOD - 65% fish, 35% squid.

59.2% D. delphis, and 40.8% Stenella spp.

Unidentified Stenella spp.:

WEIGHT - 54 kg.

FOOD - 64% squid, 36% fish.

80.0% _S. coeruleoalba, 13.3% Stenella spp. (spotted dolphin), and 6.7%S.
longirostris.

Unidentified Stenella spp., not spinner dolphin:

WEIGHT - 54 kg.

FOOD - 63% squid, 37% fish.

85.7%_S. coeruleoalba and 14.3% Stenella spp. (spotted dolphin). °

29


literature presented a particular problem with respect to both language and
availability. Some works, however, are available in translation, while
pertinent data from others could be obtained from Biological Abstracts or from
citations in later papers, most notably in the Japanese literature. While not
the method of preference, this did allow access to data not otherwise

available.

3. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF WEIGHT DATA:

All body weight data found during the literature review for each species
known to occur in the study area were organized by species. An average value
of all measured or estimated body weights was calculated. In cases where a
mean weight of "n” individuals was reported, it was included in the
computations as "n” times the reported mean (i.e. the overall means were
weighted). A final value for estimated average body weight of each species
was then derived, using a degree of subjective judgement in many cases.
Several factors were taken into consideration during this process:

(a) Southern Hemisphere whales are generally significantly larger than
their Northern Hemisphere conspecifics.

(b) Fishery operations preferentially select the largest individuals
available, with the resultant data not representative of the actual population
size and age distribution.

(c) Weighing a large whale is a difficult procedure, nearly always done
by weighing small pieces during processing and then totaling these weights.
This results in loss of blood and other body fluids, variously estimated at
10-20% of the total body weight.

(d) Many reports, especially those written for more general readership,

may tend to emphasize the largest individuals for dramatic effect.


Ingebrigtsen, A. 1929. Whales caught in the North Atlantic and other seas.
Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Perm. Intern. Explor. Mer 56: 1-26.

Irvine, A. B., M. D. Scott, R. S. Wells, and J. H. Kaufman. 1981. Movements
and activities of the Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus,
near Sarasota, Florida, USA. Fish. Bull. 79: 671-688.

Ivanova, E. I. 1961. The Pacific killer whale (Orcinus orca L.). Trudy
Inst. Morfol. Zhivotnykh Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 34: 205-215.

Jakuczun, B. 1973. Morswini Phocoena phocoena (L.) na zachodnium wybrzezn
Polski. Przegl. Zool. 17: 121-124.

Jones, R. E. 1981. Food habits of the smaller marine manmals from northern
California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 42: 409-433.

Jonsgard, A. 1951. Studies on the little piked whale or minke whale’
(Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede). Norsk Hvalfangst. 40:80-96.

Jonsgard, A. 1966. Biology of the North Atlantic fin whale Balaenoptera
physalus (L): Taxonomy, distribution, migration, and food. Hvalrad. Skr.
49: 1-62.

Jonsgard, A. and K. Darling. 1977. On the biology of the eastern North
Atlantic sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis Lesson. Rept. Intern: Whaling
Commm., Spec. Iss. 1: 124-129.

Jonsgard, A. and P. B. Lyshael. 1970. A contribution to the knowledge of the
biology of the killer whale Orcinus orca (L.). Nytt. Mag. Zool. Oslo 18:
41-48.

Jonsgard, A. and O. Nordi. 1952. Concerning a catch of white-sided dolphins
(Lagenorhynchus acutus) off the west coast of Norway, winter 1952. Norsk
Hvalfangst. 41: 229-232.

Jurasz, C. M. and V. P. Jurasz. 1979. Feeding modes of the humpback whales,

Megaptera novaeangliae, in southeast Alaska. Sci. Rept. Whales Res.
Inst. 31: 69-83.

44


1. SUMMARY OF CETAP DENSITY DATA:

The population density estimates resulting from the CETAP aerial surveys
over all three years of the program were used to generate a set of tables of
seasonal average densities and abundances for each of the main survey blocks.
These tables were submitted to NMFS-NEFC, and are included as Appendix A to

this report.

2. REVIBW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE:

A detailed, extensive review of the scientific literature was made to
collect all available data pertaining to body weights, prey preferences, and
metabolism of the species of cetaceans observed off the northeastern U.S.
Preliminary CETAP work in this area (Scott et al. 1983) used estimates of
average weight and prey preference based upon only a brief survey of the more
tecent literature - primarily a few general review papers. The generation of
more precise estimates required a more camplete review of the primary
literature. This was accomplished by the standard methods - using Biological
Abstracts and Zoological Record to discover pertinent references. As
individual papers were located, additional references were found within their
bibliographies. In addition, all available volumes for certain specific
journals, including the Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Norsk
Hyalfangst-Tidende (Norwegian Whaling Gazette), and the Scientific Reports of
the Whales Research Institute (Tokyo, Japan), were searched in their entirety
to locate pertinent references which otherwise may have been missed. Most of
this work was accomplished in the libraries of the University of Rhode Island,
with one trip to Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology library to

locate a number of journals which were unavailable at URI. The Russian


Caldwell, D. K. and M. C, Caldwell. 1966. Observations on the distribution,

coloration, behavior, and audible sound production of the spotted

dolphin, Stenella plagiodon (Cope).

Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib.
Sci. 104: 1-28.

Caldwell, D. K., M. C. Caldwell, and D. W. Rice.

1966... Behavior of the sperm

whale, Physeter catodon L. Pp. 677-717 in: K. S. Norris (ed).

Whales,
Dolphins, and Porpoises. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA.
Caldwell, D. K., M. C. Caldwell, W. F. Rathjen, and J. R. Sullivan. 1971.
Cetaceans from the Lesser Antillean island of St. Vincent. Fish. Bull.
69: 303-312.
CETAP. 1981.

A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid-

and North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf, annual

report for 1979. Rept. no. AASS1-CT8-48. Bureau of Land Management,
Washington, DC.

CETAP. 1982a. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid-

and North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf, annual

report for 1980. Rept. no. AASS1-CT8-48. Bureau of Land Management,
Washington, DC.

CETAP. 1982b. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid-
and North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf, final
Teport.

Rept. no. AASS1-CT8-48.

Bureau of Land Management, Washington,
tw.

Clark,.A. and P. A. Prince. 1980. Chemical composition and caloric value of

food fed to mollymauk chicks Diomedea melanophris and D. chrysostoma at
Bird Island, South Georgia.

Ibis 122: 488-494.
Clarke, M. R. 1962.

Stomach contents of a sperm whale caught off Madeira in

1959. Norsk Hvalfangst. S51: 173-191.

38


Jonsgard and Darling 1977; Kawanmra 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974; Laws 1977; Lockyer
and Brown 1978; Matthews 1932, 1938d; Mitchell 1975c; Mizue 1951; Morch 1911;
Nemoto 1970; Nemoto and Kawamura 1977; Nemoto and Yoo 1970; Nishimoto et al.
1952; Nishiwaki 1972a; Pervushin 1968; Pike 1950; Rice 1963, 1977a; Sergeant
1966; Sleptsov 1955; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957; Watkins and
Schevill 1979)

North Pacific sei whales are frequently reported to feed on fishes,
including sauries, anchovies, and sardines, and occasionally on squid. In the
North Atlantic, however, most reports are of feeding exclusively on copepods
and euphausiids, with only a couple of reports of predation on fishes - either

sand lance or capelin.

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata):

WEIGHT - 4,500 kg. kg. (Arsen’ev 1961; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Fry
1935; Laws 1977; Lockyer 1976; Nishiwaki 1972a; Ohsumi 1979; Ohsumi et al.
1970; Scheffer and Slipp 1948; Sergeant 1963, 1969; Tomilin 1957; Williamson
1961; Zemsky and Tomorov 1964; Zenkovitch 1955)

The literature mean of 5,964 kg (n=28) was reduced to account for mainly

Antarctic data.

FOOD - 95% fish, 5% zooplankton. (Allen 1916; Anon 1955; Betesheva 1954;
Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Jonsgard 1951; Katona et al. 1978a; Laws 1977; Mayo
1982; Mitchell 1974, 1975b; Nemoto 1970; Nishiwaki 1972a; Norris and Prescott
1961; Ohsumi 1979; Ohsumi et al. 1970; Qmmra and Sakiura 1956; Sergeant 1963;
Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957; Williamson 1961)

Most reports agree that minke whales probably take more fish than other

baleen whale species, with some feeding on euphausiids. They also apparently

17


“identified” categories and 17 "unidentified” categories. The identified
categories included sightings which were identified to species or, in four
cases, to groups of two to four species within one genus which are difficult
or impossible to differentiate from aerial surveys. The unidentified
categories include sightings identified only to broader taxonomic
classifications. Table 1 lists the categories, along with the 2-letter CETAP
identification codes and numbers of sightings. All scientific names used are
based on Rice (1977b). In all other sections of this report we have used the
term “species” for brevity; it should be understood to include all of the
categories in Table 1.

The following-sections show the estimated average body weight and prey:
preference spectrum we have derived for each species, and the sources of all
data utilized. In many cases where appropriate, we have also-included a brief
narrative to justify the values utilized. For the unidentified categories, we
have simply listed the derived weight and prey preference values, along with a

list of the species and weighting percentages used in calculating the values.

Right whale (Balaena glacialis):

WEIGHT - 40,000 kg. (Freund 1932; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Klumov 1962;
Lockyer 1976; Nemoto 1970; Qmra 1957, 1958; Qmra et al. 1969)

The mean of 22 weights from the literature was 56,641 kg, almost entirely
based on North Pacific animals ranging up to 17.4 m long. During the CETAP
study, we had the opportunity to spend considerable time studying right whales
at close range, and it is our impression that the whales in this population ©
are considerably smaller, with adults probably in the 10-12 m range. We

therefore chose to use the smaller weight value shown.

12


\

“Based on an extensive review of the literature, the average body weight
and the proportion of the diet made up of fish, squid, and zooplankton were
estimated for each whale and dolphin species observed by CETAP aerial surveys
in the continental shelf waters off the northeastern U.S. The resulting body
weight data were then used to calculate mininmm daily metabolic requirement
and feeding rate per individual for each species. The body weight, feeding
tate, and prey preference estimates could then be combined with population
density and abundance estimates from the CETAP aerial survey data to calculate
seasonal estimates of cetacean biomass densities, standing stocks, and prey
consumption for the individual CETAP sampling areas and for the northeast
shelf as a whole... The annual average standing stock of cetaceans off the
northeastern U.S. Pagdout 57,600 metric tons. Minimum estimated annual
consumption is 185,000 nif of fish, 154,000 mI of squid, and 26,000 mI of
zooplankton. Because of a number of negative biases, the actual consumption
values are probably ten times these estimates. Whales and dolphins are
therefore significant predators on the marine resources in the ecosystems of

the region. ~


SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

MIUVDBUGOCOOCSCSCOOSCOCOSAOSCODCODOODODOCODOODODOOOCOOOCOCOCOOzZazaZzaeZz4zzaze

KH K KK HN NNN NNN NN NNN NNN NNNNNN NNN RRR RN NN NNN NN

TAXON
BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY

594.05
4.56
2.73

85.73
36.35
22.65
89.02
406.81
21.67
111.67
111.25
29.39
28.12
45.19
2.41
6.63
30.79
5.60
23.34
240.61
40.79
11,97
40.40

222.33
5.05

86.56

131.87

105.36

108.59
6.82
2.34

130.58

11.71
34,49
165.02
90.64

106.59
0.86
8.52
0.46
5.00
1.66

11.61

VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI

104946 .3
90473.9
52.6
184950.4
26.3
352.7
5682.9
11031.5
1914281 .8
1136825.7
35.7
10.5
19902.9
1333.7
2158.7
45598.0
370195.9
1060.2
48066.3
43080 .3
3559.4
2427.2
14232.9
13.8
115.5
3777.3
34.2
1182.3
205611.8
11377.0
359.1
4813.5
136095.4
24.2
27944,1
39945.4
17095.6
56324.3
112.7
16.1

43 261.9
159.4
4875.1
44745.8
12721.9
278933

1
613
0
9

8
)
7
59.2
9
0

1
386

67

261
163
640
2925
156
803
800
211
202
397
21
58
270
49
205
2114
358
105
355

1953

44
760
1158
925
954
60
21
1147
103
303
1450
796
936
10
101
5

59
20
137

Vb De be D+ De De a De De Dt De LL de fe Ue de Le De de a de de De de be Le De De De DD 1 De De Dt de De De de De 4 D1

lll

924
493
730
86
27

68

BIOMASS
DENSITY

23.9

22.8

eo
MH EwWo

UBUBWNOWENOAWWANYUACKWHANO

ro

£
DOONDPORYWDONENN ER ODDR

-
ROR

~

uw
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ee 09

e
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CUDDNUBMOBNEOWURWADONONHY

ra
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ONO RKUULEE RE ORYNUURO

STAN DING
STOCK


that these offshore bottlenose dolphins have very different dietary

preferences than inshore dolphins.
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus):

WEIGHT - 120 kg. (Jonsgard and Nordi 1952; Katona et al. 1978b; Schevill
1957; Sergeant et al. 1980)

Literature mean = 121 kg (n=122).

FOOD - 90% fish, 10% squid. (Coffey 1978; Geraci et al. 1978; Jonsgard
and Nordi 1952; Katona et al. 1978b; Mayo 1982; Mitchell 1975b; Schevill 1957;
Sergeant and Fisher 1957; Sergeant et al. 1980; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

White-sided dolphins prey primarily on pelagic and bentho-pelagic fishes,
including sand lance, capelin, herring, smelt, and cod. Squid are a secondary

food item, with occasional. feeding on shrimp.
Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena):

WEIGHT - 45 kg. (Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Gaskin et al. 1974; Gihr and
Pilleri 1979; Jakuczun 1973; Mohl-Hansen 1954; Nishiwaki 1972a; Prescott and
Fiorelli 1980; Scheffer 1953; Sergeant 1969; Spotte et al. 1980; Tomilin 1957;
van Utrecht 1978; Walker. 1975)

The literature mean was 35 kg (n=3555), however this included a report
from Tomilin of a mean weight of 30.2 kg for 2611 porpoises taken from the Sea
of Azov. The most complete work on growth in Phocoena was Mohl-Hansen’s,
which indicated an average weight of 25 kg at weaning and 38 kg at 6 months of

age. Either Tomilin’s Azov data were strongly biased toward very young

22


5. DENSITY CALCULATIONS:

The CETAP study area was comprised of 37 individual sampling areas
(Figure 1). Blocks E through Q are each composed of two to three depth
defined strata: x=0-20 fathoms (0-36.7 m), y=20-50 fathoms (36.7-91.4 m), and
z=deeper than 50 fathoms. The outer boundary was defined as 5 nautical miles
(9.3 km) past the 1000 fathom (1828.8 m) isobath. Blocks R and S are 50
nautical mile (92.6 km) extensions into slope water regions of blocks
containing the two primary oil lease areas. Each sampling area contained a
series of northwest-southeast transect lines at 2 nautical mile (3.7 km)
spacing, with random selection of lines for each survey day. Further details
of survey design can be found in CETAP (1981, 1982a, 1982b) and Scott and
Gilbert (1982).

The CETAP population estimation effort was based on line transect census
theory. General discussions of line transect census methods can be found in
Seber (1973), Gates (1979), and Burnham et al. (1980). In general, the

estimated density of a species (d) along a given transect is estimated as:

d = ------------ (1)

where g is the mean pod size, n the number of pods sighted along the transect,
L the length of the transect, and f(0) the estimated sighting probability
density function evaluated at a right-angle distance of 0. Estimates of £(0)
were calculated for each species during the CETAP study (CETAP 1982b).

All data were pooled across the three years of aerial surveys, 1979-1981,

and partitioned by seasons. Seasons were defined as approximate calendar


Unidentified rorqual:

WEIGHT - 23,400 kg.

FOOD - 84% fish, 16% zooplankton.

63.3% .B. physalus, 18.6% B. acutorostrata, 10.2%M. novaeangliae, and
8.0% B. borealis.

Fin or sei whale:

WEIGHT - 28,100 kg.

FOOD - 80% fish, 20% zooplankton.

88.8% _B. physalus and 11.2% B. borealis.

Unidentified beaked whale:

WEIGHT - 1,750 kg.

FOOD - 99% squid, 1% fish.

66.7% Mesoplodon spp., 22.2%_Z. cavirostris, and 11.1% H. ampullatus.

Beaked or goose-beaked whale:

WEIGHT - 1,380 kg.

FOOD - 100% squid.

75.0% Mesoplodon spp. and 25.0% _Z. cavirostris.

Spem or unidentified beaked whale:

WEIGHT - 2,500 kg.

27


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASGN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR STENELLA SPP

Fr G H I
WNTER OX “0, 000 0, 50000 0,000 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 0, 9000
E+00 08+ 00 OE+00 0 +08 OE+09 OE+08 Oe+09 OE+00 OE+0
+ Of OF 8 3 + 8 + Hy + Of 8 + 0
¥ 0.0000 0.1020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 06,0000 os 3088
OE+00 3eo2 O8+08 OB+09 O&+09 O+00 OE+09 de+09 des09 OE+09 OE+00 OE+08
+ 04 257144 $s O+ 0% Os Os Oe Os Os Os Os 0
z 0.1075 95) 1190 0.0000 %% 9088 0. #60 0. 30088 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7E-03 E-02 —OE+' 08 +00 1E-01 +00 0E+00 O8+08 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 8 0E+00 OE+00
Tae “tars 0 798 Q 0 0 0
+ 877 + 24031 + 0+ Osilaes Os Oe oe os O# O+ O+ 0
SPRING x 98 9000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B00 Oz+09 deo oE+09 GE+0g OE+08 Oes00 OE+08 OE+00
+ 3 + 3 t 8 + 3 s H + 8 + O+ Or Oo
Y 95 9000 0.0000 +) 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
+00 OE+ 09 08400 dzso0 0E+00 dee09 OE+08 0Es00 OE+08 O40 OE+00 OE+08 OF+00
+ Of Oe Os os be Os Os os Oe 0+ O+ O+ 0
z 0,3801 0.0783 0,502 0,137 0,090 0,0009 0,0000 9.0000 0.0009 0.0009 0,009 0.0000 0.0560
. SE-01 ‘3E-02 4m +00 GE+09 OE+08 OE+00 OE+0¢ OE+08 OE+ 1E-02
4305 970 ore 0 ° % 512
2 HIB. 52396 bolas 2008s Oe Os bs Os bs bs Os Os 1268
SUMHER x 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0. cone 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
08409 oe+09 OE+00 OE+00 8 Oz+09 OE+00 de+09 OE+09 oE+09
+ OF 8 + OF O8 8 + 8 + 8 + os 8
Y 0,9099 0,090 09,0000 0,047 0.0000 9,009 9,000 9.0009 9.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 0,000
+00 OE+09 OE+00 ig-02 OE+00 OE+00 Ge+09 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00
0 287 ° oO 0 0 iy 0
« bs Os Os 1872 8s bs Os Os Os 8s Os Oe 8
Zz 0.0381 0. 3502 4 1007 Oo. 3270 05 they 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0, 1493 0,0000 0,0917
3e-03 Lee 01 “OE+09 Gee09 de+09 “Ge*09 “Ee “GE*0n GE-02 E00 5802
asi S100 er f) 0 1312 0 7.839
+ 10204 7323 + 263) + 10369 + O+ 8 + $ + 3 + Os O+ 5323+ O+ 3222
FALL X 90000 0,009 0,000 0,000 0,009 9,0099 09,0000 0.0000 0,000
OE+00 +00 dE+00 de+09 dg+09 O8+08 0+ 00 OE+00
+ bs bs bs b+ OO bs Ss db 8
y 0,0090 0;0000 0.0562 0,0000 0.0090 0.0009 0:0009 0,9000 0,009 0.0009. 0.0000 0.0000
E+00 38202 O+00 OE+00 Ox+09 08400 0400 GE+09 OE+00 . OEr08 OE+00
+ O+ 0+ 2800 + Os Oe O+ oe Oe + ot t+ ot 0
Zz 0.1150 0. 32088 oO. 30008 9 1325 9% 9088 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 . 0,0000 0,3010
5E-02 +00 oEs00 Ok+09 OE+08 OE+09 OE+00 . OE+00 =
1302 8 % ers 0 o . Oo
+ 21694 + . 2 + 21603 + O+ 3 + 3 + H + . . . 0 + 33737

96


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABLNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
Kk, AND STRATUM, bs GRISEUS
SEASQN STRATUM E
WINTER x 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
Oe+og Oe+09 OE+00 OE+00 GE+09 OE+09 GE+00 dz+00 OE+00
s Os 8 + 8 + bs bs be 8 + 8 + 06
Y 9.0000 0.0009 "0,000 9.0009 0,0009 0.0000 09,0009 0,000 0.9009 0,0000 9,009 0,0000 0.0000
+09 GE+00 GEr09 © OE*09 GE*OD GE¥OQ —GEFODGEvO9 OE E+00  OE+09 de+09 de+00
+ Of a O+ OF O% i Os . Os 8+ Or OO Oe °
2 9.9009 9.0009 0,0009 0.0449 9,0009 0,009 0,0009 0:0009 9,0009 9:0000 0,0009 0.0009 0,000
6e+00 GE+00 bz+00 © dz-02 © GE+00 +00 GE+00 GE+00 Gee de+09 OE+00 OE+09 E+00
0 an) 0 423 0 0 0 0 0
t+ O+ OF OF 30544 O+ OF OF OF OF Os 8 b+ 0
SPRING x 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
dE+00 OE+00 GE+00 GE+00 © GE+00GE#00OE+00GE+00 E+ 00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 8 + 8 + O+ O+F OF OF OF OF 0
YX 9.9000 0.9009 0.0000 00392 0,0000 0-0009 09,0009 0.0000, 0.0009 0:0000 0.0162 0.9000 0.0000
#00 OEr09 GEs00 iz 02 © Gew0g OE 00 3 +09 G5+00 O09 38-03 Gz+00 +00
0 237 0 0 3 0 0 116 0 0
+ Of Os O+ 54514 OF OF OF Os O+ O+ 927+ O+ 0
i.
z 9,021 0,1149 011480 00950 0,0009 0,000 09,0009 0;0000 9.0099 0.0000 0.0009 0,0000 0,024
6r-02  iz-01 GE*00 GEv09 GE*OG GE+09OE+09 GE*0D GEO GE+00 5-03
rsa tats ‘Tabs 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 205
+ B05 + 7666+ 3118+19610+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF
SUMMER =X 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE*09 “GEr09 OE+09 GEOG GEFOY —OE*0O GEFOD —OE*OD OE+OD
+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF 0
Y 0,0062 0.0279 0.0245 0,0219 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0,0310 0.0155 0.0000 0.0000
5e704 48703 64-03 58703 OE+00 GEO OE#09 GE+0Q GEsOg © $E-03 SEO} GE*Og G00
1 464 280 1 0 0 0 9 0 183 111
+ 5844 2549 + 14644 699+ OF OF OF OF OF 38754 S924 os i
z 0,2424. 0.2012 0.2125 0/0683 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0-207 09,0009 0.1040
2E- 3g-01 2e-01 4E-0z G09 GEv09 © GE+OQ EOD OE+0D OE 4-03 OE+00 — BE-02
t7as “bags “T3e5 657 0 0 0 0 9 % 182 0 951
+ 5687 + 8151 + 4623+ 4596+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF 138+ O% 4071
FALL x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE+09 GEOG GE*OO GErOQ GE*OD GE*OD EOD OE+0DGEvO
+ Of OF OF OF OF OF OF 4 .
Y 9.0000 9.0009 0.0000 9.0009 0,0000 0-0009 0,0009 0.0000 0.0009 0:0000 0.0000 0.0000
+09 GE+09 OE+00 GEr00GEwOg © GE*00 GErO9 OESO0 GEFOD OEvOg GE+00 © GE+00
+ O+ Os O+ O+ O+ Os a Os ot ot Dt 7
z 0,009 0,000 02320 0,0915 0.0335 0.0000 0.9000 0,0009 0,0009 o,0000 9.0000 0,266
Oes0g GEv0g 3E-Q) 5E-02 28702 GES00 O00 — OE+ GE+00 GE+00 7 +00 38-0.
0 (1728 880 13 0 0 0 0 : 0 24
+ + 35323 + 19235 + 707 O+ Os : . : 0 + 40930

89


seasons, beginning on the 21st of March, June, September, and December. All
transect lines flown within a sampling area and season were treated as
teplicate samples. Since transects were of unequal length, a weighted mean

estimate of density (D) was calculated for each season/sampling area:

Ds --2es----- Q)

The variance of this term was estimated as in CETAP (1982b). Species
abundance in any sampling area was calculated by mltiplying density times the
area of the sampling area, and the 95% confidence interval about the abundance
was estimated using the standard Student’s-t method. The species biomass
density and standing stock for each season/sampling area were then calculated
by multiplying the average body weight times the population density and

abundance, respectively.
6. ENERGETICS AND CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES:

Because of their large size, it has thus far been. impossible to directly
measure metabolic rates of the larger cetaceans. Accordingly, much of the
work in this area has been strictly theoretical, extrapolating from
measurements made on smaller marine and terrestrial manmal species. Choosing
a metabolic model to use for this project therefore was a difficult and,
again, somewhat subjective procedure.

A good deal of the recently published work on metabolic rates of large
cetaceans has been by Christine Lockyer of the British Antarctic Survey Sea
Manmal Research Unit. Lockyer (1981) estimates the daily near-basal metabolic

requirements of cetaceans (M, in kcal/day) as:


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
BY SEASQN, BLOCK, AND STRATUM, FOR STENELLA SPP. (SPOTTED)

aITER |X 0 0000" 9,099 0,0009 9.0000 9,0009 9,0090 09,0000 09,0000 0,000
+09 GE+00 OE+O9 OE+09 E+00 de+09
0 % % % 0
+ bs 84 bs b+ bs b+ b+ be 18
Y 9.0099 0.9099 9.0009 9,009 0-0009 09,0000 9,0009 0.0000 9.0009 9.9009 90-0009 09,0090 09,0000
E+00 dz+00 Ge+09 Ge+09 Ge+0g GE+09 GE+09 G00 GE+09 #00 OE+09 de+o9 GE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0+ Os b+ 8s O+ OF OF OF OF O% Os Os 28
Zz 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
OE+00 e309 Gz+09 GErOg GE+00 GEO GE*OG GEFOD OEFOg GE*09 EO GEFODOEv00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0+ Oe b+ Os b+ Os O+ O+ Ot bs Be bs 8
SPRING x 9,0000 0.0000 0,0000 09,0009 0,000 0,0000 0.0000 9.0009 0,000
derog “Ge+09 GE+09 G09 GE+0g bE+Og ErOg Gerad —dE+0
+ bs Os Os Os 4 Os + Be 8
x 9.0099 0.0000 9.0000 0.0000 00000 0,009 0,000 0,0000 09,0000 09,0000 09,0000 0,0000 0,000
Geeog Ger0g “GEr09 G09 Ge+0g GEOG Gea deg GevOg GEFOO GE+09 de+09 OE+00
0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0
+ Os Os + bs + Os Fs 8s bs Se bs Be 8
z 0.0000 0.0114 0.0103 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE+00 4E-04 «78-04 OE+00 GE+00 + GE+00 OE+00 © GE+00OE#00 0 e+09 be+00 G09 de+09
0 141 7 0 0 9 0 0 0 0
+ 02 Bs be Os 84 be 8s Os Bs 8s 84 8s 8
UMER =X 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
Ges0g GEe09 GE+09 GE+09 © GErOg GevOg GEO GED dE+O0
s bs f+ 8s Os bs Os bs Oe 8
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Geeog Gz+09 G09 GE+09 GE+09 GEOG GEOG GEO GEFOg GErOg —GE+00 GEO GE+Og
+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OO
z 940090 9.0009 0,0000 0.0099 0,000 09,0009 0,000 9-0009 09,0009 0.0000 9.0009 0.0009 9.0000
de+00 des00 dE+00 dee09 “GEv0g GE+00 GEvOg —GE*OD GEFOD GEOG GEO dE+09 OE+00 9
+ Os O42 bs Ob bs 8s bs Oe Os Os Bs Os 8
«ALL x 9,0009 0.0009 0,0009 9.0000 9.0099 09,0090 09,0090 09,0000 0.0000
des09 GE+00 OE +00 -GE+00 GE¥00 GE+00 GE*09 GE+0d  E+00
+ d+ Os Os Gs Ss Os Se be 8
Y 9,000 9.0009 0.0000 09,0009 0.0000 09,0000 0.0000 09,0000 0,0000 o-0009 0.0000 0.0000
GE+00 GE+00 E00 © GE+00 © GE+00 © OE+00 GE+09 GE+00 GEO GE+00  GE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :
+ Of OF OF OF OF OF OF oe a re es res
z 9.0009 9.0009 9.0009 09,0090 9.0090 0,0000 00009 00000 9.0009 9.0009  « 9.0000 0,0000
GEs09 “GEr00 GE+00 GEO GE*00 GEO9 GE*O9 GErOD GEvOg —OE*OD * E+

O+

O+

SS




TAXON BIOMASS STANDING
SEASQN BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CL DENSITY STOCK

SUMMER F Z JG 74.68 21893.5 925 + 976 4.9 60.1
FALL F Zz CF 6.24 113.0 77 + 209 187.3 2319.9
WINTER G x CF 3.03 28.9 28 + 34 91.0 851.0
WINTER G x DE 28.18 2711.3 263° + 327 24.0 223.9
WINTER G x JG 110.13 45521.5 1029 + 1340 7.2 66.9
FALL G x CF 2.08 14.5 19 + 18 62.4 583.5
WINTER G Y CF 7.37 143.2 84 + 83 221.1 9 2527.1
WINTER G Y JG 89.13 33786.1 1019 + 1270 5.8 66.2
SPRING G Yy CF 0.50 1.2 6 + 6 15.1 173.1
SPRING G Y cI 0.45 0.4 Sot 4 2.0 23.0
SPRING G Y DE 4.69 132.2 54 + 63 4.0 45.5
SPRING G Y GF 14.60 968.9 167 + 172 1.3 15.4
SPRING G Y HE 21.32 1366.5 244 + 204 3.2 36.6
SPRING G Y JG 18.31 2245.8 209 + 261 1.2 13.6
SUMMER G Y CF 1.22 4.6 4 + 10 36.5 416.8
SUMMER G Y FD 26.83 2662.7 307. + 238 9.1 104.3
FALL G Y cD 0.50 0.6 6 + 4 13.9 159.1
FALL G Y JF 45.96 4039.5 525 + 300 2.5 28.9
FALL G Y JG 47.33 8643 .2 541 + 439 3.1 35.2
WINTER G Z GF 377.45 1256005.1 2812 + 8764 34.7 258.7
WINTER G Zz JG 473.49 897214.4 3527 + 7407 30.8 229.3
SPRING G z AD 113.63 84932.1 847 + 673 15.5 115.1
SPRING G z BE 4.55 42.8 34 4 15 91.0 678.1
SPRING G z CF 2.08 lll 16 + 8 62.5 465.8
SPRING G Z DE 67.74 11984.7 505 + 253 57.6 429.0
SPRING G Z EA 8.41 76.4 630 + 20 14.7 109.6
SPRING G Z EE 1,35 2.2 10 + 3 6.4 47.3
SPRING G 2 FD 168.71 99457.2 1257 + 728 57.4 427.3
SPRING G Z GA 128.14 38679.6 955 + 454 14,1 105.0
SPRING G 2 GF 30.14 3225.3°-°°225 + 131 2.8 20.7
SPRING G Z HE 110.06 16559.1 820 + © 297 16.5 123.0
SPRING G Z JC 483.60 200185.0 3603 + 1033 26.1° «194.6
SPRING G Z JD 236.97 53146.1 1765 + 532 12.8 95.3
SPRING G Zz JE 27.83 1709.1 207 + 95 1.4 10.4
SPRING G Zz JF 36.72 2108.7 274 + 106 2.0 15.0
SPRING G Z JG 605.01 1179973.3 4507 + 2508 39.3 293.0
SUMMER G Zz ac. 1,93 8.2 14 + 7 12.3 91.4
SUMMER G Zz AD 19,13 2649.0 143) + 135 2.6 19.4
SUMMER G z BE 5.11 59.5 38 + 20 102.2 761.2
SUMMER G z DE 156.43 67044.9 1165 + 679 133.0 990.6
SUMMER G z EA 3.78 20.0 28 + 12 6.6 49,2
SUMMER G Z FD 185.95 ~©119676.3 1385 + 907 63.2 471.0
SUMMER G Zz HE 118.61 19624,.2 884 + 367 17.8 132.5
SUMMER G Zz JA 138.73 35364.6 1034 + 493 8.5 63.0
SUMMER G Zz JD 127.69 22395.4 951. + 392 6.9 51.4
SUMMER Go Z JG 50.94 11234.8 379 + 278 3.3 24.7
FALL G Z BE 3.31 30.2 2 + 29 66.1 492.7
FALL G Z FD 234,04 196776.3 1744 + 2364 79.6 592.8
FALL G Zz HE 159.95 39416.9 1192 + 1058 24.0 178.7.
FALL G z JA 898.00 1293567.6 6690 + 6061 54.8 408.1
SPRING H x CF 5.79 109.6 72 + 94 173.6 2167.6
SUMMER H x HE 8.41 190.9 105 + 71 1.3 15.8

63


TAXON BIOMASS STANDING
SEASON BLOCK STRATUM CODE DENSITY VARIANCE NUMBER 95% CI DENSITY STOCK

SPRING Q Z JA 126.78 31795.5 1160 + 574 7.7 70.7
SPRING Q Z JD 116.69 15171.0 1067 + 397 6.3 57.6
SPRING Q 2 JG 232.74 180999.7 2129 + 1370 15.1 138.4
SUMMER Q Zz AD 103.11 75912.2 943 + 1601 ° 14.0 128.3
SUMMER Q Zz CF 7.56 143.2 69 + 70 226.9 2076.0
SUMMER Q Zz G 8.51 299.2 78 + 101 110.6 1012.0
SUMMER Q 2 DE 35.12 3986.0 321 + 367 29.9 273.1
SUMMER Q z EF 3.27 15.9 30° + 23 8.2 74.8
SUMMER Q Zz FD 139.17 74098.0 1273 + 1582 47.3 432.9
SUMMER Q Z HE 186.42 48093.6 -1705 + 1275 28.0 255.8
SUMMER Q Z Jc 146,27 33048.9 1338 + 1057 7.9 72.3
FALL Q Zz AD 96.53 62419.2 883 + 1635 13.1 120.1
FALL Q Z EB 6.12 26.3 56 t+ 34 8.5 77.3
FALL Q Z FD 312.70 368125.6 2861 + 3970 106.3 972.6
FALL Q z ele 97.98 20000.0 896 + 925 12.1 111.1
FALL Q Zz HE 49,86 4920.9 456 + 459 7.5 68.4
FALL Q Z JC 136.94 27104.9 1253 + 1077 7.4 67.6
FALL Q Zz JD 322.09 111408.2 2946 + 2184 17.4 159.1
FALL Q Zz JF 124.76 21720.8 1141 + 964 6.9 62.8
FALL Q Z JG 256.97 235470.0 2351 + 3175 16.7 152.8
SUMMER R Zz BE 11.29 276.3 163 + 251 225.8 3253.1
SUMMER R Z DE 144.06 62834.8 2075 + 3790 122.5 1764.0
SUMMER R Zz DI 6.71 43.5 97 + 100 1.0 14,5
SUMMER R z EA 20.87 737.7 301 + 411 36.5 526.0
SUMMER R Z FD 57.08 12591.9 822 + 1697 19.4 279.6
SUMMER R z GA 59.61 10905.1 859 + 1579 6.6 94.5
SUMMER R Zz HE 136.54 30494.3 1967 + 2640 20.5 295.0
SUMMER R Zz JC 1499.8 1894982.6 21607 + 20815 81.0 1166.8
SUMMER R Zz JF 136.65 31931.5 1969 + 2702 7.5 108.3
SUMMER R Z JG 281.45 274209.1 4055 + 7918 18.3 263.5
SPRING s Z AA 1.05 1.7 7+ 18 23.8 391.1
SPRING s Z AD 79.08 46058.0 1302 + 2954 10.8 177.1
SPRING s Z BE 6.33 96.9 104 + 136 126.7 2085.7
SPRING s Z FB 2.51 6.1 4. + 34 0.8 12.4
SPRING s z FD 170.78 103301.7 2812 + 4425 58.1 956.0
SPRING s Zz GA 44,59 6180.5 734 + 1082 4.9 80.8
SPRING s Z JC 2019.3 3395420.6 33246 + 25367 109.0 1795.3
SPRING s Z JG 631.57 1265219.4 10398 + 15485 41.1 675.9
SUMMER s Zz BE 19.10 810.1 315 + 492 382.1 6290.1
SUMMER s Z FD 96.57 36903.9 1590 + 3320 32.8 540.6
SUMMER s Zz GA 67.24 13499.4. 1107 + 2008 7.4 121.8
SUMMER s Zz HE 30.80 1975.7 507 + 768 4.6 76.1
SUMMER s z JD 397.89 232699.3 6551 + 8336 21.5 353.7

69


Like most baleen whales, Southern Ocean humpback whales feed heavily on
euphausiids, but northern populations include a much higher percentage of fish
in their diets. The principal. prey species in the western North Atlantic‘are
sand lance (Anmodytes americanus) in U.S. waters and capelin (Mallotus
villosus): farther to the north. Other fish’ taken in the North Atlantic
include’ herring, mackerel, and gadoids. Euphausiids are secondary prey, but

may be taken:only rarely in U.S. waters.

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus):

WEIGHT - 20,000 kg. (Bjarnason and Lingaas 1954; Coffey 1978; Crile
1941; Freund 1932; Gambell 1970; Gihr and Pilleri 1979; Laws 1977; Lockyer
1976, 1978b; Ohno and Fujino 1952; Qmra 1950; Quiring 1943; Schultz 1938;
Sergeant’ 1969; Slijper 1962; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975; Zenkovitch 1937)

The mean weight. from the literature data was 30,516 kg (n=49). Sperm
whales, however, are highly dimorphic, with fisheries concentrating on males.
For example, Slijper gives average weights .as 33 tons for males and 13 tons
for females. The literature mean was therefore adjusted downward to counter

the presumed bias toward males in the data.

FOOD - 80% squid, 20% fish. (Akimmshkin 1954, 1955; Backus 1966; Berzin
1959; Betesheva and Akinmushkin 1955; Caldwell et al. 1966; Clarke 1954, 1955,
1956a, 1956b, 1956c, 1962; Clarke and MacLeod 1974, 1980; Clarke et al. 1980;
Coffey 1978; Fiscus and Rice 1974; Freund 1932; Gambell 1972; Gaskin and
Cawthorn 1967; Kawamura 1971; Korabel’nikov 1959; Laws 1977; Matthews 1938c;
Mikhalev et al. 1980; Mizue 1951; Nishiwaki 1972a; Norman and Fraser 1949;

Pike 1950; Rice 1963; Robbins et al. 1938; Roe 1969; Sergeant 1966; Sleptsov

14


ate PEN SITY VAR TAN CE oF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 952 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
ick ‘OR UNIDENTIFIED WHALE

L Mu

WINTER X 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,000 0, 9000"
Oes00 de+00 dE+09 Oes00 O8+00  Oz+00 OEe09 ozs09 2s
* 8 + H + i + Hi + 3 + 8 + 8 + H + 0
x 9,009 0.0009 0-0009 9.0099 9-0099 9,099 0.0099 0.0009 0.0000 9,0009 0,0000 9.9099 0.0090
oes Ozs09 GE+00 GE+00 — OE+00 de+09 E+ 6z+00 — dE+00 GE+00 —GE+00
0 0 0 ° 0 9 3 0 0
+ Oe Oe O+ OF O08 f+ O+ OF OF O08 Os 0+ 0
z 09009 9.0099 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0. 9098 950009 0:0009 9-009 9-0009
Ozs09 GE900 See09 Gero OE+09 OB+00 Geog dE+00 Ee Oz+09 de+09 Ox+00 6E+00 i
+ O+ a Oe be Os Oe a O+ b+ O+ Os Os 0
SPRING x 9,009 0.0009 9.0009 9,0009 9:9099 0,0009 0.0009 0.0099 0.0009
OE +09 OE+00 be+0g dee09 de+00 dE+09 Ge+00 6 E+00
+ 8 + 0 + Hy + O+ 8 + O+ O+ Oe 0
x 0001 0.9009 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9,0001 09,0000
07 “Geog “Ge0g GErOg Sevag E400 br+09 OE+09 GE+09 2 +09 dEr0g 3-07 GE+00
+ bs 8 a Os Oe Os O+ (0% Oe Oe O+ 6+ 0
z 0,0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000
3 B07 O09 OE+00 dE+09 Geog “GE+09 GE09 GE+00 dE+Og 8-07 SE*Od FEvOg OE 0g
+ és Oe Oe Os 8 8s O+ 8+ O+ 304 O+ O+% 0
SUMMER x 9,0009 9,009 9-009 9-009 9-0009 9.0009 0.0009 0. 9009 0,000
Ge+09 Ok+09 GE+O9 G09 —GE+00 GEO9 GEFOg GEeO9 SE+O0
t 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 0 + 8 + O+ 8
Y 950000 00000 9,0000 09,0009 0:0000 9.0009 90,0017 0.0009 0,0009 0.0000 0-009 0.0000 0. 9009
GE+09 GE+09 dE+09 oE+09 dz+09 bE+09 25-03 Oz+00 OE*09 OE+00GE+09 dE+og OE
+ O+ Os bs Os Oe Os 49+ O+ O+ bs os Oe 0
z 950000 9.0003 0,0002 0.0009 0,0000 00012 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 0, 9009 0,000 9.0009 0,000
GE+00 108-07 —4z-07 Ge+0g bre 4z-05 58-05 G8+00 GE+00 GE Ges09 bE+0g OE+00
0 4 2 8 14 3 0 0 0
+ OF 9s as Os O+ 612% 1334 O+ O% Os 8 Os 0
FALL x 0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gerog “GE+09 GEr09 GE+Og GEF0g GE+09 GE +09 GE+00 GE+09
+ O+ 3 + 0 + 8 + 8 + 3 + O+ Os .
Y 9,9009 0,000 0.0006 0,0015 0:0009 0:0017 0.0009 0.0009 0, 009 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000
+00 OE+00 iz-05 Ge+00  iz- 05 Ee +00 OE+00 GE+00 Oz+09 GE+00
0 fe 3 0 8 0 0 0 .
+ OF OF 2+ S74 OF ae Of 0+ ot sh te os
z 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013. . 9,9009 0,000
Ge-07 “GE+09 GE+09 oEs00 Oe+09  OE+09 OE+09 GE+00 “GE*0O 2E-06 Ges09  GE+09

Bs

O+

97


Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus):

WEIGHT - 4,700 kg. (Benjaminsen and Christensen 1979; Clarke and
Kristensen 1980; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Nishiwaki 1972a; Schultz 1938;
Walker 1975)

Literature mean = 3,310 kg (n=878). Benjaminsen and-Christensen reported
an average weight of meat and blubber for 874 animals of 3,300 kg. Lockyer
(1976) gives 33% and 34%, respectively, as the percentages of total body
weight comprised of blubber and muscle in sperm whales, which are the nearest
in body form to bottlenose whales of all the species she lists. Using 70% as
the estimated proportion of weight in Hyperoodon made up of meat and blubber

(weighing 3,300 kg) yields the total body weight estimate above.

FOOD - 95% squid, 5% fish. (Benjaminsen and Christensen 1979; Clarke and
Kristensen 1980; Coffey 1978; Freund 1932; Gray 1882; Mitchell 19756; Murray
and Hjort 1912; Nishiwaki 1972a; Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

The preferred prey species is apparently Gonatus fabricii.

Pygmy/dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.):

Two very similar species are included: Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps)

and dwarf sperm whale (K. sims).

WEIGHT - 300 kg. (Allen 1941; Benham 1901; Coffey 1978; Enders 1942;
Nishiwaki 1972a; Smalley 1959; Walker 1975; Watson 1981)
Data are very scarce on these species, with older data perhaps unreliable

because of some taxonomic confusion. Nishiwaki gives 300 kg as the separation

19


Matthews, L. H. 1938d. The sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis. Discovery
Rept. 17: 183-290.

Mayo, C. A. 1982. Observations of cetaceans: Cape Cod Bay and southern
Stellwagen Bank, Massachusetts, 1975-1979. Rept. MVMC-80/07. U.S. Mar.
Manm. Conmn., Washington, DC.

Mead, J. G.; D. K. Odell, R. S. Wells, and M. D. Scott. 1980. Observations
of amass stranding of spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris, from the
west coast of Florida, USA. Fish. Bull. 78: 353-360.

Mercer, M. C. 1975. Modified Leslie-DeLury population models of the long-
finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) and annual production of the
short-finned squid (Lilex illecebrosus) based upon their interactions at
Newfoundland. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 32: 1145-1154,

Mermoz, J. F. 1977. On the stranding of a bottle-noseéd dolphin, Tursiops
truncatus, in the mouth of the La Plata River (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Physis, Secc. C. Cont. Org. Terr. 37: 227-235.

Mikhalev, J. A., V. P. Savusen, N. A. Kishiyan, and M. V. Ivashin. 1980. To
the problem of the feeding of sperm whales from the Southern Hemisphere.
Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. 31: 737-746.

Mitchell, E. 1973. Draft report on humpback whales taken under spécial
scientific permit by eastern Canadian land stations, 1969-1971. Rept.
Intern. Whaling Commn. 23: 138-154.

Mitchell, E. 1974. Preliminary report on Newfoundland fishery for minke
whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. 24:
159-176.

Mitchell, E. 1975a. Preliminary report on Nova Scotia fishery for séi Whales
(Balaenoptera borealis). Rept. Intern. Whaling Comm. 25: 218-225.

Mitchell, E. (ed). 1975b. Report of the meeting of smallet cétacedns,

Montreal, April 1-11, 1974. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 32: 889-983.

48


AVERAGE DENSITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE: INTERVAL,

J kK

‘INTER x 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0865 9.9009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0-0009 0,000
GE+00 —OE+00 E+00 GE+00 GE*00 —E+00 OE+00
0 ets % 0 0 0 0 0
+ OF OF 4160+ OF OF OF OF OF O
x 0.3469 0.1185 0.0570 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,1750
2e+00 1-01 68-02 G£+00 GE+00 GE+00- GE+00 + GE+00 ~—GE+00 GE+00 | GE+00 © E+00 «= SE-01
5690 1971 652 0 0 0 0 0 0 97
+ 18672 453577 + 4619+ OF OF . OF OF OF OF OF OF OF 8706
2 0;4029 0.2760, 0:2649 0.0009 0.2749 0/0447 0.0009 0.0000, 0-000 0.0000 0.1390 0,000 0,143
izyoo FE,01 izeog Grv0g 78-01 de-02 GE+0d Gev00 evOg. “Gevod 4-91 dE+0o  Se-O1
45633418 2116 927 87 0 0 0 221 0 1313

5 4
+ 12577 + 94424 + 21291 + 0+ 25961 + 3330+ Os Os) Os. 84 31el8 + O+ 8169

PRING x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE+00 0E+00 E+00 «= OE+00»GE+00- GE+OO-GE+O0-GE+00—OE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF 0
x 0.0922 0.0000 0.0228 0.2180 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0813 0.0000 0.0000
3E-01 GE+00 iE-02 4E-01 GE*00. GE+00 + OE+00 + GE+00 GE+00 = GE+00 9E-02 GE+00 des00
1513 0 261 1316 0 0 0 0 0 0 585 0
+ 5563+ O+ 1586 435525+ O+ OF OF OF . OF OF S3I7B% OF 8
2 0,3027 0.0000 0,5398 0,0009 0.1947 0,0009 9.0000 09,0009 0,0000 9.0009 0.9573 0.0009 0,284
GE-01 GE+00 2400, GE+00 © E-01 E00 © E+00 © GE+00»GE+OO- - GE+00 © 5E-02OE+00 = GE-O1
3428 0 “4021 0 659 0 0 0 0 0 504 0 2089
+1088 + 0412757 + 04 41504 OF OF OF OF - OF SIOZ+ OF 9014
UMMER x 9.0000 0,009 0.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,0000 9.0009 0,0000 0.0000
BE+09 OE+09 GEr0Q  OE*OD GEFOQ OE*OD GEFOD OE*OD GEFOD
+ Of Os Os Os Os Ob Oe 8s 8
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0477
Gee09 “GErOg “GEeOg GEOG GEO GE*OD —GE+Og GErOY —GE+0DGE+0 OE+00 GE+00 = 4E-02
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF Os O+ O+% 2410
2 0.0216 0,0737 0.0585 0,0687 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000
E502 98-02 78-02 6E-02 GE+00 GE+OO «GE+OO = GE+00 © OE+00 © OE+O0»GE#OO)GE+00OE+00
245 913 436 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 1508+ 6034+ 3028+ 5981+ O+ O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF 0
ALL x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
dErog “Geog GE+09. GEe0g dErOg EOD —SE*OD EOD E+
+ O+ OF OF . OF OF OF OF OF
¥ 0,240 0,0985 0,0459 0.0009 0.0009. 0.0009 0-009 0,0009. 0.0000 0.4530. 9.0009 0,2340
SE-01 95-02 4E-02 GE+00 GE+00 = OE+00GE+00»GE¥00- GE#OO-SE-OL_ +00 4E-O1
4035 1639 514 o 0 0 0 0 0 2671 : 0 1734
#109290 + 44589 + 3427+ O+ OF OF OF OF as -t : + + 43695
z 0.6985 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6030 . 9.0009 0,4690
3E+00 GE+00 GE+00«GE+00 © GE+#00GE+00 © E+00 GE+00 © GE#00-iE+00 +00  2E+00
7911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7973 . 0 "4290
4142278 + : O+ O+ OF O+ OF 0+ : : : 0 +106528

93


This value may be biased low by the predominance of captive specimens. A

sexually dimorphic species, mature males may weigh over 8,000 kg.

FOOD - fish, squid, marine mammals, and birds. (Brown and Norris 1956;
Budylenko 1981; Fiscus and Niggol 1965; Ingebrigtsen 1929; Ivanova 1961;
Jonsgard and Lyshael 1970; Mitchell -1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a; Nishiwaki and
Handa 1958; Norris and Prescott 1961; Pike and MacAskie 1969; Rice 1968;
Sergeant and Fisher 1957; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tomilin 1957; Voisin
1972, 1976; Walker 1975)

Fish are the primary prey items, with only the large males apparently

preying significantly on seals, dolphins, or whales.

White-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris):

WEIGHT - 150 kg. (Coffey 1978; Walker 1975; Watson 1981).

No actual weight data were found; references give weight as, e.g. "up to
275 kg”. Watson gives an average weight of 200 kg, but without data or
references. The value shown above is an estimate only, based on similarities

to its smaller conspecific L. acutus.

FOOD - squid and fish. (Coffey 1978; Mitchell 1975b; Nishiwaki 1972a;
Tomilin 1957; Walker 1975)

This species is commonly called "squid hound” in Newfoundland, and squid
may predominate in its diet, at least at times. It also tends to take more

benthic and demersal fishes than L. acutus.

31


1955; Sutcliffe and Brodie 1977; Tamilin 1957; Walker 1975; Xampany Baro and
Filella Cornado 1976; Yukhov 1971a, 1971b, 1972; Zenkovitch 1934)

Although the picture promoted by the popular literature is of a spem
whale locked in mortal combat with a giant squid, sperm whales actually take a
wide variety of cephalopods, including giant squids (Architeuthis sp.).
Cephalopods are the principal prey items, but sperm whales also feed on a
surprisingly wide variety of fishes, with the majority of all prey being
deep-water species. Fishes taken include sharks, rays, anglers, lumpfish,

gadoids, rockfish, toothfish, and many others.

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus):

WEIGHT - 30,000 kg. (Anon 1948; Ash 1955; Bailey 1948; Bjarnason and
Lingaas 1954; Coffey 1978; Crile 1941; Freund 1932; Gambell 1970; Gihr and
Pilleri 1979; Laws 1977; Nemoto 1970; Nishiwaki 1950; Nishiwaki and Hayashi
1950; Nishiwaki and Oye 1951; Ohno and Fujino 1952; Quiring 1943; Rice 1963,
1977a; Schultz 1938; Sergeant 1969; Slijper 1962; Zenkovitch 1934, 1937,
1952)

The mean of the literature data was 49,573 kg (n=81). However, we have
reliable data available on the size distribution of fin whales of the
northeast U.S. OCS. Ratnaswamy (1982), using CETAP’s vertical aerial
photographs, photogranmetrically measured or estimated total body lengths of
109 fin whales. Using these length data in the generalized cetacean weight -
length regression given by Gihr and Pilleri results in a mean value of 29,200
kg. Because this value is derived from data actually obtained from the study
area population, and does not have the biases inherent in whaling industry
data, we have selected an estimate much nearer to it than to'the literature.

mean value.

15


I
70 68 66

Figure 1. CETAP study area on the northeastern U.S. con-
tinental shelf, showing aerial survey sampling areas.
Depth stratum definitions are: x = 0-20 fathoms ;

y = 20-50 fm; z = 50-1000+ fm.

59


INTRODUCTION

Prior to 1979, little of the research on marine manmals off the northeast
U.S. coast was of a quantitative nature. Wide reaching ship surveys provided
insight into the distribution of various species, however it was impossible to
determine even relative abundance from these qualitative surveys. At a more
detailed level, site- and species-specific observations in localized areas
have provided information on local movements and residence times of
individuals. Finally, opportunistic sightings have been collected fram
mariners, particularly for the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region. While
occasionally valuable, these data are often difficult to verify and impossible
to quantify.

As part of a need for baseline information for input to the Outer
Continental Shelf (OCS) decision-making process, a three-year field study was
conducted by the University of Rhode Island, under contract to the Bureau of
Land Management. Data were collected in the region between Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina and Cape Sable, Nova Scotia (Figure 1). With minor exception,
this area is identical to that in which the National Marine Fisheries Service,
Northeast Fisheries Center (NMFS-NEFC) conducts extensive groundfish and
ichthyo/zooplankton surveys. The University of Rhode Island study (CETAP -
Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program) consisted of four major elements:

- a random transect aerial survey program,

- a platforms of opportunity program,

- an opportunistic sighting program, and

- a special studies program, including both shipboard and aerial

surveys.
While all of these data are valuable, the random transect aerial survey data

are unique in their applicability to quantitative analyses. It is maintained


AVERAGE DEISITY, VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,

SEASON STRATUM E F G a I

WINTER x 9.0009 0,0000 9,0009 0,0009 0,0000 09,0009 0,0000 09,0000 0,0000
deo0 deso9 GE og des09 des09 Oe+09 GE+09 OE+09 de+00
+ ° + 0 + b+ Os 8s 8s 382 8 + i
Y 9.0009 00009 0.0009 0,0009 0.0009 0,1492 0,000 9.0000 0.0009 0.0009 0,000 0.0009 0.0000
+09 OE+09 OE+00 GE*0D OE+OO E501 Oe Ge+09 GE+09 OE+09 OE+09 GE¥00 OE+00
+ Os Os bs Be O+ 1532+ OF. OF OF 8s 8s f+ 8
z 9.0009 0,000 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000 01062 0.0000 0:0333 0-0393 0,1275 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000
Ge+00 © GEepo GE+00 © GE+00 «= GE+00—iz~01 © GE+00 = iz-02ig-02  éE- GE+00 GE+00 —GE+00
0 70 0 0 1156 0 547 5! 168 0 0
+ OF OF OF O+ O+ 584+ OF 3977+ 43364 30171+ OF OF 0
SPRING x 0.0559 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
85-02 GE+00 GE+00 GE+OO-—GE+00 © E+00«GE+OO © GE+00~—«GE+00
441 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Sle OF OF OF OF OF OF OF 0
Y 0.0191 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,4402 0.4402 0.0000 0.0000 0.2150 0.2017 0,290) 0.0318
7-03 GE+00 G00 GE+00 «= OE+00 3-01 3E-01 GE+00 §GE+00 «= 2E-01- iE-01 © SE-O1 3-02
314 0 0 0 0 933 2179 0 0 “1268 1450 3432 236
+ 158+ OF OF OF OF 1411+ 329+ OF OF 6518+ 6917 + 7860+ 966
z 0.0147 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7330 0.7285 0.0343 0.0515 0,3410 0.0500 0.4423 0.0564
4-03 0£+00 = 0E+00 OE+00 0 GE+00 3E-01 5E-0 bee 93 ino 5E-01 2502 2E+00 «2-02
167 0 0 0 0 "7975 7634 4509 439 “2442 516
+ lt OF OF OF OF 9439+ 9007 + 38 + 13300 + 22556 + 2743 + 7084 + 1608
SUMMER x 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GE+00 OE+00 OE+00 OE+00 + GE+00«GE+00 © GE+00-GE*00-«GE#00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ Os Os Os Os Ox Os Os Of 0
Y 9,0009 0,0000 9.0099 0,0000 09,0009 0,0009 0,000 0,0009 9.0009 09,0009 0,0000 0.0489 0,000
GE+00 GE+00 — OE+00 ox+00 (2s GE+00 GE+00 GE+00 © GE+00- GE+O0.««GE*00 © 3-02 OE+00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 568 0
+ O+ O+ O+¢ Os Oe O+ Of OF OF OF OF 18404

Zz 050008 0.0000 050008 0.0000 0.0000. 0.3310 0.2863 0.2325 0,2375 0,09. 0.0000 0.9060 0.0000

0915
+00 GE+00 GE*00 OE+00 GE+0G 3E-O1 EOL 28-OL ROT 4E-02 OE+00  AEs00 GE+00
0 8 0 0 "3601 3000 3235 3603 «1210 0 "5003 0
+ b+ b+ Se Ss O4 52001 + 12293 » 54423 4 Sen + 23082 + 0+ 12873 +
FALL x 9.0099 0,009 9.0009 0.0009 09,0009 0.0875 0/9875 0.0000 0.0009
+09 Ge+09 Oe+00 GE+09 Oe+0o dE 02 dz 02 GE+00 GE+O0
0 0 0 0 "562142 0
+ bs Os bs Oe 4108924 2752+ Os ©
Y 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,0000 0.0000 0.8950 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0,3940 . | 0,0000 0.0000
GE+0g GE+09 G09 GE+09 GE+09 EDO G00 © Ge+09 © Ge+09 SEO GE+00 — GE+00
0 0 "1897 0 0 0 2323 : 0
+ O02 Os bs Os O4388+ Os Oe 14 BB, 7 =
z 9.0099 0,9009 94,0009 0.0099 0,009 015709 0,095 04055 0.4230 0.6560 9.0009 0,000
Ge09 “OE+00 GE+00 GE09 GErOD ie 3-01 GB-01 E09 OE
Phas Bat? "Baya . °O
0 2108398 + _ 20538 + aes ON? : : f+ 8

Os Os

91


Backus, R. H. 1966. A large shark in the stomach of a spermwhale. J. Mann.
47: 142.

Backus, R. H. and W. E. Schevill. 1961. The stranding of a Cuvier’s beaked
whale (Ziphius cavirostris) in Rhode Island, USA. Norsk Hvalfangst. SO:
189-193.

Bailey, J. W. 1948. The finback whale in Virginia waters. J. Manm. 29:
183-184.

Bannister, J. L. and A. deC. Baker. 1967. Observations on food and feeding
of baleen whales at Durban. Norsk Hvalfangst. 56: 78-82.

Benham, W. B. 1901. On the anatomy of Cogia breviceps. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 2: 107-134.

Benjaminsen, T. and I. Christensen. 1979. The natural history of the
bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster). Pp. 143-164 in: H. E.
Winn and B. L. Olla (eds). Behavior of Marine Animals, Vol. 4:
Cetaceans. Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Berzin, A. A. 1959. Food of the sperm whales in the Bering Sea. Isvest.
Tihkookeansk. Nauch. Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanol. 47: 161-165.

Best, P. B. 1967. Distribution and feeding habits of baleen whales off the
Cape Province. S. Afr. Div. of Sea Fish. Invest. Rept. 57: 1-44.

Betesheva, E. I. 1954. Data on the feeding of baleen whales in the Kurile
region. Trudy Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Nauk. §.S.S.R. 2: 238-245.

Betesheva, E. I. 1955. The feeding habits of the fin whale in the regions of
the Kurile water strata (after the data of 1953). Trudy Inst. Okeanol.
Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 18: 78-85.

Betesheva, E. 1. and I. I. Akinmshkin. 1955. The feeding habits of the sperm
whale, Physeter catodon L., in the region of the water strata of Kurile.

Trudy Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 18: 86-94.

36


AVERAGE D pagity VARIANCE OF THE DENSITY, ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE, AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL,
Lock, TUM, FOR UNIDENTIFIED DOLPHIN

WINTER OX 9.9009 0,000 9, 0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0092 0.0000 0.0000 9 9909"
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98


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39