J-S30024-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

SAMUEL JAMES GAISKI 

Appellant

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 462 MDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 24, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-22-CR-0002022-2012

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED: JANUARY 19, 2022

Samuel James Gaiski (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of 

sentence entered in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, following 

the revocation of his probation imposed pursuant to a 2012 no contest plea to 

aggravated assault of an unborn child.1 Appellant contends: (1) the trial 

court erred in revoking his probation for his violation of a condition not 

properly imposed by the court; (2) the sentence imposed for a technical 

violation was excessive; and (3) the court abused its discretion when it 

imposed sex offender conditions as part of the revocation sentence. While it 

is clear Appellant’s prior eight-year term of incarceration for assault did not 

rehabilitate him, and both the trial court and Appellant’s probation officer 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 2606(a).
J-S30024-21

- 2 -

acted with the intention to protect future victims, we agree that the trial court 

revoked Appellant’s probation for a condition it did not impose. Thus, we are 

constrained to reverse the order revoking his probation and vacate the 

judgment of sentence. 

The facts underlying Appellant’s 2012 arrest and conviction were 

summarized by the Commonwealth at a December 3, 2012, guilty plea 

hearing:

[O]n January 16 and 17 of 2012, the victim in this case, [S.B.], 

was seven months pregnant with [Appellant’s] child.

On January 16, they did get into a physical altercation. As 

well as on January 17 there was another physical altercation 

where [Appellant] threw the victim up against the door, put both 

hands around her neck strangling her, he did push her around as 

well as striking her in the stomach with his knee.

After the incident, the victim began to leak fluid from her 

vaginal area. She was taken to the hospital, was in the hospital 

for eight days. There was placental blood in her bloodstream that 

indicated there was trauma to the fetus. The placenta detached 

from her uterus.

After being released from the hospital, [S.B.] was on bed 

rest for the remainder of her pregnancy. She did give birth to a 

son. He does have some medical issues which may or may not be 

related to the incident. There’s not really any way to tell whether 

or not that is the case.

N.T., Guilty Plea & Sentencing H’rg, 12/3/12, at 4-5.

Appellant was charged with aggravated assault, aggravated assault of 

an unborn child, simple assault (two counts), unlawful restraint, false 
J-S30024-21

- 3 -

imprisonment, and harassment.2 On December 3, 2012, Appellant entered 

into a negotiated plea agreement with the Commonwealth. Specifically, he 

pled guilty to all charges, except aggravated assault of an unborn child, to 

which he pled no contest. See N.T., Guilty Plea & Sentencing H’rg, at 5-6. 

The parties agreed Appellant would be sentenced to an aggregate term of 4 

to 8 years’ incarceration, followed by a consecutive term of four years’ 

probation. See id. at 3. The trial court accepted the plea and sentenced 

Appellant accordingly. The 4-to-8-year prison term was imposed on the 

aggravated assault charge, and concurrent terms of 6 to 23 months’ 

imprisonment were imposed on the counts of simple assault, unlawful 

restraint, and false imprisonment.3 The four-year consecutive probationary 

term was imposed on Appellant’s conviction of aggravated assault of an 

unborn child. The trial court explicitly ordered that Appellant “have no 

contact direct or indirectly with the victim” and “attend and complete a 

26 week batterer’s course.” Id. at 13 (emphasis added); see Sentencing 

Order, 12/10/12, at 2 (unpaginated). No direct appeal was filed.

____________________________________________

2 See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2701(a)(1), (3), 2902(a)(1), 2903(a), and 

2709(a)(3), respectively. Appellant was also originally charged with several 

sexual offenses, including rape and involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, 

based upon S.B.’s report to police that Appellant forced her to have anal sex 

on January 16, 2012. See Affidavit of Probable Cause, 4/26/12, at 2. 

However, the Commonwealth agreed to withdraw all of the sexual crimes in 

exchange for Appellant’s negotiated plea. See Appellant’s Guilty Plea 

Colloquy, 12/3/12, at 4.

3 The court imposed a $150 fine for the summary offense of harassment.
J-S30024-21

- 4 -

Appellant served his entire 8-year prison sentence. See N.T., 

Revocation H’rg, 1/27/21, at 7. He was released on January 17, 2020, at 

which time he began serving his probationary term. Id. In March of 2020, 

Appellant’s state parole agent, Elizabeth Lucas,4received a call from a woman, 

G.I., claiming: (1) she was Appellant’s current girlfriend, (2) Appellant was 

“harassing her[,]” and (3) “she was scared of him[.]” Id. at 11. Agent Lucas 

instructed G.I. to call the police and report the harassment. Id. She then

“made contact” with Appellant, informed him of G.I.’s allegations, and 

“provided him written instructions[, which Appellant signed,] that he was not 

permitted to have any contact with” G.I. Id. See Commonwealth’s Response 

to Appellant’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, 12/21/20, Exhibit A, Parole 

Violation Warning/Instruction, 3/23/20 (instructing Appellant, “You may have 

no contact with [G.I.] for any reason under any circumstance.”). 

Meanwhile, Pennsylvania State Trooper Mark Zearfaus interviewed G.I., 

who told the trooper Appellant had physically assaulted her. See N.T., 

Revocation H’rg, at 13, 36-37. Trooper Zearfaus observed G.I.’s injuries and, 

on March 25, 2020, filed charges of simple assault and harassment against 

____________________________________________

4 Agent Lucas testified that she is employed by “State Parole” as a “Specialized 

Sex Offender Agent.” N.T., Revocation H’rg, at 6-7. She became Appellant’s 

supervisor “a couple of months after he had been out.” Id. at 7. She 

explained that, in December of 2017, Appellant signed a document, accepting 

that “State Parole would supervise his probation.” Id. Thus, although 

Appellant was only on probation after his release, he was supervised by a 

State Parole Agent.
J-S30024-21

- 5 -

Appellant. Id. at 13, 37-38. In response to these new charges, Agent Lucas 

detained Appellant “on a pending [probation] violation.” Id. at 13. 

In October of 2020, the charges relating to Appellant’s alleged abuse of 

G.I. were dismissed because G.I. refused to testify. N.T., Revocation H’rg, at 

39. Nevertheless, Appellant remained detained pending a probation 

revocation because Agent Lucas learned that Appellant continued to have 

contact with G.I. after he signed the “no contact” order, and while he was in 

prison awaiting trial on charges that he assaulted her.5 Id. at 18.

Subsequently, the Commonwealth sought revocation of Appellant’s 

probation, and a Gagnon I6 hearing was conducted before a Magisterial 

District Judge (MDJ) on November 16, 2020.7 See Appellant’s Petition for Writ 

of Habeas Corpus, 12/2/20, at 1. On December 2, 2020, Appellant filed a 

petition for writ of habeas corpus asserting the “sole violation presented” for 

the revocation of his probation “was failing to abide by [the] ‘no contact’ 

instruction” with G.I. Id. at 1. He asserted that because that condition was 

not imposed by the trial court — but rather, only by his parole agent — the 

revocation of his probation on that basis was improper. See id. at 1-2. The 

____________________________________________

5 At the revocation hearing, the Commonwealth presented evidence that 

Appellant and G.I. had twelve video visits between April 25 and May 9, 2020. 

See N.T., Revocation H’rg, at 32-33, 40-41. 

6 See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973).

7 Neither the revocation petition, nor a transcript or paperwork from the 

Gagnon I hearing, is included in the certified record.
J-S30024-21

- 6 -

Commonwealth filed a response, admitting that it sought to revoke Appellant’s 

probation based only on his failure to abide by the no contact order with G.I. 

See Commonwealth’s Response to Appellant’s Petition for Writ of Habeas 

Corpus, 12/21/20, at 1 (unpaginated). The Commonwealth further stated 

that Appellant was provided that “written instruction as a condition of 

supervision,” and he signed the document. Id. 

The trial court conducted a revocation hearing on January 27, 2021. 

Appellant conceded that he “did, indeed, have contact with” G.I. in violation 

of the supervision condition imposed by Agent Lucas. N.T., Revocation H’rg, 

at 4, 43. However, he challenged Agent Lucas’s authority to impose such a 

condition. Id. at 4. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court asked 

both parties to file memoranda on the legal question at issue. Id. at 43. 

Thereafter, on March 19th, the trial court entered an order denying Appellant’s 

petition for writ of habeas corpus.

8

 The court found that the parole agent’s 

condition of supervision — that Appellant have no contact with G.I. — was 

“germane to” and “elaborate[d] on a condition imposed by the sentencing 

court[,]” specifically, that Appellant have no contact with the victim (S.B.) in 

the underlying case. Order, 3/19/21, at 2. Thus, the court concluded “the 

parole office was well within their authority to impose this condition to protect 

the current girlfriend.” Id. (footnote omitted).

____________________________________________

8 The trial court initially entered an order denying the petition on December 

21, 2020. However, the court entered another order on March 19, 2021, 

which also included an explanation of the court’s reasoning.
J-S30024-21

- 7 -

On March 24, 2021, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of 2 

1/2 to 8 years’ imprisonment, followed by three years’ probation upon the 

revocation of his probation for aggravated assault of an unborn child. 

Additionally, the court imposed, inter alia, the following conditions:

1. [Appellant] must abide by all sex offender conditions.

2. Comply with the Pennsylvania Board of Probation Parole, 

special conditions for sexual offenders.

3. Comply with any optional special conditions for sexual 

offenders imposed by the parole board.

4. Successfully complete sex offender treatment.

5. Refrain from contact with all victims, including the 

present victim in this particular revocation matter as well as the 

original victim. . . .

N.T., Revocation Sentencing H’rg, 3/24/21, at 6-7.

Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion on April 2, 2021, followed

by a timely notice of appeal on April 13th. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 708(E) (filing of 

motion to modify sentence following probation revocation “will not toll the 30-

day appeal period”). Appellant also complied with the trial court’s directive to 

file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. 

Appellant frames his three issues on appeal as follows:

I. Whether the condition that Appellant is accused of 

violat[ing] was properly imposed by the sentencing court?

II. Whether Appellant’s sentence on a technical probation 

violation of not less than two and a half (2 1/2) years of 

incarceration to not more than eight (8) years of incarceration 

followed by thee (3) years of probation constituted an abuse of 

discretion and was too harsh under the circumstances?
J-S30024-21

- 8 -

III. Whether it was an abuse of discretion or a violation of 

Appellant’s due process rights to impose sex offender conditions 

on him when there was no basis for doing so?

Appellant’s Brief at 5.9

When considering an appeal following the revocation of probation, 

[o]ur review is limited to determining the validity of the probation 

revocation proceedings and the authority of the sentencing court 

to consider the same sentencing alternatives that it had at the 

time of the initial sentencing. . . .

Commonwealth v. Simmons, 56 A.3d 1280, 1286 (Pa. Super. 2012) 

(citations omitted). Furthermore, we note: “Revocation of a probation

sentence is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial court and

that court’s decision will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an error

of law or an abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Colon, 102 A.3d 1033, 

1041 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted)

In his first issue, Appellant challenges the underlying basis for his 

probation revocation. He argues the condition of his probation he was charged 

with violating — that he have no contact with G.I. — “was not imposed by the

[trial c]ourt[, but rather,] was drafted by his state probation officer.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 12. Because the legislature empowers the court, and not 

probation officers, to impose conditions of probation, Appellant maintains the 

trial court improperly revoked his probation for violating a condition that was 

not court-imposed. See id. at 12-13. While he acknowledges probation 

____________________________________________

9 As noted infra, because our resolution of Appellant’s first issue is dispositive, 

we need not address his remaining claims on appeal.
J-S30024-21

- 9 -

officers may “impose conditions of supervision that are germane to, elaborate 

on, or interpret any conditions of probation that are imposed by the trial 

court[,]” Appellant insists the no-contact provision at issue here — which

involved a different victim in a separate incident — “was not germane to 

or an elaboration of a condition imposed” in the case sub judice. Id. at 13, 

citing Commonwealth v. Elliott, 50 A.3d 1284, 1292 (Pa. 2012). Thus, he 

contends the trial court had no basis to revoke his probation. To the extent 

the trial court relies on other “additional violations” in its opinion, Appellant 

argues these violations “were not addressed by the previous hearings or put 

forth by the Commonwealth as violations.” Appellant’s Brief at 15. 

The authority to impose conditions of probation lies with the trial court. 

Pursuant to the Sentencing Code, a trial court must “attach” to an order of 

probation “reasonable conditions . . . as it deems necessary to ensure or assist 

the defendant in leading a law-abiding life.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(b).10 See 

also Elliott, 50 A.3d at 1290. However, in Elliott, our Supreme Court 

recognized that probation officers are also authorized to “establish uniform 

standards for the supervision of probationers . . . and further to implement 

those standards and conditions.” Elliott, 50 A.3d at 1291. The Court 

explained:

[T]he [Probation] Board and its agents may impose conditions of 

supervision that are germane to, elaborate on, or interpret any 

____________________________________________

10 Section 9754(b) refers to a list of enumerated conditions of probation 

outlined in Section 9763(b). See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9754(b), 9763(b)(1)-(15).

 
J-S30024-21

- 10 -

conditions of probation that are imposed by the trial court. This 

interpretation gives meaning to all of the statutory provisions . . .

and thus: (1) maintains the sentencing authority solely with a trial 

court; (2) permits the Board and its agents to evaluate 

probationers on a one-on-one basis to effectuate supervision; (3) 

sustains the ability of the Board to impose conditions of 

supervision; and (4) authorizes that a probationer may be 

detained, arrested, and “violated” for failing to comply with either 

a condition of probation or a condition of supervision. In 

summary, a trial court may impose conditions of probation in a 

generalized manner, and the Board or its agents may impose 

more specific conditions of supervision pertaining to that 

probation, so long as those supervision conditions are in 

furtherance of the trial court’s conditions of probation.

Id. at 1292 (emphases added).

Recently, in Commonwealth v. Foster, 214 A.3d 1240 (Pa. 2019), the 

Supreme Court further clarified that a trial court may revoke an order of 

probation only upon “proof” that the defendant violated one of the “specified 

conditions of the probation.” Id. at 1250 (emphasis added), citing 42 

Pa.C.S. § 9771(b). The Court explained: “[A] violation of probation does not

occur solely because a judge believes the probationer’s conduct indicates that 

probation has been ineffective to rehabilitate or to deter against antisocial 

conduct.” Foster, 214 A.3d at 1243.

In that case, the trial court revoked the defendant’s probation based 

upon photographs on the defendant’s social media accounts that “depicted 

guns, drugs, [and] large amounts of money[.]” Foster, 214 A.3d at 1243. 

The court found that, while the photographs did not prove the defendant 

violated a specific condition of his probation, they did evince his 

“indifference regarding his crimes” and “clearly indicate[ ] that probation was 
J-S30024-21

- 11 -

an ineffective vehicle to accomplish his rehabilitation[.]” Id. at 1245 (record 

citation omitted). On appeal, a panel of this Court affirmed, relying upon 

language in Commonwealth v. Infante, 888 A.2d 783 (Pa. 2005), that a 

probation violation is established if it is “shown that the conduct of the 

probationer indicates the probation has proven to have been an ineffective 

vehicle to accomplish rehabilitation and not sufficient to deter against future 

antisocial conduct.” Foster, 214 A.3d at 1245 (citations omitted).

However, the Supreme Court reversed our ruling, concluding the 

language in Infante was taken out of context. Foster, 214 A.3d at 1251. 

The Court explained:

Read in context, it is clear that the effectiveness of probation as a 

rehabilitative tool and as a deterrent to antisocial conduct is the 

lens through which a violation is to be viewed. Revocation and 

resentencing are warranted if, in the face of a new criminal act 

or the violation of a condition of probation, the court finds 

that probation is no longer achieving its desired aims of 

rehabilitation and deterring criminal activity. As the statute 

provides (and Infante reflects), a court never reaches this 

question unless there is a violation of a specified term of the 

probation order or the probationer commits a new crime.

Id. (citations omitted and emphases added). Moreover, in a footnote, the 

Court explicitly stated: 

We expressly disapprove of the Superior Court’s reliance on this 

passage from Infante . . . for the proposition that revocation of 

probation is permissible in the absence of a finding that the 

defendant violated a specified condition of probation if the VOP 

court finds that probation has been ineffective to rehabilitate or to 

deter against antisocial conduct.

Id. at 1251 n.14.
J-S30024-21

- 12 -

Recently, this Court re-emphasized the statutory requirement that a

trial court “specifically advise [a defendant] of the conditions of his probation 

and parole at the time of his initial sentencing.” Commonwealth v. Koger, 

255 A.3d 1285, 1290 (Pa. Super. 2021), citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(b). In that 

case, the defendant received a probationary sentence, following a guilty plea 

to criminal use of a communication facility in connection with his possession 

of child pornography. Koger, 255 A.3d at 1287. The trial court advised the 

defendant of the following “special conditions” of his sentence: (1) that he 

have no contact with any victims including those displayed in the images, (2) 

that he undergo a drug and alcohol evaluation and complete any 

recommended treatment, and (3) that he perform 100 hours of community 

service and complete sex offender counseling. Id. The court did not provide 

the defendant with any specific conditions of his probation or parole, but 

rather, noted the rules and conditions of his probation and parole “were 

explained [to him] by an adult probation officer immediately following the 

sentencing proceeding.” Id. at 1290 (citation omitted and emphasis added).

Subsequently, the Commonwealth sought to revoke the defendant’s 

probation and parole after, inter alia, a search of his cell phone uncovered 

“pornographic images of a minor [the defendant] has been communicating 

with via text messages.” Koger, 255 A.3d at 1288. Following a hearing, the 

trial court revoked the probationary sentence and imposed a one-to-threeyear prison term. Id. 
J-S30024-21

- 13 -

On appeal, this Court reversed the order revoking the defendant’s 

probation and parole, concluding the trial court failed “to specifically advise 

[the defendant] of the conditions of his probation and parole at the time of his 

initial sentencing.” Koger, 255 A.3d at 1290. We opined:

Because the trial court did not impose, at the time of the [initial]

sentencing any specific probation or parole conditions, the court 

could not have found [the defendant] “violated one of the ‘specific 

conditions’ of probation [or parole] included in the probation 

order[.]” See Foster, 214 A.3d at 1250. In short, a sentencing 

court may not delegate its statutorily proscribed duties to 

probation and parole offices and is required to communicate any 

conditions of probation or parole as a prerequisite to violating any 

such condition. 

Id. at 1291 (footnote omitted). Thus, we vacated the judgment of sentence

imposed on the probation revocation. Id.

In the present case, the trial court acknowledged that the specific “no

contact” provision Appellant violated was imposed by his probation officer, not

the court. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3. However, relying on Elliott, the trial court

found the provision at issue was “germane to, or certainly elaborate[d] on a

condition imposed by the sentencing court” — that is, the no contact order

concerning the victim in the underlying case. Id. at 4. The court opined:

Once the parole office was notified of a similar situation (one

where [Appellant] was now abusing a current girlfriend), the

parole office was well within their authority to impose this

condition to protect the current girlfriend. The Board imposed a

condition that is similar to the one that was originally imposed, a

no-contact provision on behalf of a victim that was [Appellant’s]

girlfriend at the time. Additionally, the sentencing court

recognized the aggressive behavior of [Appellant] and ordered

him to attend batterer’s counseling. Likewise, when the Board

discovered that [Appellant] was being physically aggressive to an
J-S30024-21

- 14 -

individual, it was within the Board’s power to impose a condition

to protect that individual, including the issuance of a no-contact

provision. . . .

Id.

Upon our review of the relevant statutory and case law, we are 

constrained to conclude the trial court exceeded its authority when it revoked 

Appellant’s probation based upon his admitted violation of a supervisory 

condition imposed by his parole agent. See Simmons, 56 A.3d at 1286. 

Neither the trial court, nor the Commonwealth, dispute the fact that the 

condition at issue was not imposed by the court at the time of the initial 

sentencing. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-4; Commonwealth’s Brief at 6-7. Rather, 

they insist Agent Lucas’ subsequent written instruction — prohibiting Appellant 

from having any contact with G.I. — was sufficiently “in furtherance of the 

trial court’s conditions of probation” that it satisfied the requirements of 

Elliott. Elliott, 50 A.3d at 1292. See Trial Ct. Op. at 4; Commonwealth’s 

Brief at 7-8. We disagree. 

Both Foster and Koger make clear that a trial court may revoke a 

defendant’s probation only if the defendant (1) commits a new crime or (2) 

violates a specific, court-imposed condition of his probation, or a Boardimposed condition of supervision in furtherance of the court’s conditions. 

Here, Agent Lucas’s directive that Appellant have no contact with G.I. was 

neither court-imposed, nor in furtherance of the two court-imposed conditions 

— that Appellant have no contact with the victim (S.B.) and attend a batterer’s 

course. G.I. was not the victim in the underlying case. We do not agree that 
J-S30024-21

- 15 -

a “no contact” order for a different victim involving a separate incident

is “germane to, or elaborate[s] on” the “no contact” condition imposed by the 

trial court. See Elliott, 50 A.3d at 1292. Moreover, directing Appellant to 

have “no contact” with G.I. has no relation to his purported failure to attend 

a batterer’s course.11 Thus, we conclude the trial court erred in revoking 

Appellant’s probation based upon his violation of the “no contact” condition 

imposed by Agent Lucas.

Nevertheless, in its opinion, the trial court attempts to justify its 

revocation of Appellant’s probation based upon three, additional alleged 

violations — (1) a violation of “Rule 2” because Appellant “picked up new 

charges” for his assault of G.I.; (2) a violation of “Rule 4” because he failed

to refrain from threatening behavior; (3) a violation of “Rule 7” because he 

failed to make monthly payments towards his restitution; and (4) a violation 

of “Rule 12” because he failed to follow his probation officer’s instructions. 

See Trial Ct. Op. at 7, 9. The court acknowledges that the new charges were 

later dismissed because G.I. refused to cooperate. However, it noted that 

____________________________________________

11 While the Commonwealth now insists Appellant did not complete the 

batterer’s course, there was no mention of this probation condition during the 

revocation hearing. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 7. To the extent the trial 

court implies Appellant failed to establish he completed the course, we note 

that the Commonwealth bears the burden of proof in a probation revocation 

hearing. See Trial Ct. Op. at 4 n.9 (“There was no evidence introduced to 

suggest that [Appellant] had completed the course.”); Commonwealth v. 

Perreault, 930 A.2d 553, 558 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“The Commonwealth 

establishes a probation violation meriting revocation when it shows, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, that the probationer’s conduct violated the 

terms and conditions of his probation[.]”). 
J-S30024-21

- 16 -

“when a charge is nolle prossed, the Commonwealth is not prevented from 

pursuing a violation of probation if evidence is presented to demonstrate that 

a crime occurred.” Id. at 7 (citation and emphasis omitted). Here, the court 

found Trooper Zearfus’s credible testimony at the revocation hearing provided 

sufficient evidence that a crime occurred to violate Appellant’s probation on 

that basis. See id. at 8-9. 

We conclude that the trial court’s reliance on these “additional” alleged 

violations is misplaced. First, the “Rules” to which the trial court refers are 

not in the certified record. What is clear, however, is that, as in Koger, these 

“Rules” were not provided to Appellant at the time of his initial sentencing 

and, thus, not court-imposed. See Koger, 255 A.3d at 1290-91. 

Second, in responding to Appellant’s habeas corpus petition, the 

Commonwealth admitted that the “sole violation presented” to the MDJ at 

the Gagnon I hearing was Appellant’s failure “to abide by a no-contact 

instruction with” G.I. See Appellant’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus at 1 

(emphasis added); Commonwealth’s Response to Appellant’s Petition at 1. 

Third, our review of the transcript from the revocation hearing reveals 

the focus of that proceeding was Appellant’s continued violation of the “no 

contact” order. In fact, the trial court noted twice that Appellant did not 

contest the fact that he violated the “no contact” order, but rather, argued 

his probation officer had no authority to impose that condition. See N.T., 

Revocation H’rg, at 4-5, 43-44. The court repeated this in its March 19, 2021, 

order denying Appellant’s petition for writ of habeas corpus. See Order, 
J-S30024-21

- 17 -

3/19/21, at 1 n.1 (“[Appellant] does not contest the [probation] violation. 

[Appellant] does, however, contest the . . . officer’s ability to place that 

condition on him.”).

Thus, upon our review of the record, it is evident the basis for 

Appellant’s probation revocation was his violation of the “no contact” order

imposed by Agent Lucas. Accordingly, we reject the trial court’s belated 

reliance on “additional violations” to support its ruling. This Court’s decision 

in Commonwealth v. Carter, 523 A.2d 779 (Pa. Super. 1987), is instructive. 

In Carter, the defendant appeared for a Gagnon I hearing to 

“determine whether probable cause existed for believing that [he] had violated 

the terms of his probation by committing one or more new offenses.” Carter, 

523 A.2d at 780. However, during the hearing, the trial court “learned that 

[the defendant] failed to report as ordered during probation.” Id. Based on 

that information, the court “immediately revoked probation and imposed a 

[new] sentence[.]” Id. The new offenses, which provided the basis for the 

revocation proceeding, were later dismissed. See id. 

On appeal, this Court explained:

“[D]ue process requires that a probationer receive written notice 

of the claimed probation violations prior to commencement of the 

revocation hearing. . . .” The purpose of requiring prior written 

notice “is to ensure that the ... probationer can sufficiently prepare 

his case, both against the allegations of violations, and against the 

argument that the violations, if proved, demonstrate that . . . 

probation is no longer an effective rehabilitative tool and should 

be revoked. . . . [T]he requirement bears directly on the ability 

to contest revocation.”
J-S30024-21

- 18 -

Carter, 523 A.2d at 780. Accordingly, the Carter panel held that the trial 

court “committed error” when it “changed direction” during the revocation 

hearing and found the defendant had committed a technical violation of his 

probation, when the defendant had “received no notice of any alleged 

technical violation of his probation before he appeared before the court.” 

Carter, 523 A.2d at 781.

The same is true here. There is no evidence in the record that these 

other purported bases for revoking Appellant’s probation were included in the

revocation petition, or presented to the MDJ at the Gagnon I hearing. Thus, 

we conclude the trial court erred to the extent it relied on these purported 

violations in revoking Appellant’s probation. See Carter, 523 A.2d at 781.

Because we agree with Appellant that the trial court improperly revoked 

his probation based upon a purported violation of a condition that was not 

court-imposed, we reverse the order revoking his probation, and vacate the 

judgment of sentence. Moreover, because we vacate the judgment of 

sentence, we need not address Appellant’s remaining two claims, which 

concern the sentence imposed following revocation.

Violation of probation order reversed. Judgment of sentence vacated. 

Jurisdiction relinquished.
J-S30024-21

- 19 -

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 01/19/2022