Business Library 

CLASS------

BOOK-------------


OFFICE OF NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

DIVISION OF REVIEW 

ADMINISTRATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF NRA CODES 

By 

D. L. Boland 

WORK MATERIALS NO. 73 

NRA ORGANIZATION STUDIES SECTION 

MARCH, 1936 

9843 

OFFICE OF NAT I ONAL RECOVERY A.DMIFISTRATION 

DIVI SI ON OF REV ~W 

Am.INI STRATIVE INTERPF.ETATIONS OF ~RA CODES 

:By 

D. 1. Br,land 

NRA OHGA!'.IZATION STUDIES SECTI ON 

l.ViARCH, 1936 
llAGAZI1,JES BOUND 

By W. P~ A3 ,· .-

MAR 2 o 1940 
F 0 R :::; Yi 0 R D 

~i. his utud;:r of ~ <.lmin st .:-~ tive I nt e r;'retc.tions of i.~P.A 

CoC:es 11 VJ.:•,s )rc:_.:'red. by ::r . b.L. Eolai;.d, of the :i.illA 

Ol'__,C::li z.:- ~ion Stuc1i c: s Section, ll:r . Willirun rr .• Jc.rdsl ey in charGe. 

Ur.fortnnc_-i.; el:r, r eC..'..lction of ,;crso!E1el in the section 

:?I eve:at ed f ·_:l l cievelonment of the su.bj ect end cxc e-, t for minor 

r r::visions the :lr e sent docwnent is the one ··)resented in 

Decem1 er 1935 as a nreliminc,rv dre..ft of a re,ort on the sub- . " 

ject. 1!everthel ess, t he cliscussi c- n , ;:-lthough u.Efortunc..tely 

h2,j_1dl i ng i nt er-'l" et? t i ons ; ;-.:nd the ;:, ·.-1en<ii ces con tr.in much det2.il e el ii. forr.1c-.'~ i on on the int e~··1ret 2- t i 0 !1s t:' ctu lly i s sued. A 

strt enent -,oL1tinG t he r'< ~l to :further r esearch is to b e found 

':;:1he findings c-cnd sUf~ es ti cns of the s tudy · are of course 

i ·.c.i viduc.l utter -~1c s and not of ficic.l -:·iosi tions. 

Lt t he b - ck of this r e-:•ort n ill b e foU..Tld a brief stc..temellt of the studies und rt L. r~ by the Divisi on of Review. 

L • C • 1 ;ar s 'hc:,ll 

Dire ct or, Division of Review 

:.ic:.rch 24: , l93G 

- i9043 
,. 

·, 

,' 

·,. 

' ' 
TAJLE O:J CO::r;Ef"l'S 

PAGE 

Introduction ... .. . ........... ..... . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Cl1a!'ter I - J.f'..ses of Po .rel~ ...........•................... ,........ 2 

Cha:pter II - Definition of the TeTI:ls 11 IterDretations 11 ancl 

''E~~ lana~ t i o !'l.S 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 

Cha:pter III - Dele::-e.tion of Po.,...,e~: to l:ial:e and Iss1:e Inter-_9retations anc. E:~le? nations ••••..••....•.....•..••• 10 

President ' s Ree!1:9lo:JT.1ent .Ag:tee:.1cnt •••..•••.•••••••••••••.•.•• 11 

Coc.es Under Sect ion 3 ( a) • . ...••.•••........... ~ . . . . . . • . • • . . . • 12 

Creation of N2.tional InC:.ustrial Recover:- ·~ oa1·0 .••••.•.•••••••• 12 

tliscellaneous Delec ations •••••••••.••...••••..•.•..•.... . .... 13 

CoC.e Autho:-i ties ••.••.••..••••.••••••.••••••••••.•.......•.•• 13 

Chaute:c IV - liethoc. o:' Issuance o; InteYoretations ancl 

Ex_9lanations ................•................. 15 

Chauter V - .Anal ~rsis o: Inter-.:_Jrctations - Cause - T~'=._oes of 

Co~e Provision s ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 

In terureta t ion of l.Ianufnc ture of Pro c:.:uct . • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • . • . • • 18 

Inter-oretatio:fl o: Labor irovisions ••••••••••••••..••••••••••• 21 

I nter-_9retation of Tra&e Practice Provisions •••••.•••.••.••••. 22 

Cha:pter VI - Eva luations and Conclusions ••..••.••••••••.•••••••••• 23 

:p:pen6.i~: A 

A~:penc_i:: l 0. 

Ap"'9 enf..i:::: -r 0 • 

.A:p~end.i::: l o. 

ko·o :..t..- en eli~· -- No . 

A:-::>?en0..i:-: 1Jo . 

.A.:p:penG..ix No. 

!}~ enC..i ':: No. 

9843 

furtl1er Revie\7 .. ........................ . ........ , . . • 25 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 -

7 -

Outline - I nter-_9retations an~ 1~lanati ons ••••••• 26 

List of nte:c~_9reta tions of Hou:· P~ovisions ••••••• 32 

List of ntei'~ ret at io ns or i7ace Provisions ••••••• 37 

List of nte:t.~ retat ions oi General La to:;.~ 

P1 .... ovis ions ........ ........................... . 44 

List of Inte1~_9retat ions of Occu:9ational 

Classifications •••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••• 

List of nter::n~etatio ls of I nC'.ustr:-

Classifications •••••••.•••..•••...•..••••••••• 47 

List of Inter-pretati ~s of Trace ~ractice 

Provisions •••••••••••••• , •• , •• 1 ,: ••• •••••••••• 48 

( I nclucl.ing ti~t of tyues of trPde -practice rules interpretedJ~ii-

PAGZ 

A-o·oendix Fo . g - NRA Procedu:te E'..S to t:1e Issuance of Inte~retf'.t ions .. .................... , ........... · • • • 57 

98(3 -iii-
. . ... . ' ' • o o o • I ' ' ~ ' • ' • ' ' ' • • ' ' • o o 

, 
-1-

This rc >ort sets forth the l'es ul ts of c. stu~r of III ntcr-lretD.t i ons ". 

The V'"' rious t ';Jes of li:.A int er >:.·ct.- ti o. s he: ve b on 2.:!E' l Jzed c:1d ty·...,icc.,.l 

CE'scs thereof .:::rc set forth . TJ: r> cruses of such int or l_;rc t c:.t ions h<:'ve 

not ber-m full;r e).'Jlored, but a ·wo.:iuc.te1y three hundred cases he.ve 

boo::.1 c::cminocl f or the -,...,'I..U'";oses of tl i s rc;·)Ort . Such int er-1rct ations 

relc:'..te to codes, Executive cncl Ad.mi nistrD.ti ve ·orders, the PRA and 

other c.:.0..;·.1inistrc:-.tivc ')ronounccments. It rlB.s not been ··l Ossible to 

make com lcte o::D.min< tion of t he recor d.s of E'..ll liRA inter21retations, 

the total of , .. h i 1 i s cst.i m2.t e d at one thousc-.nd. liorrever, the interprctc:.tions e.::-e..mined 0 i ve ·a fairly r e:;roscntP.ti vc cro s s-s ection of 

the ·; o bl eras C"l1 cl q_ucst ions :- lrcsent e d. 

The j)ri me.ry qbj octi ve of t ho study is to ~1r c ::: ent t~·lC eY-

"Jeri e:1c es of ·-::tA ·:ri th i:ltcr·lretc.tion s e ncl the le ~s on s to b e 

leo..rl1ed fr011 SUCh e )eric nc es . rrhe nt:!.in subjects of t>. e :)r escntation Lre thoc;e of '""'lOVJc rs, limi taticns t her eon, methods of exorcise 

c::.nd ~hcr l12 scs rihich ar c c cn11 c c ted r:i th l C'_:_ i r- l c t i vc ··Jrcro;e.ti ves. 

Such sub stantivE; QUestions are set forth herein. Th e l esser robl erns rcl.:.tint:, to .: dminis ·. tio: , · roc ' . .ure <.nd t }1c lH.:e t hou gh set 

forth in dcJ:.c:-il in t :1c outline o:{' t .:1e sub jnct (* ) Pr e tree. ted but 

briefly . Tlli s r e1;o rt is ~ rirnaril: .. concerned ·. ·i th r:?.A c.s- c.. government 'll a 6 ency and secl~s to E'.nsr·cr t hes e q_ucs t ions :-

(1) Fh,"'t ¥!<. s the s ource of :::-.A 1 s ; ov:'cr to inter-;rct 

co ue s and other docru~ nt ? 

( 2) r:hc.t id t:1e : iJt c.Lo in t he exercise of the n ov1er 

of i n ter· r ot .:ti on? 

( 3) n: C".t sh ould an:- fntuTc c ovcrn1.1entc-.l .:bei.1cy e;n-

'b ocl~ irJ.[; the :...,rii:ci l e s of :::::.A. b e em )Onerccl to do 

\'l ith r es:·,·ect to i nt elpret c::..t i o;-:co? 

(*) Appendix No . l t 

9843 
-2-

CH.A.PTER I 

BAuES GF POWER 

The National Industrial Recove ry Act (*) contAins no specific 

:provlslcn :permitting the interpre tation of · codes or agreements ap roved 

under the t erms of t he Act. The exist nc~ of the power of interpre tation 

must find its basis in a construction of the Act or in the application 

of general rules and principle s of administr ative laTI. 

Section 3(a) of the Act, in part, pr vides: 

"The President may, as a condition of his ap-r,>roval of any such 

code, im ose such conditions (including requirements for the 

making of reports a.nd the l{eep ing of accounts) ::or the protection 

.. of consumers, competitors, employees, and others, and in furtherance of the public interest, and ~ay provide such exceptions to 

and exem~tions from the provisions of such code, as the President 

in his discretion deems necessary to effectUEte the policy herein 

declared." 

Particular attention should be directed to the power 11 to impose 

such conditions." Discretion with respect to such "conditions" is 

cr d and the exercise of such discretion could be eviden~ed by the 

issuance of an :interpretation of a code provision, which interpretation, 

according to the finding of the President, would be 11 for the protection 

of ccnsumers, competito'rs, etc." The po\ler conferred by Section 3(a.) 

and the meaning of the term "condition" ar-e of sufficient import to 

permit approval of a code on condition that a certain provision or word 

shall ha.ve a definite meaning. 

The order of approval of the Transit Indus try Code (No. 28 - September 18 , 1933) contains the follo wing langua ge:-

" •• it is hereby app roved, sul.Jject to the following conditions: 

(1) In approving the Code of Fair Competition for the Transit 

Industry, it is to be understood that para graph 2 of Article VII, 

refers tc all labor agreements arrived a.t by collective bargaining and that as to the langua ge of this :paragraph, the approval 

sha.ll be construed to mean thf.Jt existing labor contracts betneen 

members of the industry and employees may be continued in effect 

to their various ex~iration dates, unless modified by mutual agreement, but are not incorporated as a part of the Code. Where the 

p rovisions of any such expiring contracts include extensions or 

r enewals thereof by arbitration or otherwise, such prov1s1ons may 

ha.ve the same force and effect as other provisions of such contracts, but in the process of extension or renewal of any such 

contracts, as provided by their terms a.nd conditions, no working 

hours shall be set up which are in excess of the maximum alloTied 

in this Code, and the minimum wa ge provisions shall not be less 

than those provided in this Code. il 

(*) Public Resolution No. 67, House Resolution No. 5755, 73rd Congress, 

herea£ter called the Act, 48 Stats. 195. 
- 3-

Likewise , the o r der nf Appr ov al of t he Silk Textile Indu stry Code ( No . 

48 - October 7 1 933 ), in part , provi des a.s fol l ons: 

11 •• it i s he r e by f'lpp rove d, it be ing d i stinctly unde r sto od t ha t 

t he mi ni;num wage fixe d i n Ar t icJ. e IV eppl i es onl y to t he lowest 

pa.id cla s s of l auor in t he i ndu s try and is a min i mum ',7age fo r tha t 

class onl y , and t ha t wee.ve rs, ','7a r pers, l oom f i xe rs and other 

skille d and. sem i-sl~ ill d wo r ke rs s ha ll be pa i d upon a highe r wage 

s ca l e Tihic h ma i nta i n s t he dollar diffe r entiAl a bove t he lone st 

pa i d cla s s a s t hey existed on J uly 1, 1930, in a c co r dance with t he 

p r ovisions of pa ra graph 3 of Art icle IV. 11 

The se i nstance s of i n t e r p r e tation, by means of impo sition of a condition in t he orde r of approva l, show an a ssump tion by the ~inistration of t he existe nce of i n t e r pr e tive powe rs in Se ction 3(a). Some reliance up on this s ource of powe r could be hEld, i f all inte r p reta tions 

were incorp ora t e d in the orde r of approva l or a subseque nt order of 

modifica tion (*), but Se ctions 3 (d), 4( a ) , 7(b) and 7(c) p rovide f or 

other t ypes of code s and a gr eements, whic h have no r e lation to t he tyne 

of co de s pe r mitted by Sa ction 3 (a ). 

The grant of ge ne ral }lOwe rs i n t he Act 1Je r mi ts rd de ndministrative 

discretion. The limits r e quire the Pr esi dent t r; effectua te t h e policy 

of t he Act(**). These lir.:litC'l tions d isclose a cle l ege tion of p ower in 

ve r y gene r a l f orm and are conce r ned yr i "vh the 8&-u.i n..istra tive issuance 

and npproval of codes, All .'3d.mi n i str ative action i nvolve s the p ossibi1 i ty of rule ma k ing , eithe r f o r ur~l o s e s of Dro cedure or for the e xercise of discre tion . The legislQtive body, a t t he time of ena ctment, may 

fors e e that va ria ble conside r e tion s a.r e no t p r edicta ble. Fle xibility 

may be nece ssa ry in order to d.minist l~R tiv y apDl y the law. In such 

ca ses the e xercise of discre tion ev i denc ed i n t he f orn of rule mak ing 

becomes an administra tive poner. In s ome case s t he rule ma k ing p 01.'Te r 

may be conferre d to suppl ement statutor y p rovisions or for r egulation 

of ma jor ma tte rs n ithou t t he gui dance of analo gous dire ct p rovisions 

in the sta tute (***). 

A le g islative dele ga tion of gene r a l adm inist n:~ ti n of a statute 1.'1ith 

a grant of rule making p owers u sually include s pow·e rs of inte r p rete tion. 

Freund , sup r a , at p . 21 5 sa y s: 

t1Ano t he r t ype of rul e - rrt=Jki ng i s likewise inhe rent in the a dminist r r-J -

tive a pplication of the l av:r , namely tha t r e l a ting to inte r p reta tion <:md 

resulti ng in what are distinctively lmorrn a s 'rulings. t A ruli ng do e s 

not, like othe r r egulatio ns, deAl 17ith m.g tt e r l eft open for vnriable 

dis osition, but define s t he De aning of sta t u t o r y terms a nd p rovisions, 

vVhere the statute is in t he f irst i nsta nce a dministratively applied, 

such definition is inevitable, whe t he r i ntende d f or the guidance of 

(*) Se e Section lO(b) of t he Recove r y Ac t . 

(**) See Se ctions 3(a), ?(b), 10 ( 8 ), 

( ***) Freund - "Administrative Powe rs Ove r Pe r s on s a.nd Pr ope rty 11 -1928 , 

pp. 213 to 220, inclusive . 

9843 
-4-

official subcrdinc>tes or frr the gu:!.d<mce of the ·oublic. In revenue 

legislation, in 1JElrticular, such rulin5s or regulations a.re of very 

great inportance. Tl e _.r are i ncf"' i1clusi ve, if ques tic ned in court; but 

even a court may give ·reight to a lon6 estnblished ad.rninistrative construction. They may also have a quF~lified legal status, nhere the 

statute makes them binding on subordin~te s or cccssors in office, until reversed or modified in due course ( Tnriff Act, 1922, p}J. 502b, c; 

also Revenue Act, 1926, p~ . 110 ~. 

11All these types of unquestionably valid rule-making may be supposed to 

be covered by the ordinary dele& tion of poner to Bake rules and regulations to c~rr~ a statute into effect; and the po~er probAbly exists 

without express delega tion, a po ssible difference being thAt the express 

dele gation makes the rule binding upon the odministrAtive authority 

vJhile it stands Fhereas a ruJ.e vch.mt"1rily made may perhaps be looked 

upon in the same mAnner as ta~ inistrPtive rules' Are looked upon in 

courts of equity, namely as rule s of guidance by which the EJuthority is 

not rigor0usly bound. n 

It is submitted that such a p0vre r existed in the NRA. The limits 

of administrative discretion were ~ide and, of necessity, the power to 

set forth the me8ning cf stBtutory t erms and code provisions WRS An inherent part of the exercise of discretion. 

In sup-port of the ab0ve contention, specific po':ver is found in the 

Act . Section lO(a) provides:-

11 The President is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be nece ssary to carry out the purposes of this title, 

and fees for license s nnd for filing codes of f air competition 

a.nd agreements, and any violation of any such rule or regulation 

shall be ~un ishable by fine of not to exceed $500, or imprisonment 

for net to exceed six mcnths, or both." 

This section appears tc be a blAnket grant of pov:er and applies to 

those rules and re ulations which are not included or implied in the 

specific grants contained in other sections of the Act (*). Likenise, 

the broad prnrers contained in Section lO(b) are in sup-oort of the existence of the power of interpretaticn although this section may prescribe 

a different method of issuance of an interpretation. It may also be 

argued thBt the grant of pouer contained in Section 2, 1.1ith or without 

the support of Section lO(a) would permit the President to issue rules 

and regulations reasonably necessary and intended to carry out the 

purposes of the Act (**). The 1)resence of Section lO(a.) in the Act 

renders the necessity of im:olicaticns of poner of secondary imnortance 

and l ea ds the author .to the conclusion ~~ thAt this section is the primary 

Bnd safest bAsis upon which to predicate the pot''er of interpretation. 

This :o redication is sup:;>o rted b"r implica tion from other portions of the 

Act and Accep ted IJrinciple s of PdministrAtive la'.1 . 

(*) See Se ctirn 6(a) . 

(**) See N3.A Legal Rese~rch Memorandum No . 447 - December 3, 1934. 

9843 
~--

The power to int erpret by means of rules and regulations requires 

examination of the eff ect of such rules. Are such interpretations mere 

administrative guides or actual declarations of law? It is conceded 

that the interpretation of statutes and the d.etermination of the limits 

of administrative discretion rest with the judiciary. However, interpretE.tions of the NIRA o.nd codes by NRA nrc the acts of an administrative agency and are concerned with administrative law. The existence 

of this po~Jer judicially and aruninistratively has been reco gnized. 

tiA study of administrative law as a branch of the common law is 

a study on the basis of decided cases, and it is therefore 

natural to read the law in the light of judicial decisions. 

Even though it be realized that judicial law is one thing 

and administrative practice another, it is also true that 

in thoory at least the p~actice is normally subject to judicial 

control, and that judicial contstruction is therefore a very 

legitimate test of the limits of discretion. A reco gnition 

of the fact that administrative practice has, so to speak, 

its own law, is not inconsistent with the recognition of 

the importance of the judicial or legal aspect of discretion, 

and vice versa. t1 (*) 

Judicial interpretations are la'.7. The effect of administrative interpretations is the same as that which they interpret, provided the interpreta- .._ 

tion is not unreasonable or inconsistent with the Act. The rule is well 

stated in Fau£9&.Machi1~...Q.Q.:_ v. U. 8..:.., 282 U. S. 375 (1930 ):-

tr •.. They are valid unless unreasonable or inconsistent 

with the statute. UniJe~~~ates v. Gri~u~, 220 U.S . 

506, 517-518; Inter~ti,9_:1.a)._~:R.;:u Qq ~ v. Dqvidson, 257 

U.S. 506 , 514. They constitute contempor lli~e ous construction by those charged with the administration of 

the act, are for that reason entitled to respectful 

consideration, and will not be overruled except for 

weighty reasons. Unit ed Stat~~ v. r.:o~ , 95 U.S. 

760, 763; Brewster: v. Gage_, 280 U.S. 327, 336 . tt 

Accordingly it is submitted that an interpretation of the National Industrial Recovery Act, an order or a code provision has the effect of 

the respective matter interpreted, provided the interpretation was 

reasonable and consistent with th~ statute and the particular order 

or code provision. · 

It should be noted that Section 10 (a) created a criminal offense 

for violation of a rule or regulation. This st atement connotes the 

legal effect of a .rule of interpretation issued as a means of effectuating the p~oses of the Act. 

---~-~- --·- -· ---~.,~ ~ . ~ -· .... ~ ---

(*) Freund- 11Administrative Powers Over Persons and Propertyll - 1928, 

pp . 51' 95. 

9843 
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CE/ .FTE?. I I 

:U=-':::"I:~I~IOr 0:? ~~~ T~ S '~U~T :S::-~c·;:J.~_l~J '' 

A1~-~ =~~ ~~Ar;}_ _I ·JF II 

An 11 I n ter~rctn t i on , t: in the rchnar~' 1eo.ni n:; of tl10 t e r n , is:-

l. 11 kn. i:.tc:r9re t inc ; s· c cif icr.lly n.n e: .. ::_o l c.no.t ion of 1h2.t 

is obscur e ; o:::9ositj.on; version ; c.onstruction. 

11 1~ trG:'1sl:ating ; trnnslo.tion fro:-::1 011e l n.n.c:uGl(;e into 

n.no t1 cr . 

2 . 11 ':rhc sense giv en "by c:..n intcr::>:.:otcr ; . o::-.:--os2. t ion or c.::::o l<mation g iven ; r.waning , c:..s cort:o:r tnt ors Gi v e vo.:.:ious intcr-

·J:: ctc.tions of the s.:-Lr.1C :.on.ss2 -~e of Scri·:) t u rc 11 ( *) 

'=\ o l cc['.l . cl..rfL~ i tion or tho t0ru , o..cco:rc: in£; to ~.uvier , is a s 

follo·7s : 

"Tho c"'.iscovor~r n.n6. r e:9:1.' osonto.t ion of the true ~:1cc: niJ1..,..~ of 

any si r;ns usot':. t o conv oy id.c<.:.s . Lie"bor, LeG . nne. ?ol. 

Hcr·wnou t i cs. 

11 Tho 1 t::u.o sao.ninc ' of ::.ny sit;ns i s t h:·.t :·wo.nin::; '7!1ich tl1ose 

'7ho uscf. thor:1 7cr c dcsi::cous of o:.;:-..;_Jrossi nr; . A :.ovr son <..c-:..o.;> ting 

o::.~ SC'.nct i o· .inc; th e::.~ 1 ur os ' t~1 t~El c:..s '.7c J.l -:.s t:1c i:;.~ i :r cc:U. o.. t c 

o.u.tho r . 3o t h :~mrt.i os to o..n D.:~~ ocuen t equally :nal:a usc of 

t he si;,'";ns dc cln.r['tO:i.';}' of tl~at ~~; rc nt thou,c;h one onl y is 

tho ori:-:; in2.tor, nnd. the other r.my b e o~ ti::>:" ly :.0[1Ssivo. Tl1o 

:Jo st o·~~.1on sir;ns used. to onve~r idco.s c:..r c '.'ords. ·:Then t.hc::co 

is o.. contr2.diction in sicns intonc.oC: to o.c;r oc , r C'sort nuR t 

b e ho.d to constru ction, - t~1r-.t is, t he C:. r n::rint; of concJ.usions 

f::..~o;-:1 tho :,i von sic ns , r os}c cting id.::-·o..s · rhich tho:' r:o not c..x-

)rcss. Int c."i.~·9:-ct['. tion is J~hc o.rt of find.inc.; out '7l1.2.t tho 

n.uthnr intends to convr;:·; constru.ction is r c sortcc-:.. to in 

c or:1_92..ri"l_: t··TO C..iff c r cnt ··riti:1.c-·s or s k'..t u t cs. Co:.st.ruction 

is ucu::.lly confound ; d. ·-ri th ntc ~) otr-tion , but in c annon 

s ens e.. , i s c;cn orn.lly crr . .:.J loycd. in ::. s ense ~1.:-- . is ~) ro};c rl y 

covered by "Joth ·:rhcn c.:1.ch i s nsoo. in D. s ens e strictly o.nd 

chnico..ll ~ corrc c·t ; Cool..;y , Co:'1s t. Li!J. 70. 11 ( **) 

An 11 o:::-ol n.nc:.-J:,i on 11 is USU;'..ll7 r.cfi ncc"'. 0.8 fo llons : 

11Act or ·orocc ss of :;~_J <. iniY-l-<c; , oun.c.int; or inL'r ? rotine; ; 

o. cl c::.::cinr-; fron o b scuri t;y :ono. ·1o.kin:; l cr; i bl o; o.s ,. the GXolc...n.;>.tion or o. pc.sso.c;o in Scrip t "Lll'c , o...: of 2 contr .~ ct or 

t ree. t:•. 

·----··------ -------------------

(*) · .. r.b stcr s Fo" Int crno..t io11[' 1 1ctio11or~· of tLc nc 1is~l C'.nf,Uo,.~c , 

G. c?: c. :;c."i.~ri ~·:·1 Co.' 1) 34 , ~J . 112). 

0~"""' _; 0 4' ) 

(*,.) 3ouvicr 1 s Lc:..: Diction.:'..r;" , ?.o:1lo 1 r. T!::.irr'. :.:tcvision, Vol 2 , :9 · 1657 . 
- 7-

11T:.c ·11...cnin~: .:-.ttribu.tcc'. to c!'l~rthir..[' J~' or..c ·rho c:.:-:~l,.:_ns it; 

{cfinition; ir..tlr~rct~tion ; s~ns~ . 

I!_A r.mtuo.l ,:~_:)osition of Jv L-r.1s , ·lc"r·L[' , or 'lOtiY:s, '.7it!1 c. 

vi :1 to <t.<ij st .:-. 'li'"'u~d~..:.·st.:-nC.in, · or reconciL C.i .t:':.:rcnccs; 

r econ ili.:-tion; c-s , cone to .:-n c:~_-l.:-. n~tfon 11 ("") 

~ ~... -lrst of:."icic.l usc of t~1c teril 11 int c l-=_.::,rct.:-.tio::." 'Jy ::RA is 

:ounC: in tu:-- ord _._ of c.~_:-,l~ov.:- 1 oi the Cotton ~extil~.. Gcde - Jul:r 9, 1933 . 

_io officicl us~ o: the tern 11 c:::9lc.n.:-.tion 11 rJ['S nc.dc u:'1til tl:: issuo..nce 

of P.A 3ullctin ITo . 4 , ·hich set forth ['TI offici~l e~~L .. nc.tion 11 of tho 

?JA. In nclfi tio11 , Jullctin ! o . 4 contr.i:0.cc. t·.--renty- one intc:r-_9re tc.tions , 

o.ll of · rhi.ch c.:-.vo n nol~c dct.:-.i lcci. o::-5·0Si tion o: ccrt~.in ??.A :9ro risions 

c.nd o..t.tcn?tod to r eso lve ooth :-·0.to-.t <.'.nc!. lc.tc.t C:.ouots as to· such 

~')rovi"' ions. :2::;-- .1i no.. t ion of s ch o:~lc ·1e.t ~- ons .:- ·:s-i nt -:l::;>::c ot .::: t io:r~ s ffio·-,s 

the fornc r to 0.:; norc sin::ole ~ n --_ so .K ti ~en c. st~.tc:.10nt of t!1c ob-..ri ous 

o..nd the l::.tter c. clt."'.ri:fic·.tion oi r c.:-.so:0.c-.oly d.ou'Jtf-,_,_1 ':Jrovisions . It 

i the ODE'. ion of Lie o.u t:wr t.11~--.t this (is tinction of !:.O!"lcnc1.:- tr.rc ~7t."'.S 

officially declctred in tho s.:-id. ?ullctin !.:O . 4 . 

Yo of:t~iCi[ l de:'ini tio or tlL tcrr.:s """T ['.S lC'.Q(' Jy ·;p.A , .:-1 thJuf;h 

vo.rious orc'ccrs ucntion.::d the tor:.1 11 lntcr"D :tr t ;:.tion . " ( .>:"') On Dc c c:1bo r 

2S , 1933 , tl c C'c:li~ istr:--.tio~ notcf.. the Ci::c· c: cc i~ qrestio!!s of inter.:_~::..~c t;: .t ion Ii t:1 cs·;:;~..ct to difficult ' o::' d.ctc:..~~}in.:-.tion . Office 

Ordcl~ '":-o . S3 , i ssuec" on t~lC .:-.bovc d.:-te , i:'1 trcc.tin.--· of dclet:;c.tions of 

-co·-rc:~ to L:te:~ r~.-t , C.istincuishoL ·.:>c t·Jccn -

11 Int cr-Jretctio:r.s ··hero the int ent of the: lc.Dll<::-;e of 

n.nd -

.:::.nd -

the cede is cle:2-r :-.nC: unni s tcl:c.blc • 11 

r:Int.::.r·orct.:-tions ·-, ..::r ... t:11 i:'1t(:nt 

the coC.e is :.ot ;hol}:'J clrc.r . 

o: 

II 

Jf 

11 Inter:::-ctc.tions 7~lcrc t~1c int ::mt of t}le :.rn. T!.~·.::_;e of 

t.ho coC:.:: is in cou-Jt . II . . 

In such office or~c~ no u sc of _,_,..., - vi·'-

------------------- - - -- ------ ------

(*) -.costcr 1 s F~.. ., L.t.:,:-:10 .i o·n_c.l Dicti'0n:;.r~r of tl:c 1:! :1~lish Lr.n.c,\1['}]; ... , 

G. f- C. ~:..:_._':--ir_;-.1 Co ., 1934 , .:'ct ·.::,[' .. --·e 772. 

(**) Sec Office Or~crs ~os . ~ r• J...c , L' 0 1.Tp ~- .£' l- l --s r , l -~ - ... • 

• 
-8-

Of:ici.:-..1 r c cog ni tion o:- the scoDc of int C'r p:rctr'.tion -, roblcns -rc.s 

mcoc <'.nC. C.o:incd on If['.rch 26 , 193l..: .• ( *) 

This r.dninistrt:,tivc dcfini tio:o. contirmc cl to ·Jc o·ocrr'.t ivc until 0..:9:9 ro:;:il~l Sc9 t c. .1b -..:r 1, 1934 , n tho Ad Jinistrr- tio~ issu'"'CI. f'X'. Office 

lit:,nu.'"'.l . fr'.rt III , p G.ro..grc._.:_)h 3110 of tl1c :·t:,nu r.l C:.cfin:;C::. the t e rn lli nt c r -

:9l~ct:: tion 11 f'.s :-.ol lo'7 s : 

"' Int :;.· :· trtion' ~;cc ::1s ['.n r u l ir_r · on :· h e :1cf'.ni:'lG o:' the 

J.o.r-c:u<:.c:c of <:. cocic re the intent o-f t:lo.t l<':1(:J.o.r: c is 

i n c".oubt , or n i ght rct:,sono.bl •r "be; - c: :;..'3)c ct cc. to b e. i:!"l cionbt 

L'11ong in:ol~o c'.. of::'ici:->.1s of the Coc;,._c A1:.thori ty rncl l , 2 . A . ; 

i. C. 1 •rho:;..~ c C. kn0'7lc-C.gc of the SUJ..~rounC.inc; •:! ircur~St['.nC t.. S r>nd. 

.~ . olici s fc.ils to :·or.1ovc the cssity ~or n decisi on 

on ·-rhi ch r c['.'"'onnbl e; ··1cn, ~...quo..ll ;;· c onv :::;:s--.nt ··.ri th the ei rcu.r:-1-

" to..ne c s .n net.· ]JO I i cia s·. fiigh t d i ffer . " 

F['.rt III, ')~· y; r.:'._;, h 3111 of such lir-.nuc-1 :;roviO..cs :-

11 1 E:~_9 o..no.tio: ' n c t:.:1S any st.:--.t e::wnt .:--.s to the :.10['.nL _G oi the 

l c-nP}ltl.f;O ·Thc:;..· c t he j_r.tcnt of thr-.t l_ ~n r:U<'-r~c. is not in (oubt 

[',.i.10nc offici<'.ls of tho Co0.c Authori ty or l:. ::t. A. ; i. c . , 

··The re ['.. l-no·7lcdgc of the surrounc.inc circur:s·~ .:lc s r c: wvos 

the ncccs s i t y fa:;.~ c. dcci s ion on ·.;hieh r e.:--.sono..'bl c ;] e n , cqu<'lly 

conv e rsr.nt rT i th the circu;-1stC.i.1c c s r:.nC.. :90li c i os , r:ie;ht d.i;fer. 11 

The sA·ia Office i:['..nU['.l c ontLL'ls the lollo·-ri·"-·=.· st['.+,eJ.1c n t :-

11 Su:9 c r s oc.ii1G .:-'.11 :9 r9vimls Office Or(.c l~s r'.:nc :iv 10:..~ ['. nc f' , incl.J.:i: Llg.' [1.11 Acnini s tr['.t i ·.r c Orcicrs r.n0. o.ll E~~ecu t i vc Ore" e rs 

--,i th r.:-- 1 p_.:J lic ['..t l of i~ . 11 

The ::;:.nu['.l ··!['.S or0.e l· c: d by the c".i :;..~ et ion of th0 Ac:1.L1istrr-.th r • C'.nd •:ms 

signed. by t:1c Ad.ninistro.ti-yc Office:;..~ . 

E}:oninntion of such G.cf i ni tions sho· rs thr'.t the c-;.ist inction bct•7ccn 

the :;_~ns 11 i nter-_9 r e tnt ion11 <:.nd 11 c- n2.'cion ll ·.-,:::.s !.1.:-'rkcC. by :-- non1 ['..S to 

rTh['..t consti tutcd doubt . Ofii co O:tcl..::.r No . 75 l'cf e rs to cloubt of ronson-

['.bly '7cll inforncd officir'.ls, uc-J:ipt;_ t~1 c rulin: ·, ·7hi !. c the Of::' ic c LC'.nut:,l 

sets u.~ r cr:.son['.b l y ~_9c ct od C.oubt of i nfornecl offi ci['..ls of the code 

t:.utho ri t y <:.nC. the lTRA. . This [iffe::.· c 1ce of c.c tc:::oinr-.tion shQ'7S the s~c

ci:':ic line of d.oof'.rc['..tion bct·h;cn .:--n int eT·.J rctc-.t ion r>.?'ld r-.n o:;:-9 }_['..n2.t ion , 

( *) ~..- c Office Orclc r No . 75 , ·1hich , in '?<'-rt , ·orovi0.es:-

:Definitions. 

J.. h~ t cr·or e t ['.t io~s . 

This t e:~-: i ·ncluC..0s r.l l r uJ. L1gs on the . 1cr.ninc; of the l<'.n[,'Ur'.-_:;c of 2. coC.e 

"!he r e the int '"'nt of t h<'.t r' :u tt; c is in C.ou~)t ; i. e ., ·.1here ['.. l:no--lec;_r;o 

of the sur:;_~oundi :r'lg ci I'C'l'.,!St ~ ne os -~1t". of the r;onc rr-.1 poli ci os of NRA on ~he 

:9£'.rt of t_1c ~; orson :-1d:in:·; the l~li s f['.ils to l' euove the nc ccssi ty for 

.:'. C.Ccision on ·-rbich r c.'"'.GOnr.ol c :1cn , Ut' ll~r ··r elJ. inforr.1ed , :i:;h t differ, 

' Th e re no d e cision is :;..~ qui C. on ·:h-ieh rc.:--.sonc-:)le :1en , cq_u<:.llJ ·.-roll inforn cci , night differ , , the :"L.,_lii.1 r; is not o..n intcr9rctation out nercly 

L'.n cx-_9l n.n['..t ion. II 
-'Jm t tl-!e ·1cthoc'. t h ~..of c"ls~ osc s <'..n mh c '"'.tion C/ l::tA t o ..:nl r.:r.c;c t :w 

:r.o r n <:,s to U tA o.c "ici.:-' l ::; .:'"'lC t o nc ur~.c the :;, ·. ~wr;,<'.b ~1cs : of i::" fo ::T11'.-

t i on of c'~.. <'.uthu:c itJ ofr.~c :'. ls . It shoul.c' :!c ·rtot c c" . t hl".t 1-::no·.rl ec'.r;c 

of o th su r:counc'inc circu·1s t .:-',ncd> C.!1 r'. ~T?.A ~oo y ;,~~ c r c qu i si tcs fo :;,· the 

de t c rni:1<' t io n of r~.. r> son<" "o l ·r info r r;cd of f i cj.f'.l : . 

ThG co:·-ort t o ox :--. ~_; ·; ith this disti~e't.i.on r c <"'ult c c. in nnn;y 

v:',"il".tions the:;,·ef:·on . Pro c c c'.ure cl.c1c.nc1cc c c rt:- i n so:'lsic c:c:--.t ion of 

au ~_; io s of int,e rpl'e tati,..ns. ; , such t.r-.;G.t .1cnt t cLy; suojc c t to the 

:? - d.o~1 t Ci.r t ; rr:L1< t ion r·s to t l1 c t y,9c; of ~u cn :::. ·! ~.. nt u L E:TOJ.' S 

occurr c::. · ·I.1croby c~;:- m: ti ol1 S · .·c::t· c t 3' C<'.t eC. .:'.s in "'; l~_? nt io ns <'-'·let vi c e 

v e rse.. S::_;>cC.. cn ~~ oft en Ct'.us e d l:-no··rin,n; cl. o'}f' rtu r c f:z·on t h e rul c.s · ·~1c by 

in t "' r e t .:'. t ion s · 'u:~o i s suer)_ i a th ~... : o 1.- 1 of o::-_9 l <.n<' t i ons , -Ji t h ou t .:'. ~r 

C0!1siC:c rt',tiur. hc~ f 'u~r t h e. V<'.r i ou s ~'.cl vis :::y iJO<'.:·cls . :Sr..1,9 loyrc s in tho 

f i lc~. , c s:; c c iG.ll:r :--<.". j u s to rs, c ons icLc r c d. Ll t c :::-'C r c t G.t ion r·. ncL c x_;, l £"..n£"..t ion 

:9:.·obl r:s c' .-- il r <' mL clcc i G.eG. then, <'.l t h ou [;h , in D<'!"l~- cc,s c s they ···e r e :.1ot 

u p-to-c".l"..t c i n t:w L· 1::-,o·rl cC't:;c of l3A :9 0lici c s ( o:1c of the r equir cn cnts 

of :9 ro3)c:· c' .. <:; t e r :.1i ·1.:-·.t ion. ) I nc.i v ic::.u,"'.l 0.-:; ci s i 011 oft -:; n C:.i s r c:=,o.rded tho 

que stion of othe r r cG.s o:1a.bl;y L1for1-: cG. o:ffi c i t'.ls. Coo.o :--.uth ori t y off' i c i.:'.ls 

' .'Cl'C not co 11 s·J.l t cG. . In short , the r equi :r·vr1cnts , rc :c c not follo·7c c~. nc~. , 

if t'.cl.hcr oC. to, the c.ctur J. d e t c r r.1L1r.t ion ·.:.:'.s <iif ficul t . Th-.; chstinctio:1 

of the r:-:~s , ·::i th <'.11 L' t tcnci.".n t r C" l C'..=:inc o£' t:~ol of the ; o· rc r of 

c:;p c..nc t~on , c :::-cc,t c d '::or e J:_) tu; j_ tics :Co :· c:·ro :rs ...-.net ("..Ssur::p tion of 

D.Utho::.~i t:r 1 .;~ c. l t i n:·· i n lit tl e Ol~ 110 l:no· ·l cd.c;c of tllO t:r:90 of 0.c cisions 

r cnC.c:c od . It i<" nug::;c s tcd t h.'"'t such .-- c isU.nc t ion of t or u s o.n<i the 

questions of c.cl cc;t'tion r.nd c o:r.trol i nvolvcc'c cl.o ::1ot :';!-.;rni t the continuo..nc c of such I', syst cu . Cont:coJ., clos cl :r c:uC'..l-0.cc3. .::.o · rc. r .11 6 .. o. con:9l c t c 

r e cord of t h e c::c. :;,· c: is e of the ., o"' '~ r of :~n :.. :.·c :,t. ion i s n e c osst'.r;y . It 

is therefore sugrso st cC::.. tltt'.t c:::::.l r',nG.tions , l".s suc:1 , shou ld b e ."'.bolishc.G. ; 

th.:-'t the onl :' que stions su j c ct to co:r.si c~c r<' ti o:;, , wulcl ),·· o:1c s of intcr-_9rct<'tio ··! ; nnC. tht':~ ,"', cont:·ol bor·.2·G. b e cr::po···0r c d to c~ ·· 1ine the 

ini ti£"..1 q'Li.cstior.. I' S to .. ,-ic t hc r or not ::. ~::J ro "u cr.l for i n t , r:pl' Ct G.tion 

e~~ists . Su ch C-G:1trG.lizl',tion ·-,oulC. L".sur c :c ::_Je r 6c t c r:-1inc:.t ion <'.nd. 

unifo:;_·oi ty. 

I n m1d.i tion , untforn . us0cc 6f th0 t c r1 11 :L::t c r u r c: t<'.tion11 is . 

su~; cc.".. . It is true thr:.t v e ry f c--; t eres ·:e r e us cc1 · in ·9l t'.ce of 

niJ.1t J!:;_·e t:=ttion1 ~ Sonc orde rs u s e d 11co::lst:::-ucd11 rm d 11 f'.;J_;- lil) cl. 11 (*) 

One t c T·:·J ,_.. OL d t~ tisf~r t'\ll Ei tur...ti ons .'""' .. 110. -:J I' c-,.rc:f1 t iJOssiOJ. c nisintorn roto.tio:!'l.. 

As stc 1 <.bovc , V<'.rious ;'.C': 1i:·.istr ("..tivc: G.c f i :::-: itions of t ;lC tor1 

11 int c r·orct.:'.tion 11 :er o c st<'."olishcd. Unif or;· ~i ty of :1c t'.:"'.Ll/": is d c sirc."Jlc . 

It is therefor e sug[:;CS t oG. thr'.t c--~ l cc;i sl r.t ion, i :i .:'.ny , co~ in rt 

<icfi:1i tio:r_ of the l·~ ~ 11 int .:: :. tr'tio·~ 11 ['.n. d th.:-'.t such o.cfini tion , if 

:9ossibl c , cr ,~ o_ c ~:.o ::ost si:':rolo t. s of dc t c:.·ni:.'1.inr.; t he :~ist nc c of 

£"..n int er:9:;,· c t c.tion :;)ro'Jl e::., <'.s c.::.·c )o ssi b l c . 

(*) Soc :Sxccutive Orcl_c r No . 6750- c. 
-10-

CHAPTER III 

DELEGATICJN (JF POWER TO lvlA_T{E Al D ISSUE 

INTERPRETATICJ NS MiD EXPLANATIONS 

Under the t e r ms of Sections 2(a and 2(b) of the NIRA, the President 

was authorized t o establish such agencies, accept the services of and to 

utilize Federal officers and employees, prescribe their 2uthorities, and 

to delegate any of his functions and powers under the title of the Ace to 

such officers, agents, and employees. The particular sections in question are as follows: 

To effectuate the policy of this title, the President is hereby 

authorized to establish such agencies, to accept and utilize 

such voluntary and uncompenPated services, to appoint, without 

regard to the provisions of the civil service laws, such officers 

and employe e s, and to utilize such Federal officers and employees, 

and, with the consent of the State, such State and local officers 

and employees, as he may find necessary, to prescribe their authorities, duties, responsibilities, and tenure, and, without regard 

to the Classification Act of 1923, as amended, to fix the compensation of any officers and employees so app ointed. 11 

11 The President may delegate any of his functions and powers under 

this title to such officers, agents, and employees as he may designate or app oint, and may establish an industrial p lanning and 

research agency to aid in carrying out his functions under this 

title.'' 

Pursuant to this authority, the President on June 16, 1933, by Executive Order No. 6173, appointed Hugh S. Johnson, as Administrator for Industrial Recovery under Title I of the Act. Under the terms of the said 

order the President further appointed a Special Industrial Recovery Board 

to be comp osed of the Secretary of Commerce as Chairman, the Attorney 

General, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the 

Secretary of Labor, the Director of the Budget, the Administrator for Industrial Recovery, and the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission. The 

Administrator for Industrial Recovery was granted authority for thirty 

days, subject to the approval of the Special Industrial Recovery Eoard, to 

appoint the necessary personnel on a temporary ba sis· and to conduct the 

work authorized under Title I of the Act. On July 15, 1933, the President, 

by Executive Order No. 6205-A, continued the apu ointment of Hugh S. Johns en 

as Administrator for Industrial Recovery and authorized him, subject to 

the general approval of the aforementioned Special Industrial Recovery 

Board, to appoint the necessary personnel on a p ermanent basis, and among 

other things to exercise functions invested in the President by Title I 

of the Act, except the approval of codes, making of agreements, issuance 

of licenses, or exercise of power conferred in Sections 3(e), 6(c), B(b), 

9, and 10. 

No specific mention of the power of interpretation is contained in 

any Presidential order conferring authority upon the Administrator or the 

National Industrial Recovery Board. The reservatioJ of power of Section 

lO(a) contained in Executive Ord·er' No. 6205-A would. indicate a non-delegation of the p oner of interpretation in view of the discussion in Chapter 

I, ante. 

9843 
·- -'1.1-

Severr.l sulJsequeJ.t E~:ecutive Orclers EJ.uthorizec. th ~ .iss1.mnce of rules nnd 

regulations as to s:~)ecific ·rdn.tters (*), but no E1ention of 11 interpretationsn 

is found therein, It is tl'ue the g r<' l1 ts of "~10 :rer set forth in Executive 

Orders IJos. 517~ <md 6~05 -A 1.re £,encral in terms, hut if the basis of 

the pov1er of inte::·p1·e tn.ti on lies i:1 Section 10( a) then it r:ould follovr 

that no proper delegation of G·LJ.ch :om.rer was made, subject to the exceptions wherein a:uthority to :presc:.:ibe :rules and. regulations regarding certain specific aatters ;1as conferred . It may be argued that 

the delegation of gener~l powers carried the im·?lied pm1er of interpretation. Part of the discussion in Chapter I, ante, v10uld support such 

a contention, Hl1ich is the onl~r basis U})On nhi ci1 , r1i th 8. few exceptions, 

the power of interpretations may be predicated. 

The investigation of the recorcl of delegations bf the Adm inistrator 

shows an admitted assulllption that the :power of interpretation had been 

conferred uyon him. Various Administro.tive Orders delegated the power 

of into!'pretation to v arious NRA oflicials anc: for purp oses of this 

report, such delegations relc?.ting to codes o.nd the PP...A. will be treated 

separa t e ly • 

.. Rresidentts Reemployment .A{;reement 

On July 20, 1933 the President announced the President's Reemployment .Agj:-eement ( **) widely knorrn as the PEA. The l anguage of this 

agreement :;.~equ ired explanation and interpretation practically from its 

inception, 1.aainly because of its ge neral app lication, so on August 7, 

1933, the AdJ11inistrator created the PRA Policy Board arid o.uthorized it 

to issue "all int erp:i.~e tations of PRA re quested. by the Industrial 

l.1ediation :Board, General Hammond or othe r p roper authorities". 

Apparently the bulk of requests for . inter-pretati ons of the PRA in its 

early stage s referred to questions of display of the Blue Eag le and the 

:Blue Eagle Division of the NRA (***), ~7ith the approval of the Administrator, issued inter-pretations. Later, the above mentioned. Policy 

:Board was abolished ancL the :Blue Eagle :Branch (formerly :Blue .Eag le 

Divis ion) of the Comp liance Division was empowered to interpr.e t P::t! 

p rovisions ( ). 

. . 

No fu.rthe:c s-oecific delegations of the :9orrer of interpretations of 

P?...A :pTovisions have been fowJ.d. 

Ex-p lc:tnations of the FHA were g iven in offici c.l fol'm ( **  ':< **), but 

practically all such explanations r:.e re issued forr.1ally. The PRA 

authorities in Washing ton ancC tha local BRA Com·oliance :Boards (voluntary 

organizations established in ci tics·, to\-:ns a..nd ~illages ) undertook the 

( *) 

( **) 

( ***) 

(  ) 

(** ***) 

9843 

Executive Orders No. 6590-A, 6590-:B, 6678-A. 

See NrtA :Bulle tin No. 3 , NRA Files. 

See N?..A :Bulletin No. 4 - 11QfficiaJ: Statement of the :Blue 

Eagle Divis i on of 11'RA, 11 lJRA .Files. 

Office OrC:..er l!o. 40 ·- October 26, 1933, NRA files. 

See NRA Bulletin No. 4, HP...A files. 
·-12-

ex:planat ion to the Ar.lericEm publ;ic . of tl1e 1:1eanin<-:; of the PRA. The 

author has hao. no op:_oortuni ty to invest irate the ,records of such explanations, but f::.~on :oe rsonal e~oer ience it r.1at ·De said th .... t no control of such expla.11ations rras successfully maintained and thut many 

explanations were issue d t:hich Here in fact interpretAtion s . · 

.. Codes Urlder Section 3 (a) 

The codification of Inc.!..u str~r crea.te d. t~.e acJ.L1irii str a ti ve problem of 

rope r inte r:_oretati oJ.1' of code s . At the outset of NRA interpretat-ions 

of codes \7ero informally issued r de:9uty ac." ... r:linistrc.tors . -No official 

delegation of this author·i ty is found, but on De cember 29, 1933 the 

Adr.1inistrator issued. Office Orci.e r .do . 53, 7hich provides: 

"The de:rrut r adl:1inistr<".tor is the deputized representative 

of the Administra tor for In(~. lstri8.l Recovery, and, under 

the S'Ll.pervision of the d ivision administrator, acts for 

him within the scope of his delegated authority and responsibili ty ; 1 

11 The Ad1:1inistra tor has delegated to deputy a~:iriistrators , 

under t,b,e s:u:perv i sion of the div i sion admini strator , 

authority and responsibility for the interpr etation of 

codes . " 

I ncrease in the nUL~ber of interpretations r e quired coordination and 

control of the issuance of interpretations, so that on Harch 26 , 1934, 

the Administrator, in Office Order No . 75 , designated division administrators as the onl~r lesser officia ls em·90Ue red to a}T9rOVe , di sapprove Or 

1nodify rulings of int el~ retations . The order· a lso provided that such 

.:r:-ul ing ·rould be final , ~ubject onl y to the_ '\U tit1a te d i say:proval by the 

Administrator. Violations of this lir:li tat-i on of p oHer occurreC .. from time 

t o time , result i n{;; in e. confirlilat ion of the di vis io'n acministra tor t s 

power(*) . 

The NRA Off ice ;:anual reitei~ates the ·oo·.1er of the division 

administrat.or ( **) . The lianual furthe r st~ .. tes that general interpre tation are issue d over the si€natuxe of the Ailininistrator and that 

e~o lanations are issued b·r t l1e deputy acllninistrator in charge of the 

particular code . (***) 

Creation of National I ndustrial Recovery Board 

In e~teE1be:c , 1934, the Pre sident decidec;_ upon e. change in. it ~ 

form of the administering bo,3.;;' of ti1e National Inclustr i ctl Ra covery Act . 

t eneral Johnson had resisned c>.s Ad:Jinistrator fm~ IndustriaJ. Recovery 

·and on September 27 , 1934, the Presicl ent , by Executive Onler Eo . 6859 , 

created the lJat ional Industri t:'~ Re covery Board, consistin€; of seven m 

me1.1bers . The order 8.p:9 ointed S . Cla .. ~ Tii l liams, A . D. Whiteside , 

Sidney Hillman, Leon C. Harshall, and Walton Har:1ilton as melilbers of the 

:Board, and a:9pointed I3lac~0.'0ll Smith Leg al Advise r and Leon Henderson, 

Economic Adviser to the Board. These t'·!o e.dvisers served as ex- officio 

( *) 

( **) 

( ***) 

9843 

See Office Eer.1orandum No . 242- July 6 , 1934, NRA Files. 

Part I I I' '.;pa!' . 3132 . 1 • .Se e al~o ApL;lenili x. 8 . 

NRA Office Manual , Part III, par . 3121 .1. , 3130 . 2 , ffiA. Files, 
-1 3-

members of the board. The five members aun ointed (other than ex-offic io 

members) were empowered to administer, unde r the direction of the President, T::.tle I of the Act, and the board was aut horized to exe rc;ris e 

all powers theretofore conferred by e~e cutive oruer s upon the Administrator for Industrial Recovery. ~1is creation of the board necessarily 

transfer)'ed to it the uowers of intcrnr e t ation which had ther e tofore 

been held by the Administra tor. 

Miscellaneous Delegations 

A further delega tion of 1JOwe r 'vas made with r espec t to the issuance 

of interpretations on April 9 , 1934, when the Administrator created 

the office of Admfnistrative Office r and designated such officer 11 to a ct 

on all matters n·ot otherwise assi gned which do not r equire the Adminis'-

trator1s per s nai- attention, including final aDD roval in the name of the 

Administrator of codes and other documents r equiring the Administra tor's 

action ***"· The National Industrial Recove r y :Soa rd continued this 

office and its order conferring the authority sta tes "to execut e any 

~r all papers, documents, or other instrumentss inwriting r eauired in 

th~ performance of the functions a nd uo•er s de l egated to sa id Board by 

said Executive Order and other ise~ including, but without limi t a tion, 

the power to issue orders, aunrova ls, rules or r egul ati ons ." (*) 

A few delegations of the Dower of inter n r eto.tion we r e made in 

connection with certain phases of code administration. Executive Order 

No. 6646 r equir ed submission of certificates of compliance wi th codes 

by G0vernmen t contractors. The various questions r egarding this pa rt 

of NRA wor k r el ated to comDlianc e and , on i.iarch 1, 1935 , the power of 

interpreta tion of matte rs r elating to Government contrac ts was delegated 

to the ~mp liance and Enforcement Director. 

The nec essity of effici ent handling of aDDlications for interure tati·Qns 

motivated the authorization of the Chi ef of tLe Corrrp liance Division to 

grant or deny an applic8tion fo r an interuretation which had been referred by any of th~ sta te comuliance directors (**), when the ordina ry 

procedure leading to a decision by a division administrator had caused 

undue delay. 

Under the terms of Office Order Uo . 97, June 28 , 1934 , the determination of 11 localities" under Executive Order N0 . 6723 (relating to loca l service trade agreements) ~as delega ted by t he Administra tor to the several 

division administrators. 

Code Authoriti es 

Certain codes , by t he ir t erms , authori zed code authoriti e s t) issue 

interpretations of the n rovisions of t he codes they we r e administering(***). 

~~----------------------------- --------------------------------------------- (*) Administrative Orde(t" X-107, Novembe r 1, 1934 - Administrative Order 

X- 93 , Septembe r 28, 1934, _RA files. 

(**) Office Order No. 108, August 16, 1934 , ~ files. 

(***) See Article XI , Section 5 - Iron and Steel Code, Codes of Fair 

Competition as anuroved, U. s. Gov t. Printing Office . 

9843 
- 14-

Ot he r .codes ne rmi t ted t he ir code aut horiti e s to i ssue bulle tins and inferrna ti on· in the f orm of rul es and r egul a tions to the memb ers of their respec -

tive indus tries or trafe s. This r enort is not conc erned with the activiti e s of code authoriti es in this r espect, but it is submitt ed that such 

de l ega ti on b y NRA of the pcwe r of interpre t a ti on was imprope r and should 

b e l egisla.tivel y prohib ited ( *) . It is further sugge sted tha t the power 

of code authoriti e s to i ssue r ul e s end r egule ti ons which are substantive 

in na ture a.nd actually inter n r e t c ode provisions ·should meet similar 

l egisla tive prohibition. 

(*) Sea lf.RA Legal Res earch ,'emorandum No. 785 - Memorandum on the power 

of code authoriti es t o grant exemptions and to make binding interpretations - For CJllection of authorities, NRA files • 

.. ' 

9843 

· 

. . ' • f 

.· .. I • 
-lbThe e:xerci s of t he povver of in t er pr e t ntion and explanc=ttion 

wns evidenced in several wrys . On some occasions ~ conditional 

ordur of n.p-cn·o vnl wa s us0d whe r eby t h8 President or the 1 dminis- - - . trator apj)r oved n. co ~ on condition tha t certain language in the 

code shall be interpreted to have a certain meru1 ing (*) . In other 

instances interpr.etation of cod8s was made b:r issuance of an Executive or ·Administrative Order whe r eb:r a certain meaning was applied 

to a c ertain ~l}!e of coda p r cniision. ( **) .It may be argued tha t ' 

such an order is in effect an amendment of a code, but the language 

u sed in such orders ( 11 construed" , 11 i :1 te:tpret e d11 , 11 applied") conno t es 

an exercise of t he power of int e r p r e t n.tion . The third and most 

usual me thod of interpret a tion was an administrative.order or 

ruling which set forth the particular interp r e tation (*** ) . Such 

~~ders we r e in most c ases confi ned to t he provisions of one code . 

Explanations wer e issued i nforma ll;r in ora l or written form . 

Written explanation s were announced in ordinary l ett e rs, or by 

telegram if speedy answer w~ s r equired. 

- -----· -- ___ , _______________ _ ( *) Se e for examn le Concli tion No . 8 of Order of App roval of Cotton 

Tex til e Code - Co d e Ho . 1, Codes of J!,c; ir Compe tition as Approved, 

U. S. Gov 1 t Printing Of ice . 

(* 1) See Exe cutive Order No . 6355 . 

(** *) See Admi nistrative Orders 1Tos . 278-88 , ; 118-135, NRA files . 

9843 
- loCEAf~ •. V 

ANALYSI S OF HTTIJP:t ..E~_ ,_ TI '"·i 'S - CAUSBS - TYPES OF 

CODE PROVI "3I ·~I S 

Pra ctiCElly a l l t;yJ)C'S of code ~) ro·risi")ns te ~o ubj e ct ed to interpreta -

tions , which \'Jere issued by ·3...4. f or ·ra r ious r eas·:ms . At the outset, fev1 

people rea li zed the extent, scope 2nC:. rOJni f i cations of codes . The divisi ons of Americ::tn indus try anC::. trc..ch:. , "Ghe V'"'l'ious t pos of emp loyes and 

l abo ring conditions a nC:.. t he rn:.1ny tr 1.cls p r 'lctices nd uso.ges e xist ent in 

Ame rica n industry ancl trnde we r e mD.tters of conj e cture a t the time of 

NRA c ode - mnldng . It was hopecl th2..t no st si turtti ons could be me t by codes , 

but experience c.nd administration r equ ired elaboration of such provisions. 

Simila r situations mn.rkecl t he issuanc e of Executive a nd Administrc:-.t i ve 

Orders , the-reby o.us ~ng interyretG.t ions of such achninistrative pronounc ements (*) 

Codes and the administrat i on t nereof in s om8 ~se s conflicted with 1.. 

exi s t 1ng l c;;gal principles or :oolicy C..e t e rmina ti ons of NRA. These conflicts 

r esult ed in issuance 0 f gener 'l.l in tel·pret -::.. tions :Jhich by their terms ' 

int er~reted a l l pe rtin e~t code p rovisions so as to r emove any doubt as to 

the meaning t he r eo f . A tabula tion of such genera l interpret2.tions is as 

f olloVJs : 

EXECUTIVE 

OJDEllS 

6355 

6464 

6606- A 

660 6- F 

6711- A 

6750- C 

.AI.MilHSTRA':i?IVE 

OF.DSRS 

X- 35 

DATE 

10- 23-33 

ll-2 7-33 

2-17- 33 

2-17-o3 

5-::..5- 34 

5- 15-34 

6- 27-34 

SUBSTANCE 

No provision in any code shall be 

so construecl as to prohibit ~ayme nt 

of p atronage dividend . 

Interpr e t e d commercia l bribe ry provis i ons . 

/ 

Furthe r inte rpretation of EJ-B cutive 

O:tdcr 1Jo . 6355 . 

Interpretat ion and app lica tion of 

bor provisi ons a ffec ting handicD.--J ed ·rm rke rs. 

Interpreta tion and ay.rplication of 

l abor p r ovisi ons a f fe cting cert a in 

homeworkers . 

Defined fo.rmers I and consumers 1 

co ope r o.ti v e s 

Interp r e t a t ion and a:rl)lication 

of cert a in labor revisi ns as ,. tne y a f fe cted apprentice training r> rogrc:uns . 1 

(*) See Administra tive Orders Nos . x .... 78, X-36- 2; Executive OrC:_e r No • 6606-1 

:.RA files 
EXE UTIVE 

ORDERS 

Am.II;JI ST~TIVE 

ORDE=R=-S __ _ 

X-78 

X-98 

X-106 

X-124 

X-130 

X-137 

X- 36- .2 

-17-

DATE SUBSTANCE 

8- 2 1-34 Int e:tprc tii1g orde r of termina.ti0n 

of exemption granted in Par . III . 

A<lrninistr.1.tive Ord.er X-36 

10-12-34 Int e~pre ting Executive Order No . 

6606-A insof r as it ap!)lied t o 

r llovr2nce ')f brol~er~.g e corruni ssions 

to coo~erqtive g~nizations . 

10- 26-34 Interpret:1tion of ·provisions l~­

v.s.nt to coJ.lecti')n 0f eA.l)enses of 

code administr'ltion . 

12-17-34 Int e rpret,;-tt:?.iJDOf ef.:o ct of t cm-

~oor'3.r y interruptions in v;o rk beyond control of employee Qs 

a.L:.-cc ting maximum hours ·mid comlYu.t·..,_t i on of vngcs under various 

codes . 

1-4-35 Int orpr e teL. provlslons in codes 

nhic~1 extendod mlnlmum hourly 

r a t e of pay to p i ece wo rkers . 

1- .;6- 3;) Interpreted applicaticm of home 

wo rk provi sions as cont ained in 

v2.ri ous codes . 

3- 15- 35 Interpreted pro~ is ions in vari ous 

co~es prescribing term of emp l oymont of learners a nd app r entices. 

3- 30- 35 Interpret ed exempti·)n in p8.rag r al)h III , Adminic,t rc.tive Order 

-~ . X- 36 . 

All cod.es co ~1 tainod st;,tm:l8nts n.s to their jurisc: ictj.on . ~fi:ait ons 

of r r od.uc ts , service c:nd methodG of r.l..."J.nufacture , or distri buti ln vl8re set 

forth. L}lu / ,isc, clefini tions of industry :) r tre1G.e members and va rious 

clc..ss ~"s tl1.er co f vrcrc l'arL of codes . TJ.1e result vras ap·•lic2.tions f or int e r -

pretati ons of such jurisdictio:1b.l c::tatcmcnts. Some interpret'"' ti cms decided 

v1hether or not a ~)nrticul:n me::1ber , ser1ice or product of ::tn industry or 

tn.'/e c::une nithi:n tho scope of c~ c ode . Prir.n rilv t}les e oucstions 'aere - . - on es of classific.:1t i ·) n ·out t~1e clec i sion thereon depended upon interpretD.ti on 

of tl e c oC:.e }lrOvisio11. A f c\·J cx.:u-nplcs :1.rc : 

98..;,3 
-

ORDER NO . 

71-30 

84- 96 

393- 2 

470- 6 

... ... , ·-

-1 8-

l1 S OF MA: Ll]':~. CT~J.tlli OF PRODUCTS 

Determines code covering manufJ.c cure of ~)a tching p l ast e r . 

Manuf:1.cturc o:[ steel m'.lnhole~ pl'"l.Cc(::. under Fnbric'J.ted Met~ 

Produc ts Code 

Mc.nufLl.cture of fl2 x ro:oe p~.o. cecl 1.mder Soft Fibre Mfg . Code . 

hnufo.cture of '"'..luminUI!l vri:re lo.ced. under .Aluminum Code . 

Some questions a rose D.s .:-t result of overl ·-Pl') ing definitions; e . g .,: 

430-14 

470- 6 

. Mnnufn.cture of cough .' raps de t ermin e d a rt of Pa cl:::u..c;e Medicine 

I ndust ry r a t her than Ca ndy Mfg . Industry. 

Manu£2..c ture of a l umi num wire uncle r Aluminum· Code r a ther thnn 

El ec tric l Manufnc turinG Code . 

questions as to t he ty~e of se rvice included m1der a code arose , 

e . g ., Orcier No . 101-2 1 .- Cleaning and D.eing Tro.de Code decided that 

the cleaning of curktins .:;.nr..:. rues by p r ocesses d.efined in s::-.id cocle 

was subject to its provisions . 

Some interpret a tions :-:.s to ::p plicoti ~•n of c:.. code refer::ed to me thods 

of manu£2.ctu:dng , o . g . , O:rdor . 83- 23 - ncldi tion of wa t e r to concentro.ted 

so"..p , thereby p r oducinG liqu~d soap , cones unde r the So 'J.p "..nd Glycerine 

Code . 

Considerr~tJo ns of googro.ph ic1.l are:1s relating to i ndustrin l subdivisio 

caused inter:prc t c.tions n.s to nren.s etc ., e . g ., Phil nde ph n e.~ New York 

v1erE: determined to be nonr :,;:JO ints of cultivation , Order No . 308- A- 6 , Fresh 

Oyster Code . 

In some cases doubt r ... r ose u s to v1hether or not the particulc>.r interest 

or n.ctivities of an individual made: him 'J. member of :1n indu~try (*) . Simi 1-:-.r cases involved ~n in terpro. tn t ion of the t e rm 11 rru:mufac turer 11 ( **) 

The author h'ls exrunined tho v "..r i ous cfD:i.nistro..t i ve or der s issued. by 

NRA up t o March 15 , l 93G c.nd containL1g interprc t - t i:m.s as to classifiC:J.ti ons of v <'..ri ous p r oducts , industry groups , or the n.ppl ication of a t;iver. 

code to a ce:...~ '1.in typo of OlJer .,.ti J!lS , e tc . 

A t ':'..bula tion thereof snov1s tho f ol lov:ing : 

( *) See Orc1d.c No . 57- 9 , P:ump M<:muf8.cturinG Ind.us try Code , NRA fi l es. 

( **) See Orde>rs Nos . 98-6 .:md 98-19 - Fire Extinguisher Code - Orde r No • 

279-10 - Ste ~un o~ ting Equi pment Industry Code . NRA fil es. 

9846 
_·_! : 1c :1 .?C't:·o1. '~-~ ·.o ""i .... !,.:1t 

Arc'li t ct1 .. 1.r"l , 0· :1<': :-.·'lt, .. t_ · ~isc . 

-1 -

r:·or., ::;:~o::zc · .. :ire (; : ~. t :--.1 . ~1cc i r-.1 tics 

:sc ~: .rtnL·1~::.t ~ fr;; . I::.n,:: .. t:.:-:• 

Busi C<'S ::'\J.:·"'liturc , Sto:~" ·c :G~ui :.:nc~ .. t etc. 

Crn:1inr• e.: p ., d::i n,:· ; :r.c :.1i::. :~~ ~ :Go ui::·l'~C nt 

" "'1: . i n · I .. C L:. s ' :­

CJ.o;-.r_i !1[; c."· D; -L0(' 

Co<:1 :crcir.l _ L·f:ri(o::;-toi' ~:f~·; . 

Con;.l c tc ·:j_:.:- c /?; Iro!'. :::' c1~c InC:. . 

Co'Ylcrct c ~ ic so ·'!:c:' I nL'.us '·.::c:r 

Concr...; t c Pi ~~- ; :f .~~ . I nc",_ . 

Cotto~ r~~Mcnt n~~stry 

Cot t o:.1 To: t il c 

Gu:-lcc:".. En.ir i(:s. P. Forrc Sr:.i :r :Jrc3S l:1{-: 

C:·lincld· ~oul c" f::. <'.::d.~ r :?..o!.l 

Dr ess ;:[':1"l:.f ctu.ri nr: L:.c' .• 

El cc tri chl I ·'l(.ustr :r 

:Ll ..:; ctric / ; Y"~c:.:. Si 1 ·n 

Fc..'Jri cr--. t o( ~-i c t ·"..l roc~ uct s 

Forti lizcr L1o:u.str ? 

Fr esh Oyst e r I !lC,:ustr :r 

?urni h:.rc i :fc .-

Grr--:9h). c A:d s 

Lf'nnd.:ry Tr::- r"..o 

Lc :-.t hcr 2: -:-:oo l.::- ·11 ~>l t C.l_o-; ,; 

:; i: 10stono I:1c··J..st r J 

k1nb or f.: ~in'bc r Prcc'ucts 

f: c rc!1!".!-1C.i so .:c.. ~.-~10'\J.SiYl _- · '.:"ro..l.c 

Aln~ ,i . .,.,_u_-.1 F c r •-:r.;1o:r.t Eo1c'. Cr-sti··'lt;;s 

on rc:::-rous JlmJ:'!C.r :r L'1C.:. . 

Eovc·lty Curtrins , Dr '.~-;c::i cs , ._ tc . 

ORDER 

6 

4 

:::4c 2-2 

273- 12 

::.-2- ?7 

7C:.- 5 

l+4G- )4 

101- 21 

10 1- 2? 

5- 7 

5- 9 

17 

1 51- 5 

:;4Ll- l2 

133- lO 

133- Jj 

S~ 10 

llS- 11.5 

1.- s4 

427- 6 

5~> 10 

~4 11 

li 1 4 

L:.- )S.t~ 

4- 77 

506- 11 

s4- 4s 

34- 69 

s4- 96 

54-1;19 

,.. _ 

·:> r- 7 

S7- 9 

G7- 10 

67- 14 

()7- 33 

67- 52 

C(;- G ~-;:; 1-j 

302-A- G 

l4h- 18 1 ~- '))I :; c_ ·-r 

")-7 r-)t . cC. - :: -r.t~ 

2Sl- 35 

2 7- 22 

l '.3- b 

C- S4 ./ 

2)2- l_J. 

l:-; 5_ 4 

79- 4 

JA~E 

~:ovr:.nbcr 5 , 1934 

: iL" rch 28 , 1934 

J<'!l.Ur'ry 6, 1935 

J · :.'1ur.r:r 9 , 1935 

Rov cnbor 30 , 1934 

l!o.y 16 , 1934 

Doc cnbcr G, 1934 

July 27 , 93L~ 

.A.u-:.ust 30-1° 34 .J ' ./ 

Iir'y. 17 , 1934 

-! ~ ..... -, 31 1°"'4 -<·v ' ./ ) 

~_ri 1 }.9 , 1934 

Ti ovan~ r 23, 1934 

Aurust 231 1934 

Octob ..:;r 1 5 , 1534 

J u l :,r 13 , 3L~ 

A')ril 5, lS]l.t 

Aur;u.s t 24 , 1934 

Fovcnbor 26 , 1.934 

Au,zust 17 , 1934 

Ju:1o 1 , 1934 

Juno 27 , J.93l.J. 

Aur,ust 22 , 1934 

cbruary 13 , 1935 

~nU['.r~r 22 , 1935 

Au ~-us t 9, 1J34 

ovonbor J. , 1934 

Dcccnbor 20 , 1934 

:!:'c-b:nu~ ry 27 , 35 

. J,r.rc h 27 , 1°_, )~4 

A~ :.~ ~l 1 2 , 1934 

.. \:o:;:i 1 12 , 193 4 

,:.J:L'il 12 ' 1934 

rovcnbcr 13 , 1934 .. . h u l 03..- ! . " .:'C. • ' .... ../ J 

JuJ.y 23 , 1935 

o~ onbo r 22 , 1934 

August 1 '), 1934 

Ju1:' 31 , 1934. 

Octob e r 12 , 1934 

Sc·:, tc·focr 7 , 1934 

Nov:cnbor 24 , 33~­

A-o:·i 1 23, 19)4 

Jul:' 2e , 1934 

Ay ril 6, 19)4 

lio..y 17 , 193)+ 

Jr-.!1u2.ry 24 , 1934 
··:.> . Ind . 

::o ....-- cc.l".L: ?r~.---:::L'~st Fun:i '-ui.' (' 

Fu.: ::- i if C. L:c" .• 

:::c/.:. ~ i 1 ro oc" ,~: .: ::.~o c c:;.·:::· ~- ~(.c 

~)_Q~;c.i."' l :ft· . 

S ~ ·n_ C. 1 i:,.:.; 3 r i c~: In G.. . 

s ~.:! i: ., ::."j' (_', ·.r ... t ..._:;_":_::, i.~oo f s·o c ci :-J. t i ~-; 

S1 ~t~.- I:1c'J1Stj:~ · 

So.:->·: 2· G}.:·c,.:'L!c ;.if,;. 

Soft ~itrc-· :: .~-.• 

s.-~.-r:i ~. J. Too l 1h · & i ·"c:·linc Sho··J 

s~,.-r.l ::c.~.tin:· Equi_ :~.-~:t I~.d . 

St c..rc;t:~_?·..:. D:--:r l:r' t 

J:lo~r & ::= l~~~tnL~~;s 

~rud:i:'l'' I~c lSt"":' 

·nc·.~. :-c r~ :··1 21t (0• c,·1ir_, ::c. 

r.~ 1·.- .... s &. ]j t ~ L·v s : :fc. Vc 1~rL IYJ.C.us t:r·:r 

·."h) l cs ".L: Co nf . .:c t i o1.or: ·. ho l s.~. lin.c; O:i.' Jistri'Jllti::.~:; Tr!".C'(; ·.:·_olcs:-- 1 c I'ooc fJ; G;~oc~ r:' 

·.-i ? 2o ' .. ~ f · S t r ~.: ~ c: 

··ool ':'c::til·~ I·:(~ . 

T . ., , ..... J. ... ..... . 

•. L' • 

.. l. ..._, . 

- 20-

L-=9- 9 

7l- "l7 

71- )0 

72.- ~7 

71- 02 

176- J.6 

120-

57-

1( 2- 23 

J 56-51 

l rr ~­ JO- J) 365- 2 

)+2- 15 . 213- 10 03- 11 

53- 17 

S3- 20. 

03- 22 

S3- 2) 

33- 34 

3S3- 2 

122-1.9 

1_0 

5 

c.. 

~-

s )- 2_(; 

28- 14 

23-12 

?S- ?Q 

25-21 

27~ 1)7 

hos- ·)3 

1)3- ll 

l 3S- 6 

4hs- 16 ./ 

?01- 2~ 

J-)6- )0 

l Ol"- .{')\ 

- J .) '- -~ 

nLJ.--, 7 .: h.L- 3- 11 

273- ~5 

3 73- ~~2 

1LTE 

~·ov . 26 , 1934 

i >:' 28 I lS34 

'.urust 15 , lS34 

J. 'ov c:~bc r 13 1 19)4 

~cb rQ~r- 12 , 1935 

:.u!;ust 17 I 1934 

.!"' .. 10 1 1~34 

.~.\.l.lsUSt '?? , 1934 

July 24- , 1934 

.' .. c.lrus t 22 , 1934 

l'~O VC1~ Cr 19

1 1934 

:D cc"':1~h.r ) , 1934 

/~.""):i.~ il 27 ' 1934 

Fo ·c: ;b~.---· S, 1934 

Jul~-31 , 1)34 

June 5 , 1S34 

Jul· 30 , 1)34 

July 30 , 1934 

>.l.lC:,USt 2 , 1934 

Aur;ust 2 , 1934 

Oc obcr 29 , 1934 

: ·,,=r 2l 1 1S34 

Sc:; t c. ·ocr 22, 1934' 

J r'.::.U'l:i."~ 3 , 193 5 

Dccc:~c~ 15, 1934 

; '"'.~T 8 I l.j34 

Ju ly 30 , 1934 Acril 20 , 1934 _· .J. il 26 ' 1934 .\uril 26 , 1S34 

·-:n~ i l 2) , l)34 

·~:) ril 26 , 1934 

-·~~Jril 26 , 1934 

Dcccn~c~ 27,1934 

CCI]~, "'r l.~ , 1934 

s ('- t ; : b c: :;_~ 12 ' 19 3 4 ~.~:J B, 1934 

~? ~:bc _ 28, 1934 

Hove: 1bc· 14 , 1934 

':ur., ,s+ ;)r 103h .L ' u. v '-.,.... ' J • 

c~~t~.-r.: c:;_~ 22 ,19 34 

Octo)c ~ 2~ , 1934 

-'( :i.~i 1 1-:' ' 1934 

Octo ';cr J , 193l.~ 
- 21-

: .) ; t 

q_uc0t i Jns o f cl ~~s~... . o::' ~.: o· ,cu , :)LS o_;_~ · o::-· , \~:. o:" co~1t:..~~cts , s c :: 

r. if~'c :..· ...; nti;-L; <.~1(, fU it ~J}.c ~(-.j-.:st 1\_:t.t o" . ·cs c~ ~us t. ;: . . r·:_-,...;:t T:.lX:bc:..· 

such il1tcL~ :. :..·...; tl:' tio·1'' ,"' :( l:'s "' c..t :."o:..-·L L~ v · · ious <:?.-'C1c-iccs l10 :..·c -to 

...-.t t;chcc, t'.:c1c- ::..'ll.~Jc:..- .... c, ? , , l:. , r~l(. 5, r'. L-~~~u <c io:: oi· ti.1csc i:c1tc:t-_;:!.'C-

~r t:~o ns . ~l ~ t· oul~-'cio ~1 cont~i: 1u cc·tr·L1 .. c.:-C.L-.. ~s ."'!1,-. sub!1cr'.f.in·_·::.; , 

u11C'c :c · ·l1icll ~-::.·c 1 i ·.J.:;c·'_ t llC vc:..' :; o::,_G Lltc · :;: c t .::-.t i 0·:s ::c lr.t Lv · thc:..·c: .. o . 

:~osJ.:; o:~ -~~lC i ·1t.c. -.l-evr-c.iO"I.' o.~ ~1'1'\.'.:c- --::.; v"i.~io:ls :..· r: l~t.c·_ to cnc:."-~ :.c , 

:cr.: : ·:;c:.. i ·") , c::,--·)'.:,io~1~ ~-o·: C'lCr"'.__~-cics r'::ll ~-.r :..· ;:.· ' J··ovisi ons . r 1l1C 

L1-..rct~-'.:; : ·t:.:' io·1 ,..·._o· ·•; t~1".'·. · :1crc ~- ~cc "'.l ~ ss: s (/' c:·r'): o:-• c s -·c:·e ·ivcn 

:'..ol:. -·e ··· 1cO· .::s - :\E' • i :tc ·,··::ctc'~ io ·"ls •J~-· ~uc:1 :-·o\'is.:. oi1r; .. , r c cc·l..l. ~c;to ,_ . 

o·L:lc.:' ou es ,_)·~s ··,:.·c~c.~1 c:· ::o:.' l·,t.__·•·.:_,:._',· t~-'--,io:'l :.·r-: 0 :,:eC. tl) ~:o li: ·-- ·s , C '-<'cc'!" 

0:.'""' cor .. t. 0:1 C:~:ir--t ;'l.' l_~., 'O~-- ~.~: : ... CC"C :1-~ S --:.1( c:-:c:rJ·'~ i0:1 L ~):_-. tcc:1niC{".l t~,.~~ . 

c:::ccrtivc. c~·; _o·r, cs ." 

·,- . cc rucst i o:tlG , L_ ~ost 2~s- --:. , ·' c c l.L~·;. L1t0 ··~-::. c-"-c-. · 2.on o.- o-re:. t i ·:c , 

:; i eee o:.< . ":1c' cc:ni tG.J J ~ ·:c .-- .;,_,_ :,'· IC:"lt C1 . • "'1.1.S s . ." ... s L1 Llc c~ ,.:. o<: hrJ·_-T 

int c.r :J:.-c t :- ·t; 2,,, 11 s , 

v . : ') 1 0 .. c c s ; c • . . • ' 

S1}_0j c ctcC_ to 

to • •F e:. 1 i c 

)~ -.... r 

~- :. · ~. ~ .:~, ·.~ .. -: · ·o:.. ~~e~ ... , ,-, c~ C 

o · L 1 t ~: · -:. ·. c t .-- t i :::>:1 ~ :.· e :_, t 2. nc._: 

<~ to ·-llc'cl!C:.. o::· ~:.ot v .c 0 · e r "..;i ·c :.·...- ~c. C :9~ li :.:;,·. to.:--.~_.,_ r:;::_9 l0 ~'8C S L1c1 u -

c.".i Yl,'; s~Jesi":!_ clc.sscs ·3c; t. :':):.-tll i~1 t.~- coC.c. . The L1tc:.. -:cc t<..tions of 

::; i e e e :· .":!( c~uit.C'. Jl·- rc.:::'.(j~,-~_; t l·" r"t cl·~,,_,_sc_; ··8:.' c c.-!:lcr;r~cc ··1ostl:r ·:itll 

;.1etlwC:.s of -:o·::.·,·_tl:'.tio:l o .. ti.1c ·.· c.cc , 'Jo t:1 :1o:·:1C'..l l:'.~H:. ov e:..·ti 1e • 

.. .\.:9pcnc'i:: 1\Jo . l~ s:lO-'G LlC intc '- 'ct;:;~ io :l ::: o:~ ·cl1e:..·:::-l l c-."u o:.., :9l'ovirions, 

l:'.nc"'.. C. sc ose~J ~l<' Jc r;·:r.:.re:1t i co ):..·o•:islo:1s .. o:.·c the c.:::'..usc of ;:ost o :':' m:.ch 

i nt c:.~.:_J:.'e r t io1.s. 

_\ -Y.=-e m· ~~ ~~o . i:=) lists t he L1tc: ·:J ::o r·: io:~s o~ ·cc:..·::s C.cscj:-i'Jin_~ cc:..'-

tc:.in t~":c_ocs o:· e:1~:; ye12s . The sc- Lltc:··:;cct<:• tiow· · ·ere :-'J.' esentcc'. to l~1li~ 

in cithe:.." L1.c fo:c:1 :~ <: '.i :r c ct cn~cstion ; c . c_: ., T1< -c. i~ <:'. :;co .!.~e::..s o::1<..' , 

or l · st<:'.to.wnt o - f"'cts sho· ·L1: · c e :tt<.L1 c:~ctL .. s :c ol lo··er' .. ..,.i'c~l c.: qL.l..cstioi·l 

f.s to --l:. ct~1 ""' o:.. ·l·Jt. t:~e 11.1_-'.:;ics '~ere ~1o c. o: r· J< :.. ticul ~ j ' Li'.'l(. o f 

c ')lo·:ec . ~!1 so·.? cr·.s s ~-- ·ecic.:_i7c·: f' rJ~.o~rccs o)~ <:' .. in ·le L1t'."L'-S'.;:..··; 

' 'Cl'e c}_<ssi "ie_, i.l co r- es, t~K:.'c"'v-- '~cr __ ·i::-ill" i l1tc· _,·~e <'-'.:; ions ·-lliC~l · ·e:re 

t a +, io~1 of t .. l) , ~~ ~1 1 s C:lo L L1,: v J e , r:s Jis t c(_ i :1. ~·d · " :1{ L: ~·Jo . ~) , 2..:..·c 

S2' To1 c s o:' ~~\•.ch i:1C.e · :.:ctctio11s. 

:iost Llt e;:.-- :i.~ t<tio::J. s 2.. ':foctL1 · ].c.1Jo :.· i 11vo lve: 1.:-'.,o:., ~:Eo--h.ion , 

ho··rc··e:.· , i:1. so -;c cr-s cr; ~1e <'.~-:..'_) ict\ ~, io:'-. ·~ o:..' Lltc::r;:..·c t c:tion :ccferrec to 

· ........... ·e s o:.~ :.o"LE's, "but tl1e c'.etc:.·: 1i~12 ~ io:1 o:n t:lC c:_ues cion ( C:?Gnc,_eC. u u on 

c.:.n ·. i nc··Ll S :.'-- o:- ',.:..' "'. ;:_e c } sr:i: ic t'. o:1 . Such c~.ses r.:..·c s e t forth L1 

~i·o ~c nf. ~: ~~ . 6, Jct~cl1e1,_ l1.c:.·E:to . 
/ 

- 22-

I~te::t. ~ot~t ons Of Tro~e Prnctice ?revisions 

T~1e ['.:t,_t:w :;,· ;l ~"' e:~.:-- ::10l'. aJ.l o:=- tho i ntc -~n·et2:c ions o: tl~c..c'.e ~) ractice 

ru.l es forn<.'.ll:· issu.cC. "u:r NHA f:con June l G, 1933 t9 ::o.:cch 15, 1935. The 

i nvestication isclosec~. that nest of S11c'1 inte::t."':?::t.~cta ion s rei'e:;,·recl to 

:?:..·o·risions :;,~clo.t n · ~o j::.~ ices or ·?:..·icc re:~ l2tion . P:..·ice f ilin ; c<'.uscC'. 

~ ro~Jle s ns ~o effect i ve tD.tes, c".o.tes ol :tevision, accesr:> to reco:ccs , 

fo r: 1s of :9 :;,·ice lists. P:cicinc.; :·F ovisions ro.ise(. q_ucst ions as to co~t 

b2.sis, inclusion of tc::.xes in :9:.·ices, 0;:9:9:!.ic<'.t io n o: :9rovisions to s c..J cs 

bet· ·ee;.1 in( us ' r :· ·1er.1 e1~s C..j_1C". ~~:·i v ilec;es of· S<'.lo to neet co!J:?et it ion. 

Soc'.es contrinin:· unifo1·~ C.iscount G.nL' .. ere( it :9 ·:ovisi ons o.n(. :9rohP:li tions 

.o.c;o.inst c:.C.vo: .. n:~ E'.llo·72.nces ,-·ere su"ujecis of f mliJbc:· of inter_9:·etntions. 

_he f'.U.thor ho..s 'Jeen une.ble to set :.:'o:cth L1 c,_e tail the su"ust2nce of all 

t r a.:".e ~; o.ct cn inteTy:..·etc tions , but £_9-_) enC .. ~: lio . 7, atta chec". he reto , 

lists the co (es el2.tin ~~ to ···l1 ich the va:;,~ ious e:..y:;_~etc: tio!ls ';ere 

isr'l•.ef. <.'11( t:w t·,roe of ec ce j_~ovi ion affectcC.. <.I ... --

l-o inte:L~.:_):..- eto..tions of t:1e <.'.c:·1L1ist::o.th·e ~):;,~ov sions o: the eccles 

--·e:L· e fo"L,_nc.-_ in o.ssc:!"uli:1c U1e T.1,n.0erit'tl fo:;_· t:1i s stuc"--:'• 
-23-

The ""u :..~.) sc o·' t.:1c ··o· ·c;: ~: intc'.'J"'(.;·~ -::. io :1 :--~l.( the eff'e ct of its 

e:'~e rci se i c:; to clurir · , , ·~_:;1i~J·.l'.'•' c ~ :-.~- L·tist:t~t ive :? ronouncenents. 

Its use and c:;-orc i sc c'.c:)cn'.- .,_.)CJi.1' -.c~'"~i". 1.~.t ·.·o ~-.: r[',,l t ['.nC.. :-·i.:·linist:t['.tivc 

la·' d.ictrtes the.t the c·-<'::.·ci:::~ o.· L~is ·,cr b·· ou}J'_ 1)e ff'.il' ami ::eason....: 

nolo . :ro ncntions t :lC te:.:n 11 i:~tc::.·_·. ::.·ct~:i;io 11 o:..· nn~• ~· o· ··e r ~hereof is 

fm.:.Ylr. in th.J RccoYe3."·:~ Act • . 1? G"n.ch :r,o·-er is oascc. ::- urcl~r upon c:; concot·.,, c .... l·on o·" t' c ' ct t'1r· ''0"' 1 J·n. · o·t:' ··'1ic'1 ~s co·u·"'··· l·c.- on·'- .<'or '' n 1·.:1_0. ,1._ .._, .L - .... . IJ ..... J. • "'l. ' L .l. l. .. - . L .1. - .I. J.. ..:J ~ - J.. ~ lJ .l (..w J . . :. ..L 

cr.t ion o..::· r-. c;:::-::'.nt o:;:· :1p--.-cl'• I~ vie··r of tllis J.ac:: o:::-· ~x: ci f' c r.fenti on 

o:·· Lw t .e::.-1 rnt. st2.t c:·,ont o:~ "?O'rer , i t i s rmc;c es tec!. tho.t conter:J::_)l<:tec. , ·"\r ·l· ,, l,...,.L.l·o -., ;f "'n .... " ~ .. 1"+' o., ~~cc t~- re " co l.'1il "'" .... o ..L''lo"'e· o..t:" J.he .t•T I~ A -,r'l,_e .I.\.. .) . . (. (, . • , ... u.. v' ' -· J. ..J j . .... ;, ,., "' • - < ·- \J 'Jl . '-.) ·. J t.. . ' ... \.h., J .C.l. 

c_Jcci?ic 1·c·"c r:ncc to the ~? O' :e1· oi:· L1t e:..~o:;, tnti'on 2..nc' t hat full ['.nd 

o.t.'c~·u:-.tc ~;:..·o isio~ bo-~1Cl. ~e ··~1ej.·eby the .;:t-.:;e.ncy ·cho.rcecl.. •:ith the aCnini st·:~<:'..t on o:: C.!1Y ne-; fl::Ct ~e ~!er:-.1it teC' . to e:~ercise · tr_i s ~~e r a t n.n:r or a ll 

tl··,,cc "'l't'l1 '">"' ·e·"e"" 1 l'i o·~ c --. ., ' .<- ' cnJl-. .•. , ~ ~-· - ~ J..l ·-~- -./ .·.I. ."'-~)i'o> Cl.!. • c.:._ .. Y•. 

'... ·, l . 

Ac' ;1in ist:-n.tive . atteirots to c-:.ei' ine t he te:.·:is 11 int e:'Dreta.tions 11 and. 

11 c:.::9 l c.nat i oi111 c::.'eat cc1. · f.~ ('.i stinction, t:nc b9unc.nries of :-:h~ch ':7e re diff icult 9f dc te :t :J.in<:: tio n ... ·Tl:e .:etlloc.,__s of su.:- nce a "1c'\. control of 

11 e:;::9lnn2..t ions 11 ,·rere inc.i:;>;·JJ_ e of cf?cct i ve ad1:1ini s t::.·c. t ion. The at t enc1.n.nt C~UeS t i ons of (.e J. eg ':'.. t ion ( Oi10.nc.o(' . . ri( C c'.eCCi1t:·a1 :_ Z8.tion, the:t•eo:' 

l~c ,-; .~; L1 :c\Et21C:· o:t·cd~C..o··: n of the a<.~1 is trat ive ;:_o::·oceclure. It is 

surx- cst ec. t l12.t 11 e:.:-_J l a nat _iQ.D-? '' D.s D, 0:--.s i s for .2..c .. .1inistrative action 

b e aoolishcc. c.nc'. thnt ~lQ a · "1Llistrativo D.(;enc:·· be eny o':;erec'.. to issue 

11 i nter·_9:..·et<: ··. ions. 11 A .. ·. ac" li ist:t~a iv e bo<:>.rc'. of control, for ~)ur.9oses of 

uniforn r.nt' co:-r ect c".e t e:...':1in::-.. ti o~1 , :i,r.: u1·t ~'lC:.:' su,:_;,~; estec. . Si:: T~le c,uicles 

anc'. sto.n/.o,I:" ' s shO'\-ll/ be est2.: .. :.i :.~1e( ,~-.c:~· ~by the :9relininary question 

E'.s to ·het lv~r o:.~ !lot rn int c:.·}:· e tc-tiol1 ··::o'JJ.en i s )rcsenteci. ca n be 

eE' .. s il ~r C:.et e:.:··; i nec .• 

~h e e::o::.·c i se of ·i;hc _p o·.rc:: :~ 11 .~ te:..'·'J:;.·et"":tion11 b:· lffiA •• as •,;i thout 

:9e ci ~c c~.cler;r· t ion the:.'ooi. ~he c::istenc e of the ·oo··:e r in HR.A officio..ls 

is, ·:ri t h G'. fer:- e: ce:9t ons , b<:se0. ·cr_?on i11:9 lico.tions f:;:on c rr.nts of other 

·:) o•-rers. I t i s su,::;nes t eC. th.s.t r" el 8[;2..tio;1s contc.in S~')eci f i c rej:erence to 

t21e ·;JO'"'er o:f L1te::·~:n·., ation c::iC. tl1:--.t such ga ~ions 1)e conf ined to the 

<:',(T1inistrative heaC. o:..· ·oo e..::-C,, ··it:1 a s fc·-.r 0.ele ~_.2. ions to lesser officia ls 

as :9ossibl e . If tl:e nu:·1be:.: of C":s}:_~ lic tions for inte:ryret ations ·;arrants, 

thE:: :~eo. tio n o:C nn office o:f an 11 Int e:...·-:_o:;:e t.ati0n Of ficer 11 is sugcest e9,. 

~1ese su~r·e s tions :.:m:· caus e s oi.1e del ay, hq.t ~1e i n terest s of correct 

inte::.-:!.n·etc.tion sec: ~ to -~h~ ·.::;:-i te::- to out· ·e_i ~~ ):J. the questions of clel ay. 

I f yroye:...·t7 o.nL'. yer"ono.l i n.terests are c;_egehc1.ent upon an inte<o retation·, 

D. :;_•e :. Ll. l<:' ion ~lel eb:r the reCGi~'J t O:f ['... JOnD. f icle Cl~::..:9 lic2..ti011 •;oul C.. [;r C..1t 

an au to:J['. ti c e:ce·1:9t ion jent' in·; of::'i cil"vl J. n teJ.-:_;·:;.~ eta t ion is suc;r;e s t ed . 

It is f"L1.c;::es te0. that 8. le ··isl<: tive 'Jroh i "oi t ion a(SO .. inst c.el ec;ations 

of yo··:er :..~ inten):..·etation to m:1. ~1 a c;encies a s coc.e autl1ori ties shon l c3. 

b e set 1..:r.:.) • 

It i s c·. ;Qr,:5. rtJ.J:1 of st :: .. tutor~- co m: truction that nn ac t of Co nGress 

-,ill be li 'Jc.. 2.. ll ~r const:....,w0. ~r the courts in Ol'C.or to r;ive effect to 

the intention o:f' the lec i slati vc ·ooc'.zr. It i s : .. l s o ['... rnle. o: statutory 

construction the1.t acts of Con:-::.:: ~ c::.·eatin:; n ·qunishubl e cri·1innl offense 

•;ill be strictl~r const ruecl in f2..vor :~· the :;>erson accus cCl .• 
From a o~ ideration of the se two opposite mode a of conatruction, 

it logically follows either that the court could construe a general 

grant of pcwer to make rules and regulations under section lO(a) as being r estricted i n its criminal opera tion to those violations only which 

the court considers to have been intended by Congresa; or Section lO(a) 

may be construed as confining the power granted to those rules and 

regulations alone which are penal by intendment, and a .general grant 

of power t o make other rules and regulations may be implied from the 

act itself. 

It should be possible to construe Section lO(a) as granting a · 

general power to the President to prescribe rules and regulations for 

which a penalty may attach only in certain pr~scribed inGtances. In 

view of the fact, however, that the section mclces any violation 

punishable, the better course would probably lie in insisting upon the 

construction of Section lO(a) as being restricted in scope to those 

rules and regulations only which have a penalty preGcribed. Otherwise, 

the objection might be raised in a criminal proceeding that the statute 

prescribing the penalty was void for uncertainty in not informing the 

violator of the exact nature of his obligations. However the Act is 

interpreted, consistency is necessary to avoid complications. It is 

therefore suggested that future rules and regulations, if any, contain 

a clause specifically referring to the criminal effect of violation 

thereof, if new legislation should incorporate the substance of the 

present Section lO(a). 

Chapter V of this report sets f orth in brief some of the causes of 

interpretations and also the t~~es of code provisions affected. A 

more complete exposition of the problems has not been found possible. 

It is possible, after examination of ~ch interpretations, to state 

that the causes of the interpretations examined, in part, are: 

1. Faulty drafting of codes. 

2. Ignorance of problems and extent of code administration. 

3. Necessity of elaboration of general statements contained 

in codes. 

4. Classification of industries. 

5. Ove rlapping code definitions. 

6. Removal of inconsistencies of code prov~ s1ons with executive and administrative declarations of policy. 

· The report has not considered questions of due process with re~ect 

to consideration and issuance of interpretations. Chapter I treats of 

the inherent power of administrative interpretation, the exercise thereof being within the intendment of the legislation. Sufficient precedent 

can be found for the proper exercise of this power provided the power is 

legislatively conferred with a direction that hearing or notice i~ not 

required. Such a legislative declaration is suggested. 

It is further suggested that the issuance of interpretations be 

made subject to a rule of precedent and that a properly indexed reference 

be maintained. 

9843 
-25-

One of the fi~st ste s i~ ~o ~olo 1:c ~t of this r tudy ryas the 

:9re:9aration of a ·;orl: outline , in the ar~ti ~J atio , th2.t circ1mstances 

· errJittL1 ~; , the :fi::1nl o·,~ort em ~~ c 1:.'J ct ··o'J.lt.. teo..l •:it~1 tl1e 1ore' 

i. nortE'nt r ections of t~ c outli ne; r.t least. T}1is outline is inclur1.eC. in t:1is ::c'e-.Jort a s A_9~"- e11c i~,: No . 1 D.m'. it shoultl. be useful as a 

( "'...l.ic'.e to rn:- fur the:;_· stu of the suoj ect. A co ~_)a:;_·i son of the out-

_i:1c '7i t~1 1c tc:o.ole contentc ·-rm..l.l(. s':'lo•7 that the E'.ctual d.evelo:pr.1ent 

o:<> the subject in tl e r c-::., o:;_·t fell Sl:lbstantinll:· short o:"' antici:pations 

The -~ollo .,in~; su-~ · ·estioDs 2.re :lm,_e '-ri th res:9ect to :9artic\.l ar 

·mtte:;.·s :::'o:;_· further stuc'.:·s 

1. Cou~'J letioD , o:- :.·e .'e~en ce to the :il es of the National 

Reco-,rer~.r Ac1ninistration, of the anal:rsis o: all inter-

~~etetions isaue~. 

2. Further stu y of the reasons :or inter~oretat ions, that is 

'.'!h? tlle .. r har'. to oe issueC. , , .. i th :9C..l'ti cul r reference to 

t:1e inte ::..~'J ··etations of the cJrovisions of 1T.RA co <ie s. 

) • Othe:;_· ·t112.n Y ·' t:i.1e :;.·ecei·ot of ;:;_ ote sts , :L;.RA he.G. little 

l:no ·:lcc.c;o o~ the ef::ects a: the inte :: ~o:;_·etati ons it 

issuec".. In::ol':.l2..tion of the effects of tl e interoret ations u~ 0~1 LflC.ustr;-;r, lcbo:c C.r!C. ~J:r 1-:n:r of ro:'Jercussi9n 

U)on l'?1A i ·(;self oa~ liY~:_:l:' · 'ou.lc. 'Je vo.lu<.ble . The C.ifficuJ.ty of l.eten1L1in · su c:1. e:::'.ects is full;:,r recocnizoC: .• 

TevertheJ.es c. , st.uC..:r of t~ e of:'.:ects of ·interpretations of 

a ce:;.·tai~ tj-r_9o ; fo.1.· c::r>.:·1:pl 3 ; tlwse is uec'.. in an atten:9t 

to resol--e _n·o-Jlo:Js of ove::tlE. --)L1" coC.e 0.e7.ini tions, 

1i ~1t , ·oc :Z' ec- si~Jlo D..!'l( ·o roC.uctive of useful infornation. 
- 26-

ImVIEW 

1 . Introduction . 

1 .• 1 o·o Je ct i ve anC:. scope o'f study. 

2 . 13ases of p'o vre r of interpretation and e:...1)lanation . 

2 . 1 Gene r al rules ·of interpretation . 

2 . 2 . Legal ~nL!CiiJles of L1terpretatio11 ap~')licable to 

administrative agencies . 

2 . 3 3ases in the Act . 

4 Bases in Executive rders . 

2 . 5 I 1:1p l ied povrers . 

3 . Definition . 

3 . 1 Ordinary Cefinition. 

3 . 2 Le gal c.efini ti'on . 

3 . 3 Ac:.mini"tre.tive ctefiili tio::l - Chc"l.nges . 

3 . 4 Discussi ::m of differe11ce between terr.1s " interpretation" 

and 11 e:x::")lanation11 • 

3.. 41 _..,C.ministrative coiHhc,erations. 

3 . 42 PreceC..ents for clhrisions of treat ent . 

43 ~ministrative effects of division . 

4 . DeleGation of po~er . 

9843 

4 .1 To make interpretations. 

4 . 11 To the AC.mihistrD.tor . 

4 . 111 PR..t;. . 

4 . 112 Cocie s . 

4 . 12 'i:ca11sfer of J'OvJer to· :nRB. 1 . 13 Additional dele~ati~n of, limitations or 

conC.i tions on power ::..:ta;:ted to ·nRB. 4 . 131 1.tul es and regulatio:·m of NIRB . 

4: . 14 To Divisio;,1 .A.(J!linistl·o.tors . 

15 To Territor ial Ac'u'1linistra tors . 

Ll.: . l6 Hecessi ty of formali t:r of iqsuance of 

interpretations . 

4 . 2 To maka e~l nations. 

4 . 21 4-dmlni~t:rat r - lH.B.B . .. ·• o• • I '·• 

4 . 2 11 PRA. 

4 . 212 Cocles . 

4 . 22 Division Admi nistrat ors. 

4 . 23 Beputy Administrators . · 

4 . 231 Officials sub.ject to deputy ' s suuervision . 

<1 . 24 Specific boarcls establis1 ed by A(u; i nistrator. 

4 . 241 PRA boarc~ . 

4 ,2411 Washi ng t on . 

4:2412 .Local . 

4 . 242 Code ... . 

4 . 2421 Wa"hington . 
- 27-

~~32 Fiel~ ffices . 

L: ;·~·?.0 C\>' c~ ~-'iLlt11'Hitics . 

~.:: :V5 State a:H~ n,< o:!'~.J. -=.1ircct')rG • 

..:2: . 26 Comr>lia.:1cc Cow1ci ls. 

4 . 27 Otl1er e!i,ll;:.r <~~ Jf ?..A . 

4 • .' .. 8 Gc:.o::.-:11 lL·~i t·· t i:Jnr 1.:· · u C: c lee;<~ tee. lO\ c>r . 

4 . 3 Deleg~tiJ~ of ~o\~ r t J ~ · eal boarfs . 

4 . 4 :L,ele{:;ation of j oint -c>ovter . 

5 . Al·.r:1inL .. trative 11etl o·1.s of L1te:cpret·:tion 'lnG exp l o.nat i o11. 

3 .1 :xecutiv e orLe r . 

A~m nis rat ve or der . 

5 . 21 Administrat'Jr or NI RB 

l5. G2 Div i s i on or Deputy Adminis r~ or . 

15 . 23 Other offi cial s . 

5 . 3 Jec i s i ons o f comp liance co~1c il . 

5 . 4 L1fJrr.1al v1ri t t e .1 communication . 

5 . 5 Oral c 'Jmmunicatio:1 . 

6 . E:dent 3.nd sco~:~e of interpre t 1.t i ons and exp l anati on s . 

6 . 1 Ge:1eral . 

6 . 2 ~ecific . 

G. 2 l Ce r tai n froups of i:lC:;ustry o r tr'"'.de . 

6 . 22 Specifi c i ndustr:r 0r t r ade 

7 . Gene r a l causes of inter'lr etations and. exp l ana tions . 

7 . 1 .hmb i Qli t y . 

7 . 11 Doub l e reanin:., 11:rovisions or wo r ds . 

7 . 12 :Tecessi t;-{ of rL:n:J l ication of i n t ent 0f sponsors 

7 . 13 ~Tecessity of C:~J:':1 icati:Ll of s e t 0f f a cts t o p r ovisi on s . 

7 . 14 Punc t uati on aac, t:,-1_1e t; ra~!hica l error s . 

7 . 2 ~~J ict vri' tl1 ::>ther l aws Jr ._-·::rrer:mYiei1t ·e:1c es . 

7 . 3 ::?aulty legislative (;.r:1.ftn ::s ~l }J • 

7 . 4 ulti ple cQ(,cs ax·. cl.s.s ificati T~ J)rJblems . 

7 . 5 J.Tecessity 'J f n·T.J licP.ti:,n Jf acl.mi nist rnti ve ~o li es . 

B. G8ne r al ct.iscu3~ n Jf ·~?..A treatment Jf quer: ti )n s s ubmitted Jr 

984 3 

initiated as t J 

B. l :·eces s i t y of !1te~) 2 ti Jn am~ eXJ.l l ana ti ::- n 'Jf orde rs 

8 . 3 

8 . 4 

8 . 5 

8 . 6 

a:1cl c Jd e s . 

I nability t; c Jn tr ol the issua:1ce of eX'p l anat i 'Jn s . 

Necessi ty :: f C'Jn t r ol ~. cl,. fJrmal i t y of i nterpr e t a ti on s . 

Ac::.ministr ativ e ciec l aration of d iffe rence betvmen i nerpre ti n anC:. exp l Klat i on . 

8 . 41 Pu r p2ses 

8 . 42 Suscep tibili t y Jf admini strat . 

~0 De f ec t s , if any . 

De t e r r.1i nat i J l1 8:f o~1e Jf questiJn nv~ lv . 

Err8r s Jf cleterr1L1.at i •n . 

8 . 61 :G:;-.rp l c>.nat i ::::13 whi ch we r e interpr e t ati')ns. 

8 . 62 I n t erpr e t a t iJns 'rhich we r e e.xp .:~nat ons . 

8 . 63 Causes. 

5 . 64 ssibi liti~ s f c Jrrec t i8n . 

8 . 65 Ac t ual CJrr ecti'Jns , 

8 . 66 ~yp ca l casPs . 
-28-

9 . 1 :n:2A. 

9 .2 

o , 3 

; ~e c·ut i v e C1-i1d .A:Gnini ~ t t i v e 

Offi c e -- r dc rs a.v:'. ~: .~e .-

9 . 4 ?::'.A. 

9 . 5 C ,c·es aHd a ne11o rnei1t s L1ere t · , .. 1 .or Sec . 3 (a) a:nc".. Sec . 3(~) . 

9 . G I.,ab ; r a {;r e e r. ents a;.1G.. ane:c!C:. .. e :1b:; 1e:c t u:..C:.e _ Sec . 7("J) . 

9 . 7 Rules a nC:. resuJ.at i.:ms havL1~· e ffe ct -- f a C')de . 

9 , 8 PJlicy rulings . 

10 • .Al1c?.lysis ::J f c:..p:plic.:tti :o ns f'J:c te:.:- "~r ti :;ns a Yl.G. explanat'i 1ns Jf 

c 1de p r ; visiJ ns Tiith r o sne ct ~ · 

9843 

10 . 1 Code finiti n- · 

10 . 11 I:1dustr ' .:J r subcli..-i si"'n t :1e re ·,f . 

10 . 12 ' lembers -,f ..:'. ustr y 11 ~. cla ssificati · ns ti1ere Jf . 

10 . 13 Distrib'-.t.ti"-n _ a fZe i.lCies . 

10 . 14 C: mm-: dities.· 

10 . 2 Lab Jr pr ·visi 1ns . 

10 . 21 :raximum h Jurs . 

10 . 211 _T :;riilcl.l vieel: ·•e ri:-J d . 

10 . 212 al day p eri Jd , 

10 . 213 Overtime t')lerances . 

10 . 214 Pea~.: lJeri od . 

10 . 22 : :inimum v1a ges . 

10 . 221 3 c rmal rat e . 

10 . 2211 urly rate . 

10 . 2212 Piece r a te . 

10 •. 2.-:13 ':.'e el:ly rate . 

10 . 222 Overtime rate . 

10 . 2,J3 Arq:r e11tice rate . 

1 2~ Sl:illed r a t e . 

10 • .::~ 5 Fni ' ::. c :: t1·a.c t rate . 

10 . 23 Ch ild l u.b J r ·. 

18 . 24 Ap)r entice li::1i t a ti ns . 

10 . ?-5 andic a· G. v1 HL:ers . 

6 Standards Jf safety d be lt . 

10 . 27 :-Ior.1e ';n rk. 

10 . 28 St retch- Jut . 

10 . 29 ri "' pa yments . 

10 . 21 Equitable rea-..' jus tr. ent Ji wages ab Jve 1e rainimum. 

· 10 . 22 P Jstin.:;. 

10 • .'~3 C11lecti ve ·lJar [;.:>.i:i.li -1[; . 

10 . 2.1_ : ;i see lla ne Jus . 

10 . 25 Devel opment Jf l abJr ~1 lic y it h resr ect t - inter-

]n~et ti: _ a11d expla :c1a t i Jns . 

10 . 2G Lecal·asp ects 1f l a·J i r ;,- Jvisi -: n interyretati .... ns 

and explane.ti '"' l1S . 

10 . 2_1_- E·1a l ua ti J11 ; f ex_;J erience s . 

10 . 3 Trade ~~ ractic e -

1:>r " lisi m • 

10 . 31 Gcner9.l .Al1.alysis a::d d.iscussi :;: Jf trad-... practice 

visi ~s beinG ~Jed a s f ') llJws : 

10 . 311 Generally accepted in l a w. 

10 . 312 Desira ble but n J t fully accepted in law. 

10 . 313 Desirable b ut n J basis in law . 
.. 

- 29-

10 . 314 Und.83 i ra.ble,. 

1n . ~ l ., -en0~ f l'Ci hle . 

l C• . 32 Pric i)licy . 

10 . 321 Price fixin~ . 

. .. 

1v ~-s;~ ll ·:'i::cd. ~Jr ices . 

l • , >. :12 1 ·'l:en t r e:•." J"ln.'0l c 

l l . ~~:~13 i ; .... c:.:.l 1:1arl:- 1r_p . 

l \ . 322 Price . 

221 1 en lea.Ce~s . 

10 32 .~ 2 Lac s l i111itati .n::; . 

10 . 323 (!pen .. ,rice sy" t ems . 

j)~ClC 8 • 

3~3 1 Irl"ti tuti ). l .:. f system. 

~~~~3:5 P'J.rticular C.)ntracts . 

10 . 3233 t:e th :c~ Jf "'~e ti . 

N te : ? Jr p urp - 3es :d c iscussi·:;u bid c]:l ~dt ry systel"'ls are included ---- ' 

lli1C~er t h i s sub- c1ivir;i;n . 

3~4 Cost prJvisi 'J ns : 

J 0 . 324l Sa l es be l ow c ost . 

10 . 3242 ~sJ lete g•~ds . 

10 . 3243 Em ~e ncy dis~ sals . 

10 . 3244 CJmpetiti::m • . 

l \. . 325 A.cc;unt inc s:·stems .• 

10 . 3251 Necessity Jf· ar>·-,r ; va l Jf Admini strat or . 

10 . 325:3 CJmplexi ty Jf ryst em. 

10 . 3.?53 Difficu lties Jf i ns-ta llati:m . 

10 . 326 Sal es e~ rting systems . 

10 ~ I11 terp re t n.t i 1 •. s anc~. eY:J.J l a:t>a t i J TIS ::> f c J d e a:uthori ty prJvisi Jns . 

10 . 41 Tecess iti es J f L1ten•retati:ms ancl. exp l c:.nati on s . 

10 . 4:2 L-:te~or at ns C'.1 lc:. ex)l a!:.at i Jns aff ec tint'; richt s af · 

e c'.uth rit y . 

lC . 43 Interrret:.ti Ji1s a :.c".. e:~:_p a;1n.ti ns affecti n,-:-; ::> b ligat i Jns 

of c Alt; i'l ut~". ··ri t~~ • . 

l n . L1.4 ec.;~"~.l it y . 

10 . 45 P ::; li cy. 

10 . 46 .:::'ina:1ces . 

10 . 47 Trade as" ati~n participati Jn . 

10 . 5 Labe l s . 

10 . 6 C-,:diti _, nal Jrd.ers J:( a~'D Val . 

11 . ver~1...'11e.1. t c: ntracts. 

ll . l :Oases ; f a::?p li ca ti :- ns f ::; r interpret.ati Jns c:'..nd exp l anati Jns 

: f xe utive Orders . 

11 . 2 I:ffec t J f intc:r,retati .:; ns. a:,:.(. exp ·.1at ns macJ.e . 

13 . Pr ; cedure . 

9843 

12 . 1 ~Jp li c , ... t i -:::1 by 

~: 11 ::.1c't.u~tr T Dern Gr . 

1.2 . l :J Llc us t ~- 2:;::.· -up . 

12 . 13 CJ(e e.ut'1· rit y . 

12 . l _'a ti na l. 

12 . 132 L . cCJ.l . 

12 . 14 I .s tit u t ed by NR . 

12 .14 1 In ust y Divis i 1n . 

12 . 142 LeGal Divis i Jn . 
, I 

I 

I 

- 30-

12 . 143 Ac. .. vis ·n: b a rei.s . 

~4. ~ie1d ,ff ices . 

L:- . 1 ·5 Othe c f"a.r . .~~1 .1ts :::· :•RA . 

12 , 15 ver~1:'Y! ent a L;e 1lCies "'t:w:,.. t:-ut:: ·:iRA . 

12 . 16 L.-:-,:o r . 

L : . 131 L ll.i vi c-.u..'l.l . 

12 . 162 Gr _ 1.v ") f err~o1 );fees . 

12 , 1531 n · r{;'l..".i zed . 

12 . 16.82 Uni ' i1 , 

1.2 • 2 T vrr1 . r.1 was a pp 1 i c J. t i · n d ire cted. . 

12 . 21 ~ashin . 

12 .22 Field Jfficec. 

1 .' . 2.3 C "de aut1nri ties. 

12 . 24. Other g·ve rm ~e:;.! 8.. 1 nce!1C-ies . 

12 . 3 r. :msidera ti -~1 ' f applicati " n . 

12 . 31 By deputy . 

12 . 32 . .\.dvi s Jr y 1:l •ar0.s. 

1~ 33 ~esearch n~ P1al ning Divisi 1n . 

12 . 34 i:Egal Divisi ; n . 

12 . 35 Ac.ministrati-:.1 r1embers ancl c : de authJrity. 

12 , 36 Peview Divisi ·n . 

l2 37.~xtent 1f nsider~ti-n by b 1ards, etc ., and 

liu i t at i '!1S t :1e re Jn . 

12 . 38 Divisi Jn.AcministratJrs. 

12 . 39 ~icher "'fficials an~ ~resident . 

12 . 31 : ::tent :.;; c ; nsider -.. t i ; ·· Jf ·briefs p r ) c:>.: ·_d c1n , 

12 . :32 Field •ffices - i:IRA. 

12 . 4 Discussi · ·: -:: f treatme:1t - 1 .::t~l lic ti 1ns 1i t l1 respect t J 

due 1•r- cess req_u irerneiJ. ts. 

12 , 5 ::'inal a cti ' i1 ·n 2-pplic:':!.ti · n . 

12 . 51 ..:. ::: rm . 

1..2 . 52 N:- tice . 

12 . 6 Time Jf submissi "'n · :f. ::~~~ 1icati.Jn . 

12. 61 :Bef::: re effec tive- c"ate -. :f c :;de . 

~ . 62 C1de awr.ini strn.ti :1 , 

12 . 63 :Juring c lilj_Jli~.nce c ·mplaint •. 

12 , 64 .rir:t; litigati J:;.- . 

12 . 7 Ti me requireo. f -:: 1· :1anr.:'.ling a: i_) licati "ns . 

12 . 71 A}Jp licati Jns r e ceived in field . 

12 . 711 Ge'J a~1hic l c Jnsic.e r ati J ns • . 

12 . 712 Delays cause~ by re ference to : ashingt an . · 

12 . 713 Ty~ical cases . 

12 . 72 .A:pp licati Jns receive0. ·uy Jr r efe. red to ashingt:m . 

12 . 72 1 :-'"JutinE, ):f ap:llicati )ns . 

12 . 722 Ne cessity : f refere~ce t b -ar d s . 

12 . 723 Cc::..uses -- f el • 

12 . 724 ~ffe ct s ~f ~e lay · n 

72 1 C·c.e ·structure . 

1 .., . 7,:--4.' C ct:m li-ance . 

7243 -nf rcement . 

13 . P ··er 1Jf subseque:1t m- c ificati ·n ; .f interp retati Jns and exp 1anatiJns. 

13 . 1 . initia tiJn . 

9843 

13 . 2 A: p lica ti 0~1 by i ndus tr;,r. 

10 , 3 Application ·b~- 1-:t.ba :r .• 
- 31-

13 . 4 Ap-"'11icati n O:'/ C')de autl1 1ri ties. 

1: .• 5 A-')}J1icC' t i ·,n b \ t~ler parties. 

r . 6 ::-':lses ·f 1:1.}") )licati ~n . 

13 . 7 Effect~ ': m dificnti . 

I 

14 . Substa nti•vC' -,, b1cms . 

V . 1 Sh ' ulcl ~rlk )er.ni t c :cle autl1Jri ties t :, maJ:e inten)re tn. ti ns 

a.1cl cxrJlru'la t i Jns . 

1<-L . 2 Sh .io~d ~! rt.A permit fie1& offices t e noJ~e inter:_0reta ti "'ns 

a.· .. c". c::.plc..l.i1ati · ;1s . 

1_ . 21 Emerce1cy. 

14 . 22 Fermai.1E'i.1t . 

14 • .23 If rcvic ·-, is had ~ Washii1c;t n . 

l •L3 What rcq_uircr1e11ts -f C'.ue r,r ; cess sll"'ulc. ·oe c · nsi de red by NPut. 

14 . 31 ~- tice . 

14 . 32 'it :-~ ") r '7it h ut he ::1 rL1g . 

111: . 4 Sh- ulr: C1.'1})1ic.? ti -ns :f r ii1terpreta ti · ns !".!1( eJC2:1 l a 11ati "'ns be 

r e :f e -;.-r cc'c t"' : 

14 . 41 e ·de uth rities . 

1<2: '·~.:2 t he r c; · vernne i1tal agenc ies. 

14 . 43 _:...c..mini strltiQn mem.bers . 

14 . 5 G-eneral legal effect "J f ar:~enclments a11d stay::> U{' - n i n terpre t <'tti ' i.1S ancJ. exp l ana.ti--ns . 

1<1.6 1ilrl8.t rit)1ts f SJI :-1sJrshi:p Jf int en)r etat i J:tls ··tncl explanati:ms 

sh ~l C be permitted ? 

14. . 7 l'lhat c·· nsic:.era ti ·. :.:~ f ii;.ter:pre t :.:.ti "' i1S anC.. e:<";'l1a:;"at i Jns sh')u1d 

be aff:> rcled ir:dustry CJ.nc'. 1ab -- r by ~TRA? 

14 . 8 T; nhat extent G~1"J.h' .. the wer : f Ge::.1eral i ntcrp· ti 'J~1s and 

ex_pla .. lati l n£ 'J , ::tll c · cces b y e ::ec1J.t ive ·rc:er ·be utili zed? 

14 . 9 SD. · ulcl ~-J.A i nr t i tute i nte:q1r e ta ti ::u.s ''.l1C. e~' la!1a t i ns Jn 

it " '·!:1 m· ti'Jl1 ? 

15 . Effects Jf i:ntcrp::etnti 11s and explai1<:.ti '"' ns ; n 

15 .1 C:;dc structure . 

15 . 2 ~eclared pur p 1ses Jf the Act 

15 . 3 rge busi ness units . 

15 . 4 Small entelJlr ises. 

15 . 5 ~~:m:pJlies . 

15 . 6 l~RA 1ic ~r . 

lffi • 7 ~Lega.ii ty. 

15.8 I nc:_u c try. 

15. 9 labor. 

L5 .l C-::. 11 ume1·s . 

16. Eva l uati:m . 

17. Conc lus i ; ns . 

1 8 . Bibl i · g r aphy. 

9843 
LP 

9843 

LI SJ: OF '~T'J'TSRPf3TATIONS OF HOUR ~ROV I SimS 

El.IE:hGEFCY -:-;oruc 

01DE.rl NUi J3E.;."1 

100- 4 

67- 16 

275- 11 

192- 5 

28- 8 

83- 69 

8,:,- 79 

9-324 

149- 2C 

67- 17 

149- 5 

83- 89 

CONTI Nl.JOuS PROCESSES 

275- 7 

40- 11 

83- 75 

120- 45 

OVErtT I hiE- rilDBN ALLO ".3D 

185- 11 

161- 28 

1 7- 6 

2- 27 

60- 60 

278- 92 

67- 17 , 34 

192- 5 

275- 7 

28- 7 

BEASO-~.AL OVERTil:IE 

72- 13A 

67- 42 

192- 5 

278- 92 

347- 18 

67-~ 17 

132- 10 

60-60 

OV.:!.... TriE - -----

COD..:, 

Paperbon.rd 

Fertili zer 

C her i ca l I.if g . 

Cast Iron Pressure Pi ~e 

Tr onsit 

Soa:!? and Gl~rcerine 

Soa:9 anc.l ~rce rine 

Lumbe r and Timber Products 

I.:achined iJas te :.lfg . ( See Ov rt~me Pa.,rmen t) 

Fcrtili zer (See Averaging) 

llc:chined 1 a st e I,ifg. (See Overtime Payment) 

Soap and Glyce rine 

Chemical :.:fg. 

Electrical Storaee 

So:t_D & Gl y cerine 

Pal?e r and Pulp ( See 

Concre t e Pipe lifg . 

e.nd Wet Primary Batterj 

Occu~ational Classi-

·- fication) 

~ur ~ress ng and Fur ThJeing 

':heat Flo·..rr ;filling 

Shi:cJbuildi ng & Shipre:pai:ring 

Retail Tr ad.e 

Trucking (See Overtime Pa=·ment) 

Ferti li zcr (See ,.;,verae;ing ) 

Cast Iron Pressure Pi~e (See Emergency 

Work) 

Chemica l (See Continuous Processes) 

Transit (See Ave raging ) 

Packinb Machinery 

:?ertili ze r 

Ca.st Iron Pressure (See Emergenc~r 'l'ork) 

Truck ing (See Overtime Paymen t1 

.1achine r y u Allied Products (See Overtime 

Fertilizer (See Averae i ng ) Payment) 

Malleable Iron (See Calculating Ove r tiille) 

Retail Trade (See Overtime- When Allowed) 
SEASONAL . OVERTil.IE _ig_ONT 1 D.) 

O.dJER Nln IB11.;...l. 

277- 11, 21 

137- llA 

170- 18 

CALCULATI NG OVERTI ME 

277- 21 

71- 13 

277- 11 

132- 10 

67- 49 

83- r 63 

83- 32 

83- 19 

167- 23 

137- llA 

72- 13A 

185- 11 

- 33-

CODE 

Gra ·r I r on Foundry (See Ca lcula tins Ove rtime ) 

Warm Air Furna c e ( See Ave r a1,ing ) 

Grinding ·/heel ( See Ove rtime rme n t ) 

a~r Iron Foundr:r 

Pa i n t, Var nish & Lacque r Mf g . 

Gr ay Iron oundr ~r 

Malleable Iron 

Fe rtili zer (See Consecutive Hours) 

Soap & Gl y cerine ( See Consecutive Hours) 

Soa) & Glycerine ( See Overtime Payment) 

Soap & rcerine ( Se e Ove rtime Payment) 

Se t Up Pape r Box (See Averaging) 

Warm Air Furnace (See Aver aging ) 

Packa g ing I.iachinery (Se e Seasonal Overtime ) 

Concrete Pipe lvifg . ( See Overtime-When 

Allowe.d) 

AVEJ.AGD G 

67- 17 

67- 34 

83- 39 

458- 5 

110- 15 

167- 23 

529- 4 

533- 5 

541- 3 

137- llA 

83- 72 

83- 80 

28- 7 

28- 10 

28- 11 

28-16 

185- 11 

47- 7 

174- 5 

67- 42 

83- 75 

83- 79 

105- 62 

9843 

Fertili zer 

Fertilizer 

Soap & Glycerine lvifg . 

Whol e sale Confectioners 

rd ood Distillation 

Se.t Up Paper Eo::-.;: 

Pha maceu ic l & Biolog ical 

1Jindow Gla ss i.if g . 

Flat Gla.ss Mf g . 

Uarm Air Furna c e , 

Soan & Gly cerine 

Soap & G rcerine 

Transit 

Transit 

Transit 

Transit 

Concret e Pipe (See ·overtime - When 

Allowed) 

Bankers (See Holida~r s) 

Rubber Tire i.If g . (See Holidays) 

Fertilizer (Se e Seasona l Overtime) 

Soap & Gly cerine (Se e Overtime-Continuous 

Proce sses) 

Soap & Gl rine (See Ove rtime- Emergen cy 

1Jork) 

Automotive Parts & Equipment (See Hinimum 

WEtge s- ·-reekly, :Laily , Hourly. 
.. ~83- 24 

08- 5 

275- 8 

285- 5 

278-109 

LP 10- 6 

60- 18C 

84-110 

60- 95 

83- 85 

83- 86 

39- 11 

60- 93 

149- 2A 

56- 12 

521- 5 

CmJSECUTIV:c3 HOUrtS 

67- 49 

83- 63 

458- 5 

529- 4 

67- 18 

201I- 8 

458- 5 

- ,j4-

UNLI iiTED EOURS 

CODE 

SoFI.p & Gl,_rcerinc 

Business Furniture 

Chemica.l vifg . 

Railway Oar Building 

Trucking 

Bre 7ing 

Re tui 1 'Tr ade 

Fabricated lietal Products 

Retail ~:·a e 

Soap 8: Glycering i,ifg. 

Soa·o & Glyce rine Mfg. 

Farm Equipment (See Occupational 

Cl a ssif.-Definition of 

Terms) 

Retail Trade (See 1\.iinimum 'Jages Salesmen) 

Machined ··.raste Mf g . (See Occupational 

Classif.-Supervisory EmployeesEngaging in Production) . 

Heat Ezchange (See Occu'9ational Classif. 

Processing & Labor Incident Thereto) 

Adhesive & Ink (See Gener al Labor Provisions - Subterfuge) 

WORKIHG HOu.rlS 

Fertilizer 

Soap & Gl:rcerine 

~olesale Confectioners (See Averaging) 

Pharmaceutical & Biological (See Averagin. 

Fertili ze r 

Leather & Shoe Findings Trade 

Who l esal e Confectioners (See Averaging) 

1..1\.BO::t AG:rt.E EUENTS ~ STATE LA·--s: FOBME:~ CONTRACTS 

278- 54A 

60- 69 

83- 42 

MORE THAF QI;z Ei.iPLOYER 

83- 18 

46- 16 

278- 200 

9843 

Trucking 

Reta il Trad.e 

Soap &. Glyce rine 

Soap & Gl;ycerine 

Moto r Vehicle Retailing 

: Trucking 
OR:iJER NU1.i:SE...i. 

HOURS FOR . ATCJii.iEN , 

254- 6 

56- 12 

• 149- 2:8 

83- 5 

423- 16 

254- 10 

14- 2 

HOURS FO:i.i. SALESI;IEH 

83- 62 

60- 93 

-35-

WORKING HOURS (CONT'D) 

CODE 

FIRE! iEJ'T, ETC. 

Athletic Goods h1fg . (See Occupational 

Classif~-More than One Occupation) 

Heat Exchange (See Occupational Classif. 

Processing & Labor Incident Thereto) 

Machined Waste Hfg. (See Occupational 

Classif.-Definition of Terms) 

Soap & Glycerine (See Occupational 

Classifo-More than One Occupation) 

Dro~ Forging (See Occupational Classif. 

Definition of Terms) 

Athletic Goods Mfgo (See Industry Classif. 

Rayon & Synthetic Yarn (See Industr ~r 

Classif.) 

Soap &: Glycerine 

Retail Trade (See Minimum '1ages-Salesmen) 

IRREGULA~ HOURS- (SPLIT SHIFT, ETC.) 

529- 4 

X-124 

44- 6 

118- 38 

118-107 

EXTRA ACTIVITIES 

60- 93 

MORE THAN ONE OCCUPATION 

83- 43 

164- 13 

254- 6 

83- 5 

57- 11 

60-208 

9843 

Pharmaceutical & Biological (See Averaging) 

General (See ·.'?ages-Waiting Time) 

:Soot & Shoe (See Uages ~.7a i ting Time) 

Cotton Garment (See 1ages-7aiting Time) 

Cotton Garment (See Wages-Waiting Time) 

Ret ai 1 Trade 

Soap & Glycerine 

Knitted Outerwear (See Occupational 

Classif.-More Than One Occupation) 

Athletic Goods (See Occupational Classif. 

More than One Occupation) 

Soap (; Glycerine (See Occupational 

Classif.-More Than One Occupation) 

Pump Mfg . (See Occupational Classif.-

Iviore Than One OcCUl)ation) 

Retail Trade (See ii~imum Wages-Salesmen) 
ORDER NUl.iBER 

1 74- 5 

347- 4 

489- 9 

47- '] 

83- 72 

118- 39 

9843 

- 36-

HOLI DAYS (AlJD VACATI ON S) 

COD~ 

Rubber Tire Mf g . 

Mach iner y & Al l i ed Products 

Sa f e t y Razor & Saf e ty Ra zor Blade Mfg . 

Banke rs 

Soap & Glycerine (Averaging) 

PrtODUCTIVE MACHINERY 

Cotton Garment 
- 37-

Appendix No. 3 

LIST OF IN'tERPRETATIOHS OJ WAGE 

PROVISIONS 

l.~ INIHUU WAGES 

WEEKLY, DAILY JUJD HOURLY 

ORD:S:::-, llT i3En 

1.24 - 27 

71 - 6 

46 - 55 

1.24- 1!:7 

83 - 8 

124 - 11 

132 - 8 

4 - 73 

169 - 12 

105 - 62 

LA130R AG-R::i:S. :ITTS , STA~I LA\7S, ~TC . 

244- 49 

60 -67 

28 - 13 • 

PIECE VTORI~K?.S 

31 - 10 

164- 1.6 

X- 130 

135- 20 

4- 73 

132- 8 

15- 30 

164- 7 

83- 12 

219-166 

84- 86 

SALESlllEE 

60- 208 

145- 32 

189- 8 

83- 61 

249- 8 

9843 

CODE 

r:otion Picture 

Paint, Va :::.~n sh &: Lacquer ~!fg . 

l'.Iotor Vehicle Retailine 

t:o tion Picture 

Soan & Glycerine 

}'otion Picture 

! :alleable Iron (Se e Ein:l.mum 't'lagesPiece VTorkers) 

Electrical Hfg. (See i!inimum WaGes -

Piece \Torkers) 

Savings , Building & Loan Assoc.(See 

Deductions from Wages- Treveling 

Expenses) 

Automotive Parts & Equipment 

Construction 

'1ete.il Trade 

Transit (See Ua .e Adjustment) 

Lime 

:;::nit ted Quternear 

General Orcl.er 

Cigar Contcine r 

ElectricEtl Hfg. 

1.allea"ble Iron 

I:en 's Clothing 

Knitted. Out e rne<"r (Se e 'IT? iting TL1e) 

Soap c-..: Gl;;rcerine ( See Tiai ting Ti·1e) 

Bedcling !•'ft;. (See 1Jai ting Time) 

Fabricnter~_ r,Iete l Proo.ucts (See OveJ."'-

time Payrrten t . ) 

Retail Trac;_e 

Furniture } :f <; . 

Coated AbrF~sives 

Soap & Glycerine 

TElg i·fg. (See Occu:pn.tional Classif .-

Definition of Terms) 
8~-- 62 

46 - 15 

MOR2 :r ii~:i., OF-= D.fPLOYf.R 

1 24 - 27 

56 - 12 

14- 2 

8/J: - 110 

21- ~ 

287- 229 

215- 10 

234- 26 

47- 19 

278- 106 

445- 6 ._' 

21- 7 

187- 8 

1- 88 

21- 4 

219- 25 

,-AJ:lC ~~l! . ETC. 

D I Frz~: :T I.AL S 

202- 5 

187- s 

LA30:a ;._G~:L ::;:-:rs 

28- 13 

0 843 

- 8-

HH ILUi i "JAC-ES ( CONT 1 D. 

Soan & Glycerine (Se e Worl':in . ..,. HoursSalesmPn) 

111otor Vehicle Reta ili'!1.g (See ccunat ional Cl2 ss if. 

lotion Pictur , (Se e P illi'Tlum 7BP;esBee~ly , DE1ily and Fourl y) 

Heat EJ&:thn.:.: .. e ( ~EJP Occ.upat ional Class if.- Proce ssing ~nd Labor Incid ent hereto) 

~;.ay on and Synthetic Yarn (See In(ustry Classif.) 

::::'e.bric<1.teo. r:et2 l Pror".uct s (See Unli· ·-

flAGE ADJUS"i ~~~JT 

I,ec .t he r 

Grc.11hi C Artr· 

American C1assuare 

I,;acc:t.J. oni 

Bankers (Se e CF~ lculat ion) 

Trucking (Sre Calculn tion) 

::Betl-::i ng I ndustry 

Le:->.the r 

Cotton Cloth Glove 

Cotton Tex tile 

Leatber (See LiMitation) 

:Bed( ing f!fg . 

Garne t ancl :2. 1..0.: l'ramuacturing 

Cot ton Cloth Glove (See _rorTilal llorl:-

int? ~eel-:) 

Tr[.nsi t 

.,, 

I 

182-

487-

47-

PRd. 

445-

50FuS 

-

1 -

278-

27£· 

503-

1':2-

47-

82-

21~-

465-

219-

219-

6C-

~o?
~· 

182- 17 

487- 19 

47- 20 

PRA Su-J s t i tu t e -

445- 6L~ 

118- 325 

BOiTUS 

1 

C.n.LCUT.:... :n ~~ 

278- 105 

278- 10 6 

503- 6 

142- 66 

47- 19 

83- 2 

219- L:: 6 

465- r _ 219- 25 

PI:::3C:b i: 0 :;:'j ~~ :_ s 

219- 16 

LL ii : ::lJl.I 'JAG-E - 1 929 :S~ :PTI ON 

105-

4-

230-

4-

60-

487-

34 

7£:: 

20 

30 

70 

1S' 

- 39-

\AGE JJ),n; STI.IZYT ( COi~ T 1 D) 

ileta.il Food CJnd Grocery Trade 

IrrllJort ing Tracle 

J C'.nkers 

:'l uic. 1 ilk 

Baking Industry (See ':7age Acl justmentLimi tC1.t ion) 

Cotton Gc-rment 

Cotton Textil e (See Eormal iJorking 

iiTeek) 

Trucld!'lg 

Trucking 

Pretzel 

~~ l Je\!elry 

Bankers 

Soap & Glycerin e (See Overti me Payment) 

Bed ing ( See Piece ~orkers) 

:Broom I:fg. 

:Beclci.ing : ·rg. (Se e Longer 'VTork :-reel-:) 

Bedding l nufe cturing 

Automotive Parts and Equi~ment 

Electrical anufc-cturing 

Pe.per 3F'~ : ·anuf8cturi ng 

:SJ.ectrical ~: anufCJ cturi:lg 

P..et2.i1 Tr?<de 

Imp orting 'JlrF1.0.e (See ':7af.: es above 

: inimum) 

17AI Til G- TI~ .:· - SPLIT s:;:_ r::·T - ~ DUTY 

44-

164-

83-

1 18-

118-

9843 

6 

7 

J. 2 

12 

107 

Boot and. Shoe 

I'ni t t eel Ou terr·e r r 

So;: p t Glyc e rine 

Cot ton Ga rr~€'n t 

Cotton Ga rmen t 
3~S'- 1_0 

X - 12.-:'-

84- 82 

187- 25 

IW:D I C.1?P::::;D 

275-

46-

46-

105 -

LIC-HT 

3~ 

83-

8:::>-

83-

83-

83-

PAII.l 

155-

60-

537-

124-

9 

52 

53 

5S 

l5 

. 5C;:; · 

70 

71 

?c'4.,. 

g 

TI _ ~£ 

20 

8~ 

6 

47 

235 - 10 

219- 106 

1- 80 

9843 

70:'.1{ 

,. 

EousehoJ.C:. Good.s Stora e c:md ovinc; 

T:;.·::-de 

Genernl Orc!.e r 

SUL- i ;r rr :Uii ~IAC:L S 

::ioo t P.nd .. Shoe ; ·rg. (See General Laoor 

Provisions-A,pre~tices e~~ 

Lea. ners. ) 

?~ br ated. lietal Products Ef g . (See 

Gener;.l LEJ.bor Provisions - Anu r el1-

tices 8n& LePrners) 

Cotton Cloth Glove (See Genere.l Labor 

Provisions - Appr ent i ces and Learne r s) 

CheFli ca.l ~ ·anufC~ cturing 

-:oto r Vehicle :'1e iling Tre.d.e 

: ·otor Veh ic e ~e o. iJ ing Tr8de (See 

! ·ini mUj11 ':'Ta-r;e s- 'Jeekly, DaiJ.y , hourly) 

Autonotive Pa1·ts .e.::tO. ~qu iument 

LI GHT ~?::~IT T v:: ~- 0~-~ 

So Cl.l'J and Glvcerine 

Soap C'llU GJ.•rcerine 

Soap 8.nd Gl:-c erine 

So en an C. Glyce11

ine 

Soap and Glycerine 

So au and Glycerine 

Provisions - Li ht 

Oxyacetylene 

Retail Trade 

(See G-enl . 

Tasl:s, etc . 

Blue Print 0.no. Photo Print 

Labor 

~ :oti on Picture (See i 'inimum l!a8;e s-

-:ieel:J.y , il ~r , Hourly) 

, _. ~~:S C..!iliCUL.! TION 

Textil e Processin0 

:Bedd i ng : ·fn; . (See ':B.f"e Ad.just:!"lentPiece 7orkers) 

Cotton Text i le (See -::e .-:-·e Ao justne._trormal rTOl'dn{?: '::eel:) 
182- 17 

487- 19 

47- 20 

PRA Su·Jsti tute -

445- 6L~ 

118- 325 

BOITIJS 

1 8G 

.d.:r.c~""T~ :no:T 

278-

278-

503-

142-

47-

83-

219-

465-

219-

~C~ 

219-

105-

4-

230-

4-

60-

487-

105 

106 

6 

66 

19 

:J2 

l.-:: 6 

, .J. _" _ 

2G '-' 

iJ :;::;:·~:;:;:.: s 

16 

"'L ,; ..: 

~ 

20 

30 

70 ' 

lS 

- 39-

'i A E JJJJUSI'I.IEYT ( CONT t D) 

~e il Fo od 8nd Grocery Trade 

I PTG Orting Trade 

:Jnnkers 

:::'luio I.ilk 

:Baking Industry (See ';~a e Acl.justmentLimi tEl.t ion) 

Cotton Gc>rment 

Cotton Tex tile (See Formal l!orking 

neek ) 

Trucking 

Trud:ing 

Pretzel 

~~e t e i J. J e•!el r y 

Bankers 

Soa~ & Glycerine (See Ove rtime Payment) 

J3 edC. i ng ( See Piece 'Jorkers) 

Broom l :f g . 

:Bedc;_ing : ·rg. (Se e Long er Bork Feel-:) 

Eedc.Ung I anufe cturing 

AutoJTlotive Parts and Equipment 

Electrical :~anuf<' cturing 

P2.per B<'.r:; : ·anufecturing 

:sJ_ e ctri cal I :a::1ufnc ri ~g 

l~eta il Tr8.de 

IT'lp o r ting Tr21.<3.e (Se e "::'af.: es above 

: inimum) 

'!JiA I TI FG- TI: ::L - SPLIT SIILT - 01' DUTY 

44-

164-

83-

118-

118-

9843 

6 

7 

J.2 

1 2 

107 

Boot o.nd Shoe 

I'n i t t ecl Outer,··err 

So rp f.' Glyc e rine 

Cot ton Go,l'T!lCn t 

Cotton Garment 
LL1__ ;; 

84- 82 

187- 25 

275-

46-

46-

105 -

9 

52 

53 

5S 

s 

-40-

.. 

l"-!0usehol.Cl. Good.s StorHge and ovinc; 

T:tPd.e 

GenerRl OrCi.e r 

"Soot C'.ncl Sl1oe ; ·f ,. (See General Laoo r 

Provisions-A ,p e~t ic ec e:_~ 

J_,ea.rners. ) 

?nbr i cated iietal Products iif g . (See 

Genero.l LC!bor Provisions - Anurei.1-

tices aTICi. LePrners) 

Cotton Cloth Glove (See Generc?.l Labor 

Provisions - Apprent i ce s and Learne ~s) 

CheF!i cal i-nnu J. e c turing 

-:otor Vehicle Ilet~ iling Tre.d.e 

: ·otor Vehicle r.e t t:'.i ling Tr 2de (See 

: 'inimUJII ':'."a :~e -:-!eekl r, :!)aiJ.~r , hourJ. ,r) 

Autonot i Te D.l't ?.nO. .:..q_uiur.1ent 

LI GHT T.:~s:~ S A._i]) LIG-HT :i."SF:.:TITI ~-:: .0:-J: 

83- 15 

83- 5S 

83- 70 

83- 71 

83- ~~.,. 

83- 9 

PART TL~3 

155- 20 

60- l8:ij 

537- 6 

1 24- 4:7 

235 - 10 

219- 166 

1- 80 

9840 

'JO::T· 

Soe.u ancl Gl ~rc rine 

SocJD C"nG. GJ.•rcerine 

SoD.p and Gl:Tcerine 

So a:) en C. Glycerine 

Soap anC:. Glyceri:'le 

Soeu and Glycerine 

Provisions - LL";ht 

Oxyacetyl ene 

Retail Trade 

(See G-el'l.l . 

Tasl:s , etc . 

Bl ue Print nnd Phot o Print 

Labor 

1 :o t ion Picture (See i 'inimUJTl .a.e;e s-

~eekly , Da ily , Hourl y) 

:b.S.E C1i.LCUIJ' TIOH 

Te::-tiJ.e ?rocessin:; 

:Becl.cling :-f~ . (See :a.::-:-e Ad.just'"'!entPiece . orkers) 

Co t on Text i le (See ere Adjustne_t-

!-o n ·lal r:ro1·l i ng r:eel::) 
60- 208 

84- 8 G 

118- 30 

118- 107 

155- 20 

60- 1 ~' . -U-'-" 

31- 10 

164- 16 

X- 1:0 

135- 20 

4- 73 

132 - 8 

347- 18 

270- 0 ::; 

149- 2C , 5 

83- 19 

84- 86 

83- ''32 

278- 92 

180- 4:6 

423- 17 

170- 18 

145- l G 

9- 324 

278- 105 

145- '7") .:LJ 

192- 5 

185- 11 

83 63 

145- 25 

83 .- 62 

541- 3 

137- llA 

83- 98 

9843 

-41-

ViAGE CALCULATIO ~ 

Re tail Jlracle (See ~i inimum WagesSalesmen) 

::?C'bricated Metal Proc'l.ucts (See Overtine Payment) 

Cotton Garment (See Tiaiting Time) 

Cotton Ga.rment(See :7aiting Time) 

Oxyactylene (See Sub-. Tinimum , a gesPart time 'l'l'Ork) 

:rtetail Trade (See ,Minimum .'ages-Part 

time t!ork) 

Lime (See J;inimum 17ages-Piece Workers) 

Knitted OuterrTear (See .. i nimu.rn .ages-

- PJ.5? G~ ...-:-o rl:ers) 

Gene ral Order (Se e Linimurn 7ages -

Piece trorkers) 

Cigar ContE~.iner (See llinimum r:Jages- • .. 1 ) _ 1ece .ori:ers 

Electrical t 1anufgcturing (See rininUl:'l .7a.s::;e s-Piece V!orkers) 

i ialleabl e Iron (s ee i 'inir.1um c:es

Piece Workers) 

0 llE:RTIL~E -PAYMENT 

~a chinery and Allied Products 

Woo d Heel 

Hachined Waste 1 :anufacturing 

Soa ~ and Glycerine 

Fabricated Mete.l Products 

Soap an<i Glycerine 

Trucking 

Photo Engr aving 

Drop Forg ing 

Grinding Wheel 

Furniture Lianufacturing 

Lumb er and Timber (See Emergency ~ork) 

Case 2- Trucking (See Vlage Adjustnent) 

?urni ture r.!anufacturing (See Sal esmens 

'.'!ages) 

Cast Iron Pressure Pipe (See Emer gency Work) 

Concrete Pi:g e I [f g . (See Overtime When 

Allowe c,) 

Soap and Glycerine (See Consecutive 

Hours) 

Furniture t1anu.fc-.ctu ring (See In clustr~r 

Clan sif, Tot Int ep;ral Pc.:i.'t) 

Soap and Glycerine (See flo rking :iiou~~s 

Salesmen) 

Flat Glass lffg. (See Avera in ) 

Warm Air Furnace (Se e Averaging) 

Soap ancl Glycerine 
145-

105-

282-

60-

169-

64-

278-

278-' 

278-

278-

399-

278-

287-

83-

244-

25 

10 

59 

5 

18C 

12 

37' 

57 

88 

89 

90 

13 

91 

404 

57 

48 

BRA..:.-c: O?FICES 

5- 12 

84- 110 

LPlO- 6 

- 42-

Fu1·ni ture 1-!ifg . (See Indus tr: ~ Clas si f . lJo t 

In t e gr '"' 1 Par t) 

F·u.rniture !,"fb . (See Overtime Pa,}ment) 

Automotive Parts & Equipment (Se~ Subi: ini!ITtlnl nges - Femal~ Diff arenti a l) 

METHOD OF i7AGE PA.~1 3FT 

Rest aurant 

R~tail Trade (See Unlimi t ed Hours) 

Savings , Building and Loan (See Deduction from 

ages- Purch, se of Stock) 

Dress La.-·1.ufacturii1g 

Trucldns 

Trucking 

Tr u cking 

Trucking 

Hous ehold Go ods , Storage and Loving Trade 

Trucldnt; 

Gr ap:i1i c Arts 

So ap and Gl:·ceri ne 

Co n struct ion (See Linimurn • f168s-Labor 

Agr eements etc . ) 

Coat .Jlld Sui t 

P.ARTlSRS _ iJ1) OWNR-=tS 

Fabrica t ed Metal Proct.ucts J/fg . (See Unlimited 

Hours) 

3rewL g (See U1 limit ed _:ours) 

SPO ILAGE , ORTAG3 , ~TC . 

23-

501-

282-

9843 

9 

8 

5 

Unde r ,ear and Allied Products 

··.a.'1ufacturing and Wno l es['le Surg ical 

!testaurnn t (See < thod of rlage Pa:rmen t) 
P~CHASE OF STOCK 

169- 12 

HOLIDAYS 

489- 9 

TRAVELING EXPE1SES 

169- 12 

348- 15 

9843 

-43-

Savings, Buildin& and Loan Associations 

Safety Razor & Safety Razor Blade (See Hours 

- Holidays) 

Savings, 3uilding nnd Loan Associations 

Burlesque ~neatrical 
-44-

APPENDIX NO. 4 

LIST OF I 

.APPRENTICES AND LEARNERS - DEFINITIO A:m llEGULATIONS 

ORDER !W' IBER 

5- 8 

107- 5 

118- 54A 

44- 5 

457- 14 

84- 82 

~06- 10 

187- 25 

X-137 

54- 29 

244I- 10 

64- 37 

CODE 

Coat & Suit 

Ladder Mfg . 

Cot ton Garment 

:Soot & Shoe Mfg. 

Cap & Cloth Hat 

FBbricated Metal Products Mfg. 

Electric & Neon Sign 

Cotton Cloth Glove 

General Order 

Throwing 

SU:S-LETTirG LABOR CONtRACTS 

Plumbing Contracting 

Dress Mfg. (See Wages-Sub-Contracting) 

SUBTERFUGE 

RECLASSIFICATION OF E.lf'LOYEES 

521- 5 

60- 70 

LP 17- 6 

275- 9 

46- 52 

X-134 

83- 9 

145- 10 

145- 25 

LP 17- 3 

9843 

.Adhesive & Ink Mfg. 

Retail Trade (See Wage Adjustment- Subterfuge) 

HANDICAPPED WORKERS 

Whea t Flour Milling (See Overtime-When 

Allowed) 

Chemical Mfg . (See Sub- Minimum WagesHandicapped workers) 

Moto r Vehicl e Retailing (See Sub-Minimum Wages- Handicapped Workers) 

HOMEWORK 

General Order 

LIGHT TASKS REGULATIONS 

Soap & Glycerine 

NIGHT WORK 

Furniture Mfg. (See Overtime Payment) 

Furniture Mfg. (See Ind. Classif .-Not 

Integral Part) 

CHILD LABOR 

Wheat Flour Milling 
ORDER NCJMBER 

275- 8 

48- 14 

149- 23 

39- ll 

1 42- ~2 

60-103 

60-163 

57- 38 

280- 81 

249- 8 

182- ?4 

363- 21 

162- 7 

1 64- no 

90- 17 

287-424 

1 5- 41 

1 5- 42 

120- 45 

15- 24 

126- 31 

120- 44 

423- lf3 

15- 18 

15- 20 

15- 2l 

15- 22 

15- 23 

15- 24 

15- 25 

15- 26 

15- 27 

1 5- 28 

15-1 40 

28- 17 

60- 208 

285- 5 

71- 6 

83- 15 

145- 32 

84- 110 

9843 

APPEliDIX NO . 5 

D:Ell'I:HT ION OF TERlv1S 

CODE 

CheJTi icRl Mf g . (Exe cutive , Adininistrative 

Supe rvisory, Te ch.) 

Silk Te-tile (Productive Empl oyees ) 

Machined ~stc 1f g . (Outside Crews) 

Farm Equin~ent (Fi eld Service Men) 

Re tail Jewelry Trade (Professional) 

il Tr~de (Professional) 

Retuil Trade (Professional) 

Fe r tilize r (Agent ) 

Retail Solid Fuel (Sal esmen) 

Tag Industry (Sale smen) 

Re t n.il Foocl and Groce17 Trade (Sal esmen) 

Men's Necbve ar (Cutt ers) 

:Domes tic J!'rei ght Forv.-a r ding (Clerk) 

Kni tt.ed o·u.t.crwear (Shipping Crew)' 

]'une ral Su~nly (Sup ervisors ) 

Gr a··)hic Arts (Binding f.:. Ruling) 

Men 1 s Clo thing (Hon-Manufacturine; ) 

Hen 1 s Clo thing (Manuf acturing) 

Pape r & Fulp (Tour Workers) 

Men 1 s Clothing (Non-Manufacturing) 

Chi nG'ware & Porc elain "jfg. (Watchmen ) 

Paper & Pulp (Art isans) 

Drop Forging (Plant Engineers and Maint enance Men) 

Men's Clothing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Men's Cl othing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Men' s Cl othing 

Men's Clothing 

Men ' s Clothing 

Men 1 s Clothing 

Transit 

Re tail Trade (See Minimum Wages-Salesmen) 

Ra ilrray Car Bldg . (See Unlimited Hours) 

Paint , Va rnish & Lacquer (See Minimum 

Wage s-Weekly , Daily, Hourly) 

Soap & G.Lycerine (See Sub-Minimum WngesLight Tasks) 

Furniture Mfg . (See Minimum Wages-Sal e smen) 

Fabricated Metal Products (See Unlimi ted Hours)· 
0 RDER lTIJMBER 

60- 18C 

83- 59 

83- 70 

83- 71 

83- 77 

83- 62 

189- 8 

46--4 15 

83- 85 

164- 13 

254- 6 

83- 5 

57- 11 

15- 19 

15- 29 

28- 15 

60- 2()8 

83- 43 

83- 92 

445- 66 

149- 2.A 

56- 12 

9843 

-46-

DEFD IT ION --OF TErAS 

Re tail Trade (See Unlimited Hours) 

Soap & Glycerine (See Sub-Minimum WagesLit;ht Tasks) 

Soap & Glyceril e (See Sub-Minimum WagesLie;ht Tasks) 

Soan & Glyc erine (See Sub-Minimum WagesLiGht Tasks) 

Soap & Glycerine (See Sub-Minimum W~esLi bht Tasks ) 

Soap & Glycerine (See Working HoursSalesmen) 

Coated Abrasives (See M1nimum WagesSRl.esmen) 

Motor Vehicle Retailing 

Soap & Glycerine (See Unlioited Hours) 

MORE THAN O'N""E OCCUPATI ON 

Knitted OutPrwear 

Athle ic Goods Mfg . 

Soap & Glycerine 

Pump lvlfg. 

Men ' s Clothing 

Men ' s Clothing 

Trt'nsi t 

Retail Trade (See Minimum Wages-Salesmen) 

Soap & Glycerine (See Working Hours - More 

t.han one Occupation) 

Soap & Glyc erine 

:Baking Indus try 

SUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES ENGAGLD IN PRODUCTION 

Machined Waste Y~g. 

PROCESSI1JG AND LABOR INCIDENT THERETO 

Heat Exchange 
-47-

APPENDIX 1JO . 6 

LIST OF IN~ERP~TATIONS OF INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION 

ORDER liDHB.ER 

75- 8 

83- 17 

185- 10 

244- 24 

254- 10 

278- 85 

14- 2 

197- lJ_ 

3- 11 

118- 45 • 

57- 9 

79- 4. 

83- 20 

67- 52 

275- 10 

278-12~5 

244- 40 

145- 25 

275- 12 

287- 21C . 

64- 11 

Office Memorandum 282 

CODE 

Canning & Packing Machinery 

Soap & Glycerine 

Concrete Pipe Mfg . 

Construction 

Athl et ic Goods Mfg. 

Trucking 

Rayon & Synthetic Yarn 

Retail Farm Equipment 

MANUFACTURING FOR OWN USE 

Wool Textile 

Cotton Garment 

Pump Mfg. 

Novelty Curfains, Draperies, Bedspreads, 

· Etc. 

So ap & Glycerine Mfg~ 

Fertilizer 

NOT INTEGRAt PART 

Chemical Mfg. 

Trucking 

Construction 

Furniture Mfg. 

Chemical Mfg. 

Grc=tphi c Arts 

Dress Mfg. 

Policy De.cision No , 5 (Code 278) 

Policy D~cision No . 3 (Code 287) 

Office Uemo randum 282 

X-122 General Order 

9843 

~IDLTIPLE COVERAGE 
APPEND I X :JO • 7 

LIST OF CODES AS TO TRADE PRACTICE 

(See page 5 of this exh ibit for ~'pes of provisions affected .) 

CODE 

Anti-Friction Bearing 

Asphalt Tile Indus~ry 

Baldng Indus-try 

II II 

Bedding Mfg. Industry 

11 II 

Booksellers Trade 

II II 

Bottled Soft Drink 

II II 

Buff and Polishing Wheel Ind . II II II II 

Builders' S~pplies Trade 

Candy Manufacturing 

11 n 

Canning and Packing Machinery 

11 11 11 11 

Carbon Dioxide Industry 

Cast Iron Soil Pipe 

Chinaware and Porcelain 

Coffee Industry J . 

II 11 

CciTplcta ire & Iron Fence 

Concrete Pipe Mfg. 

Construction Industry 

11 II 

II II 

Cotton Cloth Glove Mfg. 

II 11 II 

Cotton Coa verting Industry 

II II II 

Cotton G::-.i:·:::m:tl 

Crushed Stone, d and Gravel, 

and Slag Ind. 

U · ·It 11 II 11 

Cutlery, Manicure Imp lement & 

Painters & Paperhangers Tool 1 fg. 

Dress Manufacturing Ind. 

11 tl 11 

II 

II 

II 

II 

Dental Laboratory 

II 

II 

Electric Storage & Wet Prioary 

atiecy --

9843 

ORDSR ~ 0 . 

138-15 

150-8 

445-14 

445- 27 

219-2A 

219- S.A 

60A-8 

60A- l0 

459- 12 

459-15 

96-7 

96-19 

37-15 

463-10 

463-19 

75-18 

75-22 

275B-5 

18-19 

126-29 

265-8 

255-9 

84Ll-l8 

185-ll 

244-28 

244-29 

244-51 

187-13 

187-24 

lA-2 

lA-3 

118-39 

109-10 

109-11 

84J-7 

64-12 

64-13 

64-18 

64-35 

217-25 

40-12 

Dec. 26, 1934 

April 19, 1934 

Oct. 12, 1934 

Jan. 8, 1935 

Mar . 23, 1934 

June 14, 1934 

Aug . 29, 1934 

Aug . 29 , 1934 

0 C t o 6 1 • 1934 

May 8, 1934 

Jan . 5, 1935 

Aug . 7 , · 1934 

Aug . 30·, 1934 

Oct. 29, 1934 

Aug . 17 , 19 34 

Oct. 23, 1934 

July 9, 1934 

Jan • 4 , .. 19 35 

Dec . 18, 1934 

June 5;· 1934 

June 5, 1934 

Jan. 3, 1935 

July 27, 1934 

Aug . 6, 1934 

Aug . 9, 1934 

Jan . 2, 1935 

July 24, 1934 

Jnn . 18, 1935 

.4 ay 3' 1934 

July 14, 1934 

March 30, 1934 

April 16, 1934 

April 18, 1934 

0 c t • 18 , 19 34 

ov. 27, 1934 

Jan • 25 , 1935 

Sept . 12, 1934 
Excelsior & Excelsior Frod1..

Lcts 

Ft rtilizer Industry 

II II 

" " II 

" 

II 

" 

" II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

" 

" II 

II 

II 

II 

Fire Exti ~gu ishinb pp~ratus 

II II II 

II 11 II 

Funeral Suppl :r I ndustry 

Fur. Manufac turing Ind. 

Fur Iiianuf a.cturing 

-qandkerchief ndustr~,r 

Industrial Safet ./ Equi pn ent 

Investment Bro1kers 

Job Galvanizing Iv:etal Coating 

Knitted Outerwear · 

Lace Manufac turing 

Laundry & Dry Cl

eru1ii1s Lach . 

Leather & Shoe Firtdings 

Light Sewing Exc ept Gl:lrrnen ts 

Lye Industry 

" " 

11 " 

lv acaroni Industr;r 

11 " 

Machine Knife & Allied St eel 

Products t!. achined W<'lste 

Mft; . 

Malleable Iron 

Mayonnaise Industry 

" 11 

Men 1 s Neckwear Industry 

Metal Window 

11 11 

Mica Industry 

Motion Picture Industry 

il 11 II 

Motor Fire Apparatus 

II 11 II 

11 " 11 

Motor Vehicle Retailing 

Non-Ferrous Foundry Ind. 

Nottingham Lace Curtain 

Open Steel Flooring (Gra ting) 

Manufacturing Industry 

Outdoor Advertising Trade 

9843 

l4G-6 

67-o 

67-12 

67-13 

67-19 

67-20 

67-21 

67-22 

67-23 

67-24 

67-25 

67-37 

98-3A 

98-7 

98-15 

90-13 145- 8 

436-21 

53-4 315-5 141-18 

84Bl-9 161-18 6- 9 

34-14 

201-I-8 

226-16 

300-3 

300-4 

300-5 

234-20 

234-21 263-8 

149-4 

132- 9 

349- 4 

349-13 

363-4 

205-4 

X43-l 

306-3 

124-14 

124-39 

108-8 

108-10 

108-21 

46-5 

165-22 

78-8 

84-01-8 

304-4 

Jun0 13, 1934 

.tr•rch 16 , 1934 

April 12 1 1934 

April 12 , 1934 

April 12 , 1934 

_ pril 1;.2 , 1934 

.April 12 1 1934 

Apri l 121 1934 

ril 12 1 1934 

April 12 1 1934 

pril 12 1 1934 

:·Jo v. 5, 1934 

July 23 1 1934 

Aug . 28 1 1934 

Oct. 29 1 1934 

May 11 1 1934 

Feb. i 8 1 1935 

Ma~r 9 1 1934 

Sept. 8 1 1934 

June 29 1 1934 

i·Tov. 20 1 1934 

Aug. 29 1 1934 

Aug . 30 1 1934 

Oct. 10, 1934 

Oct. 19

1 1934 

June 21 1 1934 

Aug. 1 1 1934 

AuG· 1 1 1934 

Aug . 1 1 1934 

Oct. 181 19:?4 

Nov. 9, 1934 

July 6 1 1934 

Feb. 5 1 1934 

II~ ~[ 17 I 1934 

May 14 1 1934 

April 19 1 1934 Nov. 19 1 1934 

Moy 3, 1934 April 17, 1934 

No v. 8, 1934 

July 31 1 1934 Aug . 2 1 1934 Dec . 27 1 1934 

March 7 ~ 1934 

Dec. 20 1 1934 

Aug . 2, 1934 

Dec. 20, 1934 
- 50

-

Oxy-Acetylene Industry 155-5 Feb . 16' 1934 

11 11 155-6 Feb. 16, 1934 

" 11 155-7 April 17, 1934 

11 11 15

5- 9 April 20, 1934 

11 II 155-ll h'ay 4, 1934 

" " 155-13 June 13, 1934 

Faint, Varnish & Lacquer 

ilifg . Industry 71-4 ~1arch 30, 1934 

11 II n 71-10 N'ay 28' 1934 

II II II 71-ll L:ay 28, 1934 

II 11 II 71-12 :ay 28, 1934 

11 11 II 71-14 May 28, 1934 

H 11 II 71-15 'iay 28, 1934 

II II 11 71-16 :ay 28, 1934 

II II 11 71-18 

l··: ay 28, 1934 

'' II II 71-19 

f,: ay 28, 1934 

II II II 71-20 iay 28, 1934 

II II It 71

- 21 :1 ay 28, 1934 

It II " 71-22 

Lay 28, 1934 

" " " 71-32 Aug . 24, 1934 

" II 11 

71-33 Sept. , 1934 

11 II II 71-35 Sept . 17, 1934 

11 11 11 71-36 Sept. 21 , 

1934 

II 11 " 71-56 Dec. 21, 1934 

11 11 II 71-

46 l· ov. 6, 1934 

Paper Bag Mfg . 230-16 Aug . 27, 1934 

Plumbing Fixtures 204-21 Dec. 3, 1934 

Precious .Je¥{elry 130-13 l ov. 27 , 1934 

Reinforcing ~ate rials Fabrieating Indus.try 

127-ll Aug . 30, 1934 

3.etail Farm .Equipmrm t 197-ll 

Ret ai l Food ~ Grocer y Trade 182-18 July 24, 1934 

11 " II 182-20 .July 25, 1934 

11 II II 18

2- 33 Sept. 25, 1934 

Retail Jewelry Trade 

142-44 Dec. 21 , 1934 

Retail Lumber 33-12 April 17, 1934 

.1etail Monumen t Indus tnr 366-13 Oct . 19, 1934 

_.etail Tobacco r:Ll

r ade 466-'7 July 28, 1934 

II " II 466-16 Oct . 26' 1934 

Retail Trade 60-18.8. l\1arch ,. 

o, 1934 

II II 60-l 8B Ni arch 6, 1934 

" II 60-l

8D 

l•ft arch 

6 , 1934 

II 11 60-lBF l~arch 

6 , 1934 

It 11 60-l8G 

1:arch 

6 , 1934 

11 11 60-27 April 

6 , 1934 

II " 60-59 April 20, 1934 

II II 60-65 April 26 , 1934 

II " 60-66 April 26 , 1934 

II II 60-68 April 26, 1934 

II II 60-96 June 4, 1934 

11 II 60-97 J1Ll'le 7, 1934 

II II 

60-113 

9843 
·-

-51-

Rubber anufac turing 156-10 April 23 , 1934 

I; ~ II II 156-ll April 23, 1934 

fi 

II II 156-12 April 23, 1934 

II II 156-13 April 23, 1934 

1'1 

Salt Producing Industry 20-5 Aug . 28, 1934 

II " 11 20-12 Dec. i '5' 1934 

Slate Industry 218-13 Oct. ,. 

ll, 1934 

IIi Small Arms and Ammunition 

ifg . Indus~ry 354-5 May 31, 1934 

Smoking Pipe Manufacturing 225-4 June 6·_·, 1934 

Snap FE,l stE:ne r 84P-ll Feb. 8·, 1935 

Solid Braided Cord Industry 309-9 

1::1 

Standard Steel Barrel and Drum 

Mfg . Industry 84Z-ll Dec. 20, 1934 

6( Steel Package Mfg. Industry 84Y-ll Dec. 2Q, 1934 

Tool & Implement ~g. Ind. 84G-2A April 9, 1934 

II " 11 84G-5 July 12, 1934 ,, Toy & Playthings 86-22 No v. 20, 1934 

Transit Industry 28-19 April 26, 1934 

:Vel vet Indus try 188-ll · Sept. 22, 1934 

Venetian Blind Ind. 229-4 June 9 , 1934 

Vitreous Enameled Ware Mfg . 84Q,l-2 Oct. 15, 1934 

" II II 84Q,l-7 No v. 20, 1934 

II '. 11 II 84Q,l-l2 Dec. 3, 1934 

Who l esale Automotive Trade l63-l3A Sept. 19, 1934 

Who lesale Confec tioners' 458-10 Aug. 27, 1934 

Wholesale Food & Grocery 196-13 

" 11 " 196-15 July 24, 1934 

II 11 II 196-17 · July 25, 1934 

" " " 196-23 Aug . 30, 1934 

Baking Industry ·- 445-45A Feb. 21, 1935 

Carbon Dioxide 27513-21 Feb. 7, 1935 

Complete Wire & Iron Fence 8411-23 March 13, 1935 

Electric ~torage & We t Primary 

Battery 40-22 Feb. 21, 1935 

Non-Ferrous Foundr y 165-29 Feb. 9, 1935 

Retail Trade 60-357 Feb. 5, 1935 

Standard Steel Barrel & Drum Mfg. 842-15 March 2, 1935 

Crushed Stone, Sand and Gravel 

and Slag Industries 109-44 Oct. 6, 1934 

9843 

• 
- 52-

LIST OF TRADE PRACTICE RULES WHICH WERE IlTERPRETED. 

(From Codes listed on Pages 48 - 51) 

CODE PROVISION 

Advertising 

II 

II "Bankrupt and Fire 

II 11 direct-to-you" 

II Finance Charges 

II Installment Sales 

II 11 No Down Payment" 

II as to Repairs 

Sales 11 

II Mention of Retailers 

II Of ''Sales" 

II All0wances 

II II 

II II 

11 11 

II II 

II II 

Alaska, Sales To 

Assent to Code · 

Audit of Records 

Bids, ~.1ulo t icms concerning 

Billing, at other than filed price 

.2 n~~ : Orders · 

.Break and take, 

Break and· take, 

Brokerage, as Rebate 

11 Definition of 

Cru1cellation of· Order 

Capacity Centro~ 

II 11 

11 11 Hew ~.achinery 

Catalog s, Filing of 

Chain Store Sales 

.Clearance Merchandise, ll/;arking of 

Closeouts, Invoicing of 

Colors, Allowable l"umber 

Combination Sa les 

II II 

Commissions 

Concessions, Employing of Purchaser 

Co nfirmation of Order 

Consignment Selling 

Contracting at Fixed Price 

Contracts, Det ails to be Included 

II Reporting of 

Cooper a tive s, Co m~issions to 

Costs, "Actual Capital Costs" 

11 , Calculations of 

9843 

CODE 

Ba.ing Industry 

Cotton Converting 

Retail Trade 

Retail Tr ade 

Retail Trade 

Retail Tr ade 

Retail Trade 

Retail Jewelry 

Velvet 

Retail Trade 

Dress Manufacturing 

Mayonnaise 

Outdoor _dvertising Trade 

Small Arms and Ammunition 

Standard Steel Barrel 

Vitreous Enameled Ware Mfg . 

Paint Varnish and Lacquer 

Retail Trade 

Coffee Industry 

Construction Industry 

Cotton Cloth Glove 

Cast Iron Soil Pipe 

Cand;r Manufacturing 

~nolesale Confectioners 

Salt Producing 

Salt Producing 

Dress 1';fg . 

Lace Mfg . 

1oving of plant (Crushed Stone) 

Excelsior & Products 

Complete Wire & Iron Fence 

Bottled Soft Drink 

Retail Trade 

Furniture 1 fg . 

Paint, Varnish & Lacquer 

Paint, Varnish & Lacquer 

Retail tobacco 

achined · 'As:-e s 

Fertilizer 

~ ottingham Lace Curtain 

Paint, Varnish & Lacquer 

Paint, Varnish & Lacquer 

Retail Monument 

Paper Bag Lfg . 

General Interpretation 

Rubber Mfg . 

Retail Trade 
II 

.. 

Cost s , Ca l cul ntion s of Pr emi ums 

11 , Inclusion of Discounts 

11 , Reporting of 

Datings 

II 

II 

Discounts & Credit Terms 

II II 11 

II 

II 

, Ca sh 

II 

II 

II 

II 

It 

II 

II 

II 

, To Co-Operatives 

, Maximum 

" 

" 

II 

II 

, Q,unntity 

To teachers 

, Trade 

" , On Trade Orders 

Dividends to Customers 

Employing Purchaser 

" " 

Exhibitions 

Export Exemptions 

False Invoicing 

Filing of Prices 

Filing of Zone s 

Financing Charges 

Free Goods 

It 

" 

" 

Servic·es 

Trials 

11 

Government Co~tracts 

Guarantees, Price 

Guarantees, Product 

Installation, Sub-Letting of 

Contracts to Buyer 

Installment Sales, Finance Charges 

Invoicing, of Closeouts 

n , Other than at Filed Price 

Labeling, Descriptive 

Labeling, N .R.A. 

Re t ail Trade 

Re tail Trade 

Rubber Mfg. 

Anti-Friction Bearing 

Hen 1 s Neckwear 

Paint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Anti-Friction Bearing Industry 

Handkerchief 

Motor Fire Appara tus 

Snap Fastener 

Paint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Fertilizer 

Laundry and .D.ry Cleaning Machinery 

See Quantity Discounts 

Booksellers Trade 

Bias Tape Industr~r 

Mica 

2e t ail Food & Grocery 

3aking Industry 

Fertilizer 

Re- el forcing r!i at eri n.ls .. 

Sr11 all Arms ano. Ammunition 

Fire cti n~-uishing Appliance 

Cu tler .7 , lv1anicure Implement, 

See Price Filing 

Fertilizer 

Re t ail trade 

.:achine Knife 

l.~a le able · Iron 

Cennins & Packi ng I,1 acn~nery 

PRint, Varnish and Lacquer 

General Interpret a tions Order 

Se e Frice Guarantees 

Bituminous Coal 

Met al Window 

il Trade 

Furniture I.:fg. 

Cotton Cloth Glove 

Solid Braided Cords 

Ft.1.r Manufacturing 

Etc . 

X-48 

Loans to Purchasers .. 

Loss Limitation Provision ~etail 

Machine Hours, daily limitations 

Marking of Clearance I11Jerchnndise 

Mark-up, fo r Who l esale Functions 

Moving of Pl ant 

Paint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Drugs Ret ail Tr ade 

New Machine r y Limitations 

Open Prices 

Penalties reducing price 

Premiums and Prizes 

II II 

II II 

9843 

Cotton Garment 

Retail Trade 

Wholesale Food & Grocery 

Crushed Stone, Sand & Gravel 

See Cap acity Control 

See Frice Filing 

Bi turninous Co al 

Baking Indus try 

Bottled Soft Drink 

Filing of (Candy Manufacturing) 
- 54-

Premiums and Prizes 

II II 

II II , Race -Hgl t s and 

Bank Nignts 

Price Filing 

II II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

n 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

" II 

, Access to records 

, Advance disclosures 

, Agency to 3eceive 

, Billing above or be low 

filed prices 

, By Dea ler-

, Ca talogues 

, Date of R~ceipt 

, Date of Revision 

, Da te of Revisions 

, Date of Revisions 

, Definition of Price 

, Di ·scoun t s· 

, Discounts 

, Effective Da te 

, Effective Date of First 

, Inclusion of premiums 

, Items not filed 

New Prod. 

, Pre scribing of form 

, Revisions 

, Revisions 

, With Reservation Cl ause 

acaroni 

Paint , Varnish and Lacquer 

otion Picture 

(Vitreous Enru~eled Ware Mfg . ) 

Builders ~upplies 

Retail Lumb.er 

Vitreous Enameled are Mfg . 

To ol and Implement 

Crushed Stone, sand and Gr avel 

Plumbing Fixtures 

Cotton Cloth Glove 

Fertilizer 

Complete Wire & Iron Fence 

Industrial Safety Equipment 

Fire Extinguishing Appliance 

Motor Fire Apparatus 

Venetian Blinds 

Light Sewing 

Laundry and Dry Cleaning Machinery 

Snap Fastener 

Macaroni 

Filing Motor Fire Apparatus 

Candy manufacturing 

Fertilizer 

Buff and Polishing Wheel 

Job Galvanizing Metal Coating 

Comp lete Wire and Iron Fence 

Rubber Manufacturing 

Carbon Dioxide 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

, Sales by Agent Fertilizer 

II , Selling prices above the 

minimum 

II 11 , To meet compe tition 

II 11 , To meet competition 

II 11 , Wi th whom filed 

Price Guar antees 

II Protection 

II Provisions, Effective in small 

toms 

Prices, Audit of most records 

Prices, Chart;e for .Ar:al"sis 

Prices, Cost Basis 

Prices, Dir ec t De livery by Mfrs . to 

Retailer 

Prices, Grocery 

Prices, For simi l nr Quantities in 

Different Containers 

Prices, to Government Purchasers 

Prices, Identical Products 

9843 

Carbon Dioxide 

Crushed Stone , Sand and Gravel 

Fertilizer 

Fertilizer 

Cast Iron Soil Pipe 

See Price Guar antees 

Retail Farm Equipment 

Coff ee Industry 

Non-Ferrous Foundry 

Buff ru1d Polishing Wneel 

Wnolesale Food and Grocery 

Retail Tobacco 

Slate 

holesale Food and Grocery 
-55-

ce o, I elusion of Tax Wholesale Food & Grocery 

" , Inclusion of Tax Retail Food & Grocery 

" , Reduction by penalties Bituminous Coal 

" , Prices, Sales bet\.,een Members Slnte 

" , Selling below :rublisher 1 s list 3ook sellers Trade 

" , To meet conpeti tion Retail Food and Grocery 

Prices, Se e Premiums ~d Prizes 

Processing, Charge for 

}'r oducts Guarante e s 

Product Guarantees 

Product Guarantees 

Quantity Differentials 

" II " Discounts 

II II 

II II 

II II 

" " 

" II 

II II 

Rebates: See Secret Rebates 

Paint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Bituminous Coal 

Smoking Pipe 

Electric Storage Ba ttery 

Standard Steel Barrel 

St eel Package 

Bi <l s Tape 

Bot t l ed Soft Drink 

Chinaware and Porcelain 

..,ertilizer 

K;:1itted Outerwear 

Motor Fire Apparatus 

Wl10 le s ale Au torno t i ve 

11 Quantity o:r- Volume Vitreous Enameled Ware Mfg. 

Rental Charges, To Sta te Governments, 

etc. Oxy-Acetylene 

Repaired Batteries, Definition of Elec. Storage Battery 

~epairs, Advertising of Retail Jewelry 

Reprocessing Paint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Resale Prices Fertilizer 

.:;teturned Goods Si:iok ing Pipe 

Sales Below List Price, to States,etc. Motor Vehicle Retailing 

Sales Below Fubli sher 1.s list price Books ellers Trade 

" Between embers 

11 To Fraternities 

11 To Hospitals 

Second :land Material 

Secret Reb a tes 

Shipping Terms 

Solicitations 

Special Services, Charge for 

Standardization, 

Store Hours 

Style Pirac:r 

Substituting, of Higher Priced 

Articles 

Terms of Sale, Shipment 

TrRde Acdeptance, Payment by 

Trade Discounts, 

Trcillsportation Charges 

Transportation Charges 

II II 

II 11 "Destination" 

9843 

Faint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Pre cious Je 1elry 

Aspha lt & :.1astic Tile Industry 

Bedding Mfg. 

Dr ess Mfg. 

Cotton Converting 

Investment Bankers 

Non-Ferrous Foundry 

Tool and Implement 

Leather and Shoe Findings 

To r and Playthings 

Open Steel Flooring 

Cotton Converting 

?aint, Varnish and Lacquer 

Bias Tape 

Funeral Supply 

Oxy-Acetylene 

Pa int, Varnish and Lacquer 

L;>re Industry 
mr ru1sportation Charbes 

11 II 

Tri als, Free 

- 56-

Government Furch~ses 

;:,top-in-Transit 

T.·ing Contracts, Sho rt Sub j ects-Ser i'1ls 

Zo nes , Fi linG of 

9843 

L re Industry 

Lye Industry 

Canning & Packing Machinery 

Hotion Picture 

Fertilizer. 
-57-

APPENDIX NO . 8 

NRA 'TOCEDUF.E ON T~1t: ISSUA!'1CE OF INTEFPRETATIONS 

General Internret;·tions . 

The NR\ OfficP Manual ( *) stated tnat 11 ident ical language which 

RP"Pe< rs in different cocles S£10ul d be in t erpre t ed uniformly . 11 

The t erm 11 gene ral int er pretations 11 was appli ed to rulings of 

]'nerHl apnlication wit!. res 1e ct to the meaning of provisions of codes and 

in some instAnces to the me;:ming of otuPr documents, sucn as Sxecutive or 

NRA Order s . 'I'hese were autnori zed only wnen issued ovf' r the signature of 

t t1e ;,dministra tor or in thP name of t he Nati :mal Indust ri a l Recovery Board 

by tl e •.oministrrtt ive Officer. 

?Articular I nt erDretations. 

The se are cont r asted with gene r al inte rnrPt a tions in the Office 

t,, anual ( **) by calling them 11 Other In t Pr nre t ."' t i ons . 11 Thus were included 

nll the interpretHtions wnicn we r e apnlied to S:Jecific cas es , such as , t he 

mPaning of the provi sions of a single code ; the cl assifying by interDretrttion of ent er nris es a s to code jurisdiction; t he r e solving by interpretation of u ro bl erils arising from the ov e rla'Jpi ng definitions of Particular 

codes . InterTr etations of ~his type might be approved by NRA division admi nist r !'l tors. 

An NRA cornmi tt ee pr epared in May 1935, nrocedural 11 flow charts" 

(***)based on the urovi sions of t hcNR .... Office Manual. The charts on "Gene r al Int e rpretatir:ms of Cocies 11 !:md "Interore t P.tions for Individual Codes", 

a re renroduced in t his appendix exhibit in illustration of the r equi r ed 

urocedure as of April 10 , 1935, for the ssu~nc e of int erpretation rulings. 

There were no import~nt vari a t ions in t he rocr ur ~ of a ny of the NRA Industry divisic,ns, althougr1 it was found tha t only six of the el even divisi ons follo wed eXFlC tly t hP proc pdure illustra t ed . 

The broken lines used in the cha rts to denJt e ir.termediate movements fl.nd conferences be t ween t he various administra tive units, did not 

always r epr esent a sim1)le and dire ct excnRnge. On the contrary, these exchanges we re oftencomulex f'l nd involved much cUscussion. 

The cnarts we r e dnum to illustrate cases in w{lich r equest f or 

interuretfl.tions originated with a code authority. It snould be kept in 

mind that the NRA might issue an interuretation on its own initiative or 

that a r eque st for an int e r pretation mignt originAte outside NRA from other 

sources t han the code aut h ority. A gene r a l interpretation migh t be issued 

( *) Part Til, Index 3121.1- Office Manu al, August 30, 1934. 

( **) Pa rt III, Index 3122 - Office Manual, August 30, 1934 . 

( * **) Report of the Committ ee for the Study ~f Admi nistra tion Procedure, 

dat ed May 21' 1935, Central Re cord Section, NRA files. 

9843 
II 

1,, 

II 

I ~ li 

I! 

II li 

[1 

II 

li 

- bo11 t he form f r~ n "xc. cutive Or 'P r, it out r ecours e to the ~-A procedure 

illu tr d by thP charts , alt1ou h crdinRrily the Orde r would be issued 

uuon the r e u est of ·rA ani aft e r r Pceiving consid tion by it . Howev e r, 

wn tne r or not they origina t ed with R code a t .. ority , tr e gr Pat majority 

of int r- c:~ tions issued subsequent to the dat e .t at the procedure illustra t ed was e t a blis ed, una oubt edly assed through the NPA administrative 

channe ls indicat ed by the cr rts. 

9843 

1-
GE1~RAL INTERPRETATIONS 

----- 't 

I 

' t 

I 

Code .Au th ~ 1 

~ 

Part One 

Advisory Boards 

Ind. 

Lab. 

Con. 

L.D. 

R&P 

- Industrial 

- Labor 

- Consumer - Legal Division 

Research & Planning 

1----

I 

I 

E ~2 J2 12 12 

[;;] ~·] I Con o I I L.nol I R&P l ,., f. ,... " " 

C) 

.-d 

0 

0 

. . ' . . * .... . -............ "::-~ .. ...... -..... --~- .. .................. ~ ... .. -......... ..._;, 

) 

' ..: - - - -- --- - - ·- - - - - - --- - -

Steps of Progress 

-- ·----- · · · · · · ·- Internediat e Movenents, Conferences, 

etc . 

Delays 

------· In Exceptional Case s 

..... -------- fte r Signature 

l . Exceptional cases r.:ay go to Advisory Council . 

2 . .ixiay go to Advisory Council in special cases. 

984 3 
I NTERPRETAT!ONS FOR 

,---- Code Authc 

1 ~--,---~~ 

I 

I ' 

I ---(.) 

Part One 

. . C) 

p:i ~ ....... ...... ..... ... ~ .. . ·(· .. ~- .. .. ~ . . . ~ ..... .. . ~ ... . . . . . )~ 

Q) 

rd 

0 

0 

\ 

I 

I 

I 

I 

' j 

' 

Delays 

3 

Div., Adm., 

St ps in Progr ess 

Intcr ocdiate MoveLen s, Conf er ences, 

etc. 

Ar:ivisory Boards 

Ind. - Industrial 

Lab. - Labor 

Con. - Consumer 

L.D. Legal Division 

R&P Research and 

Planning 

In Exceptional Case s 

- -.:.. --- - - . ft er Signature 

l . Possib c exc0ptions to policJ oust go to ~,inistr tivc Officer. 

2. Exceptional c~ses o~y go to Advi sory Council. 

:! 

.. 
OFFICE OF THE NATION L R:COVERY AD!INISTRATION 

THE DIVISI01 OF REVIEW 

THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF REVIEW 

Executive Order No. 7075, dated June 15, 1935, establishe the Division of Revie~ of the 

ational Recovery Administration. The pertine t part of the Executive Order reads thus: 

The Division of Review shall assemble, analyze, and report upon the statistical 

i nfo rmation and records of experience of the operations of the various trades and 

industries heretofore subject to codes of fair co~petition, shall study the effects of such codes upon trade, industrial and labor conditions in general, and 

other related matters, shall ma~~e available for the protection and pro-,otion of 

the public interest an adequate revie·•r of the effects of the Adninistration of 

Title I of the National I ndust r ial Recotery ct, and the principles and polic ies 

put into effect thereunder, and shall otLervise a~d the President in carrying out 

his functions under the said Title. I hereby appoint Leon C. Marshall, Director of 

the Division of Review. 

The study sections set up j:n the Division of Revie'lr covered these areas: industry 

studies, foreign trade studies, labor studies, trade practice studies, statistical studies, 

legal studies, administration studies, miscellaneous studies, and the writing of code histories. The materials which were p roduced by these sections are indicated below. 

Except for the Code Histories, all ite~s mentioned below are sch~duled to be in mi meograp hed form by April l, 1936. 

THE CODE HISTORIES 

The Code Histories are docu~ented acco~nts of the for~ation a~d ad~inistration of the 

codes . They contain t he definition of the i~dustrr and the princip~l products thereof; the 

classes of ~b ers in the industrJ; the history of code for~ation including an account of the 

sponsoring organizations, the conferences, negot.:..ations and hearings which were held, and 

the activities in connection with obta::.ning a~1proval of t!'!e code; the history of the administration of the code, covering the organization and operc..tion of the code authority, 

the difficulties encountered in ad~i~istration, the extent of co pliance or non-co~plianc e, 

c..~d the general success or lack of success of the code; and an analysis of the operation of 

code provisions deal i ng with wages, hours, trade practices, and other provisions. These 

and other matters are canvassed not only in ter~s of tte materials to be found in the files, 

bu+ also in terms of the experiences of the dep·,ties and others concerned with code for~ation 

and administration. 

The Code Histories, (including histories of c8rtain l'lRA units or agencies) are not 

mimeographed. They are to be turned over to t e Depart e~t of Co. merce in tjpe 'ritten form. 

All told, approximately eight hundred and fifty (850) histories will be completed. This 

~~~ber includes all of the approved codes and some of the un~pproved codes. (In ~Qrk Mat~­

.rial.§. !:!2..:.. 1§, Co!ll~nts Qf Cog~ Histo.ri~. will be found the outline which governed the 

preparation of Code Histories.) 

(In the case of all approved codes and also in the case of some codes not carried to 

final approval, there are in NRA files furt~er ~aterials on ind~stries. Particularly worthy 

of mention are the Volumes I, II an i III which constitute the material officially sub~itted 

to the President in support of the recommendation for approval of each code. These volumes 

9768--1. 

-ii -

set forth the origination of the codes, the sponsoring group, the evidence advanced to s upport the proposal, the report of the Division of Research and Planninr on the industry, the 

recommendations of the various Advisory Boards, certain types of official correspondence, 

the transcript of the formal hearing, and other pertinent matter. There is also much official information relati ng to amendments, interpretations, exemptions, and othe r r ulings. The 

materials mentioned in this pa ragraph were of course not a part of the work of the Division 

of Review.) 

THE WORK MATERIALS SERIES 

In the work of the Division of Review a considerable number of studies and compilations 

of data {other than those noted below in the Evidence Studies Series and the Statistical 

Material Series) have been made. These are listed below, grouped according to the charac ter of the ma t erial . (In Work Material§ No. 17, Tentative Qgtl i nes 2,nd Summar i~§ Q.f 

Studies in Process, the materials are fully described). 

Industry Studies 

Automobile Industry, An Economic Survey of 

B~ t~~i ous Coal Industry under Free Competition and Code Regulation, Ecnomic Survey cf 

Electrical Manufacturing Industry, The 

Fertilizer Industry, The 

Fishery Industry and the Fishery Codes 

Fishermen and Fishing Craft, Earnings of 

Foreign Trade under the National Industrial Recovery Act 

Part A - Competitive Position of the United States in International Trade 1927-29 through 

1934 . 

Part B - Section 3 {e) of NIRA and its administration. 

Part C - Imports and Importing under NRA Codes. 

Part D - Exports and Exporting under NRA Codes. 

Forest Produc ts Industries, Foreign Trade Study of the 

Iron and Steel Industry, The 

Knitting Industries, The 

Leather and Shoe Industries, The 

Lumbe r and Timber Products Industry, Economic Problems of the 

Men's Clothing Industry, The 

Millinery Industry, The 

M_otion Picture Industry, The 

MigraUon of Industry, The : The Shift of Twenty-Five Needle Trades From New York State, 

1926 to 1934 

National Labor Income by Months, 1929-35 

Paper Industry, The 

Production, Prices, Employment and Payrolls in Industry, Agriculture and Railway Transportation, January 1923, to date 

Retail Trades Study, The 

Rubber Industry Study, The 

7ext:le Industry in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan 

Textile Yarns and Fabrics 

Tobacco Industry, The 

Wholesale Trades Study, The 

Women's Neckwear and Scarf Industry, Financial and Labor Data on 

9768-2 

- iii -

Women's Apparel Industry, Some Aspects of the 

Co~odities, Information Concerning: A Study of NRA and Related Experiences in Control 

Distribution, Manufacturers' Control of: Trade Practice Provisions in Selected NRA Codes 

Distributive Relations in the Asbestos Industry 

Design Piracy: The Proble~ and Its Treatment Under NRA Codes 

Electrical Mfg. Industry: Price Filing Study 

Fertilizer Industry: Price Filing Study 

Geographical Price Relations Under Codes of Fair Competition, Control of 

Minimum Price Regulation Under Codes of Fair Competition 

Multiple Basing Point System in the Lime Industry: Operation of the 

Price Control in the Coffee Industry 

Price Filing Under NRA Codes 

Production Control in the Ice Industry 

Production Control, Case Studies in 

Resale Price Maintenance Legislation in the United States 

Retail Price Cutting, Restriction of, with special Emphasis on The Drug Industry. 

Trade Practice Rules of The Federal Trade Commission (1914-1936): A classification for 

comparision with Trade Practice Provisions of NRA Codes. 

Labo!, Studie§ 

Cap and Cloth Hat Industry, Commission Report on Wage Differentials in 

Earnings in Selected Manufacturing Industries, by States, 1933-35 

Employment, Payrolls, Hours, and Wages in 115 Selected Code Industries 1933-35 

Fur Manufacturing, Commission Report on Wages and Hours in 

Hours and Wages in American Industry 

Labor Program Under the National Industrial Recovery Act, The 

Part A. Introduction 

Part B. Control of Hours and Reemployment 

Part C. Control of Wages 

Part D. Control of Other Conditions of Employment 

Part E. Section 7(a) of the Recovery Act 

Materials in the Field of Industrial Relations 

PRA Census of Employment, June, October, 1933 

Puerto Rico Needlework, Homeworkers Survey 

Administrative Studies 

Administrative and Legal Aspects of Stays, Exe~ptions and Exceptions, Code Amendments, Conditional Orders of Approval 

Administrative Interpretations of NRA Codes 

Administrative Law and Procedure under the NIRA 

Agreements Under Sections 4(a) and 7(b) of the NIRA 

Approved Codes in Industry Groups, Classification of 

Basic Code, the -- (Administrative Order X-61) 

Code Authorities and Their part in the Administration of the NIRA 

Part A. Introduction 

Part B. Nature, Composition and Organization of Code Authorities 

9768-3. 

Part C. Activities of the Code Authorities 

Part D. Code Authority Finances 

Part E. Summary and Evaluation 

CJde Compliance Activities of t he NRA 

iv -

Code Making Prog r am of the NRA i n the Territ ories, The 

Code Provisions and Rela t ed Subj ects, Policy Stat ements Concerning 

Con tent of NIRA Administrative eg isl~ n 

Part A. Executi ve and Administ ra t ive Orders 

Pa rt B. 

Pa rt C. 

Pa rt D. 

Part E. 

Labor Provisions in the Codes 

Trade Prac tice Provisions in the Codes 

Administrative Pr ovisi ons in the Codes 

Agreements under Se ctions 4(a) and 7(b) 

Part F. A Type Case: The Co tton Textile Code 

Labels Under NRA, A Study of 

Model Code nnd Model Provisions for Codes, Development of 

Na t ional Recovery Adm i nistra t i on, The : A Re view of its Organizat ion and Ac t ivities 

NRA Insignia 

President's Reemployment Agreement, The 

President 's employment Ag reement, Substitut ions in Connection with the 

Pri son L~bor Problem under NRA and t he Prison Compact, The 

Problems of minis ~tion i n the Overlapping of Code Definitions of Industries and Trades, 

Multiple Code Cove r age, Classifying Individual Members of Industri es and Trades 

Rel a tionship of NRA t o Governmen t Contracts and Contracts Involving the Use of Government 

Funds 

Relationship of NRA wi th States and Municipa lities 

Shelt3red Workshops Under NRA 

Uncodified Industries: A St udy of Factors Limiting the Code Making Program 

Legal Studies 

Anti-Trust Laws and Unfair Compe t ition 

Collective Bargaining Agreements, the Right of Individual Employees to Enforce 

Commerce Clause, Federal Regulation of t he Employer-Employee Relationship Under the 

Delegation of Power, rt~in Phases of the Principle of, with Reference to Federal Industrial 

Regulatory Legislation 

Enforcement, Extra-Judicial Methods of 

Federal Regulation t hrough t he Joint Employment of the Power of Taxation and the Spending 

Power 

Government Cont ract Provisions as a Means of Establishing Proper Economic Standards, Legal 

Memorandum on Possibilit y of 

Industrial Relations in Australia, Regulation of 

Intrastate Activities Which s~ Affect Interstate Commerce as to Bring t hem Under the Commerce Clause, Cases on 

Legislative Possibilit ies of the State Constitutions 

Post Office and Post Road Power-- C~n it be Used as a Means of Federal Industrial Regulation? 

State Recovery Legisl~ti n in Aid of Federal Recovery Legislation History and Analysis 

Tariff Rates to Secure Proper Standards of Wages and Hours, the Possibilit y of Vari ation in 

Trade Practices and the Ant i-Trust Laws 

Treaty Making Power of the United States 

War Power, Can it be Used as a Means of Federal Regulation of Child Labor ? 

9768--4 . 

- v -

THE EVIDENCE STUDIES SERIES 

The Evidence Studies were originally undertaken to gather material for pending court 

cases. After the Schechter decision the project was continued in order to assemble data for 

use in connection with the studies of the Division of Review. The data are particularly 

concerned with the nature, size and operations of the industry; and with the relation of the 

industry tJ interstate commerce. The industries covered by the Evidence Studies account for 

more than one-half of the total number of workers under codes. The list ~f those studies 

follows: 

Automobile Manufacturing Industry 

Automotive Parts and Equipment Industry 

Baking Industry 

Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry 

Bottled Soft Drink Industry 

Builders' Supplies Industry 

Canning Industry 

Chemical Manufacturing Industry 

Cigar Manufacturing Industry 

Coat and Suit Industry 

Construction Industry 

Cotton Garment Industry 

Dress Manufacturing Industry 

Electrical Contracting Industry 

Electrical Manufacturing Industry 

Fabricated Metal Products Mfg. and Metal Finishing and Metal Coating Industry 

Fishery Industry 

Furniture Manufacturing Industry 

General Contractors Industry 

Graphic Arts Industry 

Gray Iron Foundry Industry 

Hosiery Industry 

Infant's and Children's Wear Industry 

Iron and Steel Industry 

Leather Industry 

Lumber and Timber Products Industry 

Mason Contractors Industry 

Men's Clothing Industry 

Motion Picture Industry 

Motor Vehicle Retailing Trade 

Needlework Industry of Puerto Rico 

Painting and Paperhanging Industry 

Photo Engraving Industry 

Plumbing Contracting Industry 

Retail Lumber Industry 

Retail Trade Industry 

Retail Tire and Battery Trade Industry 

Rubber Manufacturing Industry 

Rubber Tire Manufacturing Industry 

Shipbuilding Industry 

Silk Textile Industry 

Structural Clay Products Industry 

Throwing Industry 

Trucking Industry 

Waste Materials Industry 

Wholesale and Retail Food Industry 

Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Industry 

Wool Textile Industry 

THE STATISTICAL MATERIALS SERIES 

This series is supplementary to the Evidence Studies Series. The reports include data 

on establishments, firms, employment, p3yrolls, wages, hours, production capacities, shipments, sales, consumption, stocks, prices, material costs, failures, exports and imports. 

They also include notes on the principal qualifications that should be observed in using the 

data, the technical methods employed, and the applicability of the m3terial to the study of 

the industries concerned. The following numbers appear in the series: 

9768--5. 

Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Industry 

Business Furniture 

Candy Manufacturing Industry 

Carpet and Rug Industry 

Cement Industry 

Cleaning and Dyeing Trade 

Coffee Industry 

Copper and Brass Mill Products Industry 

Cotton Textile Industry 

Electrical Manufacturing Industry 

- vi -

Fertilizer Industry 

Funeral Suprly Industry 

Glass Container Industry 

Ice Manufacturin, Industry 

Knitted Outerwear Industry 

Paint, Varnish, ana Lacque r , Mfl . Industr y 

Plumbing Fixtures Industry 

Rayon and Synthetic Ya rn Producing Industry 

Salt Producing Industry 

THE COVERAGE 

The original, and approved, plan of the Division of Review contempl ated resJ ~rce s fficient (a) to prepare some 1200 histories of codes and NRA units or encies, (b ) t o co -

so) ida te and index the NRA fHes containing S;)me 40,000,000 p::.eces, (c ) to n~a .; e : r. extensive field work, (d) to secure much aid from established statistical a; encies of go~ ernment, (e) to assemble a considerable number of experts in various fields, (f) to conduct 

approximately 25% more studies than are listed above, and (g) to prepare a comprehens::.ve 

summary report. 

Because of reductions made in personnel and in use of outside experts, l~mitation of 

access to field work and research agencies, and lack of jurisdiction over f::.les, the ~rejected plan was necessarily curtailed. The most serious curtailments were t he omission of 

the comprehensive summary report; the dropping of certain studies and the reduction in the 

coverage of other studies; and the abandonment of the consolidation and indexing of t he 

files. Fortunately, there is reason to hope that the files may yet be carec for under other 

auspices. 

Notwithstanding these limitations, if the files are ultimately consolidated and indexed the exploration of the NRA materials will have been sufficient to make them ~ccessible 

and highly useful. They constitute the largest and richest single body of informat ion 

concerning the problems and operations of industry ever assembled in any nation. 

9768-6. 

L. C. Marshall, 

Director, Division of Review. 
.... 




u 

ministration. 

• 'or k materials. 

no . 73