### CHAPTER 7. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

**7.1 INTRODUCTION** 

**.............................................................................................................. 7­1** 

**7.2 ENERGY**  **USE ANALYSIS**  **FOR REFRIGERATED**  **BEVERAGE VENDING** 

**MACHINES........................................................................................................................ 7­1** 

**7.3 SELECTION**  **OF EFFICIENCY**  **LEVELS FOR**  **FURTHER ANALYSES.......................**  **7­4**

**7.4 ANNUAL**  **ENERGY CONSUMPTION**  **RESULTS**

**.......................................................... 7­5** 

**REFERENCES**

**.......................................................................................................................... 7­10** 

LIST OF TABLES

**Table 7.2.1**  **Configurations of**  **the Refrigerated**  **Beverage Vending**  **Machines Analyzed** 

**.......... 7­2** 

**Table 7.4.1**  **Mapping of**  **the Efficiency**  **Levels for**  **Subsequent Economic**  **Analyses to** 

**the Engineering Efficiency Levels....................................................................... 7­5** 

**Table 7.3.1**  **State­by­State Annual**  **Energy Consumption**  **for B­L­IO,**  **by Efficiency** 

**Levels, kWh** 

**......................................................................................................... 7­6** 

**Table 7.3.2**  **State­by­State Annual**  **Energy Consumption**  **for B­M­IO,**  **by Efficiency** 

**Levels, kWh** 

**......................................................................................................... 7­7** 

**Table 7.3.3**  **State­by­State Annual**  **Energy Consumption**  **for B­S­IO,**  **by Efficiency** 

**Levels, kWh** 

**......................................................................................................... 7­8** 

**Table 7.3.4**  **Annual Energy**  **Consumption for**  **Class A**  **Machine, All**  **Sizes and**  **All**

**Locations, by**  **Efficiency Levels,**  **kWh................................................................. 7­9** 

**7­i**

### CHAPTER 7. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

**The energy**  **use characterization**  **provides estimates**  **of daily**  **energy consumption**  **and the** 

**annual energy**  **consumption for**  **refrigerated beverage**  **vending machines**  **(BVM), which**  **are used** 

**in the**  **subsequent life­cycle**  **cost (LCC)**  **and payback**  **period (PBP)**  **analyses (chapter**  **8 of**  **the**

**TSD) and**  **national impacts**  **analyses (chapter**  **10 of**  **the TSD).**  **The U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy**

**(DOE) estimated**  **the energy**  **consumption for**  **the two**  **equipment classes**  **analyzed in**  **the**

**engineering analysis**  **(chapter 5**  **of the**  **TSD).**

7.2 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS FOR REFRIGERATED BEVERAGE VENDING

MACHINES

**American National**  **Standards Institute**  **(ANSI)/American Society**  **of Heating,** 

**Refrigerating, and**  **Air­Conditioning Engineers**  **(ASHRAE) Standard**  **32.1­2004, 1**  

### is **an industry** 

**developed test**  **procedure for**  **determining the**  **energy consumption**  **of beverage**  **vending**

**machines. ASHRAE**  **32.1­2004 measures**  **the daily**  **energy consumption**  **for a**  **vending machine** 

**under steady­state**  **conditions. The**  **use of**  **daily energy**  **consumption as**  **a performance**  **metric is** 

**an appropriate**  **approach for**  **refrigerated beverage**  **vending machines**  **for several**  **reasons.**

**First, because**  **the useful**  **output of**  **beverage vending**  **machines is**  **the ability**  **to display**  **a product** 

**while maintaining**  **that product**  **at an**  **adequate temperature,**  **there is**  **no easily**  **quantifiable output** 

**metric (such**  **as British**  **thermal units**  **(Btu) of**  **cooling provided)**  **that can**  **be used**  **to establish**  **a**

**classical “efficiency”**  **measure (useful**  **output divided**  **by energy**  **input). Second,**  **refrigerated**

**beverage vending**  **machines typically**  **provide both**  **cold storage**  **and lighting**  **of product**  **with,**

**varying, but**  **often on**  **the same**  **order of**  **magnitude, energy**  **consumption. DOE’s**  **need for**  **a**

**single metric**  **to describe**  **both makes**  **defining a**  **useful output**  **metric difficult.** 

**DOE developed**  **the engineering**  **analysis spreadsheet**  **based on**  **the engineering**  **analysis**

**(see chapter**  **5 of**  **the TSD**  **for more**  **details) listing**  **up to**  **13 different**  **engineering efficiency**  **levels**

**using individual**  **design options**  **that were**  **considered for**  **arriving at**  **the baseline**  **configuration as** 

**well as**  **the higher**  **efficiency models**  **of the**  **beverage vending**  **machines. Two**  **equipment classes** 

**were considered**  **for analysis:** 

• **Class A**  **machine (fully­cooled**  **machine)**

o **certified for**  **indoor use**  **only**

o **certified for**  **indoor/outdoor use** 

• **Class B**  **machine (zone­cooled**  **machine)**

o **certified for**  **indoor/outdoor use** 

o **certified for**  **indoor use**  **only**

**Even though**  **Class A**  **machines may**  **be certified**  **for indoor/outdoor**  **use, there**  **are not** 

**very many**  **of these**  **machines installed**  **outdoors because**  **of safety**  **and vandalism**  **reasons. At**  **the**

**same time,**  **there are**  **hardly any**  **Class B**  **machines that**  **are certified**  **for indoor**  **use only.**  **So, DOE** 

**decided to**  **focus its**  **ANOPR analyses**  **on the**  **two predominant**  **applications of**  **the two**  **equipment**

**classes of**  **beverage vending**  **machines, namely,**  **Class A**  **machines certified**  **for indoor**  **use only** 

**and Class**  **B machines**  **certified for**  **indoor/outdoor use.**  **For each**  **of those**  **two Class**  **A and**  **Class**

**7­1**

### B **machines, DOE**  **analyzed refrigerated**  **beverage vending**  **machines with**  **three different**  **typical**

**sizes (vendible**  **capacities) each.**  **Each of**  **these machines**  **had different**  **refrigerated volumes**  **as**

**measured by**  **ANSI/HRF­1­2004 and**  **shown in**  **Table 7.2.1.** 

Table 7.2.1 Configurations of the Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines Analyzed

**Class A**  **machine Class**  **B machine** 

**Small Medium**  **Large Small**  **Medium Large** 

**Configuration (A­S­IN)**  **(A­M­IN) (A­L­IN)**  **(B­S­IO) (B­M­IO)**  **(B­L­IO)**

**Vendible Capacity** 

**(number of**  **cans) 270**  **350 410**  **450 650**  **800**

**Refrigerated Volume** 

**(ft 3**  **) 19**  **31 35**  **19 24**  **31**



### DOE **assumed that**  **all Class**  **A machines**  **(or glass­front**  **machines) were**  **installed indoors** 

**and subject**  **to the**  **constant indoor**  **ambient conditions**  **of 75°F**  **and 45**  **percent relative**  **humidity**

**(RH) condition**  **matching one**  **of the**  **test conditions**  **in ANSI/ASHRAE**  **Standard 32.1­2004.** 

**However, of**  **all the**  **Class B**  **machines (or**  **solid­front machines),**  **DOE assumed**  **that 25**  **percent of** 

**them were**  **actually placed**  **outdoors and**  **were subject**  **to the**  **local weather**  **conditions in**  **terms of** 

**the temperatures**  **and relative**  **humidity conditions**  **during the**  **year depending**  **on the**  **various**

**locations across**  **the United**  **States 2** 



### . **The remaining**  **75 percent**  **of these**  **machines are**  **installed**

**indoors and**  **subject to**  **typical indoor**  **75°F and**  **45 percent**  **RH ambient**  **conditions. a** 



### The **engineering analysis**  **spreadsheet was**  **originally designed**  **to estimate**  **the impact**  **of**

**design options**  **on the**  **daily energy**  **consumption according**  **to the**  **test procedure,**  **which only** 

**provides results**  **under two**  **rating conditions:**  **75°F and**  **45% RH,**  **and 90°F**  **and 65%**  **RH. Prior**  **to**

**being able**  **to use**  **the engineering**  **analysis spreadsheet**  **for the**  **energy use**  **analysis, certain**  **other**

**spreadsheet design**  **modifications were**  **made to**  **account for**  **proper operation**  **of the**  **BVM placed** 

**in outdoor**  **locations where**  **the air**  **temperatures and**  **relative humidity**  **conditions will**  **differ from** 

**the rating**  **conditions. These**  **modifications are**  **listed below:** 

• **The nominal**  **saturated evaporator**  **temperature (SET)**  **calculation has**  **been modified**  **such**

**that it**  **is scaled**  **upwards (or**  **downwards) with**  **total case**  **refrigeration load**  **based on**  **a**

**linear regression**  **of the**  **change in**  **SET as**  **a function**  **of the**  **relative change**  **in total**  **case**

**refrigeration load**  **(in percent)**  **between that**  **established for**  **the 75°F**  **and 90°F**  **rating**

**conditions for**  **efficiency level**  **1. As**  **cooling load**  **changes as**  **a function**  **of ambient** 

**conditions, the**  **SET for**  **level 1**  **then varies.**  **The SET**  **for higher**  **efficiency levels**  **is**

**calculated as**  **in the**  **original engineering**  **spreadsheet where**  **individual design**  **options can** 

**modify the**  **SET from**  **that calculated**  **for level**  **1.**

• **The nominal**  **saturated condenser**  **temperature (SCT)**  **calculation has**  **been modified**  **such**

**that it**  **is scaled**  **upwards or**  **downwards with**  **the outdoor**  **air temperature**  **based on**  **the**

**results at**  **test conditions**  **to maintain**  **a SCT**  **to ambient**  **temperature differential**  **equivalent**

**to that**  **under the**  **defined 75°F**  **or 90°F**  **rating conditions.** 

**a Based**  **on personal**  **conversation with**  **Bob McGarrah**  **of USA**  **Technologies, May**  **2007.**

**7­2**

### • **The nominal**  **discharge air**  **temperature (DAT)**  **calculation has**  **been modified**  **such that**  **it**

**is scaled**  **upward or**  **downwards with**  **total case**  **refrigeration load**  **based on**  **a linear** 

**regression of**  **the change**  **in DAT**  **as a**  **function of**  **the relative**  **change in**  **total case** 

**refrigeration load**  **(in percent)**  **between that**  **established for**  **the 75°F**  **and 90°F**  **rating**

**conditions for**  **efficiency level**  **1. The**  **DAT for**  **higher efficiency**  **levels is**  **calculated as**  **in**

**the original**  **engineering analysis**  **spreadsheet where**  **individual design**  **options can**  **modify**

**the DAT**  **from that**  **calculated for**  **level 1.** 

• **The total**  **case refrigeration**  **load used**  **in the**  **compressor calculations**  **was modified**  **such**

**that it**  **cannot be**  **less than**  **0 for**  **the compressor**  **calculations which**  **is necessary**  **for BVMs** 

**placed in**  **climates that**  **have temperatures**  **less than**  **the BVM**  **setpoint temperature.** 

• **The compressor**  **operating capacity**  **was modified**  **such that**  **it was**  **always positive**  **or**

**greater than**  **0.**

• **The compressor**  **duty cycle**  **was limited**  **to not**  **go below**  **0 or**  **above 1.0**  **based on**  **the**

**calculated refrigeration**  **load and**  **compressor capacity.** 

• **The compressor**  **energy consumption**  **calculation was**  **modified to**  **be based**  **the product**  **of**

**duty cycle**  **and compressor**  **power.**

**In order**  **to determine**  **the energy**  **consumption of**  **the Class**  **B machines**  **located outdoors,** 

**DOE developed**  **a spreadsheet­based**  **BVM Energy**  **Performance model**  **that used**  **the climate**  **data**

**from the**  **Typical Meteorological**  **Year (TMY2)**  **data, which**  **expresses the**  **annual average** 

**weather data**  **for 237**  **cities in**  **the United**  **States 3** 



### . **Temperature and**  **relative humidity**  **bins were** 

**created with**  **temperatures ranging**  **from 130°F**  **to ­40°F**  **in 5°F**  **increments, and**  **percent relative** 

**humidity values**  **ranging from**  **100 percent**  **RH to**  **0 percent**  **RH in**  **5 percent**  **RH increments.**  **The**

**model creates**  **a BVM**  **energy performance**  **map by**  **calculating the**  **annual energy**  **consumption of** 

**the 13**  **BVM design**  **options for**  **each temperature/relative**  **humidity bin**  **using the**  **engineering**

**analysis spreadsheet.**  **The BVM**  **energy performance**  **map is**  **used to**  **calculate annual**  **energy use** 

**for a**  **BVM located**  **in each**  **TMY2 city**  **by stepping**  **through the**  **binned weather**  **data. The**  **result**

**is projected**  **energy use**  **of each**  **of 13**  **BVM design**  **options for**  **237 U.S.**  **cities. In**  **addition to** 

**BVM performance**  **based on**  **actual weather**  **data, one**  **additional file**  **was was**  **generated to**  **step**

**through the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **32.1­2004 indoor**  **test condition**  **of 75°F/45**  **percent RH**  **as the** 

**ambient condition**  **throughout the**  **year. This**  **file is**  **used to**  **calculate the**  **energy consumption**  **for**

**the vending**  **machines installed**  **indoors.**

**DOE estimated**  **annual energy**  **consumption for**  **a Class**  **B machine**  **located indoors**  **as the** 

**product of**  **the daily**  **energy consumption**  **calculated at**  **the ASHRAE**  **Standard 32.1­2004**  **indoor**

**test condition**  **of 75°F/45**  **percent RH**  **and 365**  **days per**  **year. For**  **Class B**  **BVMs, the**  **average**

**daily energy**  **consumption for**  **a particular**  **TMY2 location**  **is calculated**  **as**

E

ann 

### = 25% x E

ann, outdoor 

### + 75% x E

ann, indoor 

### Eq. 0.1

**Where**

**E**

**ann** 

### = **Annual average**  **energy consumption** 

**7­3**

### E

**ann, outdoor**  

### = **Annual average**  **energy consumption**  **for outdoor**  **BVM**

**E**

**ann, indoor**  

### = **Annual average**  **energy consumption**  **for indoor**  **BVM**

**DOE calculated**  **the average**  **annual energy**  **use for**  **each Class**  **B BVM**  **for all**  **237 typical** 

**meteorological year**  **(TMY2) stations**  **in the**  **United States.**  **DOE mapped**  **each TMY2**  **station to**  **a**

**certain state,**  **based on**  **its location.**  **Within each**  **state, DOE**  **assigned a**  **relative weight**  **to each** 

**TMY2 station,**  **based on**  **the total**  **population of**  **identifiable population**  **centers (cities,**  **towns,**

**other) that**  **can be**  **shown to**  **be most**  **climatically similar**  **to that**  **TMY2 location.**  **The detailed** 

**methodology for**  **developing the**  **weighting factors**  **is discussed**  **in appendix**  **D. The**  **annual**

**energy consumption**  **data for**  **the TMY**  **locations were**  **then weighted**  **to obtain**  **annual energy** 

**consumption data**  **for each**  **State.**

**For Class**  **A BVMs,**  **the department**  **assumed that**  **the fraction**  **of units**  **located outdoors** 

**was insignificant**  **and the**  **fraction of**  **units located**  **indoors was**  **assumed to**  **be 100%.**  **Although**

**some fraction**  **of Class**  **A machines**  **may be**  **rated for**  **indoor/outdoor use,**  **DOE assumed**  **that all**  **of**

**Class A**  **BVMs were**  **located indoors**  **both because**  **of the**  **comparatively smaller**  **percentage of**  **the**

**total number**  **of these**  **machines in**  **stock and**  **currently shipped,**  **owner concerns**  **that these** 

**machines are**  **prone to**  **vandalism and**  **damage if**  **installed outdoors,**  **and the**  **difficulty in** 

**maintaining desired**  **product temperature**  **under solar**  **loading. Calculating**  **the energy** 

**consumption of**  **this Class**  **of a**  **machine if**  **located outdoors**  **is significantly**  **more complex** 

**because of**  **the solar**  **radiation loads**  **through the**  **glass front**  **and also**  **on the**  **opaque exterior** 

**surfaces.**

**DOE estimated**  **the annual**  **energy consumption**  **for Class**  **A as**  **the product**  **of the**  **average**

**daily energy**  **consumption from**  **the ASHRAE**  **Standard 32.1­2004**  **indoor test**  **condition of** 

**75°F/45 percent**  **RH and**  **365 days**  **per year.**  **For Class**  **A BVMs,**  **the annual**  **energy consumption** 

**did not**  **vary by**  **state.**

**The annual**  **energy consumption**  **for each**  **equipment class**  **and at**  **each efficiency**  **level for** 

**each State**  **are developed**  **as inputs**  **for the**  **life­cycle cost**  **(LCC) and**  **payback period**  **(PBP)**

**analyses conducted**  **subsequently.**

7.3 SELECTION OF EFFICIENCY LEVELS FOR FURTHER ANALYSES

**DOE selected**  **nine efficiency**  **levels for**  **each equipment**  **class for**  **the subsequent** 

**economic analyses,**  **including the**  **LCC and**  **PBP analyses.**  **The selection**  **was based**  **on being**  **able**

**to represent**  **a market**  **baseline efficiency**  **level as**  **Level 0**  **and a**  **level that**  **yielded a**  **daily energy** 

**consumption level**  **of just**  **below the**  **ENERGY STAR**  **Tier 1**  **level as**  **Level 1.**  **ENERGY STAR** 

**Tier 2**  **level was**  **designated as**  **Level 3**  **and the**  **max tech**  **level picked**  **in the**  **engineering analysis** 

**was designated**  **as Level**  **8. One**  **intermediate level**  **was picked**  **between the**  **Tier 1**  **and Tier**  **2**

**levels, while**  **three intermediate**  **levels were**  **picked between**  **the Tier**  **2 and**  **the max**  **tech levels**  **to**

**represent some**  **combinations of**  **design options**  **that would**  **yield a**  **smooth LCC**  **curve.**

**Table 7.3.1**  **shows the**  **mapping of**  **the standard**  **levels that**  **will be**  **used in**  **the downstream** 

**economic analyses**  **to the**  **engineering efficiency**  **levels from**  **the engineering**  **analysis. These** 

**nine levels**  **and the**  **corresponding annual**  **energy consumption**  **figures as**  **well as**  **the manufacturer** 

**7­4**

### selling **price for**  **the beverage**  **vending machines**  **determined in**  **the engineering**  **analysis will**  **be**

**inputs to**  **the subsequent**  **LCC analysis.** 

Table 7.3.1 Mapping of the Efficiency Levels for Subsequent Economic Analyses to the

Engineering Efficiency Levels

**Efficiency Levels**  **for LCC** 

**and PBP**  **Analyses Engineering**  **Efficiency Levels**  **for**

**Class A**  **machine (all**  **sizes) Engineering**  **Efficiency Levels**  **for**

**Class B**  **machine (all**  **sizes)**

**Level 0**  **Level 0**  **Level 0** 

**Level 1**  **(ENERGY STAR**  **Tier 1)**  **Level 1**  **Level 1** 

**Level 2**  **Level 3**  **Level 3** 

**Level 3**  **(ENERGY STAR**  **Tier 2)**  **Level 4**  **Level 4** 

**Level 4**  **Level 7**  **Level 6** 

**Level 5**  **Level 8**  **Level 7** 

**Level 6**  **Level 9**  **Level 9** 

**Level 7**  **Level 11**  **Level 10** 

**Level 8**  **(Max Tech)**  **Level 13**  **Level 11** 



### 7.4 ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION RESULTS

**For the**  **beverage vending**  **machines, the**  **annual energy**  **use is**  **a function**  **of the**  **cooling**

**load the**  **equipment must**  **meet. DOE**  **used the**  **BVM Energy**  **Performance model**  **described above** 

**to estimate**  **the annual**  **energy use**  **for the**  **25 percent**  **of the**  **Class B**  **machines located**  **outdoors at** 

**all the**  **237 TMY2**  **stations in**  **the U.S.**  **The aggregated**  **state­by­state results**  **were then**  **added to** 

**the annual**  **energy consumption**  **of the**  **remaining 75**  **percent of**  **the Class**  **B machines**  **located**

**indoors to**  **come up**  **with the**  **total energy**  **consumption of**  **all Class**  **B machines.**  **DOE further** 

**aggregated the**  **energy use**  **at State**  **level to**  **National average**  **energy use**  **using the**  **2000 Census** 

**population data.**  **4** 

### Tables **7.3.1 through**  **7.3.3 show**  **the State­by­State**  **annual energy**  **consumption**

**figures for**  **the three**  **different sizes**  **of Class**  **B, machine.**  **The national**  **average energy** 

**consumption figures**  **for each**  **size Class**  **B machine**  **are also**  **shown.**

**7­5**

### Table 7.4.1 State­by­State Annual Energy Consumption for B­L­IO, by Efficiency

Levels, kWh

State Level 0

(Market

Baseline) Level 1

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier1) Level 2 Level 3

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier2) Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8

(MaxTech)

**Alabama 4080**  **2289 1946**  **1780 1634**  **1569 1379**  **1366 1345** 

**Alaska 3908**  **2131 1788**  **1643 1512**  **1448 1273**  **1263 1244** 

**Arizona 4122**  **2325 1982**  **1810 1661**  **1597 1399**  **1387 1363** 

**Arkansas 4067**  **2275 1932**  **1768 1623**  **1559 1369**  **1357 1336** 

**California 4044**  **2256 1913**  **1749 1605**  **1541 1356**  **1344 1323** 

**Colorado 3980**  **2191 1848**  **1694 1557**  **1492 1311**  **1300 1280** 

**Connecticut 3997**  **2207 1864**  **1709 1569**  **1505 1323**  **1312 1292** 

**Delaware 4017**  **2227 1884**  **1726 1585**  **1520 1336**  **1325 1304** 

**Dist. Of**  **Columbia 4014**  **2223 1880**  **1723 1582**  **1517 1334**  **1322 1302** 

**Florida 4151**  **2358 2015**  **1841 1690**  **1625 1427**  **1413 1390** 

**Georgia 4070**  **2278 1935**  **1770 1625**  **1560 1371**  **1359 1337** 

**Hawaii 4175**  **2381 2038**  **1861 1708**  **1644 1442**  **1429 1405** 

**Idaho 3974**  **2184 1841**  **1688 1551**  **1486 1306**  **1295 1275** 

**Illinois 3991**  **2204 1861**  **1706 1568**  **1503 1321**  **1310 1290** 

**Indiana 4005**  **2217 1874**  **1717 1578**  **1513 1330**  **1319 1298** 

**Iowa 3983**  **2200 1857**  **1703 1566**  **1501 1319**  **1308 1288** 

**Kansas 4025**  **2236 1893**  **1734 1593**  **1528 1343**  **1331 1310** 

**Kentucky 4020**  **2230 1887**  **1729 1588**  **1523 1339**  **1328 1307** 

**Louisiana 4107**  **2315 1972**  **1802 1655**  **1590 1396**  **1384 1361** 

**Maine 3960**  **2175 1832**  **1681 1545**  **1481 1302**  **1291 1272** 

**Maryland 4020**  **2230 1887**  **1728 1587**  **1522 1338**  **1326 1306** 

**Massachusetts 3987**  **2197 1854**  **1700 1561**  **1497 1316**  **1305 1285** 

**Michigan 3976**  **2189 1846**  **1693 1556**  **1492 1311**  **1300 1280** 

**Minnesota 3963**  **2183 1840**  **1689 1554**  **1489 1309**  **1298 1278** 

**Mississippi 4083**  **2290 1947**  **1781 1635**  **1570 1379**  **1367 1345** 

**Missouri 4028**  **2238 1895**  **1736 1595**  **1530 1344**  **1333 1312** 

**Montana 3956**  **2172 1828**  **1678 1542**  **1478 1299**  **1288 1268** 

**Nebraska 3998**  **2213 1870**  **1714 1575**  **1511 1328**  **1316 1296** 

**Nevada 4049**  **2255 1911**  **1749 1605**  **1541 1352**  **1340 1319** 

**New Hampshire**  **3967 2181**  **1838 1687**  **1551 1486**  **1306 1295**  **1276**

**New Jersey**  **4013 2222**  **1879 1721**  **1581 1516**  **1333 1321**  **1301**

**New Mexico**  **4016 2224**  **1881 1722**  **1581 1516**  **1332 1321**  **1300**

**New York**  **4003 2213**  **1870 1714**  **1574 1509**  **1327 1316**  **1295**

**North Carolina**  **4047 2256**  **1913 1750**  **1607 1542**  **1356 1344**  **1323**

**North Dakota**  **3951 2173**  **1830 1680**  **1546 1482**  **1302 1291**  **1271**

**Ohio 3991**  **2203 1860**  **1705 1567**  **1502 1321**  **1309 1289** 

**Oklahoma 4056**  **2265 1922**  **1759 1615**  **1550 1362**  **1350 1329** 

**Oregon 3993**  **2204 1861**  **1704 1564**  **1499 1320**  **1308 1288** 

**Pennsylvania 4000**  **2210 1868**  **1712 1572**  **1508 1326**  **1314 1294** 

**Rhode Island**  **3990 2201**  **1858 1703**  **1564 1499**  **1319 1307**  **1287**

**South Carolina**  **4065 2274**  **1931 1767**  **1622 1557**  **1368 1356**  **1335**

**South Dakota**  **3970 2188**  **1845 1693**  **1557 1492**  **1311 1300**  **1280**

**Tennessee 4056**  **2265 1922**  **1759 1615**  **1550 1362**  **1350 1329** 

**Texas 4104**  **2311 1968**  **1799 1652**  **1587 1393**  **1381 1358** 

**Utah 3996**  **2204 1861**  **1705 1566**  **1502 1319**  **1308 1288** 

**Vermont 3962**  **2181 1838**  **1686 1551**  **1486 1306**  **1295 1276** 

**Virginia 4028**  **2238 1895**  **1735 1593**  **1528 1343**  **1332 1311** 

**Washington 3980**  **2192 1849**  **1694 1554**  **1490 1312**  **1300 1281** 

**West Virginia**  **4009 2220**  **1877 1719**  **1579 1514**  **1331 1320**  **1300**

**Wisconsin 3966**  **2184 1841**  **1689 1553**  **1488 1308**  **1297 1278** 

**Wyoming 3952**  **2166 1823**  **1673 1538**  **1473 1295**  **1284 1265** 

**7­6**National 4033 2244 1901 1740 1598 1533 1348 1336 1315



### Table 7.4.2 State­by­State Annual Energy Consumption for B­M­IO, by Efficiency Levels,

kWh

State Level 0

(Market

Baseline) Level 1

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier 1) Level 2 Level 3

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier 2) Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8

(Max

Tech)

**Alabama 3937**  **2145 1800**  **1656 1517**  **1455 1275**  **1265 1245** 

**Alaska 3796**  **2012 1667**  **1541 1416**  **1354 1187**  **1178 1161** 

**Arizona 3974**  **2177 1832**  **1684 1542**  **1480 1294**  **1283 1262** 

**Arkansas 3926**  **2134 1789**  **1646 1509**  **1447 1267**  **1257 1238** 

**California 3907**  **2119 1773**  **1632 1495**  **1432 1257**  **1247 1228** 

**Colorado 3856**  **2064 1720**  **1586 1454**  **1392 1220**  **1210 1192** 

**Connecticut 3869**  **2077 1732**  **1597 1464**  **1402 1229**  **1219 1201** 

**Delaware 3886**  **2094 1749**  **1611 1477**  **1415 1240**  **1230 1212** 

**Dist. Of**  **Columbia 3884**  **2091 1746**  **1609 1475**  **1412 1238**  **1228 1210** 

**Florida 3995**  **2202 1857**  **1706 1564**  **1502 1314**  **1303 1282** 

**Georgia 3928**  **2137 1792**  **1649 1510**  **1448 1269**  **1259 1239** 

**Hawaii 4015**  **2221 1876**  **1723 1579**  **1517 1327**  **1316 1294** 

**Idaho 3851**  **2059 1714**  **1581 1449**  **1387 1216**  **1206 1189** 

**Illinois 3865**  **2074 1729**  **1594 1462**  **1400 1227**  **1218 1200** 

**Indiana 3877**  **2085 1740**  **1604 1471**  **1409 1235**  **1225 1207** 

**Iowa 3858**  **2070 1726**  **1591 1460**  **1398 1225**  **1216 1198** 

**Kansas 3893**  **2101 1756**  **1618 1483**  **1421 1245**  **1235 1217** 

**Kentucky 3889**  **2096 1752**  **1614 1479**  **1417 1242**  **1232 1214** 

**Louisiana 3959**  **2167 1822**  **1675 1535**  **1472 1290**  **1279 1259** 

**Maine 3840**  **2050 1706**  **1574 1444**  **1382 1212**  **1202 1185** 

**Maryland 3889**  **2096 1751**  **1613 1479**  **1416 1242**  **1232 1213** 

**Massachusetts 3861**  **2069 1724**  **1590 1457**  **1395 1224**  **1214 1196** 

**Michigan 3853**  **2062 1717**  **1584 1453**  **1391 1219**  **1210 1192** 

**Minnesota 3841**  **2056 1711**  **1579 1450**  **1388 1216**  **1207 1189** 

**Mississippi 3940**  **2147 1802**  **1657 1518**  **1456 1275**  **1265 1245** 

**Missouri 3895**  **2103 1758**  **1620 1485**  **1423 1247**  **1237 1218** 

**Montana 3836**  **2047 1703**  **1571 1441**  **1379 1209**  **1200 1182** 

**Nebraska 3871**  **2081 1736**  **1601 1469**  **1407 1232**  **1223 1205** 

**Nevada 3914**  **2119 1774**  **1632 1495**  **1433 1254**  **1244 1225** 

**New Hampshire**  **3845 2055**  **1710 1578**  **1448 1386**  **1215 1206**  **1188**

**New Jersey**  **3882 2090**  **1745 1608**  **1473 1411**  **1237 1227**  **1209**

**New Mexico**  **3886 2092**  **1747 1610**  **1475 1412**  **1238 1228**  **1209**

**New York**  **3874 2082**  **1738 1601**  **1468 1406**  **1232 1223**  **1205**

**North Carolina**  **3910 2118**  **1773 1632**  **1495 1433**  **1256 1246**  **1227**

**North Dakota**  **3831 2048**  **1703 1572**  **1444 1382**  **1211 1202**  **1184**

**Ohio 3865**  **2073 1729**  **1594 1462**  **1400 1227**  **1217 1199** 

**Oklahoma 3918**  **2125 1780**  **1639 1502**  **1440 1261**  **1251 1232** 

**Oregon 3865**  **2075 1730**  **1594 1460**  **1398 1227**  **1217 1199** 

**Pennsylvania 3872**  **2080 1735**  **1599 1466**  **1404 1231**  **1221 1203** 

**Rhode Island**  **3864 2072**  **1727 1592**  **1460 1397**  **1225 1216**  **1198**

**South Carolina**  **3925 2133**  **1788 1645**  **1508 1445**  **1267 1256**  **1237**

**South Dakota**  **3848 2061**  **1716 1583**  **1453 1391**  **1219 1209**  **1192**

**Tennessee 3918**  **2125 1781**  **1639 1502**  **1440 1261**  **1251 1232** 

**Texas 3957**  **2164 1819**  **1673 1532**  **1470 1287**  **1277 1257** 

**Utah 3870**  **2075 1731**  **1595 1462**  **1400 1226**  **1217 1199** 

**Vermont 3841**  **2054 1709**  **1577 1448**  **1386 1215**  **1205 1188** 

**Virginia 3895**  **2103 1758**  **1619 1484**  **1422 1246**  **1236 1217** 

**Washington 3855**  **2065 1720**  **1585 1452**  **1390 1220**  **1211 1193** 

**West Virginia**  **3879 2088**  **1743 1606**  **1472 1410**  **1236 1226**  **1208**

**Wisconsin 3844**  **2057 1712**  **1580 1450**  **1388 1216**  **1207 1189** 

**7­7 Wyoming**  **3834 2043**  **1698 1567**  **1438 1376**  **1206 1197**  **1179**

National 3899 2108 1763 1623 1488 1426 1250 1240 1221



### Table 7.4.3 State­by­State Annual Energy Consumption for B­S­IO, by Efficiency Levels,

kWh

State Level 0

(Market

Baseline) Level 1

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier 1) Level 2 Level 3

(ENERGY

STAR

Tier 2) Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8

(Max

Tech)

**Alabama 3733**  **1964 1620**  **1488 1400**  **1238 1170**  **1161 1145** 

**Alaska 3607**  **1857 1513**  **1393 1317**  **1155 1097**  **1090 1076** 

**Arizona 3762**  **1987 1643**  **1509 1419**  **1257 1185**  **1176 1159** 

**Arkansas 3722**  **1954 1610**  **1480 1393**  **1231 1163**  **1154 1139** 

**California 3710**  **1943 1599**  **1468 1382**  **1219 1154**  **1145 1130** 

**Colorado 3661**  **1899 1555**  **1429 1348**  **1186 1124**  **1116 1102** 

**Connecticut 3672**  **1909 1565**  **1439 1357**  **1194 1132**  **1124 1109** 

**Delaware 3687**  **1923 1578**  **1451 1367**  **1205 1141**  **1133 1118** 

**Dist. of**  **Columbia 3685**  **1920 1576**  **1449 1365**  **1203 1139**  **1131 1116** 

**Florida 3783**  **2010 1665**  **1531 1438**  **1276 1202**  **1193 1177** 

**Georgia 3726**  **1957 1613**  **1482 1394**  **1232 1165**  **1156 1141** 

**Hawaii 3801**  **2025 1681**  **1546 1451**  **1289 1214**  **1204 1187** 

**Idaho 3656**  **1894 1550**  **1425 1344**  **1182 1121**  **1113 1099** 

**Illinois 3668**  **1907 1563**  **1437 1355**  **1193 1131**  **1122 1108** 

**Indiana 3678**  **1916 1572**  **1445 1362**  **1200 1137**  **1128 1114** 

**Iowa 3662**  **1904 1560**  **1435 1354**  **1191 1129**  **1121 1107** 

**Kansas 3692**  **1928 1584**  **1456 1372**  **1210 1145**  **1137 1122** 

**Kentucky 3689**  **1925 1581**  **1453 1369**  **1207 1143**  **1134 1120** 

**Louisiana 3752**  **1981 1637**  **1504 1414**  **1252 1182**  **1173 1157** 

**Maine 3646**  **1888 1544**  **1420 1340**  **1178 1117**  **1110 1096** 

**Maryland 3689**  **1924 1580**  **1452 1368**  **1206 1142**  **1134 1119** 

**Massachusetts 3665**  **1903 1559**  **1433 1351**  **1189 1127**  **1119 1105** 

**Michigan 3657**  **1897 1553**  **1428 1347**  **1185 1124**  **1116 1102** 

**Minnesota 3647**  **1892 1548**  **1425 1345**  **1183 1122**  **1114 1100** 

**Mississippi 3735**  **1965 1621**  **1489 1401**  **1239 1170**  **1161 1146** 

**Missouri 3694**  **1930 1586**  **1458 1373**  **1211 1146**  **1138 1123** 

**Montana 3643**  **1885 1541**  **1417 1338**  **1176 1115**  **1108 1094** 

**Nebraska 3673**  **1913 1568**  **1443 1360**  **1198 1135**  **1127 1112** 

**Nevada 3710**  **1941 1597**  **1467 1382**  **1220 1153**  **1144 1129** 

**New Hampshire**  **3651 1892**  **1548 1424**  **1344 1182**  **1120 1113**  **1099**

**New Jersey**  **3684 1919**  **1575 1448**  **1364 1202**  **1139 1130**  **1116**

**New Mexico**  **3687 1922**  **1577 1449**  **1365 1203**  **1139 1131**  **1116**

**New York**  **3677 1914**  **1569 1442**  **1360 1198**  **1135 1126**  **1112**

**North Carolina**  **3709 1942**  **1598 1468**  **1382 1220**  **1154 1146**  **1131**

**North Dakota**  **3639 1886**  **1541 1420**  **1340 1178**  **1117 1109**  **1095**

**Ohio 3668**  **1907 1563**  **1437 1355**  **1193 1130**  **1122 1108** 

**Oklahoma 3714**  **1947 1603**  **1473 1387**  **1225 1158**  **1150 1135** 

**Oregon 3671**  **1907 1563**  **1435 1353**  **1191 1129**  **1121 1107** 

**Pennsylvania 3674**  **1912 1568**  **1441 1358**  **1196 1133**  **1125 1111** 

**Rhode Island**  **3667 1905**  **1561 1435**  **1353 1191**  **1129 1121**  **1106**

**South Carolina**  **3723 1954**  **1610 1479**  **1392 1230**  **1163 1154**  **1139**

**South Dakota**  **3653 1896**  **1552 1428**  **1348 1186**  **1124 1116**  **1102**

**Tennessee 3715**  **1948 1604**  **1474 1387**  **1225 1158**  **1150 1135** 

**Texas 3749**  **1978 1634**  **1502 1412**  **1250 1180**  **1171 1155** 

**7­8**Energy Use (All Locations, kWh)

Size **Utah 3672**  **1908 1563**  **1436 1355**  **1193 1130**  **1122 1107** 

**Vermont 3648**  **1891 1547**  **1424 1343**  **1181 1120**  **1112 1098** 

**Virginia 3695**  **1930 1586**  **1457 1373**  **1211 1146**  **1137 1123** 

**Washington 3662**  **1899 1555**  **1428 1347**  **1184 1123**  **1115 1101** 

**West Virginia**  **3682 1918**  **1574 1447**  **1363 1201**  **1138 1130**  **1115**

**Wisconsin 3650**  **1893 1549**  **1425 1345**  **1183 1122**  **1114 1100** 

**Wyoming 3640**  **1882 1538**  **1414 1335**  **1173 1113**  **1105 1091** 

National 3699 1934 1589 1461 1376 1214 1149 1140 1125



### Annual **energy consumption**  **for each**  **size of**  **Class A**  **machines are**  **shown in**  **Table 7.3.4** 

**for all**  **equipment sizes.**  **National average**  **energy consumption**  **figures are**  **identical to**  **State**

**energy consumption**  **figures.**

Table 7.4.4 Annual Energy Consumption for Class A Machine, All Sizes and All

Locations, by Efficiency Levels, kWh

Level 1 Level 3

Level 0 (ENERGY (ENERGY Level 8

(Market STAR STAR (Max

Baseline) Tier 1) Level 2 Tier 2) Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Tech)

Large **3173 2452**  **2229 2045**  **1882 1790**  **1773 1654**  **1586**

Medium **3005 2321**  **2102 1933**  **1775 1692**  **1675 1576**  **1510**

Small **2796 2117**  **1902 1737**  **1585 1518**  **1502 1417**  **1356**



### This **energy use**  **characterization presumes**  **that there**  **are no**  **controls which**  **limit display**  **lighting**

**or compressor**  **operation in**  **a BVM**  **to certain**  **hours of**  **the day**  **or would**  **be affected**  **by occupancy** 

**patterns in**  **the building.**  **It is**  **known, however,**  **tha using**  **occupancy sensors**  **and other**  **controllers**

**might reduce**  **the vending**  **machine’s energy**  **requirements during**  **long periods**  **of non­use,**  **such as** 

**overnights and**  **weekends. This**  **occupancy controller**  **option is**  **often used**  **when de­lamping**  **a**

**vending machine**  **is not**  **advisable (i.e.,**  **when a**  **vending machine**  **does not**  **have a**  **captive audience** 

**or when**  **de­lamping results**  **in reduced**  **vending sales**  **revenues). The**  **controllers can**  **either be** 

**added on**  **or enabled**  **in certain**  **beverage vending**  **machines, depending**  **on the**  **location and**  **the**

**site owner.** 

**7­9**

### 2 REFERENCES

**1. American**  **Society of**  **Heating, Refrigerating,**  **and Air­Conditioning**  **Engineers, Inc.** 

ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 32.1­2004, Methods of Testing for Rating Vending Machines for

Bottled, Canned, and Other Sealed Beverages

**, 2004,**  **1791 Tullie**  **Circle N.E.,**  **Atlanta, GA** 

**30329, U.S.A.** 

**Based on**  **personal conversation**  **with Bob**  **McGarrah, USA**  **Technologies, May**  **2007**

**3. TMY2S**  **National Renewable**  **Energy Laboratory.**  **1995.** Typical Meteorological Years

Derived from the 1961­1990 National Solar Radiation Database

**. Golden,**  **Colorado.**

**4. The**  **U.S. Census**  **Bureau,** 2000 Census

**, http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&­geo_id=01000US&­** 

**_box_head_nbr=GCT­PH1&­context=gct&­ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&­**

**tree_id=4001&­format=US­9**

**. (Accessed**  **on March**  **25, 2007.)** 

**7­10**