GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

LABORATORY 

YEARLY 

REPORT 

FY 1992 

Director 

Alfred M. Beeton 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 481 05-1 593 

(313) 741-2235 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOANERL. Use 

for publicity or advertising purposes, of information 

from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products, is not authorized. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Compiled and written by C.M. Darnell and S.J. Bolsenga. 

Design and electronic production by C.M. Darnell. This is GLERL Contribution No. 830 

Cover photo: Muskegon Inner Pier Head Light adjacent to GLERL Muskegon 

Vessel Operations Facility. Photo courtesy of Mark Ford. 

ii 
Contents 

Introduction ....... ~ .... * ••••••••••••••••••• ~ .......................••••••••••••• ,. •••••••••••••• 1 

Non-I ndigenous Species ............................................................... 3 

Climate Variability & Global Change in Large Lakes ................ " ... 7 

Pollutant Effects ............................................................................ 13 

Marine Hazards and Water Management Research ....................... 17 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) ............. 23 

CoastWatch .................................................................................. 27 

Independent Research Projects ..................................................... 29 

Facilities and Services ................................................................... 33 

Outreach Activities ....................................................................... 41 

GLERL Seminars ........................................................................... 51 

FY 92 Staff .................................................................................... 53 

Visiting Scientists .......................................................................... 54 

FY 92 Publications ........................................................................ 57 

FY 92 Presentations ...................................................................... 62 

Acronyms ................. ~ ............................... ,. ..................................... 67 
Introduction 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), located in Ann 

Arbor, Michigan, is 1 of 11 environmental laboratories operated by the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Research (OAR), through the Environmental Research Laboratories 

Directorate. 

GLERL's mission is to conduct integrated interdisciplinary environmental research 

in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and estuarine waters, with a special emphasis on the Great Lakes. GLERL's research focuses on 

investigations to improve our understanding of the biological, chemical, and physical 

processes occurring in natural ecosystems. These processes influence the fate and 

effects of pollutants, the cycling and through-put of nutrients and energy within the 

food chain, water quality, and water quantity (lake levels and the hydrologic cycle), or 

they pose a hazard to the human population who use the natural resources of the 

ecosystem. In addition, GLERL cooperates closely with other federal, state, and local 

agencies, private industry, academia, and the general public on major environmental 

projects in the Great Lakes. 

The products of GLERL's research are available as scientific publications, NOM 

Technical Series reports, computer programs and computer-based models, brochures, 

posters, and presentations at scientific and public meetings. These products are used 

by government, educational, and private organizations for many different purposes 

ranging from informational to application and operational use. During FY 92,54 

scientific publications by GLERl authors were published, and 60 presentations were 

given by GLERL staff at scientific and public meetings and in schools. 

This report describes the significant activities and accomplishments of GlERL staff 

during the period October 1, 1991 - September 30, 1992. For general information on 

how to obtain GLERL products, see the Facilities and Services section of this report. 

GlERL's scientific programs are organized into four coordinated research programs 

considered critical to the NOAA mission and to Great Lakes problems (Marine Hazards 

and Water Management, Pollutant Effects, Non-Indigenous Species, Climate Variability 

and Global Change in large Lakes) and several independent research projects. GLERL 

also participates in several scientific studies of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program, such 

1 
as the Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) and CoastWatch 

programs. In accomplishing this research, GLERl scientists are assisted by six support 

units which provide technical, operational, and administrative assistance to the scientific staff: 

• the Administrative Office provides personnel, budget, purchasing, and facility 

information and management for the laboratory; 

• the Computer Systems Group maintains GLERl's in-house computer network, the 

interface with off-site mainframe and super computers, and provides related user 

support to GURL staff and others; 

• the library maintains a research collection tailored to GLERL staff needs and offers 

special retrieval services for materials not in the existing holdings; 

• the Marine Operations and Instrumentation Laboratory designs, builds, and maintains instruments and systems for hands-on and automated field collection of data; 

• the Publications Unit is responsible for prOViding editorial and publications support 

to GLERL staff, distributing GLERl publications, responding to related information 

requests, and designing and fabricating displays; 

• the RN Shenehon, GLERL's research vessel, is the primary platform used by GLERL 

staff for field operations on the lakes. 

Director 

GLERL's 

Organizatiooo/ 

Assistant to Director Structure. 

Publications Unit Administrative Office 

Marine Operations and Computer and Information 

Instrumentation laboratory Systems Group 

• Manne Instrumentation Lab • Computer Systems Support 

• Facilities Support • Statistical Sol\llce. 

• Vessel Operations • Library InformaUon Sol\llce. • Muskegon Vas .. 1 Operations Facility 

I 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division Physical Sciences Division 

Coordlnaled Research Programs 

- - - - - - - - Non·lndigenous Species - - - - - - - -

- - - - Climate Variability and Global Change in Large Lakes - - -

- - - - - - - - - - Pollutant Effects - - - - - - - - -

- - - - Marine Hazards and Water Management Research - - - -

Independenl Research Prefecla and other NOAA-wide programs 

2 
Non-I ndigenous Species 

The goal of the Non-Indigenous Species Coordinated Research Program is to 

expand knowledge of the biology and the ecological effects of non-indigenous 

species in the Great Lakes. 

One species, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), introduced into the Great 

Lakes in 1988, has the potential to dramatically alter trophic relationships of the entire 

ecosystem. Dreissena is a small filter-feeding bivalve that attaches to any firm substrate. This organism is a prolific breeder and is capable of increasing in numbers very 

rapidly. For instance, in the summer of 1988, densities of 200 m·l were reported in the 

intake canal of a power plant in western Lake Erie. By the summer of 1989, densities 

had increased to over 500,000 m-'. It was first discovered in Lake St. Clair in late 

spring 1988 and by fall 1989 had spread throughout lake Erie and into lake Ontario. 

On the basis of numbers and filtering capabilities (up to 1 liter of water a day per 

mussel), this species will likely have a profound impact on the cycling of materials. 

Effects of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, on the lower Food Web of 

Saginaw Bay. (Project Scientists: T.F. Nalepa, G.L. Fahnenstiel, and M.J. McCormick) 

The objectives of this project are (1) to identify and understand changes in the 

abundance, biomass, and composition of the lower food web of Saginaw Bay that have 

resulted from the invasion of the zebra mussel, (2) to construct a model of carbon flow 

through the system and determine major changes in pathways, and (3) to monitor 

changes in the abundance and distribution of the zebra mussel in the bay. 

In FY 92, samples were collected at 26 stations monthly beginning in April. In 

addition, zooplankton grazing rates were determined at six of the stations in June. 

Experiments to determine filtering rates of zebra mussels were conducted during each 

sampling period. Changes in carbon, chlorophyll, and dry weight of suspended particulates were measured over time. Abundance estimates of zebra mussels were 

obtained from the same locations as in 1991. All conductivity, temperature, and depth 

(CTD) data from the monitoring cruises were processed and archived. Ten global 

positioning system drifters were tested and used on Saginaw Bay. Each drifter internally records its position and temperature from seven thermistors at a user-selected 

time interval. 

3 
Scientist Marijo Wimmer works ill the 

Benthos Laboratory processillg zebra 

mussel samples collected/or lhe Non· 

Indigenous Species Program. 

Metabolic Physiology of the Zebra 

Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. (Project 

Scientist: T.F. Nalepa) 

This project seeks to seasonally deter. 

mine oxygen consumption and nitrogen 

excretion of zebra mussels collected from 

Lake SI. Clair, and lipid content and C:N 

ratios of soft tissue from zebra mussels. 

In FY 92, mussels were collected 

monthly from April to November in Lake 

St. Clair and Saginaw Bay. Specimens 

were analyzed for lipid content, carbon 

content, nitrogen content, and ash· free dry 

weight. 

Toxicokinetics and Bioaccumulation of Organic Contaminants by the Zebra 

Mussel. (Project Scientist: P.F. Landrum) 

This project is assessing the impact of the zebra mussel on the distribution of contaminants in ecosystems dominated by these organisms. Selected contaminants are 

from two classes of compounds, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, primarily polychlori. 

nated biphenyls (PCBs), and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHsl. These 

selected chemicals will be representative of both their class and the physical and 

chemical characteristics embodied in the chemicals as model compounds. Compounds from other chemical classes will be employed where specific characteristics 

will be helpful to determine specific processes or mechanisms of action. 

In FY 92, work continued to examine the relationship between temperature and the 

accumulation of organic contaminants from water. Measurements of toxicokinetics of 

the organic contaminant pentachlorophenol were performed to increase the data base 

for toxicokinetics in the zebra mussel. Methods development continued to determine 

the appropriate experimental design to examine the accumulation of organic contaminants from ingested particles. 

Direct Observations on the Trophic Ecology of Dreissena Early life Stages: 

The Critical Planktonic Period. (Project Scientist: H.A. Vanderploeg) 

This program is (1) observing feeding mechanisms, particle choice, and feeding rates 

of Dreissena larvae, (2) determining nutritional requirements of Dreissena larvae, and 

4 
(3) determining the vulnerability of Dreissena eggs and larvae to zooplankton. 

In FY 92, we successfully maintained adult zebra mussels in the laboratory and have 

forced them to produce viable fertilized eggs that will survive with little mortality to the 

D-shell stage-the stage at which they first start feeding. We grew DreiHena larvae 

using static and continuous culture methods with different combinations of algae. We 

have a combination of algae that have allowed growth from 110 11m, a size approaching the post veliger D-stage, to 150 11m. The experimental results point to the nutritional quality of the algae as the limiting factor. Preliminary experiments which deal 

with the predation on Dreissena by various predators were completed. 

Long Term Changes in the Resuspendable Sediments of Saginaw Bay. (Project 

Scientists: B.). Eadie, and G.L. Bell) 

In shallow systems, the behavior of particle-associated constituents are strongly 

mediated by the sediment/water exchange. The influence of this coupling on the 

concentrations, transport, and residence times of these constituents is a function of the 

extent of bioturbation and the rate of resuspension of these materials back into the 

water column. The introduction of zebra mussels into this system will likely modify the 

sediment/water exchange rate either by (1) changing the repackaging of particulate 

matter resulting in changes in sediment cohesion and resuspendibility, (2) influencing 

the development of increased macrophyte populations, or (3) changing the density/ 

distribution of benthos and thereby the rate and extent of bioturbation. 

In FY 92, we recovered the first trap deployment, analyzed ten 7-day interval mass 

and carbon fluxes, redeployed both traps, and collected biota for isotope analysis. 

Effects of the Zebra Mussel on Nutrient Cycling and Lower food Web 

Dynamics in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. (Project Scientist: W.S. Gardner) 

This task is (1) determining the direct and indirect effects of the zebra mussel on 

nutrient regeneration and uptake by various trophic components in the lower food 

web, (2) determining the effects of the zebra mussel on bacteria standing crop, cell 

size, and growth rates, (3) determining how the sources, cycling rates, and fate of labile 

dissolved organic matter are affected by the presence of the zebra mussel, (4) collecting 

and determining the "nutritional composition" of feces/pseudofeces produced by the 

zebra mussel, and (5) comparing field observations of standing stocks and process rates 

with those predicted from bottle and mesocosm experiments. 

In FY 92, a series of bottle experiments and one large mesocosm experiment were 

conducted to examine the effects of the zebra mussel on nutrient cycling and microbial 

dynamics in Saginaw Bay. Although the measurements and data handling are not yet 

complete, the following observations were made: the zebra mussel often quantitatively 

removes chlorophyll and other particles from the water, but the degree of particle 

5 
removal appears to vary seasonally and to depend on the composition of the phytoplankton in the water. In zebra mussel infested areas, zebra mussel excretion appears to be an important process that affects community nutrient regeneration rates. 

Regeneration rates for both ammonium and phosphate are directly increased in the 

presence of the zebra mussel. The presence of zebra mussels changes the abundance, 

size, and activity of bacteria in the water. Bacterial-sized particles were removed more 

rapidly from the water column in the presence of zebra mussels than in their absence, 

but at this time, we do not know whether the effect is direct or indirect. Zebra mussels 

affect the ability of the microbial community to take up and regenerate phosphorus, but 

the magnitude of this effect is dependent on how the zebra mussel responds to the 

existing phytoplankton communities. 

Ecology of an Invader: the Physiological Ecology of Bythotrephes and its 

Direct Effect on Food Web Structure in the Great Lakes. (Project Scientist: H.A. 

Vanderploeg) 

Objectives of the program are to (1) determine in situ selectivity and predation rates 

of Bythotrephes cederstroemi on zooplankton in the Great Lakes and examine the 

effect of Bythotrephes on food web structure, (2) determine spatial distribution of 

Bythotrephes and its prey, and relate vertical distribution to light climate, (3) directly 

observe predation mechanisms of Bythotrephes using Schlieren videography to observe 

swimming and attacks and use high-speed videography to observe prey handling of 

tethered animals, (4) determine nitrogen excretion, lipid content, respiration, and 

reproductive condition of 8ythotrephes to understand its bioenergetics, life-cycle 

strategy, and ability to survive in the Great Lakes, and (5) develop a model of selective 

predation by Bythotrephes to predict its impact on Great Lakes community structure. 

In FY 92, partial results of 8ythotrephes predation were completed and some analysis 

of population data collected in FY 90 and 91 were completed. This program will be 

terminated in FY 93 due to lack of funds. 

Zooplankton Grazing vs. Zebra Mussel Filtering in Saginaw Bay. (Project 

Scientists: H.A. Vanderploeg, and G.A. Lang) 

This project, initiated this year, will (1) determine zooplankton grazing at Saginaw 

Bay master stations at monthly intervals from spring to fall, (2) build a model to predict 

zooplankton grazing and production from zooplankton data collected in this study and 

in the Saginaw Bay monitoring study, and (3) build a model to predict zebra mussel 

filtering rates from biomass data collected in the Saginaw Bay monitoring study and 

compare them with zooplankton grazing results. In FY 93, it is anticipated that field 

data on zooplankton and Dreissena abundance will be examined, and development of 

a model to predict grazing will be initiated. 

6 
Climate Variability and Global 

Change in Large Lakes 

The Great lakes are an excellent sites for climate change research due to 

the existence of both physical and biological/chemical measurable signals, 

existence of long-term records, ongoing physical process studies, and the 

importance of resources (a multi-billion dollar sport and commercial fishery, fresh 

drinking water for a large segment of the U.S. population, a multi-billion dollar com· 

mercial transportation waterway, etc.). large lakes, including the laurentian Great 

Lakes, are "closed systems" with boundaries on spatial scales and with processes that 

make them more tractable for study than the oceans. Many of the environmental 

situations which make some of the oceanic systems desirable for study of climate 

change are also present in the Great lakes and can be studied with smaller logistical 

budgets. Comparative studies of long-term changes between the Great Lakes and other 

lakes of the world may be possible and would strengthen assessment of global change 

patterns. The goal of this program is to develop a comprehensive, integrated, interdisciplinary research program on climate change/variability in large lakes. 

North American Temperature Characteristics. (Project Scientist: S.J. Boisenga) 

The objective of this new program is to (1) present the temperature patterns over the 

North American continent and particularly the Great Lakes for 1 O-year periods in the 

form of isoline charts, compute differences between the periods, and analyze changes! 

trends in the patterns, and (2) conduct a program of collaborative research with the 

National Climatic Data Center to determine temperature trends. 

In FY 92, monthly temperature data for the U.S., Canada, and Mexico were obtained. The data sets were processed to computer files, ordered by year, and then 

combined into a master North American set. A first cut of grid processing was estab· 

lished to translate these station data to monthly gridded data. Annual, 5-year, 10-year, 

and 1901-1987 averages were computed. Software to produce temperature maps for 

North America was written and used to generate numerous draft charts. An informal 

agreement with the National Climatic Data Center was drafted. 

Snow Mapping and Characteristics. (Project Scientist: 5.). Bolsenga) 

The objectives of this program are to (I) compile monthly, yearly, and period of 

record snowfall maps for the Great lakes basin and other areas of the world (Figure 1), 

7 
" 

W 

Q 

.... '" i= 

.. ...l 

X 

.... 

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fJl •• 

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MONGOLIA: Snowdeplh (em) - IO.XI.1990 

COLUMNS 

l('lorn~l"u 

''0 un .~G ~'tt 

N 

• 

DEGREES EAST LONGITUDE 

17 

Figure 1. PrelimilUJry snowdepth cfwrtfor the Republic of Mongolia. Cfwrt is machine· 

calculated from Mongolian drJkl. Paucity of drJta in the mountainous areas (middle Northern 

portion) produced contours tfwt must be corrected during another phase of this research. 

(2) analyze the spatial and temporal variation of the snowfall, and (3) develop quantitative relationships between northern hemisphere circulation patterns and Great lakes 

snowfall/snow cover. 

In FY 92, final Great lakes basin snowfall maps were produced for publication. 

Snow depth data were obtained for the Republic of Mongolia, and snow depth maps 

were produced. A snow mapping system is being transferred to scientists in that 

country. 

Effect of Climate Change on Large-Lake Ice Cycles. (Project Scientists: R.A. Assel, 

and D.M. Robertson) 

The duration and extent of ice cover on the Great lakes have a major impact on the 

economy of the region by impeding commercial navigation, interfering with hydropower production and cooling water intakes, and damaging shore structures. The ice 

cover also impacts the water balance of the lake by affecting lake evaporation and 

other heat and momentum transfers. The biology and chemistry of the lakes are also 

affected by the length and extent of ice cover. Climate change associated with global 

warming will significantly affect the ice cover which, in turn, will affect other physical, 

chemical, and biological processes. 

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In FY 92, a conceptual lake-averaged thermodynamics ice cover model was linked 

with GlERl's lake evaporation model and calibrated using observed ice cover data for 

lakes Erie, Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Ontario. 

Preliminary analysis of trends in freeze-up/break-up dates for Grand Traverse Bay 

starting in 1851 were made as part of a collaborative project with the University of 

Wisconsin to make a retrospective analysis of a large lake ecosystem. long-term trends 

were compared with trends for ice event dates for lake Mendota. Freeze-up and 

break-up dates are an index of integrated air temperatures prior to each event date. Air 

temperature ice event date models were constructed and used to estimate average 

seasonal air temperature for periods when mean freeze-up and mean break-up dates 

changed. 

Thermal Structure Monitoring for Climate Change. (Project Scientist: 

M.J. McConnick) 

The main objectives of this project are (1) to develop improved climatological 

information (via observations, new instrumentation, and improved analysis) on the 

distribution and variability of coastal and offshore temperatures and to study their 

dependence on meteorological and hydrological forces with emphasis on potential 

changes in climate, and (2) to concurrently provide data for improving numerical 

models that can simulate and predict the thermal structure in the lakes. 

In FY 92, all subsurface moorings were successfully retrieved and the data were 

recovered. A new surface thermistor string mooring is being tried at the lake Michigan 

site. All thermistor chain data were archived. 

Current Velocity Profile Measurements in the Straits of Mackinac Using 

Acoustic Doppler Current Profllers_ (Project Scientist: G.S. Mi lIer) 

This program is (1) measuring current profiles in strongly stratified shear flow, (2) 

relating these data to the numerous bi·lake hydraulic and hydrodynamic forcing processes, and (3) providing the framework for a future expanded study of the water 

volume transport process through the straits. 

In FY 92, initial monthly and 136-day net volume flow estimates were computed, 

and an expanded program was developed to study strait dynamics and the physical, 

chemical, and biological interactions with lakes Michigan and Huron. 

Winter Ecology in Lakes. (Project Scientists: H.A. Vanderploeg, and S.J. Bolsenga) 

This program involves laboratory and field studies to determine the effects of ice 

cover on ecological and related processes for selected sites on Great Slave lake in the 

Canadian Northwest Territories (Figure 2) On collaboration with the Canadian National 

9 
Figure 2. Tent used/or biological 

sampling dJJring -5(»F conditions In a 

joint Canadion/U.S. under-Ice ecolgy 

program on Great Slave Lake in the 

Canadion Northwest Territories. 

Hydrology Research Institute), on 

Laurentian Great Lakes, on the Mongolian large lakes, and on certain 

small lakes to contrast impacts. We 

have thus far completed a l-week 

pilot sampling and a 3-week field 

study. Data analysis is underway. 

Impacts of Climate Change on the Hydrology of the North American Great 

Lakes. (Project Scientist: T.E. Croley II) 

The primary goal of this task is to determine potential impacts of future climate 

change on the hydrology of the Great Lakes basin, and specifically on net basin supplies. Of particular concern is how various climate regimes may affect variability from 

year to year in net basin supplies and in lake levels. 

In FY 92, two geographic areas, representing potential future climates in the Great 

Lakes basin, were chosen. They represent "hot and dry" and "hot and wet" possibilities for the Great Lakes. The density of meteorological stations needed for the hydrologic modeling effort and the data format and media for data transfer were identified_ 

Coupled Hydrosphere Atmosphere Research Model. (Project Scientist: 

T.E. Croley II) 

This new research project will assess climate change impacts within the Great Lakes 

basin by (1) developing a Coupled Hydrologic Atmospheric Research Model (CHARM) 

from existing atmospheric and hydrologic models, utilizing two-way dynamic interactive feedbacks, and estimation of large-scale parameter impacts of climate change, (2) 

enhancing CHARM and fine-scale climate change impact estimates with secondgeneration, two-dimensional hydrologic models of lake thermal flux (and later, land 

surface parameterizations for runoff), and (3) refining climate-change estimates from 

other mesoscale modeling efforts by developing one-way linkages between them and 

existing Great Lakes hydrology models. A major focus in FY 93 will be to couple 

existing large-scale basin hydrology and lake evaporation models with an atmospheric 

model developed at the Air Resources laboratory. 

10 
Climate Impacts on large lake Hydrology. (Project Scientist: T.E. Croley II) 

In this program, which ended in FY 92 and has been reorganized into different tasks, 

accomplishments include compiling Soviet data for the Caspian Sea Basin, collecting 

General Circulation Model (GCM) climate-warming scenarios over the U.S. and Russia, 

and assessing GCM simulations to jOintly study the hydrological aspects of climatic 

change over Russia. Other accomplishments are described under the dCHARM" task 

(above). 

Climate Variability Using Chaotic Dynamics. (Project Scientist: P.c. Lill) 

The objective of this study is to explore the applicability of chaotic dynamics for the 

analysis of Great lakes climate changes as well as other physical and biogeochemical 

processes. 

In FY 92, we developed an analysis program based on the Widely used "embedding" 

method for calculating basic and generalized correlation dimensions to assess the 

chaotic characteristics of given time series. We also applied the preliminary analysis 

techniques to the study of Great lakes monthly water level data as well as wind-wave 

ti me series. 

Ecological Modeling. (Project Scientist: G.L. Pernie) 

Collection of a detailed data set capable of separating normal seasonal dynamics and 

year-to-year variability from long-term changes will be necessary to detect climatedriven effects. This data set will also be useful in detecting long-term changes due to 

nutrient loadings, exotic species invasions, fish management, and other general ecological events. 

The primary objective of this project is to monitor plankton dynamics to recognize 

changes due to climate change caused by increasing atmospheric CO,. Increases in 

atmospheric CO, may lead to changes in temperature, the onset and duration of 

thermal stratifications, and critical inorganic carbon dynamics-all of which are important ecological functions and could lead to substantial changes in Great lakes ecology. 

We have been routinely monitoring several critical biological, chemical, and physical 

parameters. Sampling is done so that detailed seasonal and vertical variations will be 

detected. Special attention is given to frontal formations, since the major impacts due 

to temperature change will most likely occur during this time. We will also develop a 

computer data base capable of compiling and presenting the monitoring data in a 

manner that will be accessible to interested scientists and agencies. 

11 
Poll utant Effects 

This program pursues research to increase our understanding of the dynamics 

and effects of contaminants in the ecosystem. The conceptual framework for 

this research will be the basic toxicological concept that effects are related to 

the attainment of a critical dose of contaminant for a specific duration. This research 

will strive for a generic understanding of contaminant dynamics and effects that can 

be applied to many different systems using sites and processes from the Great Lakes 

as specific examples. The research effort will combine process studies and mathematical modeling to improve our understanding and ability to predict contaminant 

fate and effects in the Great Lakes. The program focuses on toxic organic contaminants with primary emphasis on exposure and effects and a lesser emphasis on fate 

and assessment. Since the role of contaminated sediments remains among the least 

well understood, but probably among the most important of the exposure pathways, 

much of the current research is focused on sediment-associated contaminants and 

exposure to benthos. 

Contaminant Effects and the Relationship to Exposure. (Project Scientist: 

P.F. landrum) 

This project will focus on developing the relationship between contaminant 

exposure and contaminant effects on biota. To accomplish this goal, new bioassays 

will be developed, and the body burdens required to elicit the effects of these 

contaminants will be studied. 

In FY 92, Diporeia spp. were exposed to pyrene contaminated sediments, and 

both mortality and pyrene accumulation were followed. The lethal body burden for 

Diporeia was 9.4 ~mol!g. A similar experiment was performed with Lumbriculus 

variegatus, however, the doses were not enough to produce sufficient mortality to 

determine an LD50 (dose required to produce 50% mortality). Mortality and avoidance bioa~say data using Saginaw Bay and Saginaw River sediments were combined 

and analyzed as a preliminary assessment of sediment contamination in this system. 

Solid phase bioassays using Diporeia spp. were performed on sediments from the 

Raritan Estuary to evaluate the utility of this assay for estuarine environments and 

from the Saginaw River to evaluate the extent of toxicity reduction achieved by one 

treatment technique under evaluation. Raritan Estuary sediments were collected as 

13 
part of the National Status and Trends Program; Saginaw River sediments were provided 

by the Corps of Engineers as part of the U.S. EPA's Assessment and Remediation of 

Contaminated Sediments Program. 

Physical and Biological Diagenetic Processes in Sediments. (Project Scientist: P.F. 

Landrum) 

This research examined feeding, burrowing, and other locomotive activities of benthic 

invertebrates which contribute to sediment bioturbation and the effect of contaminants 

on these processes. The effect of bioturbation processes on porosity, particle size 

distribution, and distribution of organic matter including contaminants is also examined. 

In FY 92, the reworking rates, an estimate of the rate of bioturbation, for several 

marine invertebrates were determined. Further, the reworking rates for selected marine 

benthic assemblages were investigated using intact cores collected from Tampa Bay, 

Florida. Bioturbation rates were greatest for sediments containing the more diverse 

assemblages and for sandier sediments. A range finding study of the effect of DDT on 

Heteromastus filiformis feeding was performed in preparation for the examination of the 

effect of DDT on bioturbation rate. 

Particle Transport and Contaminant Cycling in the Upper Great Lakes. (Project 

Scientist: B.l. Eadie) 

The objectives of this program are (1) to collect settling material in Lakes Michigan, 

Huron, and Superior, (2) to estimate mass and organic carbon fluxes from these trap 

samples, (3) to measure the decomposition rate of substrate organic matter, and (4) to 

measure a suite of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and estimate fluxes and 

recycl i ng rates. 

In FY 92, samples were analyzed and mass fluxes calculated. Carbon has been 

analyzed on some samples. 

Long-Term Trends in Benthic Populations. (Project Scientist: T.F. Nalepa) 

The objectives of this project are to first determine trends in benthic populations in 

selected areas of the Great Lakes, and, if trends are detected, to determine the most 

probable reasons for the changes observed. 

In FY 92, all samples collected in Saginaw Bay in 1987-88 were processed. This 

includes the identification and length measurements of all oligochaetes. Length measurements of Diporeia in samples collected in southern Lake Michigan in 1986-87 were 

initiated. Samples were collected in spring, summer, and fall at 40 stations in southern 

Lake Michigan. In addition, 3 extra samples were collected at 10 stations on each 

sampling date. These samples will be given to personnel from the Canadian Center for 

Inland Waters for processing as part of the EPA Mapping Program (E-Map) agreement. 

14 
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Bioavailability of Sediment-Associated Toxic Organic Contaminants. (Project 

Scientist: P.F. Landrum) 

This program seeks to (1) determine the assimilation efficiency of Diporeia sp. for 

ingested sediment-associated organic pollutants, (2) continue to develop the data 

required to improve the parameterization of a mechanistic bioaccumulation model, (3) 

validate the kinetics data obtained with laboratory-manipulated sediments by exposing 

Diporeia sp. to field-collected sediments containing similar contaminants, and (4) 

continue to develop simulation models for sediment-associated toxicants to better 

understand the bioavailable sources within the sediments and determine if transfer of 

sediment-associated toxicants to the food chain is significant. 

In FY 92, methodology to measure the assimilation efficiency of organic contaminants from ingested sediment was investigated. Examination of the extent of exposure 

for benthic organisms Chironomus riparius, Lumbricuus variegatu5, and Diporeia 

exposed to differing representations of sediment; whole sediment, interstitial water, 

and elutriates (prepared as a 4:1 water to sediment ratio) suggests that the organisms in 

the whole sediment accumulate more'compound (Figure 3), and the contaminant in 

the sediments is much more available. The potential use of polydimethylsiloxane 

(PDMS) as a tracer of contaminant assimilation is under investigation. This material 

may be a better tracer than SlCr for the organic contaminants. The importance of 

organic carbon as a tracer of contaminants in sediments was examined by exposing 

Diporeia to sediments collected from several sites in lake Michigan. 

Figure 30. Accumulatlcll of BoP after Figure 3b. Accumulation of trans-Chlardtme 

96 heur exposures. after 96heur exposures. 

120000 

• Dlporela • Dlporela 

mil C. riparius 100000 Iii!! C. riparius 

~ 

~ 80000 • L. variegatus 

.~ 60000 :i 

::> 

E 

::> 

~ 40000 

20000 

0 

Sediment Elutriate Porewater Sediment Elutriate Porewatar 

15 
Assessment of Chemical Extractability and Bioavailability of SedimentAssociated Pollutants. (Project Scientist: P.L. Van Hoof) 

This project will assess the importance of environmental factors such as contact time 

and weathering on HOC sorption to sediment and bioaccumulation by the benthic 

organism Diporeia sp. Currently, a major topic of interest in assessing the exposure of 

persistent HOCs to benthic organisms is the relative importance of uptake via the bulk 

overlying water, interstitial porewater, or ingestion of sediment. Two factors often 

neglected in laboratory studies which may significantly influence the extent of sorption 

are pollutant-sediment contact time and physicochemical processes involved with 

environmental weathering. There is a significant need to compare benthic organisms 

accumulation of HOCs from laboratory-dosed sediment exposure to accumulation 

obtained from field-contaminated sediments. The use of chemical extraction kinetics 

to assess bioavailability will also be explored. This project has just recently begun; 

plans for FY 93 include methodology development, time course extraction examinations, design and construction of new equipment, and comparison of uptake rates 

between field-contaminated sediments and laboratory-dosed sediments for Diporeia sp. 

Bioenergetics of the Great lakes Amphipod Diporeia sp. (Project Scientist: M.A. 

Quigley) 

The overall project objective is to obtain a detailed energy (carbon flow) budget in 

Diporeia sp. 

In FY 92, estimates of the annual and seasonal carbon budgets for Diporeia in lake 

Michigan were completed. Work continued on the parameterization of the amphipod 

bioenergetics model using the available literature and the results of the long-term 

trends and carbon budget analyses. 

16 
Marine Hazards and Water 

Management Research 

Great Lakes water is used for drinking, power generation, commercial 

shipping, recreation, and supports an extensive commercial and sport 

fishery. Both natural (evaporation) and anthropogenic (diversions, consumptive use) influences threaten this valuable resource. Astute water management must be 

practiced to preserve the Great Lakes water supply. Portions of this program, currently 

and in the past, have related to prediction, climatology, statistics for decision making, 

process studies, and interfaces with policy and decision makers. Marine hazards are a 

result of a variety of environmental phenomena. These hazards can threaten loss of 

lives or property and cause social or economic disruption. Large waves, high and low 

lake levels, heavy snowfalls, ice, and erosion are significant hazards in the Great lakes 

system and (with the exception of low lake levels) in other coastal areas as well. Human-caused hazards also pose serious threats, especially spills of petroleum products 

and chemicals. This program is providing models and other service products to assist 

in marine hazard prediction, emergency response, damage prevention and reduction, 

and more effective management of water resources. 

Great Lakes Evaporation and Heat Storage. (Project Scientist: T.E. Croley II) 

This program seeks to (1) derive lake surface temperature and cloud cover models 

using NOAA and Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data, (2) 

classify and interpret lake surface temperature patterns with special respect to weather 

situations, (3) develop a lake surface temperature model on the basis of NOAA satellite 

data to derive surface temperature patterns when no satellite data are available, and (4) 

develop and refine spatially distributed models of the heat fluxes at the lake surface by 

using satellite and meteorological data, including a model, to determine lake evaporation (Figure 4). 

In FY 92, new cloud-testing algorithms were under development to enable automatic 

cloud masking of the ayailable NOM CoastWatch data. Algorithms were developed 

to correlate temperature images from different dates and to correlate temperature 

images with other spatial data sets (bathymetry, for instance). 

17 
Lake Superior 

Evaporation 

Annual Mean (1956-1985) 

Evaporation r mmJ 

I 

680 

Figure 4. Mean annual evaporali01l 

palterns for Lake Superior. The spatial 

average was 552 mm. Evaporation 

reaches values of 600 mm in the 

southwestern port of Ihe lake, while in 

the eastern lake area, evaporatt'on is 

mostly under 500 mm. 

Great Lakes Hydrology and Ice Databases. (Project Scientists: R.A. Assel, and D.H. 

lee) 

This program develops and maintains historical Great lakes hydrology and ice cover 

data bases. It develops and maintains geographic information data bases of the Great 

Lakes basin and I inks the hydrology and ice cover data bases with the geographic data 

bases for spatial analysis. 

In FY 92, we began digitizing historical pre-1948 monthly precipitation data for the 

Great Lakes states, established Internet computer communications for more efficient 

communication and transfer of hydrometeorological/ ecological data with outside 

agencies, completed and distributed an International Great Lakes datum brochure, and 

collected and archived historical Great Lakes ice charts from the NOANNavy Joint Ice 

Center for the winter of 1991-1992. 

Lake Circulation and Thermal Structure Modeling. (Project Scientists: D.J. Schwab, 

M.J. McCormick, and W.P. O'Connor) 

The objectives of this project are (1) to develop and test improved hydrodynamic 

models that can simulate and predict the three-dimensional structure of currents and 

temperatures in the Great Lakes, and (2) to extend the models to simulate and predict 

the transport and diffusion of pollutants and nutrients, and participate in coupling these 

models to aquatic ecology and water quality models. 

18 
In FY 92, routine operation of the Great Lakes Forecasting System at Ohio State 

University was accomplished and techniques developed for analysis of marine winds, 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) 

data, and water level data were all incorporated into the prototype Great Lakes Forecasting System. 

Great Lakes Water Level Statistics for Decision Making. (Project Scientists: F.H. 

Quinn, and loR. Herche) 

The long-term objective of this project is to develop improved water level statistics 

that reflect (1) existing hydrologic and hydraulic conditions, (2) the long lag response of 

the lakes to meteorologic variability, (3) secular changes in climatic regimes, and (4) 

the needs of diverse Great Lakes decision makers. 

In FY 92, progress was made by (1) evaluating appropriate time series models of net 

basin supplies and exploring the properties of the historical data, (2) developing a 

stochastic evaporation time series model, (3) creating a regulations and routing model 

capable of simulation of long-series of water levels, and (4) assessing water level 

information needs, developing decision-making techniques, and identifying future 

statistical products. 

Objective Analysis of Great Lakes Marine Meteorological Observations. 

(Project Scientist: O.J. Schwab) 

The main objective of this project is to develop and test improved techniques for 

objective analysis of overwater meteorological fields and to apply these techniques to 

practical problems of hindcasting and forecasting winds, waves, storm surges, and lake 

circulation. 

In FY 92, Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center (FNOC) Field by Information 

Blending and Smoothing (FIBS) winds were compared to wind fields analyzed by 

nearest-neighbor and inverse distance weighting schemes. When used to drive a Lake 

Erie storm surge model, smoothed nearest neighbor wind fields appeared to provide the 

most realistic storm surge simulations (Figure 5). 

Assessment of Shallow-Water Effects on Wind Waves. (Project Scientists: P.c. Uu, 

and O.J. Schwab) 

Using field measurements, data analyses, analytical techniques, and numerical 

models, this program seeks to (1) quantitatively assess the importance of shallow water 

effects on wind waves in the Great Lakes, (2) identify as well as quantify the circumstances and locations in which shallow water effects have a significant impact on deep 

water waves, and (3) improve understanding and prediction techniques of shallow 

water waves. 

19 
f:'! 

<I> 

10 

:::i 

Case 3 

1.5 

1.0 

~ 

0.5 

0.0 :--

- -<l.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

80 

1.5 ~ 

-- 1.0 if: 

0.5 r: 

Water Level Displacement (m) at Buffalo 

. .MI ~t.. J ~ ,j, 

~ '-v{I" - .. 

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 

Julian Day 

Water Level Displacement (m) at Toledo 

89 

. 

: 

: 

... 

oiff .... O'02 

RMSE.O.12 

CO""O.90 

j 

:: 

~ 

90 Diff,. 0.03 

RMSE.0.14 

Corr- 0.91 

:: : 

f:'! 

l!! 0.0 L ~~ A. fA. A. "" /I !rJ. .M~ 

~ 

f:'! 

* ::; 

"" 

-0.5 

·1.0 

~ 

~ 

f- -1.5 ~> 

80 

1.5 

1.0 

:: -

0.5 

= 

0.0 

-0.5 

1= I1= 

-1.0 

-1.5 E. 

80 

81 

81 

" ~ ~~ ."V vw rUFV' 

V 

~ 

82 83 84 85 as 67 88 

JuHan Day 

Water Level Displacement (m) at Cleveland 

d 1M .AI Il. iIIo ... 

,. v: Vr:'f' 

....... 

82 83 84 85 as 87 88 

Julian Day 

89 

89 

--: 

: 

: 

: 

.: 

90 Diff. 0.00 

RMSE.O.06 

Corr-0.60 

: 

-

...... -

: 

-

: 

: 

: 

-

: 

90 

Figure 5. Observed (heavy 

line) and calculated (dashed 

line) water levels during a 

JO-day storm episode in 

March 1991. Smoothed, 

nearest-neighbor 

interpolated wind fields Were 

used for the calculations. 

In FY 92, we successfully developed preliminary wavelet transform data analysis 

programs. 

Analysis and Forecasting of Great Lakes Wind Fields. (Project Scientists: 

D.l. Schwab, and W.P. O'Connor) 

The primary objectives of this recently initiated study are to test, evaluate, and refine 

marine boundary layer physics in the mesoscale models for wind predictions over the 

20 
Great Lakes. Specifically, the focus will be on testing Eta-coordinate model performance over the Great lakes region, looking for necessary changes in the grid representation of the coast line geometry and topography, and modifying the boundary layer 

physics to improve the model's performance. Also, improved coastal wind analysis 

techniques will be developed using the better coverage of wind measurements provided by the deployment of future satellites, aircraft winds, and the National Weather 

Service's (NW5) Next Generation Doppler Radar network. 

In FY 93, we will participate in the evaluation of regional coastal meteorological 

forecasts for the Great Lakes based on a National Mari ne Center (NMC) model. NMC 

regional forecasts will also be tested for application to the operational Great Lakes 

wind wave forecast program al Cleveland and for use in the Great lakes Forecasting 

system in collaboration with Ohio State University. 

Next Generation Runoff Models. (Project Scientist: D.H. Lee) 

This new project will develop next generation runoff models with gridded land 

surface parameterizations at scales from 1 to 30 km, which can be incorporated into 

mesoscale atmospheric models and water supply simulation and forecasting packages, 

and implement the improved models at agencies responsible for water resources 

forecasting and management. 

In FY 93, we will survey the literature to assess state-of-the-art runoff modeling, 

define land surface parameterizations of the next generation runoff model, and acquire 

land surface spatial data. 

Great Lakes Evaporation, Forecasting, and Simulation. (Project Scientist: 

T.E. Croley II) 

In this program, which ended in FY 92 and has been reorganized into different tasks, 

accomplishments include the following: compared GlERl and Corps of Engineers net 

water supply forecasts, determined probabilistic outlook methodology for Great Lakes 

hydrology, integrated one-dimensional flow routing models for the SI. lawrence River, 

continued improving the quality of the hydrometeorological data base and finished 

building the hydrometeorological station data base, completed Great Lakes response 

simulations to extreme climate scenarios, developed and distributed a set of lake levels 

and flows which reflect a consistent hydraulic regime in the Great lakes-51. lawrence 

River system, developed estimates of present consumption of Great lakes water based 

on data collected by the Great Lakes Commission and U.S. Geological Survey, and 

investigated the pre-1900 SI. Clair River flow regime by using measurements and data 

from dredging between 1860 and 1902. 

21 
NECOP 

N ECOP is one of a series of NOAA-wide programs dealing with major problems in the coastal ocean. The central hypothesis is that increased nutrient 

input from the Mississippi River has led to increased productivity, with 

undesirable consequences. GLERL is involved in several studies that have been underway for 2 years. 

GLERL scientist Dale Dong assists in. 

the deployment of the conductivity/ 

temperature/depth (em) sampler into 

the Gulf of Mexico aboard the RIV 

Longhom 

The Fate and Effects of Riverine (and 

Shelf-Derived) Dissolved Organic 

Carbon and Nitrogen on Mississippi 

River Plume/Gulf Shelf Processes. 

(Project Scientists: W.S. Gardner, and 

B.). Eadie) 

The objectiVes of this study are to define 

the chemical and isotopic composition of 

riverine and Mississippi River Plume/Gulf 

Shelf (MRP/GS) dissolved organic nitrogen 

(DON) and determine the biological 

reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and DON. 

In FY 92, our high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine 

ratio of 15NH. to total NH. was automated and improved to make it a practical and 

precise method for isotope dilution experiments being conducted in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Ammonium regeneration rates were higher in the summer than in the winter. 

They were also higher in surface waters near the Mississippi River outflow than at 

stations farther offshore. in the plume or in the river. In the productive regions, ammonium regeneration rates were higher in the upper portion of the water column than in 

regions below the euphotic zone. Methods were developed to concentrate and mao 

nipulate bacteria from seawater to assess their importance in regenerating ammonium 

relative to other heterotrophic organisms. Measurement of ammonium regeneration 

23 
rates, in conjunction with manipulation of microbial biomass, indicated that heterotrophic bacteria regenerated a significant portion (50%) of the Mississippi River 

plume (MRP) but were responsible for a smaller fraction of total regeneration at other 

sites. 

Retrospective Analysis of Nutrient-Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity in 

Sediments from the Louisiana Continental Shelf. (Project Scientists: B.). Eadie, and 

J.A. Robbins) 

The objectives of this program are to (1) identify areas in the coastal region where 

sediments with coherent geochronologies of approximately 200 years can be collected, 

and (2) examine the selected cores for tracers of past water and ecosystem conditions 

(e.g. carbon, nitrogen, diatom frustules, and stable isotopes). 

In FY 92, we completed analysis of 1990-91 cores for lipids and lignins. These 

results confirmed our stable isotope results showing the presence of increased levels of 

coastal production in recent sediments. We also participated in a major sediment 

cruise in April 1992. Cores were collected to extend our program into pore water and 

diagenesis work. These data are partially analyzed. 

Buoyancy and Nutrient Exchange in the Mississippi River Outflow Region. 

(Project Scientists: A.M. Bratkovich, and S.P. Dionel) 

The primary objectives of this study are to establish a historical relationship between 

buoyancy and nutrient fluxes for the Mississippi Atchafalaya River (MAR) system and to 

quantitatively determine the scales of variability for buoyancy and nutrient fields in a 

shelf region dominated by riverine sources. 

In FY 92, we continued field work and analysis of both the historical data base and 

new data. We processed cruise CTD data for May 1992 and submitted it to the 

NECOP data base. 

Primary Production and Vertical Flux of Organic Carbon. (Project Scientists: G.L. 

Fahnenstiel, D.G. Redalje, and S.E. Lohrenz) 

This research is addressing the following objectives: (1) characterize photoautotrophic community dynamics in relation to optical conditions, nutrient inputs, and 

other aspects of the physical and chemical environment, (2) examine the relationship 

between phytoplankton production, growth, and biomass, and the vertical export of 

fixed carbon from the surface waters of the MRP/IGS (Inner Gulf Shelf), and (3) develop 

conceptual and predictive models which describe the production and fate of fixed 

carbon as a function of optical conditions, nutrient inputs, and other environmental 

variables. 

24 
In FY 92, we completed two research cruises and continued development and 

implementation of the production model. 

Suspended Sediment on the Louisiana Continental Shelf: Concentrations, 

Compositions, and Transport Pathways. (Project Scientist: N. Hawley) 

This completed study had three major objectives: (1) to map the spatial distribution 

and, to the extent possible, the temporal variations of suspended particulate material 

(SPM) concentrations and composition in the MRP and adjacent shelf water, (2) to 

determine, within the limits imposed by the budget, the importance of lateral transport 

of SPM in the study region, and (3) to determine the relationships between the existence and extent of nepheloid layers and other characteristics of the water column such 

as vertical temperature and salinity structure, ambient current velocity, wave activity, 

and river discharge. 

In FY 92, all available data were processed and plotted. Only one resuspension 

event occurred during the second cruise at station 1. 

25 
CoastWatch 

C oastWatch is a NOAA-wide program within the Coastal Ocean Program. As 

a CoastWatch Regional Site, GLERL is establishing operations of the Great 

Lakes Regional National Ocean Communications Network (NOCN) Node 

(RNN), identifying regional CoastWatch users and their NOAA data needs, and supplying useful products to participants in the Great Lakes CoastWatch Program. 

Great lakes CoastWatch Product Development and Research. (Project Scientist: 

GA leshkevichl 

The objectives of this task are to evaluate and help validate Great lakes CoastWatch 

products, provide input to the National Environmental Satellite Data Information 

Service (NESDIS) for product needs and development, and research and develop 

products and uses specific to the Great lakes region using CoastWatch data. 

In FY 92, we (1) participated in verification of new Sea Surface Temperature (SST) 

algorithms for the Great lakes, (2) began receiving Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 

workstation hardware and software and some Earth Resources Satellite (ERS)-1 SAR 

data, (3) completed preliminary evaluation of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scene 

for use in chlorophyll mapping, and (4) incorporated 15 federal, state, and local agencies and academic institutions into the program as local CoastWatch sites. 

27 

Hydrolcgisl Debra Lee 

examines CoaslWalch 

producls in/he Image 

Processing Laboratory. 
I ndependent Research Projects 

S

everal independent research projects are also included in the GLERL research 

program. These projects are considered important to the GLERL mission, but do 

not currently integrate into one of the coordinated research programs. 

Environmental Radiotracers. (Project Scientist: J.A. Robbins) 

This project encompasses studies of diverse aquatic systems and emphasizes the use 

of radiotracers to identify and model fundamental lake/watershed transport processes. 

Objectives of the program are (1) to identify principal transport mechanisms in aquatic 

systems and determine associated space-time scales and rates, (2) to investigate and 

quantify sediment depositional and geochemical processes, (3) to develop geochronological information from sediment radionuclide profiles for paleolimnological studies, 

(4) to determine and account for relationships between system loadings and sedimentary records of tracers, contaminants, and other constituents, and (5) to apply techniques, insights, and models arising from radiotracer studies to specific problems of 

ecosystem dynamiCS, environmental contamination, and regional effects of climate 

change. 

Some of the accomplishments for FY 92 in this project include (1) analysis of cores 

from two reference sites for gamma emitters, (2l analysis of samples from 1991 collections in Lake Erie for lead-21 0 dating and BSi analysis, (3) completion of additional 

work on geochronological and transport modeling of contaminants in lake George 

sediments (Figure 5), (4) development of proper error propagation calculations for 

widely used geochronological point transformations, (5) currently analyzing cores 

collected in the Lake Ontario Comprehensive Study, (6) analyzed cores from lakes in 

Michigan's Upper Peninsula to determine the extent of contamination by copper 

mining, and (7) processed cores from Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories for 

gamma radionuclides to determine feasibility of a more extended project on the lake's 

history. 

Exchange Processes in Coastal Environments. (Project Scientist: A. W. Bratkovich) 

This project seeks to observe, analyze, and quantitatively characterize exchange 

processes impacting variable fields of environmental concern. An essential first step in 

this sequence is to measure (observe) a range of physical, biological, or chemical fields 

29 
4.0 

3.0 1--

x 

-i!5 2.0 

.s 

1.0 

0.0 

175lW 

Contamination Index 

CR, FE, MN, Pb, TC, TP, TN, and Zn 

n 

: 

T[ -_.,. ... _._. 

lei, ,-, .. " ......... -

-'--'" ;J' ~ 1,.,-.-

1810.0 1870.0 1930.0 

m 

-_. 

~ 

~~,~" ..... '"' 

1900.0 

Lake George 

Monitoring 

Site - LG86 

Figure 6. Contamination index versus time in a dated sediment core from Lake George. The index 

measures the impact of a suite of contaminants on benthic animals relative to background. lillie 

change occurred during the period of early selliement and forest clearance (I: 1750-1900). With 

industrialization and urban development (1I: 1900-1960), impacts increased rapidly to values far 

exceeding those expected to make sediments largely uninhabitable During the period of industrial 

decline and environmental remediation (lll: 1960-present). the index has decreased, but surface 

sediments remain significantly impaired. and highest levels of contamination are probably still within 

reach of some organisms potentiaUy recolonizing sediments. 

Biogenic Silica Concentration 4.0.-----=====-=~:::.:.;.:~::..:...----,.---;--.., 

m 

0.0 ____ --'-____ -'-_1--__ ...l.-__ --1---.!J 1 

1750.0 1810.0 1870.0 1930.0 1990.0 

Figure 6 (cont). Concentratlan of Bsi measures amounts of diatom exoskeletons in sediments and thus, 

mirrors the impact of contaminants on their abundance in the water. During period I, diatom 

abundance increased, presumably as a result of addition of nutrients. Urbani industrial activities 

during period 1I appear to have significantly impaired diatom production even though nutrient 

loadings continued to increase. During period Ill, diatom biomass may have sto.rted to rise again. 

30 
which affect or characterize the variability of the target field (usually horizontal current 

components, water density or temperature, impading critical biological or chemical 

fields). The objedives are (1) to evaluate the relative importance of advective exchange mechanisms, (2) to identify and investigate the dominant intervariable relationships which form the linkage of these exchange mechanisms, and (3) to develop 

realistic conceptual, statistical, and analytical models of specific exchange processes 

which affect variability in fields of environmental concern. 

In FY 92, we successfully conducted spring field measurements including nearsurface current and thermistor chain measurements, full-water-column moored current 

profiler measurements, and seven ship surveys of biological/physical variable fields in 

the vicinity of the frontal zone. Preliminary analysis indicates that these data are of 

high quality. 

Carbon Biogeochemistry in lakes and Coastal Ecosystems. (Project Scientist: 

B.). Eadie) 

Great Lakes and coastal ecosystems are continually subject to a series of stressors 

that are transient in nature. These lead to issues such as the biogeochemical response 

of systems to increased or decreased nutrient loads, man-induced changes in the 

carbon cycle and climate, and the introduction of toxic contaminants and their effects. 

This project focuses on these issues through research on processes regulating the major 

biogeochemical cycles and fluxes with an emphasis on carbon. The long-term goal of 

this research is the development of a hierarchy of calibrated numerical models of 

processes regulating the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the Great Lakes with 

subsequent applications to coastal ecosystems. In order to accomplish this, a series of 

tasks need to be undertaken to provide insight into, and rates for, important processes 

including CO2 gas exchange, remineralization of organic carbon (primary production 

is assumed known from published data, but this parameter is very weak), formation of 

CaCO" vertical flux of carbon species, dissolution rate of CaC03, and remineralization 

of carbon in sediments and transport across the sediment water interface. 

Isotopic analyses of sediments from Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Michigan were completed and data analysis has begun. Autosequencing traps were deployed in Lake 

Michigan. The E-Map program provided some funding to cover expenses relating to 

retrieval of these traps and sample splitting with Dr. Eugene Stoermer of the University 

of Michigan. Samples were collected from Yellowstone lake for Hand ° stable 

isotope analysis. Initial testing of procedures was completed. 

Lake Circulation and Bottom Boundary Layer Studies. (Project Scientist: I.H. Saylor, 

and G.S. Miller) 

The existence of a persistent benthic boundary layer has been documented in the 

offshore regions of all of the Great lakes. Although the layer contains only a small 

proportion of the total suspended material found in the lakes, sediment trap studies 

31 
have shown that the bulk of the mass flux occurs within the bottom 25 m. This study 

will quantify the distribution of bottom current intensities as functions of space and 

time in order to parameterize the distribution and frequency of resuspension events. 

In FY 92, we completed a year-long observational study of currents, water temperature distributions, and suspended and bottom sediments in Lake Champlain. We also 

participated with the Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CClW) in boundary layer 

experiments in Lake Ontario during the summer of 1992. 

Nitrogen Dynamics. (Project Scientist: W's. Gardner) 

This study is providing (1) improved methodologies to measure fluxes of important 

nitrogen compounds that reflect nitrogen dynamics in lakes, wetlands, or marine 

coastal regions, (2) identify, quantify, and compare major processes controlling nitrogen regeneration from lake and marine coastal sediments, and (3) identify and quantify 

major nitrogen regeneration processes in lake and/or marine pelagic waters. 

In FY 92, our HPLC method for 15NH,:Total NH, ratio determination was automated 

and improved to make it a practical and precise method for isotope dilution experiments. Literature research was done to examine the potential applicability of capillary 

zone electrophoresis (CZE) as an improved rapid method for 15NH.:Total NH, ratio 

determinations. Dr. Janusz Tomaszek, a visiting scientist from Poland, was at GLERL 

for .1 months during this fiscal year doing cooperative research on nitrogen dynamics in 

Old Woman Creek, Lake Erie. 

32 
Faci I ities and Services 

G LERL's research facility 

contains 17 laboratories equipped with general laboratory equipment. In 

addition, GLERl has a stable isotope 

mass spectrometer (SIMS), several 

gas chromatographs and liquid 

scintillation counters, a high pressure liquid chromatography system, 

a multi-channel Coulter Counter, 

growth chambers and incubators, 

stereo and inverted microscopes, 

and a fully equipped multi-purpose 

epifluorescence microscope. 

GlERL also has high speed microcinematography equipment located 

in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber which is maintained for conducting experiments 

and growing biological cultures at 

low temperatures. 

Laboratories contain many different 

types of equipment. Scientist Duane 

Gossiaux uses a refrigerated centrifuge in the contaminants laboratory. 

Computer Facility 

The GLERL computer facility can be best characterized as a Local Area Network 

(LAN) of distributed computing resources. This network currently consists of 8 

VAXs,5 UNIX/RISC workstations, 15 PCs which are connected by an ethernet, and 

approximately 80 additional PCs able to access the network via a communications 

switch. The LAN is connected to the Internet via a router to MichNet. 

A variety of scientific applications, including real-lime and near real-time data 

acquisition, data reduction, graphics, large scale modeling, statistical and mathematical analysis, electronic mail, and remote file transfer are accessed by GLERL 

personnel and collaborators. 

33 
library 

The GlERllibrary has a program-oriented research collection maintained in 

support of the laboratory's research activities. The collection reflects an emphasis 

upon freshwater studies, particularly in the Great lakes basin. Current holdings 

include 5,452 unbound periodical volumes and 7,787 books/technical reports in the 

program subject areas of climatology, contaminant organics, hydraulics, hydrology, 

ice, limnology, mathematical models, meteorology, nutrients, oceanography, sediments, and wave motion. The library currently receives 220 periodical subscriptions. 

Virtually all GlERl books dating 1980 onward, as well as a large number of earlier 

books, are now accessible through the On-line Computer library Center (OClC) 

catalog. These books are reflected in the CD-ROM (Compact disk-Read Only 

Memory) based, computerized NOAA library Catalog available in the library. 

Records are shared with EPA and other NOAA libraries in this union catalog of 

library holdings. The records can be interactively searched using Boolean search 

options and displayed in various formats including a full Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) record. Library facilities are open to the public for reference use during 

normal business hours. 

library staff maintain the collection and provide library and information retrieval 

services in support of laboratory researchers, laboratory-affiliated personnel, and 

visiting scientists. Special retrieval services are provided when the collection does 

not meet the needs of individual scientists. library services include acquisition, 

circulation. document delivery, interlibrary loan, reference, and online information 

retrieval. 

During FY 92, the library added a public access workstation with four CO-ROM 

and diskette based databases. The GLERL library Online Menu was enhanced to 

provide simplified, internet access to several university library catalogs and information resources within Michigan. The third highest number of interlibrary loan requests were processed, and ongoing efforts were continued to put the complete 

library holdings into machine readable format to facilitate catalog record searching 

by I ibrary users. 

The GLERl library is a member of the Michigan library Consortium (MlC), Washtenaw-livingston Library Network (WllN), Federal library and Information Network 

(FEDLlNK), NOAA library and Information Network (NUN), and the OClC. 

Information Services - Publications Unit 

The Publications Unit staff are responsible for proViding editorial and publications 

support to the scientific staff, for preparing and distributing GLERL publications, and 

for responding to publications and information requests from the public. They also 

produce and update reports, brochures, and displays concerning GLERL's work. 

34 
Research products generated during FY 92 include 54 scientific articles, reports, 

and books and 60 formal presentations. There were 2,324 documented requests for 

CLERL information, with 4,868 items mailed in response to those requests. 

The Publications Unit maintains a mailing list for distribution of GLERL publications. NOAA-series publications are automatically distributed according to this 

mailing list as is the six-month update and the yearly report. All new publications, 

including joumal articles and books, are added to our six-month update listing of 

new publications, to keep our users informed of GLERL's latest product releases. If 

you would like to be added to GLERL's mailing list, or would like additional information on GLERL's research activities, please write to: 

Publications Office 

NOANGreat Lakes Environmental Research Lab 

2205 Commonwealth Blvd. 

Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1593. 

Vessel Operations 

• Muskegon Vessel Operations Facility 

The GLERL Vessel Operations Facility is located in Muskegon, MI in a former 

Coast Guard Base which includes three buildings and research vessel dockage. 

This facility has great potential for the establishment of a lake-side laboratory 

which has a continuous supply of lake water and will allow some studies to be 

conducted that are not feasible at the laboratory in Ann Arbor. At present, samples 

must be transported to Ann Arbor for analysis. A separate garage building is being 

used for a crew office, a workshop, and for storage of ship supplies and equipment. 

The third CLERL building is used for storage of research equipment. It is being 

renovated to include a new chemical laboratory. Equipment installation is planned 

for June 1993. 

There is dockage for the R/V Shenehon and one of the smaller research launches 

in the Coast Guard mooring basin adjacent to the main building. There is an additional 100 feet of dockage in the Government mooring basin currently being leased 

from the Corps of Engineers and located approximately 0.3 mile from the main 

building . 

• Research Vessels 

The Shenehon is owned and operated by GLERL. The Shenehon is based at the 

Vessel Operations Facility, Muskegon, MI and is the primary platform used in 

support of GLERL's open lake field investigations. The vessel is 65.6 feet long, with 

a 6.5-foot mean draft, a 700-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 1 O-knot cruising 

speed. Navigation equipment include a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two 

35 
Sample collection 

aboard the RJV 

Shenehon. 

The Shenehon is owned and operated by GLERL. The Shenehon is based at the 

Vessel Operations Facility, Muskegon, MI and is the primary platform used in 

support of GLERL's open lake field investigations. The vessel is 65.6 feet long, with 

a 6.5-foot mean draft, a 700-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 1 O-knot cruising 

speed. Navigation equipment include a Sperry Gyrocompass, Raytheon Radar, two 

LORAN-C (Location Radio Navigation-Coordinates) units, Sperry Auto Pilot and a 

Raytheon Depth Sounder. A 55-channel radiotelephone is available for ship to 

shore communication. Electrical power is provided by a modern 20~kW, 3-phase 

On an generator, and a 30-kW, 3-phase diesel generator which is original equipment. An electro-hydraulic articulated crane is used for deployment and retrieval of 

water and boltom sediment samplers and heavy instrument moorings. Electrohydraulic winches handle hydrographic wire and multiconductor cable for sample 

Cilsts and in situ measurements of water variables. An on-board wet laboratory is 

available for onsite experiments and sample processing. Scientific equipment 

includes various sizes of Niskin samplers, reversing thermometers, and boltom 

samplers including a small box corer. 

The Shenehon is a designated NOAA weather reporting station, and has a ShipbOilrd Environmental (Data) Acquisition System (SEAS) installed by the National 

Ocean Service. This system provides increased capability to collect and transmit 

weather data using satellite communications. 

A dal.! acquisition "ystem of GLERL design, separate from the SEAS system, 

records and plots data from a Sea Tech transmissometer which is coupled to an 

electronic bathythermograph. The system includes equipment to record, process, 

and plot water temperature data collected using Sippican Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) probes. 

A SeaArk workboat, 28.5 feet in length, including a 2.5 foot deck extension, is 

36 
deployment and retrieval of sampling equipment. Safety equipment includes an 

inflatable life raft and an EPIRB (emergency transmitter). 

Two small surplus boats are used as auxiliary research platforms, and a 23-fool 

Monark workboat, obtained from the Corps of Engineers, was outfitted as a research 

launch with an electric winch and crane. 

• Research Support 

The majority of the work supported by the Shenehon, the 28-foot, and the 23 -foot 

launch was connected with biological studies in Lake Michigan and in Saginaw Bay. 

These studies included benthic, planktonic, and bacterial experiments relating to 

algal growth, zooplankton grazing, food chain transport in the aquatic environment, 

fate and effects of sediment-associated toxic organics, and long-term trends of 

benthic fauna. Exotic species, such as the zebra mussel and Bythotrephes continue 

to be a very important part of the studies. 

During FY 1992, numerous cruises were made by the Shenehon in Lake Michigan, and one cruise was made into Lakes Huron and Superior, Straits of Mackinac, 

Saginaw Bay, and into Green Bay. 

The 1 OO-meter station off Grand Haven, MI continued to be the site monitored 

using sediment traps and periodic water and plankton samplings to study the temporal variations in water quality, and the vertical mass and chemical flux as determined by samples from the traps. Particular emphasis was placed on carbon pools 

and the rates of transfer. Several cruises were made during the spring using the 

Shenehon along traverses in the vicinity of Grand Haven and Muskegon, MI in 

connection with studies of frontal processes and thermal bar development and 

decay. 

Sediment traps were deployed at one station in Lake Michigan and at two stations 

in Saginaw Bay to monitor the vertical mass and chemical flux. Current and temperature sensors were deployed in the center of the southern basin of Lake Michigan. 

Seven GLERL-designed sequential sediment traps were deployed over the winter 

of 1991-1992 in Lake Michigan. All were recovered in October 1992 and excellent 

data were obtained. A portion of these samples will be analyzed by the University 

of Michigan. 

The wire line sweep technique developed by GLERL was successfully used again 

to recover sediment trap and current meter moorings from submerged positions in 

Lakes Michigan and Superior. The technique continues to pay dividends due to a 

rapid and inexpensive recovery of lost equipment. 

The RN Shenehon continues to attract attention as she cruises the lakes. Vessel 

operations supported a GLERL-Muskegon school project to monitor the population 

37 
to recover sediment trap and current meter moorings from submerged positions in 

lakes Michigan and Superior. The technique continues to pay dividends due to a 

rapid and inexpensive recovery of lost equipment. 

The R/V Shenehon continues to attract attention as she cruises the lakes. Vessel 

operations supported a GlERl-Muskegon school project to monitor the population 

and growth of zebra mussels in Muskegon lake. Several newspaper articles were 

written during the year covering 

research efforts supported by the 

Shenehon. 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

The Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation laboratory (MOil) 

staff select, calibrate, repair, and, 

when necessary, adapt or design 

instruments to collect data in the 

lakes and their environs. Engineers 

and technicians in this unit work 

closely with GlERl researchers to 

ensure that instruments are compatible with their needs. They also participate in field experiments by providing support for the deployment and retrieval of field equipment, assistance with the collection of samples and data, and in-field maintenance or repair of equipment. GlERl's 

data collection equipment includes 43 AMF Vector Averaging Current Meters, 14 

AMF Acoustical Releases, 7 Mini-TOD Drifter Buoys, 1 Adamo-Rupp Waverider 

WRIPS Buoy,S Aanderaa Thermistor String Recorders, 5 Marsh McBirney 585 

Current Meters, 1 RD Instrument Co. RDDR-1200 Acoustical Doppler Current 

Prof Her (ADCP), 2 RDSC-oOO ADCPs, 1 RDSC broad band ADCP, and 7 sequential 

sediment samplers. 

In FY 92. MOil staff successfully completed the design and development of a new 

Global Positioning System (GPS) drifting buoy. These units use the GPS satellite 

system in a differential mode to track lagrangian water flow while measuring water 

temperature profiles. They also incorporate the ARGOS satellite system to aid in 

retrieval and real-time data analysis. Eleven units were constructed and deployed in 

a prototype experiment in Saginaw Bay. 

Other developments include an MOil-designed temperature profiler that was 

deployed in southern lake Michigan that uses the ARGOS satellite system to provide 

real-time data analysis. Also, a prototype GOES satellite data link was developed to 

allow real-time data analysis from electromagnetic current meter and multisensor 

38 

Electronics 

Technician 

Jolmume 

repairs a 

current meter 

in the MOIL. 
A new photosynthetron was constructed to measure photosynthesis irradiance 

curves for use in primary production studies and resulted in a number of inquiries 

from academia. A refined design was constructed through Great Lakes Engineering 

Company who plans to build and supply these as a commercial item. 

39 
Outreach 

The GLERL mission includes the development of environmental information, 

data, and service tools for users in government and private organizations. 

Staff participation on boards, commissions, task forces, and committees helps 

to identify environmental information needed by our users and to guide our research 

focus and the development of usable products. Participation also helps to maintain 

staff involvement in programs concerned with environmental problems and issues of 

water- and land-oriented resource development and management issues. The Publica· 

tions Unit plays an important role by making GLERL's products available to those who 

need them, answering information requests, and creating displays and literature concerning GLERL's products and work. 

During FY 92, GLERL staff participated as members of the following boards, 

committees, and task forces: 

International Joint Commission 

• Council of Great Lakes Research Managers (A. Beeton, member) 

• Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Surveillance Work Group 

- Lake Erie Task Force (J. Robbins) 

• Great Lakes Water Levels Reference 

- Working Committee 3: Existing Regulation, System-wide Regulation, and 

Crises Conditions (F. Quinn) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 1: Regulation Studies (D. Lee) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 2: Support Studies (U.S. Co-chair, F. Quinn, 

D. Lee) 

- Working Committee 3, Task Group 3: Crises Conditions (D. Lee). 

• Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

- Hydrometeorology and Modeling Subcommittee (T. Croley II, D. Lee) 

- River Flow Subcommittee (F. Quinn) 

• International Great Lakes Levels and Flows Advisory Board (F. Quinn, U.S. 

Co-chair) 

Other interagency, professional society, and international activities: 

• American Society for Testing and Materials Sediment Toxicity Subcommittee 

(P. Landrum) 

• Arnerican Society for Limnology & Oceanography 

41 
- Editorial Board (H. Vanderploeg) 

• American Water Resources Association 

- Michigan State Section Steering Committee (D. Lee) 

• Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS, USEPA) 

- Toxicity/Chemistry Work Group (P. Landrum) 

- Management Advisory Committee (D. Reid) 

• Chemosphere, Board of Editors (P. Landrum) 

• Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Editorial Board 

(P. Landrum) 

• Eastern Snow Conference Research Committee (D. Norton) 

• Great Lakes Commission 

Drought Management and Great Lakes Water Levels Task Force (F. Quinn) 

- Great Lakes Panel on Non-Indigenous Species (T. Nalepa, V. Chair; A. Beeton) 

- Great Lakes Speakers Bureau Directory (G. Laird Pernie, F. Quinn) 

- Task Force on Emergency Preparedness (D. Reid) 

- Observer delegate (A. Beeton) 

• Great Lakes GIS Coordinating Committee (G. Leshkevich) 

• Great Lakes Protection Fund 

- Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

• Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Advisory Board (P. Landrum) 

• Hydrobiologia, Special Issue 

- Associate Editor (B. Eadie) 

• International Association for Great Lakes Research 

Board of Directors (T. Nalepa, M. Quigley, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- IAGLR Membership and Endowment Committee (M. Quigley, Chair; 

B. Eadie, Liaison with SIL) 

- Journal of Creat Lakes Research (F. Quinn, D. Schwab, T. Nalepa, P. Landrum, 

Associate Editors) 

• International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 

(A. Beeton, U.S. Representative) 

• International Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Ice Information Working Group (R. Assel, 

U.S. Co-chair; S. Bolsenga, D. Norton, G. Leshkevich) 

• Interagency Non-Indigenous Species Research Protocol Committee (D. Reid, 

Member) 

• International Mathematics and Statistical Library (lMSL) North American Users 

Group (L. Herche, Chair) 

• Michigan Sea Grant Research Advisory Committee U. Saylor, A. Bratkovich) 

• Midwestern Climate Center 

- External Advisory Panel (T. Croley II) 

- Research Review Committee (T. Croley II) 

• Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Program reviewer (A. Beeton) 

42 
• National Research Council 

- Postdoctoral Program (A. Beeton, W. Gardner, H. Vanderploeg, P. Landrum, 

A. Bratkovich, O. Schwab) 

• National Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Review Panel (T. Nalepa) 

• NOAA Climate and Global Change Program 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. vanderploeg) 

• NOAA Coastal Ocean Program 

- Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem Technical Advisory Committee (0. Reid) 

- Great Lakes Forecasting System (0. Schwab, M. McCormick) 

- Coastal Hazards Component (D. Schwab) 

- NOANERL Satellite Requirements Committee (S. Bolsenga, G. Leshkevich) 

- NOAA Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf Region Research Planning Workshop 

(W. Gardner, G. Fahnenstiel) 

- NOAA NECOP Technical Advisory Committee (B. Eadie, W. Gardner) 

- CoastWatch Program (G. Leshkevich, D. Schwab, G. Spalding) 

• NOAA Measurement Technique DevelopmenVOcean Acoustic Techniques and 

Climate Change Committee Member (M. McCormick) 

• NOANNURP University of ConnecticuVAvery PI. Center 

- Proposal Review Panel (D. Reid) 

• NOANSABRE Technical Advisory Committee (A. Bratkovich) 

• NOAA Technical Subcommittee, New Bedford Superfund Action (8. Eadie) 

• NSF long-Term Ecological Research Network (5. Bolsenga) 

• Ohio Sea Grant 

- Zebra Mussel Project (A. Beeton, T. Nalepa, W. Gardner) 

- Ph.D. Committees (D. Schwab) 

- Research program participation (5. Bolsengal 

• Regional Response Team (RRT), Region V 

- Department of Commerce Representative (D. Reid) 

• State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources 

- Great lakes Information System Technical Advisory Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Michigan Great lakes Fund (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga) 

• State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, Great Lakes Programs 

- Advisory Board (F. Quinn) 

• The University of Michigan 

- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CiLER) Board of 

Directors; Council of Fellows (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga, B. Eadie, T. Nalepa, 

F. Quinn, O. Reid, D. Schwab, A. Bratkovich) 

- Biological Station Executive Committee (A. Beeton) 

- Ph.D Committees (A. Beeton, A. Bratkovich, G. Fahnenstiel, J. Saylor, B. Eadie, 

H. Vanderploeg) 

- Task Force on Environmental Studies (A. Beeton) 

43 
• Thurston Nature Center Advisory Committee (A. Bratkovich) 

• U.S.-Canada Ice Information Working Group 

- Great lakes Ice Issues Subcommittee (R. Assel, U.S. Co-chair) 

• U.S. Department of Commerce Consolidated Scientific Computing System Technical 

Committee (G. Spalding) 

• U.S. Department of Energy, Ocean Margins Program 

- Review Panel (B. Eadie) 

• U.S. Department of State 

- Cooperative Study on Chernobyl Fallout in Masurian lakes, Poland O. Robbins) 

- Mongolian Cooperative Research Program (S. Bolsenga) 

- Russian cooperative research programs (A. Beeton, S. Bolsenga) 

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

- Policy Committee (A. Beeton; S. Bolsenga, Alternate) 

- State of the lakes Ecosystem Conference Steering Committee (H. Vanderploeg) 

• U.S. Soil Conservation Service (A. Beeton, Technical Advisor) 

• University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute (A. Beeton, Site Team Member) 

• Wayne County Community College 

- Technical Advisory Committee (H. Booker) 

• Zebra Mussel Coordination Committee (A. Beeton, Chair) 

Cooperative Research was performed with the following organizations: 

Canadian Climate Center 

- Canada Hydrographic Service 

Canadian National Hydrology Research Institute 

Center of limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 

Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada 

- Michigan State University 

Middlebury College and lamont-Doherty 

NASNGoddard 

Naval Ocean and Atmospheric Research lab (NOARL) 

NOAA ERl Air Resources laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 

NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 

Ohio State University 

- Stockholm University, Sweden 

- USSR Academy of Sciences 

- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Madison, WI 

- University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee on Yellowstone lake 

Weber State University 

• 

44 
GLERL scientists also: 

- Convened and chaired a committee to develop zebra mussel specific research protocols. 

- Provided statistical consulting to scientists from The University of Michigan and The 

University of British Columbia. 

- Continued coordination with the Midwestern Climate Center and the Illinois State 

Water Survey to develop a Midwestern Climate Information System (MICIS). 

- In cooperation with researchers from Ohio State University, NOAA Center for Ocean 

Analysis and Prediction (COAP), and the National Weather Service, developed the 

Great Lakes Forecasting System, a prototype coastal ocean prediction system for the 

Great Lakes. 

- Provided hydrologic consulting to Hydro-Quebec for their Beauharnois-Les Cedres 

Extreme Flood Study. 

- Serve as adjunct professors at The University of Michigan. 

- Serve as adjunct professors at The Ohio State University. 

- Served on a review panel for the Department of Interior's Natural Resource Damage 

Assessment Model for the Great Lakes, a 2-year effort to develop a computer program 

for assessing financial damages for environmental accidents on the Great Lakes, 

- Participated in Cooperative Student Programs with The University of Michigan and 

Eastern Michigan University. 

- Guided students on tours of our facility and gave briefings of GLERL activities. 

Meetings and Presentations 

An integral part of the scientific development of GLERL staff is attendance and 

participation in scientific and technical meetings. During FY 92, GLERL sponsored 

24 in-house seminars as part of the GLERllnformal Seminar Series. Our staff made 

60 presentations concerning GlERl's work at public and professional meetings. 

Technology Transfers 

GlERL staff responded to 2,324 requests for information during FY 92 and provided 

more than 4,868 items to service those requests, Many of the products that GLERl 

produces and distributes involve a transfer of both technology and data, During FY 92, 

GlERL's outreach of this nature involved the transfer of the following: 

Great lakes Freezing Degree Day Ice Cover Model 

- Canadian Climate Center 

45 
Great Lakes CoastWatch Data 

- Argonne National Laboratory 

- Bloom Trail High School 

- Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 

- Department of Civil Engineering, Ohio State University 

- Eastern Michigan University 

- Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program 

- Lake Superior Center, Duluth, MN 

- Michigan DNR Forest Management Division 

- Michigan State University 

- Michigan Technological University 

- U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab 

- U.S. EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office 

- U.S. Department of Interior, Hammond Bay Biological Station 

• U.S. Department of Interior, National Fisheries Research Center, Great Lakes 

• U.S. Department of Interior, Water Resources Division 

• University of Wisconsin·Madison 

Hydrologic Response Model 

• Ohio State University 

Net Basin Supply Forecast Package 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 

Water Resources Simulation Package 

- Harvard University 

- Atmospheric Environment Service (Canadal 

Wave Forecast Model 

- National Weather Service, Cleveland, OH 

"Pathfinder" Trajectory Prediction System 

- U.S. Department of the Interior 

- U.S. Coast Guard 

- McMaster University 

Thiessen Weighting Package 

- AtmospheriC Environment Service (Canada) 

Satellite Drifter Programs 

- Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

46 
Evaporation and Other Data 

- National Weather Service 

- University of Wisconsin 

GLERl's data gathering equipment was shared with: 

- The University of Michigan (Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences; College of 

Engineering) 

- U.s. Army Corps of Engineers 

- U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 

- Canadian Centre for Inland Waters 

- University of Wisconsin 

- University of S. Mississippi 

- Middlebury College 

- U.s. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, SUNY Stony Brook 

Plans for construction of sediment traps were shared with: 

- Ocean Sciences Centre, Newfoundland, Canada 

- University of Stockholm, Sweden 

- Great Lakes Engineering Company 

- University of Michigan 

- University of florida 

- University of North Carolina 

- University of Minnesota 

- Duke University 

Other: 

- Filtration device developed at GLERL is being marketed by a small business (St. lohn 

Associates). 

- Great Lakes Engineering Co. is using plans developed at GLERL to build and market a 

photosynthetron. 

GLERL and Great lakes Education 

Partners for Excellence 

In conjunction with NOAA's desire to better inform the public of its research activities, GLERL is involved in a number of Great Lakes community education programs. 

In FY 92, GLERL continued its involvement with the Science Department of the Ann 

Arbor Public Schools' Partners for Excellence Program (T. Nalepa, GLERL Coordinator). The partnership seeks to enrich the schools' curriculum in the area of environmental science, particularly with respect to the Great Lakes and aquatic sciences. 

Designated partnership activities include: 

47 
• Providing mentors to help students with science fair projects. 

Bio!ogis~ and Partners 

for Excellence 

Coordinator, Tom 

Nalepa explains Iile use 

of sediment traps to a 

group of visiling 

students. 

• Providing practical "hands-on" experience to promising science-oriented students 

via participation in a Student Volunteer Program. 

• Providing information on careers in environmental science and acting as consultants 

for the science curriculum. 

• Inviting science teachers to laboratory-sponsored seminars. 

In addition, GLERL staff have made presentations concerning GLERL programs at 

area schools and have given several tours of our facility to interested students and 

teachers. 

Great Lakes Education Kit 

The Publications Unit has compiled and is continually updating a kit composed of 

materials for teachers who wish to integrate Great Lakes education into their curriculum. The kit is available on a loan basis. Contact the Publications Unit for more 

information. 

Southeast Michigan Science Fair 

In conjunction with the 34th Annual Southeast Michigan Regional Science Fair, 

GLERL sponsored awards for outstanding projects in aquatic science in each of the 

Science Fair divisions: Senior Projects, Junior Projects, and Junior Models and Collections. GLERL staff (T. Croley, D. Schwab, H. Vanderploeg, J. Saylor, A. Beeton, and J. 

Cotner) acted as general science fair judges and also as judges for the GLERl award in 

the Southeast Michigan and local junior high science fairs. 

48 
Student Volunteer Program 

GLERL and the Ann Arbor Public Schools established a Student Volunteer Program 

authorized by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-454), This program 

provides selected high school students with the opportunity to perform volunteer work 

at GLERL after school. 

ERL Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Outreach 

In FY 92, GLERL hosted a 16-year-old high school student from Bay CitylSaginaw, 

MI for a 6-week summer internship in cooperation with the ERL/EEO Minority Outreach Program, 

49 
Seminars 

The following seminars were held at GLERL during FY 92: 

Water-particle partitioning of PCB congeners in Little Lake Butte-Des-Morts, WI. 

J. Crane, ASCI Corp., Athens, GA. October 7, 1991. 

Analytical chemistry support of a preliminary investigation of chemical contamination at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. K. Picel, Argonne National Laboratory, 

Argonne, Il. October 8, 1991. 

Influence of nonionic surfactants on the biodegradation of hexachlorobenzene 

anaerobic sediments. P.l. Van Hoof, U.S. EPA, Athens, GA. October 10, 1991. 

Dissolved organic matter in natural waters affects the bioavailability of organic 

xenobiotics. Jussi Kukkonen, University of Finland. October 31, 1991. 

Behavioral biomarkers indicative of sublethal stress in Daphnia: effects of NaBr. 

D.C. MCNaught, Director, University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program. 

November 13, 1991. 

GLERL/CILER research possibilities in outer Mongolia. S.J. Bolsenga, GLERl. 

November 26,1991. 

Career awareness seminar. A. Hicks, Personnel Management Specialist, CASC, 

Kansas City, MO. December 4, 1991. 

Overview of the regional atmospheric modeling system with applications to the 

Kuwait oil fires. J. Mcqueen, Air Resources Laboratory, Boulder, CO. 

February 5, 1992. 

Ecotourism, Ecotoxicology, and fndoparasites in Nepal, or Rhinos always get "cuts" 

in the line for the latrine. J. Rathbun, ASCI Corporation, U.S. EPA Large lake 

Research Station, Grosse lie, MI. February 20, 1992. 

Pre-retirement seminar. M. Christenson, CASC Personnel, Kansas City, MO. 

March 3-4, 1992. 

Nutrients/chlorophyll distributions in southeastern shelf waters during winter. 

l. Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, 

Norfolk, VA. March 11, 1992. 

51 
The Arctic mixed layer. J. Pazdalski, GlERL. March 19, 1992. 

Water resource issues in China. B. Chang, Division of International Programs, 

National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. March 26, 1992. 

A demonstration of ARC/INFO, a geographic information system. A. Bieber, 

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA. April 8, 1992. 

Circulation modeling and new techniques for calculating wave directional spectra. 

I.K. Tsanis, and F.P. Brissette, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 

May 5,1992. 

Results of the 1991 Survey "Characterization of your work and work conditions." 

E. lashbrook, Federal Women's Program Manager, GlERL. June 10, 1992. 

Tides and storm surges in the Rio de la Plata estuary. W.P. O'Connor, Institute for 

Naval Oceanography, Stennis Space Center, MS. June 11, 1992. 

Frontogenesis processes in the troposphere. K.M. Hines, UCLA, los Angeles, CA. 

June 23, 1992. 

Sensitivity of climate and soil moisture to land surface conditions. B.M. lofgren, 

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics lab, Princeton, NJ. June 24, 1992. 

Zooplankton community structure and bactovory: a comparison of Sandusky Bay 

and nearshore Lake Erie. S.-J. Hwang, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State 

University, Kent, OH. July 17, 1992. 

Spatially explicit models of pelagic fish growth: functional linkages between physical 

and biological structures. S. Brandt, Chesapeake Biological laboratory, University 

of Maryland. July 23, 1992 

Persons with disabilities: affirmative action and the Americans with disabilities act 

(ADA). K. Peterson, The Center for Independent Living, Ann Arbor, MI. August 6, 

1992. 

Precipitation metadata: Why we need them. P.Y. Groisman, State Hydrological 

Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. September 8, 1992. 

Production of pseudofeces by zebra mussels: costs and benefits. D. McNaught, 

University of Michigan, CllER, Ann Arbor, MI. September 10, 1992. 

52 
Office of the Director 

Beeton, A.M. • Director 

Noble, P.E. - Secretary 

FY 92 Staff 

Administrative Services 

Mark, S.V. - Head 

Lashbrook, E.K. 

Publications Unit 

Darnell, CM. - Head 

Sparks, K.J. 

Bolsenga, S.J. - Asst. to Director 

Kulpanowski, K.A.- Certified Industrial 

Mull, R.C 

Hygienist 

Computer and Inrormation 

Systems Group 

Spalding, G.E. - Head 

lojewski, N.l. - Secretary 

Del Proposto, D .J. 

Fenton, J.F. 

Herche, loR. 

Lefevre, J. T. 

Shrum, AF. 

library Facility 

Carrick, B.J. - librarian 

Threm, S.M. 

Biogeochemical Sciences Division 

Reid, D.F. - Head 

Williams, R.S .• Secretary 

Bridgeman, T. C 

Calhoun, ce." 

Cavaletto, J.F. 

Cotner, J. B. C 

Eadie, B.J. 

Fahnenstiel, G.L. 

Fanslow, D.L. 

Faust, W.R. 

Gardner, W.5. 

Gordon, W.M." 

Gossiaux, D.e. 

Gostenik, G.W.· 

Gluck, A.A.= 

Harkey, G.A,c 

johengen, T.H,c 

johnson, J.R.c 

Landrum, P.F. 

Lansing, M.B. 

Lang, G.A. 

liebig, J.R. 

Marcovitz, M. N 

Morehead, N.R. 

Nalepa, T.F. 

Nelson, A.S.· 

Pernie, G.l. 

Quigley, M.A. 

Robbins,I.A. 

Rood, R.W.c 

51. Pierre, L.M." 

Thoms, 5. R. N 

Vanderploeg, H.A. 

Van Hoof, P.A. 

Wagoner, B.B. 

Wimmer,M." 

Wojcik, J.A,c 

Marine Operations and 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

500 H.K. - Head 

Lojewski, N.L. - Secretary 

Bell, G.L. 

Booker, H.L. 

James, C' 

Kistler, R.D. 

Lane, J.e. 

Lee, J.P. 

Miller, T.e. 

Muzzi, R.W. 

R/V Shenehan 

Morse, D.V. - Ship Operator 

Burns, W.R. 

Grimes, J.E. 

Marquardt,I.W." 

Physical Sciences Division 

Quinn, F.H. - Head 

Lawton, B.l •• Secretary 

Assel, R.A. Lilley, K." 

Blythe, K.L." Liu, P.e. 

Bratkovich, AW. McCormick, M.J. 

Carter, B.S." Meyer, D.E. 

Carver, Y.M." Miller, G.S. 

Clites, A.H. Muhr, G.e. 

Conklin, P.A." Nicolini,S." 

Croley, T.E., II Norton, D.e. 

Dong, D.Y.c O'Connor, W.P.C 

Gottlieb, E.S.' Pazdalski, I.' 

Hawley, N. Presley,I.W." 

Hunter, T.5. Ridley, A.c 

jones, B.H." Saylor, j.H. 

Kulaszewski, M." Schneider, K." 

Lee, D.H. Schwab, D.J. 

Leshkevich, G.A. Sellinger, e.E. 

• • Indicates WAE Employee 

= - Indicates Co-op Employee 

" -Indicates NRC Fellow 

C • Indicates CILER Employee 

53 
Visiting Scientists 

Dr. Robert Heath 

Kent State University, Kent, OH. 

Dr. Heath began his l-year sabbatical starting in August 1991. He collaborated with 

Dr. Wayne Gardner and others on the Saginaw Bay zebra mussel project. His interests 

are with carbon and phosphorus cycling and the lower food web. 

Dr. Ladd johnson 

Williams College, Mystic, CT 

Dr. Johnson is conducting post-doctoral research on zebra mussel distribution. He 

began his work here in December 1991. 

Dr. jussi Kukkonen 

Academy of Finland. 

His research focuses on the fate, bioavailability, and toxicity of organic pollutants in 

fresh-water sediments. Dr. Kukkonen is performing collaborative research with Dr. 

Peter Landrum from February 92 - july 93. 

Dr. Peter McCall 

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. 

Dr. McCall spent 5 months at GLERL as a visiting scientist working with Dr. Peter 

Landrum and Dr. john Robbins on an EPA-funded project titled "Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments. H 

Dr. Don McNaught 

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 

In September 1991, Dr. McNaught began a I-year sabbatical to work with various 

GLERL and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service scientists on the zebra mussel problem. 

Dr. Sandor Mulsow 

Case Western Reserve University 

Dr. Mulsow is working on an EPA project investigating bioturbation with Dr. Peter 

Landrum and Dr. john Robbins from january 1992 - january 1993. 

Dr. Jerome Nriagu 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada 

During his six month sabbatical, Dr. Nriagu divided his time between teaching and 

research at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and collaborating with 

Dr. John Robbins on the use of stable lead isotopes to trace sources of lead contamination in the Great Lakes. 

Mr. Nathanial Ostrum 

Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland. 

Mr. Ostrum, a Ph.D. student, was at GLERL for 6 months working with Dr. Brian Eadie 

to customize a sample preparation system and to calibrate our instrument for nitrogen 

isotopes. 

54 
Dr. Walter pfeiffer 

University of Constance, Constance, Germany. 

Dr. Pfeiffer began working with Dr. John Robbins in August 1991. During his 2 month 

stay at GLERL, his work focused on radiotracers in sediments. 

Mr. Gerhard Rappold 

Albert Ludwig's University, Freiburg, Germany. 

Mr. Rappold worked with George Leshkevich on remote sensing from July - September 

1992. 

Dr. Janusz Tomazek 

International Research and Exchanges Board, Inc., Rzeszo'w University of Technology, 

Rzeszo'w, Poland. 

From September - December 1992, Dr. Tomazek conducted research on denitrification 

in Old Woman Creek with Dr. Wayne Gardner. 

Dr. Paul Walline 

Lake Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel. 

Dr. Walline began his 14-month sabbatical at GLERl in June 1991. Worked with 

various GlERL and outside scientists on ecosystem and fisheries related activities. 

55 
Fv 92 Publications 

ASSEL, R.A. A computer tutorial for Great Lakes ice cover climatology. Proceedings, 

18th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Snow Conference, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, June 

5-7,1991. 267-272 (1992). 

ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes winter weather 700·hPa PNA teleconnections. Monthly 

Weather Review 120(9):2156·2163 (1992). 

ASSEL, R.A., and J.M. RATKOS. A computer tutorial and animation of the normal ice 

cycle of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America for 1960-1979. NOAA TM ERL 

GLERL-76 (PB92-129949/XAB), 31 pp. (1991). 

ASSEL, R.A., and D.M. Robertson. Climatic changes near the Great Lakes inferred from 

141 year ice records. Proceedings, 5th International Meeting on Statistical 

Climatology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 22-26,1992. Environment Canada, 

Toronto, 81-85 (1992). 

Benner, R., G. Chin-Leo, W.s. GARDNER, B.J. EADIE, and J.B. COTNER, Jr. The fates 

and effects of riverine and shelf-derived DOM on Mississippi River plume/Gulf shelf 

processes. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, 

Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October 1·4, 1991. 

NOM Coastal Ocean Program Office, 84-94 (1992). 

BOLSENGA, S.J. A review of Great Lakes ice research. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research 18(1 ):169·189 (1992). 

BOLSENGA, S.J., and D.C. NORTON. Maximum snowfall at long·term stations in the 

U.S./Canadian Great Lakes. Natural Hazards 5:221-232 (1992). 

BOLSENGA, S.l., c.E. Herdendorf, and D.C. NORTON. Spectral transmittance of lake 

ice from 400-850 nm. Hydrobiologia 218:15-25 (1991). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W., and S.P. Dinnel. Lower Mississippi River historical nitrate flux 

and Mississippi River outflow buoyancy flux. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, New 

Orleans, LA, October 1.4, 1991. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, 37-42 (1992). 

BRATKOVICH, A.W., R.L. Bernstein, O.B. Chelton, and P.M. Kosro. Central California 

coastal circulation study: Program overview and representative results. Proceedings, 

Southern California Bight Physical Oceanography Workshop, LaJolla, CA, November 

1990. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 91·109 (1991). 

'Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. 

57 
Burrows, W.R., and R.A. ASSEL. Use of CART for diagnostic and prediction problems 

in the atmospheric sciences. Proceedings, 12th Conference on Probability and 

Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 22-26,1992. 

American Meteorological Society, Boston, 161-166 (1992). 

CARRICK, H.J., G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, E.F. Stoermer, and R.G. Wetzel. The importance 

of zooplankton-protozoan trophic couplings in Lake Michigan. Limnology and 

Oceanography 36(7):1335-1345 (1991). 

CLITES, A.H., T.D. FONTAINE, and I.R. WELLS. Distributed costs of environmental 

contamination. Journal of Ecological Economics 3:215-229 (1991). 

COTNER, I.B., Jr., and R.G. Wetzel. Uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic 

phosphorus compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Limnology and 

Oceanography 37(2):232-243 (1992). 

CROLEY, T.E., II. Long-term heat storage in the Great Lakes. Water Resources 

Research 28(1 ):69-81 (1992). 

EADIE, B.I., N.R. MOREHEAD, J. Val Klump, and P.F. LANDRUM. Distribution of 

hydrophobic organic compounds between dissolved and particulate organic matter in 

Green Bay waters. Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1 ):91-97 (1992). 

EADIE, B.J., G.L. BELL, and N. HAWLEY. Sediment trap study in the Green Bay mass 

balance program: Mass and organic carbon fluxes, resuspension, and particle settling 

velocities. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-75 (PB92-125293!XAB) 29 pp. (1991). 

EADIE, B.J., I.A. ROBBINS, P. Blackwelder, S. Metz, J.H. Trefry, B. McKee, and T.A. 

Nelson. A retrospective analysis of nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity in 

sediments from the Louisiana continental shelf. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 

New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, 7-14 

(1992). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and H.I. CARRICK. Phototwphic picoplankton in Lakes Huron 

and Michigan: Abundance, distribution, composition, and contribution to biomass and 

production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49:379-388 (1992). 

FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., M.H. MARCOVITZ, M.J. McCORMICK, G.D. Redalje, S.E. 

Lohrenz, H.J. CARRICK, and M.J. Dagg. High growth and microzooplankton-grazing 

loss rates for phytoplankton populations from the Mississippi River plume region. 

Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana 

Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA Coastal 

Ocean Program Office, 111-116 (1992). 

FONTAINE, T.o., and D.l. Stewart. Exploring the effects of multiple management 

objectives and exotic species on Great Lakes food webs and contaminant dynamics. 

Environmental Management 16{2}:225-229 (1992). 

GOTTLIEB, E.S. Variability of the stratified flow in the passages connecting Green Bay 

and lake Michigan. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 94 pp. 

(1992). 

58 
GREAT lAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH lABORATORY. Annual Report forthe 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 91. Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 54 pp. (1992). 

GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Publications by the 

staff of the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1974-1991. Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 83 pp. (1992). 

HAWLEY, N. Preliminary observations of sediment erosion from a bottom resting 

flume. journal of Great Lakes Research 17(3):361-367 (1991). 

HERCHE, loR., and H.C. HARTMANN. Estimation of Great Lakes water level statistics: 

conditioning via "the bootstrap." journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1 ):21 8-228 

(1992). 

JOHENGEN, T.H., and A.M. BEETON. The effects of temporal and spatial variability 

on monitoring agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The National Rural Clean Water 

Program Symposium, EPN625/R-92/006. U.S. EPA Office of Research and 

Development, Washington, DC, 89-95 (1992). 

JOHENGEN, T.H., A.M. BEETON, and R. Holland. A final water quality monitoring 

report and evaluation of the Saline Valley rural clean water project. Contract Report, 

Michigan Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw County Board of CommiSSioners, the 

Monroe County Board of Commissioners, the Washtenaw County Soil Conservation 

District, and the Monroe County Soil and Water Conservation District, 136 pp. (1991). 

LANDRUM, P.F., and W.R. FAUST. Effect of variation in sediment composition on the 

uptake rate coefficient for selected PCB and PAH congeners by the amphipod, 

Diporeia sp. In Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourteenth Volume, ASTM 

STP 1124, M.A. Mayes, and M.B. Barron (eds.). American Society for Testing and 

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 263-279 (1991). 

LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, and W.R. FAUST. Variation in the bioavailability of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the amphipod Diporeia (spp.) with sediment 

aging. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11 :1197-1208 (1992). 

LANDRUM, P.F., W.A. Frez, and M.S. Simmons. Relationship of toxicokinetic 

parameters to respiration rates in Mysis relicta. journal of Great Lakes Research 

18(2):331-339 (1992). 

LEE, D.H. Introduction to the special section on improving Great Lakes water level 

statistics. journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1): 199-201 (1992). 

LlU, P.c. Chaotic dynamics and ocean wave statistics. Proceedings, Sixth IAHR 

International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics, Taipei, Taiwan, May 18-20, 1992. 

345-352 (1992). 

LlU, P.c. Extracting dynamics from ocean wave time series data. In Mechanics 

Computing in 1990'5 and Beyond. Volume 1. H. Adeli and R.lo Sierakowski (eds.). 

American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 348-352 (1992). 

59 
Lohrenz, S.E., D.G. Redalje, G.L. FAHNENSTlEL, and G.A. LANG. Regulation and 

distribution of primary production in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings, 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities 

Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOM Coastal Ocean 

Program Office, 95-104 (1992). 

NALEPA, T.F., W.S. GARDNER, and I.M. MALCZYK. Phosphorus cycling by mussels 

(Unionidae:Bivalvia) in Lake St. Clair. Hydrobiologia 219:239-250 (1991). 

NORTON, D.C Digital Investigation of Great Lakes regional snowfall, 1951-1980. 

Proceedings, Eastern Snow Conference, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, June 5-7, 1991, 68-

80 (1992). 

PARRISH, CC, B.J. EADIE, W.S. GARDNER, and J.F. CAVALffiO. lipid class and 

alkane distribution in settling particles of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes. Organic 

Geochemistry 18{1 ):33-40 (1992). 

PRIVALSKY, V. Statistical analysis and predictability of Lake Erie water level variations. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1 ):236-243 (1992). 

PRIVALSKY, V., and T.E. CROLEY, II. Statistical validation of GCM-simulated climates 

for the U.S. Great Lakes and the CI.S. Emba and Ural River basins. Stochastic 

Hydrology and Hydraulics 6:69-80 (1992). 

QUIGLEY, M.A., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Ingestion of live filamentous diatoms by 

the Great Lakes amphipod Diporeia sp.: A case study of the limited value of gut 

contents analysis. Hydrobiologia 223: 141-148 (1991). 

QUINN, F.H. A regional precipitation index for Lake Michigan-Huron water level 

fluctuations. Preprints, Fifth Conference on Climate Variations, Denver, CO, October 

14-18, 1991. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 143-144 (1991). 

QUIN N, F .H. Effects of climate change on the water resources of the Great Lakes. 

Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the American Association for Advancement of 

Science, Chicago, IL, February 1992. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL, 10-

16 (1992). 

QUINN, F.H. Hydraulic residence times for the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of 

Great Lakes Research 18(1):22-28 (1992). 

QUINN, F.H. Outlook for future water supplies to the Great Lakes. Proceedings, 

Water Pipelines and Diversions in the Great Lakes Basin, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, March 12-13, 1991. 63-69 (1991). 

Redalje, D.G., S.E. Lohrenz, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. The relationship between 

primary production and the export of POM from the photic zone in the Mississippi 

River Plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf regions. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 

New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, 105-110 

(1992}. 

60 
REID, D.F., and A.M. BEETON. Large lakes of the world: A global science 

opportunity. GeoJournal28.1 :67 -72 (1992). 

ROBBINS, JA, G. Lindner, W. Pfeiffer, J. Kleiner, H.H. Stabel, and P. Frenzel. 

Epilimnetic scavenging of Chernobyl radionuclides in Lake Constance. Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta 56:2339-2361 (1992). 

SAYLOR, J.H., and G.S. MILLER. Current flow through the Straits of Mackinac., Great 

Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 5 pp. (1991). 

Schulze, P.c., J.R. Strickler, B.I. Bergstrom, M.S. Berman, P. Donaghay, S. Gallager, 

l.F.Haney, B.R. Hargreaves, U. Kils, G.-A. Paffenhofer, S. Richman, H.A. 

VANDERPLOEG, W. Welsch, D. Wethey, and l. Yen. Video Systems for in situ studies 

of zooplankton. Archives Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 36:1·21 (1992). 

SCHWAB, D.J., GA LESHKEVICH, and G.c. MUHR. Satellite measurements of 

surface water temperature in the Great Lakes: Great Lakes CoastWatch. Journal of 

GreatLakes Research 18(2):247·258 (1992). 

Trefry, J.H., R.P. Trocine, S. Metz, T.A. Nelsen, and N. HAWLEY. Suspended 

particulate matter on the Louisiana shelf: Concentrations, composition, and transport 

pathways. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, 

Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. 

NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, 126-130 (1992). 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., W.S. GARDNER, c.c. PARRISH, J.R. LIEBIG, and J.F. 

CAVALEno. lipids and life-cyde strategy of a hypolimnetic copepod in Lake 

Michigan. Limnology Oceanography 37(2):413-424 (1992). 

Washburn, L., B.H. Jones, A.W. BRATKOVICH, T.o. Dickey, and M.S. Chen. Mixing, 

dispersion, and resuspension in vicinity of an ocean wastewater plume. Journal of 

Hydraulic Engineering 118(1 ):38-58 (1992). 

61 
Fv 92 Presentations 

ASSEL, R.A. Impact of 2xC02 global warming on Great Lakes ice cover. 6th Annual 

Meeting of U.S./Canada Joint Ice Working Group, Suitland, MD, May 5, 1992. 

ASSEL, R.A. and D.M. Robertson. Climatic changes near the Great Lakes inferred from 

140 year ice record. Fifth International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, American 

Meteorological Society/VVorld Meteorological Organization, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 

June 22, 1992. 

Bedford, K.W. and D.J. SCHWAB. Nowcasting protocol for the Greal Lakes forecasting 

system. Ocean Sciences Meeting, American Geophysical Union, New Orleans, LA, 

January 27, 1992. 

BEETON, A.M. Non-indigenous species and major changes in large lake ecosystems. 

International Workshop on the Importance of External Perturbations for Short- and 

Long-term Changes in Large Lakes Systems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, October 22, 1991. 

BEETON, A.M. NOAA activities in the Great Lakes region: Response to the zebra 

mussel. 2nd International Zebra Mussel Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 

February 14, 1992. 

BEETON, A.M., and J. Hageman, Jr. Impact of Dreissena polymorpha on the zooplankton community of western Lake Erie. Societas International is limnologiae International 

Congress (SIL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, August 21-27, 1992. 

BEETON, A.M. Development of a Great Lakes research strategy. Special Session -

Council of Great Lakes Research Managers, 35th Annual Conference on Great lakes 

Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4,1992. 

BELL, G.L., I.A. ROBBINS and B.J. EADIE. The use of geochemical markers in estimating sediment resuspension with sediment traps. Societas Internationalis limnologiae 

International Congress (SILl, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, August 21·27, 

1992. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W. and S. Dinnel. Lower Mississippi River historical Nitrate flux and 

Mississippi River outflow buoyancy flux. Principal Investigators Meeting, NECOP 

Synthesis Meeting, Chauvin, LA, October 2, 1991. 

BRATKOVICH, A.W., G. LESHKEVICH, G. MILLER, G. PERNIE, and J. SAYLOR. Vernal thermal fronts in the Great Lakes: A model for large scale forcing and ecosystem 

response. American Society of limnology and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences 

Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, February 7-14,1992. 

Buchberger, S.G., and D.H. LEE. Simulating Great Lakes monthly water levels with 

contemporaneous ARMA models. Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, 

Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 11-15,1992. 

62 
CAVALETTO, J.F. Comparison of chemical oxidation vs. high temperature direct 

combustion methods for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in the Great 

Lakes. 35th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research, International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-

June 4, 1992. 

CROLEY, T.E., II. Climate change impacts on Great Lakes meteorology. 35th Annual 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4, 1992. 

CROLEY, T.E., II. Climate change induced shifts in large lake heat storage. Proceedings, Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 

13, 1992. 

EADIE, B.'. A retrospective analysis of nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity in 

sediments from the Louisiana continental shelf. Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity Review, Chauvin, LA, October 1991. 

EADIE, B.I. and M.B. LANSING. Stable isotope shifts in POM and DOM across the 

salinity gradient off the Mississippi Delta. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, February 7-14, 1992. 

EADIE, B.)., G.l. BELL and I.A. ROBBINS. Development and testing of an 

autosequencing sediment trap for Great Lakes studies. Meeting of the American 

Chemical Society, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, lune 2,1992. 

EADIE, B.I., I.A. ROBBINS, and P.F. LANDRUM. PAH in sediments and pore waters of 

the lower Great Lakes: Reconstruction of a regional source function. American Society 

of limnology and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, 

February 7-14, 1992. 

FAHNENSTIEL, G. and B. WAGONER. Phytoplankton growth rates from Lake Huron 

using the chlorophyll i! labelling technique. 35th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

International Association for Great Lakes Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4,1992. 

GARDNER, W.S. Benthic pelagic energy coupling in Lake Michigan. University of 

Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, March 12-13, 1992. 

GARDNER, W.S. Nitrogen remineralization in freshwater and coastal marine ecosys· 

terns. Memorial University of Newfoundland, 51. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, 

December 10, 1991. 

GARDNER, W.S. Pelagic-benthiC energy coupling between spring diatoms and 

benthic amphipod in Lake Michigan. Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of 

Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, December 9, 1991. 

GARDNER, W.S., J.B. COTNER, Jr., and J.F. CAVALETTO. Effects of zebra mussel on 

bacterial dynamics and nitrogen cycling in Lake SI. Clair. 35th Annual Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research, University of 

Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4, 1992. 

63 
GARDNER, W.S., J.B. COTNER, Jr., and J.F. CAVALETTO. Organic nitrogen mineralization in the Gulf of Mexico Mississippi River plume. American Society of limnology 

and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, February 7-14, 

1992. 

HAWLEY, N. Lateral mass flux calculations for southern Green Bay. Fall Meeting, 

American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, December, 1991. 

HERCHE, loR. Great Lakes research statistics. 3rd Environmetrics Conference, International Environmetrics Society, Madison, WI, October 7-10, 1991. 

JOHENGEN, T.H., R. Moll, and G.l. PERNIE. Nutrient and plankton dynamics associated with thermal front formation in Lake Michigan. 35th Annual Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research, University of 

Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4, 1992. 

JOHENGEN, T.H., R. Moli, and G.l. PERNIE. Nutrient and plankton dynamics associated with thermal front formation in Lake Michigan. American Society of limnology 

and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, February 7-14, 

1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by benthic 

invertebrates: Factors controlling bioavailability. Assessing and Treating Contaminated 

Sediment, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, November 19, 1991. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants to 

benthos. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, January 23, 1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants to 

benthos. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, January 

22, 1992. 

LANDRUM, P.f. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants to 

benthos. Chevron Research and Technology Company, Richmond, CA, January 24, 

1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants to 

benthos. Ecotoxicology Program, University of California, Davis, CA, January 27, 

1992. 

LANDRUM, P.F. Bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants to 

benthos. Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, University 

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, February 18, 1992. 

LEE, D.H. The impacts of climate change on Great Lakes levels and outflows under 

existing regulation criteria. Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Montreal, 

Quebec, Canada, May 11·15, 1992. 

LESHKEVICH, G.A. Great Lakes Coastwatch data distribution. Coordination Meeting, 

Great Lakes Ecological Process Pilots (GLEPP), U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring 

Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, February 5, 1992. 

64 
LESHKEVICH, G.A., D.J. SCHWAB and G.c. MUHR. NOM's CoastWatch: Satellite 

environmental monitoring of the Great Lakes. Conference on Remote Sensing for 

Marine and Coastal Environments, Marine Spill Response Corp (MSRC), ERIM-Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, NOM-NESDIS, New Orleans, LA, June 16, 

1992. 

UU, P.c. Chaotic dynamics and ocean waves statistics. Sixth International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics, International Association for Hydraulic Research, 

Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, May 18, 1992. 

UU, P.c. Exploring chaotic attractors for the Great Lakes water levels. Spring Meeting, 

American Geophysical Union, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 11-15, 1992. 

MCNAUGHT, D.C. Pseudofeces formation by Dreissena: Costs and benefits. Societas 

International is Limnologiae International Congress (Sill, University of Barcelona, 

Barcelona, Spain, August 21-27, 1992. 

MILLER, G.S., J. SAYLOR, G. LESHKEVICH, A. BRATKOVICH, and D. DONG. Physical variability and structure associated with vernal thermal fronts in southeastern Lake 

Michigan. American Society of limnology and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences 

Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, February 13, 1992. 

NALEPA, T.F., J. CAVALETTO and M. FORD. Distribution and physiological condition 

of zebra mussels in Lake SI. Clair. 2nd International Zebra Mussel Conference, Ontario 

Hydro, Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, December 12,1991. 

NALEPA, T.F., J. CAVAlETTO and M. FORD. Seasonal and annual changes in the 

general condition of Dreissena polymorpha from Lake St. Clair. Societas International is 

Limnologiae International Congress (Sill, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 

August 21-27, 1992. 

QUINN, F.H. A regional precipitation index for Lake Michigan-Huron water level 

fluctuations. 5th Conference of Climate Variations, American Meteorological Society 

and Committee on Climate Variations, Denver, CO, October, 1991. 

QUINN, F.H. The sensitivity of water resources management to climate change: A 

Great lakes case study. Climate Change and Water Resources Management Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Albuquerque, NM, November 4, 1991. 

QUINN, F. The effects of climate change on the water resources of the Great lakes. 

MAS '92, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, IL, February 11, 1992. 

QUINN, F.H. The development of climate analog scenarios for Great lakes water 

levels studies. Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Montreal, Quebec, 

Canada, May 13, 1992. 

QUINN, F.H. Great lakes Hydrology. NOAA Colloquium on Operational Environmental Prediction, National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, MD, June 19, 1992. 

REID, D.F. large lakes of the World: A proposed Global Science Initiative. 1991 

Biennial Meeting on Great lakes Water Quality, Traverse City, MI, September 29 -

October 2, 1991. 

65 
ROBBINS, J.A. Long-term fate of 137CS in the Laurentian Great Lakes. International 

Workshop on the Importance of External Perturbations for Short- and Long-term 

Changes in Large Lake Systems. University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, October 

22,1991. 

ROBBINS, J.A. On the fate of radionuclides in lakes. Department of Biology and 

Department of Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 

Houghton, MI, April 2, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Radionuclides in limnology. Center for Great Lakes Studies, University 

of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, January 31,1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Sedimentary record of contamination ofthe St. Marys River system. 

Lake Superior Ecosystem Research Center, Michigan Technological University, 

Houghton, MI, April 1, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A. The fate of nuclear fallout in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Chesapeake 

Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Solomons, MD, April 22, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A. Uncertainty in Lead-21 0 dating of sediments. Societas International is 

Limnologiae International Congress (SIL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 

August 21-27, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A., N.R. MOREHEAD, and A. Mudroch. History of contamination of Lake 

George and its impact on biogenic silica production from 1750 to 19B6. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography 1992 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, 

NM, February 9-14, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A., and N.R. MOREHEAD. History of contamination of the St. Marys River 

and Lake George. Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Montreal, Quebec, 

Canada, May 11-15, 1992. 

ROBBINS, J.A., N.R. MOREHEAD, A. Mudroch, R. Rossmann, and P. Kauss. History of 

contamination of the St. Marys River and Lake George. 25th Great Lakes Regional 

Meeting, American Chemical Society Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, University 

of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, June 1-2, 1992. 

SCHWAB, D.J. Generation and use of gridded overwater wind fields in the Great 

Lakes. 35th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 4, 1992. 

THOMS, S.R., P.F. LANDRUM, and J.A. ROBBINS. Sediment reworking by Sty/odri/us 

heringianus in the presence of DDT: Vertical feeding distributions and particle selective 

transport. 12th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 

Washington, DC, November 3-7, 1991. 

VANDERPLOEG, H.A., J.R. LIEBIG, and M. Omair. Bythotrephes predation on Great 

Lakes zooplankton measured by a modified in situ method. Societas Internationalis 

Limnologiae International Congress (SIL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 

August 21-27,1992. 

66 
Acronyms 

AAPS 

ADCP 

ARCS 

AVHRR 

CClW 

CD-ROM 

CER 

CHARM 

ClLER 

COP 

CSCS 

CTD 

CZE 

DOC 

DOM 

DON 

E-MAP 

EEO 

EPA 

ERL 

ERS 

FEDLINK 

FIBS 

FNOC 

FY 

GOES 

GCM 

GIS 

GLERL 

GPS 

HOC 

HPLC 

IDIDAS 

IMSL 

MARC 

MICIS 

MOIL 

LAN 

LAVc 

LC50 

LD50 

I.ORAN-C 

MAR 

MLC 

MRP 

MRP/GS 

MRP/IGS 

Ann Arbor Public Schools 

Acoustic doppler current profiler 

Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters 

Compact Disk - Read Only Memory 

Coordinated Ecosystem Research 

Coupled Hydrosphere Atmosphere Research Model 

Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research 

Coastal Ocean Program 

Consolidated Scientific Computing System 

Conductivity, temperature, and depth 

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 

Dissolved organic carbon 

Dissolved organic matter 

Dissolved organic nitrogen 

EPA Mapping Program 

Equal Employment Opportunity 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Earth Resources Satellite 

Federal Library and Information Network 

Field by Information Blending and Smoothing 

Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center 

Fiscal Year 

Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite 

General Circulation Model 

Geographic Information System 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

Global Positioning System 

Hydrophobic Organic Compound 

High performance liquid chromatography 

Interactive Digital Image Display and Analysis System 

International Mathematics and Statistical Library 

Machine-Readable Cataloging 

Midwestern Climate Information System 

Marine Operations and Instrumentation Laboratory 

Local area network 

Local Area VAXcluster 

Lethal concentration in environment resulting in 50% mortality. 

Lethal dose which results in 50% mortality of population. 

Location Radio Navigation- Coordinates 

Mississippi Atchafalaya River 

Michigan Library Consortium 

Mississippi River Plume 

Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf 

Mississippi River Plume/Inner Gulf Shelf 

67 
NDBC 

NECOP 

NESDIS 

NIST 

NUN 

NMC 

NOM 

NOCN 

NSF 

NWS 

OAR 

OCLC 

PAH 

PCB 

PDMS 

POC 

POM 

PMEL 

RNN 

SAR 

SEAS 

SIMS 

SPM 

SST 

TM 

VACM 

WLLN 

XBT 

*GPO·93 757·462 

National Data Buoy Center 

Nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity 

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NOAA Library and Information Network 

National Marine Center 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Ocean Communication Network 

National Science Foundation 

National Weather Service 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Online Computer Library Center 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

Polydimethylsiloxane 

Particulate organic carbon 

Particulate organic matter 

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 

Regional Network Node 

Synthetic aperture radar 

Shipboard Environmental Acquisition System 

Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer 

Suspended particulate material 

Sea Surface Temperature 

Thematic Mapper 

Vector averaging current meter 

Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network 

Expendable Bathythermograph 

68