GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1983 

December 1983 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does 

not constitute an endorsement by NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories. Use for publicity or 

advertising purposes of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of 

such products is not authorized. 
cies previously examined, D. sicilis used both the an optimal forager, but exhibits invariant selectivity at 

active and passive feeding modes simultaneously, all times. Traditional feeding experiments are being 

allowing capture of small particles at all times. The run in the laboratory to test this hypothesis. 

continual operation of the small particle capture Other field-laboratory studies on zooplankton 

mode may be important in freshwater systems, where feeding processes provided information about cornsmall particles are very abundant. The mechanisms petitive interactions among species and about the 

observed on film suggested that D. sicilis may not be effects of zooplankton on living and nonliving food 

Microscopic photographs of Diaptornus siciEis (shown here at 72 times aaual size) capturing an alga. This sequence of 

photographs was taken with a high-speed motion picture camera focused through a microscope. The animal was held in 

place inside a small aquarium by a fine hair glued to its back. The mechanisms of active capture shown are as follows: 

(A) Time: zero. The maxilliped, having responded to the smell of the alga, is pulled toward the body. This brings the cell 

cioser to the animal's mouth even though the rnaxilyiped doesn't actually touch it because, at this length scale, water is as 

viscous as honey. 

(B) Time: Gmilliseconds. The alga has moved a little closer to the mouth and the legs now begin to open (flap) to aid capture. 

(C) Time: 10 rnilTiseconds. Second maxilla and legs flap open to aid capture by producing a suction. 

(D) Time: 38 milliseconds. Cell is in filter basket formed by second maxillae. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Preface 

Highlights 

Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics 

Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics 

Lake Hydrology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

Information Services 

International and Interagency Activities 

Facilities 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 

Page 

ee. 

111 

1 

5 

11 

17 

23 

29 

31 

33 

39 

42 

45 
GLERL ORGANIZATION CHART 

(-1 ASST. FEE TO DIRECTOR ll 

ADMINISTRATION COMPUTER FACILITY 

R. H. Bramlet, Head 

SYNTHETIC ORGANICS PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY 

F. H. Qu~nn, Head 

B. J. Eadie, Head W. S. Gardner, Head J. R. Bennett, Head 

LABORATORY - LABORATORY 

BIOLOGY Y LABORATORIES 

MARINE 

INSTRUMENTATION 

LABORATORY 
HIGHLIGHTS 

For 9years the Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory (GLERL) has conducted research on significant processes and problems in the Great Lakes 

Region and other coastal and estuarine waters. GLERL 

research is diversified in form. As is shown by the 

organization chart, process research is aligned along 

four primary disciplines. But problem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff from more than one 

group, is also conducted. The in-house research program is supplemented by grants and contracts with 

private institutions. In turn, GLERL supports the 

efforts of other government agencies. GLERL research products are disseminated by publications or 

presentations and discussions at scientific and user 

meetings. During FY 1983, 67 papers authored by 

GLERL staff and 9 papers by contractors were published, and 68 papers prepared by GLERL staff were 

presented at meetings. 

Research 

The GLERL research program continues to evolve. 

Some major research accomplishments during the 

past fiscal year are indicated below. 

.Ice-Cover Forecasting. Research on St. Marys River 

ice has resulted in improved forecast techniques for 

freezeover, ice growth, and breakup at five different 

sites. Projections can be made up to 2 months in 

advance for freezeover and 1 month for maximum ice 

thickness and breakup. 

.Estimating Longshore Momentum Balance. Careful 

analysis of wind, wave, and current measurements 

made during four storm episodes in the 1981 Lake Erie 

experiment has revealed the relative importance of 

acceleration, pressure gradient, bottom stress, wave 

radiation stress, and wind stress terms in the inner and 

outer regions of the coastal boundary layer. In the 

outer region, the wave radiation stress is smaller than 

in the others, but the radiation stress is passed 

through to the inner boundary region. In this area, 

where refraction is occurring and the waves have not 

yet broken, all of the terms in the momentum balance 

are important. Inside the breaker zone, the momentum balance is basically between radiation stress and 

bottom friction. These results are important in the 

development of conceptual and numerical models of 

transport and diffusion in the coastal boundary layer. 

.Dynamic Wave Forecasting for the Great Lakes. A 

parametric dynamical wave prediction model developed by M. Donelan of the National Water Research 

Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, has been 

adapted, modified, and compared with extensive 

measurements of wave height and direction. The 

model, after being tested in ideal lake geometry, was 

modified to take account of the influence of crosswind gradients of wave height on wave direction. The 

results were found to correspond closely to the analytical solutions for both wave direction and wave 

height. The model was applied to the Lake Erie directional wave measurements conducted during 1981 

and measurements made by the NOAA Data Buoy 

Center (NDBC) Nomad buoy in western Lake Erie 

during the same time period. The results have shown 

that, with locally measured wind data as input, the 

model provides remarkably close estimates of the 

general wave characteristics. 

.Synthesizing NDBC Nomad Buoy Data. The eight 

NDBC Nomad buoys deployed in four of the Great 

Lakes in 1981 provided over 33,000 hours of simultaneously recorded wind, wave, water, and air 

temperature data. These data have been cataloged 

and analyzed in terms of long-term statistics, parametric correlations, wave growth characteristics, and 

comparison with model outputs. 

.Wind Stress Effect on Lake Levels. A study was completed on the effect of mean wind stress on water 

level gage elevations with respect to Great Lakes chart 

datums. It was found that mean setup can have a 

significant influence on the gage-transfer method, 

particularly in Lake Erie. Correction factors for gage 

elevations in Lake Erie were determined and submitted for consideration to the IJC committee on the 

new Great Lakes water level datum. The results of the 

mean momentum balance calculations corroborated 

elevation adjustments for Fairport, Ohio, and Erie, 

Pennsylvania. 

.Nutrient Release by Benthic Invertebrates. The patterns and rates of nitrogen (ammonium and amino 

acids) release by Great Lakes benthic invertebrates 

were quantified and compared to phosphorus release 

rates for the same animals. This work implies that 

benthic .invertebrates' excretion is an important 

source of nutrients in aerobic nearshore environments. 

.Phosphorus Release by Benthic Invertebrates Independent of Substrate. In contrast to previous studies 

on respiration by benthic invertebrates, phosphorus 

release rates of chironomids, tubificids, and Pontoporia hoyi were found to be independent of the presence of a particle substrate. This simplifies laboratory 

quantification of benthic invertebrate excretion rates. 

.New Microchemical Techniques for Nutrients. New 

microchemical techniques were developed and 

adapted to measuring nutrient regeneration in small 

systems containing water, sediments, and organisms 
from lake and marine systems. These techniques are 

being used to assess the relative importance of 

microbes versus invertebrates to nutrient mineralization and to analyze field samples for phosphate and 

nitrate. 

.Complexation of Toxic Organics by Natural Organic 

Matter. High concentrations of toxic organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), 

DDT's, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 

have been found in the pore waters of the Great 

Lakes. The question of whether these compounds 

were truly dissolved or complexed with the high concentration of naturally occurring organic matter is 

important to the long-term fate of these compounds. 

Our laboratory studies have shown that complexation 

does occur and partitioning coefficients of 104-107 

have been measured. 

eBioavailability of Complexed PAH. In studies done 

by GLERL scientists, PAH compounds, such as benzo(a)pyrene and anthracene, have been shown to 

form complexes with naturally occurring organic 

matter. Laboratory experiments indicate that the 

complexed form of the PAH is very much less availableto the benthicamphipod Pontoporia hoyi. If this is 

common to the majority of benthicorganisms, then it 

will mean that sediments play a smaller role as a 

source of contaminants than is currently believed. 

.Cores From Great Lakes High Sedimentation Areas. 

In a joint effort with the Canada Centre for Inland 

Waters, the Universities of Minnesota and Michigan, 

and Argonne National Laboratory, nine box cores 

were collected from Lake Superior. Collections from 

the other four Great Lakes, completed last fall, 

focused on the regions of highest sediment accumulation. Less is known about Lake Superior, which 

required coring in three of its basins. Extensive biogeochemical analyses of these cores is currently 

underway. 

.Biogeochemical Analysis of High Sedimentation 

Cores From Lake Ontario. Analysis of two Lake Ontario cores, one from the site of highest sediment 

accumulation and one 3 kilometers away with approximately 50 percent of the high accumulation rate, has 

been completed. To fit the data, modifications and 

improvements had to be made to GLERL's sediment 

advection-diffusion model. Calibrating with the radionuclides lead-210 and cesium-137 has enabled 

scientists to predict the vertical cross section mercury 

profile very well. Attempts to predict organic contaminant profiles have been less successful, primarily 

because of poor knowledge of the time-dependent 

source function and the relative movement of pore 

waters. Improvements in the model will be made with 

each set of cores analyzed. 

.Beryllium-7Analysis Scheme. Beryllium-7, a natural 

radionuclide with a 59-day half-life, can be used to 

gain insight into short-term particle dynamic processes. This radionuclide enters the lakes through the 

atmosphere, sorbs onto indigenous particulate matter, and migrates to the sediments. GLERL scientists 

have developed the capability to analyze for this 

compound in various sample matrices and expect its 

use will provide important information on seasonal 

processes. 

.Monthly Estimates of Particle Fluxes for Offshore 

Lake Michigan. Data from sediment traps at astation 

35 kilometers offshore in 100 meters of water have 

been collected monthly for the past year. Biogeochemical and contaminant analyses are underway. 

Initial results from cesium-137 and beryllium-7 show 

that traps placed above the seasonal thermocline are 

isolated from the pool of sediments that can again 

become suspended. This indicates that traps could be 

used in stably stratified water as integrating surveillance tools for contaminant loads to lakes (and 

oceans) from the atmosphere. Fluxes of resuspended 

material measured during winter (when the density 

profile is unstratified) confirm earlier findings that the 

sediments form a "leaky trap" for contaminants. 

.Large Basin Runoff. The GLERL Large Basin Runoff 

Model was improved with regard to snowmelt and 

evapotranspiration. Its calibration was improved, 

formalized, and encapsulated for semiautomatic use 

in a calibration package that is efficient and easily 

used. A probabilistic outlook package for forecasting 

of Lake Superior net basin supply and attendant suitability studies have been completed. The outlook 

package was applied to evaluate the worth of experimental snow water equivalent measurements made 

from aerial gamma radiation surveys conducted in a 

joint United States-Canadian effort over the Lake 

Superior Basin. 

.joint Sedimentation Study. Cooperative research on 

upland erosion mechanics between GLERL, the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Geological 

Survey has produced new understanding of unsteady 

overland sedimentation on the microscale associated 

with prediction, runoff, and erosion. The joint field 

experiments in nonprismatic rilled topographies have 

been completed, and kinematic flow theory for prismatic channel sedimentation has been extended for 

nonprismatic channel developments. These results 

improve understanding of the mechanics of various 

nonpoint-source pollutants, and may facilitate the 

modeling of pollutant transport from agricultural 

lands. 

.General Numerical Models for Computing Currents. An improved spill model is now available for 
testing. Improvements include increased resolution, 

multiple spill capability, zoom, and conformance to 

the GLERL modeling system. Using an analytic solution as the standard, numerical model test results 

showed that a 5-kilometer grid resolution yielded 

acceptable results and a 2.5-kilometer solution was 

nearly perfect. 

@Green Bay Circulation. Analysis of current and water 

temperature data collected from Green Bay showed 

persistent high speed flow out of the bay in the upper 

levels, while cold hypolimnetic water flowed far into 

the bay. This water exchange with Lake Michigan 

accelerates bay flushing; thus, prior estimates of mixing times between the waters of Green Bay and Lake 

Michigan have been too long. 

@Computation of Rotational Normal Modes. A comparison of theoretical and experimental rotational 

mode structures in the southern basin of Lake Michigan for the period April-November 1976 shows that 

modeled and observed currents agreed only in the 

frequency range corresponding to the maximum 

energy in the meteorological forcing, approximately 

0.125-0.3 cycles per day. In this range, spectral peaks 

occur at identical frequencies for the wind, observed 

currents, and modeled currents. At lower and higher 

frequencies, the model underestimates kinetic energy observed in the currents. 

@Satellite-Tracked Current Drifters. Satellite-tracked 

current drifters have proven to be a valuable tool for 

monitoring near-surface currents in the Great Lakes. 

Position accuracy tests conducted at four land locations around the lakes showed that errors were less 

than 1 kilometer, and did not vary with latitude, longitude, transmitter age, or battery condition. Wind drift 

was estimated to be 0.7 percent and was verified with 

dye and oil spills. Eight months of drifter track data 

have been compiled and statistically analyzed. 

lnformation Services 

During the past year, as part of GLERL's lnformation 

Services, over 3,000 research products were provided 

in response to almost 2,000 documented requests. Of 

these, 37 percent came from institutions of higher 

learning, 34 percent from private citizens, 12 percent 

from foreign government agencies, 7 percent from 

industry and private organizations, 6 percent from 

U.S. Federal Government agencies, and 4 percent 

from State Governments. This activity is in addition to 

regular mailings to a list of recipients who have indicated interest in a 6-month listing of one or more of 

the five types of GLERL publications. There were five 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements evaluated 

during the year. 

lnternational and Interagency 

Activities 

This past year GLERL staff members were active in 

several lnternational Joint Commission boards and 

committees, including the lnternational Great Lakes 

Diversions, lnternational Great Lakes Levels and 

Flows Advisory, and lnternational Great Lakes Technical lnformation Network Boards, the Ecosystem 

Objective Committee Work Group, Science Issue 

Panel, and Task Forces on Modeling and for Surveillance. GLERL participated in the activities of the Great 

Lakes Commission through membership on the Natural Resources Management Committee. Other activities include participation in such varied activities as 

the Joint United States-Canadian Ice lnformation 

Working Group, the lnternational Coordinating 

Committee on Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data, the 

Interagency Great Lakes Hydromet Steering Committee, and the International Association for Great Lakes 

Research. 

Facilities 

Five Tiros satellite-tracked drifter buoys used in 

Lake Michigan this past winter and summer were 

modified by marine instrumentation laboratory engineers and technicians. The buoys, designed to be 

expendable, can now be recycled. These improvements involved development of a radio-direction 

finder to pinpoint the locations of the buoys. 

The chemistry laboratories'staff has been following 

the uptake and release rates of selected PAH by benthic organisms. This work uses radiotraced compounds, high-performance liquid chromatography, 

and liquid scintillation counters. 

The computer facility has acquired a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX 11/780 computer system to be 

installed early in FY 1984. This new equipment should 

greatly enhance computing support for GLERL scientists. 

In addition to the deployment and retrieval of various instruments and sample-collecting traps, the 

research vessel Shenehon was used to make measurements at the NDBC NOMAD buoy. Since data 

collected from this buoy are routinely used by both 

GLERL and the National Weather Service (NWS), 

periodic verification of output is important. Other 

work supported by the Shenehon included benthic, 

planktonic, and bacterial experiments studying nutrient cycling in the aquatic environment. This past 

year, boat operations were confined to Lake Michigan and rivers feeding into it. 
STAFF AS OF SEPTEMBER 30,1983 

Office of Director 

Lake Hydrology Group 

Ecosystems and Nutrient 

Dynamics Group 

Synthetic Organics and 

Particle Dynamics Group 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

TOTAL 

Assel, R. A. 

Aubert, E. J. 

Bell, G. L. 

Bennett, I. R. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 

Booker, H. L. 

Bramlet, R. H. 

Burns, W. R. 

Campbell, J. E. 

Carrick, B. J. 

Cichocki, E. A. 

Clites, A. H. 

Croley, T. E., II 

Del Proposto, D. J. 

Derecki, J. A. 

Dungan, J. E. 

Dunivan, E. M. 

Eadie, B. J. 

Fahnenstiel, G. L. 

Faust, 'vV. R. 

Field, L. P. 

Frez, W. A. 

Gardner, W. S. 

Gray, M. J. 

Greene, G. M. 

Grimes, J. E. 

Hawley, N. 

Herche, L. R. 

James, 0. L. 

Kelley, J. M. 

Kelley, R. N. 

Kistler, R. D. 

- - 

LH 

OD 

SOPD 

PLM 

OD 

PLM 

OD 

SOPD 

PLM 

LH 

END 

PLM 

LH 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

OD 

SOPD 

END 

SOPD 

PLM 

SOPD 

END 

SOPD 

LH 

SOPD 

SOPD 

OD 

OD 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

Permanent Employees 

Part Time and 

Full Time Intermittent 

11 1 

10 1 

Landrum, P. F. 

Lang, G. A. 

Lawton, B. J. 

Lee, J. P. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 

Liebig, 1. R. 

Liu, P. C. 

Lojewski, N. L. 

Lynn, E. W. 

Malczyk, J. M. 

McCormick, M. J. 

Miller, G. S. 

Miller, T. C. 

Moorhead, N. R. 

Morse, D. V. 

Muzzi, R. W. 

Nalepa, T. F. 

Noble, P. E. 

Norton, D. C. 

Quigley, M. A. 

Quinn, F. H. 

Robbins, J. A. 

Saylor, J. H. 

Scavia, D. 

Schwab, D. 1. 

Soo, H. K. 

Spalding, G. E. 

Stu bblefield, B. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 

Vanderplqeg, H. A. 

Vreeland, S. A. 

SOPD 

END 

LH 

OD 

LH 

END 

PLM 

END 

PLM 

END 

SOPD 

PLM 

PLM 

SOPD 

SOPD 

PLM 

END 

OD 

LH 

END 

LH 

SOPD 

PLM 

END 

PLM 

PLM 

OD 

LH 

END 

END 

OD 

LH-Lake Hydrology Group 

OD-Office of Director 

SOPD-Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics Group 

PLM-Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

END-Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group 
SYNTHETIC ORGANICS AND 

PARTICLE DYNAMICS 

The Synthetic Organics and Particle Dynamics 

Group concentrates on studies of the movement and 

fate of synthetic contaminants in the Great Lakes and 

coastal marine ecosystems. This work is grouped into 

the areas of toxic organic cycling, the role of benthic 

invertebrates in the fate of pollutants, synthetic 

organic partitioning, lake particle flux dynamics, and 

studies of early diagenesis in Great Lakes sediments. 

With the increase in population and industrial activities over the last half century, more human-induced 

pollution has been added to theGreat Lakes. Many of 

these contaminants are foreign to the biosphere and 

some are highly resistant to decomposition. Because 

many of these pollutants are highly toxic and tend to 

concentrate as they move up the food chain, it is 

vitally important that water resource managers and 

other decision-makers have precise information on 

their nature and movement. Often the toxics sorb 

onto particles and move through the water and sediments in that way, making it important to understand 

the movement of particles within the lakes. 

Models have proven to be the best method of supplying fast, accurate information on the movement, 

storage, and resuspension of chemicals and particles 

in the water and sediments of the Great Lakes, as well 

as coastal marine ecosystems. Recent modeling efforts have concentrated on the movement and distribution of PCB's and fallout radionuclides, such as 

cesium-137. Studies on the adsorption and desorption of synthetic organics, the movement of total suspended matter, the composition of sediments, and 

xenobiotic biotransformation (the way in which living 

organismsalter the foreign chemicals they encounter 

in the water and ingest) will provide the basis for 

additional modeling work. 

Toxic Organic Cycling 

The 1978 Water Quality Agreement between the 

United States and Canada included language designed to minimize future pollutant loads and mitigate the impact of existing contaminants. It is necessary to improve our understanding of how such 

chemicals move through a large aquatic ecosystem so 

that regulation and management of trace contaminants can be effective. 

In August 1979 the Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory began a research program in 

cooperation with the Office of Marine Pollution 

Assessment, NOAA, which has recently been transferred to the National Ocean Services, NOAA, and 

renamed the Ocean Assessment Division (OAD). The 

purpose of this program is to develop the ability to 

predict the environmental consequences of persistent synthetic organic contaminants in the Great 

Lakes ecosystem. The assurance of a long-term cooperative program with the OAD has allowed GLERL to 

develop cooperative agreements with several research institutions and to pursue a comprehensive 

research program focused on a few questions regarding the flow of selected organics within the Great 

Lakes. The results generated will be transferable to 

coastal marine systems. 

A predictive capability requires models. Therefore, 

an in-house modeling team, consisting of chemical, 

toxicological, ecological, and physical scientists, has 

been established. This modeling group is supported 

by researchers working on primary ecosystem processes. Most of the process research has been conducted either in-house or at the University of Michigan; however, the program has now been expanded 

to include several research groups, an arrangement 

that allows for a maximum of flexibility. 

Early GLERL modeling results indicated that the 

contaminant concentrations in biota appear to come 

into relatively rapid equilibrium with the water column 

and that water column concentrations are mediated 

by sorption, settling, and resuspension. Benthic organisms appear to be somewhat different and are discussed below. During the past year, efforts have been 

made to design a toxic cycling model that includes the 

effect of sediment resuspension and reequilibriation 

of sediments with the water column. Initial calibration runs for this model have been made using 

cesium-137 (a fallout radionuclide) data. This isotope 

was employed for several reasons: I) there are extensive data on the load to the lakes (monthly for 30 

years), water column and sediment distributions, and 

2) cesium-137exhibits similar partitioning behavior to 

many of the trace organics. A simulation was done for 

southern Lake Michigan and compared to resuspension rates estimated from sediment traps. The model 

appears relatively insensitive to 50-percent changes in 

resuspension. Recent field work with traps indicates 

that month-to-month changes can be nearer to an 

order of magnitude and may have significant impact 

on the model. Current results indicate that resuspension is acting as ascrubbing mechanism and is continuing to reduce the annual average concentration of 

cesium-137 in the water column. Initial efforts to 

model organics with this simulation have encountered the major problem of lack of load information. 

This is being addressed through the analysis of care- 
Cs-137 Test 

KD = 6 x 105 

SR = 12 mg Icm2lyr 

a 

u Resuspension from 

' 0.6 Lake Michigan data E: 

.- V 

-,- ax 

+Load 

/Nepheloid Layer 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 

Years 

Resuspension model calibration run for cesium-137. The 

dotted line (load) represents monthly cesium-137 load data. 

The other two lines (epilimnion and nepheloid layer) are 

model output. The epilimnion simulation is in good agreement with the nine available data points, which all fall 

within the hatched area. The two "tuning" variables, 

partition coefficient (KD) and sediment accumulation rate 

(SR), are well within reported values. 

fully studied cores of recent sediments from which we 

plan to reconstruct lake loads. 

Role of Benthic Invertebrates in the 

Fate of Pollutants 

Many of the major pollutants of concern in the 

Great Lakes are primarily associated with sediments. 

One probable mode of entry of these contaminants 

into the food chain is through ingestion of sediments 

by benthic organisms, remobilizing the compounds. 

Benthic organisms may play an additional role in the 

fate of pollutants through xenobiotic biotransformation. This would result in a direct decrease in the pool 

of potentially toxic compounds. There have been few 

studies on accumulation of toxics from sediments. 

Thus, there is little known about the interaction of 

infauna with contaminated sediments. 

Scientists in the Synthetic Organics and Particle 

Dynamics Group continue to examine the kinetics of 

uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of selected PAH by Pontoporeia hoyi and other selected 

benthic organisms. These studies include the influence of temperature and concentration, as well as 

sediment sorption, on the bioconcentration kinetics 

of PAH. The studies are being performed in temperature controlled chambers of both static and flowthrough design. Complementing these studies is a 

field program to measure the PAH content in benthic 

organisms, sediments, pore waters, and overlying 

waters. 

During the past year,studies have continued on the 

uptake of sediment-sorbed PAH. The uptake rate 

constant in Pontoporeia hoyi for benzo(a)pyrene 

(BaP) was small but reasonably reproducible, 0.0022 f 

0.0013 grams dry sediment per gram of animal per 

hour. These rate constants were used in conjunction 

with the uptake rate constant from water and the 

depuration rate constant to predict steady-state body 

burdens of phenanthrene and BaP for three different 

depths in Lake Michigan. The steady-state body 

burdens compared well for the predicted and measured vaules. The sediment-associated BaP is predicted to contribute 6-45 percent, while the sediment-associated phenanthrene was predicted to contribute 8-88 percent of the steady-state body burden. 

A kinetics model for the bioaccumulation of PAH in 

Pontoporeia hoyi was developed to incorporate the 

uptake from water and sediments. The rate constants 

were allowed to vary with season, as had been determined for BaP, and temperature. The seasonal variation with temperature was taken from a relationship 

determined for whole-lake data for Lake Ontario. The 

Benzo(a)pyrene Accumulation by 

Pontoporeia hoyi 

N 

a, 

m o 11111 1111 111 

JFMAMJJASOND 

Months 

Predicted concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in Pontoporeia hoyi throughout most of one year at 60-meter 

(upper curve), &meter (middle curve), and 23-meter 

depths (lowest curve). The model incorporates the seasonal 

and thermal dependence of the uptake of the contaminant 

from water and sediments, as well as the seasonal and 

thermal dependence of the depuration rate. The animals 

exposed to sediments with the highest concentrations of 

BaP have the highest bioaccumulations. The predicted 

overall variability of the model will be tested against field 

and laboratory data. 
results of this model predicted that the body burden 

of PAH for the P. hoyi would vary with the season, 

with the highest concentrations in winter and spring 

and the lowest in fall. Field and laboratory experiments are currently underway to verify these results. 

Synthetic Organic Partitioning 

The association of synthetic organic contaminants 

with particles in an aquatic system plays an important 

role in determining the compounds' behavior and 

fate. This association is generally expressed as a ratio 

of concentrations in the two phases, termed the partition coefficient (Kp). The magnitude of K is a function of the compounds' water solubility, t e 5: organic 

carbon content of the solid substrate, and the concentration of substrate. 

Recent work indicates that PAH and other hydrophobic compounds can be bound up in a complex 

with natural organic matter. This phenomena has 

important implications to both the sorption behavior 

of compounds and to their bioavailability. 

A reverse phase separation technique was used to 

determine the binding of carbon-14-radiolabeled 

organic pollutants [benzo(a)pyrene; anthracene; 

biphenyl; pp'-DDT; 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl; 

2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl; and bis-diethylhexylphthalate] to humic materials in aqueous solution. 

This approach is based on the assumption that contaminants associated with humic materials in water 

Log Octanol-Water Partition Coeff. 

will pass through Sep-Pak@ columns, whereas unassociated hydrophobic contaminants will be retained 

by the column when the contact times are short. The 

partition coefficient [(grams of pollutant bound per 

grams of organic carbon) divided by (grams of pollutant freely dissolved per milliliter of water)] did not 

depend on pollutant concentration, but was inversely 

proportional to the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in solution. At low DOC (1-2 

milligrams per liter), the partition coefficient was 

approximately equal to the 0ctanol:water partition 

coefficient and inversely proportional to the compound's water solubility. Initial laboratory results 

indicate that the bioavailability of the complexed 

contaminant to the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi is 

significantly lower than that of the "freely dissolved" 

compound. 

Lake Particle Flux Measurements 

Most polluting and enriching substances in the 

aqueous environment have a strong affinity for fine 

suspended particles; thus their transport and fate are 

dictated by the fine particle dispersal system. Total 

suspended matter (TSM) plays a vital role in the solution chemistry of the Great Lakes. TSM sorbs pollutants from the water, providing a potential mechanism for cleansing the lakes through sedimentation. 

In some cases, however, the sediments serve as only a 

temporary reservoir for the sorbed contaminants, 

later releasing them into overlying water and exposing the ecosystem to "trapped" contaminants. It is 

necessary at this time not only to know the concentrations of TSM and associated contaminants and nutrients, but to determine the net flux of these substances into the lakes and sediments and the rates of 

reentrainment. 

Some previous GLERL studies with sediment traps 

have shown open Lake Michigan metalimnetic TSM 

flux to be about 0.7 grams per square meter per 

day during the stratified period. This agrees well 

with lead-210and cesium-137sediment accumulation 

rates from the same region, indicating that, during 

the period of stratification, near-surface traps deployed by GLERL scientists measure something approaching net downward flux of suspended material 

and thei; associated contaminants. For storm and Graph of the binding of selected xenobiotics (materials periods, measurements show aTSM flux foreign to the ecosystem) to humic acid versus the lipophilicity of the xenobiotic. The binding of selected xeno- of about 4.6 grams Per square meter Per day. 

biotio to Aldrich humic acid was proportional to the During the past year, traps were deployed at 12 

lipophilicity of the xenobiotic. This finding reduces the stationsthroughout Lake Michigan and samples were 

amount of "freely dissolvedJ' compound in solution in the colleaed for the total period of stratification and for 

presence of humic and fulvic acids. Xenobiotics included the total unstratified period. Particle fluxes indicate here are anthracene (anth.), biphenyl, diethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP), DDT, tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), benzo(a)- Strong near-bottom resuspension throughout the 

pyrene (BaP), and hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB). year, with an intense injection of resuspended matter 
0246 0246 024681012 

Mass Flux (g/mZ/day) 

Particle mass flux profiles from six sediment trap deployments in Lake Michigan. Particle mass flux is smaller during 

the stratified season (summer-S) because the various 

temperature layers tend to inhibit t he vertical movement of 

particles out of the sediments. Also, there are more storms 

to disturb the water during the unstratified season (winterW). The stratified season is from mid-June through midNovember, and the unstratified season from mid-November through mid-June, Open and closed points are for 

clarity only. 

onto the surface waters during winter. These large 

winter fluxes, when incorporated into GLERL models, 

play an important role in determining water column 

concentrations and residence times for hydrophobic 

contaminants. Major field experiments are currently 

underway to improve understanding of this process. 

Studies of Early Diagenesis in the 

Great Lakes 

As part of the study of the long-term behavior and 

fate of toxic organic compounds in the Creat Lakes, 

GLERL scientists carefully collected box and gravity 

cores from locations of maximum sediment accumulation from the four lower lakes. At the same time, 

cores were collected from a few kilometers away, 

where accumulation was significantly slower, on the 

assumption that the distribution of compounds reaching these locations would be similar. The field program could not have been conducted without the 

assistance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA), Region V, and the Canada Centre for Inland 

Waters (CCIW). The aim of this study is 1) to build an 

optimally self-consistent description of sedimentation, bioturbation, diffusion, and reaction for contaminants (inorganics, organics, and radionuclides) in 

a series of cores from each of the Creat Lakes to aid 

development of long-term modeling efforts, and 2) ta 

use historical records of contaminant fluxes reconstructed from self-consistent diagenetic models as a 

form of ground truth for models describing the 

behavior of contaminants in the water column. The 

distribution of cesium-137 has been determined in 

essentially all the Lake Erie cores collected last year. In 

addition, distributions of beryllium-7 (with a half-life 

of 53.4 days) have been measured in three of these 

cores. 

An example of results is the cesium-137 profile in a 

core from the eastern end of Lake Erie. It extends all 

the way to the bottom of the box core. The sedirnentation rate at this location is one of the highest in the 

Creat Lakes (0.3 grams per square centimeter per year 

or about 1 centimeter per year). The 1963-64 peak 

fallout occurs at 21 centimeters deep. The theoretical 

result based on the steady-state mixing model indicates roughly6 centimeters of long-term mixing. This 

extent of mixing implies atime resolution of roughly 5 

years in this core. The distribution expected in the 

Box corer used to collect sediments from the Canadian 

survey ship Limnos. As part of a cooperative study between 

the Canada Centre for Inland Waters and GLERL, sediments 

are being collected from each of the Great Lakes. 
united States and Canadian scientists subsampling a box 

core by inserting plastic tubes into undisturbed sediments, 

Cores are subsequently sectioned and analyzed by several 

participating laboratories. Such sediment core studies are 

aiding researchers in reconstructing the history of lake 

pollution and the role of sediments as a source, as well as a 

sink, for contaminants. 

absence of mixing (same sedimentation rate) if transfer from air to sediments were immediate corresponds to past 7963-64 atmospheric testing episodes. 

Their appearance within the mixed zone indicates 

that mixing is not complete. The distribution sf 

beryllium-7 in the same core further illustrates that 

sediment mixing cannot be treated as an instanfaneous process (at least on seasonal time scales). The 

activity of this isotope decreases exponentially with 

depth within the mixed zone. Rates of advective 

mixing inferred from this profile compare favorably 

with the rate calculated from densities of conveyorbelt feeding zoobenthos at this location. The steadystate mixing model has been modified to properly 

take account of the conveyor-belt type of sediment 

redistribution in the Great Lakes, Initial results indicate that details such as those seen in profiles of 

cesium-137 in the eastern Lake Erie cores and beryllium-7 can be described correctly by that approach. 

In this study, field work alone has extended over a 

3-year period in which Lake Ontario was cored in 

June 1981, Lakes Huron and Michigan in October 

1981, Lake Erie in 1982, and Lake Superior in 1983. 

While the field phase of the study is largely complete, 

the analytical work is expected to continue for several 

years, with cores coliected earliest generally analyzed 

soonest. 

ACTIVITY Idpm /g I 

Distribution of naturally occurring berylFium-7 (which has a 

half-life of 53 days) in Lake Erie sediment cores. This 

nuclide, which is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic 

rays, reaches sediments, where it is mixed downward by 

benthicorganisms. Thus, itsexponential distribution can be 

used to determine the rate of sediment mixing. This rate, 

which varies with location on the lake bottom, is needed to 

describe seasonal to annual variations in levels of contaminants resuspended into the water column. 
ECOSYSTEM AND 

NUTRIENT DYNAMICS 

The health or well-being of the Great Lakes is evidenced by the quantity and composition of biota in 

them. Benthic organisms can indicate long-term 

trends in water quality, whereas pelagic biota reflect 

water quality more immediately. Planktonic plants 

and animals are of particular interest because they are 

at the base of the aquatic food chain. The ability to 

predict quantitatively types and amounts of these 

organisms in the lakes is important to assessing potential effects resulting from anthropogenic (maninduced) activities or natural changes in lakes or 

marine coastal ecosystems. The composition and 

successional patterns of organisms in aquatic ecosystems are affected by the interactions of physical (e.g., 

light, temperature, ice cover, water movements), 

chemical (e.g., nutrient supply and availability, toxic 

substances), and biological (e.g., food chain dynamics, predation, nutrient uptake, and regeneration) 

factors. 

To accurately predict the effects of man-induced 

changes on the Great Lakes or marine coastal ecosystems, critical factors affecting the biota must be recognized and quantified as parts of a mathematical 

model of the system. Conceptual and mathematical 

models developed at GLERL and elsewhere have 

demonstrated that nutrient limitation is a major force 

controlling the quantity and composition of plankton 

in photic zones of the Great Lakes. Mechanisms controlling nutrient cycling must therefore be understood before changes in the biota and water quality of 

the lakes can be predicted. The close interrelationships between nutrients, phytoplankton, and aquatic 

invertebrates require an interdisciplinary research 

program so that critical processes can be quantified 

and integrated into simulative and predictive models. 

The Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics Group is investigating factors controlling nutrient cycling and ecological succession in theGreat Lakes and is integrating 

experimental results into ecosystem models applicable to the Great Lakes, as well as to other freshwater 

and coastal marine ecosystems. 

Lake Michigan Ecosystem Experiment 

Lagrangian approach was to minimize the complicating influence of physical transport on the interpretation of biological and chemical measurements. Data 

were collected to evaluate the ability of the drogue to 

track a water mass. These studies include use of 

satellite remote sensing of particle and thermal 

patches, dyes, drogue clusters, and flow meters attached to the drogue systems. 

Specific objectives of the ecological study were to 

describe, understand, and eventually simulate temporal changes in dissolved and particulate nutrients, 

phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Each 5-day experiment followed the same general scheme. Water 

samples were taken on the first and last day to characterize the vertical structure of mixed-layer nutrient 

chemistry and phytoplankton and zooplankton composition from a location 25-30 kilometers offshore of 

Grand Haven, Michigan. On the first day, a satellitetracked drifter buoy was released, with drogue and 

attached sediment trap array set to the depth of the 

mixed layer. A series of bottles for algal dilutiongrowth rate experiments were also attached to a 

drogue at various depths. The drifter system was then 

visited each day over the 5-day experiment to collect 

water and to perform experiments to determine rates 

of ecosystem processes contributing to speciesspecific phytoplankton dynamics. These experiments 

were designed to estimate species-specific algal growth 

rates via 1) in situ 24-hour carbon-14 incubations, 2) 

photosynthesisversus light incubationsat shorecoupled 

with light versus time and depth measurements, 3) 

5-day in situ incubations of a natural algal assemblages diluted with filtered lake water, and 4) zooplankton manipulation experiments. 

Algal sinking rates were determined through longterm (5-day) sediment collection in traps suspended 

below the drogue and through short-term (2-4 hour) 

sinking rate experiments in specifically-designed sedimentation bottles that are filled with lake water, suspended at depth for 2-4 hours, and then partitioned, 

top from bottom, before retrieving. 

Algal loss rates due to zooplankton grazing were 

determined from zooplankton manipulation experiments. By measuring the rate of loss or gain of algal 

species as a function of manipulated zooplankton 

abundance, zooplankton-dry-weight-based algal loss 

rates could be determined. When coupled with 

observations of zooplankton at the drifter, in situ loss 

A free-drifting, satellite-tracked drogue was used rates could be calculated. 

to conduct a major Lagrangian ecosystem experiment Mixing of algal cells out of the upper layer, across 

in Lake Michigan. The purpose of this study was to the thermocline, will be calculated via vertical diffudefine and quantify biological and chemical pro- sion coefficients determined by successive temperacesses causing dynamic short-term and seasonal eco- ture traces and/or calculations from a model driven 

logical changes in the Great Lakes. The reason for the by observed meteorological conditions. 
Related experiments, carried out during each 

cruise, include nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration by zooplankton, phosphorus and amino acid 

uptake kinetics by phytoplankton and bacteria, bacterial growth rates, dynamics of the subthermocline 

chlorophyll maximum, diurnal migration of zooplankton, and a suite of experiments testing potential 

artifacts in the algal growth rate experiments. 

The importance of this program is its potential ability to document intrinsic process-level influence on 

species-specific ecosystem dynamics. Because large 

aquatic systems such as the Great Lakes are physically 

dominated, it has been extremely difficult to document and simulate biological and chemical processes 

underlying state-variable dynamics. Taking advantage of the satellite-tracked drifters and the new 

technology developed at GLERL for successful retrieval and redeployment, GLERL scientists have begun 

this Lagrangian approach to study biological and 

chemical processes. Combining results from all five 

cruises will allow differentiation of long seasonal 

changes from short-term ecological variability and 

will provide information needed to develop accurate 

numerical ecosystem models. 

Lake Assessment 

Perhaps no other biological group of organisms is a 

better indicator of water quality than the benthic 

fauna. Communities respond to and reflect environmental changes over long periods of time. GLERL 

scientists are continuing to evaluate present-day distributions of benthic invertebrates in southern Lake 

Michigan. By comparing the number and kinds of 

organisms now in the lake to those found 17-50years 

ago, they are gaining insight into the lake's changing 

trophic nature. 

Progress in picking, sorting, and identifying benthos collected in Lake Michigan in 1980-81 continued. 

All organisms from samples collected in May 1980 (240 

samples) have been identified, their dry weights have 

been determined, and these data have been coded 

for inclusion in a computer file. Separation and enumeration of benthic invertebrates was continued in 

sectioned sediment cores. The data will eventually be 

compared with physical and chemical sediment profiles to identify major variables determining vertical 

distribution of benthos. A data set on the vertical 

distribution of certain microcrustaceans in the sediment-water column has been fully verified and is now 

on line. Temporal and spatial variations in the meiobenthosof nearshore Lake Michigan were described. 

This work is the first documentation of the abundance 

demonstrates their importance relative to macroinvertebrates. 

Sediment core samples from Lake Ontario were 

analyzed for different forms of phosphorus (total 

phosphorus and sodium hydroxide extractable organic and inorganic phosphorus) to gain insight into 

the nature of phosphorus inputs to the lower Great 

Lakes and into diagenic processes affecting phosphorus in the sediments. This information will be 

interpreted in conjunction with lead-210 dating and 

with chemical information provided by other scientists in a cooperative program. The changes in phosphorus content with depth were not dramatic (less 

than a factor of two), but could be completely 

accounted for by changes in extractable inorganic 

phosphorus. The apatite phosphorus and extractable 

organic fractions did not exhibit dramatic changes 

with depth or changes in oxygen content. Future 

examination of other cores should help determine 

whether sediment core analysis can be used to trace 

the history of phosphorus inputs into the lakes. 

Diffuse and point-source loads of various forms of 

phosphorus and nitrogen, chloride, and suspended 

solids were estimated for Lake Superior. The Mineral 

River was established as the major source of chlorine 

to Lake Superior and may provide an ideal site to 

Mean biomass (dry weight) of the meiobenthos at the 11- 

meter, 17-meter, and 23-meter water depths on each 

sampling date. Because of the high metabolic rates of the 

meiobenthos, its materials flow (energy, nutrients) was 

estimated to be 33-80 percent of the flow through the 

macrobenthoson an annual basis. This indicates that future 

studies on organic utilization or energy flow through the 

nearshore benthic communities in the Great Lakes should 

of biomass and meiobenthos in the Great Lakes and include the meiobenthos. 
" LEGEND 

o Mineral River -1 fSSl Michigan Tributaries 

0 U.S. Tributaries 

b n 

Water Year 

Chloride load into Lake Superior from the Mineral River, 

Michigan Tributaries, and U.S. tributaries. The Mineral 

River, located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan,contribUtes more than one-third of the total U.S. tributary input. 

This unusual loading is largely due to the mine dewatering 

process used by a copper company. It is postulated that 

increased chloride concentrations may promote the introduction and adaptation of marine organisms into the Great 

Lakes. 

investigate ecological changes resulting from increased salinity. 

Ecological Modeling 

A major problem in testing the predictive effectiveness of ecosystem models is the limited amount of 

comprehensive long-term field data available for 

aquatic ecosystems. Physical, chemical, and biological data collected continuously from Lake Washington over the last 30 years are being used to test a 

generalized ecosystem model for natural waters, 

including the Great Lakes. The long-term goal of this 

work is to develop and test a "next-generation" ecological model of lakes. To date, most of the data have 

been summarized, digitized, and transferred to NOAA's 

computer facility. A temperature-diffusion model 

has been calibrated for the 20-year data set and estimates of vertical diffusion coefficients have been 

summarized. Current efforts test those values bysimulation of a mostly conservative substance, total alkalinity. Initial results indicate the existence of previously undocumented sources of total alkalinity in 

the Lake Washington environment. In the near future, 

total nutrient models will be tested and then used to 

analyze the effects of production on those nutrients. 

Evaluating the ability of the model to simulate ecological succession in Lake Washington will help determine its usefulness for predicting biological and 

chemical trends in the Great Lakes and other coastal 

ecosystems. 

Microscale Heterogeneity 

Research continued in a study to evaluate the 

potential importance of microscale heterogeneity in 

controlling phytoplankton species composition. Experiments testing the effects of nutrient patchiness on 

pure culture populations of algae were performed on 

three species. The following effect was clear and 

common among the species: Cultures exposed to a 

patchy nutrient regime grew on less average phosphorus per cell than did cultures grown at the same 

rate on homogeneous supply. Nutrient patchiness 

also appeared to produce smaller cells (for reasons 

that are unclear at this time). The effects of nutrient 

patchiness on natural assemblages of algae were 

tested in laboratory experiments. Preliminary results 

suggest that the heterogeneous supply produced a 

final species assemblage unlike the one produced 

under homogeneous nutrient supply. Patchy supply 

resulted in dominance of a single blue-green algal 

species; homogeneous supply resulted in codominance among the blue-green, flagellated greens, 

and a diatom. Studies of the effect of patchy nutrient 

supply on unialgal populations indicate that populations in a patchy phosphorus environment use that 

nutrient more efficiently. 

Zooplankton Feeding and Particle 

Transport 

Zooplankton feeding processes and ratesshould be 

understood to predict the role of these invertebrates 

in cycling nutrients and controlling phytoplankton 

successional patterns in the lakes. In a cooperative 

study with the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography in 

October 1982, more than I00 films were made of the 

Great Lakes copepod Diaptomus sicilis feeding on 

three different-sized species of the diatom Chlamydomonas. Microcinematography, the technique 

used, provides high-speed (500 frames per second) 

filming for "direct observation" of the zooplankton 

feeding process. 

Although Diaptomus sicilis, like marine copepods, 

was able to capture large particles by actively responding to the scent of the particle, this was the first 

copepod study demonstrating the passive mechanism 

of small particle capture. In contrast to marine spe- 
cies previously examined, D. sicilis used both the an optimal forager, but exhibits invariant selectivity at 

active and passive feeding modes simultaneously, all times. Traditional feeding experiments are being 

allowing capture of small particles at all times. The run in the laboratory to test this hypothesis. 

continual operation of the small particle capture Other field-laboratory studies on zooplankton 

mode may be important in freshwater systems, where feeding processes provided information about cornsmall particles are very abundant. The mechanisms petitive interactions among species and about the 

observed on film suggested that D. sicilis may not be effects of zooplankton on living and nonliving food 

Microscopic photographs of Diaptornus siciEis (shown here at 72 times aaual size) capturing an alga. This sequence of 

photographs was taken with a high-speed motion picture camera focused through a microscope. The animal was held in 

place inside a small aquarium by a fine hair glued to its back. The mechanisms of active capture shown are as follows: 

(A) Time: zero. The maxilliped, having responded to the smell of the alga, is pulled toward the body. This brings the cell 

cioser to the animal's mouth even though the rnaxilyiped doesn't actually touch it because, at this length scale, water is as 

viscous as honey. 

(B) Time: Gmilliseconds. The alga has moved a little closer to the mouth and the legs now begin to open (flap) to aid capture. 

(C) Time: 10 rnilTiseconds. Second maxilla and legs flap open to aid capture by producing a suction. 

(D) Time: 38 milliseconds. Cell is in filter basket formed by second maxillae. 
particles in the Great Lakes: 1) Comparative feeding 

experiments of two Great Lakes copepods indicated 

that Diaptomus ashlandi feeds more rapidly than 

Diaptomus sicilis per unit body weight, regardless of 

particle size or shape. These results suggest that D. 

ashlandi is a better competitor than D. sicilis for the 

limited food supplies in the Great Lakes. 2) An effective food concentration feeding construct was further 

refined by combining previous results on invariant 

selectivity with food concentration data to predict 

feeding rates. 3) Microscopic analysis of particles 

resulting from Great Lakes feeding experiments provided insights into the influence of algal morphology 

on the ability of a zooplankter to ingest algae. This 

may be an important factor controlling species composition and succession in the Great Lakes. 4) Calcite 

at concentrations found in Lake Michigan had only a 

modest effect on zooplanton feeding rates. However, 

fecal pellets settle much faster (20 meters per day) 

when calcite is ingested than when it is not (2 meters 

per day). Calcite may therefore have an indirect, as 

well as direct, effect on particle transport in the Great 

Lakes. 

Pelagic Nutrient Regeneration 

Biological regeneration of nutrients is a major 

source of nutrients to phytoplankton in the Great 

Lakes. Animal excretion is particularly relevant to recycling of nutrients in lakes because released nutrients are directly available to phytoplankton. GLERL 

research has continued to elucidate important mechanisms of nutrient cycling and regeneration from 

organic sources in the pelagic and benthic zones. 

Work continued on the impact of food supply on 

nutrient regeneration by pelagic zooplankers. Ammonium excretion by Daphnia feeding in bottles containing suspensions of heat-killed algae was measured and directly compared to ammonium excretion 

determined by a previously described flow-cell 

method. These experiments supported the usefulness 

of the heat-killed cells and showed that the flow-cell 

method approximates, but may slightly underestimate, ammonium excretion by Daphnia magna. This 

underestimation probably results because the animals do not display their full ammonium excretion 

potential unless feeding on suspensions of algae. 

Ammonium excretion rates by several life stages 

(nauplii to adult) of the marine copepod Eucalanus 

pileatus were measured in two controlled food environments to assess the importance of life stage and 

food abundance on nutrient regeneration by zooplankton. When food was abundant, animals of all 

stages released ammonium at similar rates per unit 

ash-free dry weight. However, at low food levels, 

late-stage juveniles and adult females released ammonium significantly more slowly than did the nauplii 

or early-stage juveniles. 

To evaluate the mass balance approach often used 

to calculate pelagic nutrient regeneration rates, the 

accuracy of calculated regeneration rates for dissolved silica, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphorus in the 

epilimnion of an offshore station in Lake Michigan 

was examined. Results of first-order uncertainty analysis demonstrated high uncertainty in estimating 

regeneration rates of each nutrient. Approximately 80 

percent of the variance for phosphorus regeneration 

was a result of uncertainty in the phosphorus to carbon ratio, and 90 percent of the variance for silica and 

nitrate-nitrogen regeneration was due to onshoreoffshore transport. Regeneration rates calculated by 

mass balance can, therefore, be meaningful only if 

uncertainty due to vertical advection and cellular 

stoichiometry are minimized. 

Benthic Nutrient Regeneration 

Regeneration from sediments appears to be an 

important source of nutrients to phytoplankton in 

nearshore zones of the Great Lakes. Although phosphorus is not as readily released from aerobic sediments (as occur in the Great Lakes) as from anoxic 

ones, recent work implies that phosphorus is indeed 

supplied to overlying waters from Lake Michigan sediments. Benthic macroinvertebrates contribute to this 

process by mineralization (metabolic conversion of 

detritus into dissolved inorganic nutrients) and bioturbation (mechanical mixing) of the sediments to 

enhance nutrient release into overlying waters. 

Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to determine the effects of benthic invertebrates 

on phosphorus release from aerobic Lake Michigan 

sediments. Phosphorus concentrations of the overlying waters in the microcosms were monitored over a 

period of about 70 days. The amount of phosphorus 

released from sediments into overlying waters was far 

greater in microcosms with invertebrates than in 

those without invertebrates, and more phosphorus 

was released in microcosms containing sand than in 

those containing silt. This implies that invertebrates 

have a substantial effect on sediment phosphorus 

regeneration in these nearshore regions of the Great 

Lakes. 

Rates of excretion (or release) of ammonium and 

amino acids by Lake Michigan chironomid larvae and 

tubificid worms were measured to quantify metabolic 

aspects of nitrogen regeneration by these benthic 

invertebrates. Ammonium release rates were similar 
P. hoyi (numbers / core) 

Pontoporeia hoyi abundance versus soluble reactive silica 

(SRS) release in intact sediment cores. This indicates that 

resident amphipod populations in nearshore Lake Michigan may slow silica regeneration rates through mixing and 

selective feeding on sediment particles. 

for both groups and on average ranged from 3 to 14 

nanograms atom per milligram ash-free dry weight 

per hour at temperatures from 10' to 22OC. Kinetic 

data indicated that ammonium release by these animals is primarily an endogenous metabolic process 

and is probably not caused directly by breakdown of 

food in the animals' guts. In contrast, free amino 

nitrogen release rates often decreased with time after 

food removal and may have reflected egestion of 

partially digested food from the animals' guts. Based 

on previous measurements of phosphorus release, 

mean molar ammonium to phosphate ratios in excreted materials were calculated to be 15:1 for chironomids and 35:1 for tubificids at 20°C. Thus benthic 

invertebrates appear to be at least as important for the 

mineralization of nitrogen as for phosphorus. 

To verify the validity of excretion experiments and 

to improve future experimental design, the effect of a 

sand substrate (presence versus absence) and the 

effect of water medium (lake water versus distilled 

water) on excretion rates of Lake Michigan macroinvertebrates were examined. The presence or absence 

of a substrate had no effect on excretion rates of 

tubificids, chironomids, or Pontoporeia, thus indicating that realistic determinations of phosphorusexcretion in these taxa can be obtained without a substrate 

present. The type of water medium used, lake or 

distilled, also had no effect on excretion rates of tubificids and chironomids, but excretion rates of Pontoporeia weresignificantly higher in distilled water. It is 

therefore preferable to conduct excretion experiments in real or simulated lake water rather than in 

distilled water. 

The relative importance of benthic invertebrates 

versus microbes to the mineralization process (conversion of organic nutrients to inorganic forms) in 

lake sediments was evaluated using new techniques 

developed at GLERL. Results imply that benthic invertebrate excretion may supply at least half of the nutrients mineralized in the near-surface sediments. 

In contrast to phosphorus and nitrogen, silica is not 

excreted metabolically, but is regenerated by dissolution of diatom frustules that have settled to the sediments. Correlation of benthic invertebrate abundance with measurements of nutrient release from 

intact sediment cores indicated that Pontoporei hoyi 

may actually suppress dissolved silica release from 

sediments by burying the silica-rich surficial floc 

layer. 

Experimental measurements of the rates of phosphate uptake by phytoplankton assemblages are used 

to evaluate the intensity of species competition in 

nature and to verify the accuracy of complex ecosystem model predictions. The uptake of this nutrient is 

generally characterized by fitting data to the Michaelis-Menton equation. However, GLERL tests 

demonstrated that phosphate uptake by natural 

assemblages of algae does not conform to the 

Michaelis-Menton equation because uptake rates at 

low phosphate concentrations are much higher than 

those predicted by the model. This discrepancy can 

be readily observed by plotting the reciprocal of the 

rate constant for phosphate uptake at high and at low 

phosphate concentrations. The value of the transport 

constants obtained from fitting uptake rates to the 

model at high concentrations are much higher than 

those obtained from model fits of the rates at low 

concentrations. These results show that commonly 

used constructs in ecosystem models will severely 

overestimate phosphate uptake rates and that traditional methods of fitting uptake rates to the Michaelis-Menton model must be modified to obtain 

accurate estimates of the kinetic constants. 
LAKE HYDROLOGY 

The emphases of the Lake Hydrology Group are on 

the hydrologic cycle, including channel hydraulics, 

and on ice research. The objectives of the hydrologic 

research are to develop improved methods of predicting and simulating water supplies, lake levels, 

connecting channel flows, and flows in tributary 

streams and to improve understanding of hydrologic 

processes. The objectives of the ice research are to 

improve the prediction of freeze-up, breakup, areal 

extent, and the thickness of ice in the Great Lakes 

and their bays, harbors, and channels and to improve 

understanding of the natural variability and physical 

properties of lake ice cover. The research involves an 

integrated program of data collection, data base 

development, analysis, prediction, model development and testing, and advisory service. 

Prediction and simulation information on water 

supplies, lake levels, and flows is necessary for water 

resource planning and management and for thesolution of problems with water supply, water quality, 

shore erosion, hydropower, navigation, recreation, 

and flooding. Primary users of hydrologic information are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Great 

Lakes shipping industry, the U.S. EPA, recreational 

boating enthusiasts, the power utilities, the Great 

Lakes States, and the general public. 

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great 

Lakes is of interest to all those who use the lakes in 

winter. Prediction information on Great Lakes ice is of 

value to shoreline engineering, winter navigation, 

hydropower generation, water supply management, 

and waste disposal. Primary users of ice information 

are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Coast 

Guard, the NWS, the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, the Great Lakes shipping industry, 

and the general public, including shoreline propeity 

owners. 

Hydrology 

Lake Hydrology scientists continue to develop 

mathematical models to simulate and predict basin 

runoff into each of the Great Lakes. Runoff predictions are necessary to water supply and lake level 

forecasting. The models will also help scientists 

understand the resDonse of watersheds to natural 

linear-reservoir storages, partial-area infiltration, 

complementary evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration opportunity based on available supply, and 

heat balance determinations of snowmelt and net 

supply. Daily air temperature, precipitation, and runoff data are used to calibrate the model's nine 

parameters. 

The model, applied to Lake Ontario subbasins last 

year, has been refined and applied to new major data 

sets this year. Data acquisition and reduction for all 

Great lakes basins (about 148 flow station and 217 

meteorological station records, representing 25-30 

years of daily values) is completed. These data are 

now reduced to hydrometeorological data sets for 

each of the 121 subbasins around the lakes. 

The model was applied to Lake Superior data and 

grouped for 22 subbasins around the lake, as well as 

for the entire basin above Sault Ste. Marie. Both 

lumped- and distributed-parameter approaches were 

used to apply the model. Twenty subbasins and the 

entire basin were modeled at daily, weekly, and 

monthly mass-balance computation intervals by using 

daily data for the daily and weekly models and 

monthly data for the monthly model. 

The large basin runoff model is an accurate, fast 

model of weekly or monthly runoff volumes from 

large watersheds and has relatively simple calibration 

and data requirements. Parameters have physical significance and their values are reasonable and consistent between daily, weekly, and monthly applications. For the Lake Superior Basin data, weekly 

applications make better use of available data on a 

monthly basis than do the monthly applications. The 

distributed-parameter applications are better than 

the lumped-parameter applications, but cost 20times 

as much to use. The weekly distributed-parameter 

application to Lake Superior yielded a weekly correla- 

" 

April May June July Aug. Sept 

forces. The GLERL Large Basin Runoff Model is an Forecast of Lake Superior accumulated net basin supply 

interdependent tank-cascade representation of basin exceedances, 1983. Accumulated net basin supply is lotted 

runoff that uses analytical solutions of climatological with time for three probabilities of exceedance. The number associated with each line in the plot represents the to large watersheds. A mass probability that what actually occurs will be exceeded by balance is coupled with physically-based concepts of (below) that line. 
tion of 0.93 and a monthly correlation of 0.94. The 

model is now being applied to the Lake Michigan 

Basin. 

The model has good potential for use in predictive 

studies since basin storages are represented directly. 

It was used this year in connection with the joint 

United States-Canadian experimental gamma radiation snow water equivalent and soil moisture surveys 

conducted over the Lake Superior Basin during the 

1982-83 winter. The model used measured snow 

water equivalent as a boundary condition in a 6- 

month probabilistic outlook of net basin supply into 

Lake Superior. An extended streamflow prediction 

(ESP) procedure was used to estimate future supplies 

from present conditions in the basin and from past 

meteorological histories. Such outlooks enable both 

the assessment of the worth of the - gamma surveys and 

regulation determinations for Lake Superior outflow. 

The model will continue to be used in the next 4years 

of experimental gamma surveys. Additional probabilistic outlook packages are under development to 

enable use of the model on a distributed-parameter 

basis, as well as with only monthly near real-time data. 

Although predictions are limited by available meteorological information, forecasting is practical if data 

can be supplied on a near real-time basis. This may 

soon be possible for many areas of the Great Lakes 

Basin since the requisite data are precipitation and air 

temperature. Work is underway for the necessary 

data links with agencies in the United States and 

Canada. 

The International Great Lakes Technical Information network Board of the IJC has chosen to use the 

model in their assessment of data network needs in 

the Great Lakes Region. This year their committees 

used the model in assessments of the information 

content of the climatological hydrometeorological 

data network within the Great Lakes Basin, as exemplified by the Lake Superior Basin. It appears that 

calibration of the Large Basin Runoff Model changes 

little as the number of meteorological stations are 

reduced from 54 to between 20 and 30for Lake Superior. Thus, efforts at implementing a near real-time 

reporting network can be directed at fewer stations 

with regard to runoff estimation. Likewise, a substantial reduction in runoff stations is possible with little 

lossof runoff information with regard to estimation of 

net basin supply to Lake Superior. 

The rainfall-runoff models will be incorporated 

into the Great Lakes Hydrologic Response Model, 

which represents the hydrologic water balance of the 

lake system. The response model integrates the 

hydrologic components and routes the water through 

the system and into the St. Lawrence River. The model 

Diversion -1 

MarY'~~~%Ip' 

~ernp' SUPERIOR River- HURON >J;p"p 

Evap Straits of ~~~k~~~~ St. Clgir River 

Prec~p, 

Temp' MICHIGAN 

Evap 

Evap. 

Evap 

St. ~awFence River 

Great Lakes Hydrologic Response Model proposed schematic representation. The Great Lakes Hydrologic Response 

Model will be used to trace the flow of water through the 

entire Great Lakes system and out the St. Lawrence River. 

provides the resulting lake levels for each of the Great 

Lakes and Lake St. Clair and flows in the St. Marys, St. 

Clair, Detroit, Niagara, and St. Lawrence Rivers. 

Theory application to the first series of experiments 

for the Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Project was 

completed last year. GLERL provided the theoretical 

developments for experiments conducted by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture's Science Education Administration (SEA). Refinements made to the theory 

last year included the specification of flow-dependent geometry, which allows fluid flow equilibrium 

times to exceed sediment concentration equilibrium 

times. The resulting one-dimensional kinematic 

equations can be solved by the method of characteristics, and complete analytical solutions describe the 

Distance (rn) 

Sediment characteristics solution of equations of motion 

with kinematic approximation. Solid lines give thesediment 

concentration at any time and location in a developing rill 

on an overland surface. The fluid flow equilibrium time (tc) 

and the sediment flow equilibrium time (tS) are represented 

by dotted lines. 
unsteady, nonuniform development of channels, 

flows, and sediment concentrations of an overland 

rilled surface. Alternate mechanisms for sediment 

concentration peaks in the outflow were identified. 

This theory may be useful in assessments of sediment 

loadings to the lakes from agricultural lands. The theory provides physical understanding of the processes 

involved from which to build expanded models of 

overland sedimentation. Other applications include 

modeling of atmospheric transport of pollutants to 

the Great Lakes and other coastal and estuarine 

ecosystems. 

The study of the winter flow regimes of the St. Clair 

and Detroit Rivers was continued with completion of 

the second field season (November 1982-July 1983) of 

continuous velocity measurements in the St. Clair 

River at Port Huron. Preliminary arrangements were 

also made and additional current meters obtained for 

simultaneous measurements in the Detroit River at 

Fort Wayne. Because the meters sometimes indicated 

erroneous velocity direction during the first field season (October 1981-May 1982), the second field season 

represents the first long-term time series of velocity 

data with both speed and direction ever collected in 

the connecting channels. However, problems are still 

being encountered with these river velocity data. 

They are now being analyzed. Both the current 

meters and selected water level gages in the river 

were monitored throughout the field season to provide the relationship between river flow and ice01 I I I 1 I I I I 1 

NDJFMAMJ J 

1982 1983 

Simulated (by model number 1) and measured (at current 

meter 2 at Port Huron, Michigan) flow velocities in the St. 

Clair River for November 1982 through July 1983. This 

comparison demonstrates that the dynamic flow model, 

which does not take into account the effects of ice cover, 

fails to adequately simulate winter flows. 

cover conditions. Because of an unusually mild winter, there were no sever.e ice problems, but operation 

of the meters during the last winter still provided 

useful information. An ice monitoring program was 

developed, based on past river stages as indicated by 

the water level gages. The monitoring program was 

successful, providing correct indication for the formation of two short periods of heavy ice concentration (several days each) in the lower river (river delta) 

during January and February 1983. Operation of the 

meters also permitted identification of two overnight 

periods of frazil ice formation associated with supercooling during January 1983. During these episodes, 

ice clogged the Port Huron City water intakes, located 

about 150 feet downstream from the meters. In general, there was reasonably good agreement between 

current meter velocities and water level data or velocities computed by dynamic flow models during this 

mainly open-water winter season for the wind induced short periods (several days duration), but poor 

agreement for longer periods indicated seasonal 

trends. The current meter data indicate progressive 

reduction of river velocities during the season, which 

is not substantiated by the water levels and computed 

model flows. Flow measurements conducted by the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the calibration of 

meters during May 18-24,1983, also verify computed 

flows and show considerably higher velocities than 

the meters at corresponding depths. The field data 

also appear to be related to the Port Huron City water 

intake temperature without apparent reason for such 

a relationship. The field data from the current meters 

appear to indicate instrument error, but extensive 

laboratory testing after removal of the meters failed to 

verify this. Instrument testing and data analysis are 

being continued to evaluate the problem before the 

1983-84 field program. 

A related study of ice-cover effects on river flow 

was conducted on the St. Lawrence River under contract by the Clarkson College of Technology, with H. 

T. Shen as principal investigator. This 30-month ice 

research study entitled "Ice-Cover Effects on Hydraulic Transient Analysis" was completed and the final 

report submitted in March 1983. The study produced 

six technical reports, eight papers, and five graduate 

theses. The final result of the study is a hydraulic 

transient model for the upper St. Lawrence River 

(international section) that can be used to simulate 

the flow conditions throughout an ice-cover season. 

The hydraulic transient model combines the computational algorithm developed in the GLERL upper St. 

Lawrence River model and a new formulation for the 

ice-cover effects developed in this study. Effects of ice 

cover are determined by using the ice roughness and 
ice thickness simulation models, along with the position of the leading edge of the ice cover in each 

channel branch. The results at the power dam, 

representing the downstream boundary of the model, produced a standard error for the simulation of 

0.37 feet or about 3 percent. 

Ice 

A revised Great Lakes Ice Atlas is in press. This 

NOAA atlas contains three major sections: (1) maps 

for half-month time periods, illustrating the areal distribution characteristics of the Great Lakes ice cover, 

(2) graphs and tables of ice thickness and ice stratigraphy characteristics of ice cover in the nearshore 

zone of the Great Lakes, and (3) graphs and tables of 

winter severity during the 20-year period of the icecover climatology (1960-79) and the 60-year period 

prior to that climatology (1898-1959)) based on accumulated freezing degree-days. The atlas and ice-cover 

concentration data base provide asignificant improvement over current Great Lakes ice-cover distribution 

information and have already proven useful to managers of the Great Lakes water resource, as well as to 

scientists and engineers in need of ice-cover information for the Great Lakes. Examples of the usefulness of 

the ice-cover climatology and ice concentration data 

sets are provided by recent studies and data requests. 

The 1983 winter was one of the 20 mildest winters 

on the Great lakes during the past 200 years. One 

result of the unusual winter weather was the mildest 

overall ice season on the Great Lakes since systematic 

observations of ice-cover extent on the lakes were 

initiated some 20-odd years ago. The long-term icecover distribution characteristics defined in the revised Great Lakes ice atlas were used to compare the 

ice-cover extent during 1983 with normal ice-cover 

extent on the Great Lakes. Estimated seasonal maximum ice extent for 1983 and normal maximum are as 

follows: Lake Superior-20 percent (normal is 75 

percent), Lake Michigan-17 percent (normal is 45 

percent), Lake Huron-36 percent (normal is 68 percent), Lake Erie-25 percent (normal is 90 percent), 

and Lake Ontario-less than 10 percent (normal is 24 

48' 

Normal Winter 46" 

1983 Ice Cycle 

44" 

42" 

Statute M~les 

l-lwc-.lwwl 

0 40 80 120 160 200 

Ice-cover distribution near the time of seasonal maximum ice cover for winter 1983 compared to normal. The 1983 ice season 

was the mildest on the Great Lakes since systematic observations of ice cover were started in 1962. 
percent). The effect of this light ice season on the flora 

and fauna of the Great Lakes has yet to be evaluated, 

but the ice atlas provides a frame of reference for use 

in such evaluations. 

The detailed ice-cover information contained in 

the atlas was analyzed in support of the continuing 

international study of the possible climatic impact of 

the Niagara River ice boom on the eastern end of Lake 

Erie. The 20-year digital ice concentration data set for 

Lake Erie was partitioned into three overlapping lake 

regions: the entire lake, the lake east of Long Point, 

and the lake east of Port Colborne, Ontario. Semimonthly average regional percentage ice cover and 

percentage probability of exceedance of percentage 

ice cover from a given average regional ice cover 

were calculated for each lake region. The three lake 

regions had distinct ice coverage and ice coverage 

probability characteristics that appear to be related to 

lake bathymetry and lee or windward shore location. 

In particular, the Port Colborne region, because of its 

small area, shallow depth, and lee shore location, has 

greater ice coverage and greater probability of greater 

ice coverage in March and April, relative to the lake 

(region 1) or the lake east of Long Point (region 2). 

D2 J1 J2 F1 F2 MI M2 A1 A2 

Half-Month Periods 

Lake Erie regional maximum (upper curves) and minimum 

(lower curves) average percentage ice cover for the entire 

lake, the lake east of Long Point, and the lake east of Port 

Colborne for nine half-month periods from the last half of 

December (D2) through the last half of April (A2). These 

data are for a 20-year period from 1960 to 1979. The lake east 

of Long Point represents 22 percent, and the lake east of 

Port Colborne 2 percent of the entire Lake Eriesurface area. 

A copy of the digital ice concentration climatology 

and ice concentration data base, as well as computer 

software to access these data, has been provided to 

the National Snow and Ice Data Center, National 

Environmental Satellite and Information Service, located in Boulder, Colorado,for archivingand to make 

the data more readily available to the public at large. 

In addition, the entire digital ice concentration data 

set remains as an on-line GLERL data set, primarily for 

internal use but also available for outside studies 

and/or funded special product studies done by GLERL. 

Further analysis of these data may include spatial and 

temporal analysis of the ice-cover charactristics of the 

Great Lakes on su blake space scales in an effort to link 

seasonal trends in ice cover with seasonal trends in 

hydrometeorological parameters for use in ice-cover 

simulation and perhaps ice forecasting. 

Temperature data collected across Lake Superior 

during the winters of 1973,1974,1975, and 1976 and 

during the falls of 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979 were 

analyzed to identify the general characteristics of the 

seasonal decline in temperature during fall and winter. In late summer, August 15 to September 15, heating of the surface water produces a well-developed 

thermocline. Heat storage in the epilimnion is near its 

maximum value during this time. From the last half of 

September to approximately mid-November, surface 

cooling produces an unsteady density gradient in the 

upper portion of the water mass that results in mixing 

to increasingly greater depths. The water column 

eventually becomes virtually isothermal at a temperature above the temperature of maximum density. The 

entire water column then cools to the temperature of 

maximum density, approximately d°C, marking the 

end of the fall overturn. This is usually completed in 

shallow areas by or before mid-December. In deeper 

areas of Lake Superior, fall overturn may not be complete until late December or early January some years. 

Further cooling of the surface layers then allows ice to 

form over portions of the lake. During winter, a weak 

reverse temperature gradient is observed owing to 

the further cooling of the surface water layer. Minimum water temperatures occur in late winter and 

early spring. Future research using these data will 

include an analysis of the fall and winter temperature 

decline characteristics of discrete areas of the lake. 

The results of this study will provide information for 

modeling temperature decline and time of initial ice 

formation for specific areas of Lake Superior. 

Work continued this past year in interpreting the 

large collection of nearshore ice thickness data for 30 

stations around the Great Lakes. Year-by-year variations in maximum ice thickness for a given site were 

shown to be closely correlated with variations in the 
regional air temperature regime. Conversely, variations in the percentage of the ice cover composed of 

snow ice were only weakly related to regional variations in air temperatures or precipitation. Results 

from the study suggest the significance of very localized processes in producing a given ice-cover stratigraphy. Given the relative success possible in simulating lake ice thicknesses from air temperatures, the 

results also suggest that some of these localized processes are self-canceling in their effect on ice thickness. 

Field work on the spectral reflectance of ice and 

snow was revived this last winter to expand our 

understanding of the relative properties of the Great 

Lakes ice cover. Despite the extremely mild conditions, sufficient ice cover was available to test a 

method of measuring spectral reflectance under clear 

skies. Measurements of incident and reflected shortwave and near-infrared radiation were taken by 

mounting a 3-inch integrating sphere on each of the 

two spectral radiometers. Laboratory tests with a 

point source of light and field tests with both direct 

beam radiation and diffuse radiation confirmed a 

reasonable cosine response to radiation in the spheres. 

This capacity to measure reflectance under clear skies 

is particularly significant during the spring breakup 

period. Once the snow cover is gone, radiation that is 

not reflected is absorbed within the ice cover rather 

than at the immediate surface. This internal adsorption can rapidly weaken the ice cover as cohesion 

between crystals decreases. 

Ice thermodynamic modeling was advanced during 

the past year by comparing two methods of simulating heat transfer through the ice sheet. If the model 

time interval is 24 hours or greater, a linear temperature gradient through the ice and snow can be 

assumed, leading to a relatively simple algorithm for 

computing heat flux. Tests of the model at five sites 

along the St. Lawrence River show that this model 

configuration accurately simulates rates of growth 

and the influence of snow cover. If the model time 

interval is much smaller than 24 hours, the model then 

must simulate heat transfer along a nonlinear temperature gradient. This model configuration was also 

successfully tested against data from the St. Lawrence 

River, but showed no real improvement over the linear gradient model in simulating ice growth. The 

hourly model should prove very useful, however, in 

studying the diurnal influenceof shortwave radiation 

on the ice thermal profile during the melt period. In 

addition, the nonlinear temperature gradient model 

allows engineers to estimate thermal expansion forces that can lead to shoreline and marina damage. 

Air Temperature &&,, r-------@ 

I 

'& 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 

Time (hours past midnight) 

Temperature ("C) 

Simulated temperatures at the surface of (top graph) and 

within (bottom graph) a 54-centimeter-thick ice sheet 

over the course of a day. The upper curve in the top graph is 

the measured warming of the air on February 1,1981, at a 

station adjacent to the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg, 

New York. The lower curve in the top graph isthesimulated 

temperature response of the snow-free surface of the ice 

sheet. The bottom graph shows the simulated internal 

temperature profiles over the same period. The temperature gradient is strongest at 7:OOa.m. At that time, it is also 

approximately linear. Over the course of the day, the upper 

portion of the icesheet warmsquickly, creating a nonlinear 

temperature gradient. Models like the one that produced 

these profiles are valuable in the study of the growth and 

decay of river ice covers. 
PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY 

AND METEOROLOGY 

The Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

studies the physical variables describing the lake 

environment and the way they change with external 

forces. The relevant variables are currents, temperatures, waves, water level fluctuations, sediments, and 

suspended matter. The primary driving forces are the 

wind acting on the lake surface, the heat exchanged 

between the lakes and the atmosphere, and the river 

flows. The purpose of this group is to develop and test 

models that improve prediction of these variables. 

These models will, in turn, allow estimates of chemical and biological properties of the lakes that are 

important in waste disposal, power generation, fisheries management, and water supply planning. In addition, waves and water level oscillations are hazards 

that may result in loss of lives and in damage toshoreline property, shipping, and recreational activities. 

The scales of the variables that need to be modeled 

and predicted range from years to seconds and from 

the size of the lake down to a few meters. In view of 

this tremendous range in time and space, the various 

phenomena must be separated according to their 

scales to understand and model them better. Hence, 

research in the Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

Group has been arranged in two areas. The first is 

water movements and temperature, which encompasses studies of lakewide and nearshore circulation, 

seasonal changes in circulation, and upwelling. The 

second area is winds and waves, which deals with 

wind-generated waves, storm surges, seiches, and 

overlake winds. The latter area involves prediction on 

a real-time basis. The group also contributes to studies of particle dynamics conducted by the Synthetic 

Organics and Particle Dynamics Group and scientists 

at the University of Michigan. This program was 

initiated because many toxic organic substances and 

nutrients enter the lake attached to particles. Hence 

the pathways and ultimate fate of these pollutants in 

the lakes depend on the movement of various types 

of particles through the lake environment. 

The approach used in studying the above problems 

is a combination of experimental (laboratory and 

field), theoretical, and modeling efforts. Experimental data provide information on what happens in the 

lake. Theoretical studies predict new phenomena and 

help plan new experiments. Modeling studies incorporate the important physical processes into governing mathematical equations and extrapolate the equations over time to predict the future state of the lake. 

Experimental data, in turn, can validate the accuracy 

of these predictions. 

Water Movements and Temperature 

Rotational mode structures were examined by 

numerical simulation and compared with observations of these waves. Two numerical techniques have 

been used. First, a barotropic rigid lid model was run 

with 3-hourly winds from six meteorological stations 

around Lake Michigan for the period April-November 

1976. Results were compared to current meter records 

from the southern basin. Modeled and observed currents agreed only in the frequency range corresponding to the maximum energy in the meteorological 

forcing, approximately 0.125-0.3 cycles per day. In this 

range, spectral peaks occur at identical frequencies 

for the wind, observed currents, and modeled currents. At lower and higher frequencies, the model 

underestimates kinetic energy observed in the currents. 

To determine whether the above spectral peaks 

were due to resonance with the rotational normal 

modes of the lake, a second model was developed. 

This model calculates the periodic response of the 

circulation to purely oscillatory winds. Results indicate that (1) lake response is nonresonant over the 

main wind forcing frequency and that (2) the spatial 

structure of the response is insensitive to changes in 

the forcing frequency from 0.125-0.3 cycles per day. 

In addition, the response to a north-south oscillatory 

wind resembled a free topographic wave, with two 

counterrotating gyres in the southern part of the lake 

and a complicated pattern in the northern part. 

A field experiment was implemented in 1982 in 

Lake Michigan to explore further the spatial structure 

and intensity of these important oscillations. Based on 

observations of southern Lake Michigan in 1976 and 

the results of numerical simulation, an array of current meters (with temperature recorders) was deployed at 15 locations in the lake in July 1982. All of the 

moorings were fitted with current meters at 15 and 50 

meters below the water surface and with suspended 

sediment collection traps. Circulation patterns and 

intensities will be related to the observed sediment 

concentrations. 

All of the current meters were recovered in summer 1983 after a recording interval of nearly 12 

months. Initial translation and editing of the data 

reveal that a high percentage of the current meters 

worked well. Database building will be completed in 

December 1983 and analysis of the records will start 

then. 

After a year of charting the progress of satellitetracked current drifters in Lake Michigan, a track data 
Computed Currents Observed Currents 

Mooring 5 

Vector time series of computed (left panel) and observed (right panel) currents at a current meter mooring in Lake Michigan. 

The computed current vectors started on April I, 1976, and continued ti1 November 30,1976. Observed currents, from May 

14,1976, to November 8,1976, are from the &meter depth and have been low-pass filtered to remove energy at frequencies 

greater than 0.5 cycles per day. These time series show that the numerical model simulates the important features of the 

current structure. 

base totaling over 5,000 kilometers in length has been 

compiled. Data analysis has already begun and will 

continue into 1984. Preliminary examination of the 

track data has resulted in several adjustments to the 

GLERL oil spill model, which is used by the U.S. Coast 

Guard in case of a spill or a search and rescue operation. Work is continuing on an improved version of 

this spill model. 

Statistical analysis of the drifter track data revealed a 

median current speed of 17 centimeters per second, 

with 99 percent of the speeds found to be less than 55 

centimeters per second. Static tests showed that the 

satellite positioning was accurate to within 0.5 kilometers. The long-term drifter movement suggests strong 

northward currents off the eastern shore of Lake 

Michigan, southward currents off the western shore, 

and meandering currents toward the middle. On an 

intermediate (3-5 day) time scale, the tracks show 

changes that result from shifting overlake wind patterns. On a still shorter time scale (17-18 hours), the 

tracks reveal clockwise inertial circles, a few kilometers in diameter, caused by the Earth's rotation. 

Analysis of the drifter tracks will continue when 

data tapes from the recently retrieved vector-averaging current meters have been processed. A systematic 

comparison of these two data bases is planned for 

1984. 

Meanwhile, several experiments are planned for 

fall 1983 using recycled GLERL current drifters. The 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters will borrow several 

drifters to track the Niagara River plume in western 

Lake Ontario. A winter study of water currents and ice 

dynamics in the western and central basins of Lake 

Erie is also planned. 

An improved spill model was completed and is now 

being tested. Improvements over the old version 
include increased resolution, multiple spill capability, 

zoom, and conformance to the GLERL modeling system standards. In addition, the accuracy of the currents used in the above model to predict particle 

trajectories was tested against exact solutions. First, 

solutions for a 100-kilometer-diameter circular lake 

with a parabolic depth profile were computed with 

mesh sizes of 10, 5, and 2.5 kilometers. The verticallyaveraged flow was calculated for a 5-day simulation 

and a uniform wind stress. These solutions were compared to an accurate solution generated by separation of variables in the radial and azimuthal directions 

and numerical integration in time and radius. The 

10-kilometer result was inaccurate, the 5-kilometer 

solution was acceptable, and the 2.5-kilometer solution was nearly perfect. 

Next the numerical method for calculating trajectories was tested. The method was second-order in 

time and used a spatial interpolation method that 

allows particles to move along a jagged finite difference coast without running into the shore or becoming trapped in corners. The accuracy of this technique 

was evaluated by computing trajectories with a solid 

rotation current pattern and with the wind-driven 

currents. The solid rotation cases established that the 

technique gives acceptable accuracy for any grid size. 

The wind-driven cases served to evaluate the errors 

from both sources-the calculation of Eulerian currents and trajectories. The first of these sources is the 

most critical, but advanced computers can compute 

Seabed Drifters 

sufficiently accurate one-layer models for the Great 

Lakes. 

A two-dimensional, vertically integrated model 

and a three-dimensional, thermally stratified model 

are being used to simulate Lake Michigan currents. 

These currents then drive a water quality model that 

advects, diffuses, settles, and resuspends particles and 

dissolved tbxic materials. To achieve this objective, a 

general computer program has been developed to 

calculate advective motion, settling, and resuspension. 

The model has been tested for pure advection 

using an idealized lake. Numerical accuracy has been 

found to be adequate for testing the effects of settling 

and resuspension in idealized cases. Eventually, the 

model will be verified by comparison with data from 

sediment traps moored in Lake Michigan. Radionuclides will be used as particle tracers to help scientists 

infer suspended sediment transport paths. When 

verification of this vertically integrated model is complete, a three-dimensional version will be tested. 

Effects of Ekman layer sediment transport on sedimentation patterns have been found to be important. 

A method for parameterizing this three-dimensional 

effect into a one-layer model has been developed. 

Analyses of water temperature and current data 

collected in Lake Erie during 1979-80 were completed. These new data document the process of central basin stratification and provide current flows during the existence of a thin hypolimnion layer. An 

Movements of Woodhead seabed drifters released in Lake Erie in 1979 and subsequently recovered. As is indicated here, 

bottom currents move from United States waters toward the Canadian coast. The movement of pollutants across international boundaries has been the subject of considerable discussion and research and is a topic of particular interest to the 

International Joint Commission. 
episode of hypolimnion volume entrainment was 

recorded. Eastern basin outflow to the central basin of 

Lake Erie was seen to travel northwestward after moving westward in the deep channel through the Pennsylvania Ridge that separates them. The data also 

showed persistent flow out of the western basin 

through the Pelee and South Passages to the central 

basin. Strong and continuous seiche-driven currents 

through these channels add a tidal-like current regime to the otherwise steady outflow. 

-4 to -11 m depth 

Current and water temperature data recorded in 

Green Bay have been analyzed. Data from meters 

moored in the bay mouth showed persistent high 

speed flow out of the bay in the upper levels while 

cold hypolimnetic water flowed far into the bay. This 

persistent flow accelerates bay flushing rates. In the 

past, these have been computed using only precipitation runoff and exchanges with Lake Michigan driven 

by tidal-likewater levelfluauations. Circulation throughout the bay is generally counterclockwise. 

2) Cleveland 

Vector-averaged Currents 

October 3-7,1979 

-11 to -55 m depth 

I1 

Scale in cm s-1 

Buffalo 

\==.= p Wind: ,o.eJET7>y 

LAKE ERIE 

1 ~~0~0~0~0~0 

1 Scale in Kilometers 

Lake Erie vector-averaged current vectors for October 3-7,1979. Open arrowheads show currents closest to the bottom on 

moorings that had three current meters. Counterclockwise circulation prevails throughout the central basin and in the 

northern half of the eastern basin. 
Winds and Waves 

Three published methods for predicting overlake 

wind speed from overland wind speed were compared to each other with an extensive set of paired 

overland/overlake wind measurements from Lake 

Erie. The results of the comparison were that the three 

methods were not significantly different, all of the 

methods were not very accurate (2 meters per second 

root mean square error), and this was about all the 

accuracy that could be achieved with simplestatistical 

methods for predicting overlake wind. The accurate 

prediction of overlake meteorological conditions 

from overland observations remains as one of the 

principal impediments to improvement of windwave, circulation, and storm surge models. 

The longshore momentum balance in the inner and 

outer regions of the coastal boundary layer has been 

determined for four storm episodes. Careful analysis 

of wind, wave, and current measurements made during the 1981 field season has revealed the relative 

importance of acceleration, pressure gradient, bottom stress, wave radiation stress, and wind stress 

terms in the two regions. In the outer region, the 

wave radiation stress is smaller than the others, but 

the radiation stress is passed through to the inner 

boundary region. In this area, where refraction is 

occurring and the waves have not yet broken, all of 

the terms in the momentum balance are important. 

Inside the breaker zone, the momentum balance is 

basically between radiation stress and bottom friction. These results are important in the development 

of conceptual and numerical models of transport and 

diffusion in the coastal boundary layer. 

Continuous transmissometer measurements made 

at the GLERL tower during a 1981 Lake Eriefield experiment have been analyzed in terms of simple sediment resuspension models based on wave orbital 

velocity and grain-size distribution typical of the Lake 

Erie site. Results from two storm episodes indicate 

that advective processes most likely are responsible 

for the differences between the model and the measured transmissivity. 

Considerable progress has been made in adapting 

and improving a dynamical Great Lakes wave forecasting model developed by M. Donelan at the 

National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, for use at GLERL. The model was first tested in 

ideal geometry against theoretical and empirical 

results for wave growth and for steady conditions. It 

was found that the numerical scheme did not exhibit 

the directional spreading of wave momentum vectors 

under a uniform wind that had been predicted analytically by Donelan for fetch-limited waves. The 

numerical method was modified to take account of 

the influence of cross-wind gradients of wave height 

on wave direction. The results were found to correA. Observed B. Computed 

Wind Direction (degrees) Wind Direction (degrees) 

Comparison of hourly measurements of wind direction at the GLERL wave research tower in Lake Erie for September and 

October 1981 with (A) observed wave direction (note thesystematic deviation of wave direction from wind direction) and (B) 

wave directions predicted by a numerical wave forecast model. The computed values show the same systematic deviation of 

wave direction from wind direction. 
GLERL Tower 

0 1 2 3 

Observed Wave Height (m) 

Comparison of hourly measurements of significant wave 

height at the GLERL wave research tower in Lake Erie for 

September and October 1981 with values predicted by a 

numerical wave forecast model developed at GLERL and 

Canada Centre for Inland Waters. There is very good 

agreement between computed and observed wave height. 

spond closely to the analytical solutionsfor both wave 

direction and wave height. 

The true test of the model came in comparing the 

results to the Lake Erie directional wave measurements. Measured wave directions at the tower exhibit 

a systematic deviation from the wind direction. Wind 

measured at the tower was used as the forcing function to run the model for September and October 

1981. The results for wave direction and wave height 

at the GLERL tower were excellent (correlation coefficient between observed and computed wave 

height-0.95; standard error-18 centimeters). Comparison of the model results to measurements made 

by the NDBC buoy in western Lake Erie during the 

same time period indicate that the reported NDBC 

wave heights are about 50 percent higher than the 

computed wave heights, but the correlation is still 

high (0.90). Currently under investigation is the possibility (already suggested by other studies) that the 

strapped down accelerometers used on NDBC buoys 

systematically overestimate wave height. 

The eight NDBC Nomad buoys deployed in four of 

the Great Lakes in 1981 provided over 33,000 hours of 

simultaneously recorded wind, wave, water, and air 

temperature data. These data have been catalogued 

and analyzed in terms of long-term statistics, parametric correlations, wave growth characteristics, and 

comparison with model outputs. The NDBC buoy 

data base will continue to provide a basis for additional theoretical and empirical studies in the future, 

such as the development of a generalized spectral 

representation for Great Lakes waves. 

A study was completed on the effect of mean wind 

stress on water level gage elevations with respect to 

chart datum. It was found that mean setup can have a 

significant influence on the gage-transfer method, 

particularly on Lake Erie. Correction factors for gage 

elevations on Lake Erie were determined and submitted for consideration to the IJC committee on the 

new Great Lakes water level datum. The results of the 

mean momentum balance calculations from the Lake 

Erie coastal boundary layer experiment described 

above corroborated the elevation adjustments for 

Fairport and Erie. 
INFORMATION SERVICES Electivity Indices for Quantifying Feeding Processes. 

User: Bedford Institute of Oceanography 

Satellite-Tracked Drogue for Ecosystem Experiment. The dissemination of scientific products in a form User: University of Michigan compatible with user needs is vital to fulfillment of 

the GLERL mission. Since research costs cannot be Extraction and Cleanup Procedures for PAH in Lake 

justified if the results are unused, a principal GLERL Sediments and Biota. 

activity is maintenance of an advisorv service as a User: Clemson University 

mean; of providing scientific informaiion in a form lntracalibration for Cesium-137 and Other Radionu- geared to user needs. clides in Great Lakes Waters. This past year, as part of that service, GLERL provided over 3,000 research products in response to Users: CCIW, Argonne National Laboratory 

almost 2,000 documented requests. Of these, 37 percent came from institutions of higher learning, 34 

percent from private citizens, 12 percent from foreign 

government agencies, 7 percent from industry and 

private organizations, 6 percent from U.S. Federal 

Government agencies, and 4 percent from State 

Governments. This is in addition to regular mailings to 

those who have indicated interest in a 6-month listing 

of available publications and one or more of the five 

types of GLERL publications: chemistry and biology, 

environmental systems engineering, ice, lake hydrology, and physical limnology and meteorology. But 

publications are but one form of environmental 

information. Also included are predictions and simulations produced from environmental models, forecasts and forecast techniques, descriptive or analytical information on the present or past status of one or 

more limnological characteristics of a lake or of the 

system, and data bases. Many of these involve what 

might be termed "technology transfers." A partial list 

of GLERL technology transfers effected this year and 

users is given below. 

Technology Transfers 

Measurement Technique-Phosphorus and Phytolankton Growth. 

Users: Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 

Design of Water Chemistry Filters. 

User: Gilman Instrument Company 

Measurement Technique-Ammonia Excretion by 

Marine Zooplankton. 

User: Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 

Measurement Technique-High-Performance Liquid 

Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids. 

User: Michigan State University 

Technique Modification-Inorganic Phosphorus in 

Lake Water. 

User: Michigan Technological University 

Reverse Phase Technique for Measurement of Partition Coefficients. 

Users: Drexel University, University of Michigan 

Large Basin Runoff Models. 

Users: IJC, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Consulting Engineers 

Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Models. 

User: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture 

St. Marys River Ice Forecast Techniques. 

User: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

Oil Spill/Search and Rescue Computer Model. 

Users: U.S. Coast Guard, NWS, Hazardous Materials Response Branch-NOAA Corps 

Great Lakes Applications of Satellite-Tracked Current 

Drifters, Including Data Handling and Physical Improvements to Drifters. 

Users: CCIW, U.S. Coast Guard, Polar Research 

Laboratories 

Radio-Direction Finders for Locating SatelliteTracked Drifters. 

Users: Polar Research Laboratories, Canadian 

Weather Service, CCIW, NDBC 

In Situ Sea Surface Temperatures for Calibration of 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 

Satellites. 

User: NWS 

Accuracy of Tiros Satellite Positioning. 

User: Service Argos 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements are reviewed and critiqued in support of NOAA's Office of 

Ecology and Environmental Conservation. The Draft 

Environmental Impact Statements are required by law 

to be submitted by the company or agency planning 

the activity for review by all interested or affected 

entities. They are intended to ensure that proposed 

activities in and around the lakes have been designed 

to have little or no long-term adverse effects on the 
environment. This past year, five draft environmental 

impact statements were reviewed by GLERL. 

Other responsibilities carried out under this activity 

include identification of, and communication with, 

potential users; determination of user interests and 

needs; and liaison between the laboratory and users. 

Committee and board memberships and attendance 

at workshops, conferences, and other scientific gatherings are some means of informing people about 

GLERL; certain special publications, such as the technical plan and this annual report, are others. Advice 

was provided in such widely diverse areas as the IJC's 

Lake Michigan Task Force for Surveillance, a delegation of Chinese scientists and engineers seeking help 

to solve their water quality problems, provision of 

working drawings to various users for a GLERL designed radio-direction finder, and advice to the 

National Research Council on disposition of the Niagara River Ice Boom. 

International treaties and agreements between the 

United States and Canada, such as the Water Quality 

Agreement of 1978 and the Boundary Waters Treaty 

of 1909, are considered and agreed to at the Federal 

level. Legislation pertaining to navigation, water quality, and water levels has been enacted by the Congress. GLERL has advised both the legislative and 

executive branches on these and other matters. 

Publications Unit 

Publications are a major GLERL product and a critical part of the effort to make research findings available to a broad spectrum of users for application to 

environmental problems and decisions. The publications unit has responsibility for the preparation of 

manuscripts, including editing, typing, proofreading, 

and procurement of graphics. Manuscripts are edited, 

typed, and proofread in-house, while graphics and 

photographic services are procured under contract. 

Manuscripts are formatted according to the requirements of the publication form: articles and notes in 

professional journals, NOAA technical reports and 

memoranda and data reports, or in-house reports. 

During the last fiscal year, 45 manuscripts were processed in the GLERL publications unit. 

This past year, the publications unit moved to larger 

offices and further upgraded their word processing 

equipment. Advances in software and hardware are 

constantly being evaluated to produce GLERL output 

more effectively. 

Every 6 months, a listing of GLERL publications is 

sent to a mailing of individuals who have requested 

that list, and requests are filled until supplies are 

exhausted. Copies of publications are also available 

through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia. 
INTERNATIONAL AND addition, a number of senior GLERL scientists were 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES involved in reviewing the various Great Lakes Sea 

Grant programs, as well as Sea Grant proposals. 

The GLERL program includes support activities for, International Joint Commission 

and participation in, the work of many agencies in GLERL staff members actively participate in a wide both the United States and Canada. This is one of the varietyof IIC activities. Examples are thescience mechanisms whereby ''arch ~rodud' are used; in panel for the ~~~~t ~~k~~; the Aquatic ~cosys~em addition,GLERL obtains information on requirements Objective Committee Work Group; the Task Force for environmental information to support planning 

and management activities. This user need informa- on Modeling; the Lake Michigan Task Force for the 

tion is helpful in shaping future research programs. 

Surveillance Work Group; the Detroit, St. Clair, and 

St. Marys Rivers and Lake St. Clair Task Force for the 

International Coordinating 

Committee on Hydraulic and 

Hydrologic Data 

Because much of the Great Lakes data base is used 

internationally, Canadian and United States users of 

hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a coordinating 

committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee 

are to reach agreement upon hydraulic, hydrologic, 

and related physical data concerning the Great Lakes; 

to assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international data; to provide basic data to anyone with a 

recognized need; to reach agreement on methods 

and procedures for measuring, collecting,and storing 

pertinent data; and to publish coordinated data. 

GLERL participates on the River Flow Subcommittee, 

which is charged with coordinating data on tributary 

stream inflow to the Great Lakessystem, coordinating 

studies of flow in the connectingchannels and the St. 

Lawrence River, and establishing procedures for 

updating and disseminating river flow data. 

Interagency Great Lakes Hydromet 

Steering Committee 

The Interagency Great Lakes Hydromet Steering 

Committee was established to coordinate the efforts 

of the participating U.S. Government agencies in 

planning and implementing a Great Lakes Hydrometeorological Forecast System. Participating agencies 

are NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers. 

NOAA Sea Grant 

This past year a joint project between GLERL and 

the Ohio State Sea Grant Office was initiated to 

develop an environmental and recreational guide for 

Lakes Erie and St. Clair. Future efforts will involve the 

other Great Lakes and the other Sea Grant colleges. In 

Surveillance WorkGroup; and the International Great 

Lakes Diversions Working Committee. In related 

areas, GLERL staff hold membership on the Levels and 

Flows Advisory Board and the Information Network 

Board. 

Great Lakes Commission 

A GLERL staff member serves on two subcommittees of theGreat Lakes Commission's Natural Resources Management Committee-the Subcommittee on 

Land and Air and the Subcommittee on Water. The 

Natural Resources Management Committee is responsible for initial commission consideration of all 

natural resource issues and legislation. The two subcommittees cover broad specta of related resource 

management and environmental protection/pollution control programs administrated at both State and 

Federal Government levels. 

International Association for Great 

Lakes Research 

Scientists at GLERL actively participate in activities 

of the lnternational Association for Great Lakes Research. Senior GLERL scientists serve as Vice President, Board Member, Secretary, Associate Editors, 

and members of the Awards Committee. 

Regional Response Team for Spills of 

Oil and Hazardous Substances 

GLERL continues to play a role in spill response in 

the Great Lakes by providing the Department of 

Commerce representative to the Regional Response 

Team (RRT) and supports the NOAA National Ocean 

Service regional Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC). 

The RRT is a standing committee that evaluates and 

revises the regional contingency plan for response to 

spills of oil and hazardous materials. The RRT may be 

called upon to provide specialized resources in re- 
sponse to a spill. A full-time SSC is assigned to work at 

GLERL. The SSC establishes and maintains contacts 

with the regional scientific community, identifies 

vulnerable resources in conjunction with State and 

Federal agencies, and assists in the preparation of 

regional and local contingency plans. In this regard, a 

Great Lakes-wide environmental sensitivity mapping 

project has been initiated. Work is underway on the 

St. Lawrence River, Lake Erie, and the Detroit-St. Clair 

River System. When a spill has occurred, the SSC 

provides liaison between the on-scene coordinator 

and the scientific community. GLERL scientists have 

provided assistance to the U.S. Coast Guard and the 

U.S. EPA in regional spills and have participated in 

drills conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard and NOAA's 

Office of Marine Pollution Assessment (now OAD). 

National Research Council Panel on 

Niagara River Ice Boom Investigations 

A senior GLERL staff member was appointed to this 

group, the purpose of which was to examine possible 

climatic changes due to the alteration of ice cover by 

an ice boom installed at the eastern end of Lake Erie. 

A final report was produced by the panel in 1983. 

National Weather Service 

GLERL staff participated in an NWS meeting on 

marine forecasting in the Great Lakes held in Cleveland, Ohio. Plans were made for increased communication and cooperation between NWS and GLERL in 

marine observations, possibly even GLERL assistance 

in developing a field program with NWS satellitetransmitting Waverider buoys. These data would be 

received real-time at GLERL over the NWS marine 

circuit now available on the Hewlett-Packard computer. They would possibly be used to check the calibration of the NOMAD buoys. 

Joint United States-Canadian Ice 

Information Working Group 

A GLERL scientist is the U.S. Cochairman of this 

group, the primary mission of which is to coordinate 

the gathering and dissemination of ice information 

and data for the Great Lakes. 

Versuchsanstalt f iir Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie, und Claziologie 

A collaborative research effort with scientists at 

Versuchsanstalt fiir Wasserbau, Hydrologie, und 

Glaziologie, ETH (Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology, and Glaciology, Federal Institute of Technology), 

Zurich, Switzerland, on internal oscillations in Lakes 

Lugano and Zurich was completed. The analysis techniques and models developed in this study will be 

useful in determining the importance of baroclinicity 

on circulation in the Great Lakes. 

Other Activities 

GLERL scientists participated in a number of other 

international and interagency activities, including the 

International Society for the Study of the Sea-Water 

Interface, the Governor's Problem Solving Institute, 

the U.S. EPA-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Proposed 

Rasin River Dredging Study, the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture's Science Education Administration's 

Unsteady Overland Sedimentation Project, and the 

NOAA-U.S. Geological Survey Coordinating Committee for Hydrologic Research. 
FACILITIES direction finder to pinpoint the locations of the 

buoys. Directions for fabricating the radio-direction 

findkrs have been supplied to the manufacturer and 

GLERL's laboratory and support facilities are an various government agencies for their use. 

integral part of its research program. These are Various sampling, extraction, and incubation devihoused in four leased buildings in Ann Arbor, includ- ces were built or modified for the Ecosystem and 

ing offices and support facilities, and in a warehouse Nutrient Dynamics Group and the Synthetic Organics 

and dock facility at Monroe, Michigan. and Particle Dynamics Group at GLERL. A Beckman 

L5150 liauid scintillation counter was interfaced with 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

The marine instrumentation laboratory staff selects, 

calibrates, repairs, and, when necessary, adapts or 

designs instruments to collect data in the lakes and 

their environs. Engineers and technicians in this unit 

work closely with GLERL researchers to ensure that 

instruments are compatible with the purpose of the 

experiment. 

The marine instrumentation laboratory has retrieved 22 moorings this year. Twenty of these had 

current meters and sediment traps with acoustical 

releases. The Marsh McBirney, Inc., electromagnetic 

current meters operated without interruption this 

past winter in the St. Clair River, giving the first 

glimpse of the winter flow. Extensive testing was done 

on three new model 527 and three model 585 current 

meters (all six manufactured by Marsh McBirney, 

Inc.), and numerous production control problems 

were rectified. The current meters are now ready for 

another winter measurement program, this time in 

the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. A Neil Brown Instrument System (NBIS) direct-reading current meter 

(DRCM-2) has now been completely evaluated and 

marine instrumentation laboratory engineers arequite 

impressed by the signal to noise ratio of the output of 

this acoustical current meter. Budget limitationsforced 

development of our own readout system for monitoring the NBIS-DRCM-2; it uses a Hewlett-Packard-75 

calculator with a Hewlett-Packard current loop (HPIL) 

interface. Marine instrumentation laboratory staff 

improved the accuracy of this meter by using their 

own calculation and reduction equation rather than 

the manufacturer's value, which assumes error contributed actively in every channel by the meter's 

analog to digital conversion. 

Five Tiros satellite-tracked drifter buoys were used 

in Lake Michigan this past winter and summer. These 

mini-Tirosocean drifter buoys, built by Polar Research 

Laboratory, were intended for ocean use and designed to be expendable. Marine instrumentation 

laboratory technicians and engineers improved the 

buoy to allow recycling and to extend usage. These 

improvements, which have now been adopted by the 

manufacturer, involved development of a radioa ~om~odore VIC-20 microcomputer unit, allowing 

calculations of calibration standards to be applied to 

data analysis. It also made possible the addition of 

data communication to a host computer for data filing; yet the parts for the interface cost less than $200. 

A Hewlett-Packard 41C calculator with a HPIL was 

used in a system to acquire samples for a diffusion 

study being conducted by the Synthetic Organics and 

Particle Dynamics Group. A VHF radio-link system 

was developed for a cooperative study with the Office 

of Marine Pollution Assessment (now OAD). It will be 

used to monitor hazardous environments. The marine 

instrumentation laboratory was also actively involved 

in selection and integration of the new Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computer system currently 

being installed at GLERL. 

Chemistry Laboratories 

There are two major types of compounds analyzed 

by GLERL's chemistry laboratories: trace synthetic 

organic materials and nutrients. The synthetic organics, primarily PAH, are extracted from various ecological matrices by Soxhlet extraction and cleaned on 

Sephadex and silica. Separation and analysis are performed on glass capillary equipped Hewlett-Packard 

gas chromatographs and on a Waters liquid chromatograph equipped with ultraviolet and fluorescent 

detectors. 

The uptake and release rates of selected PAH by 

benthic organisms are being followed through 

carbon-14- and tritium-labeled-compound metabolism. Compounds are extracted, cleaned on thin layer 

or high-performance liquid chromatography, and 

counted by liquid scintillation. 

The nutrient program has concentrated on evaluating chemical phenomena affecting phosphorus measurements, measuring biological nutrient recycling 

rates, and characterizing forms of phosphorus in lake 

waters. 

Soluble reactive phosphorus is often measured and 

used as an index of the biologically available phosphate concentration in natural waters. GLERL research indicates that caution is needed in selecting 

among the various methods to measure this fraction 
a A 

(U July 13, 1977 Offshore 

.OIIIIIIIIIIII1 

*-' Y 

:: 

2.0 (U 

October 20, Inshore K 

ti 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 72 

Time (minutes g 

a, 

Results of phosphate progressive hydrolysis tests done by [I 

the Chamberlain-Shapiro method on (A) offshore Lake 

Michigan water collected on July 13, 1977, and (B) nearshore Lake Michigan water collected on October 20,1977. 

Open triangles are 30-second and 9-minute estimates; precision is shown as the standard error of the mean (vertical 

bars). These tests demonstrate that acid, acid plus molybdate, and molybdate reagent additions result in overestimation of phosphate because molybdate and, to a lesser 

extent, acid accelerate the release of phosphate from 

bound sources into solution. 

because two phenomena can result in overestimation 

of phosphate levels. First, acid hydrolysis of phosphate from bound sources in solution can be accelerated in the presence of molybdate (the substance 

used to complex phosphate) as shown by higher 

phosphate values in acid plus molybdate than in acid 

exposures. Second, molybdate can either accelerate 

hydrolysis under basic conditions or form a complex 

with organically bound phosphorus, as shown by 

higher phosphate values in molybdate than in acid 

plus molybdate exposures. 

New chemical approaches have been developed 

and applied to measuring low levels of nutrients in 

small experimental systems for nutrient regeneration 

experiments. Flow injection analyses (FIA) and segmented flow analyses (SFA) (both performed on the 

AutoAnalyzer) are two independently developed 

analytical approaches used previously to automatically measure nutrients in aquatic samples. A combination of the desirable features of both FIA and SFA 

can be achieved by introducing samples for SFA by 

flow injection. This discrete injection-SFA technique 

was used to measure nitrate and phosphate in 0.2 

milliliters of water at concentrations down to 1 nanogram phosphorus (or nitrogen) per milliliter. This 

methodology was evaluated and is currently being 

routinely used for field and experimental samples. 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Time (minutes) 

Recorder response for replicate injections of various concentrations of phosphate and nitrate from a 0.2-milliliter 

sample loop. This is an example of measurements of low 

levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in small volumes of 

water. This technique is used to measure nutrient regeneration from lake sediment samples in small laboratory experimental systems. 

Using the above technology, new approaches were 

developed and a study done to demonstrate the 

quantitative importance of metabolic excretion, relative to microbial degradation, in aerobic sediment 

mineralization processes. 

Biology Laboratories 

The biology laboratories' equipment and instrumentation include a multichannel Coulter Counter 

used to measure particle size selection and zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and seston. An array 

of instruments, including a liquid scintillation spectrometer, is used to investigate nutrient uptake, 

growth rates, competition for nutrients by algae, and 

cycling rates of selected algal nutrients. Facilities also 

include a full complement of sampling gear and 

instrumentation, growth chambers, stereo and inverted microscopes, and cultured populations of phy- 
toplankton and zooplankton species for model studies. A mobile trailer has been fitted for lakeside 

investigations of the physiology and feeding rates of 

planktonic and benthic organisms. 

Ice Laboratory 

The ice laboratory makes it possible to extend the 

winter measurement season and to expand opportunities for measurements of ice characteristics. Thefacility is composed of a work room and an ice storage 

room. The work room, held at -7.0°C, can be used to 

conduct experiments on natural ice harvested in previous field seasons,as well as to calibrate instrumentation for the ice research program in an environment 

similar to that encountered in the field. For example, 

scientists are investigating new optical diffusers for 

the dual spectroradiometers used in measuring ice 

reflectance. These new diffusers will allow the instrument to be used under clear sky conditions without 

mathematical correction factors. The cold room is 

also being used to test the sensitivity of a variety of 

instruments, such as spectroradiometers and current 

meters, under low temperature conditions. The interior walls are painted flat black to facilitate optical 

experiments. Ancillary equipment includes a high 

intensity light source, a mercury line source, and an 

optical bench. 

Adjacent to the work room is asmaller room held at 

-29.0°C. In addition to providing low temperature 

storage for ice samples and a limited number of field 

samples from the chemistry and biology programs, 

the facility serves as an additional calibration room. 

Particle Dynamics Laboratory 

Natural and artifically produced radionuclides introduced into the Great Lakes serve as excellent model 

contaminant and process indicators. The particle 

dynamics laboratory can be used to detect and measure very low levels of many such radioactive su bstances present in water, sediment, and biota. The laboratory was established recently as part of the cooperative program with the University of Michigan, Great 

Lakes and Marine Waters Center. 

Facilities include several gas flow proportional 

counters with automatic sample changers for total 

alpha and beta counting. These systems are used both 

for low-level counting of environmental samples and 

for laboratory radiotracer studies. The laboratory has 

one absolute geometry alpha spectroscopy system 

and has recently added two additional alpha spectroscopy modules. This addition is a significant improvement in capability for extremely low-level 

(about IOfemtocuries), high resolution measurement 

of alpha emitting radionuclides, such as the plutonium and thorium isotopes and polonium-210. Currently under development is a radon gas counting 

system in which the radioactive gas is transferred to a 

zinc sulfide lined chamber, where scintillations produced by its decay are detected by a photomultiplier. 

This system, once operational, will provide a basis for 

radiometric studies of vertical diffusivity within the 

benthic boundary layer. There is now an extensive 

capability for gamma analysis. A well-shielded 3-by-5- 

inch sodium iodide detector is used for routine measurement of fallout cesium-137 in sediment and in 

trap samples. Several 2-by-2-inch sodium iodide detectors are presently used in gamma scan systems. In 

these systems the detectors are housed in extremely 

well-collimated lead shields (shields that direct light 

waves) mounted on hydraulically operated platforms. 

The gamma scan systems are used to determine the 

vertical distribution of gamma emitting tracers added 

to laboratory microcosms containing sediments, water, 

and zoobenthos. In addition, the laboratory includes 

a major gamma detection system-a high volume, 

high resolution, well-shielded lithium-drifted germanium detector coupled to a state-of-the-art multichannel analyzer. The system is interwired with the 

University of Michigan computer facility, allowing for 

on-line data processing. The system is designed for 

simultaneous determination of many radioisotopes, 

including beryllium-7, potassium-40, cesium-137, and 

other fallout radionuclides. The system may also be 

used for quantitative determination of stable element 

concentrations via neutron activation analysis. 

Computer Facility 

The computer systems group supports the work of 

GLERL scientists by designing, coding, debugging, 

and testing systems and applications programs. They 

also counsel and train scientist-technician programmers to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of 

their use of computing resources. 

General scientific computing is presently being 

done on ERL's Control Data Corporation Cyber 

170/750 located in Boulder. This computer is accessed 

by means of a remote-job-entry station and about 25 

interactive terminals located throughout the laboratory. A statistical multiplexer is used to control data 

traffic on a 9,600-baud telephone link to Boulder; it 

supports the remote-job-entry station, two 1,200- 

baud and five 2,400-baud hard-wired terminals, and 

nine 300-baud dial-up lines. Four of the interactive 

terminals have screen graphics capabilities; one of 

these also has a hard-copy graphics capability. 
Scientist inspecting installation of the new VAX 11/780 

computer. This new equipment will greatly enhance computing support for GLERL sc~entists. 

TheCLERL computing facility was greatly enhanced 

this year by the acquisition of a Digital Equipment 

Corporation VAX 11/780 computer system. This system is expected to satisfy the small-to-moderate 

computing needs of GLERL scientists. The VAX, to be 

installed early in FY 1984, will initially communicate 

with the NOAA CDC 170/750computer, Applications 

now running on the 170/750 will, where appropriate, 

migrate to the VAX over the next several months. 

Research Vessel Shenehon 

The Shenehon is the primary platform used in support of open Fake field investigations. The vessel is a 

converted T-boat 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot mean 

draft, a 600-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 10- 

knot cruising speed. A hydraulic articulated crane 

with a 1,630-pound lifting capacity at 21-foot extension is used for deployment and retrieval of heavy 

instrument moorings. Winches handle hydrographic 

wire and multiconduaor cable for sample casts and in 

situ measurements of water variables. An on-board 

laboratory facilitates onsite physical, chemical, and 

biological experiments. A LORAN C navigation system provides the capability and precision for the boat 

to return to an exact site in the lakes for equipment 

retrieval. 

During FY 1983, the Shenehon was based at the U.5. 

Army Corps of Engineers' boat yard at Grand Haven. 

The Corps also provided warehouse facilities and 

space for a mobile shore-based laboratory at that 

location. Boat operations were confined to Lake 

Michigan. 

In a study to quantify the vertical mass and chemical 

flux during thermal stratified and nonstratified periods, sediment trap moorings were deployed at five 

locations in Cake Michigan during November and 

December 1982forcollections during winter 1982-83. 

These traps were serviced in early summer and 

redeployed. 

Periodic cruises were made to the vicinity of a 

NDBC NOMAD buoy in support of a study to determine the vertical distrfbut ion and transport of radionuclides. A sediment trap mooring was serviced, 

cores taken, and large volume water samples were 

pumped and filtered during each cruise. Large diameter (30-centimeter) traps were used to ensure the 

collection of sufficient sediment. 

Biological work supported by theshenehon during 

the past year included benthic, planktonic, and bacterial experiments studying nutrient cycling in the 

aquatic environment and the long-term effects of 

toxic material inputs. As part of a toxics materials 

study, specimens of the organism Pontoporeia hayi 

were collected in Cakes Huron and Michigan to measure uptake of PAH. 

In a nutrient cycling study, benthic invertebrates 

were collected from the Crand River and adjacent 

Lake Michigan to determine whether they release 

significant quantities of phosphorus by metabolic and 

digestive processes and to examine mechanisms of 

nutrient release. In another nutrient investigation, 

dissolved phosphorus was collected from the Crand 

River and adjacent lake and fractionated into its various forms as a prerequisite to determining its bioavailability. Water and zooplankton samples were also 

collected in Lake Michigan for a laboratory study of 

selection and volume of food ingested by the copepod 

Diaptomus. 

The Shenehon supported a Lagrangian Pilot Study 

that used a satellite-tracked surface drogue to follow 

and ensure sampling in the same water mass. Sediment traps were suspended below the satellite drifter. 

Other operations included the deployment and retrieval of moorings, light and temperature studies, 

plankton net tows, and collection of water samples by 

hydrographic casts and pumping. 

In continued cooperation with the University of 

Michigan, the Shenehon was used to collect water 

and bottom sediment samples and light and temperature data, aswell as to train students in oceanographic 

techniques, in the vicinity of Grand Haven and 

Muskegon, Michigan. 

In support of the Physical Lirnnology and Meteorology program, the Shenehon crew took measurements at the NDBC NOMAD buoy in southern Lake 

Michigan for verification of output of meteorological 

and underwater sensors. These buoy data are used in 

CLERL investigations and are routinely used in NWS 

forecasts. As part of another cooperative program 

with NDBC, the vessel was used to deploy and 
Crew of the research vessel Shenehon recovering a sediment trap mooring from Lake Michigan. Deployment and 

retrieval of the instruments used to collect basic data are 

important functions requiring a well-equipped boat. 

retrieve satellite-tracked drogues that tracked water 

current trajectories in Lake Michigan. 

In the data collection phase of an investigation of 

the rotational mode currents induced in Lake Michigan by suddenly imposed wind stresses, thevessel was 

used in June and July to retrieve 16 current meter 

moorings that were deployed throughout the lake in 

1982. The bulk of thesewere along the junction of the 

northern and southern 'basins. These current meters 

remained in Lake Michigan through winter 1982-83. 

Sediment traps were also deployed on the current 

meter moorings to take advantage of the water current data to provide greater insight into the mass 

movement of settling and resuspended particles in 

Lake Michigan. 

A "wire line" sweep technique designed by GLERC 

personnel was used successfully three times during FY 

1983 to recover submerged sediment traps and one 

current meter mooring. These recoveries resulted in 

little or no loss of data and a considerable savings due 

to limited use of divers. 

Shipboard improvements included the installation 

of a hydraulic hydrographic winch on thearticulating 

crane and a variable speed hydraulic winch for 

temperature and light transmission studies. Both 

improvements resulted in more usable deck space, 

greater flexibility in operations, and greater detailing 

of temperature and light transmission profiles. 

Library and Information Services 

GLERL library staff supplies necessary library and 

information services support for laboratory activities 

by maintaining a tailored research collection and 

offering special retrieval services when the co'llection 

cannot meet the docu mentat ion or information needs 

of the researchers. The current GtERL library collection consists of research materials in the areas of climatology, hydrology, hydraulics, ice, limnology, 

mathematical modeling, meteorology, oceanography, 

sedimentation, and wave motion with emphasis on 

the Great Lakes Basin. Toxic organics and nutrients 

are now being included as major subject areas. Holdings include 2,811 books, 3,102 unbound periodical 

volumes, and 2,602 reports (excluding an estimated 

200 books, 2,300 reports, and 1,220 unbound periodical volumes kept in a remote storage location). Space 

limitations have necessitated both local and distant 

area storage facilities, A large number of materials 

obtained at the closing of the Cake Survey Center 

library continue to be recataloged and incorporated 

into the GLERP Library collection a5 time and shelf 

space permit. 

Library staff perform reference, interlibrary loan, 

photocopying, acquisition, circulation, and bib'liographic services, including on-line information retrieval, for laboratory affiliated personnel. In addition, the library staff expedite on-demand document 

retrieval and increase reference capability on behalf 

of GLERL scientists through on-site access arrangements with the University of Michigan library system. 

Limited services to others are provided upon special 

request. 

In June 1983, the library was moved to an adjacent 

building. The new location provides slightly larger 

space. During FY 1983, library staff cataloged 260 
books and 793 technical reports, retrieved 389 interlibrary loans, and performed 113 on-line literature 

searches. On-line bibliographic literature searching 

capabilities were expanded through the addition of 

two IS1 Search Network data bases. GLERL Library 

serial holdings were submitted for inclusion in the 

Washtenaw-Livingston Library Network (WLLN) Union 

List of Serials and the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Union Listing Component. Serial holdings 

were updated in JOURNALINK, a national union list 

of serials. 

FY 1984 GLERL Library plans include the input of 

current book records into the OCLC Online Union 

Catalog, a national union catalog, and a rewrite of the 

GLERL Library Automated Retrieval System (GLARES), 

an in-house technical report catalog. Participation in 

the former catalog will permit inclusion of GLERL 

book holdings in the NOAA Library Information 

Network (COM) Catalog, thereby enhancing resource sharing with all NOAA libraries, as well as with 

other automated libraries. A planned rewrite of 

GLARES will broaden interactive access to the report 

catalog at the local level while substantially reducing 

costs. These automated innovations are expected to 

expand the current level of library and information 

services without increasing staff demands. 
PUBLICATIONS 

A 6-month listing of available publications 

can be obtained from: 

Information Services 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Assel, R. A. 1983. A computerized ice concentration data base for 

the Creat Lakes. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-24. 

Assel, R. A. 1983. Description and analysis of a 20-year (1960-79) 

digital ice-concentration database for the Great Lakes of North 

America. Ann. Glaciol. 4:14-18. 

Assel, R. A. 1983. Lake Superior bathythermograph data: 1973-79. 

NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-25. 

Aubert, E. J., and Richards, T. L.~ 1981. Summary of accomplishments. In IFYGL-The International Field Year for the Great 

Lakes, ed. E. J. Aubert and T. L. Richards, pp. 367-384. Ann 

Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Aubert, E. I., and Richards, T. L.?, ed. 1981. IFYGL-The International Field Year for the Creat Lakes. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Bennett, J. R., Clites, A. H., and Schwab, D. J. 1983. A twodimensional lake circulation modeling system: Programs to 

compute particle trajectories and the motions of dissolvedsubstances. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-46. 

Bowling, J. ~.t, Leversee, G. ~.t, Landrum, P. F., and Giesy, J. p.7 

1983. Acute mortality of anthracene-contaminated fish exposed 

to sunlight. Aquat. Toxicol. 3:79-90. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1983. Great Lakes basins (U.S.A.-Canada) runoff 

modeling. I. Hydrol. 64:135-158. 

Croley, T. E., 11.1983. Lake Superior Basin runoff modeling. GLERL 

Open File Report. 

Croley, T. E., 11.1983. Sediment dynamics in unsteady nonprismatic 

rills. In Proceedings, conference on frontiers in hydraulic engineering, ed. H. T. Shen, pp. 127-132. New York: American 

Society of Civil Engineers. 

Croley, T. E., 11, and Hartmann, H. C. 1983. Lake Ontario Basin 

runoff modeling. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-43. 

Derecki, J. A. 1983. Travel times in the Great Lakes connecting 

channels. GLERL Open File Report. 

Eadie, B. J.,Faust, W. R., Landrum, P. F., Morehead, N. R.,Gardner, 

W. S., and Nalepa,T. F. 1982. Bioconcentrationsof PAH by some 

benthic organisms. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: Seventh international symposium on formation, metabolism, and 

measurement, ed. M. W. Cooke and A. J. Dennis, pp. 437-449. 

Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press. 

Eadie, 8. J., Landrum, P. F., and Faust, W. 1982. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in sediments, pore water, and the amphipod 

Pontoporeia hoyi from Lake Michigan. Chemosphere 

11 ~847-858. 

Eadie, B. J., Rice, C. p.7, and Frez, W. A.T 1982. The role of the 

benthic boundary layer in the cycling of PCB's in the Great 

Lakes. In Physical behavior of PCB's in the Great Lakes, ed. D. 

MacKay, pp. 213-229. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Eadie B. I., Robbins,J. A., Landrum, P. F., Rice,C. p.t, Simmons, M. 

s.~, McCormick, M. J., Eisenreich, S. I.?, Bell, G. L., Pickett, R. 

L.*, Johansen, ~.t, Rossman, R.~, Hawley, N., and Voice, T.T 

1983. The cycling of toxic organics in the Great Lakes: A 3-year 

status report. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-45. 

Edgington, D. ~.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1983. Patternsof deposition of 

natural and fallout radionuclides in thesediments of Lake Michigan and their relation to limnological processes. In Environmental biochemistry, ed. J. 0. Nriagu, pp. 705-729. Ann Arbor: 

Ann Arbor Science. 

Fraser, A. s.~, and Robertson, A: 1981. Materials balance. In 

IFYGL-The lnternational Field Year for the Great Lakes, ed. E. J. 

Aubert and T. L. Richards, pp. 341-352. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Gardner, W. S.,and Vanderploeg, H. A. 1982. Microsample-filtering 

device for liquid chromatography or flow injection analysis. 

Anal. Chem. 54:2129-2130. 

Gardner, W. S., and Landrum, P. F. 1983. Characterization of 

ambient levels of ultraviolet-absorbing dissolved humic materials in natural waters by aqueous liquid chromatography. In 

Aquatic andterrestrial humic materials, ed. R. F. Christman and 

E. T. Gjessing, pp. 203-217. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Gardner, W. S., and Malczyk, J. M. 1983. Discrete injection segmented flow analysis of nutrients in small-volume water samples. Anal. Chem. 55:1645-1647. 

Gardner, W. S., Nalepa, T. F., Slavens, D. R.*, and Laird, G. A. 1983. 

Patterns and rates of nitrogen release by benthicchironomidae 

and Oligochaeta. Can. ). Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:259-266. 

Gerould, ~.t, Landrum, P. F., and Giesy, J. p.7 1983. Anthracene 

bioconcentration and biotransformation in chironomids: Effects of temperature and concentration. Environ. Pollut. 

30:175-188. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1982. Annual 

report for the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1983. Technical 

plan for the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, the University of 

Michigan, the University of Minnesota, Michigan State University, Argonne National Laboratory, and Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory. 1983. Fourth semiannual progress report to the 

Office of Marine Pollution Assessment: The cycling of toxic 

organic substances in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Ann Arbor: 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Greene, G. M. 1983. Forecasting ice-cover freeze-up, growth, and 

breakup on the St. Marys River. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-47. 

Greene, G. M., and Nelson, F.~ 1983. Performance of a frost hollow 

as a hemispherical thermal radiometer. Arch. Met. Geoph. 

Biocl., Ser. B 32:263-278. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Cuerra, B. E. 1983. Wind erosion as a source of water pollution-A 

brief update. CLERL Open File Report. 

Haddock, J. D.?, Landrum, P. F., and Giesy, I. T.T 1983. Extraction 

efficiency of anthracene from sediments. Anal. Chem. 

55 : 11 97-1 200. 

Hawley, N. 1982. Reply. Sedimentology 29:906-907. 

Hawley, N. 1983. Intertidal sedimentary structures on macrotidal 

beaches. I. Sediment. Petrol. 52:785-796. 

Hawley, N. 1983. Lake Michigan suspended sediment charaderistics at Grand Haven, Michigan, 1979. NOAA Data Report ERL 

GLERL-23. 

Pickett, R. L.* 1983. Creat Lakes bottom currents. Coast. Oceanogr. 

Climatol. News 5:41-43. 

Pickett, R. L.*, Campbell, 1. E., Clites, A. H., and Partridge, R. M.+ 

1983. Satellite-tracked current drifters in Lake Michigan.]. Great 

Lakes Res. 9:106-108. 

Pinsak,A. P.*, and Rodgers,G. K.~ 1981. Energy balance. In IFYGLThe lnternational Field Year for the Creat Lakes, ed. E. I. Aubert 

and T. L. Richards, pp. 169-197. Ann Arbor: Creat Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Quigley, M. A. 1983. Freshwater macroinvertebrates.1. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 55:833-840. 

Hawley, N. 1983. A numerical model of cohesive suspendedsedi- Quinn, F. H., and den Hartog, G.~ 1981. ~va~oration synthesis. In 

ment dynamics. NOAATechnical Memorandum ERL GLERL-42. IFYGL-The lnternational Field Year for the Creat Lakes, ed. E. I. 

Aubert and T. L. Richards, pp. 221-245. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes 

Hawley, N., Chambers, R. L.*, and Bell, C. L. 1983. Grain-size distri- Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) bution in Lake Michigan, 1977-81. NOAA Data Report ERL 

GLERL-21. Quinn, F; H., and Kelley, R. N. 1983. Great Lakes monthly hydrologic data. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-26. 

Henderson-Sellers, ~.t, McCormick, M. I., and Scavia, D. 1983. A 

comparison of the formulation for eddy diffusion in two one- Reckhow, K. and cha~ra, 5.C.* 1983. Engineeringapproaches 

dimensional stratification models. Appl. Math. Modeling 7:212- for lake management, volume 1: Data analysis and empirical 

215. modeling. Boston: Butterworth Publishers. 

Hinkel, K. M. 1983. Ice-cover growth rates at nearshore locations in 

the Great Lakes. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERLCLERL-44. 

lnternational Joint Commission, lnternational Great Lakes Technical Information Network Board, Hydrology Committee. 1983. 

Great Lakes hydrometeorologicalstation directory. NOAA Data 

Report ERL CLERL-22. 

Landrum, P. F. 1982. The effect of co-contaminants on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Pontoporeia 

hoyi. In Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: Seventh international symposium on formation, metabolism, and measurement,ed. M. W. Cooke and A. J. Dennis,pp. 731-743. Columbus, 

Ohio: Battell,e Press. 

Landrum, P. F. 1982. Uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of 

anthracene by the scud Pontoporeia hoyi. Chemosphere 

11 :1049-1057. 

Landrum, P. F., and Scavia, D. 1983. Influence of sediment on 

anthracene uptake, depuration, and biotransformation by the 

amphipod Hyalella azteca. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:298-305. 

Liu, P. C. 1983. An iteration problem. SIAM Rev. 25:268. 

Meadows, C. A.~, Schultz, N.?, Dannelongue, ~.t, Bennett, I. R., 

Campbell, I. Liu, P. C., and Schwab, D. 1.1982. The response of 

the coastal boundary layer to winds and waves: Analysis of an 

experiment in Lake Erie. In Proceedings, third workshop on 

Great Lakes coastal erosion and sedimentation, pp. 51-54. 

National Research Council Canada and Associate Committee 

for Research on Shoreline Erosion and Sedimentation. 

Rice, C. ~.t, Eadie, B. I., and Erstfeld, K. M.T 1982. Enrichment of 

PCB's in Lake Michigan surface films. I. Great Lakes Res. 

8:265-270. 

Richards, T. L.~, and Aubert, E. 1.1981. The International Field Year 

for the Great Lakes-An introduction. In IFYGL-The International Field Year for the Great Lakes, ed. E. J. Aubert and T. L. 

Richards, pp. 1-14. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Robbins, I. A., and Eadie, B. 1. 1982. Models of contaminants in 

Great Lakes. Res. Oceanogr. Eng. 4:3. 

Rumer, R. R., ~r.~, Bialas, W. F.~, Quinn, F. H., Assel, R. A., and 

Caskill, D. W.* 1983. Niagara River ice boom: Effects on environment. 1. Tech. Topics Civil Eng. 109:105-116. 

Saylor, I. H., Bennett, I. R., Boyce, F. ~.t, Liu,P. C., Murthy,C. R.~, 

Pickett, R. L.*, and Simmons, T. 1.7 1981. Water movements. In 

IFYGL-The lnternational Field Year for the Creat Lakes, ed. E. I. 

Aubert and T. L. Richards, pp. 247-324. Ann Arbor: Creat Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. (Published in FY 1983.) 

Scavia, D., and Cardner, W. S. 1982. Kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus release in varying food supplies by Daphnia magna. 

Hydrobiologia %:105-111. 

Schwab, D. I., and Hutter, K.~ 1982. Barotropic and baroclinic 

eigen~odes of Lake of Zurich and Lake of Lugano. Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie Internal Report 

1 64. 

Sonzogni, W. C.*, Richardson, ~.t, Rodgers, p.7, and Monteith, T. 

National Research Council, Commission on Physical Sciences, 1.t 1983. Chloride pollution of the Great Lakes. I. Water Pollut. 

Mathematics, and Resources, Water Science and Technology Control Fed. 55:513-521. 

Board, Panel on Niagara River Ice Boom Investigations. 1983. Spacie, ~.t, Landrum, P. F., and Leversee, G. 1.t 1983. Uptake, 

The Lake Erie-Niagara River ice boom: Operationsand impacts. depuration, and biotransformation of anthracene and benWashington, D.C.: National Academy Press. zo(a)pyrene in bluegill sunfish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 

Nalepa, T. F., Gardner, W. S., and Malczyk, 1. M. 1983. Phosphorus 73330-341. 

release by three kinds of benthic invertebrates: Effects of sub- Steinhart, C. ~.t, Schierow, L. I.?, and Sonzogni, W. C.* 1982. An 

strate and water medium. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:810-813. environmental quality index for the Great Lakes. Water Resour. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 
Res. 18:1025-1031. 

Tarapchak, S. 1.1983. Soluble reactive phosphorus measurements 

in lake water: Evidence of molybdate-enhanced hydrolysis. ). 

Environ. Qual. 12:105-108. 

Tarapchak, S. J., Chambers, R. L.*, and Bigelow, S. M.* 1982. 

Soluble reactive phosphorus measurements in Lake Michigan: 

Causes of method-specific differences. I. Great Lakes Res. 

8:700-710. 

Tarapchak, S. I., Bigelow, S. M.*, and Rubitschun, C.* 1982. Soluble 

reactive phosphorus measurements in Lake Michigan: Filtration artifacts. ). Great Lakes Res. 8:550-557. 

Tarapchak, S. J., Slavens, D. R.*, Quigley, M. A., and Tarapchak, J. 

s.T 1983. Silicon contamination in diatom nutrient enrichment 

experiments. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:657-664. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., and Scavia, D. 1983. Misconceptions about 

estimating prey preference. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:248-250. 

* No longer affiliated with this laboratory. No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
PRESENTATIONS Gardener, W. S. 1982. The role of nutrients in the biology of the 

Great Lakes. Lecture, November 1982, at Wiley Middle School, 

Dexter, Michigan. 

Assel, R. A. 1982. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

ice research program. 11th Annual Meeting of the United 

StatesKanadian Ice Information Working Group, October 27, 

1982, at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, 

Ontario. 

Assel, R. A. 1983. Lake Huron ice-cover climatology. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26, 1983, at the State 

University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Bennett, J. R. 1983. Accuracy of a finite difference method for 

computing Eulerian and Lagrangian currents. American Ceophysical Union Spring Meeting, May 30-June 3,1983, Baltimore, 

Maryland. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. GLERL large basin runoff model. American 

Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7-15,1982, 

San Francisco, California. 

Croley, T. E., 11.1983. Great Lakes Basins runoff modeling. Seminar, 

May 10, 1983, at Michigan State University, East Lansing, 

Michigan. 

Croley,T. E., 11.1983. Hydrologic modeling. Seminar, May 3,1983, at 

National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, 

Ottawa, Ontario. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1983. Lakes Ontario and Superior Basin runoff 

model parameter comparison. 26th Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Croley, T. E., II. 1983. Sediment dynamics in unsteady nonprismatic 

rills. American Society of Civil Engineers Hydraulics Division 

Conference, August 9-12, 1983, at Massachusetts lnstitute of 

Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Croley, T. E., 11. 1983. Water resource computations on small 

machines. University Council on Water Resources Annual 

Meeting, July 24-27,1983, at Ohio State University, Columbus, 

Ohio. 

Derecki, J. A. 1983. Continuous velocity ineasurements in the St. 

Clair River. American Society of Civil Engineers Hydraulics Division Conference, August 9-12,1983, at Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Derecki, J. A. 1983. Effect of channel changes in the St. Clair River 

during the present century. 26th Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Eadie, B. J., Robbins, J. A., Chambers, R. L.*, Rice, C. ~.t, Schelske, 

C. L.t, and Frez, W. 1982. Sediment trap measurements of resuspension and settling fluxes in Lake Michigan. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7-15,1982, San 

Francisco, California. 

Gardner, W. S. 1983. The impact of invertebrates on Great Lakes 

benthic nutrient regeneration. Seminar, April 1983, at Skidaway 

Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia. 

Gardner, W. S. 1983. Microchemical approaches to investigate the 

rates and kinetics of nutrient regeneration by pelagic invertebrates. Seminar, February 1983, at the University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin. 

Gardner, W. S. 1983. Nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems. NOAA 

Conference on Estuaries, June 1983, Newark, Delaware. 

Gardner, W. S., Nalepa,T. F., and Malczyk, J. M. 1983. Mineralization of nitrogen in aerobic lake sediments: Invertebrates vs. 

microbes? 46th Annual Meeting of the American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, June 13-16, 1983, St. John's, 

Newfoundland. 

Gardner, W. S., Nalepa, T. F., Slavens, D. R.*, and Laird, G. A. 1983. 

Patterns and rates of nitrogen release by benthic chironomids 

and tubificids. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

24-26, 1983, at the State University of New York at Oswego, 

Oswego, New York. 

Glover, R. M.+, and Vanderploeg, H. A. 1983. Diatom particleselection by two speciesof Diaptornus in Lake Michigan. 46th Annual 

Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 14-17,1983, St. John's, Newfoundland. 

Greene, G. M. 1983. Forecasting ice events on the St. Mary's River. 

26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at 

the State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New 

York. 

Creene, G. M. 1983. Study of the optical properties of ice and their 

relation to remotely sensed data. Meeting of the Student Chapter of the American Society of Photogrammetry, March 30,1983, 

at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Hartmann, H. C. 1983. Lake Superior Basin runoff modeling. 

Seminar, September 13,1983, at the University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor, Michigan. 

Hartmann, H. C., and Croley, T. E., 11. 1982. Surface storage and 

evapotranspiration constraints in GLERL runoff model calibrations. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, 

December 7-15,1982, San Francisco, California. 

Hartmann, H. C., and Croley, T. E., 11. 1983. Incorporation of 

remotely-sensed snowpack water equivalent into the GLERL 

large-basin runoff model. 26th Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, May 24-26,1983, atthestate University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Hawley, N. 1982. Particlesizedistributions in Lake Michigan. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7- 

15,1982, San Francisco, California. 

Eisenreich,S. Lt,capel, P. D.~, Bourbonniere, R. A.?, Robbins,J. A., Henderson-Sellers, B.t, and McCormick, M. J. 1983. Vertical eddy 

and Eadie, 0.1. 1983. Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations diffusion formulations in one-dimensional thermal stratificaand fluxes in sediment cores from eastern Lake Ontario. 26th tion models for lakes and reservoirs. Fourth International ConConference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the ferenceon Mathematical Modeling, August 15-l7,1983,Zurich, 

State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. Switzerland. 

No longer affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 
Hugel, E. A., and Robbins, J. A. 1983. Seasonal variations in the 

activity of polonium-210 in sediment trap samples from Lake 

Michigan. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24- 

26, 1983, at the State University of New York at Oswego, 

Oswego, New York. 

Johansen, K. ~.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1982. Use of beryllium-7, 

cerium-144, and cesium-137 to characterize short-term mixing 

processes and rates in Great Lakes sediments. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7-15,1982, San 

Francisco, California. 

Johansen, K. A.~, and Robbins, J. A. 1983. The fate of fallout cesium137 in Lake Huron. 28th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics 

Society, June 19-23,1983, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Johansen, K. ~.t, Rossmann, R.~, and Robbins, J. A. 1983. The 

history of lead and mercury deposition in lead-2lOand cesium137dated cores from eastern Lake Ontario. 26th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University of 

New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Johansen, K. A.~, and Robbins, J. A. 1983. Patternsof sedimentation 

and metal contaminant deposition in southern Lake Huron. 

26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at 

the State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New 

York. 

Keilty, T., Stoermer, E. ~.t, and Robbins, J. A. 1983. Cyclotella 

comensis from Lake Huron in Lake Erie sediments: Evidenceof 

near-bottom transfer? 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Keilty,T., Robbins, J. A.,and White, D. s.~ 1983. Relations between 

organism densities, organic carbon, and sediment accumulation rates in Lake Michigan. 26th Conference on Great Lakes 

Research,May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Laird, G. A., and Scott, ~.t 1983. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide on 

the hydrogen bonded adduct-proton transfer complex equilibrium. Fifth Annual Central Regional Meeting of the American 

Chemical Society, May 5-7,1983, Eastern Michigan University, 

Ypsilanti, Michigan. 

Landrum, P. F. 1982. Influence of competing pollutants on the 

bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to Pontoporeia hoyi. Seventh 

International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, October 26-28,1982, Columbus, Ohio. 

.andrum, P. F., Nihart, S. R., Eadie, B. J., and Gardner, W. S. 1982. 

Reverse phase separation method for determining pollutant 

binding to Aldrich hurnic acid and dissolved organic carbon of 

natural waters. Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 14-17, 1982, 

Washington, D.C. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1983. Some uses of remote sensing in Great Lakes 

ice research. Seminar, January 18, 1983, at the Environmental 

Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

McCormick, M. J., and Tarapchak, S. J. 1983. Error analysis of nutrient regeneration rates for a station in southern Lake Michigan. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, 

at the State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New 

York. 

Meadows, G. ~.~,~chultz, H.~, Bennett,J. R.,Schwab, D.J.,and Liu, 

P. C. 1982. The response of the coastal boundary layer to wind 

and waves. American, Geophysical Union Fall MeetingAmerican Society of Limnology and Oceanography Winter 

Meeting, December 7-15, 1982, San Francisco, California. 

Meadows, G. A.~, Schultz, ~.t, Bennett,J. R., Schwab, D. I., Liu, P. 

C., Campbell, J. E., and Dannelongue, H. ~.t 1982.The response 

of the coastal boundary layer to wind and waves: A preliminary 

analysis of an experiment in Lake Erie. Third Workshopon Great 

Lakes Coastal Erosion and Sedimentation, November 1-2,1982, 

Burlington, Ontario. 

Moll, R. ~.t, and Tarapchak, S. 1.1983. Inorganic phosphate uptake 

by phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Michigan. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26, 1983, at the State 

University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Pickett, R. L.* 1983. Great Lakes satellite-tracked current drifters. 

Symposium on Buoy Technology, April 27-29,1983, New Orleans, 

Louisiana. 

Pickett, R. L.*, Campbell, J. E., and Clites, A. H. 1983. Satellitetracked current drifters in Lake Michigan. 26th Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at thestate University of 

New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Pinsak, A. P.* 1983. Water resource management in the Great 

Lakes. Decisions for the Great Lakes, John Carroll University 

Course, March 8,1983, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Pinsak, A. P.*, and Kaunisto, D. J.* 1983. Sediment transport in Lake 

St. Clair. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26, 

1983, at the State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, 

New York. 

Quigley, M. A. 1983. Relationships between macroinvertebrate 

abundance and silica release from nearshore Lake Michigan 

sediments. 46th Annual Meeting of the American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, June 13-16, 1983, St. John's, 

Newfoundland. 

Quinn, F. H. 1983. Consumptive use of Great Lakes water-Governor's Problem Solving Institute, July 13-15, 1983, at Michigan 

State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

Quinn, F. H. 1983. Current perspectives in Great Lakes hydrology. 

American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual 

Meeting, May 26-31,1983, Detroit, Michigan. 

Quinn, F. H. 1983. Great Lakes interbasin transfers. Meeting of the 

Rochester Society for Scientific Information, June 11, 1983, 

Rochester, New York. 

Quinn, F. H. 1983. Great Lakes water quantity issues. Great Lakes 

Decisions,March 8,1983, at the University of Windsor, Windsor, 

Ontario. 

Robbins, J. A. 1983. Cosmogenic beryllium-7and fallout cesium-137 

in Lake Michigan: Behavior of two radionuclides with contrasting half-lives. Seminar, April 28, 1983, at the University of 

Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. 

Robbins, J. A. 1983. Deposition rates and mass distributions of 

particle-associated pollutants in the Great Lakes. Workshop on 

the Transport and Fate of Particle-Associated Pollutants in the 

Great Lakes, April 12-14,1983, at Cranbrook Institute of Science, 

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. * No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 
Robbins, J. A. 1983. Radioactivity in the Great Lakes. Seminar, 

March 28, 1983, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Robbins, I. A. 1983. Recent studies of particle transport in Lake 

Michigan using beryllium-7. Seminar, April 26, 1983, Argonne 

National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. 

Robbins, I. A., and Eadie, B. J. 1982. Beryllium-7: A tracer of 

seasonal particle transport processes in Lake Michigan. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7- 

15,1982, San Francisco, California. 

Robbins, I. A., and Johansen, K. A.T 1982. Use of beryllium-7, 

cerium-144, and cesium-137 to characterize short-term mixing 

processes and rates in Great Lakes sediments. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting-American Society of Limnology 

and Oceanography Winter Meeting, December 7-15,1982, San 

Francisco, California. 

Robbins, 1. A., and Johansen, K. ~.t 1983. Beryllium-7: A tracer of 

short-term sediment mixing processes in the Great Lakes. 26th 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the 

State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Robbins, 1. A.,and Eadie, B. 1. 1983. Seasonal cyclingof beryllium-7 

and cesium-137 in the benthic nepheloid layer of Lake Michigan. 26th Conferenceon Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, 

at the State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New 

York. 

Rossmann, R.?, Bourbonniere, R. ~.t, Johansen, K. A.?, and 

Robbins, J. A. 1983. Vertical variations of metals in dated Lake 

Ontario sediment cores. 6th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at 

Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Schelske, C. ~.t, Stoermer, E. ~.t, Conley, D. J.t, Robbins, I. A.,and 

Glover, R. M.~ 1983. Sedimentary evidence for anthropogenic 

modification of silica cycles in the Great Lakes. 26th Conference 

on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983, at the State University 

of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Schwab, D. 1. 1983. Numerical models of low-frequency current 

fluctuations in Lake Michigan. American Geophysical Union 

Spring Meeting, May 30-June 3, 1983, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Sonzogni, W. C, 1982. Meeting the terms of the Great Lakes Water 

Quality Agreement. Civil Engineering Seminar, October 8,1982, 

at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1983. Phosphorus cycling in Lake Michigan: Perspectives and experimental results. Seminar, March 31,1983, at 

Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. I., and Herche, L. R. 1983. Kinetics of phosphate 

uptake by Lake Michigan phytoplankton: Estimating MichaelisMenton constants. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 

May 24-26,1983, at the State University of New York at Oswego, 

Oswego, New York. 

Tarapchak, S. I., and Quigley, M. A. 1983. Silica interference in 

phytoplankton nutrient enrichment bioassays. 26th Conference 

on Great Lakes Research, May 24-26,1983,at the State University 

of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Liebig, 1. R., Eadie, B. J., and Glover, R. M.T 

1983. Interaction between calcite whitings and zooplankton in 

Lake Michigan. 26th Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

24-26, 1983, at the State University of New York at Oswego, 

Oswego, New York. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., Scavia, D., and Glover, R. M.T 1983. Wellbehaved interactions between Diaptomus spp. and Lake Michigan particle size spectra. 46th Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 13-16,1983, St. 

John's, Newfoundland. 

t Not affiliated with this laboratory. t Not affiliated with this laboratory. 
CONTRACTOR 

PUBLICATIONS 

roughness. In Proceedings, conference applying research to 

hydraulicpractice, pp. 160-168. New York: American Society of 

Civil Engineers. 

Shen, H. T., and Ackermann, N. L. 1983. Ice-cover effects on 

hydraulic transient analysis. Final report prepared for GLERL by Allen, H. E., Blatchley, C., and Brisbin, T. D. 1983. An algal assay Clarkson College under Contract No. NA80RAC00147. method for determination of comer comolexation capacities . . of natural waters. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30:448-455. Shen, H. T., and Yapa, P. N. D. D. 1983. Simulating growth, decay, 

and breakupof the St. Lawrence River ice cover. ln Proceedings, Hawley, N. 1982. Settling velocity distribution of natural aggregates. sixth Canadian hydrotechnical conference, pp. 807-824. Mon- j. Geophys. Res. 87:9489-9498. treal, Quebec: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. - - 

Me~ers, P' A', Rice, C' Owen, R' M' Input and removal Voice, T. C., Rice, C.P., and Weber, W. J., jr. 1983. Effect of solids of natural and pollutant materials in the surface microlayer on concentration on the sorptive partitioning of hydrophobic pol- Lake Michigan. Ecol. Bull. 35:519-532. lutants in aquatic systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17:513-518. 

Shen, H. T. 1983. Hydraulic resistance of river ice. In Proceedings, Voice,T. C., Rice, C. P., and Weber, W. I., Jr. 1983. Partitioning of conference on frontiers in hydraulic engineering, pp. 224-229. toxicorganic compounds between water andparticulate matter New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. in the Great Lakes. Final report prepared for GLERL by the . . Shen, H. T., and Ruggles, R. W. 1982. Analysis of river ice cover University of Michigan under Grant NO. ~~81~~~00003.' 

CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1983 

Principal 

Investigator Institution Title 

A. M. Beeton 

A. M. Beeton 

University of Michigan A Cooperative Program in Great 

Lakes Long-Term Effects Research 

University of Michigan The Cycling of Toxic Organic 

Substances in the Great Lakes 

Ecosystem 

I. E. Breck 

D. M. Di Toro 

Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory 

Models for Behavior and Fate of 

Long-Lived Contaminants 

Manhattan College Long Time Scale Investigation of 

Organic Particle Transport and Fate 

in Lake Erie 

S. J. Eisenreich 

I. P. Giesy 

University of Minnesota Toxic Organic-Sediment Dynamics in 

the Great Lakes 

Michigan State University Lysosomal Enzyme Release Assay 

as a Measure of Stress in 

Freshwater Clams 

C. E. Herdendorf Ohio State University Lake Erie Environmental and 

Recreational Atlas 

University of Michigan The Growth and Decay of the Coastal 

Boundary Layer 

R. A. Moll 

C. H. Mortimer 

University of Michigan Bacterial Dynamics 

Coupling of Physical and Biological 

Dynamics in Large Lakes 

University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin 

(Milwaukee) 

Inertial Motion and Related Internal 

Waves 

Argonne National 

Laboratory 

Removal of Radionuclides 

From Watersheds of the Great Lakes 

D. Nelson 

K. H. Reckhow Duke University Uncertainty and Risk Management of 

Toxic Substances in Aquatic Systems 

Clarkson College Ice-Cover Effects on Hydraulic 

Transient Analysis 

H. T. Shen