GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1980 

December I 980 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Research and Development 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 

do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in 

this publication. No reference shall be made to the 

NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, or to 

this publication furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, in any advertising or sales 

promotion which would indicate or imply that the 

NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories approve, 

recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or 

proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has 

as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly 

the advertised product to be used or purchased 

because of this NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratories publication. 
PREFACE 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory (GLERL) has completed its sixth year of 

operation in Ann Arbor. Our mission at GLERL is to 

conduct research directed toward understanding the 

environmental processes and solving problems in 

resource management and environmental services in 

the Great Lakes and their watersheds. The environmental information developed is made available to 

NOAA, other government agencies, universities, 

industries, and individual citizens to aid them in 

their environmental services, plans, and operations. 

Understanding the complex lake-land-atmosphere system of the Great Lakes Region and the 

many interactions that influence our lives in this 

region requires a team of scientists with different 

backgrounds working together on field, laboratory, 

and analytic investigations into the limnological, 

hydrological, and meteorological properties of the 

lakes, their basins, and the overlying atmosphere. 

The ultimate goal of the GLERL program is to 

understand the lake-land-atmosphere system to the 

extent that environmental simulation and prediction 

models can be built to provide sufficiently precise 

information on Great Lakes processes and 

phenomena to support enlightened use of the 

region's resources. 

This Annual Report is intended to inform those 

outside GLERL of our capabilities, program, significant results, and plans for the future. It is also intended to encourage an exchange of information 

between the laboratory staff and those in need of 

environmental information for operational, planning, 

or management activities. 

Examples of some of the major problem areas 

that the CLERL program addresses are lake water 

levels and connecting channel flow predictioncritical to erosion control, transportation, recreation, 

and power generation; lake ice prediction-critical 

to lake transportation and shoreline structure design 

and protection; lake circulation-critical to ecosystems analysis and an understanding of the 

transport and dispersion of pollutants; surface 

waves and oscillations-critical to lake transportation, boating, and the control of shore erosion and 

flooding; and the dynamics of certain chemical and 

biological properties and systems-critical to 

understanding and prediction of the natural 

ecosystem and human alterations in the ecosystem 

and to water quality, water supply, and fisheries 

management. 

The GLERL staff has been and is working with 

Great Lakes regulatory and management agencies, 

in both Canada and the United States, to provide 

them with the research products, data, and expertise 

they need. GLERL staff serve as officers, board 

members, or committee members of such organizations as the International Joint Commission (IJC), the 

Great Lakes Basin Commission, and the International Association for Great Lakes Research, among 

others. These activities serve to provide an outlet 

for GLERL products and a means of identifying environmental problems requiring further study. 

Other outlets for GLERL products include requests from private organizations and individual 

citizens. The scientific community is informed of 

the products through journal articles, NOAA 

Technical Reports and Memoranda, and presentations at society meetings. The location of GLERL in 

Ann Arbor with the University of Michigan provides 

the opportunity for cooperative research programs 

and for graduate student participation in GLERL 

projects. Visting scientists have participated in 

GLERL research studies on a continuing basis. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Preface 

Highlights 

Staff 

Chemistry and Biology 

Lake Hydrology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

Special Projects 

International and Interagency Activities 

Facilities 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 

Contracts and Grants 

Page 

. . . 

11 1 
CLERL ORGANIZATION CHART 

PHYSICAL UMNOWGY 

F. H. Quinn, Head J. R Bennett, Head E. J. Aubert, Head 

I 

DIRECTOR 

3 

r E J. Aubert \ \ 

f \ \ f 5 < 

ICE ] CHEMY I MARINE 

LABORATORY LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION 

LAB0 RAT0 RY 1 

ADMINISTRATION I COMPUTER FACIUTY 

R H. Brarnief Head G. E Spalding, Head 

PUBLICATIONS ) 

R/VShenehon 

A. P. Pinsak, Head 

~~) y-) LABORATORY - 

L L 
HIGHLIGHTS 

For 6 years the laboratory has been involved in 

research on significant processes and problems in the 

Great Lakes Region. CLERL research is diversified in 

form. As is shown by the organization chart, process 

research is aligned in four primary discipline areas. 

But problem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff from more than one group, is also conducted. 

The in-house research program is supplemented by 

grants and contracts with private institutions. In turn, 

CLERL supports the efforts of other government agencies. The dissemination of research results by publication or presentation and discussion at scientific and 

user meetings is a major CLERL product. During FY 

1980,56 papers authored by CLERL staff and 7 papers 

by contractors were published, and 36 papers 

prepared by CLERL staff were presented at meetings. 

Research 

The CLERL research program is in a continually 

evolving state amply evidenced by the year-to-year 

changes in all levels of scientific effort. Some 

research accomplishments during the past fiscal year 

are indicated below. 

Further analysis of aquatic ecosystem models for 

Lake Ontario indicated that, during periods of little 

turbulence, depth variation of net production controls subsurface peaks in algal concentration and 

plankton sinking accentuates those peaks. Tests on a 

model of Saeinaw Bav - indicated that model coefficients contribute more to overall model output 

variance than initial conditions and nutrient loadings. 

A team of scientists from CLERL, the University of 

Michigan, and the University of Wisconsin reviewed 

the state of knowledge and quantitative modeling of 

the phosphorus cycle. They concluded that most improvement of whole-system models and understanding of the phosphorus cycle will be obtained 

from combined experimental and modeling research 

of first-order processes. 

Phytoplankton studies analyzed relationships between uptake kinetics of dissolved phosphorus and 

growth rates. Primary results on phytoplankton 

growth indicate that biological uptake of phosphorus 

is the primary mechanism involved and specific 

growth rates are closely coupled to the rate at which 

the dissolved phosphorus pool is being cycled. 

Zooplankton grazing studies investigated how 

copepods select seston of various sizes. 

CLERL investigators initiated a program to deploy 

sediment traps at various locations and depths in Lake 

Michigan. The data gathered will make it possible to 

investigate the importance of contaminants related to 

particulate matter on a lakewide basis. Since 

pollutants tend to concentrate in bottom sediments, 

during a resuspension event the particulate matter 

plays a vital role in the solution chemistry of the 

lakes. 

In cooperation with NOAA's Office of Marine 

Pollution Assessment (OMPA), a program was initiated to study the cycling, transport, and fate of toxic organic compounds. A systems analysis approach is 

being used. Starting with currently available models 

with simple first-order decay or steady-state approximations, the results of complementary process 

research experiments and other information entering 

the literature will be used to develop a series of improved models. 

Analysis of long term lake level regional changes 

shows that Lake Erie's level has remained relatively 

constant with respect to the level of Lake Ontario and 

that the level of Lake Michigan-Huron has dropped 

slightly with respect to the level of Lake Erie since the 

late 1880's. 

An improved method for computing lake-wide 

evaporation, using an aerodynamic procedure and 

taking atmospheric stability and ice cover into account, indicates high fall and winter and low spring 

and summer evaporation from Lake Superior. 

Revision of the Great 'Lakes Ice Atlas continued, 

with over 1500 additional historic ice charts added to 

the existing computerized data base. Publication of 

the atlas is planned for 1982. 

A study of the effect of the Niagara River ice boom 

on the Lake Erie ice cover at Buffalo, New York, 

showed no evidence that the operation of the ice 

boom has influenced the spring warm-up of Lake Erie 

and caused longer, colder winters in the area. The 

study was undertaken at the request of the International Niagara Board of Control. 

The CLERL storm surge model, now in operational 

use by the National Weather Service for Lake Erie, 

was used to hindcast water level fluctuations at Buffalo. The storm surge model produces accurate forecasts and can provide timely warnings of dangerously 

high water levels if accurate wind forecasts are 

available. 

The wave field on a track across Lake Michigan was 

recorded by airborne synthetic aperture radar in order 

to investigate the spatial variability of wind-generated waves. The recorded images showed a diverging 

wave field, with fairly uniform wavelength across the 

lake, except near the shores, and radar measurements 

agreed well with ground truth measurements at a 

tower on the eastern shore of the lake. 
The oil spill model, developed last year, is being 

used operationally by both the National Weather Service and the U.S. Coast Guard. Applications include 

tracking oil and chemical spills, prediction of currents, and training-simulation exercises. 

With the retrieval of current meters and water 

temperature recorders from Lake Erie, the data collection phase was completed for a study to examine the 

spatial and temporal variations of the basin-wide circulation. This study is one component of a multiagency, international survey directed by the IJC and 

supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to measure the physical, biological, and chemical 

properties of Lake Erie. 

Boundary conditions from a model initially developed by NOAA's Techniques Development Laboratory were used to drive another model incorporating a 

dynamical method of predicting the details of winds 

around the lakes. The results were encouraging and 

the scheme is currently being tested against observed 

overlake winds. 

Mathematical models developed at GLERL have 

been used in support of the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study to appraise the effect of phosphorus availability in Great Lakes eutrophication 

management. The economic aspects of phosphorus 

control strategies are also being analyzed. A major 

conclusion of one such study was that, as objectives 

are approached, treatment costs grow exponentially. 

Heightened levels of total phosphorus often occur 

in nearshore areas since most waste inputs to a lake 

are at its periphery. Since public use of water bodies is 

most intense in the coastal regions, modeling techniques to predict the effect of load reduction on nearshore water quality have been developed. 

Since total phosphorus models are inadequate to 

characterize suspended sediments in coastal zone 

dynamics, CLERL scientists are designing and testing 

models that predict the transport and fate of various 

components of phosphorus. Such efforts have direct 

application in phosphorus management since most 

waste sources enter the Great Lakes in different soluble and particulate forms. 

Advisory Services 

During the past year, as part of GLERL's Advisory 

Service, over 1700 research products were provided in 

response to nearly 900 documented requests. Of 

these, 20 percent came from agencies in various levels 

of government and 80 percent from private individuals or groups outside government. This activity 

is in addition to regular mailings to a list of recipients 

who have indicated interest in a 6-month listing of 

one or more of the five types of CLERL publications. 

GLERL also supports the Great Lakes Sea Grant Colleges in their advisory service activities. There were 

eight Draft Environmental Impact Statements 

evaluated during the year. 

lnternational and 

l nteragency Activities 

GLERL staff members were active in several IJC 

boards and committees, including the Levels and 

Flows Advisory Board, lnternational Great Lakes 

Technical lnformation Data Board, Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee, lnternational Great 

Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Use Reference 

Working Committee, and Phosphorus Management 

Strategies Task Force. 

CLERL participated in the activities of the International Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data, the Great Lakes Basin 

Hydromet Network Work Group, the Joint United 

States-Canadian Ice lnformation Working Croup, the 

Coastal Zone Color Scanner Great Lakes Experiment 

Team, and the lnternational Association for Great 

Lakes Research. 

GLERL staff were also involved with activities of 

the Great Lakes Basin Commission as Alternate 

Department of Commerce Commissioners, and as 

members of the Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee, 

the Priorities Committee, the Coastal Zone Management Committee, the Standing Committee on 

Research and Development, the Long Range Planning 

Subcommittee, and the Great Lakes Environmental 

Planning Study. 

Facilities 

Engineers with the marine instrumentation 

laboratory, along with counterparts at the Marsh 

McBirney Corporation, solved a complex problem 

involving an isolated ground loop on a prototype 

electromagnetic current meter. In another project, 

the data transmission frequency for a wave measuring 

buoy was successfully modified. In a related effort, a 

solar-powered meteorological tower was equipped 

with an auxiliary wind generator for a study of Lake 

Erie waves. 

The chemistry laboratory has included analysis for 

trace organics in components of the lake ecosystem. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are extracted 

from various ecological matrices by Soxhlet extraction and cleaned through chromatographic separation 

on Sephadex and silica. Separation and analysis are 

performed on a glass capillary gas chromatograph 

C H E M 1 ST RY AN 0 B 10 LOG Y was discovered that appears to play a significant rare 

In the cycltng and transport of hydrophobic contaminants. During the past year the nepheloid layer 

The work In chemistry and aquatic biologv is concentrated in five pr~nc~pal task areas. dvnarnics of 

material movement in the nearshore zone, aquatic 

ecosystem models, plankton~c success~on, toxic 

organlc cycl~ng, and eutrophication and nutrient 

cycling. The program is a~med at undeartanding the 

ex~st~ng lake conditions, recogn~sing the trends that 

have occurred, and developing the capability to 

predrct the course of events given alternative approaches to the management of the lakes. In this 

respect, the program will provide ~nforrnat~on pertlnent to a large number of problem areas relative to 

the use, protectron, and conservation of the Great 

Lakes. 

Thrs information is of immense value to water 

resource managers In the Great Lakes Basin as they 

make decisions aff ecring water qual~ty, power generation, commercial fisher~es, and recreational uses of 

the lakes Numerical models of the ecosystem can be 

used to forecast future cond~t~ons, to predict the 

results of implementation of various poss~ble strategles, and to bettpr understand the dvnarnics of lake 

biorogical and chemical phenomena The varrety and 

distribution of plankton types affect water supply 

tastp and odor and play an important role in the entrre 

ecosystem since plankters are a v~tal part of the lake 

food web Water chemistry studies, by describing the 

constituents of the water at various sites and changes 

wrth time and w~th varrationr In temperature, currents, and loading, are part~cularly important to water 

quality determinat~ons The current ernpharir is on 

understand~ng the cycling of nutrient5 and toxic 

organic compounds wrth~n the ecosystem. 

was found across the basin. When this layer grows 

large,as ~t frequently does, s~gnificant quantities of 

tox~c substances are infected back lnto the water column. The resuspension process is episodic in nature, 

becoming most vlgorous during autumn and spring 

storm events The strong winds and currents produced 

in a lake during storms result In deep rnix~ng when 

large quantrtres of sed~rnents from the shelf and slope 

are stnrred up and mixed through the entlre water column; this re-exposes the lake to the pollutants time 

and t~me again. These recurring events make it difficult to ~red~ct how long it may take toxic organics, 

trace metals, or phosphorus to be buried and sealed in 

the bottom sedrments permanently and thus 

unavailable to the ecosystem. 

r Dynamics of Material Movement 

in the Nearshore Zone I. 

Pollutants tend to concentrate in the bottom 

sediments, where they eventually become burled Partrculate matter not only provides a direct mechanism 

: 

,< 

for removrny pollut~ng substances from the water column, but a so, during a resuspension event or some 

other m~xing process, can actually serve as a mafor 

source. Thus, particulate matter plays a v~tal role rn 

the solut~on chernrstry of the lakes Resuspension of 

the f~ne particles at the bottom of the lakes produces 

dense cloud layers called nepheloid lavers Rework~n~: of Lake M~ch~gan s~d~ments by al~gochaete worms A 

In 977 CLE RL lnitlated a prolect to study the thm lay~ro' fore~gn whlte sand has been spread over an Intact sedrment core [dark In photos] W~th~n 48 hourr, rer~dent worms entered 

movement of contamrnants from the n'arshore 'One the wh~t~ rand layer and began to depos~t fecal rnater~al at its surlntQ the lake. Early In the project, a nepheloid layer face (dark mound at surface) 
East-west cross section from Grand Haven, Michigan, to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, illustrating the vertical distribution of water transparency 

(percent) during August 21-22, 1979. Total suspended matter values (milligrams per liter) are superimposed along the station profiles. 

In order to estimate the values of contaminants on 

a lakewide basis, GLERL investigators have initiated a 

program involving deployment of 111 sediment traps 

at 12 locations in Lake Michigan during mid-June, 

1980, and their retrieval in late October, 1980. Station 

depths range from 50 to 250 meters. Preservatives in 

the collecting containers are chloroform (for 

nutrients, silica, major and minor elements, and inorganic carbon) and mercuric chloride (for toxic 

organics). After completion of field data collection, it 

is expected that analysis of the data, along with the 

results of some supporting programs, will yield 

loading and mass flux estimates far superior to the 

limited information now available. 

Aquatic Ecosystem Models 

This past year the aquatic ecosystem modeling emphasis was twofold. Use of an ecological model of 

Lake Ontario for analysis of interactions among 

biological, chemical, and physical processes was continued, and an analysis of uncertainty in an operational eutrophication model of Saginaw Bay, Lake 

Huron, was completed. 

After comparisons of simulated and measured vertical profiles of biological and chemical properties in 

Lake Ontario indicated that the model is a good 

representation of the vertical structure in the lake, 

relative controls of that structure were analyzed. That 

analysis demonstrated that low turbulence in the 

upper strata of the water column is necessary for 

establishing a subsurface peak in algal concentration; 

however, low turbulence alone is not sufficient. 

0.014 

0.01 2 

0.01 0 Chlorophyll a 

.- V 

.I2 0.30- K T T 

I 1 

1 

Inorganic N 

o.0oo 50 100 150 

Depth (meters) 

Early summer vertical profiles of algae (chlorophyll a) and nutrients 

(nitrogen compounds-NO, and NO,). The continuous profiles 

represent model output at 6-day intervals and the crossed vertical 

lines represent lake-wide averaged International Field Year for the 

Great Lakes data f 1 standard deviation. 
Depth variation of net biological production in the 0.20 - 

presence of low turbulence causes peaks. Plankton 

sinking in the presence of low turbulence (even if net 

biological production is constant with depth) causes P 

V 

subsurface peaks. Overall implications are that, in the 

presence of low turbulence, depth variation of net 

production controls subsurface peaks; plankton sinking accentuates those profiles. 

A task that began last year and ended this year involved testing the sensitivity of prediction error in 

eutrophication models to errors in initial state 1 2 4 6 810 20 40 60 100 variables, model coefficients, and nutrient loadings. Particle Diameter (pm) 

Of the three sources of error, model coefficients contribute the model Output variance' Contribution of calcium carbonate(CaC0,) to the total particlesize 

Com~arisons of model output variance to that of spectrum and the filtering efficiency curve (W') for Diaptomus sicilis 

Saginaw Bay measurements indicate that, although on September 6,1978. W' is the conditional probability that a partimodel errors are large, they are comparable to cle of a given size will be ingested if encountered. 

measurement variances caused by spatial gradients. 

Plankton Succession 

Phytoplankton studies in 1980 have focused on 

evaluating relationships between the uptake kinetics 

of dissolved phosphorus and phytoplankton growth 

rates, as well as on carbon-14 autoradiographic 

analysis of species-specific assimilation rates of carbon by phytoplankton in Lake Michigan. Analysis of 

kinetic data has revealed the following: 1) biologic 

uptake, not abiotic fixation, of phosphorus is the 

primary mechanism of uptake, 2) specific growth rates 

of phytoplankton are closely coupled with the rate at 

which the dissolved phosphorus pool is being cycled, 

and 3) net plankton are more efficient than nannoplankton in assimilating dissolved phosphorus. The 

latter observation implicates nutrient factors in addition to zooplankton grazing as an important environmental determinant in regulating nannoplankton 

abundance. Analysis of autoradiographic preparations reveals that fluctuation in cell numbers do not 

reflect the rates at which phytoplankton are growing 

in lakes and that high photosynthetic rates of algae 

are associated with favorable surface to volume 

ratios. 

Zooplankton grazing studies have focused on the 

process by which copepods of the genus Diaptomus, 

the most important group of herbivores in the Great 

Lakes, select seston (phytoplankton and other particulate material) of different sizes. It was recently 

discovered that calcite whitings in Lake Michigan 

have a potentially negative effect on zooplankton 

feeding. GLERL scientists, using methods developed 

at GLERL, measured the particle-size spectrum of 

calcite and of total seston. The calcite crystals were 

found to represent a significant proportion of the 

total particle-size spectrum. Furthermore, the particle-size spectrum of calcite falls within the size 

range of particles selected by Diaptomus. Feeding 

studies have confirmed that Diaptomus ingests great 

quantities of calcite crystals. As a result, food intake 

and survival should decrease during calcite whitings. 

It was hypothesized that whitings lead to a shift in the 

zooplankton community to species that prey on particles either smaller or larger than the calcite crystals. 

Laboratory studies on the feeding of Diaptomus are 

continuing. These studies were designated to develop 

a feeding model that predicts amounts of different 

kinds of food Diaptomus will eat under varying conditions of food supply. 

The freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta is an important 

predator of zooplankton, and Mysis, in turn, is an important food for Great Lakes' fishes. Previous studies 

of Mysis predation have been limited to a few feeding 

experiments performed under artificial conditions in 

the laboratory. To evaluate and quantify the significance of Mysis predation on zooplankton, GLERL 

developed special field equipment and methods to examine their feeding in situ. During 1979 in situ feeding 

experiments were performed in Lake Michigan from 

spring through fall under varying conditions of 

species composition and abundance of zooplankton. 

Results indicate that, the in situ studies gave predation rates that were 10 to 50 percent higher than those 

observed under the more artificial conditions of 

previous laboratory studies. Like the laboratory 

studies, the in situ study showed that Mysis prefers 

copepod nauplii and Cladocera above all other prey. 

Moreover, the study showed that the Cladocera largely escape predation by vertically migrating into warm 

surface waters, where Mysis will not enter. 
Toxic Organic Cycling 

GLERL, with the support of NOAA's OMPA has initiated a program on the cycling, transport, and fate of 

toxic organic compounds in the Great Lakes. The objective is to determine where selected contaminants 

are within the ecosystem, what their expected residence time in any location or phase will be, how 

rapidly and into what they will decompose, and where 

they will finally reside under conditions of long term, 

low-level leakage into the environment or a major 

loading from some point source. 

GLERL scientists will use a systems analysis approach to develop a series of models. The intent is to 

adapt currently available models, which are primarily 

first-order decay approximations or steady-state 

simulations, as well as to develop a time-dependent 

ecosystem cycling model. The models will be continually upgraded through analysis of the results of 

process research experiments, done both in-house 

Atmospheric Tributary 

LTds Loads 

t . 

~hotbl~sis ~olatil/zation ~icrbbial Chemical 

and Decomposition 

Metabolic 

Decomposition 

Conceptualized ecosystem compartments for toxic organic model. 

and under contract, along with other information 

entering the literature. Carrying out process research 

and modeling simultaneously will allow continual 

determination of the weakest or most sensitive areas 

in the systems approach and definition of research 

necessary to address these specific problems. 

Eutrophication and 

Nutrient Cycling 

The work this year in eutrophication and nutrient 

cycling was designed to organize and produce documentation of the state-of-the-art in phosphorus cycling, a first-cut quantitative model of the cycle, and 

a detailed research plan for further investigation into 

limnological and management aspects of phosphorus 

in the nearshore regions of the Great Lakes. A team of 

scientists from GLERL, the University of Michigan, 

and the University of Wisconsin collaborated on 

development of a first-cut conceptual model indicating that significant improvements of wholesystem models and understanding of the phosphorus 

cycle will be obtained most effectively by more 

directed, detailed analysis and development of submodels at the process level. 

Work was also initiated on estimation of the 

relative compostion of the phosphorus pools and 

measurement of the bacterial concentration and activity in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan. In the 

first area, a liquid chromatographic system was 

assembled and used to separate organic compounds 

from lake water on the basis of molecular size. A 

micromethod was also developed to analyze water 

samples for inorganic (acid hydrolyzable) and organic 

(ultraviolet oxidizable) phosphorus compounds. The 

bacterial dynamics investigation is being performed 

under contract by the University of Michigan; it has so 

far consisted of field sampling near the Grand River 

outfall in Lake Michigan to test hypotheses on the 

distribution and activity of bacteria in the nearshore 

zone of the Great Lakes. Preliminary findings indicate 

that bacterial numbers show considerable spatial and 

temporal variability. More bacteria were observed in 

the immediate outfall of the Grand River than 13 

kilometers offshore, and they were more abundant in 

June and July than in May. 
Conceptualized movement of phosphorus in Great Lakes water. 
LAKE HYDROLOGY 

The emphasis of the Lake Hydrology Group is on 

the hydrologic cycle, including channel hydraulics, 

and on ice research. The objectives of the hydrologic 

work are to develop improved methods of prediction 

and simulation of lake levels, connecting channel 

flows, and flow in tributary streams and to improve 

understanding of the hydrologic processes. The objectives of the ice work are to improve the prediction of 

freezeup, breakup, areal extent, and thickness of ice 

in the Great Lakes and their bays, harbors, and channels and to improve understanding of the natural 

variability and optical properties of ice cover. The 

work involves an integrated program of data collection, data base development, analysis, prediction, 

model development and testing, and advisory service. 

Prediction and simulation information on lake 

levels and flows is necessary for water resource planning and management and for the solution of problems in water supply, water quality, shore erosion, 

hydropower, navigation, recreation, and flooding. 

Primary users of hydrologic information are the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers, the Great Lakes shipping industry, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

recreational boating enthusiasts, the power utilities, 

the Great Lakes States, and the general public. 

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great 

Lakes is of interest to all those who use the lakes in 

winter. Prediction information on Great Lakes ice is of 

value to winter navigation, shoreline engineering, 

hydropower generation, water supply management, 

and waste disposal. Primary users of ice information 

are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the US. Coast 

Guard, the National Weather Service, the St. 

Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, the 

Great Lakes shipping industry, and the general public, 

including shoreline property owners. 

Hydrology 

Highlights during the past year include the completion of a study to determine the individual monthly 

evaporation values for Lake Superior using an improved aerodynamic procedure that includes atmospheric stability and that takes winter ice cover into 

consideration. Evaporation from Lake Superior 

removes approximately 500 millimeters of water from 

the lake surface, representing a major water loss. The 

loss has an important impact on various aspects of 

lake hydrology dealing with the hydrologic water 

balance, lake levels, and lake regulation. Although 

normal yearly evaporation averaged over the period 

Month 

Lake Superior average monthly evaporation compared with Lake 

Superior monthly precipitation. 

1942-75 removes approximately 500 millimeters of 

water from the lake surface annually, it varies 

substantially from year to year. A monthly analysis indicated high evaporation values during fall and winter 

and low values during spring and summer. The high 

fall and winter evaporation values are due to the 

tremendous heat storage of the lake. Condensation 

frequently occurs on the lake during the low evaporation season. 

Another study involves the analysis of the winter 

flow regimes of the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. The 

mathematical unsteady flow models of the upper St. 

Clair River have been improved by inclusion of wind 

stress and additional cross sections to take into account the rapidly varying bathyrnetry. Problems were 

encountered with the current meters that were to 

have been used last year to monitor winter flows. 

These problems have been corrected by the manufacturer and a winter deployment of the instruments is 

planned. 

Continuing progress has been made on the analysis 

of lake level regimen changes since 1860. Knowledge 

of these changes is necessary to place the current high 

lake levels in historical perspective. The regimen 

changes result from man-induced activities, such as 

navigation dredging, sand-gravel mining in the connecting channels, and various diversions into and out 

of the system. The level of Lake Erie appears to have 

remained relatively constant with respect to the level 

of Lake Ontario over the period of record. Initial 

analysis indicates that, since the late 18801s, the level 

of Lake Michigan-Huron has dropped about 0.6 meter 

with respect to the level of Lake Erie. Accompanying 

figures show that the current Lake Michigan-Huron 

water levels beginning in 1970 are, when compared 
Lake Michigan-Huron minus Lake Erie 

3.0 rLake Michigan- Huron 

Creat Lakes water level comparisons showing a) difference in elevation (fall) between Lakes Michigan-Huron and Erie and b) recorded 

Lake Michigan-Huron levels and levels adjusted to represent the 

current outlet conditions. 

with current outlet conditons, the highest in the last 

100 years. 

Ice 

A major study was undertaken during the past year 

at the request of the International Niagara Board of 

Control to determine if the Niagara River ice boom, installed every winter since 1964-65, has prolonged the 

Lake Erie ice cover at Buffalo and thus caused significant changes in the spring warm-up of Lake Erie and 

longer, colder winters in the area. The study showed 

no evidence that the operation of the ice boom has influenced these aspects of winter severity. A statistical 

analysis of a temperature series at Buffalo compared 

with one for Lockport, New York, did not reveal any 

statiscally significant cooling in the climate at Buffalo 

related to the operation of the ice boom. A comparison of the water temperature at the city of Buffalo water intake as recorded in pre- and post-boom 

years also indicated that the ice boom has not had an 

impact on the timing of the spring rise in the Lake Erie 

water temperature at Buffalo. The temperature trend 

has been one of increasing winter severity from 1893 

to 1918, decreasing winter severity from 1920 to 1958, 

and increasing winter severity again from 1958 to present. Winters have become colder since the installation of the ice boom, but these colder winters are part 

of a general climatic trend toward more severe 

winters beginning in 1958. 

Progress continued in the analysis of data collected 

during 21 winter and 25 fall temperature surveys conducted across Lake Superior between 1972 and 1979. 

On each normal ship crossing between the eastern 

and western ends of the lake, 25 temperature vs. 

depth profiles spaced 24 kilometers apart on the lake 

surface were made. In 1980 the temperature data 

were edited and the 10-meter-layer temperature and 

heat content calculated for 20 layers from the surface 

down to 200 meters. The seasonal temperature variation for each layer was examined with regression 

analysis. In 1981 the temperature field and heat 

storage calculations will be completed and emphasis 

placed on fuither defining the seasonal and spatial 

characteristics of these data. 

Lake Superior temperature survey, September 7-9, 1976, showing 

average horizontal temperature along the ship track at 10-meter 

vertical levels. 

The simultaneously recording scanning spectroradiometer system developed last year has been 

used this year to acquire additional spectral reflectance measurements of a variety of ice types common 

to the Creat Lakes. Studies on natural ice metamorphism are planned for the 1980-81 season. The high 

accuracy of the measurements has enabled researchers to record heretofore undetected measurement errors due to poor cosine response of the hemispherical 

diffusers. In a combined effort, personnel from the 

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, the 

University of Michigan, and CLERL developed a 

method to correct this error mathematically. Since no 

diffuser operates with a true cosine response, the 
technique represents an advance that can be applied 

to a variety of types of field data. 

The data reduct~on phase of the Great Lakes Ice 

Atlas revisiosl was completed this year with the addi- 

% tion of over 1500 additional historic ice charts, for I Lakes Huror, Erie, St. Clair, and Ontario, to the existing computerized ice-cover data base for Lakes 

Superior and Michigan These charts covered winters 

from the early 1960's to the late 1970's. In 1981 these 

data will be analyzed to produce a revised ice-cover 

citmatology for each Great Lake Average and extreme ice cover and percent of the lake's total area 

tance through rce In the photasyntheticallv actrve range periods throughout the winter 

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5 x 5 km cell of the lake 
PHYS 1 CAL L 1 MNOLOGY AN D The basic approach used in studying the problems 

METEOROLOGY in all the above projects is a combination of experimental (laboratory and field), theoretical, and 

The Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group 

studies the physical variables describing the lake environment and the way in which these variables 

change as a result of external forces. The relevant 

physical characteristics of the lakes are currents, 

temperature, water level fluctuations, and the 

characteristics of the lake sediments and suspended 

matter. The primary driving forces are the wind stress 

acting on the lake surface and the heat exchange between the lake, the atmosphere, and the rivers. The 

primary emphasis of the program is on developing and 

testing models that will improve the capability of 

predicting these variables. These prediction models 

will, in turn, permit estimates of chemical and 

biological properties on the lakes that are important 

in waste disposal, power generation, fisheries management, and water supply planning. In addition, waves 

and other water level oscillations are potential 

hazards that may result in loss of lives and in damage 

to shoreline property, shipping, and recreational 

boating activities. 

The phenomena that need to be modeled and predicted have time scales ranging from years to seconds 

and space scales from the length of the lake to a few 

meters. In view of this tremendous range in time and 

space scales, it is necessary to separate and group the 

various phenomena according to their scales in order 

to better understand and model them. Hence, the 

basic research program in the Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group has been arranged in three projects. Project (I), water movements and temperature, 

deals with lake circulation and thermal structure. This 

project encompasses studies dealing with lake-wide 

and nearshore circulation, seasonal changes in circulation, and upwelling and downwelling phenomena. 

Project (2), surface waves and oscillations, deals with 

wind-generated waves, storm surges, seiches, and 

problems of overlake winds. It is necessary for the 

phenomena grouped in Project (2) to be predicted on 

a real-time basis in view of their importance as 

hazards. Project (3), particle dynamics, was started 

recently, and is a cooperative effort with the 

Chemistry and Biology Group and scientists at the 

University of Michigan. The prime reason for initiating 

this project was that toxic organic substances and 

nutrients enter the lake attached to particulate matter. Hence the pathways and ultimate fate of these 

pollutants in the lakes depend on the movement of 

various types of particulate matter through the lake 

environment. 

modeling studies. Experimental data provide information on what is happening in the lake. Theoretical 

studies predict new phenomena and help plan new experiments. Modeling studies try to incorporate the important physical processes into governing 

mathematical equations and extrapolate the equations in time in order to predict the future state of the 

lake environment. Experimental data, in turn, help to 

validate the accuracy of these predictions. 

Water Movements and Temperature 

Because Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great 

Lakes, it suffers most severely from pollution inputs. 

Even though the condition of Lake Erie has improved 

in recent years, an annual problem called anoxia-oxygen depletion of waters-plagues the lake. Its investigation is one of the focal points of this study. 

Because Lake Erie is so shallow, during the stratified 

season the thermocline in the central basin penetrates 

almost to the bottom, leaving a very thin hypolimnion. Biological processes, such as respiration by fish 

and decay of organic material sifting down from 

above, rapidly use up the limited supply of oxygen in 

the hypolimnion, while the thermocline inhibits fresh 

infusions of oxygen-bearing waters. This results in the 

loss of oxygen-or anoxia. The consequence of all 

these processes is to produce problems of taste and 

odor in municipal water supplies of cities like 

Cleveland, Ohio. The anoxia is mainly confined to the 

central basin of Lake Erie. Since the development and 

persistence of anoxia depends on characteristics of 

circulation (and stratification), a prime objective is to 

measure the movement of water between the central 

basin and the other basins of Lake Erie. GLERL's program is attempting to quantify the water volume exchanges across the basins and also to examine the 

spatial and temporal variability of the basin-wide circulation. 

Current meters and water temperature recorders 

were retrieved from Lake Erie during the summer of 

1980, completing the data collection phase of a circulation study. The study was performed in support of 

the Lake Erie surveillance program directed by the IJC 

and was financially supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our program of physical 

measurements was complemented by a comprehensive field investigation of the chemical and biological 

properties of the lake by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Canadian National Water 

Research Institute. Analysis of the collected data will 

be completed next year and the results integrated into 
an IJC report describing the current trophic state of 

the Lake Erie water mass and its response to recent intensive cleanup efforts. 

The potential for accidents involving commercial 

vessels has increased in recent years with the increase 

in shipping on the Great Lakes. If an accident does 

happen, it is necessary to be able to answer questions 

regarding the spread of any oil spilled from the ship's 

fuel tanks, the drift of the cargo, and possibly the 

drift of the disabled or abandoned ship itself. In anticipation of these questions, a Great Lakes spill 

model was developed. Using available lake circulation and oil spill models, GLERL set up a computer 

program that is run by answering a series of questions. 

The program was designed for operation from either a 

portable (briefcase size) computer terminal or a 

teletype unit. Either device requires only a standard 

electrical outlet and a telephone to operate the 

model. The oil spill model has been used several times 

this year operationally by both the U.S. Coast Guard 

and the National Weather Service. Applications by 

those agencies have included tracking of oil and 

chemical spills, prediction of currents, training and 

simulation exercises, and prediction of the location of 

disabled sailboats. 

One reason current predictions are so difficult is 

that the Great Lakes are so deep that the rotation of 

the earth significantly influences their currents. As a 

consequence, once current patterns are formed by the 

wind, rotation of the earth can cause them to reverse 

direction in a few days. Understanding these reversals 

requires study of the long-period oscillations (rotational modes) of the lakes-a difficult mathematical 

problem. A technique to compute the periods and 

shapes of these modes was recently developed. In the 

future, the technique will be applied toward 

understanding observed current oscillations. 

Surface Waves and Oscillations 

In order to gain a better understanding of wave 

generation growth, and decay, GLERL asked the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan to record 

the wave field on a track across Lake Michigan from a 

plane with synthetic aperture radar. Synthetic aperture radar provides photographic-like images of the 

wave field, from which wavelength and wave direction can be determined. The recorded images, analyzed by GLERL and the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan scientists, showed a diverging 

wave field with fairly uniform wavelength across the 

lake except near the shores. A detailed analysis of the 

waves near the eastern shore showed that 

wavelengths decreased and wave direction changed 

Section Number 

1 barb = 2 ms-l wavelength = 50 m - 

I - 0 20 40 

Wave directions and wavelengths determined from synthetic aperture radar images of the surface of Lake Michigan on a track from 

Muskegon, Michigan, to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The wave directions follow the diverging pattern of the wind field. 

as the waves came closer to shore, which is in agreement with classical wave refraction calculations. The 

direction and wavelengths of waves measured at the 

CLERL solar powered research tower on the eastern 

shore of the lake agreed very well with those determined from the synthetic aperture radar. The use of 

remote sensing tools promises to provide new insights 

into the spatial variability and propagation of waves 

on the Great Lakes. 

An important aspect of the study of 

wind-generated waves is their spatial variability, 

which is produced by the effects of islands, curved 

coast lines, and changes in bottom topography, in addition to the changes in fetch (overwater travel 

distance of air). Such a study is greatly facilitated by a 

remote sensing technique to measure the waves over 

an entire lake, particularly during strong wind conditions. To investigate this problem, GLERL and the 

Sea-Air Interaction Laboratory carried out a 

cooperative program in which an airborne laser profilometer was used to map the waves during a fall 

storm in Lake Michigan. Ground truth to validate the 
Distance offshore (km) 

2.93 2.55 2.16 1.78 1.39 1.01 0.73 

I I I I I 

19 18 17 15 14 8 4 

Depth (m) 

328" 327" 327' 326' 325" 31 2' 295" 

Calculated wave direction 

Directional wave spectra of synthetic aperture radar images from a flight across Lake Michigan. These three spectra taken offshore of 

Muskegon, Michigan, clearly show the refraction of waves as they approach the shore. The waves are about 50 meters long and travel from 

northwest to southeast. 

airborne measurements was provided by two 

Waverider buoys deployed in the lake. The 

measurements were made during the passage of an intense frontal system. Waves were measured both 

ahead of and behind the front to include areas with 

different atmospheric stabilities. The analyses show 

that atmospheric stability plays a distinctive role in 

wave growth processes. Specifically, it is evident that 

the fetch required to generate a wave condition for an 

unstable atmosphere is shorter than that required to 

generate the same wave condition for a stable atmosphere. Therefore, an unstable atmosphere usually 

generates higher waves for the same wind speed. During growth, peak energy shifts to lower frequencies, as 

expected. Our analysis suggests this is due to 

nonlinear energy transfer. For larger fetch cases, 

however, the actual growth appears to be mixed, with 

phases of exponential growth and overshoot effects. 

The study of wind-generated surface waves in the 

Great Lakes has benefited from NOAA's Great Lakes 

long term wave measurement program. NOAA's Data 

Buoy Office deployed two NOMAD buoys during 

1979, one in central Lake Superior and the other in 

northern Lake Michigan. In 1980 three more buoys 

were added in eastern Lake Superior, northern Lake 

Huron, and western Lake Erie. Plans are to deploy still 

three more buoys during 1981 in western Lake 

Superior, southern Lake Michigan, and central Lake 

Huron. The availability of these wave data, together 

with simultaneous measurements of wind speed, wind 

direction, air and water temperature, etc., will 

significantly supplement GLERL's wave measurement 

program. This year, one effort in the area will be to examine these data in connection with GLERL's own 

data and with published oceanic wave measurements 

as well. The NOMAD data are of high quality and will 

be very useful for the study of wave processes and the 

improvement of prediction models. Research comparing various wave prediction models has progressed to 

the stage of testing several models against wave 

observations from the National Data Buoy Office 

operational buoys in Lake Superior and Michigan. 

Preliminary tests of a dynamical method of predicting the details of winds around the lakes were encouraging, and we are actively testing this model 

against observed overlake winds. The model is driven 

by boundary conditions from a larger scale version 

developed by NOAA's Techniques Development 

Laboratory. The model's accuracy in forecasting the 

details of land winds and water levels around Lake 

Erie has been tested. 

In 1981 a major experiment is planned for Lake Erie 

to study the directional variation of the wave spectrum in the wave refraction zone, the dissipation of 

the wave spectrum due to bottom friction, and the 

momentum balance in the coastal boundary layer. An 

instrumented research tower, three Waveriders, and 

seven current meters will be deployed near the 

southern shore of Lake Erie between Conneaut, Ohio, 

and Erie, Pennsylvania. In addition, a University of 

Michigan group will make wave and current 

measurements in the surf zone. With this collaboration, GLERL researchers hope to be able to follow 

waves from the deep water, where they are generated 
by wind, through the surf zone, and to measure currents simultaneously in the offshore wind-driven

region and in the nearshore wave-driven region.

In contrast to the wind-generated waves, which are

of small spatial and temporal scale, storm surges

represent a response of the whole lake to large-scale

disturbances. Wind-induced storm surges on lake

Erie contribute to flooding and shoreline erosion. low

water levels on the upwind end of the lake can be a

hazard to navigation.

,

....-

Q)I£)

-I£)

.E 0>176.5

0:::'-

-E

.--~ ::I176.0

-Ctl ~Q

~ (J) 175.5

(J)Q)~

"* ~ 175.0

Eco

c:~

= (!:j174.5 Q)- >CtI

~ § 174.0 Q).-

.:::t:.-

CtI~

...J 173.5

177.0

Highest peak '-..... water level

ever recorded

at Buffalo, N.Y.,

on Lake Erie,

176.5 m, or 3.2

m above low

water datum

'-GLERL storm surge

model, 176.3 m

April 4, April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8

1979

Actual water level data from Lake Erie compared with levels as

calculated by the CLERL storm surge model.

The mean water level of lake Erie during 1979 and

1980 was 0.9-1.2 meters above the low water datum,

which means the lake is now approaching the record

high levels of 1972 and 1973. When high lake levels

are augmented by seasonal storm surges, there is a

potential for flooding and shoreline damage. The

GlERl storm surge model, now in operational use by

the National Weather Service for lake Erie, was used

to hindcast the water level fluctuations at Buffalo on

April 4-7, 1979. The recorded water level of 176.5

meters above International Great lakes Datum 1955

(3.2 meters above low water datum) at 4 a.m. on April

6, 1979, was an all-.time record for Buffalo. The

GlERl model used observed winds from four weather

stations around lake Erie to calculate a peak water

level of 176.3 meters. Accurate storm surge forecasts,

such as might be provided from the GlERl model, can

give timely warnings of dangerously high water levels.

_I

Coastline flooding. Wind-generated storm surges can cause considerable property damage to low-lying areas on the downwind side

of a lake.

15
SPECIAL PROJECTS 

The work of the Special Projects Croup includes 

programs on environmental engineering models and 

applications and CLERL environmental information 

services. The objectives of the environmental 

engineering models and applications projects are to 

develop, test, and apply improved simulation and 

prediction models and other tools as a basis for rational decisions in development and use of Creat 

Lakes natural resources. 

Current Creat Lakes issues and environmental information requirements are determined in large part 

through participation of CLERL staff on various interagency, State-Federal, and international boards, commissions, committees, and work groups. Environmental 

information services involve continuing identification 

of new users and their needs, dissemination of CLERL 

products and other environmental information, and 

response to environmental information requests. 

The combination of environmental engineering 

models and applications and environmental information services provides an information system and expertise to assist in the solution of Creat Lakes issues 

and problems. Such involvement establishes a direct 

two-way channel for our scientific expertise and 

tools, ascertains research needs to provide guidance 

in our program planning, and identifies substantive 

areas for CLERL participation in interagency research. 

Environmental Information Services 

The dissemination of scientific products in a form 

compatible with user needs is vital to the fulfillment 

of the CLERL mission. Since the costs of research cannot be justified if the results are unused, a principle 

CLERL activity is the maintenance of an advisory service as a means of providing scientific information in 

a form compatible with user needs. 

This past year, as part of that service, CLERL provided over 1700 research products in response to nearly 900 documented requests. Of these, 20 percent 

came from agencies in various levels of government 

and 80 percent from private individuals or groups outside government. This is in addition to regular mailings to those who have indicated interest in receipt of 

a 6-month listing of available publications (330 addresses) and one or more of the five types of CLERL 

publications: chemistry and biology (165 addresses), 

environmental systems engineering (1 50 addresses), 

ice (147 addresses), lake hydrology (177 addresses), 

and physical limnology and meteorology (186 addresses). But publications are just one form of environmental information. Also included are predictions and simulations produced from environmental 

models, forecasts and forecast techniques, descriptive or analytical information on the present or past 

status of one or more limnological characteristics of a 

lake or of the system, and data bases. 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements are reviewed and critiqued in support of NOAA's Office of 

Ecology and Environmental conservation. The Draft 

Environmental Impact Statements are required by law 

to be submitted by the company or agency planning 

the activity for review by all interested or affected entities. They are intended to ensure that proposed activities in and around the lakes have been designed to 

have little or no long term adverse effects on the environment. 

Not all potential users know of CLERL and the 

range of services and products available, so other 

responsibilities carried our under this activity include 

identification of and communication with potential 

users, determination of user interests and needs, and 

liaison between the laboratory and users. Committee 

and board memberships and attendance at workshops, 

conferences, and other scientific gatherings are 

means of informing people about CLERL; certain 

special publications, such as the Technical Plan and 

this Annual Report, are others. In one of the more 

unusual ways of informing the public of CLERL activities, approximately 300 unscheduled visitors 

received information on CLERL operations from the 

crew of the CLERL research vessel Shenehon at its 

various ports-of-call during the past year. 

Environmental Engineering Models 

and Applications 

By quantifying the various aspects of a system, environmental models allow managers to try out projected management alternatives or possible scenarios 

quickly and without harmful effects. Models 

developed by the Special Projects Croup have been 

used for guidance in real decision-making situations. 

A number of mathematical water quality models 

have been developed as an aid in predicting the 

average total phosphorus concentration of each of 

the Great Lakes as a function of their loadings. 

Although the average concentration indicates the 

general state of each lake, there are management 

questions that require more detailed approaches. In 

particular, since most waste inputs enter a lake at its 

periphery, heightened levels of total phosphorus occur in the nearshore areas and embayments. Because 

public use and perception of the water bodies is most 

intense in these coastal regions, scientists in the 
(a) River-run lake 

Overhead views of some incompletely mixed systems. The dark 

shaded areas represent heightened phosphorus levels near river 

mouths, and the arrows designate the direction of flow. 

Special Projects Group have been developing modeling techniques to predict the effect of load reductions 

on nearshore water quality. 

However, due to the importance of suspended 

sediments to coastal zone dynamics, total phosphorus 

models are inadequate for their characterization. In 

order to remedy this, GLERL scientists are deriving 

and testing models that predict the transport and fate 

of various components of phosphorus. This research 

has direct consequences for phosphorus management 

since various waste sources enter the Creat Lakes in 

different soluble and particulate forms. For example, 

the phosphorus from municipal treatment plants 

tends to be soluble, whereas land runoff phosphorus 

is more strongly associated with particulate matter. 

Since the latter is partially mitigated by the cleansing 

mechanism of settling, its treatment would have less 

of an effect on a lake than control of soluble point 

sources. This differentiation between settling and 

non-settling forms of phosphorus is referred to as 

positional availability. Aside from its significance in 

eutrophication studies, this research affects the 

modeling of many toxic contaminants that tend to 

associate strongly with particulate matter. 

Loading + Loading 

i 

I Particulate I , ,_ _ _ _,: _ - I Dissolved I 

t 

Settling 

Schematic of multispecies model needed to simulate phosphorus 

dynamics in the nearshore zones of lakes. 

The Creat Lakes Environmental Planning Study is a 

program developed by the Creat Lakes Basin Commission to ensure that the latest predictive and analytical 

techniques developed by the scientific community 

are accessible to decision makers. GLERL is actively 

involved in the Creat Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study in a variety of ways. Mathematical models 

developed at GLERL have been used to appraise the 

effect of phosphorus availability on Great Lakes 

eutrophication management. Thespill model described 

earlier has been used to predict the effect of contaminant spills on critical areas of the system. In addition 

to these simulations, economic aspects of phosphorus 

controj strategies are being analyzed. An analysis of 

treatment levels needed to meet water quality objectives for the least cost was recently developed. A major 

conclusion of this investigation was that, as objectives 

are approached, treatment costs grow exponentially. 

Present research is dealing with the question of 

whether the benefits of futher reductions can be 

economically justified. 

Under a continuing contract with the U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers, CLERL completed the Great Lakes 

Consumptive Uses Study. The results will be used by 

the Corps to modify the Great Lakes Levels Plan according to the projected use and diversion of the 

lakes' waters. 

Study efforts during the past fiscal year focused on 

two primary tasks: verification and modification of 

water use estimates, and preparation of the joint 

United States-Canadian study report. The first task 
35 F SCENARIOS 

41 Ill. Present control 

1 IV. 1 mgll effluent 

V. 0.5 mgll effluent 

VI. 30% land runoff reduction 

1 VII. Lake Erie reduction 

= ' 30- 

- 9 

C 

.- 5 25- C 

01 1 I I 

ON-LAKE HIGH BASE SCHAFFNERPOINT ERIE MODEL OGLESBY 

MODEL MODEL MODEL 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

* 

Decreasing Availability 

The effect of positional availability on model predictions-spring 

total phosphorus concentrations in the year 2000 as calculated by 

four versions of the model with decreasing availability of 

phosphorus to phytoplankton. Note that with decreasing positional 

availability the predictions are more responsive to control measures 

since less of the loading plays a part in controlling lake response. 

C 

6 20 'n 

2 

r 

a 15 

I:: 

i3 - 

d 10- 

2 

was undertaken to ensure that water use estimates 

represented the best available information on usage 

trends. The fact that initial water use projections indicated a significant impact on lake levels served as 

an impetus for thorough verification. Power and 

manufacturing water use estimates were modified to 

reflect a mix of closed cycle and once-through water 

use systems. The assumption of a mix was thought to 

be more feasible than one of uniform closed cycling. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

: 

Percent of Objectives Achieved 

Plot of total cost of wastewater treatment (in millions of dollars) 

needed to achieve phosphorus management objectives in the lower 

Creat Lakes. Note that costs escalate as the complete achievement 

of objectives is approached. 

.- 

h 5- rn 

Municipal consumptive use estimates were altered to 

reflect a mix of water conservation and current use 

measures to the year 2035. These changes in the three 

largest water use sectors resulted in a slight modification of total consumptive use projections. 

- 

- 

- 

The second task of preparation of the joint report 

required coordination and compilation of individual 

United States and Canadian study reports and data. 

This document will serve as an extensive data and information base for water managers and scientists in 

the Creat Lakes Region. It will be used directly in the 

formulation of a lake levels regulation plan and 

should also prove useful for future study of diverse 

uses of the lakes' water resources and associated environmental, social, and economic effects. 
INTERNATIONAL AND 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES 

The CLERL program includes support activities for 

and participation in the work of many other agencies 

in both the United States and Canada. This is one of 

the mechanisms whereby our research product is used; 

in addition, we obtain information on requirements 

for environmental information to support planning and 

management activities. This user need information is 

helpful in shaping future CLERL research programs. 

lnternational Joint Commission 

CLERL staff members actively participate in a wide 

variety of the activities of the IJC. Both committee 

and subcommittee work is involved, including participation in activities of the Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee of the Science Advisory Board. 

Several specific water quality objectives were approved and substantial progress was made this year 

on developing a true ecosystem objective. Also included is participation in the lnternational Great 

Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Use Reference 

Working Committee. This Committee has provided information to the IJC relevant to water supply and the 

Great Lakes Regulation Plan. In related areas, GLERL 

holds membership on the Levels and Flows Advisory 

Board and the Technical lnformation Network Board. 

CLERL staff members have provided considerable input to studies leading to the formation of the International Great Lakes Technical lnformation Data Board. 

Senior CLERL scientists have conducted studies for 

and participated in the activities of the Phosophrus 

Management Strategies Task Force. 

and to establish procedures for updating and 

disseminating river flow data. 

Great Lakes Basin Commission 

GLERL staff are involved in the Great Lakes Basin 

Commission as Alternate Department of Commerce 

Commmissioners and as members of the Great Lakes 

Basin Plan Committee, the Priorities Committee, the 

Coastal Zone Management Committee, the Standing 

Committee on Research and Development, the Long 

Range Planning Committee, and the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study. 

The Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee has responsibility for developing an approach to identifying and 

coordinating water and related structural and 

non-structural near- and mid-term programs designed to enhance the economic, environmental, and 

societal aspects of the Great Lakes Basin. The 

Priorities Committee develops guidelines and criteria 

for establishing priorities of the Federal or 

federally-supported Great Lakes Basin water resource 

initiatives for consideration by the National Water 

Resources Council. The Coastal Zone Management 

Committee coordinates, exchanges, and develops information pertinent to the Coastal Zone Management 

activities of the Great Lakes States. The Standing 

Committee on Research and Development assists 

Priorities Committee and Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee activities and develops improved research 

coordination, particularly for the Great Lakes portion 

of the basin. The Great Lakes Environmental Planning 

Study is analyzing the accumulative system effects of 

state pollution control plans on the water quality of 

the Great Lakes. 

lnternational Association for Great The lnternational Coordinating Com- Lakes Research mittee on Great Lakes Hvdraulic and 

Hydrologic Data Members of GLERL actively participate in the activities of the lnternational Association for Great 

Because much the Great Lakes data base is used Lakes Research. They hold membership on the Awards 

internationally, Canadian and United States users of and publications committees, 

hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a Coordinating 

Committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee international ~i~ld year for the treat 

are to reach agreement upon hydraulic, hydrologic, 

and related physical data concerning the Great Lakes; Lakes (IFYCL) 

to assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international data; to provide basic data to anyone with a 

recognized need; to reach agreement on methods and 

procedures for measuring, collecting, and storing pertinent data; and to publish coordinated data. GLERL 

participates on the River Flow Subcommittee with a 

charge to coordinate tributary stream inflow to the 

Great Lakes system, to coordinate studies of flow in 

the connecting channels and the St. Lawrence River, 

The technical work of this multiagency, joint 

United States-Canadian program is complete. The 

publication IFYCL Atlas - Lake Ontario Summary Data 

was published this year. The atlas provides a hardcopy record of both the atmospheric and lake data in 

tabular and graphic format. The book IFYGL- The International Field Year for the Great Lakes will be ready 

for printing in early CY 1981. The publication summarizes the major scientific achievements resulting 
from analytical and numerical simulations of the 

dynamical events recorded in the IFYGL data bases. 

Thirteen chapters, plus appendices, dealing with subjects covering the meteorology and hydrology, as well 

as the limnology and biology-chemistry, of Lake Ontario are included. 

Creat Lakes Basin Hydromet Network 

Work Croup 

The Great Lakes Basin Hydromet Network Work 

Group, with membership from NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

was formed to determine specific alternatives, with 

time-frames and cost estimates, for implementing, 

improving, and expanding U.S. Great Lakes Basin 

hydrologic monitoring. GLERL is one of the NOAA 

members of this work group, the aim of which is to improve lake level forecasts and water resource 

management. The group recently completed its work 

and forwarded the final report to the NOAA Administrator and the heads of other agencies involved. 

Joint United States-Canadian Ice Information Working Croup 

A GLERL staff member is the U.S. Cochairman of 

this group, which has a primary mission to coordinate 

the gathering and dissemination of ice information 

and data for the Great Lakes. 

Winter Navigation Program 

In the past, GLERL has worked in support of the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a multiagency program to examine the feasibility of extending the 

navigation season in the Great Lakes. Because a large 

portion of the demonstration program has been completed, much of GLERL's involvement has ended. 

However, GLERL staff continue to participate in an ad 

hoc capacity to advise the Corps on environmental 

studies that should be conducted prior to operational 

implemention of winter navigation extension. 

Lake Erie Wastewater Management 

Study 

The Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study is a 

multiyear U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program to 

design and develop a demonstration wastewater 

management program for the rehabilitation and environmental repair of Lake Erie. GLERL staff participated on the Advisory Group that reviewed study 

programs and recommendations. 

Regional Response Team for Spills of 

Oil and Hazardous Substances 

GLERL provides the Department of Commerce 

members to the Coastal Regional Response Team, 

chaired by the U.S. Coast Guard, for spills of oil and 

hazardous substances in the Great Lakes. The purpose 

of the Regional Response Team is to facilitate 

cleanup of oil spills and hazardous substances in the 

Great Lakes and their connecting channels. In addition to participating in committee activities, GLERL 

has developed tools that can be used by members of 

this group, such as the oil spill model. 

Creat Lakes Experimental 

Team -Coastal Zone Color Scanner 

GLERL staff members, including the crew of the 

research vessel Shenehon, are cooperating with scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (Lewis) to conduct a region-wide 

evaluation of a coastal zone color scanner for remote 

sensing of a variety of water quality parameters. 
FACILITIES 

CLERL's laboratory and support facilities are an integral part of its research program. These are housed 

In three leased buildings in Ann Arbor, with a total 

space of about 19,000 square feet, and in a 10,000 

square foot warehouse and dock facility in Monroe, 

Michigan 

Marine Instrumentation Laboratory 

The marine instrumentat~on laboratory staff 

selects, calibrates, repain, and, when necessary, 

adapts or designs instruments to collect data in the 

lakes and their environs. Engineers and technicians in 

this unit work closely with CLERL researchers to ensure that instruments are compatible with the purpose 

of the experiment 

This past year engineers with the laboratory worked 

closely with their counterparts at the Marsh McBirney 

Corporation to solve an isolated ground loop problem 

affecting a model 585 efectromagnet~c current meter. 

Extensive changes produced a modified prototype, 

which was successfully tested in September 1980. The 

production uqits will be used to measure under-ice 

flows in the St. Clair River. 

Considerable effort was expended during the year 

on retrieving several current meter moorings in Lake 

Erie The unusual amount of time was required 

because of a defective lot of batteries used to power 

the acoustic releases for these mooring strings. A 

25-foot surplus vessel equipped with side scanning 

sonar helped to locate eight of the strings. 

A Datawell Waverider buoy transmitter was successfully modified for a data frequency transmission 

change from 27 to 40 megahertz. This unit was tested 

over land for a range of 10 kilometers at a proposed 

field site on Lake Erie. The buoy is currently being 

compared with a 27-megahertz unit in the lake 11 

kilometers from our Monroe dockage facilities. In a 

related project, a meteorological tower formerly used 

on Lake Michigan was reactivated for a wave study in 

Cake Erie, R. M. Young meteorological sensors and an 

auxiliary wind generator (to supplement solar cells), 

for power, have been added to the system. The Lake 

Michigan data show that shortages of power from the 

soPar cells were likely in mid-October, but that expected winds were more than sufficient to power the 

instruments with a wlnd generator. 

A new carriage for a transparency meter was 

fabricated to reduce the path length to 0.5 meter, 

facilitating a higher output in turbid waters. The unit 

also provides additional protection to the sensor and 

ease In optic21 alignment owing to greater rigidity. 

A microprocessor system In the rnarlne lnstrurnentatlon laboratory 

Th~s is used to des~gn new data translation equqpment to meet the 

spec~fic needs of certaln research efforts 

Chemistry Laboratory 

This past year, the chemistry program has included 

analysis for trace organics in components of the lake 

ecosystem. Pofynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are 

extracted from various ecological matr~ces by Soxhlet 

extraction and cleaned through chromatographic 

separation on Sephadex and silica. Separation and 

analysis are performed on a glass capillary Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph and on our recently 

acquired Waters liquid chromatograph equipped with 

ultraviolet and fluorescent detectors. Yields are 

calculated by recovery of carbon-14 labeled spikes 

introduced into the original sample matrix. Initial 

results indicate that yields are averaging 80 + percent 

recovery and our quantitative precision for selected 

compounds is approximately f 15 percent. 

Our nutr~ent program has been expanded with the 

acquisition of a second liquid chromatograph, which 

is devoted to analysis of molecular size distributions 

of dissolved nutrients and has recently been successfully adapted to nitrogen kinetic studies on 

zooplankton. An ultraviolet technique to separate 

and analyze organic and inorgan~c fractions of 

phosphorus-containing dissolved material is under 

development. Initial results are promising. 

Biology Laboratory 

The biology laboratory includes modern equipment 

and instrumentation. A multichannel Coulter Counter 

is routinely used to measure particle size selection 

and zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and 
Scientists uslng the liquid scint~llat~on counter In the GLERL biology 

laboratory 

seston An array of instruments, including a llquid 

sc~ntillation spectrometer, is used to investigate 

nuttlent uptake, growth rates, competition for 

nutrients by algae, and cycling rates of selected algal 

nutrients. Facilitees also include a full complement of 

sarnpllng gear and instrumentation, growth chambers, 

stereo and inverted microscopes, and cultured 

populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton 

species for model studies A mobile trailer has been 

fitted for Iakestde investigations on the physiology 

and feeding rates of planktonic and benthic 

organisms 

Ice Laboratory 

The ice laboratory makes it possible to extend the 

winter measurement season and to expand opportunities for measurement of ice characteristics. The facilrty is composed of a work room and an Ice storage 

room. The work room, held at -7.0°C, can be used to 

calibrate instrumentation for the Ice research prm 

gram In an env~ronment similar to that encountered in 

the field, as well as to conduct experrments on natural 

ice harvested ~n previous field seasons. The interior 

walls are palnted flat black to facilitate optical experiments. Ancrllary equipment includes a high-tntensity light source, a mercury line source, and an optical 

bench Adjacent to the work room is a smaller room 

held at -29.0°C for the storage of natural ice samples. 

The facility also provides low-temperature storage for 

a limited number of fzeld samples from the chemistry-biology program and serves as a calibration 

room for testing a variety of instruments for the 

marine instrumentation laboratory, including current 

meters. 

Computer Laboratory 

The computer laboratory staff supports the work of 

CLERL scientists by writing, debugging. and testing 

programs to meet the scientists' specif~cations; advising scientists and technicians in the writing, adapting, 

and maintenance of FORTRAN programs; and creating 

retrieval sub~outines to access field data. Programs 

are entered through a remote communications processor connected to a CDC 750 computer located at 

the Environmental Research Laboratories [ERLI in 

Eeulder. In addition, programs and data can be 

entered by means of 13 Interactive terminals located 

at CLE RL. 

A Tektronix terminal, also connected to the CDC 

750, is used for graphical display of machine-processed data on a cathode ray tube. Hard copy of the 

display can be obtained in seconds and microfifm 

copy can be printed in Boulder and returned to GLERL 

by matl. 

In some cases, before a data base can be created or 

analyzed on the CDC 750, the raw field data must be 

converted from analog to digital form and edited. A 

Hewlett-Packard 9603A scientific measurement and 

control system performs the above functions and, in 

so doing, serves as a link between instruments in the 

fleld and the more sophisticated computer hardware. 

For example, Lake Erie wave data is presently being 

telemetered and transmitted by land line directly to 

the Hewlett-Packard system. Data collected and 

edited on that system are written on industry-campatible magnetic tape for transfer to the CDC 750 

system. 

R/V Shenehon 

The prlrnary platform used En support of open-lake 

field investigations is the Shenehon. The vessel is a 

converted T-boat 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot mean 

draft, a 600-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 

10-knot cruising speed. A hydraulic articulated crane 

w~th a 1630-pound lifting capacity at 21-foot extension can be used for deployment and retrieval of 

heavy instrument moorings, and winches handle 

hydrographic wire and multiconductor cable (200 

meters) for sample casts and in situ measurements of 

water variables. An on-board laborato~y facilitates 

onsite physical, chemical, and biological experiments 

A major upgrading of the Shenehon navigational 

equrpment took place in 1980. This greatly increases 

the capability and precision with which the ship can 

return to an exact site in the lakes for equipment 

retrieval. New equipment includes navigational radar, 

a LORAN C navigation system, and an autopilot. 

During FY 1980 the ship was based at the U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers' yard at Grand Haven, Michigan. 
Space was also provided at that location for mobile, 

shore based laboratories and warehouse facilities. The 

range of ship operations in FY 1980 ~ncluded Lakes 

Michigan and Erle. 

An extensive program to further understand~ng of 

the dynamics of materials movement was conducted 

in Lake Michigan with the help of the Shenehon. Sediment traps were deployed at 12 sites in the spring and 

recovered in the fall. Five trap strings were 

redeployed to obtain winter data. Water samples were 

collected to determine total suspended matter, and 

particle size analysis was conducted to determine the 

amount of material settling to the bottom and into the 

benthic food chain. 

In another effort in Lake Michigan, GLERL scientists 

cooperated with scientists from the National 

Aeronautics and Space Adminstration during three 

Shenehon cruises to collect ground truth for a coastal 

zone color scanner detector head aboard the Nimbus 

/ satellite. Physical, biological, and chemical data 

were collected in support of the program. 

Organic phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, conductivity, and molecular slze separation data were 

collected during three cruises in conjunction with 

CLERL's ongoing program to study the chemrstry of 

the lakes Crurses were coord~nated with research 

relating to the nepheloid layer. Transects were also 

run off the mouth of the Grand River in Lake Michigan 

to compare the chemistry of river water in the nearshore zone to that of the offshore zone. 

The Shenehon was used as a platform to study benthic organisms, in addition to sediments and toxic 

organics, in southwestern Lake Erie. Samples of benthic organisms were also collected in southern Lake 

Michagan during three cruises to determine long term 

changes in benthic organism abundance. Some of the 

sites were originally sampled as many as 50 years ago. 

By re-examining benthic populations at these sites, inferences can be made regarding the changing trophic 

status of the lake. 

Support was also provided to the Physical Lfmnology and Meteorology Group by assisting in retrievfng previously deployed current meter5 in Lake Erie 

and by setttng anchors for an instrument tower on the 

south shore of that lake. Finally, at its various 

ports-of-call during the past year, approximately 300 

people from the public sector visited the Shenehon 

and were briefed on the CLERL operations program. 

Library and Information Services 

The GLERL library collection consists of research 

materials in climatology, hydrolology, hvdraulics, ice, 

lirnnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, 

oceanography, sedimentation, wave motion, and their 

environmental Impacts upon the Great Lakes Basin. 

The library receives over 260 current periodical and 

serial titles In FY 1980 approximately 800 books and 

reports were added to the collection through catalogIng and recataloging procedures. 

Library staff provide on-line literature searches to 

CLEKL scientists through NOAA's Computerized Information Retrieval Services. The staff also accesses 

the BRS Message Switching System (Bibliographic 

Retrieval Service, Inc.) to transmit on-line information between NOAA librarres. Participation in the National Journalink Union List facilitates the sharing of 

periodical resources between the CLERL library and 

other libraries. 

During the latter portion of FY '1980, the library imThe Shenehon. Th~s CLERL research vessel ha$ supported a w~de plemented the GLERL Library Automated Retrieval 

varlety of chemical, biological, and physical programs on Lakes System (GLARES). This on-line system j5 used to exMichigan and Erie durrng the past year pedite cataloging of dissertation and technical report 
literature. GLARES also offers the advantage of additional retrieval access points made practical only 

through automation. 

FY 1981 plans call for: I) automated cataloging of 

books through the Ohio College Library Center 

on-line cataloging system and 2) expanded resource 

sharing through participation in a regional, multitype 

library cooperative concept, which will operate within 

a new statewide structure. 

Publications Section 

Publications are a major CLERL product and a 

critical part of our efforts to make research findings 

available to a broad spectrum of users for application 

to environmental problems and decisions. 

The publications section has responsibility for the 

preparation of manuscripts, including editing, typing, 

proofing, and procurement of graphics. Editing, typing, and proofing of manuscripts are provided on an 

in-house basis, while graphics and photographic services continue to be procured under contract. 

Manuscripts are formatted according to the requirements of the publication form: articles and notes 

in professional journals, NOAA Technical Reports and 

Memoranda and Data Reports, or in-house reports. 

During the last fiscal year, 41 manuscripts were processed in the GLERL publications section. 

Every 6 months, a listing of GLERL publications is 

sent to a mailing of individuals who have requested 

that list, and requests are filled until supplies are exhausted. Copies of publications are also available 

through the National Technical Information Service. 
PUBLICATIONS 

A 6-month listing of available publications can be obtained from 

Advisory Service 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Assel, R. A. 1980. Great Lakes degree-day and 

temperature summaries and norms, 7897-7977. 

NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-15. 

Assel, R. A. 1980. Maximum freezing degree-days as a 

winter severity index for the Creat Lakes, 

1897-1 977. Mon. Wea. Rev. 108:1440-1445. 

Assel, R. A., Boyce, D. E.', DeWitt, B. H.', Wartha, I.', 

and Keyes, F. A.'1979. Summary of Creat Lakes 

weather and ice conditions, winter 1977-78. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-26. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Eastern Lake Ontario and Oswego 

and Rochester Harbors chemical and physical 

characteristics data for 7977. NOAA Data Report 

ERL GLERL-8. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Eastern Lake Superior chemical and 

physical characteristics data for 7968. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-5. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Lake Erie chemical and physical 

characteristics data for 1965. NOAA Data Report 

ERL GLERL-2. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Lake Erie chemical and physical 

characteristics data for 7967. NOAA Data Report 

ERL GLERL-4. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Lake Huron chemical and physical 

characteristics data for 7966. NOAA Data Report 

ERL GLERL-3. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Lake Ontario chemical and physical 

characteristics data for 7972. NOAA Data Report 

ERL GLERL-9. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Lake St. Clair and St. Clair and Detroit 

Rivers chemical and physical characteristics data 

for 7974. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-12. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Northern Lake Michigan chemical and 

physical characteristics data for 7970. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-7. 

Bell, C. L. 1980. Oswego Harbor, New York, chemical 

and physical characteristics data for 1972. NOAA 

Data Report ERL GLERL-10. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Southern Lake Michigan chemical and 

physical characteristics data for 7975. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-13. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Straits of Mackinac chemical and 

physical characteristics data for 7973. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-11. 

Bell, G. L. 1980. Western Lake Superior chemical and 

physcial characteristics data for 7969. NOAA Data 

Report ERL GLERL-6. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1979. Determining overwater precipitation from overland data: The methodological 

controversy analyzed. ). Creat Lakes Res. 

5:301-311. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1980. New observations on the daily 

variations of natural ice albedo. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL GLERL-27. 

Boyd, J. D.* 1980. Metalimnetic oxygen minima in 

Lake Ontario, 1972. 1. Great Lakes Res. 6:95-100. 

Chambers, R. L., and Eadie, B. J. 1980. Nearshore 

chemistry in the vicinity of the Grand River, 

Michigan. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-28. 

Chapra, 5. C. 1980. Application of the phosphorus 

loading concept to the Great Lakes. In 

Phosphorus Management Strategies for Lakes, Ed. 

R. C. Loehr, C. 5. Martin, and W. Rast, pp. 

135-152. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Chapra, S. C. 1980. Simulation of recent and projected 

total phosphorus trends in Lake Ontario. ). Creat 

Lakes Res. 6:101-112. 

Chapra, S. C., and Sonzogni, W. C.' 1979. Great Lakes 

total phosphorus budget for the mid-1970's. 1. 

Water Pollut. Control Fed. 51 :2524-2533. 

Derecki, 1. A. 1979. Note on estimates of Lake St. Clair 

evaporation. 1. Great Lakes Res. 5:216-220. 

Derecki, J. A. 1980. Evaporation from Lake Superior. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-29. 

Derecki, J. A., and Potok, A. J. * 1979. Regional runoff 

simulation for southeast Michigan. Water Resour. 

Bull. 15:1418-1429. 

DeWitt, B. H.', Kahlbaum, D. F.', Baker, D. G?,Wartha, 

J. H.', Keyes, F. A.', Boyce, D. E.', Quinn, F. H., 

Assel, R. A. Baker-Blocker, A,', and Kurdziel, K. 

M.'1980. Summary of Great Lakes weather and ice 

conditions, winter 7978-79. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL GLERL-31. 

'No longer affiliated with this laboratory 

'~ot affiliated with this laboratory. +~ot affiliated with this laboratory. 
Eadie, B. I., Bell, G. L., Chambers, R. L., Malczyk, J. M., 

Stankevich, E. A., and Langston, A. L.* 1980. The 

effects of dredging on the chemical characteristics 

of the Grand River. NOAA Data Report ERL 

GLERL-14. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

1979. Annual Report for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. Ann 

Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research 

Laboratory. 

Hollan, E.t, Rao, D. B.*, and Bauerle, E.t 1980. Free 

surface oscillations in Lake Constance with an interpretation of the "wonder of the rising water" 

at Konstanz in 1549. Arch. Meteorol. Geophs. 

Bioklimotol., Ser. A, 29:301-325. 

Jenkins, C. F., ed.* 1980. IFYCL Atlas- Lake Ontario 

Summary Data. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Liu, P. C. 1979. Spectral growth and nonlinear characteristics of wind waves in Lake Ontario. NOAA 

Technical Report ERL 408-GLERL14. 

Liu, P. C., and Ross, D. B.+ 1979. GLEX-77-An experiment for measuring synoptic storm waves in 

Lake Michigan (abstract). Bull. Am. Meteorol. 

SOC. 60:1250. 

Malczyk, J. M., and Eadie, B. J. 1980. Collection, preparation, and analysis procedures employed and 

precision achieved in the chemical field program, 

7976-79. GLERL Open File Report. 

Nalepa, T. F., and Quigley, M. A. 1980. Freshwater 

macroinvertebrates. I. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 

52:1686-1703. 

Nalepa, T. F., and Quigley, M. A. 1980. The macroand meiobenthos of southwestern Lake Michigan 

near the mouth of the Grand River, 7976-77. 

NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-17. 

Pickett, R. L. 1979. Preliminary tests of GLERL circulation models. GLERL Open File Report. 

Pickett, R. L. 1980. Great Lakes spill model operating 

instructions.GLERL Open File Report. 

Pickett, R. L. 1980. Observed and predicted Great 

Lakes winter circulation. I. Phys. Oceanogr. 

10:1140-1145. 

Potok, A. J.* and Quinn, F. H. 1979. A hydraulic transient model of the upper St. Lawrence River for 

water resources studies. Water Resour. Bull. 

15:1538-1555. 

Quinn, F. H. 1980. Impact of increased consumptive 

use on Great Lakes water levels. G LE RL Open File 

Report. 

Quinn, F. H. 1980. Intercomparison analysis of Detroit 

River dynamic flow models. GLERL Open File 

Report. 

Quinn, F. H. 1980. Note on wind stress effects on 

Detroit River discharges. I. Great Lakes Res. 

6:172-175. 

Quinn, F. H., Assel, R. A., and Gaskill, D. W. 1980. An 

evaluation of climatic impact of the Niagara ice 

boom relative to air and water temperature and 

winter severity. NOAA Technical Memorandum 

ERL GLERL-30. 

Reckhow, K. H.+, and Chapra, S. C. 1979. A note on 

error analysis for a phosphorus retention model. 

Water Resour. Res. 1 5:1643-1646. 

Richardson, W. S.t, and Schwab, D. J. 1979. Comparison and verification of dynamical and 

statistical Lake Erie storm surge forecasts. NOAA 

Technical Memorandum NWS TDL-69. 

Scavia, D. 1979. Examination of phosphorus cycling 

and control of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake 

Ontario with an ecological model. I. Fish Res. 

Board Can. 36:1336-1346. 

Scavia, D. 1980. An ecological model of Lake Ontario. 

Ecol. Modeling 8:49-78. 

Scavia, D. 1980. The need for innovative verification 

of eutrophication models. In Workshop on 

Verification of Water Quality Models, EPA Report 

No. EPA-60019-80-016, pp. 214-225. Athens, 

Georgia: Environmental Protection Agency. 

Scavia, D. 1980. Uncertainty analysis of a lake eutrophication model. Ph.D. thesis, the University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Scavia, D., and Bennett, J. R. 1980. Spring transition 

period in lake Ontario-A numerical study of the 

causes of the large biological and chemical gradients. Can. I. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:823-833. 

Pinsak, A. P. 1979. Major users and current consump- Scavia, D., and A. Robertson, ed. 1980. Perspectives on 

tive use of water in the Great Lakes Basin. In Lake Ecosystem Modeling. Ann Arbor: Ann ArInternational Great Lakes Diversions and Con- bor Science. 

sumptive Uses Study, pp. 9.1-9.9. Detroit: U.S. Schwab, D. J. 1980. The free oscillations of Lake St. 

Department of the Army. Clair-An Application of Lanczos' procedure. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-32. 

'No longer affiliated with this laboratory. *No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

*blot affiliated with this laboratory. t~ot affiliated with this laboratory 
Schwab, D. I., Liu, P. C., and Shuchman, R. A?1980. 

Comparison of wind wave spectra determined 

from synthetic aperture radar imagery and from a 

tower in Lake Michigan (abstract). Eos Trans. AGU 

61 :262. 

Schwab, D. I., and Sellers, D. L. 1980. Computerized 

bathymetry and shorelines of the Great Lakes. 

NOAA Data Report ERL CLERL-16. 

Schwab, D. I., Liu, P. C., Soo, H. K., Kistler, R. D., 

Booker, H. L., and Boyd, j. D.* 1980. Wind and 

wave measurements taken from a tower in Lake 

Michigan. 1. Great Lakes Res. 6:76-82. 

Thomas, N. A.t Robertson, A., and Sonzogni, W. C.t 

1980. Review of control objectives: New target 

loads and input controls. In Phosphorus Management Strategies for Lakes, Ed. R. C. Loehr, C. S. 

Martin, and W. Rast, pp. 61-90. Ann Arbor: Ann 

Arbor Science. 

+~ot affiliated with this laboratory. 

"No longer affiliated with this laboratory 

+~ot affiliated with this laboratory. 
PRESENTATIONS 

Assel, R. A. 1980. Maximum freezing degree-day climatology and winter severity index for the Great 

Lakes, 1897-1977. 23rd Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, May 19-22, 1980, at Queen's 

University, Kingston Ontario. 

Aubert, E. 1.1980. ERL program in marine assessment. 

NOAA Research and Development Retreat, June 

16, 1980, Berkeley Springs, West Virginia. 

Aubert, E. 1. 1980. Great Lakes anthropogenic problems-The challenge of management. Symposium on New Ground: A Coming of Age for 

Natural Resources, April 8,1980, at the University 

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Bell, G. L, Chambers, R. L., and Eadie, B. J. 1980. Evidence of a concentrated benthic suspended 

(nepheloid) layer in the Creat Lakes. 23rd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 19-22, 

1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Chambers, R. L. 1979. The chemistry and biology program at GLERL. Ninth grade science class at Tappan Junior High School, December 12,1979, Ann 

Arbor, Michigan. 

Chapra, S. C. 1980. Application of phosphorus loading 

models to river-run -lakes and other incompletely 

mixed systems. International Symposium on Inland Waters and Lake Restoration, September 

8-12, 1980, Portland Maine. 

Chapra, S. C. 1980. Management and analysis of 

Great Lakes eutrophication. 13th Argonne Universities Association-Argonne National Laboratory 

Biology Symposium: Biological Aspects of 

Ecosystem Restoration, April 21-22, 1980, 

Argonne, Illinois. 

Chapra, S. C., and Dobson, H. F. H.t1980. Lake Ontario 

is changing: A progress report on evidence of 

eutrophication trends. Second Winter Meeting of 

the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, January 31-February 4, 1980, at 

the University of Southern California, Los 

Angeles, California. 

Chapra, S. C., and Wicke, H. D.* 1980. Systems 

approach for phosphorus management in the 

Great Lakes. American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Planning and Management Division, Annual 

Meeting, July 29-August 1, 1980, Green Bay, 

Wisconsin. 

Dobson, H. F. H.t, and Chapra, S. C. 1980. Lake Ontario 

phosphorus management: Assessment of withinlake trends, 1977-79. 23rd Conference on Creat 

Lakes Research, May 19-22, 1980, at Queen's 

University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Eadie, B. J., and Gardner, W. S. 1980. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and associated 

benthos in the Creat lakes. Second Symposium 

on Environmental Analytical Chemistry, June 

17-21,1980, at Brigham Young University, Provo, 

Utah. 

Gardner, W. S., and Malczyk, J. M. 1980. Automated 

microtechnique to measure organic and inorganic phosphorus in aqueous solutions: Application to lake water and atmospheric precipitation 

samples. Second Symposium on Environmental 

Analytical Chemistry, June 17-21, 1980, at 

Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1979. Rotational waves in a shallow basin. 1979. Annual Meeting of the American 

Geophysical Union, December 3-7, 1979, San 

Francisco, California. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 1980. Categorization of northern 

Green Bay ice cover using LANDSAT-1 digital 

data-A case study. 23rd Conference on Creat 

Lakes Research, May 19-22, 1980, at Queen's 

University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Liu, P. C. 1980. An experiment for measuring synoptic 

storm waves in Lake Michigan. Third Conference 

on Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction of the 

American Meteorological Society, January 

30-February 1, 1980, Los Angeles, California. 

Liu, P. C. 1980. A measurement of slope, curvature, 

and directional spectra of wind waves in Lake 

Michigan. 17th Conference on Coastal Engineering, March 23-28, 1980, Sydney, Australia. 

McCormick, M. J., and Scavia, D. 1980. A multilayered 

ecological model of Lake Ontario. 23rd Conference on Creat Lakes Research, May 19-22, 

1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1980. Efficiency of various screens in 

estimating abundance and biomass of the 

macro- and meiobenthos. 23rd Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, May 19-22, 1980, at 

Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Pickett, R. L. 1980. Improvements in the GLERL spill 

model. Seminar, September 10, 1980, at the 

National Weather Service Forecast Office, Ann 

Arbor, Michigan. 

t~ot affiliated with this laboratory. 

'No longer affiliated with this laboratory. t~ot affiliated with this laboratory. 

2 8 
Pickett, R. L. 1980. Operation of the GLERL spill model. Seminar, May 7, 1980, at the Ninth Coast 

Guard District Headquarters, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Pinsak, A. P., Quinn, F. H., Jenkins, C. F.*, and Wicke, 

H. D.*, 1980. Consumptive use of water in the 

Great Lakes Basin and its impact on lake levels. 

23rd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

19-22,1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Quinn, F. H. 1980. The hydrology of the Great Lakes. 

1980 Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, May 22-28, 1980, Toronto, Ontario. 

Reckhow, K. H.?, and Chapra, 5. C. 1980. Monte Carlo 

simulation for the estimation of lake modeling 

errors. Second Winter Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 

January 31-February 4, 1980, at the University of 

Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 

Saylor, J. H. 1979. Rotational waves in the Great Lakes 

and their significance in large-scale mixing processes. Symposium on Problems of Coastal and 

Estuarine Zones, XVll General Assembly of the 

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 

December 13-1 5,1979, Canberra, Australia. 

Scavia, D. 1980. An ecological systems approach to 

Great Lakes water quality analysis. American 

Society of Civil Engineers, Planning and Management Division, Annual Meeting, July 29-August 1, 

1980, Green Bay, Wisconsin. 

Scavia, D., and Bennett, J. R. 1980. Analysis of biological versus physical control of large gradients 

associated with Lake Ontario's thermal bar. 23rd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 19-22, 

1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Scavia, D., and Moody, J. L. 1980. Effects of stochastic 

properties on a seasonal plankton model of 

eutrophication. Annual Meeting of the American 

Society for Limnology and Oceanography, June 

16-19, 1980, Knoxville, Tennessee. 

Schwab, D. J., Liu, P. C., and Shuchman, R. A.*1980. 

Comparison of wind wave spectra determined 

from synthetic aperture radar imagery and from a 

tower in Lake Michigan. 1980 Spring Meeting of 

the American Geophysical Union, May 22-28, 

1980, Toronto, Ontario. 

Schwab, D. I., and Rao, D. B.* 1980. Objective analysis of currents in a homogeneous lake. 1980 

Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical 

Union, May 22-28, 1980, Toronto, Ontario. 

Sonzogni, W. C.t, and Chapra, S. C. 1980. Phosphorus 

availability-Significance to modeling and management. 23rd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 19-22, 1980, at Queen's University, 

Kingston, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1980. The utility of silica: phosphorus 

ratios in predicting diatom limitation by phosphorus or silica. 23rd Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, May 19-22, 1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1980. Variations in dissolved phosphorus turnover ratesand phytoplankton growth 

rates at an offshore station in Lake Michigan. 

23rd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

19-22, 1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, 

Ontario. 

Tarapchak, S. J., and Slavens, D. R. 1980. Biological 

uptake of radiophosphorus in lake water. Second 

Winter Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, January 31 -February 

4, 1980, at the University of Southern California, 

Los Angeles, California. 

Tarapchak, S. I., and Slavens, D. R. 1980. Comparative 

uptake of phosphorus and carbon by different 

size fractions of Lake Michigan phytoplankton. 

23rd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 

19-22, 1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1980. Feeding of Diaptomus sicilis 

on mixtures of chlamydomonas species of different sizes is passive and mechanical. Annual 

Meeting of the American Society for Limnology 

and Oceanography, June 16-19, 1980, Knoxville, 

Tennessee. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1980. The significance of CaCO, 

whitings to zooplankton in Lake Michigan. 23rd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 19-22, 

1980, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. 

'No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

'Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

- - 

"No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

'Not affiliated with this laboratory. 
CONTRACTOR 

PUBLICATIONS 

Bowie, C. L., Chen, C. W., and Dykstra, D. H. 1980. 

Lake Ontario ecological modeling, phase 111. Tetra 

Tech Report No. TC-3942 prepared for CLERL by 

Tetra Tech, Inc., under Contract No. NOAA03-78- 801 -29. 

Lee, C. F., and Jones, R. A. 1979. Water quality characteristics of the U.S. waters of Lake Ontario during 

the IFYCL and modeling contaminant load-water 

quality response relationships in the nearshore 

waters of the Creat Lakes. Report prepared for 

GLERL by Colorado State University under Crant 

NO. 03-6-022-351 96. 

Makarewicz, J. C., Baybutt, R. I., and Damann, K. 

1979. Changes in the apparent temperature 

optima of the plankton of Lake Michigan at 

Chicago, Illinois. I. Fish. Res. Board Can. 

36:1169-1173. 

Ou, H. W., and Bennett, 1. R. 1979. A theory of the 

mean flow driven by long internal waves in a 

rotating basin, with application to Lake Kinneret. 

I. Ph ys. Oceanogr. 9:1112-1125. 

Reckhow, K. H., and Simpson, J. T. 1980. A procedure 

using modeling and error analysis for the prediction of lake phosphorus concentration from land 

use information. Can. 1. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 

37:1439-1448. 

Rumer, R. R., Wake, A., Chieh, S., Fukumori, E., and 

Tang, C. 1980. Internal resistance of lake ice. 

Report prepared for CLERL under Contract No. 

NA79RAC00124. 

Stemberger, R. S., Fuller, D. R., and Beeton, A. M. 

1979. Role of predacious rotifers in Creat Lakes 

plankton dynamics. Final Report prepared for 

CLERL by the University of Michigan, Great 

Lakes Research Division of the Great Lakes and 

Marine Waters Center, under Crant No. 04- 

7-022-4401 2. 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1980 

Principal 

Investigator Institution Title 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan A Cooperative Program in 

Great Lakes Long Term 

Effects Research 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan The Cycling of Toxic 

Organic Substances in the 

Great Lakes Ecosystem 

J. A. Bowers University of Michigan In Situ Predation by 

Mysis Relicta 

on Zooplankton 

I. A. Bowers University of Michigan Mysis Feeding Studies 

E. F. Brater University of Michigan Estimating Runoff From 

Ungaged Drainage Basins 

C. W. Chen Tetra Tech, Inc. Calibration of a 

Three-Dimensional 

Ecological Hydrodynamics 

Model for Lake Ontario 

G. T. Csanady Woods Hole Oceanographic Coastal Circulation 

lnstitution 

G. T. Csanady Woods Hole Oceanographic Mass Exchange Mechanisms 

lnstitution 

B. H. DeWitt Bernard DeWitt and Summary of Great Lakes 

Associates, Inc. Weather and Ice 

Conditions 

S. J. Jacobs University of Michigan A Parametric Model for 

Wave Prediction 

S. S. Killham University of Michigan Species Specific Growth 

Rates of Phytoplankton 

1. F. Kitchell University of Wisconsin Predator-Prey Models for 

(Madison) Great Lakes Fishes 

J. T. Lehman University of Michigan Formulation of Zooplankton 

in Lake Ecosystem Models 

G. A. Meadows University of Michigan The Growth and Decay of 

the Coastal Boundary 

Layer 

R. A. Moll University of Michigan Bacterial Dynamics 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin Inertial Motion Examined by 

(Milwaukee) Episode in Large 

Stratified Lakes 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin Coupling of Physical and 

(Milwaukee) Biological Dynamics in 

Large Lakes 

K. H. Reckhow Michigan State University Use of Selected Lake Models 

for Policy Evaluation 

C. P. Rice University of Michigan Studies in PCB's 

R. R. Rumer State University of Ice Transport by Wind and 

New York (Buffalo) Waves in the Great Lakes 

R. R. Rumer State University of Internal Resistance of Lake 

New York (Buffalo) Ice 

H. T. Shen Clarkston College Ice-Cover Effects on 

Hydraulic Transient 

Analysis 

M. S. Simmons University of Michigan Assimilation Rates of 

Carbon in Great Lakes 

Phytoplankton 

R. A. Sweeney State University of Copepod Life History 

New York (Buffalo) 

*U 5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981 -JACKET 750-889