Documenting the United States’ Commitment to Conventional Weapons Destruction

2014–2015

United States Department of State | Bureau of Political-Military Affairs

U.S. Department of State

This 15th edition covers activities from October 1, 2014 through December 31, 2015. Details on page 62. 
Co-Written, Edited, Designed, and Produced

by PM/WRA and the Center for International 

Stabilization and Recovery (CISR)

 at James Madison University 

(http://www.jmu.edu/cisr)

ON THE COVERS

Regional Centre on Small Arms (RESCA) in the 

Great Lakes region of Africa destroys more than 

100 tons of ordnance in Uganda. 

Photo courtesy of RECSA.

Ambassador Tina S. Kaidanow

Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary

Bureau of Political-Military Affairs 

Department of State

Printed by McClung Companies 

Waynesboro, VA / USA 

on 30-percent post-consumer-waste 

recycled paper, using vegetable-based inks.

An explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) team 

sorts through a store of abandoned weapons for 

removal and safe disposal in Somalia.

Photo courtesy of Danish Demining Group (DDG).

To Walk the Earth in Safety is a publication 

of the Office of Weapons Removal and 

Abatement in the Department of State’s 

Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM/

WRA). PM/WRA’s mission is to reduce the 

harmful worldwide effects of at-risk, illicitly 

proliferated, and indiscriminately used conventional weapons of war.

Even after a conflict ends and the fighters have gone 

home, the threats from landmines, unexploded ordnance 

(UXO), and at-risk weapons and munitions remain. These 

threats foment instability; as long as men, women, and 

children fear to move about their communities due to the 

lingering threat of landmines and UXO, a society can never 

fully heal and rebuild.

The Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement in 

the U.S. State Department’s Bureau of Political-Military 

Affairs (PM/WRA) works with foreign governments and nongovernmental organizations to deliver programs and services aimed at reducing the harmful effects of at-risk, 

illicitly proliferated, and indiscriminately used conventional weapons of war worldwide. These programs help remove landmines and UXO from former battlefields, 

keep weapons and ammunition out of the wrong hands, and aid countries to invest 

in proper stockpile management and security—including destruction of conventional 

weapons no longer needed. 

These programs play a key role in advancing the U.S. State Department’s core mission of shaping and sustaining a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and 

fostering the conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of all people. 

I have witnessed first-hand the consequences of war and the impact of our conventional weapons destruction (CWD) programs in addressing them. While serving 

in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Afghanistan, I personally observed U.S. assistance 

working to reduce the threat to civilians from mines, UXO, and excess stockpiles of 

weapons and ammunition. In those places and others, I also witnessed the evolution 

of mine detection dog programs that resulted in the return of previously contaminated 

land to the community for productive use. 

Since 1993, the United States has provided more than $2.6 billion in assistance in 

more than 95 countries for CWD programs, delivering the expertise and equipment to 

secure and destroy at-risk and excess conventional weapons and safely clear mines and 

UXO. These funds also support mine risk education to prevent accidents, and provide 

prosthetics, physical rehabilitation services, and vocational training for the injured.

The programs we fund produce tangible, measurable, and positive results. At the 

turn of the 21st century, mines and UXO were killing and injuring almost 10,000 men, 

women, and children every year. In recent years, that figure has dropped by a remarkable 60 percent. Many more countries have become free from the impact of landmines 

due to the efforts of the United States and our international partners. As an example, 

Mozambique—which had been one of the most heavily-mined countries—declared 

itself mine-free in 2015 thanks in part to U.S. assistance. 

From stockpile security initiatives across the Sahel to the Global Demining Initiative 

for Colombia and funding increases for Laos and Angola, our CWD programs support stability around the world. I invite you to learn more about these efforts, which 

are made possible by strong bipartisan support from Congress and the people of the 

United States. We are grateful for the implementing partners, fellow donors, international organizations, and host countries who work with us toward our common goal: 

a future in which all can walk the earth in safety.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 3

Table of Contents

General Information

A Message from Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Tina S. Kaidanow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Global Overview of the U.S. CWD Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The United States’ Commitment to CWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Implementing Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

U.S. CWD Funding FY1993–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Commonly Used Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

U.S. Government Interagency Partners 

Department of Defense:

Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program (HD R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Humanitarian Demining Training Center (HDTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Leahy War Victims Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Implementation Tools & Fora 

U.S. Quick Reaction Force (QRF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Senior Managers’ Course in Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) and Mine Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

The U.S Interagency MANPADS (Man-Portable Air Defense Systems) Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

Improving Lives through the U.S. CWD Program

Africa: Looking for Gold, Finding a Landmine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

East Asia and Pacific: Clearing War Remnants in Paradise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Europe: Forming a Lasting Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Middle East and North Africa: Teaching Youth About Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

South and Central Asia: Responding to Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Western Hemisphere: Working Together to Build Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Middle East and North Africa . .38

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Palestinian Territories . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . 11

Democratic Republic of the Congo . 11

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

South Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Great Lakes Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Sahel Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Kyrgyz Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

South and Central Asia . . . . . . .46

Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Marshall Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Regional Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

East Asia and Pacific . . . . . . . . .18

Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . 32 

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Western Hemisphere . . . . . . . .54

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Other U.S. Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Regional Profiles
4 TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend
5

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding 

from all U.S. agencies, 1993–2015: 

$2,686,089,000

Africa

14.64% South Central Asia

18.41%

East Asia and Pacific

13.30%

Europe

13.80%

Western Hemisphere

3.60%

Middle East/North Africa

16.94%

Global/Multi-Country 

19.32%
6 CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION

Advancing Conventional Weapons Destruction

Around the world, stockpiles of excess, poorly-secured or 

otherwise at-risk conventional weapons remain a serious challenge to peace and prosperity. In the wrong hands, small arms 

and light weapons (SA/LW) fuel political instability and violence, while more advanced conventional weapons, such as 

man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), pose a serious threat to international security. Aging munitions stockpiles may also explode, devastating nearby population centers. 

Meanwhile, hazards from landmines and UXO, including cluster munition remnants, artillery shells, and mortars, continue 

to kill and maim people long after conflicts have ended. They 

prevent the safe use of land, which suppresses economic development and prevents displaced persons from returning home. 

The U.S. CWD program embodies our commitment to 

reduce these threats worldwide. The United States is the 

world’s leading financial supporter of CWD, providing more 

than $2.6 billion in assistance to more than 95 countries since 

1993. The CWD program helps foreign governments destroy 

excess stockpiles of conventional arms, better secure the stockpiles they retain, and clear landmines and UXO. Our efforts 

reduce the likelihood that weapons and ammunition will fall 

into the wrong hands and protect civilian populations from 

deadly hazards. By alleviating these threats to civilian security, 

this program demonstrates core U.S. values that respect the dignity of every human being.

The Evolving Nature of CWD

Thanks to combined efforts from the United States and 

the international community, the threat from landmines continues to decline. Annual casualty figures have dropped from 

nearly 10,000 in 1999 to less than 4,000 in 2014. U.S. efforts 

have helped 16 countries declare themselves mine-impact free, 

the most recent being Mozambique in 2015. Colombia’s 2015 

peace accord included significant provisions for the demining 

sector that allowed representatives from the government and 

the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army 

(FARC) to work together for the first time. Still, challenges 

remain. According to the 2015 Landmine and Cluster Munition 

Monitor, at least 57 states and four other areas around the world 

remain mine affected, and UXO threats persist after many conflicts worldwide. 

Physical security and stockpile management (PSSM), including destroying excess weapons stockpiles, has become a primary 

tool in degrading violent extremist organizations’ capabilities, 

preventing accidental weapons depot explosions, and mitigating internal armed conflict. For example, in the Sahel-Maghreb 

region in Africa, where the fall of the Qadhafi regime resulted 

in significant illicit weapons proliferation, the U.S. CWD program focuses on SA/LW security and destruction as a means 

of preventing these weapons from falling into the hands of terrorists such as Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and 

the Levant (ISIL). 

In particular, the illicit availability of MANPADS to terrorists, extremists, and other non-state actors poses a serious threat 

to commercial aviation, humanitarian aid, and military aircraft, 

and is a major U.S. national security concern. MANPADS 

have downed more than 40 civilian aircraft since the 1970s. In 

response, the U.S. Interagency MANPADS Task Force coordinates counter-MANPADS efforts by the Department of State, 

Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, 

and other relevant stakeholders, and helps partner nations 

eliminate or better secure MANPADS at risk of falling into the 

wrong hands.

The U.S. Government’s Collaborative Approach 

Confronting CWD challenges requires an integrated 

approach involving governmental, private, and nongovernmental organizations. The Department of State, Department of 

Defense, and USAID work together with foreign governments, 

private companies, and nongovernmental organizations to 

implement humanitarian mine action programs, reduce excess 

SA/LW and conventional munitions stockpiles (including 

Conventional 

Weapons 

Destruction U.S. Department of State

The United States’ Commitment to
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 7

MANPADS), and improve PSSM practices at conventional 

weapons storage sites. The Department of State, through 

the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs’ Office of Weapons 

Removal and Abatement (PM/WRA), funds and manages 

CWD programs—including landmine and UXO clearance, 

SA/LW stockpile reduction, and PSSM—in more than 40 

countries. The Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining Training Center (HDTC) trains deminers, ammunition 

handlers, and stockpile managers from partner countries. The 

Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining Research 

and Development Program (HD R&D) improves CWD technologies, enhancing the efficiency and safety of humanitarian 

demining operations around the world. USAID assists mine 

and UXO survivors, providing services such as medical and 

rehabilitative care, through its Leahy War Victims Fund. 

Department of State Support for CWD

The Department of State is at the forefront of U.S. efforts. 

Through PM/WRA, the Department has provided more than 

65 percent (over $1.7 billion) of the United States’ more than 

$2.6 billion contribution to CWD since 1993.

PM/WRA’s CWD program objective is three-fold:

1. To enhance regional security by destroying and securing 

SA/LW, including MANPADS, at risk of proliferation to 

terrorists, insurgents, and other violent non-state actors; 

2. To remediate mine and UXO contamination, returning 

land to safe and productive use; and

3. To promote U.S. foreign policy interests by broadening 

support for U.S. CWD efforts.

In addition to working with other U.S. government entities, PM/WRA partners with nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, educational institutions, and 

private sector contractors to implement its CWD programs. 

Robust project performance standards, enhanced monitoring 

and evaluation strategies, and a comprehensive program planning process guide PM/WRA’s resource allocation decisions 

and hold implementing partners accountable. 

Collectively, U.S. CWD efforts save lives, create lasting 

peace, and ensure a more secure and prosperous future for all. 

Thanks to our CWD programs, the world is a safer place today 

and will continue to be a safer place in the years to come.

Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Rose Gottemoeller (center) visited members of a Colombian Army humanitarian demining platoon, funded by the Department of State through a grant to the Organization of American States (OAS).

Photo courtesy of the Department of State.
8 AFRICA

Many countries across Africa continue to suffer the devastating consequences of decades of 

conflict. Unlawful trafficking of SA/LW in the Sahel and in East and Central Africa threatens 

regional security. Illicitly trafficked conventional weapons and munitions stream across 

permeable borders, providing the means for cross-border violence and terrorist attacks. In addition, 

dense minefields and UXO hotspots endanger civilians and obstruct economic progress. 

State-held stockpiles of excess conventional arms and munitions in some countries are poorly 

secured, creating a risk for illicit weapons diversion. Weak security institutions and porous state borders make it easier for violent extremist groups and other non-state actors to illegally obtain SA/LW 

and launch attacks throughout the Sahel, and East and Central Africa and beyond.

Since 1993, U.S. CWD programs have provided more than $393 million of assistance in 34 countries in 

the region. Through our CWD programs, the United States supports international efforts to partner with 

countries to reduce stockpiles and improve PSSM to stem this mounting crisis. CWD efforts promote 

greater stability in the region and enhance peacebuilding. The United States and international partners 

also provide financial and technical support for landmine and UXO clearance. These efforts significantly 

reduce casualty rates and make land available for productive use. For example, the Landmine and 

Cluster Munition Monitor identified 11 mine/UXO casualties in Angola in 2014. This was the lowest 

recorded number of landmine and UXO casualties in Angola since the Monitor began reporting in 1999. 

**Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia are included in the Middle East/North Africa 

region beginning on page 38. 

Great Lakes Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 15

Sahel Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 15

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16

Angola � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10

Central African Republic � 1 1

Democratic Republic of

the Congo� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 1

Mozambique � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12

Senegal � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12

Somalia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13

South Sudan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13

Zimbabwe � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 9

ANGOLA

SOUTH

SUDAN

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

SOMALIA

BURUNDI

DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF

THE CONGO

SENEGAL

KENYA

REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

NAMIBIA

NIGERIA

MAURITANIA SUDAN

ERITREA

ETHIOPIA

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

ZAMBIA

DJIBOUTI

CENTRAL AFRICAN 

REPUBLIC

TOGO BENIN

GUINEA

GUINEA-BISSAU

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

SÃO TOMÉ/PRINCIPE

RWANDA

SAHEL REGION

GREAT 

LAKES 

REGION

NIGER CHAD

UGANDA

TANZANIA

MALI

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

BURKINA FASO

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding 

in Africa from all U.S. agencies, 

1993–2015: more than $393 million

*less than 0.01%

Angola

30.72%

*Benin

Burundi

0.88%

Central African Republic

Chad 0.06%

3.11%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

4.39%

Congo, Republic of the

0.74%

Djibouti

0.80%

Eritrea

4.74%

Ethiopia

4.12%

Guinea

0.03%

Guinea-Bissau

1.96%

Kenya

0.72%

*Lesotho

Liberia

1.29%

Mauritania

1.78%

Mozambique

14.83%

Namibia

2.43%

Nigeria

0.38%

Rwanda

3.32%

Säo Tomé/Principe

0.01%

Senegal

1.42%

Sierra Leone

0.46%

Somalia

5.79%

South Sudan

2.97%

Sudan

7.99%

Swaziland

0.33%

Tanzania

0.68%

*Togo Uganda

0.28%

Zambia

0.65%

Zimbabwe

2.88%

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
10 AFRICA

disposal; destroying unserviceable, excess, and unsecured SA/

LW and munitions; and developing the host nation’s CWD 

capacity. Since October 2014, these programs returned 2.8 

million square meters (691 acres) of land to productive use, 

destroyed 32.29 tons of munitions and 2,316 SA/LW, conducted 752 explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) “spot” tasks, 

and provided 195 mine/UXO risk education sessions.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners:

• The HALO Trust (HALO) conducted humanitarian demining, surveyed suspected hazardous areas, cleared confirmed hazardous areas, performed EOD “spot” tasks, 

destroyed SA/LW, and safely destroyed or reduced other 

at-risk and excess munitions. HALO also provided mine 

risk education. 

• Mines Advisory Group (MAG) surveyed suspected hazardous areas, cleared confirmed hazardous areas, conducted EOD “spot” tasks, and safely destroyed or reduced 

at-risk and excess munitions. MAG also provided mine 

risk education. 

• Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) surveyed suspected hazardous areas, cleared confirmed hazardous areas, conducted 

EOD “spot” tasks, and provided mine risk education.

Angola

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY95–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 6,000 6,000 5,300 97,504

DOS Other 0 0 0 3,170

CDC 0 0 0 150

DoD 1,345 179 152 8,240

USAID 0 0 0 8,351

COUNTRY TOTAL 7,345 6,179 5,452 117,415

Dollars in thousands

Following more than 40 years of conflict, Angola is 

one of the world’s most landmine and UXO-affected 

countries, with all of its 18 provinces reporting some level of 

contamination. In 2015, the Angolan government reported 

approximately 485 square kilometers (about 187 square miles) 

of residual contamination. Aging weapons and munitions, also 

a legacy of the conflict, pose risks of illicit proliferation and 

spontaneous and catastrophic detonation, placing thousands 

of civilian lives in danger. Approximately 2 million SA/LW 

were distributed to civil defense forces during the civil war, and 

massive government stockpiles of SA/LW and excess munitions remain. 

From 1995 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $117.4 million for CWD in Angola, improving access to 

land and infrastructure through mine and UXO removal and 

A Department of State-funded EOD team investigates a mortar round reported by villagers, Kuanza Sul Province, Angola.

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 11

From 2002 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $16.7 million in funding for CWD efforts in the DRC, 

destroying more than 140,000 SA/LW, 1,025 tons of munitions, 345 anti-vehicle mines, 2,007 anti-personnel landmines, 

and 14 MANPADS, as well as improving the DRC’s PSSM 

capacity and supporting the DRC government’s ability to mark 

and trace all state-owned weapons.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the work of the following 

implementing partners:

• MAG reduced the risks posed by unsecured ammunition 

storage facilities by implementing basic improvements to 

storage facilities; developed long-term national capacity 

by training the DRC military and Congolese police personnel in PSSM practices; and collected and destroyed 

145 tons of obsolete and surplus ammunition and 10,000 

weapons. 

• DanChurchAid (DCA) advanced sustainable development in the DRC by clearing mines and UXO in areas 

of priority humanitarian need, which returned land and 

infrastructure to productive use; and educated the public 

about the risks of mines and UXO.

With funding from the Department of Defense, the U.S. 

Africa Command (USAFRICOM) conducted a PSSM 

course at the Armed Forces of the DRC Logistics School in 

Sylvie Ngelelo, a female deminer working for DCA, clears a lane in South 

Kuvu in the DRC.

Photo courtesy of DCA.

The Department of Defense HD R&D Program, working in 

partnership with HALO, completed a trial of Mine Stalker, a 

system incorporating ground penetrating radar panels to detect 

minimum-metal anti-tank mines on roads.

Central African Republic

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY02–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 0 187 0 224

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 187 0 224

Dollars in thousands

The Central African Republic (CAR) has faced challenges related to security and stability since its independence from France in 1960. Violence both in CAR and 

throughout the region pushed refugees, rebel groups, and arms 

across CAR’s loosely controlled borders. Recent internal conflicts made development activities difficult or impossible, with 

explosive hazards complicating efforts to restore access to communities. The proliferation of weapons in CAR and throughout 

the region made a difficult humanitarian situation worse. 

From 2007 through 2015, the United States provided 

$224,000 for CWD activities in CAR.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department of State supported the following effort:

• The Swiss Demining Foundation (FSD) surveyed explosive hazards to support the safe return of displaced communities and the restoration or development of critical 

infrastructure. 

Democratic Republic of the Congo

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY02–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,265 2,500 500 11,113

DoD 0 373 107 1,083

USAID 0 1,300 2,000 4,600

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,265 4,173 2,607 16,796

Dollars in thousands

Following two decades of war with neighboring states 

and non-state actors, several of the Democratic 

Republic of the Congo’s (DRC) provinces remain contaminated with landmines and UXO. In February 2014, the National 

Landmine Contamination Survey for the DRC reported a total 

of 130 suspected hazardous areas in eight of the 11 provinces. 

As of October 2015, the number of remaining suspected hazardous areas was 85. In addition to landmine and UXO contamination, illicit flows of SA/LW easily pass through porous 

borders unchecked by weakened governmental controls, as illegally armed groups occupy some of these areas. Non-state 

actors in the eastern and northern provinces of the DRC continue to terrorize civilians and conduct cross-border operations 

against neighboring countries. The Republic of the Congo, 

Kenya, and Tanzania remain entry points in the region for 

illicit SA/LW trafficking.
12 AFRICA

Kinshasa. It also conducted two missions to develop competent Congolese EOD trainers in International Mine Action 

Standards (IMAS) Level I material and began to integrate 

Congolese instruction of the material into existing Congolese 

institutions. The Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and Civic 

Aid (OHDACA) appropriation funded humanitarian mine 

action activities, supplies, travel, equipment, and services.

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund provided assistance to 

Handicap International for physical rehabilitation programs, 

which include physical therapy, prosthetics and orthotics, 

and mobility aids. 

Mozambique

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY93–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 3,000 1,525 1,000 35,082

DOS Other 0 0 0 1,600

CDC 0 0 0 2,100

DoD 599 122 189 13,376

USAID 0 0 0 4,533

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,599 1,647 1,189 56,691

Dollars in thousands

Thirty years of conflict left Mozambique one of the 

most severely landmine affected countries in the 

world. However, two decades of U.S. and international support 

has reduced Mozambique’s landmine contamination. According 

to the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, “The Republic of 

Mozambique announced it had completed clearance of antipersonnel mines on its territory in September 2015.” However, 

many communities still face danger from UXO.

From 1993 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $56.6 million in Mozambique to remove and safely dispose of landmines and UXO, improve the lives of landmine/

UXO victims, increase access to land and critical infrastructure, 

and expand host nation CWD capacity. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner:

• HALO supported manual and mechanical clearance of 

mine-impacted communities in the Manica, Sofala, and 

Inhambane Provinces.

The Department of Defense funded the following: 

• HD R&D, in partnership with HALO, completed evaluations of Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System 

(HSTAMIDS) and two Orbit Screens, finding 5,073 mines 

in areas covering 260,000 square meters (64 acres).

• USAFRICOM, in a joint effort with United Nations 

Development Programme-Maputo, conducted three training missions, in Inhambane with the National Institute 

of Demining and at sites in Maputo and Gasa. Missions 

focused on humanitarian mine action skills, including 

EOD, IMAS Level I/II, stockpile management/reduction 

operations, and medical first responder techniques.

Senegal

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY02–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 400 2,905

DOS Other 260 0 0 260

DoD 0 367 1,147 1,766

USAID 0 0 0 500

COUNTRY TOTAL 260 367 1,547 5,431

Dollars in thousands

More than 30 years of internal conflict between the 

government of Senegal and the separatist Movement 

of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) left the country’s Casamance region littered with landmines and UXO. 

With the successful clearance of most landmines from the rest 

of Senegal, the United States began assistance for projects in 

the Casamance region in 2008. Demining ceased temporarily 

after the MFDC kidnapped deminers in May 2013. However, 

work resumed in September 2014 on a limited basis. 

From 2002 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $5.4 million in CWD funding toward landmine and UXO 

clearance, risk education, and capacity building.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner:

• Handicap International conducted humanitarian demining in the Casamance region, surveyed suspected hazard 

areas, and conducted mine risk education.

With Department of Defense funding, USAFRICOM continued its train-the-trainer program in an effort to build the 

internal capacity required for independent sustainability of 

Senegal’s national demining training center. The humanitarian 

mine action cadre was instructed on IMAS, EOD Level I, and 

A family in Mozambique picks cotton on land that was cleared of mines 

and UXO. 

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 13

basic instructor’s procedures. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

Somalia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY98–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 3,300 2,000 1,800 22,145

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,300 2,000 1,800 22,145

Dollars in thousands

The Ethiopian-Somali wars and more than 22 years of 

internal conflicts among clans left Somalia contaminated with landmines and UXO. Many abandoned stockpiles 

of arms and munitions are located near residential areas in 

major cities. Conventional weapons and SA/LW trafficking is 

also widespread. This flow of weapons and munitions constitutes a grave threat to Somalia’s civilian population and 

regional stability.

From 1998 through 2015, the United States invested more than 

$22.1 million in CWD programs in Somalia for humanitarian 

mine clearance, SA/LW destruction, MANPADS stockpile reduction, survivor assistance, and other programs, increasing access 

to critical infrastructure and promoting overall stability.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department of State supported the work of the following implementing partners:

• DDG continued projects for MANPADS reduction and 

PSSM improvements in Somaliland.

• HALO continued landmine and UXO clearance, surveyed 

and resurveyed suspected hazardous areas, and conducted 

mine risk education in Somaliland.

• MAG improved Somalia’s PSSM capacity. This included 

surveying existing facilities and refurbishing armories or 

building new ones in Somaliland and Puntland.

South Sudan

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11-15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,500 2,135 2,000 10,535

DoD 459 0 0 826

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,959 2,135 2,000 11,361

Dollars in thousands

Decades of civil war resulted in serious neglect of 

South Sudan’s economy and infrastructure. Residual 

landmines, UXO, SA/LW, and MANPADS threaten communities throughout the country and compromise security in the 

region. Recent conflict renewed concern about access to land 

for internally displaced persons (IDPs). Lack of access in certain northern provinces due to conflict and the pressing needs 

of IDPs in southern provinces prompted the United States to 

transition from traditional humanitarian mine action projects 

to focus on UXO clearance. Current implementing partners are 

adapting to the security situation and reorienting their plans to 

the needs of IDPs. 

From 2003 to 2010, the United States provided more than 

$27.7 million in CWD funding to Sudan, directing most of it 

A deminer in Senegal uses a metal detector and safety shoes. In 2015, demining efforts in Senegal focused on the Casamance region.

Photo courtesy of Handicap International.
14 AFRICA

to southern provinces. From South Sudan’s independence in 

2011 through 2015, the United States provided more than $11.3 

million directly to South Sudan for mine and UXO removal, 

survivor assistance programs, and enhanced SA/LW stockpile 

security. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• DCA provided EOD and battle area clearance teams in 

stable provinces around the capital, Juba.

• MAG provided a roving EOD-SA/LW team that disposed 

of stockpiles of abandoned ordnance and safely cleared 

UXO in stable provinces; it also supported a community 

liaison team.

• NPA provided EOD and battle area clearance teams in 

accessible provinces around Juba.

Zimbabwe

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY98–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 500 2,750 1,000 7,586

DoD 0 0 173 3,438

COUNTRY TOTAL 500 2,750 1,173 11,024

Dollars in thousands

Almost 40 years after its war of independence and 20 

years after neighboring Mozambique’s civil war, 

Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) is still contaminated with landmines. Rhodesian Security Force records indicate more than 2.5 

million anti-personnel mines, 76,000 anti-personnel fragmentation mines, and an unknown number of anti-vehicle mines 

were laid in three to five landmine belts interspersed with booby 

traps and UXO. In the northeast, the mine density ratio is 3,500 

landmines per linear kilometer (0.62 mile). Technical experts 

agree that Zimbabwe has more mines than Afghanistan. The 

estimate for remaining mine contamination is between 62 and 

63 million square meters (between 15,320 and 15,567 acres) on 

nearly 600 linear kilometers (about 373 miles) along the border 

with Mozambique. 

From 1998 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $11 million to Zimbabwe for CWD capacity building and 

training multiple military engineer companies to facilitate the 

removal and safe disposition of mines and UXO. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• HALO cleared highly impacted communities along the 

northeastern border with Mozambique, surveyed suspect 

hazard areas, implemented UXO clearance, and provided 

mine risk education and survivor assistance. 

• NPA cleared highly impacted communities along the 

eastern border with Mozambique, surveyed suspect hazard areas, implemented UXO clearance, and provided 

mine risk education.

The Department of Defense HD R&D Program provided 

new technology and funds to support mine clearance by HALO 

Landmine survivors in Zimbabwe are measured for prosthetic limbs. In the northeast of the country, minefields in close proximity to schools, homes, and 

agricultural areas have significant humanitarian and developmental impacts on the communities.

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 15

and NPA. The groups are evaluating the Handheld Standoff 

Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS) in extremely cluttered minefields. To date, the technologies have assisted in the 

clearance of 17,151 square meters (about 4.25 acres) of land, 

encountering 298 mines.

Great Lakes Region

Cross-border trafficking of SA/LW coupled with decades of 

conflict affects the countries in the African Great Lakes region. 

Porous borders and inadequate security checkpoints contribute 

to SA/LW proliferation, which exacerbates regional insecurity. 

Remote weapons depots are the sites most at risk of exploitation 

by violent non-state actors. Assisting the countries in the Great 

Lakes region to better protect stockpiles and destroy excess 

items will reduce the possibility of spontaneous explosions and 

illicit trafficking in SA/LW. 

To address the SA/LW challenge, the governments of the 

Great Lakes region implemented the Nairobi Protocol in 2000. 

The Regional Centre on Small Arms in the Great Lakes region 

and the Horn of Africa (RECSA) was created to implement 

the Nairobi Protocol. From FY2006 through FY2014, the 

United States has provided more than $2.7 million in support 

of RECSA’s initiatives, most recently contributing $500,000 

between October 2014 and December 2015. These initiatives included the procurement and distribution of weapons 

marking machines and associated training, PSSM workshops 

for security forces, and conventional weapons destruction of 

excess and obsolete munitions. 

Sahel Region

Since 2011, violent extremist organizations bolstered by the 

influx of illicitly trafficked SA/LW from post-Qadhafi Libya 

have destabilized the Sahel region. These groups pose a direct 

threat to the region’s governments, as well as to U.S. interests. 

The threat of illicit SA/LW proliferation and poor state control 

of munitions stockpiles significantly challenge peacebuilding 

and stability in the region. Assisting the countries in the Sahel to 

secure and improve the safety of these stockpiles helps protect 

them from being raided by violent extremist organizations and 

reduces the possibility of accidental explosions. 

Looking for Gold , Finding a Landmine

I

n 2015, as a group of gold miners traveled on foot 

from the village of Bendera to the Mitumba Mountain 

in North Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of 

the Congo, a member of their party, Mr. Benze, fell ill. The 

group took Mr. Benze to the nearest medical facility using 

the mountainous path. At one point, Mr. Benze stopped to 

rest on a large tree root. He looked down and saw a landmine between his feet. Fortunately, the group had recently 

attended a mine risk education session delivered by 

DanChurchAid (DCA) and were able to identify the mine. 

They immediately reported it to the DCA team working in 

a nearby village.

After destroying the mine, the DCA team conducted 

additional surveys in the area. They found that casualties 

had occurred nearby in the past. Two men were fatally 

wounded while a woman and boy were injured. The local 

residents knew where the accidents happened and avoided 

the area, but the gold miners were from different areas of 

Katanga. Unaware of the mines, they had used the dangerous path. It took 26 days for the DCA team, with PM/

WRA support, to clear the area. The release of 4,800 square 

meters (almost two acres) of land in Bendera now allows 

the local population to use the path without fear of accident. Farmers are now able to grow their crops in the previously contaminated area.

The DRC’s Congolese Mine Action Center is making 

progress towards helping the country declare itself mineimpact free by 2017. Mr. Benze’s experience shows there is 

still work to be done.

Mr. Benze, a Congolese gold miner, discovered a landmine when he 

stopped to rest; fortunately, he was not hurt. 

Photo courtesy of the DCA.
16 AFRICA

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• MAG improved the PSSM capacity of Chad’s Gendarmerie and National and Nomadic Guard. 

• MAG improved the military and police PSSM capacity in 

Kati and Bamako and reduced stockpiles in Sikasso and 

Kati in Mali.

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Support 

and Procurement Agency (NSPA) improved PSSM for the 

Mauritanian National Army, constructing an ammunition storage area, providing PSSM training and destroying 

more than 500 tons of ammunition, approximately 100 

decommissioned weapons systems, and 80 MANPADS.

• Handicap International reduced stockpiles, improved 

security forces’ PSSM capacity, constructed armories, and 

improved ammunition storage points in Niger.

• Small Arms Survey assessed the national SA/LW management policies and practices of several Sahelian states 

and assisted those governments in the delivery of their 

national reports stipulated under the U.N. Program of 

Action on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger.

Other U.S. Support

From October 2014 through December 2015, the U.S. government contributed $693,000 for CWD in other African countries. 

The Department of State did not fund activities in these countries, but the Department of Defense, through USAFRICOM, 

supported numerous initiatives. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

• Burundi: USAFRICOM continued a train-the-trainer program in an effort to improve internal capacity required for 

independent sustainability of Burundi’s national training 

center. Burundi National Defense personnel continue to 

show increased competency in PSSM and EOD Level I, as 

well as basic instructor’s techniques and procedures.

• Kenya: USAFRICOM conducted mine and UXO education and risk reduction, as well as demining activities (survey/marking/mapping, mine and UXO disposal training, 

and quality assurance/control). USAFRICOM is coordinating with the U.S. Embassy to establish a new satellite 

training center at Archers Post, four hours northwest of 

Nairobi. This satellite center will provide another venue 

for Humanitarian Peace Support School instructors to 

train Kenyan engineers in EOD Level I/II, PSSM, SA/

LW, improvised explosive device (IED) awareness, and 

medical first response.

• Namibia: USAFRICOM deployed military EOD personnel on two training missions focused on EOD/UXO 

operations and first-responder training with the National 

Defense Force (NDF) and Namibian police. The NDF 

training center in Otavi is well developed, and the instructors are in the process of taking over training from U.S. 

personnel.

• Republic of Congo: USAFRICOM implemented a trainthe-trainer pilot program to assist the Congolese cadre 

with developing an instructor base. The Small Group 

Instructor’s course was designed to train Congolese EOD 

instructors on small group instruction techniques. 

• Tanzania: USAFRICOM conducted two sessions at the 

Tanzania People’s Defense Force training site, focusing on 

mine and UXO education, risk reduction, and demining 

(survey/marking/mapping, mine and UXO disposal training, and quality assurance/control) activities. 

MAG’s work in the Sahel region includes improving the PSSM capacity of 

Chad’s Gendarmerie.

Photos courtesy of MAG.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 17

I

nitiated in 1994, the Humanitarian Demining Research and Development (HD R&D) Program delivers 

the latest technology solutions to the most challenging 

landmine and UXO detection and clearance efforts, 

with emphasis on improving technologies for mine/

UXO detection and mechanical mine/UXO and vegetation clearance. The program is tasked with the rapid 

development, testing, demonstration, and validation 

of internationally shareable technologies that increase 

the effectiveness, efficiency, and safety of humanitarian demining operations. Such technologies operate 

in high-risk areas where manual clearance or mine detection dogs are deemed impractical. Without these 

technologies, operations partners would be unable 

to complete and release sites. Host-nation demining 

partners (foreign militaries, nongovernmental organizations, and mine action centers) test and operate 

equipment in active minefields and provide feedback 

for future R&D enhancements.

In 2015, the HD R&D Program’s technologies cleared 

6.7 million square meters (approximately 1,655 acres) 

of the world’s toughest minefields, removing or 

destroying 31,038 mines and items of UXO. The highlight of the year was the accreditation of the Scorpion 

UXO detection system as a primary search sensor in 

Cambodia. The HD R&D Program-developed technology incorporates a large-loop electromagnetic induction sensor, a Cesium vapor total-field magnetometer, 

a differential global positioning system for accuracy 

and mapping, and an operator control unit into a portable platform. Data is post-processed using a simple graphical user interface program that generates 

“dig sheets” via automated target recognition algorithms. Scorpion works as one part of a suite of technologies adapted to the mine action task, including a 

Target Reacquisition Positioning System (TRPS) to re-

 http://humanitarian-demining.org

locate targets for investigation, the Bearcat remote 

operated vegetation cutting system, and the Quadcopter aerial monitoring system for mission planning 

and operations supervision. The HD R&D Program will 

field additional Scorpion, TRPS and Quadcopter systems in Cambodia and other countries in 2016. 

To date, the HD R&D Program’s technologies have 

cleared 34.2 million square meters (approximately 

8,450 acres) and removed or destroyed approximately 

160,000 mines and pieces of UXO. Since 1995, the 

program has fielded technologies in support of 189 

operational field evaluations in 38 countries and the 

Palestinian Territories. In FY2015, HD R&D performed 

operational field evaluations in Afghanistan, Angola, 

Cambodia, Chile, Iraq, Lebanon, Mozambique, 

Palestinian Territories, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, 

Thailand, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. 

MAG conducts battle area clearance in Cambodia with machinery 

provided by HD R&D.

Photo courtesy of HD R&D.
18 EAST ASIA and PACIFIC

Since World War II, landmines and UXO have had an impact on economic growth and diminished the quality of life in many countries in the East Asia and Pacific region. Southeast Asia in particular 

has suffered the worst of these consequences. For instance, according to the Landmine and Cluster 

Munition Monitor, since 1975 more than 105,000 casualties have been reported in Vietnam. However, 

as a result of mine risk education and clearance efforts, the number of casualties dropped significantly 

in recent years, to 24 in 2014. 

As the United States continues to rebalance its efforts and investments toward Asia, it remains 

committed to helping its regional allies and partners overcome lingering humanitarian and economic 

challenges. The United States and its implementing partners continue to carry out CWD programs 

that turn previously contaminated land into a usable resource. This cooperation and the effort to 

make the region mine- and UXO-impact free has been a cornerstone of our relationship with countries 

in the region for the past 20 years. 

Since 1997, the U.S. CWD program provided $357 million in the East Asia and Pacific region for 

clearing legacy ordnance, providing mine risk education, victim assistance, building local capacity, 

and reducing SA/LW proliferation. 

Solomon Islands � � � � � � � � � � � 24

Vietnam � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25

Burma � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �20

Cambodia� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �20

Laos� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 22

Marshall Islands � � � � � � � � � � 23

Palau � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23

Regional Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 19

CAMBODIA

VIETNAM

MARSHALL 

ISLANDS

SOLOMON

ISLANDS

PALAU

PHILIPPINES

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding in 

East Asia and Pacific from all U.S. agencies, 

1993–2015: more than $357 million

Cambodia

34.58%

Laos

29.85%

Marshall Islands

0.31%

Palau

0.58%

Philippines

0.80%

Solomon Islands

1.12%

Thailand

4.65%

Vietnam

26.13%

Burma (Myanmar)

1.98%

BURMA

LAOS

THAILAND

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
20 EAST ASIA and PACIFIC

Burma

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 2,000 2,835

DOS-OTHER 0 850 0 850

USAID 1,350 1,500 0 2,850

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,350 2,350 2,000 6,535

Dollars in thousands

Landmines concentrated along Burma’s borders with 

Bangladesh, China, and Thailand remain a threat to 

ethnic minorities as a result of decades of internal conflict 

between the Burmese army and armed ethnic groups. Landmines continue to be deployed in conflict areas, albeit in reduced 

numbers. World War II-era UXO still affects the country, as 

well. No comprehensive estimate of the level of contamination 

exists; however, in 2014 the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor reported that mines and UXO remained a source of concern 

in an estimated 10 out of 14 regions. The Landmine and Cluster 

Munition Monitor also identified 3,745 casualties between 1999 

and 2014 from landmine and UXO incidents in Burma, but the 

total number of casualties is unknown. 

From 2011 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $6.5 million for programs that supported survivor assistance and risk education services in Burma. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• MAG continued mine risk education capacity-building 

work by strengthening the ability of six community-based 

organizations to deliver risk education in Kayah and 

southern Shan States.

• Mercy Corps executed the Reconciliation through Mine 

Risk Education program in Kayah State. The program’s 

goal was to promote cooperation between local government 

and ethnic minority populations through a program that 

addressed their shared interest in resolving landmine issues.

• World Education, Inc., worked to strengthen the capacity 

and the reach of the Kayah Prosthetics Workshop.

Cambodia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY93–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 5,800 6,216 5,500 73,816

DOS Other 0 0 0 4,943

CDC 0 0 0 100

DoD 1,411 1,722 2,379 20,377

USAID 600 633 500 14,781

COUNTRY TOTAL 7,811 8,571 8,379 114,017

Dollars in thousands

Nearly three decades of armed conflict has left 

Cambodia seriously affected by landmines and UXO. 

The Khmer Rouge, Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), 

Vietnamese military, and Thai army laid extensive minefields 

during the Indochina wars. This contamination is particularly 

dense in the K-5 mine belt along the western border with 

Thailand. U.S. air and artillery strikes during the Vietnam War 

left heavy concentrations of UXO in the eastern and northeastern areas of the country along the border with Vietnam. The 

Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor reports that a 2013 baseline survey of Cambodia’s 124 mine-affected districts found a 

total of 1,915 square kilometers (739 square miles) of contaminated land. According to the Cambodian Mine/UXO Victim 

Information System, at least 64,314 mine/UXO casualties 

occurred from 1979 through 2013. However, rates dropped 

from 244 in 2009 to 154 in 2014.

From 1993 through 2015, the U.S. government contributed 

more than $114 million for CWD programs in Cambodia that 

cleared mines and UXO, provided mine risk education, and 

supported national capacity development. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• Golden West Humanitarian Foundation (Golden West), in 

partnership with RCAF, supported an explosive harvesting 

A deminer in Cambodia uses an HSTAMIDS detector during clearance.

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 21

system in Cambodia and the development of appropriate 

PSSM. In a joint project with the Department of Defense, 

Golden West’s underwater EOD capacity development 

team mentored, trained, and sustained the Cambodian 

Mine Action Center (CMAC) Dive Unit. Golden West is 

also continuing a global engineering initiative, an accountability program for demolition charges in Cambodia, and 

joint research and development with the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology (United States) and Singapore 

University. 

• HALO provided survey and clearance assets in western 

Cambodia.

• Landmine Relief Fund supported two EOD teams conducting small village clearance in northwestern Cambodia.

• MAG provided survey and clearance assets in western 

Cambodia.

• NPA collaborated with CMAC to support Demining 

Unit 5, focused on the survey and clearance of U.S.-

origin contamination in eastern Cambodia. 

• Spirit of Soccer (SoS) delivered mine risk education to 

primary school children through soccer coaching activities and sport. A women’s regional soccer clinic trained 

coaches from Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, to 

provide mine risk education to children. 

The Department of Defense funded the following:

• HD R&D supported new technology, including an innovative underwater UXO detection system for waterways and 

shoreline areas, mission planning and logistics tools, and 

additional mine detection systems. It continued to support the Piranha minefield area reduction and technical 

survey system; the Badger tracked excavator; the Storm 

steep slope excavator; the Nemesis skid-steer; the Bobcat 

vegetation clearance system; the Quadcopter remote 

monitoring system; the Scorpion UXO detection system; 

and the Mined Area Management System, an application 

for real-time data collection in the field. Together those 

technologies have cleared 3.1 million square meters (778 

acres) of vegetation and suspect soil, finding 3,134 mines 

and pieces of UXO. HD R&D also continued an evaluation with HALO of a second Minehound, a dual sensor handheld detector. To date, Minehound has cleared 

854,000 square meters (211 acres) of land and found 596 

anti-personnel mines.

• HD R&D and the Department of State supported 

When thinking about the Pacific Islands, coconut trees, 

coral reefs, and pristine beaches may come to mind, 

but in many cases, beneath those trees, lodged in the reefs, 

and buried under the beaches, are unexploded World 

War II-era bombs and projectiles. Both Guadalcanal and 

the Solomon Islands saw heavy fighting during that conflict. A few tanks and artillery emplacements still stand. Oil 

drums, canteens, and other war relics still litter the jungle. 

However, items of UXO are the most dangerous reminders 

of the fierce combat that swept over the islands. Even after 

70 years, loose bullets, machine gun bands, mortars, and 

large aerial bombs threaten the local populations, tourists, economic development, and the environment. As the 

munitions deteriorate, they release dangerous chemicals 

into the ground and the water supply. 

Specific training is required for personnel to locate and 

eliminate these munitions safely. PM/WRA funds the Golden 

West Humanitarian Foundation to train the Royal Solomon 

Islands Police Force’s EOD team so they can recognize, 

remove, and reduce the impact of UXO left behind from 

the 1942–1943 fighting. The team also prevents so-called 

“fishbombers” from acquiring explosives for the dangerous 

and environmentally-harmful practice of explosive fishing. If 

ClearingWar Remnants in Paradise

munitions are stable enough, the team uses a mobile band 

saw to cut them open and burn out their explosive content 

rather than detonate them, preventing harm to the environment. Safe clearance of these UXO is important work.

A member of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force cuts a WWII-era 

projectile found at Hell’s Point in the Solomon Islands with a band saw 

specially designed to render unexploded ordnance inert. 

Photo courtesy of the Department of State.
22 EAST ASIA and PACIFIC

HALO and MAG to expand their use of the dual-sensor 

HSTAMIDS in manual mine-clearance of densely cluttered minefields. HSTAMIDS has cleared 10.5 million 

square meters (2,595 acres) of land and detected 27,000 

anti-personnel mines. HSTAMIDS has also determined 17 

million detections to be metallic clutter, each saving 10–15 

minutes of excavation.

• The U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) sent military 

personnel for infrastructure development for national 

mine action agencies; surveying, marking and mapping 

of UXO-contaminated areas; clearance of UXO; quality 

assurance and control; medical training in survivor assistance; and assessments. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, and services.

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund supported Veterans 

International in a project that improves access to assistive 

devices and physical and community-based rehabilitation.

Laos

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY95–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 9,000 12,840 12,000 78,984

DOS Other 0 0 0 750

DoD 0 0 0 6,900

USAID 0 500 2,000 11,800

COUNTRY TOTAL 9,000 13,340 14,000 98,434

Dollars in thousands

While landmines were laid in Laos during the Indochina 

Wars of the 1960s and 1970s, UXO such as cluster 

munitions, called “bombies,” account for the bulk of contamination. The majority of the country’s 17 provinces are contaminated with UXO; most are of U.S. origin. Population growth in 

rural areas and other socioeconomic factors have increased 

demands to put UXO-contaminated land into productive use, 

which leads to greater risk of death and injury. 2015 marked a 

significant accomplishment for CWD efforts as the government 

A sign in Khammouane Province, Laos warns local communities that the area is contaminated with UXO.

Photo courtesy of Janus Global Operations (Janus Global).
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 23

of Laos issued a commitment to conduct a national, evidencebased UXO survey. This survey will allow the government of 

Laos and international donors to identify hazardous areas and 

better plan and prioritize clearance activities. 

From 1995 through 2015, the United States contributed 

more than $98.4 million for CWD programs in Laos that supported survey and clearance activities, risk education, survivor 

assistance, and capacity development.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• HALO supported UXO clearance teams tasked with survey and removal of UXO in the Savannakhet Province. 

• MAG supported survey and clearance teams in Xeing 

Khouang Province. 

• NPA continued its evidence-based UXO survey work in 

the Sekong, Salavan, and Attapu Provinces. 

• SoS provided risk education for school children through 

soccer activities in the Xieng Khouang and Salavan 

Provinces, and provided a women’s soccer clinic that 

taught coaches from Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and 

Vietnam how to integrate mine risk education into their 

soccer programs.

• Janus Global partnered with UXO Laos on UXO survey 

and clearance efforts and provided managerial support 

to the National Regulatory Authority, which oversees all 

UXO-related activity in Laos. 

• World Education, Inc., began a two-year project supporting the War Victim Medical Fund, which provides financial support for UXO victims and their families. It focuses 

on emergency medical, funeral, and other critical activities. Additionally, World Education continued efforts to 

support the integration of risk education in the grade five 

school curriculum and supported the development of a 

comprehensive case management system for UXO survivors in Xiang Khoang Province. 

• Health Leadership International continued work to 

improve medical diagnostic capabilities and competencies 

of district-level medical personnel through medical education in UXO-affected districts. 

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund provided assistance to 

World Education and the Cooperative Orthotic Prosthetic 

Enterprise to support training for rehabilitation service personnel and economic empowerment, assistive technology 

delivery, and medical and physical rehabilitation for people 

with disabilities.

Marshall Islands

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY13–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 267 361 385 1,013

COUNTRY TOTAL 267 361 385 1,013

Dollars in thousands

During World War II, both the U.S. and Japanese 

forces left UXO on the Marshall Islands. In spite of 

massive clearance efforts in the 1950s, UXO contamination 

continues to affect some of the Marshall Islands’ atolls. 

From 2013 through 2015, the United States contributed 

more than $1 million for CWD in the Marshall Islands.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner: 

• Golden West continued UXO clearance on Mili and 

Maleolap Atolls and upgraded the “island hopper kit,” a 

set of equipment which is easily moved from one island to 

another, with HD R&D equipment support.

Palau

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY09–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 390 690 600 1,915

COUNTRY TOTAL 390 690 600 1,915

Dollars in thousands

Many of Palau’s islands are contaminated with UXO 

remaining from World War II. The greatest concentration, a result of fighting between U.S. and Japanese forces in 

1944, threatens the civilians residing on the island of Peleliu. 

From 2009 December 2015, the United States contributed 

more than $1.9 million for CWD in Palau.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the work of the following 

implementing partner: 

• NPA worked with the government of Palau to develop 

national UXO standards, a national UXO strategy, and 

a national UXO action plan which the government plans 

to officially adopt in 2016. NPA also began work to build 

A team receives instruction before clearance activities begin on the 

Marshall Islands.

Photo courtesy of the Department of State.
24 EAST ASIA and PACIFIC

the capacity of a survey and clearance team as part of 

the government of Palau’s National Safety Office. This 

team will begin working on survey and clearance in 

Peleliu in 2016.

Solomon Islands

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 560 473 600 2,600

DoD 35 429 306 1,095

COUNTRY TOTAL 595 902 906 3,695

Dollars in thousands

The Solomon Islands faces serious impacts from 

World War II era UXO. From 2011 through 2015, the 

United States contributed more than $3.6 million for CWD 

in Solomon Islands.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the work of the following 

implementing partner:

• Golden West continued training members of the Royal 

Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) to EOD Levels 

II and III to support public safety UXO clearance tasks. 

The RSIPF EOD team used their mobile cutting system 

and detonation sites to destroy much of the UXO contaminating Hell’s Point in Guadalcanal and other neighboring islands. 

The Department of Defense funded the following:

• HD R&D provided new and existing technology to support mine action assistance in Solomon Islands. The program continued an evaluation of the Badger with Golden 

West on the island of Guadalcanal. The Badger is an 

armored excavator with a suite of attachments for removing thick, mature tropical vegetation and deeply buried 

UXO. It has provided access to EOD teams to locate and 

clear UXO at Hell’s Point, which has long been a source 

of “fish bomb” material that endangers local populations 

and destroys fishing grounds. Badger has cleared 1.1 million square meters (275 acres) of extremely dense jungle 

vegetation in difficult terrain and found 6,200 pieces of 

UXO. Golden West also began evaluation of the Severe 

Terrain Support Vehicle.

• USPACOM sent military EOD teams for survey, marking, and mapping of UXO-contaminated areas; landmine 

and UXO clearance; quality assurance and control; and 

first-responder medical training for survivor assistance. 

JMU’s CISR Director Ken Rutherford meets with mine and UXO survivors during the Regional Senior Managers’ Course in ERW and Mine Action held in 

Vietnam in September–October 2015. The course, which consisted of two weeks of classroom work in Hanoi followed by a week of field work in central 

Vietnam, was funded by PM/WRA and facilitated by CISR.

Photo courtesy of CISR.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 25

The OHDACA appropriation funded humanitarian mine 

action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, 

and services.

Vietnam

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY93–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 4,500 10,506 4,500 55,102

CDC 0 0 0 1,848

DoD 471 256 340 2,405

USAID 0 0 0 26,799

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,971 10,762 4,840 86,154

Dollars in thousands

Thirty years of conflict from World War II through the 

Vietnam War left most of Vietnam contaminated with 

UXO. Much of this UXO is centralized along the former 

Demilitarized Zone, including Quang Tri, Quang Binh, Ha 

Tinh, and Quang Nam Provinces. Parts of southern Vietnam 

and the country’s border with China also remain contaminated with landmines. The Landmine and Cluster Munition 

Monitor reported 24 casualties in 2014, down from the 50 

reported in 2013. In 2015 the Vietnam National Mine Action 

Center (VNMAC) further established itself as the government 

lead for issues related to UXO in Vietnam. VNMAC hosted 

the first-ever regional Senior Managers’ Course in ERW and 

Mine Action in Southeast Asia with funding support from the 

Department of State in September–October 2015. U.S. capacity development support for VNMAC expanded in 2015 with 

specific assistance to establish an information management 

unit within VNMAC headquarters. Supporting VNMAC’s 

development will ensure that Vietnam is properly equipped to 

deal with residual UXO threats.

From 1993 through 2015, the United States contributed 

more than $86.1 million for CWD programs in Vietnam that 

cleared mines and UXO, provided mine risk education and survivor assistance, and supported national capacity development. 

In 2015, the United States celebrated the 20th anniversary of 

the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with Vietnam. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• Catholic Relief Services provided support to survivors of 

mine and UXO accidents and/or their families in Quang 

Tri Province. Support is customized for each beneficiary 

and includes medical support, vocational training, and 

education. 

• Golden West worked to enhance and develop the capacity 

of the Quang Binh and Ha Tinh provincial demining units 

so they are certified to IMAS and equipped to deal with 

UXO contamination in their respective provinces. 

• MAG partnered with Japan in UXO survey and clearance in Quang Binh Province and provided the clearance 

component for year two of a five-year comprehensive survey and clearance project aimed at making Quang Tri safe 

from known UXO hazards. 

• NPA assisted VNMAC in building and developing an 

information management system for Vietnam through the 

establishment of an Information Management Unit, also 

providing necessary equipment, expertise, mentoring, and 

training; and provided the survey component for year two 

of a five-year comprehensive survey and clearance project 

aimed at making Quang Tri safe from known UXO hazards. 

• PeaceTrees Vietnam fielded EOD response teams and 

clearance operations along the heavily contaminated 

Quang Tri border with Laos.

• Roots of Peace supported matching funds raised to support MAG clearance operations and local farmers in 

Quang Tri Province. 

• The International Center-Vietnam Veterans of America 

Foundation helped develop the capacity of VNMAC and 

the executive office of the National Mine Action Program 

to plan, coordinate, and manage the program in Vietnam.

The Department of Defense funded the following:

• HD R&D partnered with MAG to continue an operational 

field evaluation of soil processing and vegetation cutting 

attachments, clearing 325,000 square meters (80 acres) 

of land. The vegetation cutters provide critical access in 

densely vegetated areas to manual clearance teams. 

• HD R&D supported NPA, in partnership with Vietnam 

Veterans Memorial Fund’s Project RENEW, to evaluate an 

armored excavator in area preparation and clearance roles. 

• USPACOM sent military personnel for survey, marking, 

and mapping of UXO-contaminated land, clearance of 

UXO, and medical training for survivor assistance. The 

OHDACA appropriation funded humanitarian mine 

action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, 

and services.

Regional Support

From early 1942 until Victory over Japan Day in 1945, U.S. 

armed forces engaged in an “island hopping” strategy to roll 

back the Empire of Japan’s territorial holdings in the Pacific 

Islands. This campaign unfortunately resulted in massive UXO 

contamination and abandoned munitions caches across the 

region. The Pacific Regional program was initiated in 2009 to 

address the legacy of World War II in the region.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner: 

• The Quick Reaction Force (QRF), operated by Golden 

West, traveled to Tuvalu and Kirabati following Cyclone 

Pam in March 2015 to assist the local population in reestablishing safety with regard to UXO in the community. 

In Tuvalu, the QRF conducted a nationwide survey 
26 EAST ASIA and PACIFIC

The Mini MineWolf opens access lanes for manual demining and assists with the technical survey of large areas of suspected minefields in Trad Province, 

Thailand.

Photo courtesy of HD R&D.

and found there was no longer a significant humanitarian impact from UXO, a major success for the country. 

Relationships built by the QRF encouraged PM/WRA to 

become more involved in the ongoing issues in Kiribati. 

Other U.S. Support

From October 2014 through December 2015, the U.S. government contributed $734,000 for CWD in other East Asia and 

Pacific countries. The Department of State did not fund activities in these countries, but the Department of Defense funded 

several initiatives. 

• Philippines: USPACOM sent military EOD personnel to conduct survey, marking, and mapping of UXOcontaminated land; clearance of UXO; quality assurance 

and control; first-responder medical training; and program assessments. The OHDACA appropriation funded 

humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

• Thailand: HD R&D provided funds for new technology 

and continued technology operations. In partnership with 

the Thailand Mine Action Center, HD R&D initiated an 

evaluation of the Remote Monitoring Station and continued evaluations of the Quadcopter remote monitoring system, Wolverine Vegetation Cutter, and the Mini 

MineWolf, an earth tilling system capable of clearing 

anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. The Mini MineWolf 

opens access lanes for manual deminers and conducts 

technical survey of large areas of suspected minefields. 

To date, Mini MineWolf cleared 230,000 square meters 

(57 acres) and encountered 640 mines and pieces of UXO. 

USPACOM deployed military EOD personnel to 

Thailand to conduct infrastructure development at 

national mine action agencies; survey, marking, and mapping of UXO-contaminated land; clearance of UXO; quality assurance and control; first-responder medical training; 

and program assessments. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, and services.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 27

I

n March 2015, Cyclone Pam struck the South Pacific, 

uncovering deadly unexploded ordnance remaining from WWII. When the governments of Kiribati and 

Tuvalu requested assistance, the United States deployed 

the QRF to survey the extent of ordnance contamination and assist local authorities in an effort to save lives 

and prevent injuries by disposing of the ordnance.

It is precisely for emergencies such as this that PM/

WRA established the QRF, a versatile team of more 

than 60 experts in the fields of EOD, UXO remediation, and PSSM. In 2013, Golden West Humanitarian 

Foundation, a U.S. based nonprofit organization, took 

over responsibility for administering the QRF. The 

range of expertise and experience inherent in the QRF 

served it well in Kiribati and Tuvalu, where it deployed 

throughout 2015 to remove hazardous UXO. 

The Republic of Kiribati (formerly known as the 

Gilbert Islands) experienced extremely intense fighting 

during WWII, with UXO still presenting a modern-day 

hazard. The QRF deployed in May 2015 to conduct an 

assessment focused on the recovery and disposal of up 

to 800 Japanese 8-inch armor piercing high explosive 

projectiles known to be buried at Tamakin Point, Betio, 

South Tarawa. The QRF conducted a pre-deployment 

assessment in Kiribati, with disposal operations scheduled to commence in January 2016. 

Following the Kiribati assessment, the QRF again 

deployed in July 2015 with a three-person team to 

conduct UXO recovery and disposal on Funafuti, 

Nukufetau, and Nanumea Atolls in Tuvalu. On Funafuti 

Atoll, the QRF recovered and disposed of forty-eight 

60 mm mortars, eight hundred .50 cal rounds, and four 

155 mm projectiles. A submerged seaplane was confirmed as a New Zealand Catalina PBY-5A, and found 

with eight hundred .50 cal rounds still onboard, which 

were later destroyed. A reported sea mine was determined to be a sunken buoy and ruled as no threat to 

local shipping. On Nukufetau Atoll, 2,000 small arms 

ammunition rounds were found and disposed of by 

open pit burn. On Nanumea Atoll, the QRF recovered two 155 mm projectiles and approximately 

2,500 rounds of small arms ammunition. Additionally, 

a 500 lb. general purpose aerial bomb was identified 

and marked in the lagoon. In all, the QRF found and 

destroyed six 155 mm projectiles, forty-eight 60 mm 

mortars, and 5,300 rounds of small arms ammunition 

in Tuvalu. Moreover, the QRF provided training to the 

local police force on how to conduct open pit burns 

in the event more small arms ammunition is located.

The QRF, and its predecessor the Quick Reaction 

Demining Force, have deployed to Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cyprus, Democratic 

Republic of the Congo, Kiribati, the Kyrgyz Republic, 

Iraq, Libya, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, the 

Philippines, Saint Kitts, Serbia, Solomon Islands, Sri 

Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Tuvalu, Uruguay, and Vietnam. 

http://www.state.gov/t/pm/wra/

A QRF EOD specialist carries .50 caliber ammunition recovered from a 

sunken WWII seaplane. Removing such hazards increases safety for the 

local populace and aids in conservation efforts. 

Photo courtesy of Golden West.
28 EUROPE

I

n 2015, top CWD priorities for Europe included preventing illicit transfers of SA/LW, reducing the 

likelihood of unplanned ammunition or weapons depot explosions, and continuing programs to 

remove landmines and UXO left from the Yugoslav Wars. The United States continued to support 

regional security through a large-scale ammunition demilitarization project in Ukraine, a stockpile 

reduction initiative in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and ongoing programs in Serbia and Albania. These 

programs help prevent the illicit use and trafficking of SA/LW in Eastern Europe and reduce the 

likelihood of ammunition depot explosions.

Since 1993, the United States has supported extensive efforts to rid Europe of the vestiges of 

past conflicts, providing more than $370 million in CWD funding. Funding and clearance efforts by 

the United States have freed much of Southeast Europe from the impact of landmines and other 

dangerous UXO, and PSSM and demilitarization projects support both regional and civilian security.

Albania � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 30

Armenia� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �31

Azerbaijan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �31

Bosnia & Herzegovina� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 32

Bulgaria � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33

Croatia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33

Georgia� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34

Serbia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34

Ukraine � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 35

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 36
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 29

UKRAINE

ALBANIA

CROATIA

BULGARIA

BOSNIA & 

HERZEGOVINA

KOSOVO

SERBIA

ROMANIA

MACEDONIA

MONTENEGRO

CZECH 

REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

ESTONIA

LITHUANIA

MOLDOVA

CYPRUS

GEORGIA

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding 

in Europe from all U.S. agencies, 1993–2015: 

more than $370 million

Albania

10.80%

Armenia

3.69%

Azerbaijan

8.23%

Bosnia and Herzegovina

28.37%

Bulgaria

2.90%

Croatia

10.09%

Cyprus

0.03%

Czech Republic

0.16%

Estonia

1.27%

Georgia

8.83%

Kosovo

7.96%

Lithuania

0.13%

Macedonia

0.54%

Moldova

0.17%

Montenegro

2.32%

Romania

0.68%

Serbia

4.91%

Serbia and Montenegro

1.52%

Ukraine

7.31%

Slovenia

0.07%

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
30 EUROPE

Albania

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY00–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,324 2,135 1,500 38,270

DoD 10 185 147 364

USAID 0 0 0 1,389

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,334 2,320 1,647 40,023

Dollars in thousands

Although declared mine free in 2009, Albania continues to face UXO contamination. After the fall of the 

communist dictatorship in 1991, Albania was left with immense 

stockpiles of obsolete and poorly maintained weapons and 

munitions. During civil unrest in the 1990s, many weapons and 

munitions depots were looted or burned. Significant amounts of 

ammunition were scattered, leaving large swaths of land that 

were dangerous, uninhabitable, and unfit for use. UXO at former military impact ranges and depot explosion sites, otherwise 

known as “hotspots,” pose the greatest threat. In 2008, an explosion at a demilitarization factory at Gerdec killed 26 people and 

injured more than 300, drawing the government’s attention to 

its problem of poorly stored, aging munitions. 

From 2000 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $40 million in Albania for CWD efforts, including $14.5 

million in assistance for the cleanup at Gerdec.

From October 2014 to December 2015, the Department of State 

supported the work of the following implementing partners:

• ITF Enhancing Human Security (ITF) reduced threats to 

civilian safety and economic livelihood posed by UXO 

through systematic clearance of contaminated hotspots 

in Pisar-Gjirokastër, Korçë-Gjirokastër, and SinanajTepelenë, while also supporting the development of the 

Albanian Mine and Munition Coordination Office. 

• NSPA partnered with the Organization for Security and 

Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to support an ongoing 

project to safely destroy remaining surplus and obsolete 

ammunition from communist-era stockpiles. Since its 

inception in 2011, this program demilitarized more than 

90 million mines, mortars, and rounds of ammunition. 

With funding from the Department of Defense, U.S. 

European Command (USEUCOM) and U.S. National 

Guard personnel from the state of New Jersey through the 

State Partnership Program provided a Basic Medical and 

Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC) train-the-trainer course to 

15 Albanian hospital and EOD center medics, and conducted 

a follow-on EOD Level 1 train-the-trainer course with the 

Albanian EOD center. This event included ordnance identification, UXO disposal training, and instruction in UXO education and risk reduction. The OHDACA appropriation funded 

humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, 

equipment, and services.

NPA clearance teams identify and mark UXO for destruction in Pisar-Gjirokastër, Korçë-Gjirokastër, and Sinanaj-Tepelenë, Albania.

Photo courtesy of ITF.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 31

Armenia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY93–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 700 301 300 4,292

DOS Other 0 0 0 3,000

DoD 169 187 40 3,231

USAID 0 0 997 3,145

COUNTRY TOTAL 869 488 1,337 13,668

Dollars in thousands

The 1988–1994 war between Armenia and Azerbaijan 

over the Nagorno-Karabakh region left parts of 

Armenia heavily contaminated by landmines and UXO. A 

2012 survey by FSD, in partnership with the Armenia Center 

for Humanitarian Demining and Expertise (ACHDE), identified more than 37.4 million square meters (9,241 acres) of confirmed hazardous areas. Armenia has made significant gains in 

its demining program and manages clearance operations independently, due in part to previous U.S. training and capacity 

building programs. Therefore, 2015 is the final year of CWD 

funding for Armenia from the U.S. government. 

From 1993 through 2015, the United States contributed more 

than $13.6 million to Armenia with the aim of building capacity within the government to manage its residual UXO problem. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner: 

• ITF, in partnership with Marshall Legacy Institute (MLI) 

and the Mine Detection Dog Center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, provided six highly trained mine detection dogs and 

accompanying trainers to the ACHDE to support building 

Armenia’s national capacity to safely clear landmines.

With Department of Defense funding, USEUCOM deployed 

military EOD personnel to conduct a site visit to the ACHDE. 

USEUCOM EOD personnel provided EOD training and 

deployed U.S. National Guard personnel from the state of 

Kansas through the State Partnership Program to conduct a 

train-the-trainer course in CASEVAC to 15 Armenian medics 

from the Armenian Peacekeeping Brigade and the ACHDE. 

This was a Phase III event with State Partnership Program 

National Guard personnel observing Armenians conduct the 

course. The OHDACA appropriation funded humanitarian 

mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, 

and services.

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund supported the work of 

Save the Children in its promotion of economic activities for 

persons with disabilities.

Azerbaijan

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY99–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 325 325 305 22,415

DOS Other 0 0 0 1,100

DoD 0 0 0 6,975

COUNTRY TOTAL 325 325 305 30,490

Dollars in thousands

Most of Azerbaijan’s landmine challenges stem from 

the ongoing conflict with Armenia over the disputed 

Nagorno-Karabakh region. However, abandoned Soviet-era 

munitions dumps, firing ranges, and UXO also pose significant 

threats. A landmine impact survey completed in June 2003 indicated that most of the contamination was concentrated in 

war-torn districts along the ceasefire line and border with 

Armenia, especially in the Fizuli District. Subsequent clearance, surveys, and land release show Azerbaijan reduced its 

estimated contamination area to approximately 112 square kilometers (43 square miles). However, the mine and UXO problem remains severe in areas occupied by Armenian forces, including Nagorno-Karabakh and the Nakhchivan regions.

From 1999 through 2015, the United States invested 

more than $30.4 million in CWD programs in Azerbaijan 

aimed at mine and UXO clearance, training, equipment procurement, and expanding humanitarian demining teams, 

including mine detection dog teams. These funds were primarily directed through NSPA to the Azerbaijan National 

Agency for Mine Action and significantly reduced the area 

of contamination, restoring access to land and infrastructure for the community. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the work of the following 

implementing partner: 

• NSPA continued Phase II of a three-phase clearance 

project across 64 million square meters (25 square miles) 

of the former Soviet military testing facility and training field in the Jeyranchel area along Azerbaijan’s border 

with Georgia. 

A HALO team clears a site in Davit Bek, Armenia, where a 13-year-old boy 

found two landmines.

Photo courtesy of Department of State.
32 EUROPE

Bosnia and Herzegovina

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY96–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 4,445 4,400 3,600 75,757

DOS Other 0 0 0 1,000

CDC 0 0 0 3,210

DoD 241 156 0 4,660

USAID 0 0 0 20,500

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,686 4,556 3,600 105,127

Dollars in thousands

The breakup of Yugoslavia and subsequent regional 

conflicts left Bosnia and Herzegovina heavily 

contaminated with landmines and UXO. It also left the country 

with substantial stockpiles of conventional arms and munitions 

from the former Yugoslav National Army in excess of its 

current national security needs. Most minefields remain in the 

area of separation between Bosnia and Herzegovina’s two 

political entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

and the Republika Srpska, and around strategic facilities, such 

as ammunition or weapons depots. As of December 2015, 

there were reportedly 1,100 square kilometers (424 square 

miles) of mine-contaminated land, consisting of 9,185 separate 

minefields. Bosnia and Herzegovina also had approximately 

14,000 tons of excess arms and ammunition, although this 

number has not been verified. Due to poorly maintained 

stockpiles of aging and unstable munitions, two unplanned 

explosions have occurred at munitions depots since 1987. 

From 1996 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $105.1 million in Bosnia and Herzegovina for CWD 

programs, including landmine clearance, mine risk education, survivor assistance, munitions stockpile destruction, 

and PSSM initiatives.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the work of the following 

implementing partners:

• ITF, in close coordination with the U.S. Embassy in 

Sarajevo and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action 

Center, selected the highest priority tasks and issued 

competitive tenders for small-scale survey and clearance 

operations. 

• MLI continued its Children Against Mines Program 

(CHAMPS) and the Mine Detection Dog Partnership 

Program, which enhance indigenous demining capacity, 

provide mine risk education to various ethnic groups, and 

assist landmine survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

• Janus Global continued to support the Bosnia and 

Herzegovina Ministry of Defense in destroying approximately 14,000 tons of excess, unsafe arms and ammunition, a project run in close coordination with the U.S. 

Embassy in Sarajevo and the Armed Forces of Bosnia and 

Herzegovina.

With Department of Defense funding, USEUCOM, in conjunction with forces from the Navy Special Warfare Unit-2,

When heavy rains flooded Bosnia and Herzegovina 

in 2014, concerns about unearthed mines led MLI 

to deploy a mine detection dog team: Betsy, an 8-yearold German shepherd, and her trainer, Alden. Together 

they were able to navigate through the debris and quickly 

search the suspected hazardous areas, protecting the local 

population from potential landmine accidents. Their success earned them the title of MLI’s 2014 Mine Detection 

Dog Team of the Year.

Over the past seven years, Betsy and Alden have 

searched approximately 416,826 square meters (103 acres) 

of mine-contaminated land in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A 

trained mine detection dog and its handler can search an 

area up to 30 times faster than a human demining technician, without compromising accuracy. Betsy and Alden’s 

work has saved lives and prevented injuries from landmines 

and UXO. 

When Betsy retires, Alden plans to adopt her. Though 

they may not be working together in the field, their hard 

Alden and Betsy have searched 416,826 square meters (103 acres) of minecontaminated land in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Photo courtesy of MLI.

work will continue to have an impact on communities in 

Bosnia and Herzegovina by giving them a safe place to live 

and work. 

Forming a Lasting Bond
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 33

conducted an EOD Level 1 event including ordnance identification, UXO disposal training, instruction in UXO education, and risk reduction. The OHDACA appropriation funded 

humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, 

equipment, and services.

Bulgaria

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY01–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,250 0 250 10,729

DoD 0 31 0 31

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,250 31 250 10,760

Dollars in thousands

Bulgaria declared itself mine free in 1999 when the last 

minefields along its border with Greece were cleared. 

However, its massive Cold War-era stockpiles of conventional 

arms and munitions pose serious humanitarian, security, and 

financial challenges. CWD assistance in the past focused on 

reducing the Ministry of Defense’s stockpile of conventional 

arms and munitions, as well as remediating the blast site at the 

Chelopechene munitions depot in eastern Bulgaria, which 

exploded in 2008. With U.S. government support, UXO clearance efforts at this site were completed in July 2012. CWD 

assistance to Bulgaria now focuses on PSSM. 

From 2001 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $10.7 million for CWD in Bulgaria. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State continued to support NSPA in assisting Bulgaria to 

reduce its stockpiles of cluster munitions. Due to technical 

delays, this project remained on hold during the duration of 

the reporting period.

Croatia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY99–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 999 900 850 36,688

DoD 713 0 0 713

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,712 900 850 37,401

Dollars in thousands

Like other countries in the Balkans, Croatia was left 

with extensive landmine and UXO contamination 

from the Yugoslav Wars, which occurred between 1992 and 

1995. Despite a robust commercial demining sector with many 

companies competing for demining tasks, Croatia is still 

affected by mines and UXO. The country also has a research 

and development sector for demining-related technologies, and 

the Croatian government funds more than 90% of demining 

tasks performed on its territory. Croatia maintains a sizeable 

Mine detection dog and handler in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of December 2015, Bosnia and Herzegovina had some 9,185 separate minefields.

Photo courtesy of MLI.
34 EUROPE

stockpile of conventional arms and munitions inherited from 

the Yugoslav national military, many of which are beyond their 

shelf life, exceed national defense requirements, and are in 

need of demilitarization. 

From 1999 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $37.4 million for CWD in Croatia. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner:

• ITF worked closely with the Croatian Ministry of Defense 

to identify and reduce stockpiles of excess, aging, and 

potentially unstable conventional ammunition. It also 

supported a small landmine clearance project with the 

Croatian Mine Action Center.

Georgia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY98–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,500 500 500 28,605

DOS Other 0 0 0 2,644

DoD 0 167 209 1,490

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,500 667 709 32,739

Dollars in thousands

In addition to stockpiles of old and deteriorating 

Soviet munitions, conflict in the South Ossetia (1988–

1992) and Abkhazia (1992–1993) regions of Georgia left landmine and UXO contamination along the boundary lines 

between these regions, and around former Soviet Union military bases in Georgia. A week of fighting in 2008 between 

Georgian and Russian forces in South Ossetia contaminated 20 

square kilometers (7.7 square miles) of land with cluster munitions between the cities of Gori and Tskhinvali. In January 

2010, NPA completed a general mine action assessment identifying eight suspected hazardous areas and seven confirmed 

hazardous areas in 13 districts. In November 2011, all 336 

known minefields in the Abkhazia region were declared to be 

mine free. The Department of State concluded CWD assistance to Georgia in 2015. The final year of funding focused on 

improving Georgian capacity to manage CWD-related issues 

in order to bring contamination and stockpile amounts to levels 

the Georgian government can manage. Georgia’s goal is to 

clear all residual UXO contamination independently. 

From 1998 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $32.7 million in CWD programs in Georgia aimed at 

training, clearance, and safe disposal of mines and UXO, as 

well as destruction of excess and aging conventional weapons 

and munitions. 

From October 2014 to December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners:

• HALO completed UXO survey and clearance of the former Soviet training range at Udabno. It also conducted 

clearance on the Chognari minefield, a former military 

base, with support from the government of Japan.

• A multi-donor, joint OSCE/UN demilitarization project in Georgia disposed of over 344 tons of conventional 

ammunition, including 1,085 aerial cluster bombs. The 

ammunition was safely transported from its storage site in 

Vartzikhe, and successfully destroyed at the Vaziani firing 

range in eastern Georgia.

With Department of Defense funding, USEUCOM deployed 

military EOD personnel to follow up on an EOD Level I course 

with the Georgian Engineer Battalion consisting of ordnance 

identification and UXO disposal training, which included 

instruction in UXO education and risk reduction. USEUCOM 

also deployed U.S. National Guard personnel from the state of 

Maryland through the State Partnership Program to conduct 

a train-the-trainer course in CASEVAC to 10 Estonian Rescue 

Board EOD Center personnel. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

Serbia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY07–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,000 900 1,500 18,185

DoD 0 0 3 3

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,000 900 1,503 18,188

Dollars in thousands

Serbia’s landmine and UXO contamination stems from 

the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, and from NATO airstrikes targeting military sites during the 1999 Kosovo conflict. 

Beyond UXO, landmine contamination persists along Serbia’s 

shared borders with Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 

Kosovo. While recent clearance efforts reduced contamination 

in these areas, several impacted locales have not yet been 

cleared. Serbia also faces additional risks stemming from a large 

stockpile of aging munitions inherited from the former Yugoslav 

National Army. A massive explosion on October 19, 2006 at a 

munitions depot near the town of Paracin caused extensive 

damage and highlighted the danger posed by these stockpiles. 

A sign marks a minefield in Croatia.

Photo courtesy of the Croatian Mine Action Center.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 35

From 2007 through 2015, the United States invested over 

$18.1 million in CWD efforts in Serbia supporting SA/

LW destruction programs and addressing mine and UXO 

contamination. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• ITF continued clearance of high-priority sites determined 

by the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade and the Serbian Mine 

Action Center. In coordination with NPA, ITF also conducted mine risk education for migrants moving through 

Serbia, as it was one of the primary transit countries for 

migrants fleeing conflicts in the Middle East and South 

Asia for safe haven in Germany and other European 

Union countries.

• NSPA conducted site surveys and completed the initial 

stages of a project to destroy excess stockpiles of outdated 

and at-risk conventional munitions at the Kragujevac facility.

With Department of Defense funding, USEUCOM conducted a requested site visit to Serbia to plan for EOD training for a Serbian EOD platoon. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

Ukraine

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY04–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,000 7,095 1,440 25,567

DoD 0 0 303 480

USAID 0 0 1,031 1,031

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,000 7,095 2,774 27,078

Dollars in thousands

Ukraine continues to maintain large quantities of excess 

and aging conventional arms and munitions remaining 

after the Soviet forces’ withdrawal. In 2005, NSPA estimated 

that Ukraine held as many as 7 million SA/LW and stored as 

much as 2 million tons of ammunition in more than 80 depots. 

These excess, aging, and potentially unstable munitions represent a security threat to the country and the region. In October 

2015, a depot explosion in Svatove, Luhansk killed two people 

and injured 16. In addition, the recent conflict in eastern 

Ukraine has resulted in extensive landmine and UXO 

Ammunition demilitarized through the NATO Partnership for Peace Trust Fund awaits pickup by the Ukraine Ministry of Defense from the Hrechany demilitarization site for recycling. 

Photo courtesy of Department of State.
36 EUROPE

contamination in provinces along the Russian border. These 

explosive hazards represent a threat to combatants and civilians 

alike. At least 300 civilian casualties from mines or UXO have 

occurred since the conflict started in 2014. 

From 2004 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $27 million for SA/LW, survivor assistance, and PSSM 

initiatives in Ukraine. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner:

• NSPA continued to implement the NATO Partnership 

for Peace Trust Fund, the largest conventional munitions 

stockpile reduction project in history. The United States is 

the lead nation in this effort, and the goal of the current 

phase of the project is to destroy a total of 76,000 tons 

of conventional ammunition, including 3 million anti-personnel landmines, and reduce excess SA/LW stockpiles 

by 366,000 weapons. This project serves to lower the risk 

of unplanned depot explosions, reduce the security threat 

posed by excess SA/LW and ammunition, and strengthen 

security cooperation among NATO allies on nonproliferation issues.

With Department of Defense funding, USEUCOM visited 

Ukrainian State Emergency Service representatives to identify 

EOD training and equipment opportunities and to vet proposed training site locations. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, 

travel, equipment, and services.

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund provided assistance to 

United Cerebral Palsy Wheels for Humanity to support training for rehabilitation service personnel and economic empowerment, assistive technology delivery, and medical and physical 

rehabilitation for people with disabilities.

Other U.S. Support

From October 2014 through December 2015, the U.S. government contributed $752,000 for CWD in other European countries. The Department of State did not fund activities in these 

countries, but the Department of Defense, with funding from 

the OHDACA appropriation for humanitarian mine action 

activities, supplies, travel, equipment, and services, supported 

the following:

• Cyprus: USEUCOM and experts from the Defense 

Ammunition Center conducted two ammunition security 

and explosives safety site planning technical assistance 

events. This training assisted the Cypriots in improving site safety. USEUCOM also conducted a follow-on 

advanced disposal destruction techniques course with the 

Cypriot National Guard. This event also served as a site 

visit to provide a full EOD Level 1 course. 

• Estonia: USEUCOM, with U.S. National Guard personnel from the state of Maryland through the State Partnership Program conducted a CASEVAC train-the-trainer 

course for 10 Estonian Rescue Board EOD Center personnel. USEUCOM also trained Estonian personnel on the 

use of media equipment and procedures to create, edit, 

and publish custom media that spreads awareness of the 

dangers of UXO.

• Kosovo: USEUCOM conducted EOD training with 20 

Kosovo Security Forces EOD personnel, an initial engagement that USEUCOM humanitarian mine action intends 

to continue on a semi-annual basis. 

• Moldova: USEUCOM and experts from the Defense 

Ammunition Center conducted a site assessment of 

Moldovan stockpiles to provide requested training. They 

conducted a follow-on EOD Level 1 course with the 

Moldovan Engineer Battalion. The course covered ordnance identification, UXO disposal training, and instruction in UXO education and risk reduction. In addition, 

USEUCOM, with U.S. National Guard personnel from 

the state of North Carolina through the State Partnership 

Program conducted a CASEVAC train-the-trainer course 

for 20 Moldovan Medical personnel. 

• Montenegro: USEUCOM conducted an Underwater 

Technical Survey course with the Montenegrin Naval 

Hydrographic Institute and Naval EOD forces. 

Moldovan engineers train on the proper techniques to conduct reconnaissance of unexploded ordnance. USEUCOM, with U.S. National Guard 

personnel from the state of North Carolina through the State Partnership 

Program, provided training to the Moldovan Engineer Battalion.

Photo courtesy of USEUCOM.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 37

The Senior Managers’ Courses (SMC) organized 

by the Center for International Stabilization and 

Recovery (CISR) at James Madison University (JMU) 

bring together senior-level managers from mine action organizations for training in organizational management skills. During the course, which is sponsored 

by PM/WRA, participants refine their program management and strategic planning skills, share expertise 

and exchange best practices in CWD, and develop a 

professional network for collaboration with colleagues 

from other countries, international experts, JMU faculty, CISR staff, and PM/WRA personnel.

CISR hosted nine SMCs at the JMU campus in 

Harrisonburg, Virginia before launching its first 

regional SMC in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in 2014. In 2015, 

CISR hosted the largest SMC to date: a Southeast 

Asia Regional SMC in Vietnam for 30 participants from 

Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, 

representing 21 different mine action and CWD 

governmental and nongovernmental organizations. 

CISR worked closely with the International CenterVietnam Veterans of America Foundation in Hanoi 

and the Association for Empowerment of Persons with 

Disabilities (AEPD) in Quang Binh to implement the 

course, which addressed general CWD best practices 

and the specific needs of the Southeast Asia region. 

The course included two weeks of classroom instruction in Hanoi and one week of field visits in two provinces in central Vietnam.

CISR staff led the instruction in conjunction with 

JMU College of Business faculty, PM/WRA staff, and 

guest lecturers. Representatives from the Vietnam 

National Mine Action Center, various local nongovernmental organizations, and the Geneva International 

Center for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) contributed field-based expertise and program implementation experience on the management of residual UXO, 

promoting partnerships, and national capacity building. Participants visited a MAG clearance site, AEPD’s 

survivor assistance program in Quang Binh and, with 

the support of the Legacy of War Coordination Center 

and its partner organizations, the survey, clearance, and 

post-clearance worksites in Quang Tri. CISR also hosted 

a global SMC on the JMU campus in Spring 2016. The 

next regional SMC will be in Croatia in Spring 2017. 

http://jmu.edu/CISR

The 2015 Regional Senior Managers’ Course visits a post-clearance development site in Quang Tri Province. The course was held in Vietnam and 

facilitated by CISR.

Photo courtesy of CISR.
38 MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA

Decades of conflict and regional instability in the Middle East and North Africa have driven the CWD priorities of countries in the region. The presence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the 

Levant (ISIL) dramatically changed the CWD landscape in Iraq and Syria resulting in massive UXO 

contamination and displacing several million people—both IDPs and refugees who fled to neighboring countries. Libya continues to experience violence related to the illicit flow and use of SA/LW. In 

Yemen, fighting in the current conflict has contaminated previously cleared areas with UXO, undoing 

some of the progress achieved in 2013. 

Despite these setbacks, many countries continue to implement successful U.S.-funded CWD projects. The Lebanon Mine Action Center (LMAC) is positioning itself to become a regional center of 

excellence. The Yemen Executive Mine Action Center (YEMAC), with the support of a technical advisor, successfully drafted the first iteration of a national strategy, a critical initial step to address the 

persistent threats posed by landmines and UXO throughout the country. The Iraqi Kurdistan Mine 

Action Center (IKMAA) and the Baghdad-based Directorate of Mine Action (DMA) signed a successful memorandum of understanding to allow positive information sharing, resulting in more efficient 

survey and clearance throughout the country. These successes show that despite uncertainty and 

ongoing conflicts, CWD projects can play a fundamental role in stabilization and conflict resolution.

The United States’ CWD efforts focus on survey and clearance projects to enable the safe return 

of IDPs and refugees to their homes, as well as developing strong and capable local humanitarian 

mine action capacities. Programs also include life-saving mine risk education targeted at refugees 

and IDPs escaping conflicts, survivor assistance projects for rehabilitation, and vocational training to 

help landmine survivors return to work. All these efforts improve economic stability. Since 1993, the 

United States has contributed more than $454 million in CWD funding to help build regional stability 

in the Middle East and North Africa.

Iraq � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 40

Jordan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 41

Lebanon � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 41

Libya � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42

Palestinian Territories � � � � � � � � � 43

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 44

Syria � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42

Yemen � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 39

LIBYA

JORDAN

PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES

LEBANON

IRAQ

YEMEN

TUNISIA

EGYPT

OMAN

BAHRAIN

SYRIA

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding 

in the Middle East and North Africa from all U.S. agencies, 

1993–2015: more than $454 million

*less than 0.01%

*Bahrain

Egypt

0.16%

Iraq

66.14%

Jordan

6.01%

Lebanon

12.58%

Libya

5.51%

Oman

0.95%

Palestinian 

Territories

0.90%

Syria

1.88% Tunisia

0.17% Yemen

5.70%

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
40 MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA

Iraq

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY03–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 23,805 23,177 18,000 194,331

DOS Other 0 0 0 992

CDC 0 0 0 450

DoD 160 573 0 104,970

COUNTRY TOTAL 23,965 23,750 18,000 300,743

Dollars in thousands

Iraq is contaminated by an estimated 10 to 15 million landmines and UXO from conflicts dating back 

to the 1940s. Numerous large barrier minefields and UXO 

remain along the Iran/Iraq border as a result of the 1980s conflict between the two nations. The wars from 1990 to 1991 and 

the conflict that began in 2003 scattered significant amounts 

of UXO throughout the country, with most contamination 

concentrated in the south. More recently, the activities of ISIL 

in Iraq have dramatically altered the CWD landscape. The 

extent of the contamination is unclear, as security and access 

concerns limit survey and clearance activities. Also, as civilians flee large cities, they often enter areas where UXO hazards and level of contamination are unknown, significantly 

increasing the risk of casualties.

 From 2003 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $300.7 million in Iraq for the clearance and disposal 

of landmines, UXO, and excess conventional weapons and 

munitions. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners:

• DDG conducted survey and clearance operations in 

southern Iraq, assisted in developing the program capacity of the Regional Mine Action Center-South (RMAC-S) 

in coordination with the Directorate of Mine Action 

(DMA), and delivered risk education reaching 120,000 

beneficiaries in northern Iraq.

• FSD deployed survey and clearance teams to increase 

civilian security for returning IDPs.

• GICHD facilitated a three-day country planning workshop for key mine action stakeholders to assess future 

options and opportunities for advancing the management 

of CWD activities in Iraq. 

• Information Management & Mine Action Programs 

(iMMAP) advisors provided operational management, 

strategic planning, survivor assistance support, and technical expertise. In September 2015, DMA, IKMAA, and 

iMMAP signed a memorandum of understanding allowing iMMAP to establish a joint DMA and IKMAA information management database to track humanitarian mine 

action in areas liberated from ISIL, and facilitate the flow 

NPA conducts risk education for IDPs in Iraq. Risk education is critical for people returning to their homes who are unfamiliar with the UXO threat.

Photo courtesy of NPA.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 41

of data among various mine action nongovernmental 

organizations assisting in reconstruction efforts.

• MAG conducted survey, clearance, and spot tasks to 

safely remove and destroy landmines and UXO from 

northern and central Iraq, with plans to begin clearing 

newly liberated areas for the safe return of IDPs such as 

the Yazidi population. 

• MLI provided advanced training to 12 mine detection dog 

teams working with a local Iraqi demining organization. 

Furthermore, MLI continued the CHAMPS program in 

southern Iraq, which linked three American schools to 

three Iraqi schools to promote mine risk education and 

provide medical assistance to young survivors.

• NPA provided technical advisors to RMAC-S to assist in 

its role as a regulatory body to coordinate and monitor 

mine action activities. The project enabled RMAC-S to 

implement surveys designed to provide a more accurate 

picture of the mine and UXO situation in southern Iraq. 

• SoS implemented risk education using soccer to teach 

children about the risks of landmines and UXO. SoS also 

incorporated trauma training for youth affected by ISILrelated violence, and pursued local league and tournament 

sponsorships, targeting young Iraqi males at risk of joining 

extremist groups.

The Department of Defense HD R&D Program, in partnership with MAG, continued to evaluate the Rebel Crusher 

contaminated soil processing plant, several excavator-sifting 

attachments, a stand-alone orbital sifter, and a commercial 

front-loader attachment. The technology is completing complicated, low density mine clearance tasks around villages 

and agricultural areas in northern Iraq that have been mineaffected for more than 20 years. To date, the equipment has 

sifted 225,000 cubic meters (294,288 cubic yards) of contaminated soil and uncovered or destroyed 2,128 mines and 

pieces of UXO. 

Jordan

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY96–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,200 0 500 21,636

DOS Other 0 0 0 300

CDC 0 0 0 2,968

DoD 0 0 0 2,418

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,200 0 500 27,322

Dollars in thousands

Contamination by landmines and UXO in Jordan 

stems from the 1948 partition of Palestine, the 1967–

1969 Arab-Israeli conflict, the 1970 civil war, and the 1975 

conflict with Syria. Although in April 2012 Jordan declared 

itself “free from the threat of all known minefields,” some 

residual minefields exist in three main areas: the northern 

border with Syria, the Jordan River valley, and the Wadi Arab 

region in the south.

From 1996 through 2015, the United States contributed 

more than $27.3 million in assistance to clear landmines and 

UXO, deliver risk education, and provide survivor assistance. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner:

• Polus Center for Social and Economic Development 

began a survivor assistance project in October 2015 to 

provide rehabilitation, vocational training, and prosthetics to survivors of landmine and UXO accidents and 

deliver mine risk education to Jordanians and Syrians 

within the country’s borders.

Lebanon

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY98–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 3,000 2,500 2,000 36,175

DOS Other 0 0 0 2,000

DoD 80 50 44 9,194

USAID 0 0 0 9,850

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,080 2,550 2,044 57,219

Dollars in thousands

Lebanon remains contaminated with various types of 

UXO from the 1975 to 1991 civil war, as well as the 

Israeli-Hezbollah conflict of 2006. According to the LMAC 

annual report, by the end of 2014, more than 62 million square 

meters (15,320 acres) of contaminated areas remained. Since 

1975, landmines and UXO have killed an estimated 900 people 

and injured thousands more, and the threat of UXO, especially 

in southern Lebanon, continues to hamper development. Given 

Lebanon’s position in the region and overall strength of LMAC, 

the country serves as a critical hub for CWD capacity. 

From 1998 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $57.2 million in CWD for Lebanon, including $10 million in emergency assistance provided in response to the 2006 

Israeli-Hezbollah conflict. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• DCA created multi-task teams and risk education teams 

to support clearance of legacy minefields and UXO 

contamination.

• Handicap International conducted mine and UXO clearance operations in northern Lebanon communities. 

• MAG conducted battle area and mine clearance activities 

with the aim of supporting socioeconomic development in 

southern and central Lebanon.

• NPA conducted battle area clearance in central Lebanon. 

• MLI provided LMAC with five dogs to support the Mine 
42 MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA

Detection Dog Partnership Program while continuing its 

survivor assistance programs. 

• ITF conducted clearance operations in southern Lebanon 

with a matching grant from Organization of Petroleum 

Exporting Countries. 

• GICHD’s Arabic Outreach Program, which was partially 

supported by the United States, resulted in a workshop to 

improve knowledge, exchange experiences, and promote 

best mine action practices throughout the Arabic-speaking 

world. Two LMAC participants were sent to the program 

for advanced training. 

The Department of Defense HD R&D Program continued 

to support mine action assistance and technology in Lebanon. 

MAG evaluated several soil excavation, sifting, and grinding 

attachments on their own armored excavators. In addition, the 

Terrapin small excavator is speeding manual clearance by cutting and removing thick vegetation and excavating rocky areas to 

expose ordnance. Together the technologies have cleared 120,000 

square meters (30 acres) and found 4,393 mines and UXO.

Libya

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 0 1,000 1,500 5,500

DOS Other 1,775 0 0 19,575

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,775 1,000 1,500 25,075

Dollars in thousands

Stockpiles of Qadhafi-era arms and munitions proliferated in Libya and the region during the 2011 revolution. In mid 2014, fierce fighting between Libyan militias and 

rival governing factions caused further landmine and UXO 

contamination. The U.S. government is working with allies, 

international organizations, and implementing partners to better coordinate activities that counter the spread of weapons 

throughout the region and mitigate the threats to civilians 

posed by UXO. The United States works through ITF to build 

the capacity of the Libyan Mine Action Center (LibMAC) and 

to assist communities as they become accessible. 

From 2011 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $25 million working with partners and allies to coordinate 

a CWD response with a focus on MANPADS destruction and 

UXO removal. However, ongoing conflict and instability inhibited implementers’ access to certain communities.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partner: 

• ITF helped the LibMAC develop standard operating procedures and national standards while building explosive 

risk education capacity.

Syria

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY13–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 550 0 8,000 8,550

COUNTRY TOTAL 550 0 8,000 8,550

Dollars in thousands

The Syrian civil war, which began in 2011, and the rise 

of ISIL resulted in massive contamination of UXO in 

Syria. According to the United Nations, an estimated 6.6 million Syrians are internally displaced, and almost 5 million have 

fled Syria into bordering countries. 

In 2013, the United States provided $550,000 for mine risk 

education. In 2015, the United States allocated $8 million for 

a range of humanitarian mine action activities. In late 2015 

MAG began mobilizing for program implementation, but further activity was put on hold due to ongoing security concerns.

Yemen

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY97–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,000 700 2,000 21,055

DoD 0 0 0 4,846

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,000 700 2,000 25,901

Dollars in thousands

Over the past 50 years, Yemen has been plagued with a 

number of conflicts (1962-1969; 1970-1983; and 1994) 

that have resulted in a significant and deadly legacy of landmines and UXO. Prior to the 1990 unification of North and 

South Yemen, landmines were laid which still remain. Armed 

conflict between al-Qa‘ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) 

and government troops began in 2009 and escalated during 

2011. AQAP left behind IEDs interspersed with older landmines and UXO when it withdrew from areas under its control 

in southern Yemen in 2012. Successful landmine survey and 

clearance efforts achieved after 2012 were hampered due to 

intensified fighting between the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary 

Council and the government starting in September 2014. As a 

result of the continued fighting, the extent and impact caused by 

A female deminer works in Lebanon, where landmines and UXO killed an 

estimated 900 people and injured thousands more since 1975. 

Photo courtesy of MAG.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 43

contamination from landmines and UXO has increased many 

fold. Due to the ongoing conflict, many projects were not implemented by the end of the reporting period. 

From 1997 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $25.9 million in CWD programs in Yemen. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners:

• United Nations Development Programme‘s (UNDP) 

international technical experts deployed in November 

2015 to support YEMAC in developing its national strategy, prioritizing survey and clearance efforts, as well as 

developing emergency phase clearance plans as UXO are 

found and reported by citizens. UNDP also focused on 

the development of Yemen’s local humanitarian mine 

action capacity to prioritize survey and clearance efforts 

independently to release areas for productive civilian use, 

teach citizens about the harmful effects of these remaining 

hazards through risk education, and assist in reintegration 

efforts for landmine survivors. 

• MLI conducted the CHAMPS and Mine Victims’ Assistance program in partnership with the Yemeni Association of Landmine Survivors and YEMAC to provide risk 

education, medical assistance, and rehabilitative care to 

landmine survivors.

Palestinian Territories

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 917 1,180 1,000 4,088

DoD 0 0 20 20

COUNTRY TOTAL 917 1,180 1,020 4,108

Dollars in thousands

Landmines and UXO contaminate the West Bank after decades 

of conflict beginning in 1948. The exact amount of contamination is unknown, but a 2012 survey of the West Bank identified 

90 minefields. The Jordanian military laid 13 of these fields 

from 1948 to 1967, and the Israeli military laid 77 more following the 1967 war. Today, the Israel Defense Force (IDF) conducts training exercises in parts of the West Bank resulting in 

additional UXO contamination, often discovered by the local 

TeachingYouth about Risks

Coaches trained by SoS teach Iraqi youth about the risks of landmines and 

UXO in their communities. 

Photo courtesy of SoS.

sponsorships in order to target young Iraqi males at risk of 

joining extremist groups. 

Sonya believes programs like SoS are needed in Iraq 

because mines and UXO left behind by ISIL pose a significant 

risk to children and adults throughout the country. Through 

risk education, children and coaches are exposed to lifesaving information. The information reaches more and more 

beneficiaries as students spread the messages outside the 

program.

From a young age, 24-year-old Sonya has loved playing soccer, so when she had the chance to become a 

coach with Spirit of Soccer (SoS) in Iraq, she jumped at the 

opportunity. As a coach for SoS, Sonya teaches soccer to 

children while educating them about how to recognize and 

avoid landmines and UXO. 

SoS has reached more than 100,000 children in Iraq, with 

programs in Baghdad, Basra, and Kirkuk. Through dribbling 

and passing drills, physical training, games, and tournaments, boys and girls learn new skills as well as life-saving 

information on what to do if they find a mine or dangerous 

pieces of UXO in their neighborhood, schoolyard, or play 

areas. In one SoS exercise, a coach asks a child to outrun 

a kicked soccer ball. No matter how fast the child runs, he 

or she cannot run faster than the ball. This exercise illustrates that it is impossible to outrun the blast of a mine. In 

classroom sessions, coaches encourage good sportsmanship, tolerance, and non-violent conflict resolution. The 

sessions provide invaluable lessons to help children play 

outdoors safely. Additionally, the involvement in sports 

gives children an outlet for coping with the stresses of daily 

life in a conflict zone. Expanding on these techniques, SoS 

incorporated trauma training for youth affected by ISILrelated violence, and pursued local league and tournament 
44

population while herding and farming. Following years of negotiations, clearance activities started in April 2014. This milestone marks the beginning of the first humanitarian mine action program to clear UXO and landmines in the West Bank in 

nearly 50 years. 

From 2011 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $4.1 million in CWD funding for survey and clearance 

operations. From October 2014 through December 2015, the 

Department of State supported the following implementing 

partner:

• HALO completed clearance at the a-Nabi Elyas and 

Husan minefields and liaised with the Israeli National 

Mine Action Authority, IDF, and the Palestine Mine 

Action Center to approve more minefields to be cleared. 

UXO survey will also be conducted in Hebron and Jordan 

Valley firing ranges.

The Department of Defense HD R&D Program provided 

funds for new technology to support HALO’s survey activities. 

HALO is currently evaluating the Target Reacquisition and 

Positioning System, a low-cost differential global positioning 

system, to provide accurate mapping of hazardous areas in the 

West Bank.

Other U.S. Support

From October 2014 through December 2015 the United 

States contributed $536,000 for CWD in Tunisia. With funding from the Department of Defense, USAFRICOM began 

development of a dedicated EOD training site during meetings 

between U.S. and U.K. counterparts and the commander of the 

Tunisian Army 61st Engineer School. The OHDACA appropriation funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as 

supplies, travel, equipment, and services.

A Palestinian boy rides his bike past a minefield in the West Bank. Following years of negotiations, clearance activities began in April 2014, marking the 

first humanitarian clearance of landmine contamination in the West Bank in nearly 50 years.

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 45

The Department of Defense (DoD) Humanitarian 

Demining Training Center (HDTC), located at Fort 

Lee, Virginia, USA is the Humanitarian Mine Action 

Center of Excellence for the U.S. government DoD humanitarian mine action program. 

The Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) 

is the DoD lead for the execution of security cooperation programs. DSCA implements a diverse portfolio 

of security cooperation and building partner capacity programs, including foreign military sales, foreign 

military financing, international military education 

and training, end use monitoring, and humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and mine action. The 

agency’s Directorate of Business Operations, Office 

of Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Relief, and Mine 

Action supervises HDTC and funds HDTC manpower 

and equipment. 

HDTC trains and prepares U.S. military forces, U.S. 

government stakeholders, and international partners 

to build partner nation capacity in UXO disposal and 

PSSM, using “train the trainer” instructional methods. 

The center also performs humanitarian mine action 

program management functions, including validating 

combatant command mine action project plans and 

budgets. In addition, the center monitors and evaluates global OHDACA appropriation humanitarian mine 

http://www.lee.army.mil/hdtc/

action activities. The OHDACA appropriation is the 

funding vehicle for DoD humanitarian mine action 

activities.

HDTC courses, in the context of UXO disposal, 

include landmine clearance, battle area clearance, and 

PSSM of conventional stockpiled munitions. Training 

is conducted in accordance with U.S. law and policy, 

International Mine Action Standards, and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines. HDTC and 

international partners are developing the humanitarian underwater unexploded ordnance disposal course 

for implementation in fiscal year 2017. 

The HDTC humanitarian mine action curricula and 

training in disposal of UXO and physical security of 

stockpiled conventional munitions is certified to conform to International Organization of Standardization 

(ISO) 9001:2008. ISO 9001:2008 is a quality management system designed to help organizations 

ensure they meet the needs of customers and other 

stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory 

requirements.

HDTC graduates have deployed to 49 countries in 

support of USAFRICOM, USCENTCOM, USEUCOM, 

USPACOM, and USSOUTHCOM humanitarian mine 

action programs.

HDTC’s Mobile Training Team in Rota, Spain. HDTC trains and prepares U.S. military forces, U.S. government stakeholders, and international 

partners to build partner nation capacity in UXO disposal and PSSM.

Photo courtesy of HDTC.
46 SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA

The United States remains committed to implementing CWD programs and fostering relationships in South and Central Asia, with the goal of strengthening economic ties and securing a reliable 

energy future. Though volatility in Afghanistan creates difficulties, partnership between the United 

States and South and Central Asian countries is critical for regional and global security.

Progress is being made in Tajikistan, where the national mine action center is working to meet its 

Ottawa Convention goals and obligations two years ahead of schedule, while the Kyrgyz Republic 

began work to demilitarize 80,000 large caliber high-explosive rounds.

Since 1993, the United States has provided more than $494 million in CWD funding to South and 

Central Asia. Funding for Afghanistan accounts for more than $422 million of that amount. Continued 

U.S. assistance is essential to stabilizing the region, allowing for greater economic prosperity and 

supporting progress toward peace.

Afghanistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �48

Kyrgyz Republic � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �49

Sri Lanka� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �49

Tajikistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 51

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 52
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 47

AFGHANISTAN

KYRGYZ 

REPUBLIC

TAJIKISTAN

SRI LANKA

*TURKMENISTAN

INDIA

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

PAKISTAN

NEPAL

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding in 

South and Central Asia from all U.S. agencies, 1993–2015:

more than $494 million

*Turkmenistan benefited in FY13 from Defense Threat Reduction Agency

programs. The funding does not appear on the pie chart above or the funding 

chart beginning on page 61 because the Defense Threat Reduction Agency does 

not assign dollar amounts to countries.

Afghanistan

85.62%

India

0.06%

Kazakhstan

0.06%

Kyrgyz Republic

0.24%

Nepal

0.47%

Sri Lanka

10.03%

Tajikistan

3.32%

Uzbekistan

0.02%

Pakistan

0.17%

Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine-impact free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
48 SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA

Afghanistan

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY93–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 30,785 22,450 22,700 340,719

DOS Other 0 0 0 20,000

CDC 0 0 0 1,800

DoD 355 162 744 8,041

USAID 0 0 0 51,447

COUNTRY TOTAL 31,140 22,612 23,444 422,007

Dollars in thousands

The 1979 Soviet invasion, internal armed conflict 

from 1992 to 2001, and the U.S.-led coalition’s intervention in late 2001 left considerable levels of contamination 

from landmines and UXO throughout the country. As of 

October 2015, the United Nations Mine Action Center for 

Afghanistan (UNMACA) reported 4,432 hazardous areas. 

These include suspected and confirmed minefields, ammunition supply points, battlefields, spot UXO sites, and firing 

ranges. These hazards affect 1,616 communities, 292 districts, 

and 33 provinces covering 1,603 square kilometers (619 square 

miles) directly impacting over 800,000 people (those living 

within 500 meters of a known hazard area) and indirectly 

affecting the entire population of Afghanistan. 

From 1993 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $422 million in weapons destruction and demining assistance to Afghanistan, enabling clearance of areas contaminated by landmines and UXO and supporting removal and 

destruction of abandoned ordnance and other explosives. As of 

September 2015, over 197 square kilometers (76 square miles) 

of land was cleared, and approximately 7.96 million landmines, 

pieces of UXO, and stockpiled munitions were destroyed. 

From October 2014 through December 2015 the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing 

partners: 

• Janus Global supported PM/WRA in the monitoring and 

evaluation of more than 200 mine clearance projects and 

the mentoring and oversight of five Afghan nongovernmental organizations. While Janus Global facilitated the 

transition of eight CWD teams to HALO, they retain oversight through technical advisor visits. 

• Afghan Technical Consultants conducted clearance operations in Parwan, Nangarhar, and Baghlan Provinces on 

high-priority tasks selected by the United Nations Mine 

Action Program of Afghanistan (MAPA) in coordination 

with Janus Global. 

• The Agency for Rehabilitation and Energy Conservation 

in Afghanistan conducted a community-based mine clearance program in the high-threat Momandara District, 

Nangarhar Province. 

• The Demining Agency for Afghanistan (DAFA) entered 

its third year of community-based demining projects in the 

Zharey District of Kandahar Province and the Nahri Seraj 

District of Helmand Province. DAFA also conducted 

clearance operations in Balkh Province on high-priority tasks selected by MAPA in coordination with Janus 

Global.

• FSD conducted clearance operations in northern Badakhshan Province on high-priority tasks selected by MAPA in 

coordination with PM/WRA and U.S. Embassy Kabul. 

• GICHD coordinated and managed an annual International Donor and Implementing Partner Coordination 

Workshop to support MAPA. This four-day workshop was 

held in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), where Afghan nationals 

and international representatives met to discuss program 

management. 

• HALO conducted weapons and ammunition disposal 

and assessments throughout central, western, and northern Afghanistan. HALO also deployed eight CWD teams 

tasked with responding to call-outs from Afghan government agencies to identify, secure, and destroy illicit small 

arms, light weapons, munitions, and explosive material. 

In addition, HALO participated in a demining project 

in Kabul and Nangarhar Provinces to conduct clearance 

operations on high-priority tasks selected by MAPA in 

coordination with Janus Global.

• ITF extended support to MAPA with emphasis on developing host-nation capacity through enhanced Information 

Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) training 

and program management skills development within the 

Directorate for Mine Action Coordination and the Afghan 

National Disaster Management Authority.

• The Mine Clearance Planning Agency continued nontechnical surveys in 26 UXO-contaminated districts 

located within 10 provinces throughout Afghanistan. 

These particular districts sustained 1,000 to 1,500 military 

engagements, resulting in excessive UXO contamination 

and a consequently higher level of casualties. 

• The Mine Detection Center entered its third year of a community-based demining project in the Garmsir District of 

Helmand Province and conducted clearance operations 

Mine detection dog Caesar and his handler work to detect landmines in 

Afghanistan. 

Photo courtesy of Janus Global.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 49

in Panjshir Province on high-priority tasks selected by 

MAPA in coordination with Janus Global. 

• The Organization for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation conducted clearance operations in Takhar and 

Nangarhar Provinces on high-priority tasks selected by 

MAPA in coordination with Janus Global. 

 The Department of Defense HD R&D Program supported 

mine action assistance in Afghanistan with new technology 

such as the Raptor II, a farm chassis armored for use as a 

mine clearance tractor, and the Rotary Mine Comb, a vehicle 

capable of gently extricating objects from the soil. HD R&D 

partnered with HALO to continue evaluations of equipment 

to clear mines and perform technical surveys in Afghan villages and farmlands. The equipment includes Minehound, a 

hand-held detector for minimum-metal anti-tank mines; Orbit 

Screen, which sifts mine-contaminated soil; and a suite of 

mine action attachments for excavators and loaders. HD R&D 

enhanced the processing speed of the Rotary Mine Comb, 

which is clearing large minefields contaminated only with 

minimum-metal anti-tank mines in hard, rocky soil or where 

metal contamination or electrical interference preclude metal 

detectors. Together these systems have cleared more than 5.8 

million square meters (1,433 acres) of land and found 45,000 

mines and pieces of UXO. 

Kyrgyz Republic

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY09–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 300 0 400 1,200

DoD 0 0 0 7

COUNTRY TOTAL 300 0 400 1,207

Dollars in thousands

Like many former Soviet republics, the Kyrgyz 

Republic faces substantial risk from unsecured, deteriorating weapons and munition stockpiles. The stockpiles at 

national ammunition storage sites threaten civilians’ safety due 

to their proximity to highly populated areas. The sites are in 

such poor condition that they provide the stockpiles little protection from adverse weather. This creates conditions for explosive residue to leach from decaying ammunition and seep into 

and contaminate the soil and water around these populated 

areas. The Kyrgyz Republic also has documented landmine 

contamination along its shared border with Uzbekistan. 

From 2009 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $1.2 million to assist the Kyrgyz Republic to restore 

existing explosive storage facilities and segregate, secure, and 

destroy excess and unserviceable conventional munitions to 

prevent spontaneous explosions and injuries or displacement 

of civilian populations living near ammunition storage depots. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the work of the following implementing partners: 

• ITF conducted national capacity training and developed and deployed Ministry of Defense assets to secure, 

demilitarize, and destroy up to 80,000 large-caliber, high 

explosive ordnance rounds from aging national stockpiles 

in the Osh region. 

• OSCE managed a PSSM project to assist, support and 

enhance the storage and maintenance of excess stockpiles 

of SA/LW, munitions, and other precursor material that 

can be utilized in the construction of IEDs in the Koy 

Tash, Gul’cha, and Bizhum regions.

Sri Lanka

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY95–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 3,300 4,625 2,500 38,591

DOS Other 0 0 0 122

CDC 0 0 0 175

DoD 522 715 507 2,631

USAID 500 0 0 7,900

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,322 5,340 3,007 49,419

Dollars in thousands

Landmines and UXO still contaminate many pockets 

of Sri Lanka following almost three decades of armed 

conflict between the government and the Liberation Tigers of 

Tamil Eelam, which sought a separate homeland in the north 

and east. After the war ended in 2009, demining activities 

immediately commenced in the north; however, contamination 

remained a critical impediment to the resettlement of IDPs and 

other development initiatives. This is particularly true as the 

government seeks to return land previously held in high security 

U.S. assistance supports MAG in its work releasing villages and agricultural 

land to returning IDPs in Sri Lanka.

Photo courtesy of MAG.
50 SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA

The Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund, managed 

by USAID, serves as the primary source of U.S. 

assistance to civilian victims of conflict in developing 

countries. Established in 1989, the Leahy War Victims 

Fund maintains a dedicated source of financial 

and technical support for people with disabilities, 

particularly those who sustain mobility-related injuries 

from anti-personnel mines, UXO, and other injuries 

resulting from armed conflict and civil disorder. To 

date, the Leahy War Victims Fund has provided nearly 

$235 million in assistance to more than 50 countries. 

Originally tasked with delivering immediate care, the 

Leahy War Victims Fund widened its scope of activities 

to include development programs that accommodate 

the changing needs of the populations they serve and 

support the establishment of a framework for sustainable services in developing countries. The fund also 

supports international standards to ensure that practitioners who provide care to survivors are qualified and 

experienced. In addition, the Leahy War Victims Fund 

ensures that treatment and equipment are used appropriately and effectively to increase the mobility of 

conflict-affected people with disabilities.

In FY2015, the Leahy War Victims Fund introduced 

a new program in Ukraine and continued support for 

programs in Armenia, Burma, Cambodia, Colombia, 

Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Ethiopia, 

Haiti, Laos, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, and 

Vietnam. It also continues numerous regional and international initiatives spanning multiple countries. 

A good example of programming supported by 

the Leahy War Victims Fund in 2015 is the $5 million, 3-year TEAM project implemented by World 

Education in Laos. Launched in July 2014, TEAM focuses on Training for rehabilitation service personnel and Economic empowerment, Assistive technology delivery, and Medical and physical rehabilitation 

http://usaid.gov or http://1.usa.gov/1cKOv5E

for people with disabilities, including UXO survivors. 

In 2015, TEAM awarded ten sub-awards to local organizations, including the Lao Friends Hospital for 

Children, the Lao Disabled People’s Association, and 

the Center for Medical Rehabilitation, reaching more 

than 1400 people with disabilities and training 180 

medical and rehabilitation personnel. 

This man from Loikaw-Kayah State, Burma, participated in a project implemented by World Education and supported USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund 

to improve the quality of life for persons with disabilities, landmine survivors, 

and their families by providing medical support and greater access to livelihood opportunities. 

Photo courtesy of USAID.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 51

Tajikistan has extensive landmine contamination along its southern, western, and northern borders.

Photo courtesy of CISR.

survey, marking and mapping of UXO contaminated land, 

UXO clearance, quality assurance and control, and firstresponder medical training. The OHDACA appropriation 

funded humanitarian mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, and services.

Tajikistan

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY05–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,028 3,190 1,500 12,283

DoD 0 101 67 2,600

USAID 0 0 0 1,500

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,028 3,291 1,567 16,383

Dollars in thousands

Following the 1989 collapse of the Soviet Union, 

Tajikistan inherited an enormous stockpile of aging 

conventional ammunition, large-caliber ordnance, and explosive munitions. Due to its porous borders with Afghanistan, 

large quantities of poorly secured SA/LW and munitions 

present a real threat to national and regional security. Tajikistan also has extensive landmine contamination along its 

southern, western, and northern borders that stems from 

Soviet attempts to prevent border crossing by Afghan militants and narcotics traffickers. During a five-year civil war 

(1992–1997), Tajikistan’s Central Rasht Valley region was 

heavily contaminated with landmines, sub-munitions, and 

UXO that continue to impede socioeconomic development. 

Explosive hazards limit access to valuable agricultural land and 

adversely impact farming and other activities related to rural life. 

From 2005 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $16.3 million in Tajikistan to support landmine and UXO 

clearance operations, destruction of excess and aging munitions, PSSM of SA/LW, survivor assistance, and national 

capacity building of the Tajikistan National Mine Action 

Center (TNMAC). 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department of State supported work of the following implementing 

partners:

• FSD continued non-technical survey and clearance of 

UXO through the deployment of a weapons and ammunition disposal team. FSD also trained, equipped, and 

deployed one mobile humanitarian demining team for 

two years to conduct non-technical survey and clearance 

of landmines and UXO along the Tajik-Afghan border.

• NPA continued deployment of two multi-purpose demining teams (one is all-male and the second is all-female) 

along the Tajik-Afghan border. 

• OSCE funded and supported the deployment of two 

national humanitarian demining units along the TajikAfghan border; continued phase II of the Integrated Cooperation on Explosive Hazards program with emphasis on 

sharing regional lessons learned; developed and published 

zones, the borders of which were heavily mined. The widespread presence of mines and UXO presents an ongoing threat 

to the safety of returnees to such areas, and slows the return of 

others who have been waiting since 2009 to return to their 

homes. 

From 1995 through 2015, the United States provided more 

than $49.4 million in CWD funding for mine clearance, survey, 

risk education, and capacity building.

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the following implementing partners:

• HALO supported the government of Sri Lanka’s efforts to 

return IDPs to their homes in the Northern Province and 

enable people in the north to once again engage in productive livelihoods. 

• MAG continued support for a program to restore access to 

land for resettlement and livelihood development in northern Sri Lanka. 

• Delvon Assistance for Social Harmony continued to 

remove mines and UXO in support of IDP resettlement in 

northern Sri Lanka. 

• MLI provided an assessment and training assistance to the 

Sri Lankan army’s humanitarian demining units in the utilization of their mine detection dog capacity.

 The Department of Defense funded the following:

• HD R&D partnered with HALO to initiate an evaluation of the Light Soil Sifter in deep sand and continue 

an evaluation of HSTAMIDS. HD R&D continued an 

evaluation with MAG of the Improved Backhoe system 

and rake attachments. The equipment provides area preparation, area reduction and mine-clearance capabilities to 

release villages and agricultural land to returning IDPs. 

HD R&D’s technologies have contributed to the clearance 

of 914,000 cubic meters (1,195,466 cubic yards) of land, 

uncovering 18,300 mines.

• USPACOM deployed military EOD personnel to Sri 

Lanka to conduct UXO disposal training including 
52 SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA

a regional database; built a regional center of excellence 

for explosive hazards mitigation training; established 

a regional response capability to mitigate and counter 

explosive hazards; and renovated, secured, and enhanced 

a national munitions storage depot near the capital city of 

Dushanbe. 

• TNMAC continued to develop the inherent capacity of 

its mine action program with emphasis on information 

analysis and development, strategic planning, demining 

training, project development and program management, 

and development of operational management skills within 

core headquarters staff. 

• UNDP supported national ownership and capacity development within TNMAC with emphasis on IMSMA 

database maintenance and development; psycho-social 

therapy, survivor assistance and accessibility projects; 

demining training, accreditation and certification program 

and project development; and the development of operational management skills.

• U.S. Army Central Command (USARCENT), through 

funding by the Department of State, supported six EOD 

technicians to train 24 Central Asian military students in 

counter-IED awareness and defeat operations.

With funding from the Department of Defense, USARCENT 

conducted a training mission at the IMAS Regional Center of 

Excellence in Dushanbe for students from Afghanistan and 

Tajikistan. Training modules included demining, UXO, EOD 

IMAS Levels I, II and III, medical first response, and stockpile management of conventional munitions. The OHDACA 

appropriation funded humanitarian mine action activities, as 

well as supplies, travel, equipment, and services.

Other U.S.Support

From October 2014 through December 2015, the United States 

contributed $167,000 for CWD in Nepal. With funding from 

the Department of Defense, USPACOM deployed military 

EOD personnel to conduct UXO disposal training in Nepal. 

Training covered surveying, marking, and mapping UXO contaminated areas, landmine and UXO disposal, quality assurance and control, and assessments of stockpiled conventional 

munitions. The OHDACA appropriation funded humanitarian 

mine action activities, as well as supplies, travel, equipment, and 

services. Also, USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund contributed 

funds to Handicap International to strengthen the capacity of 

five rehabilitation centers.

Responding to Accidents

I

n July 2015, Task Supervisor Furkat Gulomov was working with a 12-member demining team in a remote area of 

Tajikistan when an explosion knocked him down, causing 

severe injuries. Within moments, the two medics on the 

team triaged Gulomov, provided first aid, and prepared 

him for evacuation to the nearest hospital. The medics 

accompanied Gulomov on the 90-minute ambulance ride 

to Darwoz, where doctors amputated a forefinger and 

cleaned and stitched his wounds, including a serious eye 

injury. His team contacted the demining operations manager and the TNMAC’s director, Muhabbat Ibrohimzoda, 

to find a helicopter to transport him to a more modern 

medical facility in Dushanbe. However, ophthalmologists in 

Dushanbe determined that Gulomov’s right eye could not 

be saved and his left eye responded only to light. He had 

no vision. 

After more than five days in intensive care, Gulomov was 

released, and Director Ibrohimzoda coordinated with the 

demining organization to ensure that Gulomov received 

timely insurance payments for his treatment and for his 

family. Ibrohimzoda also coordinated appropriate support 

and counseling for the victim and his family as Gulomov 

moved to in-home care and rehabilitation. As Ibrohimzoda 

noted, “The inherently dangerous work of clearing landmines saves lives, but planning for the worse-case scenarios for deminers also saves lives.” 

TNMAC Director Muhabbat Ibrohimzoda conducts regular site visits to 

ensure that emergency action plans are in place and utilized when dealing 

with a serious demining accident. 

Photo courtesy of the Department of State.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 53

More than 40 civilian airliners have been hit by 

MANPADS since the 1970s. It wasn’t until 2002 that 

the world became aware of the threat posed by this type of 

weapon, when terrorists used two MANPADS to try to shoot 

down an Israeli civilian airliner in Mombasa, Kenya. Terrorists 

and rebel forces have used MANPADS to fight government 

troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, destroy humanitarian flights 

in Angola and Sudan, and target civilian aircraft across Africa 

and elsewhere. In recent years, arms traffickers and violent 

extremists have looted MANPADS and other advanced 

conventional weapons from unsecured state-held stockpiles 

in Libya and Syria. The United States is working hard to 

decrease the availability of these dangerous weapons.

What are MANPADS?

MANPADS are surface-to-air missiles. They were originally 

developed in the 1960s for national military forces to protect 

troops and facilities. A single individual or crew can carry 

and fire MANPADS. 

Most MANPADS consist of three components: a missile 

packaged in a tube, a reusable trigger mechanism (called 

a “gripstock”), and a battery. The tube, which protects the 

missile until it is fired, is disposable. A single-use battery 

typically powers the missile prior to launch.

MANPADS tubes usually range from about 1.2 to 2 

meters (4 feet to 6.5 feet) in length and are about 76 millimeters (3 inches) in diameter. With gripstocks, they weigh 

from about 13 to 25 kilograms (28 pounds to just more than 

55 pounds). This makes them easy to transport and conceal. Some of the most commonly produced MANPADS 

can fit into an automobile trunk.

Although they look similar, a MANPADS missile should 

not be confused with a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG). 

MANPADS missiles can travel at twice the speed of sound 

and strike aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4.57 kilometers 

(about 25,000 feet) or out to a horizontal range of up to 

5 kilometers (3.2 miles). RPGs are unguided weapons 

designed to be used against ground targets at much closer 

range, so they are generally much less effective against 

aircraft. However, some RPG attacks on aircraft flying at low 

altitudes and relatively slow speeds have been mistaken for 

MANPADS attacks.

What the Task Force Does

In 2006, the U.S. government established the MANPADS 

Task Force to mitigate the threat posed by the proliferation 

of MANPADS around the world. The MANPADS Task 

Force—made up of experts from numerous departments 

and agencies—runs programs, carries out policies, and 

coordinates efforts within the U.S. government, with 

partner nations, and among international organizations. 

As an example, the MANPADS Task Force coordinates 

the activities of the Departments of State and Defense to 

improve the PSSM of a partner government’s MANPADS 

stockpiles. The Task Force also helps develop U.S. 

approaches with other MANPADS exporters and producers 

to track unaccounted-for MANPADS and reduce the spread 

of weapons. The goal of these cooperative activities is to 

stop violent extremists from obtaining and possibly using 

such weapons.

Since early 2011, the MANPADS Task Force has led U.S. 

efforts to battle the trafficking of MANPADS from Libya, 

Syria, and other countries suffering from internal instability or regime collapse. The Task Force coordinates across 

the U.S. government on border security, weapons trafficking, and related activities to prevent illicit movement of 

MANPADS from one country to another. 

Hundreds of MANPADS are lined up for demolition.

Photo courtesy of the Department of State.
54 WESTERN HEMISPHERE

While Latin America has seen an economic boom over the past decade, it still faces challenges 

from corruption and organized crime. In addition, Latin America is notorious for having some 

of the highest rates of criminal violence in the world. Illegal narcotics and arms trafficking continue 

despite law enforcement’s best efforts. U.S. CWD efforts are crucial in helping the region stem the 

threat of violence and illicit weapons trafficking. 

As Latin America continues to make political progress, the region can focus more on humanitarian 

demining and building CWD capacity. Peace negotiations between the Colombian government and 

the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC) have led to an agreement to 

collaborate on demining efforts, with the Colombian military and the FARC cooperating to clear two 

heavily impacted areas. In 2015, Colombia was the second-most impacted country in the world in 

terms of landmine and UXO casualties, so efforts will be critical for building a lasting peace. 

Since 1993, U.S. CWD efforts have provided more than $96.5 million in regional support to Latin 

American countries. The funds have chiefly focused on mine clearance and curbing SA/LW trafficking. 

These activities are vital to promote strong democracies and economies in the Western Hemisphere.

Western

Colombia� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 56

Other U.S. Support � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 56
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 55

ECUADOR

SURINAME

PERU

CHILE

EL SALVADOR

ARGENTINA URUGUAY

PARAGUAY

BELIZE

NICARAGUA

GUATEMALA

HAITI

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

*COSTA RICA

HONDURAS

COLOMBIA

Total U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding 

in the Western Hemisphere from all U.S. agencies, 

1993–2015: more than $96.5 million

*Received support through a regional multi-country program, no dollar amount specified.

Argentina

0.60%

Belize

0.31%

Chile

3.57%

Colombia

44.81%

Dominican Republic

0.52%

Ecuador

9.13%

El Salvador

6.40%

Guatemala

0.26%

Haiti

3.62%

Honduras

0.84%

Nicaragua

4.43%

Paraguay

0.21%

Peru

24.69%

Suriname

0.40%

Uruguay

0.21%

Mine impact-free with past U.S. support

Received U.S. support in 2014–15

Received U.S. support in the past

None of the above

Mine impact-free & received U.S. support in 2014–15

Map Legend

» Regional funding is not included in this pie chart. It is included in 

Global/Multi-country funding (see funding chart beginning on page 62).
56 WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Colombia

FUNDING FY13 FY14 FY15 FY01–15 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 4,100 6,465 3,500 26,560

CDC 0 0 0 450

DoD 0 0 0 1,679

USAID 1,900 1,300 2,000 14,600

COUNTRY TOTAL 6,000 7,765 5,500 43,289

Dollars in thousands

Fifty years of conflict between the government of 

Colombia and the FARC, Colombia’s largest guerrilla 

movement, has resulted in widespread mine and UXO contamination. Colombia has recorded more than 11,000 mine and 

UXO incidents since 1990, second only to Afghanistan. The 

worst contamination is believed to be concentrated in the 

departments of Antioquia, Meta, Norte de Santander, and Tolima, although the true magnitude remains unknown. The most 

tangible sign of cooperation between the negotiating parties 

occurred in March 2015 when Joint Communiqué 52 created a 

joint demining project between the government of Colombia 

and the FARC under NPA’s coordination, marking the first 

instance that representatives from the government and guerrilla 

movement worked together. Work has been completed in El 

Orejon in the Antioquia region and a second location in the 

Meta Department. 

In 2015, the National Mine Action Coordination Center 

received reports of 222 incidents involving mines, IEDs, and 

UXO. Although the number of recorded incidents remains high, 

U.S. support has contributed to a steady decline in the annual 

number of landmine and UXO casualties. U.S. assistance 

facilitated the establishment of three new military humanitarian demining platoons by procuring equipment and supplies. 

From 2001 through 2015, the United States invested more 

than $43.2 million to support conventional weapons destruction in Colombia, including clearance, risk education, and survivor assistance programs. 

From October 2014 through December 2015, the Department 

of State supported the following implementing partners: 

• HALO continued demining in Southeast Antioquia and 

planning for expansion into Meta with non-technical survey teams. 

• NPA coordinated the joint government of Colombia/ 

FARC demining projects, an unprecedented trust-building 

effort between the negotiating parties. 

• OAS continued supporting the military humanitarian 

demining units and conducted quality assurance and quality control verifications over both civilian and military 

operations. 

USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund contributed funds to 

World Vision and Archangels Foundation in Colombia to support training for rehabilitation service personnel. Funding also 

provided economic empowerment, assistive technology delivery, and medical and physical rehabilitation for people with 

disabilities.

Other U.S. Support

From October 2014 through December 2015, the U.S. government contributed $3,000 for CWD in Chile. With Department 

of Defense funding HD R&D provided new technology to support mine clearance in Chile. To enhance the safety and supervision of operations, the program introduced the Quadcopter 

aerial monitoring system. HD R&D also continued to support 

technology it has provided in years past, including a Mine 

Clearing Loader providing high volume suspect soil screening, a Multi-Tooled Excavator, and two Air Spade demining 

digging tools. Technology evaluations done in cooperation 

with the Chilean National Demining Commission show that 

the Air Spades, Multi-Tooled Excavator and Mine Clearing 

Loader have cleared 9,603 anti-tank and anti-personnel mines 

and processed 89,900 cubic meters (117,585 cubic yards) of 

contaminated soil since 2007. 

HALO conducts a non-technical survey in Colombia. Non-technical surveys 

are often the starting point for assessing and categorizing land as suspected 

or confirmed hazardous areas.

Photo courtesy of HALO.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 57

On March 7, 2015, the Colombian government and the 

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s 

Army (FARC) issued “Joint Communiqué No 52,” which 

established the Pilot Project on Humanitarian Demining, an 

historic collaboration between the Colombian government 

and the FARC. In the document, the two parties agreed to 

ask Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) to lead and coordinate 

the implementation of the pilot project. The agreement, 

made within the framework of conflict de-escalation, seeks 

to move trust-building forward while protecting the inhabitants of risk zones from the presence of landmines, IEDs, 

unexploded ordnance and explosive remnants of war.

Zlatko Vezilic, the NPA Acting Country Director in 

Colombia, noted that decades of conflict between the 

Colombian armed forces and various armed organizations 

such as the FARC have made Colombia one of the most 

mine-affected countries in the world, displacing millions 

from their homes. He said the pilot project gives NPA an 

exciting opportunity to bring together representatives of 

the government, the FARC, and the local communities 

each step of the way. He explained how in the pilot project, 

multi-task teams have been formed with deminers from the 

government’s Demining Engineers Battalion and personnel 

from the FARC. The teams work together in various 

steps of the pilot project, which include site selection, 

information gathering using non-technical survey teams, 

clearance, dialogue with local communities, verification, 

and formal delivery of cleared land to the national and 

local authorities and the communities. Implementation is 

a mutual commitment, with NPA overseeing the process 

and ensuring verification and certification. The multi-task 

teams clear confirmed hazardous areas, mark areas that will 

not be cleared during the initial pilot project, and provide 

mine risk education to local communities. The process has 

also brought the European Union, Norway, and the United 

States together as donors, demonstrating how donors can 

effectively coordinate their demining efforts. 

The cost to clear Colombia completely is substantial, 

with President Santos estimating that achieving mineimpact free status would require over $350 million (U.S.). 

The physical challenges of the terrain—unreliable roads, 

steep rocky cliffs, and dense vegetation—are striking. 

Overhead power lines and high metal content in the 

soil make mechanical demining in many areas all but 

impossible. Manual demining is necessary but difficult and 

involves slow-moving, physical labor. Clearance operations 

are made even more dangerous by the fact that these 

landmines use few metal components, making them more 

difficult to detect. The extent of the contamination can be 

seen in the significant number of those killed or injured by 

mines and unexploded ordnance. Since 1990 more than 

11,000 casualties have been recorded.

Steinar Essen, Head of NPA’s Department for Humanitarian Disarmament, noted that “we are extremely proud to 

be part of this historic demining project, which represents 

the first time in which the Colombian government and the 

FARC have worked together in the field. It has helped illustrate what is possible and pave the way for further collaboration, reconciliation, and peace building in Colombia.” 

NPA dog handler Measho and mine detection dog Rambo carry out a long leash search in a minefield in Santa Helena, Colombia. 

Photo courtesy of NPA.

Working Together to Build Trust
58 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS

Implementing Partners

Nongovernmental Organizations Headquartered 

in the United States

Catholic Relief Services (CRS), established in 1943, is the 

official overseas relief and development agency of the U.S. 

Conference of Catholic Bishops. For more than a decade, CRS 

has worked to reduce the risk of injury/death from UXO and 

landmines in Vietnam and trained more than 55,000 children 

and 79,000 teachers, parents, and community members in 

mine risk education. http://crs.org.

Golden West Humanitarian Foundation (Golden West) 

is a California-based nonprofit charitable organization dedicated to the development of innovative, appropriate technologies to overcome the operational limitations encountered in 

humanitarian mine action efforts. It conducts surveys and assessments, and develops mine risk education materials, as well 

as landmine and UXO disposal technologies. http://goldenwesthf.org.

Health Leadership International (HLI) is a Seattle-based 

nonprofit organization that provides sustainable medical training to rural healthcare providers in Laos. Partnering with the 

Laotian Ministry of Health, HLI has provided medical training for the past seven years in emergency clinical medicine, ultrasound imaging, medical leadership and medical English to 

hundreds of Laotian health care workers. http://healthleadershipinternational.org.

The International Center is a Washington, D.C.-based, nonprofit organization that focuses on issues between the United 

States and the developing world. Its Vietnam Veterans of 

America Foundation program, which has been active in 

Vietnam since 1994, addresses the consequences of war 

through its landmine/UXO impact survey and by strengthening the national capacity of Vietnamese mine action agencies. 

http://ic-vvaf.org. 

The Landmine Relief Fund, a California-based nonprofit, was 

created in 2004 to support the work of an all-Cambodian demining nongovernmental organization, Cambodian Self Help 

Demining (CSHD). CSHD was founded by a former child soldier named Aki Ra, who has spent more than 20 years clearing 

landmines and items of UXO wherever he finds them. http://

landmine-relief-fund.com. 

Marshall Legacy Institute (MLI) is a Virginia-based nonprofit 

organization founded to help restore hope, alleviate suffering, and 

nurture stability in war-torn countries. MLI has established indigenous programs in 13 mine-affected countries that help rid them 

of landmines and help them deal with landmines’ lasting impacts. 

http://marshall-legacy.org.

Mercy Corps, a nonprofit created in 1979, and based in 

Portland, Oregon, has worked in more than 50 countries where 

conflict, disaster, political upheaval or economic collapse present opportunities to challenge the status quo and build more secure, productive and just communities. https://mercycorps.org.

PeaceTrees Vietnam was founded in 1995 as a grassroots 

effort to bring peace, friendship, and renewal to the people of 

Quang Tri, one of the most war-torn provinces of Vietnam. 

PeaceTrees’ work includes landmine and UXO clearance, landmine awareness programs, survivor assistance, scholarships to 

landmine survivors and their families, and community restoration projects. http://peacetreesvietnam.org. 

The Polus Center for Social and Economic Development 

(Polus), established in 1979, is a Massachusetts-based, nonprofit nongovernmental organization. The organization partners 

with public and private foundations to address the impact of 

landmines and UXO on communities around the world. http://

poluscenter.org. 

Roots of Peace (ROP), founded in 1997, is a California-based 

nonprofit organization dedicated to restoring economic livelihood opportunities in post-conflict regions. For nearly 20 years, 

ROP has helped remove more than one million landmines and 

items of UXO worldwide to give farmers access to land previously deemed too dangerous to develop and planted more than 

five million trees. http://rootsofpeace.org.

World Education, Inc., a Massachusetts nonprofit organization, was founded in 1951 to meet the needs of the educationally disadvantaged, and provides training and technical assistance 

in nonformal education across a wide array of sectors. World 

Education has worked to support victim assistance and mine 

risk education. http://worlded.org. 
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 59

International and Foreign

Nongovernmental Organizations

Afghan Technical Consultants (ATC), established in 1989, 

was the first humanitarian demining nongovernmental organization in Afghanistan endorsed by the United Nations. ATC 

works to reduce civilian casualties and enable land release 

through detection, clearance, and mine risk education activities. 

http://atc-wlfhdngo.org.af.

Agency for Rehabilitation and Energy Conservation in 

Afghanistan (AREA) is an Afghan nongovernmental organization providing its Community Based Mine Clearance Program 

(CBMCP) throughout the most insecure areas of Afghanistan. 

CBMCP transfers skills so that local communities can handle 

their own mine and UXO clearance. AREA seeks to integrate 

demining and development through employment and procurement within the local economy. asryusufi@hotmail.com.

DanChurchAid (DCA) is an independent ecumenical humanitarian organization based in Copenhagen, Denmark, that strives 

to provide humanitarian assistance and advocate for oppressed, 

neglected, and marginalized groups in poor countries. DCA’s 

humanitarian mine action programs combine mine risk education, mine clearance, and community development activities. 

http://dca.dk.

Danish Demining Group (DDG) is a nongovernmental organization based in Copenhagen operating under the auspices of 

the Danish Refugee Council. It assists individuals and populations hampered by landmines, UXO, and SA/LW. http://danishdemininggroup.dk.

Delvon Assistance for Social Harmony (DASH) is a Sri 

Lankan humanitarian demining organization founded in 2010. 

DASH’s goal is to increase the safety and security of people living in mine-affected areas through the removal and destruction 

of landmines and UXO. To support sustainable post-conflict recovery, DASH strives to employ IDPs, especially widows and 

female heads of household. http://slnmac.gov.lk/dash.

Demining Agency for Afghanistan (DAFA), formed in 

1990, is an Afghan humanitarian mine clearance organization. DAFA’s mission is to clear all hazardous and mine-contaminated areas in Afghanistan by committing resources to humanitarian demining; clearance for road reconstruction; local 

government-sponsored construction plans; and disarmament, 

demobilization, and reintegration. sattar_dafa@yahoo.ca or dafafinance@yahoo.com.

The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian 

Demining (GICHD), formed in 1998, supports the ongoing 

improvement of mine action performance and relevance. The 

center enables national authorities, mine action organizations, 

and other partners to do their jobs better by furthering knowledge, promoting norms and standards, and developing capacity. 

http://gichd.org.

The HALO Trust (HALO) is an American and British nonprofit charity specializing in the removal of landmines and 

UXO from post-conflict zones. Since pioneering the concept 

of humanitarian landmine clearance in Afghanistan in 1988, 

HALO has been clearing the debris of war and helping millions of families return home. http://halotrust.org.

Handicap International (HI), works with persons with disabilities and other vulnerable populations in situations of 

conflict, natural disaster, exclusion, and extreme poverty. HI 

implements mine action programs in 20 countries, working to 

clear landmines and UXO from civilian areas, providing risk 

education programs, and providing assistance to those who 

have been injured. http://handicap-international.us.

Information Management & Mine Action Programs (iMMAP) is an international nonprofit nongovernmental organization that provides targeted information management support to 

partners responding to complex humanitarian and development 

challenges. iMMAP’s expertise in data collection, analysis, and 

presentation supports the decision-making process for its diverse, multi-sector partners. http://immap.org.

Iraq Mine/UXO Clearance Organization (IMCO) is an Iraqi 

demining nongovernmental organization established in 2003, 

DCA conducts battle area clearance in Lebanon. 

Photo courtesy of DCA.
60 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS

trained and equipped according to international humanitarian 

mine action standards to perform manual, mechanical, and 

mine detection dog demining operations. IMCO also conducts 

battle area clearance, UXO and landmine survey, technical site 

survey, quality control/quality assurance, mine risk education, 

and survivor assistance. zahimmutar@yahoo.com; zahim.mutar@imcoiraq.com.

ITF Enhancing Human Security (ITF) is a humanitarian, 

nonprofit organization established by the Republic of Slovenia 

government in March 1998. Since then, ITF has continued to 

expand its scope of activities and the geographic area of its implementation in order to reduce threats from mines, UXO, and 

other at-risk weapons and ammunition. http://itf-fund.si.

MAG (Mines Advisory Group) began operations in 

Afghanistan in 1989 clearing landmines and UXO. In association with its U.S. partner MAG America, MAG is a humanitarian organization working in countries affected by conflict 

and insecurity to clear landmines and UXO, implement arms 

management and destruction activities, provide mine risk education, and offer capacity-building support. http://maginternational.org.

The Mine Clearance Planning Agency (MCPA) is an Afghanbased nongovernmental organization founded in 1990 specializing in landmine impact and post-clearance surveys; technical 

and battle area surveys; polygon surveys; and mine and UXO 

impact free community surveys. MCPA provides manual, mechanical, and mine detection dog clearance, EOD, mine risk 

education, mine action training, and management information 

systems for mine action programs. hajiattqullah@gmail.com.

The Mine Detection Center (MDC) was established in 1989 

with the goal to free Afghanistan of mine and UXO impact 

so individuals and communities can have a safe environment 

conducive to national development. MDC clears contaminated 

land and safely destroys landmines and UXO using a variety of 

assets and techniques. mdc-afghann@gmail.com.

Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), founded in 1939 on the principles of solidarity, dignity, peace, and freedom, is one of Norway’s biggest nongovernmental organizations. For more than 20 

years NPA has implemented mine action programs in more than 

40 states and territories. http://npaid.org.

The Organization for Mine Clearance and Afghan 

Rehabilitation (OMAR) was established in 1990 to teach 

Afghan refugees and internally displaced Afghans about the 

dangers of landmines and UXO. In 1992, OMAR expanded 

its operations to mine clearance, hiring and training more than 

1,500 deminers in manual and mechanical demining, battle area 

clearance, EOD, and working with mine detection dogs. http://

mineclearance.org.

Spirit of Soccer (SoS), founded in 1996, is a U.K.- and U.S.-

registered nonprofit that uses soccer/football skills clinics and 

tournaments to educate children about the dangers posed by 

landmines and UXO in conflict and post-conflict regions of the 

world. SoS has created risk education courses in more than 10 

current or post-conflict countries including Bosnia, Cambodia, 

Colombia, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Laos, and Moldova. 

http://spiritofsoccer.org.

Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD), established in 

1997, is an international nongovernmental organization based 

in Geneva that has implemented mine clearance projects in 

more than 27 countries. FSD focuses on locating and destroying landmines and UXO on the ground and underwater. It also 

engages in collecting and destroying arms and ammunition; 

and managing stockpiles. http://fsd.ch.

Wilton Park Executive Agency, established in 1946 as 

a forum for discourse between leading British figures and 

prominent Germans on how to restore democracy in post-war 

Germany, is a leading center for discussion of key international policy challenges. The Wilton Park setting provides a forum 

to convene the international community involved in conventional weapons destruction. https://wiltonpark.org.uk.

A deminer and mine detection dog in Senegal use a long leash method to 

clear a lane in a minefield.

Photo courtesy of Handicap International.
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 61

Government and International Organizations

The NATO Support Agency (NSPA), NATO’s integrated 

logistics and services provider agency, implements the NATO 

Partnership for Peace Trust Fund in Ukraine, the largest conventional munitions stockpile reduction project in history. 

NSPA has worked on PSSM and CWD programs in a number of countries including Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, 

Serbia, and Mauritania. http://www.nspa.nato.int.

The Organization of American States (OAS) was established in 1948 with the goal of encouraging sustainable peace, 

justice, solidarity, collaboration, integrity, and independence 

among the nations of the Americas. The OAS supports a regional approach to demining programs in the Western Hemisphere 

and executes conventional weapons destruction programs. 

http://oas.org. 

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in 

Europe (OSCE) is the world’s largest regional security organization with 57 participating states from Europe, Central Asia, 

and North America. The OSCE offers a forum for political dialogue and decision-making in the fields of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict rehabilitation. http://osce.org.

Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA) established in June 

2005, is mandated to build the capacity of its 15 member countries, and coordinate and monitor the implementation of the 

Nairobi Protocol signed in April 2004. RECSA’s vision is a safe 

and secure sub-region in a peaceful continent, free from arms 

proliferation. Its mission is to coordinate action against SA/LW 

proliferation in the Great Lakes region, Horn of Africa, and 

bordering states. http://recsasec.org.

Tajikistan National Mine Action Center (TNMAC) is a state 

institution under the government of the Republic of Tajikistan 

established in January 2014 to coordinate all mine action related projects. muhabbat.ibrohimzoda@tnmac.gov.tj.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the 

U.N.’s global development network, advocating for change and 

connecting countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to 

help people build a better life. UNDP is active in 177 countries 

and territories by supporting the host country’s own solutions to 

development challenges and by developing national and local 

capacities. http://undp.org.

Educational Institutions

The Center for International Stabilization and Recovery 

(CISR), established in 1996 at James Madison University 

(JMU), provides programs and information to post-conflict 

communities and practitioners in the CWD field. CISR works 

around the world to promote post-conflict recovery, rebuilding, 

and resilience. http://jmu.edu/cisr.

Small Arms Survey (SAS), based at the Graduate Institute 

of International and Development Studies in Geneva, 

Switzerland, is a globally recognized center that serves as the 

principal international source of public information on all 

aspects of small arms and armed violence, providing a valuable resource for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and 

civil society. http://smallarmssurvey.org. 

Contractor

Janus Global Operations (formerly Sterling Global) is an 

employee-owned munitions management and demining company supporting government, military, and commercial organizations operating in war-affected countries. Janus Global provides 

risk management, logistics, construction, and maintenance services in support of countries emerging from conflict. http://

janusgo.com.

The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, a professional journal 

produced by CISR for the CWD community, is partially funded by the Department of State and the Department of Defense. 

Photo courtesy of CISR.
62 FUNDING

Since 1993, the United States has contributed more than $2.6 billion for CWD programs in more than 95 countries. The U.S. remains the world’s leading donor for humanitarian mine action programs, including 

landmine clearance, survivor assistance services, and mine risk education. Many of our ongoing programs 

combine humanitarian demining, UXO removal, and SA/LW destruction, and improve the safety and storage of conventional munitions stockpiles. With this 15th edition, To Walk the Earth in Safety is transitioning from a fiscal year to a calendar year report. As part of the transition, this report covers activities from 

October 1, 2014 through December 31, 2015. Subsequent editions will cover January 1 through December 

31 of the year in question. 

The following charts provide a consolidated view of the United States’ funding for CWD globally. Budget 

figures for fiscal year 2014 (October 1, 2013 – September 30, 2014) in this edition reflect actual allocations, 

while budget figures for fiscal year 2015 (October 1, 2014 – September 30, 2015) reflect initial planned 

allocations. The 16th edition of To Walk the Earth in Safety will include updated figures for fiscal year 2015 

that reflect the final allocations. 

Conventional Weapons 

Destruction Funding

Top 10 Countries Funded FY1993–2015 (Aggregate)

Laos

Vietnam

Mozambique

Lebanon

Sri Lanka

Afghanistan

Iraq

Angola

Cambodia

Bosnia & Herzegovina

$0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 $400,000 $450,000

$422,007

$300,743

$117,415

$105,127

$114,017

$98,434

$86,154

$57,219

$56,691

$49,419

(Dollars in thousands)

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

DoD Department of Defense

DOS NADR-CWD Department of State - Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs

DOS Other Department of State - Other funding

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

Legend for charts on pages 63–67
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 63

U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Afghanistan

DOS NADR - CWD 70,296 21,589 30,253 45,800 40,475 40,550 30,785 22,450 22,700 340,719

DOS Other 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000

CDC 1,700 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,800

DoD 4,264 0 520 996 0 1,000 355 162 744 8,041

USAID 51,097 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51,447

COUNTRY TOTAL 147,357 21,639 30,773 46,796 40,475 41,550 31,140 22,612 23,444 422,007

Albania

DOS NADR - CWD 7,902 7,091 2,395 5,909 3,500 4,034 2,324 2,135 1,500 38,270

DoD 0 0 11 0 11 0 10 185 147 364

USAID 1,389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,389

COUNTRY TOTAL 9,291 7,091 2,406 5,909 3,511 4,034 2,334 2,320 1,647 40,023

Angola

DOS NADR - CWD 33,917 7,562 7,300 10,000 7,500 8,675 6,000 6,000 5,300 97,504

DOS Other 3,170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,170

CDC 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150

DoD 4,000 0 850 850 0 850 1,345 179 152 8,240

USAID 8,351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,351

COUNTRY TOTAL 49,438 7,637 8,150 10,850 7,500 9,525 7,345 6,179 5,452 117,415

Argentina

DoD 579 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 579

Country Total 579 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 579

Armenia

DOS NADR - CWD 2,600 0 0 0 0 391 700 301 300 4,292

DOS Other 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,000

DoD 2,618 200 0 0 8 9 169 187 40 3,231

USAID 1,148 0 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 997 3,145

COUNTRY TOTAL 9,366 200 0 0 1,008 400 869 488 1,337 13,668

Azerbaijan

DOS NADR - CWD 16,499 1,280 2,199 752 365 365 325 325 305 22,415

DOS Other 1,100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,100

DoD 6,475 200 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 6,975

COUNTRY TOTAL 24,074 1,480 2,199 1,052 365 365 325 325 305 30,490

Bahrain

DoD 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

Country Total 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

Belize

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 300

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 300

Benin

DoD 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14

COUNTRY TOTAL 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14

Bosnia & 

Herzegovina

DOS NADR - CWD 41,149 4,650 4,103 5,425 3,685 4,300 4,445 4,400 3,600 75,757

DOS Other 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000

CDC 2,800 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,210

DoD 4,263 0 0 0 0 0 241 156 0 4,660

USAID 20,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,500

COUNTRY TOTAL 66,322 4,855 4,103 5,425 3,685 4,300 4,686 4,556 3,600 105,127

Bulgaria

DOS NADR - CWD 3,244 300 0 0 3,100 1,585 2,250 0 250 10,729

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 31

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,244 300 0 0 3,100 1,585 2,250 31 250 10,760

(Dollars in thousands)

*Initial planned allocations
64 FUNDING

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Burma 

(Myanmar)

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 6 829 0 0 2,000 2,835

DOS-OTHER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 0 850

USAID 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,350 1,500 0 2,850

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 6 829 1,350 2,350 2,000 6,535

Burundi

DOS NADR - CWD 381 200 438 400 516 0 0 0 0 1,935

DoD 0 0 74 0 155 201 322 566 118 1,436

COUNTRY TOTAL 381 200 512 400 671 201 322 566 118 3,371

Cambodia

DOS NADR - CWD 31,310 4,054 5,152 5,040 5,250 5,494 5,800 6,216 5,500 73,816

DOS Other 4,943 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,943

CDC 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100

DoD 5,310 0 2,500 3,000 0 4,235 1,411 1,722 2,379 20,377

USAID 12,548 0 0 500 0 0 600 633 500 14,781

COUNTRY TOTAL 53,981 4,104 7,652 8,540 5,250 9,729 7,811 8,571 8,379 114,017

Central African 

Republic

DOS NADR - CWD 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 0 224

Country Total 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 0 224

Chad

DOS NADR - CWD 6,834 0 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,899

DoD 3,687 0 0 0 190 414 384 325 0 5,000

COUNTRY TOTAL 10,521 0 65 0 190 414 384 325 0 11,899

Chile

DoD 1,708 0 454 450 0 450 0 385 3 3,450

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,708 0 454 450 0 450 0 385 3 3,450

Colombia

DOS NADR - CWD 1,091 1,881 1,523 2,000 2,500 3,500 4,100 6,465 3,500 26,560

CDC 400 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450

DoD 940 0 10 575 0 154 0 0 0 1,679

USAID 2,500 0 1,600 1,500 3,200 600 1,900 1,300 2,000 14,600

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,931 1,931 3,133 4,075 5,700 4,254 6,000 7,765 5,500 43,289

Congo, DRC

DOS NADR - CWD 3,185 119 937 841 1,016 750 1,265 2,500 500 11,113

DoD 0 0 0 65 305 233 0 373 107 1,083

USAID 1,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,300 2,000 4,600

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,485 119 937 906 1,321 983 1,265 4,173 2,607 16,796

Congo, 

Republic of the 

DOS NADR - CWD 445 675 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,320

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 267 371 690 191 1,519

Country Total 445 675 200 0 0 267 371 690 191 2,839

Croatia1

DOS NADR - CWD 20,691 3,111 2,000 2,000 5,037 1,100 999 900 850 36,688

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 713 0 0 713

COUNTRY TOTAL 20,691 3,111 2,000 2,000 5,037 1,100 1,712 900 850 37,401

Cyprus

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 19 18 113

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 10 0 0 0 76 19 18 123

Czech 

Republic

DOS NADR - CWD 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600

COUNTRY TOTAL 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600

Djibouti

DOS NADR - CWD 1,900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,900

DoD 1,167 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,172

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,067 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,072

U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY

*Initial planned allocations
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 65

(Dollars in thousands)

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Dominican 

Republic

USAID 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 500

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 500

Ecuador

DOS NADR - CWD 3,323 0 0 1,002 500 0 200 0 0 5,025

DoD 2,582 0 258 433 0 518 0 0 0 3,791

COUNTRY TOTAL 5,905 0 258 1,435 500 518 200 0 0 8,816

Egypt

DoD 718 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 718

COUNTRY TOTAL 718 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 718

El Salvador

DOS NADR - CWD 50 0 0 0 0 988 0 0 0 1,038

CDC 2,645 195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,840

USAID 1,500 0 0 0 0 500 300 0 0 2,300

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,000 195 0 0 0 1,488 300 0 0 6,178

Eritrea

DOS NADR - CWD 11,623 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,623

DOS Other 1,560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,560

CDC 450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450

DoD 4,485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,485

COUNTRY TOTAL 18,118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,118

Estonia

DOS NADR - CWD 1,227 250 699 323 0 0 0 0 0 2,499

DoD 1,606 100 0 0 160 0 195 87 54 2,202

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,833 350 699 323 160 0 195 87 54 4,701

Ethiopia

DOS NADR - CWD 3,545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,545

DOS Other 1,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,500

CDC 2,673 173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,846

DoD 3,984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,984

USAID 1,255 0 300 2,000 327 0 0 0 0 3,882

COUNTRY TOTAL 12,957 173 300 2,000 327 0 0 0 0 15,757

Georgia

DOS NADR - CWD 11,991 6,265 2,614 2,845 1,158 1,232 1,500 500 500 28,605

DOS Other 0 0 2,644 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,644

DoD 1,114 0 0 0 0 0 0 167 209 1,490

COUNTRY TOTAL 13,105 6,265 5,258 2,845 1,158 1,232 1,500 667 709 32,739

Guatemala

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 250

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 250

Guinea

DOS NADR - CWD 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103

COUNTRY TOTAL 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103

Guinea-Bissau

DOS NADR - CWD 2,158 809 1,000 1,000 1,070 0 0 0 0 6,037

DoD 1,374 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,444

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,532 879 1,000 1,000 1,070 0 0 0 0 7,481

Haiti

USAID 0 0 0 1,000 1,500 0 0 1,000 0 3,500

Country Total 0 0 0 1,000 1,500 0 0 1,000 0 3,500

Honduras

DOS NADR - CWD 316 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 816

COUNTRY TOTAL 316 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 816

India

USAID 0 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 300

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 300

*Initial planned allocations
66 FUNDING

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Iraq

DOS NADR - CWD 20,939 17,080 19,417 24,913 22,000 25,000 23,805 23,177 18,000 194,331

DOS Other 0 992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 992

CDC 400 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450

DoD 100,618 2,881 120 318 0 300 160 573 0 104,970

COUNTRY TOTAL 121,957 21,003 19,537 25,231 22,000 25,300 23,965 23,750 18,000 300,743

Jordan

DOS NADR - CWD 7,951 514 2,700 2,906 2,015 3,850 1,200 0 500 21,636

DOS Other 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300

CDC 2,684 284 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,968

DoD 2,418 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,418

COUNTRY TOTAL 13,353 798 2,700 2,906 2,015 3,850 1,200 0 500 27,322

Kazakhstan

DOS NADR - CWD 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 295

COUNTRY TOTAL 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 295

Kenya

DOS NADR - CWD 180 458 500 269 75 0 0 0 0 1,482

DoD 0 0 56 25 175 236 70 162 151 875

USAID 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400

COUNTRY TOTAL 580 458 556 294 250 236 70 162 151 2,757

Kosovo

DOS NADR - CWD 5,340 150 150 1,000 450 260 100 0 0 7,450

DoD 4,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 120 4,585

USAID 17,472 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,472

COUNTRY TOTAL 27,112 150 150 1,000 450 260 100 165 120 29,507

Kyrgyz

Republic

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 500 0 300 0 400 1,200

DoD 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 7 0 500 0 300 0 400 1,207

Laos

DOS NADR - CWD 19,411 3,050 3,350 5,100 5,000 9,233 9,000 12,840 12,000 78,984

DOS Other 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 750

DoD 6,861 0 0 6 0 33 0 0 0 6,900

USAID 7,700 0 600 1,000 0 0 0 500 2,000 11,800

COUNTRY TOTAL 34,722 3,050 3,950 6,106 5,000 9,266 9,000 13,340 14,000 98,434

 Lebanon

DOS NADR - CWD 11,954 5,184 4,791 1,997 2,225 2,524 3,000 2,500 2,000 36,175

DOS Other 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,000

DoD 8,136 0 5 289 0 590 80 50 44 9,194

USAID 6,000 1,500 800 750 800 0 0 0 0 9,850

COUNTRY TOTAL 28,090 6,684 5,596 3,036 3,025 3,114 3,080 2,550 2,044 57,219

Lesotho

DOS NADR - CWD 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

COUNTRY TOTAL 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

Liberia

DOS NADR - CWD 360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 360

CDC 75 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150

USAID 3,929 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,429

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,364 575 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,939

Libya

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 3,000 0 0 1,000 1,500 5,500

DOS Other 0 0 0 0 0 17,800 1,775 0 0 19,575

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 3,000 17,800 1,775 1,000 1,500 25,075

U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY

*Initial planned allocations
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 67

(Dollars in thousands)

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Lithuania

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 500

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 500

Macedonia

DOS NADR - CWD 1,748 50 50 150 0 0 0 0 0 1,998

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,748 50 50 150 0 0 0 0 0 1,998

Marshall 

Islands

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 0 0 267 361 385 1,013

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 267 361 385 1,013

Mauritania

DOS NADR - CWD 1,395 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,395

DoD 4,410 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,410

COUNTRY TOTAL 5,805 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 6,805

Moldova

DoD 71 0 0 0 0 0 154 282 132 639

COUNTRY TOTAL 71 0 0 0 0 0 154 282 132 639

Montenegro3

DOS NADR - CWD 2,050 497 804 1,048 1,750 1,300 0 0 0 7,449

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 11 294 422 428 1,155

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,050 497 804 1,048 1,750 1,311 294 422 428 8,604

Mozambique

DOS NADR - CWD 20,623 0 2,124 2,000 2,175 2,635 3,000 1,525 1,000 35,082

DOS Other 1,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,600

CDC 2,075 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,100

DoD 11,449 0 49 3 326 639 599 122 189 13,376

USAID 4,533 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,533

COUNTRY TOTAL 40,280 25 2,173 2,003 2,501 3,274 3,599 1,647 1,189 56,691

Namibia

DOS NADR - CWD 3,351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,351

DOS Other 670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 670

DoD 4,400 0 0 78 165 309 151 45 110 5,258

COUNTRY TOTAL 8,421 0 0 78 165 309 151 45 110 9,279

Nepal

DOD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 36 201

USAID 0 0 500 500 0 1,000 0 0 131 2,131

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 500 500 0 1,000 0 165 167 2,332

Nicaragua

DOS NADR - CWD 3,481 250 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,081

DoD 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,681 250 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,281

Nigeria

DOS NADR - CWD 1,449 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,449

Country Total 1,449 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,449

Oman

DOS NADR - CWD 1,785 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,785

DoD 2,553 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,553

COUNTRY TOTAL 4,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,338

Pakistan

DOS NADR - CWD 32 0 500 300 0 0 0 0 0 832

COUNTRY TOTAL 32 0 500 300 0 0 0 0 0 832

Palau

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 85 0 0 150 390 690 600 1,915

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 85 0 0 150 390 690 600 1,915

Palestinian 

Territories

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 209 782 917 1,180 1,000 4,088

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 209 782 917 1,180 1,020 4,108

*Initial planned allocations
68 FUNDING

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Paraguay

DOS NADR - CWD 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200

Peru

DOS NADR - CWD 3,086 200 2,620 2,000 2,000 1,000 0 0 0 10,906

DoD 11,902 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,944

USAID 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 0 0 1,000

COUNTRY TOTAL 14,988 200 2,662 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 0 0 23,850

Philippines

DOS NADR - CWD 400 270 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 920

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 173 173

USAID 750 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,550

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,150 1,070 0 250 0 0 0 0 173 2,643

Romania

DOS NADR - CWD 1,369 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,369

DoD 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 150

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,369 0 0 1,000 150 0 0 0 0 2,519

Rwanda

DOS NADR - CWD 3,761 0 200 242 0 0 0 0 0 4,203

DOS Other 700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 700

DoD 7,790 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,790

COUNTRY TOTAL 12,251 0 200 242 0 0 0 0 0 12,693

São Tomé/

Príncipe

DOS NADR - CWD 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50

COUNTRY TOTAL 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50

Senegal

DOS NADR - CWD 625 655 725 500 0 0 0 0 400 2,905

DOS Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 260 0 0 260

DoD 252 0 0 0 0 0 0 367 1,147 1,766

USAID 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,377 655 725 500 0 0 260 367 1,547 5,431

Serbia3

DOS NADR - CWD 700 8,133 1,000 1,400 1,552 1,000 2,000 900 1,500 18,185

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

COUNTRY TOTAL 700 8,133 1,000 1,400 1,552 1,000 2,000 900 1,503 18,188

Serbia &

Montenegro3

DOS NADR - CWD 5,646 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,646

COUNTRY TOTAL 5,646 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,646

Sierra Leone

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 147 0 0 0 0 0 147

USAID 1,593 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,593

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,593 0 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,740

Slovenia

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 270

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 270

Solomon 

Islands

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 400 567 560 473 600 2,600

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 325 35 429 306 1,095

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 400 892 595 902 906 3,695

Somalia

DOS NADR - CWD 5,943 754 1,523 2,000 2,325 2,500 3,300 2,000 1,800 22,145

Country Total 5,943 754 1,523 2,000 2,325 2,500 3,300 2,000 1,800 22,145

South Sudan4

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 1,100 2,800 2,500 2,135 2,000 10,535

DoD 0 0 0 0 0 367 459 0 0 826

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 1,100 3,167 2,959 2,135 2,000 11,361

U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY

*Initial planned allocations
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 69

(Dollars in thousands)

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Sri Lanka

DOS NADR - CWD 8,383 1,479 6,600 4,400 2,500 4,804 3,300 4,625 2,500 38,591

DOS Other 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122

CDC 150 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175

DoD 247 0 98 280 0 262 522 715 507 2,631

USAID 3,850 500 750 300 2,000 0 500 0 0 7,900

COUNTRY TOTAL 12,752 2,004 7,448 4,980 4,500 5,066 4,322 5,340 3,007 49,419

Sudan4 DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 2,800 0 0 0 0 2,800

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 2,800 0 0 0 0 2,800

Sudan and 

South Sudan4

DOS NADR - CWD 9,834 4,643 4,600 5,350 0 0 0 0 0 27,752

COUNTRY TOTAL 9,834 4,643 4,600 5,350 0 0 0 0 0 27,752

Suriname

DOS NADR - CWD 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 390

COUNTRY TOTAL 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 390

Swaziland

DOS NADR - CWD 210 0 0 229 0 0 0 0 0 439

DoD 836 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 836

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,046 0 0 229 0 0 0 0 0 1,275

Syria

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 0 0 550 0 8,000 8,550

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 550 0 8,000 8,550

Tajikistan

DOS NADR - CWD 500 180 0 2,194 1,000 1,691 2,028 3,190 1,500 12,283

DoD 7 0 25 1,200 0 1,200 0 101 67 2,600

USAID 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 0 0 0 1,500

COUNTRY TOTAL 507 180 25 3,394 1,000 4,391 2,028 3,291 1,567 16,383

Tanzania

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 16

DoD 0 0 0 0 185 244 274 44 123 870

USAID 1,700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,700

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,700 0 0 0 201 244 274 44 123 2,586

Thailand

DOS NADR - CWD 4,190 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,190

DoD 3,189 0 1,400 1,500 0 1,500 1,200 1,805 561 11,155

COUNTRY TOTAL 7,379 0 1,400 1,500 0 1,500 1,200 1,805 561 15,345

Togo

DOS NADR - CWD 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32

GLOBAL TOTAL 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32

Tunisia

DoD 217 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 536 753

COUNTRY TOTAL 217 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 536 753

Uganda

DOS NADR - CWD 40 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 56

USAID 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,040 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 1,056

Ukraine

DOS NADR - CWD 5,442 1,000 0 2,590 4,500 1,500 2,000 7,095 1,440 25,567

DoD 0 0 0 177 0 0 0 0 303 480

USAID 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,031 1,031

COUNTRY TOTAL 5,442 1,000 0 2,767 4,500 1,500 2,000 7,095 2,774 27,078

Uruguay

DOS NADR - CWD 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 200

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 200

*Initial planned allocations
70 FUNDING

Country Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

Uzbekistan

DoD 0 0 30 69 0 0 0 0 0 99

COUNTRY TOTAL 0 0 30 69 0 0 0 0 0 99

Vietnam

DOS NADR - CWD 19,535 2,575 2,120 3,750 3,584 4,032 4,500 10,506 4,500 55,102

CDC 1,774 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,848

DoD 763 0 0 275 0 300 471 256 340 2,405

USAID 21,294 1,500 605 1,500 1,900 0 0 0 0 26,799

COUNTRY TOTAL 43,366 4,149 2,725 5,525 5,484 4,332 4,971 10,762 4,840 86,154

Yemen

DOS NADR - CWD 10,036 500 609 1,000 1,075 3,135 2,000 700 2,000 21,055

DoD 4,689 0 157 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,846

COUNTRY TOTAL 14,725 500 766 1,000 1,075 3,135 2,000 700 2,000 25,901

Zambia

DOS NADR - CWD 2,050 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,050

DoD 424 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 437

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,474 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,487

Zimbabwe

DOS NADR - CWD 3,086 0 0 0 0 250 500 2,750 1,000 7,586

DoD 3,265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 173 3,438

COUNTRY TOTAL 6,351 0 0 0 0 250 500 2,750 1,173 11,024

Global/

Multi-Country

DOS NADR - CWD 88,967 15,438 14,294 9,172 4,460 5,999 16,007 20,662 42,434 222,087

DOS Other 1,450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,450

CDC 10,475 2,569 3,040 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,653

DoD 190,687 1,949 5,462 49 682 1,106 0 0 1,313 204,068

USAID 44,575 9,050 7,845 19,950 7,773 3,300 4,850 7,000 2,841 113,084

GLOBAL TOTAL 336,154 29,006 30,641 29,171 12,915 10,405 20,857 27,662 46,588 559,342

Grand Total 1,198,257 147,238 160,840 201,132 163,917 189,858 165,283 175,708 177,058 2,686,090

1. FY08 amount includes $110,000 from the Support for Eastern European Democracy (SEED) fund, which was apportioned as NADR.

2. All U.S. Central Command demining-centric activities for FY10 were conducted with Theater Security Cooperation funding, not funding from U.S. 

OHDACA.

3. Serbia and Montenegro split into two countries in 2007

4. South Sudan and Sudan split into two countries in 2011.

5. DoD funds include OHDACA, the Research Development Test and Evaluation fund, the Humanitarian Assistance - Excess Property Program and the 

Iraq Relief and Construction fund. 

6. DOS - Other includes a variety of DOS funding sources.

7. USAID includes historical funding in addition to USAID Leahy War Victims funding.

Footnotes for Financial Charts:

Sources FY93-07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 *FY15 Total 

CDC 31,250 3,900 3,900 3,040 0 0 0 0 0 38,190

DoD2,5 423,226 5,400 12,156 10,938 2,512 15,753 10,331 10,937 10,944 502,197

DOS NADR - CWD 583,581 123,096 130,000 161,194 142,405 149,105 142,417 150,688 154,614 1,737,100

DOS Other6 43,865 992 2,644 0 0 17,800 2,035 850 0 68,186

USAID7 223,164 13,850 13,000 29,000 19,000 7,200 10,500 13,233 11,500 340,417

GRAND TOTAL 1,305,056 147,238 160,840 201,132 163,917 189,858 165,283 175,708 177,058 2,686,090

(Dollars in thousands)

U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY

U.S. CWD PROGRAM FUNDING HISTORY (Totals by Source)

*Initial planned allocations

*Initial planned allocations
TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 71

CASEVAC Basic Medical and Casualty Evacuation

CWD Conventional Weapons Destruction

DCA DanChurchAid

DDG Danish Demining Group

EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal

ERW Explosive Remnants of War

FY Fiscal Year

GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

HALO The HALO Trust

HDTC Humanitarian Demining Training Center

HD R&D Humanitarian Demining Research & Development Program

HSTAMIDS Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System

IDP Internally Displaced Person

IED Improvised Explosive Device 

IMAS International Mine Action Standards

IMSMA Information Management System for Mine Action

ITF ITF Enhancing Human Security

MAG Mines Advisory Group

MANPADS Man-portable Air Defense System

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NPA Norwegian People’s Aid

NSPA NATO Support Agency

OAS Organization of American States

OHDACA Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and Civic Aid 

OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

PM/WRA Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement in the U.S. Department of State’s 

Bureau of Political-Military Affairs

PSSM Physical Security and Stockpile Management

SA/LW Small Arms and Light Weapons

SoS Spirit of Soccer

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USAFRICOM U.S. Africa Command

USCENTCOM U.S. Central Command

USEUCOM U.S. European Command

USSOUTHCOM U.S. Southern Command

USPACOM U.S. Pacific Command

UXO Unexploded Ordnance

COMMONLY USED ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

View To Walk The Earth In Safety online at:

http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/walkearth/
The United States’ Commitment to Conventional Weapons Destruction

To Walk The Earth In Safety

SA-3, Suite 6100 | 2121 Virginia Avenue, NW

Washington, D.C. 20522 | United States of America

Telephone: +1 202 663 0100 | Fax: +1 202 663 0090

http://state.gov/t/pm/wra

Director � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Stanley Brown

Deputy Director, Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steven Costner

Deputy Director, Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerald Guilbert

Director, Interagency MANPADS Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark Adams

Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vennie Pikoulas Psaros

Public Affairs and Public Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollie Davis and Lori Shoemaker

15th Edition

United States Department of State | Bureau of Political-Military Affairs