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by Lopaka Lee and Martin B. Goldhaber

1

Open-File Report 01-0042

2001

Online Version 1.0

http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-01-0042/

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological 

Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of 

trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 718:9;8=<?>A@CBDAEGFH>JI;ELKMNEGO>QPRIEG>ADGPSKD

718:9;8UTV>=KWUK"TPYXZBWH9G7"DA[\>^]

1Denver, Colorado
2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction.....................................................................................................................4

Description of the dataset ................................................................................................4

Data compilation.............................................................................................................5

The spatial distribution of MVT-related metals IN rocks of the Ozark region ..................8

Two-dimentional maps of the concentrations of metals in Ozark region rocks.................8

Interpretations of 2-D dimensional maps.........................................................................8

Three-dimensional visualizations of the concentrations of metals in rocks of the central 

Ozarks region................................................................................................................ 17

Interpretation of 3-D visualizations ............................................................................... 17

The statistical distribution of MVT-related metals in acid-insoluble residues of Ozark 

region rocks .................................................................................................................. 20

Concentration-detection frequency grids ....................................................................... 20

Interpretation of the concentration-detection frequency grids......................................... 21
3

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0 The Ozark Plateaus physiographic province and location of CUSMAP 

boreholes.................................................................................................................7

Figure 2.0 Plan-view distribution of As in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples..........9

Figure 2.1 Plan-view distribution of Cd in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples ....... 10

Figure 2.2 Plan-view distribution of Co in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples ....... 11

Figure 2.3 Plan-view distribution of Cr in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples........ 12

Figure 2.4 Plan-view distribution of Cu in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples ....... 13

Figure 2.5 Plan-view distribution of Ni in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples........ 14

Figure 2.6 Plan-view distribution of Pb in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples........ 15

Figure 2.7 Plan-view distribution of Zn in acid-insoluble residues of rock samples........ 16

Figure 2.8 3-D visualization of Zn distribution in the aquifer units of the central Ozarks

.............................................................................................................................. 18

Figure 2.9 3-D visualization of Pb distribution in the aquifer units of the central Ozarks

.............................................................................................................................. 19

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1.0 Regional stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the Ozark Plateaus...................... 22

Table 1.1 Concentration-detection frequency grid for As.............................................. 23

Table 1.2 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Cd.............................................. 24

Table 1.3 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Co.............................................. 25

Table 1.4 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Cr .............................................. 26

Table 1.5 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Cu.............................................. 27

Table 1.6 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Ni ............................................... 28

Table 1.7 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Pb............................................... 29

Table 1.8 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Zn............................................... 30
4

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MVT-RELATED METALS IN ACID-INSOLUBLE 

RESIDUES OF ROCKS IN THE OZARK PLATEAUS REGION OF THE 

UNITED STATES

by Lopaka Lee and Martin B. Goldhaber

INTRODUCTION

 

This report is a compilation of figures and tables that show the spatial and statistical 

distribution of elemental concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acidinsoluble residues of rocks from the Ozark Plateaus region of the United States. 

The figures and graphs of this report are based on a database that contains over 17,500 

rock samples from 285 different boreholes scattered throughout the Ozark region. 

Collectively, this dataset contains samples representative of almost every Paleozoic rock 

unit in the Ozark region. 

 

This report is part of a USGS parent project that is focused on characterizing the 

effects of MVT mineralization on the background groundwater chemistry of the Ozark 

Plateaus region of the United States (Lee, 2000). The first phase of the parent study 

involved the investigation of spatial and statistical relationships between MVT-related 

metals in rocks and groundwater. The figures and tables of this report are centered on 

characterizing, on a regional level, the spatial and statistical distribution of MVT-related 

metals in aquifer rocks. A companion open-file report that shows the spatial and 

statistical distribution of MVT-related metals in groundwater of the Ozark region is 

concurrently being published under the title The distribution of dissolved MVT-related 

metals in groundwater of the Ozark Plateaus region of the United States.

A minimal amount of interpretations of the figures and tables of this report are 

provided within the text. A detailed interpretation of this data, as it relates to the effects 

of MVT mineralization on the natural-background groundwater chemistry of the Ozark 

region, is available in available in Lee (2000).

The scope of this report is regional. Summaries of this report’s dataset that focus on 

local-scale variations, such as metal variation along individual borehole lengths, are 

included in other USGS reports (Erickson and others 1978a, 1981, 1985, 1988a, 1990).

DESCRIPTION OF THE DATASET

The dataset that this report is based upon was generated during the USGS 

Conterminous U.S. Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) of the Ozark region. This 

program evaluated the mineral resource potential of selected 1x2 degree quadrangles 

within the Ozarks (Erickson and others 1978b, 1988b, 1991).
5

A sub-project of the CUSMAP program was centered on identifying MVTmineralizing fluid pathways, and highly mineralized ground throughout the Ozark region 

(Erickson and others 1978b). The primary research approach of this project was to 

chemically isolate and analyze the acid (HCl)-insoluble residues of borehole rock 

samples. The acid-insoluble residues of rocks were isolated and analyzed because MVT 

sulfides, and therefore MVT-related metals are concentrated within this rock fraction 

(Erickson and others, 1981). 

The rock samples from which the acid-insoluble residues are derived were obtained 

from boreholes distributed throughout the Ozarks (Figure 1.0). Individual rock samples 

are composites representative of every 10ft of borehole interval. 

The chemical analyses performed on the insoluble residues are semi-quantitative, 

elemental-abundance analyses. Thirty-two chemical elements were determined using a 

DC-arc spectrometer (Grimes and Marranzino, 1968). Elemental concentrations are 

reported as classed values in six steps per order of magnitude (1, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, and 

0.15). Thus, elemental determinations can have values of 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20,... parts permillion (ppm). Concentration determinations range from 3 to 20,000 ppm, with specific 

element ranges and detection limits set to encompass distributions typical to the region. 

The precision of the chemical determinations is within one adjoining step on each side 

of the reported value 83 percent of the time, and within two adjoining steps on each side 

of the reported value 96 percent of the time (Grimes and Marranzino, 1968). 

The CUSMAP data used in this report were obtained from the USGS National 

Geochemical Database.

DATA COMPILATION

This report utilizes 17,703 acid-insoluble residues of rock samples from 285 different 

boreholes of the original CUSMAP dataset. Most of these boreholes are contained 

within the Joplin, Springfield, Harrison, and Rolla 1 by 2 degree quadrangles (Figure 

1.0). 

Eight MVT-related metals were chosen for investigation: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), 

chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). These 

elements were chosen because: 1) they represent a metal suite characteristic of MVT 

mineralization that differs from elements intrinsic to the lithology of the region, and 2) all 

were determined in both the rock and water chemical analyses used within the parent 

project with which this report is associated.

The data were compiled by first obtaining the digital records from the USGS National 

Geochemical Database and checking the dataset for data-entry errors. Latitudes and 
6

longitudes were checked against published maps and paper records on file. The 

analytical values reported within the dataset were also compared to paper records. 

The geologic formation names of samples were then reclassified according to the 

standard stratigraphic code developed by the USGS and adopted and published by the 

Association of America Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) (Cohee, 1967, 1974). The AAPG 

standard stratigrahic code is used in the USGS Water Resource Division’s ground-water 

information databases, and therefore geologic comparisons between rock and waterchemistry could be easily made between rock and groundwater databases.








KS MO

OK

AR

IL

Joplin

Springfield

Harrison

Rolla

100 km

Figure 1.0 The Ozark Plateaus physiographic province and the location of USGS CUSMAP boreholes.

Shown are the cities of Joplin, Springfield, Harrison, and Rolla within their respective 1 by 2 degree quadrangles.

7
8

THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MVT-RELATED METALS ROCKS OF 

THE OZARK REGION

The spatial distribution of MVT-related metals in rocks was investigated through 2-D 

mapping and 3-D geologic modeling. The following sections discuss these methods.

TWO-DIMENTIONAL MAPS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN 

OZARK REGION ROCKS

Figures 2.0 through 2.7 show the 2-D spatial distribution of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, 

Pb and Zn in the acid-insoluble residues of rock samples. The figures are elementalconcentration maps that show the sites at which MVT-related metals were detected in 

insoluble residues. 

INTERPRETATIONS OF 2-D MAPS

In general, elevated concentrations of MVT metals in rocks form trends that coincide 

with the major structural zones of the Ozark region. Elevated concentrations of MVT 

metals are associated with the St. Francois Mountains, Central-Missouri Tectonic Zone, 

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone, and the Chesapeake Tectonic Zone. 

High Zn concentrations (up to 10,000ppm) are clustered within the northern-Arkansas 

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone (Figure 2.7). High Cd concentrations (up to 500ppm) are also 

associated with this area (Figure 2.1). Cd is the most abundant minor constituent of 

Ozark region sphalerite (Hagni, 1983), and the correlation of Zn and Cd in this area 

suggests that sphalerite may make up a significant proportion of insoluble residues. 

Binocular examinations of the insoluble residues tend confirm this; residues with high 

Zn and Cd content commonly contain visible sphalerite (R. Erickson, unpub. data).

High Pb concentrations (2000ppm) occur scattered throughout the Ozark region, but are 

consistently higher along structural trends (Figure 2.6). Many sites with high Pb are also 

high in As (Figure 2.0). Clusters of high Pb and As concentrations are associated with 

the southern extent of the Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic zone and the northern-Arkansas 

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone. Very high Cu concentrations (>7000ppm) occur scattered 

throughout the Ozark region (Figure 2.4). Co, Cr, and Ni distributions show that these 

metals are frequently detected low concentrations (Figures 2.2, 2.3, 2.5). However, 

throughout the Ozarks high concentrations of Co, Cr, and Ni are associated with the 

major structural zo nes of the Ozark region.
As (ppm)

150 - 500700 - 1500

2000 - 5000

7000 - 10000

MO KS

OK AR 100 km

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.0 Plan-view distribution of As in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which As was detected in concentrations greater than 150ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

9
Cd (ppm)

15 - 3050 - 100

150 - 300

500

100 km

MO KS

OK AR

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zon

C

e

entral Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.1 Plan-view distribution of Cd in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Cd was detected in concentrations greater than 15ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

10
Co (ppm)

3 - 5070 - 200

300 - 700

1000 - 2000

MO KS

OK AR 100 km

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.2 Plan-view distribution of Co in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Co was detected in concentrations greater than 3ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

11
Cr (ppm)

7 - 100150 - 500

700 - 1000

1500 - 5000

100 km OK AR

MO KS

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.3 Plan-view distribution of Cr in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Cr was detected in concentrations greater than 7ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

12
Cu (ppm)

3 - 300500 - 1000

2000 - 7000

10000 - 20000

100 km

MO KS

OK AR

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.4 Plan-view distribution of Cu in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Cu was detected in concentrations greater than 3ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted. 1

3
Ni (ppm)

3 - 100150 - 700

1000 - 2000

3000 - 5000

MO KS

OK AR 100 km

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.5 Plan-view distribution of Ni in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Ni was detected in concentrations greater than 3ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted. 1

4
Pb (ppm)

7 - 300500 - 2000

3000 - 7000

10000 - 20000

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

MO KS

OK AR 100 km

Figure 2.6 Plan-view distribution of Pb in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Pb was detected in concentrations greater than 7ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

15
100 km

Zn (ppm)

150 - 7001000 - 2000

3000 - 7000

10,000

MO KS

OK AR

Chesapeake Tectonic Zone

Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic Zone

Central Missouri Tectonic Zone St. Francois Mtns.

Figure 2.7 Plan-view distribution of Zn in acid-insoluble residues of borehole rock samples.

Plot shows sites at which Zn was detected in concentrations greater than 150ppm.

Multiple values at individual sites are overprinted.

16
17

THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATIONS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF 

METALS IN ROCKS OF THE CENTRAL OZARKS REGION

The spatial occurrence of MVT-related metals was also investigated through 3-D 

geologic modeling. A 3-D hydrogeologic model of the central portion of the Ozark 

region was used to characterize the 3-dimentional distribution of metals within the 

context of hydrostratigraphy. The central Ozarks area was chosen for 3-D visualization 

because a significant dissolved-metal anomaly existed in groundwater of this area (Lee, 

2000).

Figures 2.8 and 2.9 show the 3-D distribution of Zn and Pb within the 

hydrostratigraphy the Ozarks. Each figure is a 3-D cross-sectional view of the central 

portion of the Ozark Uplift. The surfaces of the model are the tops of the regional 

aquifers made semi-transparent. Vertical exaggeration is approximately 40x. The 

enlarged red blocks within the model are the locations of insoluble residues that contain 

greater than a specified cut-off concentration. Cut-off concentrations were used because 

they simplify the visualizations by reducing the number of points displayed, and therefore 

more clearly show where high concentrations of metals occur and their associated trends. 

In this report, Zn and Pb are the only MVT metals displayed in 3-D figures. The 

3-D distribution of other metals may be inferred from the 2-D maps of section 2.1.0, and 

the statistics of section 3.0. 

INTERPRETATION OF 3-D VISUALIZATIONS

Figure 2.8 shows that the high concentrations of Zn in rocks of northern Arkansas 

(defined in Figure 2.7) occur in the upper Ozark aquifer unit. Specifically, high Zn 

concentrations occur in the near surface to surface rocks of southern Missouri/ northern 

Arkansas. Similar 3-D visualizations showed that Cd concentrations have distribution 

patterns almost identical to Zn.

Figure 2.9 shows that the high Pb concentrations in rocks are also associated with 

the upper Ozark aquifer unit in the same area containing high Zn concentrations. 

However, overall, high Pb concentrations tend to occur lower in the section. For 

example, the high lead concentrations associated with the Bolivar-Mansfield Tectonic 

Zone (defined in figure 2.6) occur low in the hydrologic section of northern 

Arkansas/southern Missouri. The remaining MVT metals have 3-D distribution patterns 

similar to lead.
800

40

00

-400-800

)

m(noitavelE

40 km

N S

Figure 2.8 3D cross-sectional view of the central portion of the Ozark Uplift. Inset box shows the areal extent of the 3Dmodel and view direction. The view is looking to the east, down the axial crest of the Ozark uplift. The Boston Mountainsand the edge of the Arkoma Basin can be seen to the south. The surfaces of the model are the tops of the regional aquiferunits of the Ozark Aquifer System. Vertical exaggeration is approximately 40X. The large space in theinterior of the model is the Ozark aquifer unit. The location of insoluble residue samples is shown along the trace ofboreholes which form vertical drop lines.The enlarged red blocks are the locations of insoluble residues that contain >10,000ppm Zn. High concentrations of Znoccur in the upper portions of the Ozark aquifer system. The surface and near-surface rocks of northern Arkansas containan abundance of zinc and cadmium, indicating the presence of sphalerite in rocks.

18
800

4

0

00

-400-800

)m(noitavelE

40 km

N S

Figure 2.9 3D cross-sectional view of the central portion of the Ozark Uplift. Inset box shows the areal extent of the 3Dmodel and view direction. The view is looking to the east, down the axial crest of the Ozark uplift. The Boston Mountainsand the edge of the Arkoma Basin can be seen to the south. The surfaces of the model are the tops of the regional aquiferunits of the Ozark Aquifer System. Vertical exaggeration is approximately 40X. The large space in theinterior of the model is the Ozark aquifer unit. The location of insoluble residue samples is shown along the trace ofboreholes which form vertical drop lines.The enlarged red blocks are the locations of insoluble residues that contain >700ppm Pb. High concentrations of Pb andmost other MVT-related metals are concentrated in the lower portions of the Ozark Aquifer System.

19
20

THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MVT-RELATED METALS IN ACIDINSOLUBLE RESIDUES OF OZARK REGION ROCKS

The statistical distribution of MVT-related metals by geologic and hydrologic unit was 

characterized through concentration-detection frequency grids. These grids are unique to 

this study and were designed to visually define the ranges and central tendencies of semiquantitative element concentrations throughout the stratigraphic column. They are a 

method of statistically describing semi-quantative determinations without transforming or 

reducing the original dataset. The following section describes the attributes and use of 

these grids.

CONCENTRATION-DETECTION FREQUENCY GRIDS

Table 1.0 is a generalized stratigraphic column of the Ozark Plateaus sedimentary 

section. Shown are the geologic and hydrogeologic units of the Ozark region along with 

their corresponding AAPG code. The AAPG code of geologic units is used as a 

formational key for the following concentration-detection frequency grids. Note that 

some samples were assigned to combined or undifferentiated formational codes and 

therefore, some units occupy more vertical space than others. Consequently, the 

verticality of the section does not correspond to relative stratigraphic thickness.

Tables 1.1 through 1.8 are frequency grids for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. 

The far left column of the grids are the sampled formations arranged in the general 

stratigraphic order that corresponds to that of Table 1.0. The bold horizontal lines of the 

grid between certain geologic formations delineate the boundaries of hydrogeologic units 

that are shown on Table 1.0

The uppermost row of the grids are the semi-quantitative concentration bins. The 

numbers within the colored cells of the grid are the total number of detections within a 

concentration bin for a given formational unit; in other words, these numbers represent 

the number of times an element-concentration was detected within a geologic formation. 

For example, in Table 1.1, within Pennsylvanian rocks (AAPG code = 320PSLV) arsenic 

was detected once at a concentration of 150 ppm. 

The last two columns on the far right of the grids show the total number of times an 

element was detected within a geologic unit, and the total number of samples 

representative of a geologic unit. These columns display the overall stratigraphic 

occurrence of metals and can serve as an aid in making cross-formational comparisons.

As a visual aid, the total distribution of frequency values, for each element, was 

logarithmically color scaled. The total distribution of frequencies, and assigned color 

codes is displayed below the grid. In summary, darker colors within the 

concentration-detection frequency grids represent a higher frequency of detections 

(higher frequency of metal occurrence), while the lighter colors represent lower 

frequencies of detection (lower frequency of metal occurrence). Approximate 
21

concentrations modes for each formation are defined by a horizontal clustering of 

darker cells. 

INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCENTRATION-DETECTION FREQUENCY 

GRIDS

 

Tables 1.1 through 1.8 show that high-concentration detections of MVT metals occur 

most frequently lower in the section, specifically within Cambrian rocks of the lower

Ozark aquifer unit and St. Francois aquifer and confining units. In these aquifer units, the 

Potosi and Eminence Dolomites, the Derby-doerun, and the Bonnterre Formation host the 

highest concentrations and occurrences of metals.

Zn and Cd are exceptional in their distribution. High concentrations of Zn and Cd are 

detected most frequently in the upper Ozark aquifer unit and the Springfield Plateau 

aquifer unit. Within the upper Ozark aquifer unit, the Everton Formation, St. Peter 

Sandstone, and Jefferson City-Cotter & Powell dolomites contain high concentrations of 

Zn and Cd. In the Springfield Plateau aquifer unit, the Boone Formation hosts high 

concentrations of Zn and Cd.
Table 1.0 Generalized regional stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the Ozark Plateaus

Geologic Age AAPG Code Geologic Formation Hydrologic Unit Hydrologic System

Pennsylvanian 320PSLV Pennsylvanian, undifferentiated Western Interior Plains confining units Western Interior Plains confining system

330MSSP Mississippian, undifferentiated338KKKB Keokuk-burlington Limestones, undiff.338BRLG Burlington Limestone338ELSY Elsey Formation333WRSW Warsaw Formation

Mississippian 330BOON Boone Formation Springfield Plateau aquifer unit

337STJO St. Joe Limestone338FRGL Fern Glen Limestone338RSPG Reeds Spring Limestone338PRSN Pierson Formation338GDFL Grand Falls Formation339NRTV North View Shale337CMPN Compton Formation Ozark confining unit330CTNG Chattanooga Shale360ODVC Ordovician, undifferentiated364STPR St. Peter Sandstone364EVRN Everton Formation368PWLL Powell Dolomite Ozark aquifer system367CTTR Cotter Dolomite

Ordovician 367CRJF Cotter-Jefferson City Dolomites, undiff.

368JFRC Jefferson City Dolomite367RBDX Roubidoux Formation Ozark aquifer unit367GSCD Gasconade Dolomite367GSCDU upper Gasconade Dolomite367GSCDL lower Gasconade Dolomite367GNTR Gunter Sandstone370CMBR Cambrian, undifferentiated371EMNC Eminence Dolomite371POTS Potosi Dolomite

Cambrian 371DRBD Derby-Doerun Formation

371DVIS Davis Shale St. Francois confining unit371BDDD Bonneterre-Davis undifferentiated371BNTR Bonneterre Formation St. Francois aquifer unit371LMTT Lamotte Sandstone

Precambrian 400PCMB Precambrian, undifferentiated Precambrian confining unit

 22
Table 1.1 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Arsenic

Arsenic semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 1 1 407330MSSP 2 1 1 2 1 7 883338KKKB 83338BRLG 35338ELSY 31333WRSW 35330BOON 16337STJO 11338FRGL 19338RSPG 1 1 117338PRSN 62338GDFL 12339NRTV 30337CMPN 31330CTNG 23360ODVC 2 2 82364STPR 34364EVRN 2 2 2 2 1 9 327368PWLL 5 3 6 374367CTTR 6 7 2 2 2 1 20 1181367CRJF 8 15 12 9 2 46 908368JFRC 5 5 3 3 1 5 22 1178367RBDX 14 8 10 6 7 4 1 1 1 52 1200367GSCD 21 18 6 7 6 4 1 1 64 1630367GSCDU 3 3 109367GSCDL 6 3 13 2 24 471367GNTR 1 1 2 305370CMBR 11 6 2 4 4 3 1 31 216371EMNC 46 46 37 46 37 24 10 15 6 7 3 2 279 2021371POTS 22 33 23 30 18 26 16 15 8 2 3 2 178 1547371DRBD 8 19 11 8 8 6 3 63 786371DVIS 4 6 2 2 6 2 3 2 1 28 988371BDDD 45371BNTR 19 20 8 10 9 11 5 10 3 1 1 97 2098371LMTT 344400PCMB 64

COLOR KEY# of As Detections

123 to 56 to 89 to 18> 18

 23
Table 1.2 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Cadmium

Cadmium semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 2 1 1 1 5 407330MSSP 12 3 2 3 1 21 883338KKKB 2 2 4 83338BRLG 3 1 1 5 35338ELSY 4 4 31333WRSW 35330BOON 16337STJO 11338FRGL 19338RSPG 3 1 4 117338PRSN 1 1 1 3 62338GDFL 12339NRTV 1 1 30337CMPN 5 1 6 31330CTNG 23360ODVC 82364STPR 1 1 3 1 6 34364EVRN 2 1 1 1 5 327368PWLL 1 1 2 374367CTTR 6 1 2 1 1 11 1181367CRJF 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 10 908368JFRC 5 5 1178367RBDX 1 1 2 1200367GSCD 3 2 1 1 7 1630367GSCDU 109367GSCDL 1 1 471367GNTR 1 1 305370CMBR 1 1 216371EMNC 12 3 2 1 2 1 21 2021371POTS 3 1 4 1547371DRBD 3 1 1 5 786371DVIS 988371BDDD 45371BNTR 4 8 1 1 1 1 16 2098371LMTT 344400PCMB 64

COLOR KEY# of Cd Detections

1234 to 56 to 8>8

 24
Table 1.3 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Cobalt

Cobalt semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 6 17 48 132 111 55 10 6 4 2 391 407330MSSP 82 82 38 65 45 27 13 10 3 3 2 1 1 1 373 883338KKKB 10 9 1 1 3 2 26 83338BRLG 5 16 21 35338ELSY 7 4 1 1 1 14 31333WRSW 2 4 2 4 1 13 35330BOON 1 2 1 1 2 7 16337STJO 2 1 2 1 1 7 11338FRGL 4 2 1 2 4 3 16 19338RSPG 18 15 4 3 2 1 43 117338PRSN 5 14 6 6 7 6 2 1 47 62338GDFL 1 1 12339NRTV 3 3 3 4 1 7 5 26 30337CMPN 1 7 3 5 5 5 2 1 29 31330CTNG 4 6 7 2 1 20 23360ODVC 6 3 2 3 2 1 2 19 82364STPR 2 2 2 1 7 34364EVRN 40 23 10 16 12 1 2 2 106 327368PWLL 27 75 55 52 27 16 6 1 2 2 1 1 264 374367CTTR 190 169 80 88 71 30 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 644 1181367CRJF 175 168 58 54 33 26 1 4 1 3 2 2 527 908368JFRC 157 152 44 38 19 11 4 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 438 1178367RBDX 154 75 26 21 17 8 4 2 1 1 1 310 1200367GSCD 167 108 40 31 23 15 5 5 1 2 1 1 399 1630367GSCDU 15 5 1 5 2 1 1 30 109367GSCDL 44 15 9 5 7 8 2 1 1 92 471367GNTR 26 6 8 3 2 45 305370CMBR 5 21 26 36 19 19 16 14 6 1 1 164 216371EMNC 152 163 88 137 96 116 58 33 10 8 2 2 1 1 867 2021371POTS 80 170 74 99 74 70 48 40 14 6 1 1 625 1547371DRBD 35 90 91 112 102 76 21 6 9 2 1 1 1 547 786371DVIS 30 107 157 205 202 173 40 5 2 6 2 929 988371BDDD 2 5 8 7 5 2 29 45371BNTR 99 398 313 321 198 123 38 43 20 15 6 2 2 4 2 2 1586 2098371LMTT 26 29 7 5 5 2 1 1 1 77 344400PCMB 4 4 8 9 3 1 1 6 1 1 38 64

COLOR KEY# of Co Detections

12 to 34 to 67 to 1920 to 71> 71

 25
Table 1.4 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Chromium

Chromium semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 4 11 2 20 27 166 109 50 9 7 1 1 407 407330MSSP 51 82 60 86 42 48 47 75 38 17 2 5 2 1 1 557 883338KKKB 8 3 1 7 3 4 1 1 2 2 32 83338BRLG 4 2 2 8 35338ELSY 1 3 1 1 1 1 8 31333WRSW 1 3 1 3 4 6 1 4 1 1 1 26 35330BOON 7 1 7 1 16 16337STJO 4 2 1 3 1 11 11338FRGL 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 18 19338RSPG 21 24 1 1 1 2 8 58 117338PRSN 8 9 3 4 4 6 3 5 1 1 44 62338GDFL 4 2 6 12339NRTV 1 1 2 5 2 6 7 4 2 30 30337CMPN 5 4 1 1 2 4 5 2 24 31330CTNG 3 3 1 2 5 8 1 23 23360ODVC 8 36 10 1 4 1 3 3 1 67 82364STPR 9 5 8 5 6 27 34364EVRN 98 66 49 42 5 20 6 11 16 5 318 327368PWLL 5 15 18 63 33 86 55 76 19 2 361 374367CTTR 78 129 95 246 84 170 64 84 24 13 1 4 1 3 996 1181367CRJF 53 90 151 176 80 139 51 83 13 2 838 908368JFRC 123 160 106 172 57 93 33 46 26 14 3 5 2 840 1178367RBDX 179 220 121 130 32 53 13 15 6 6 1 5 1 782 1200367GSCD 233 223 108 125 36 59 22 31 15 9 3 3 2 869 1630367GSCDU 32 16 14 9 6 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 87 109367GSCDL 103 86 68 28 3 17 6 10 6 9 2 1 3 342 471367GNTR 52 67 24 20 3 12 2 1 1 182 305370CMBR 19 45 10 12 9 16 11 33 12 13 2 4 1 187 216371EMNC 184 309 123 188 80 135 80 85 35 17 7 7 2 2 1254 2021371POTS 82 241 56 94 47 71 43 53 14 4 3 662 1547371DRBD 20 103 45 95 85 127 88 83 36 11 1 1 695 786371DVIS 14 20 30 59 111 185 158 227 128 35 3 970 988371BDDD 2 5 3 8 2 15 1 4 40 45371BNTR 49 339 198 351 324 331 208 119 37 4 1960 2098371LMTT 36 87 13 12 7 9 4 168 344400PCMB 3 10 5 7 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 40 64

COLOR KEY# of Cr Detections

12 to 34 to 89 to 3031 to 84> 84

 26
Table 1.5 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Copper

Copper semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 10 11 8 22 40 134 102 46 13 11 7 1 1 406 407330MSSP 328 99 40 64 51 56 33 27 14 14 3 5 1 1 1 1 738 883338KKKB 19 13 3 4 6 1 2 1 49 83338BRLG 17 2 1 1 21 35338ELSY 12 5 2 1 1 1 22 31333WRSW 8 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 30 35330BOON 12 1 1 1 1 16 16337STJO 2 3 2 1 1 2 11 11338FRGL 4 3 5 2 2 1 1 18 19338RSPG 68 14 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 92 117338PRSN 16 9 7 7 2 3 6 2 2 1 1 1 57 62338GDFL 3 2 1 6 12339NRTV 2 1 8 5 8 3 1 1 1 30 30337CMPN 4 3 4 4 3 7 2 3 1 31 31330CTNG 2 1 1 2 4 5 4 2 1 1 23 23360ODVC 33 10 12 8 2 5 5 3 1 1 1 81 82364STPR 15 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 27 34364EVRN 83 50 30 37 28 24 19 24 7 8 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 324 327368PWLL 9 10 11 22 53 66 67 69 23 24 10 7 2 1 363 374367CTTR 135 115 106 161 155 188 82 110 37 40 16 7 3 1 2 1 2 1161 1181367CRJF 109 90 76 124 124 123 78 69 19 42 24 12 5 6 1 1 1 1 905 908368JFRC 214 187 136 147 135 120 65 46 30 13 11 6 3 2 1 1116 1178367RBDX 421 170 101 100 61 61 26 36 11 16 12 6 2 1 1 1025 1200367GSCD 584 227 127 151 93 98 44 51 18 32 14 12 3 7 1 1 1 1 1465 1630367GSCDU 25 21 6 9 8 11 4 6 5 3 2 2 2 104 109367GSCDL 144 82 45 33 34 29 10 17 13 12 5 3 3 1 1 432 471367GNTR 165 35 11 19 8 6 4 1 1 1 2 253 305370CMBR 12 10 11 10 9 20 20 38 15 27 16 15 7 3 1 1 1 216 216371EMNC 268 218 145 200 124 177 123 139 97 154 89 86 48 30 22 15 8 4 3 2 2 1954 2021371POTS 305 174 99 95 77 134 89 130 58 95 62 53 39 31 15 8 3 2 1 1 1 1411 1547371DRBD 74 63 61 43 37 85 92 118 59 53 31 28 15 15 5 1 1 781 786371DVIS 33 67 100 118 115 213 140 107 33 31 17 6 1 1 2 1 1 986 988371BDDD 4 2 3 8 4 14 1 5 1 2 1 45 45371BNTR 450 275 184 182 134 201 160 168 112 96 46 27 7 10 2 2 2 1 2059 2098371LMTT 157 48 33 30 15 17 4 8 5 1 2 1 2 1 324 344400PCMB 24 4 6 5 7 2 1 3 1 1 1 55 64

COLOR KEY# of Cu Detections

12 to 34 to 1011 to 3031 to 96>96

 27
Table 1.6 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Nickel

Nickel semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 2 8 1 2 16 33 61 140 79 49 11 4 1 407 407330MSSP 118 117 71 119 76 67 48 59 44 29 13 5 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 780 883338KKKB 21 11 2 7 6 5 3 3 3 1 62 83338BRLG 8 11 3 1 1 24 35338ELSY 7 5 3 1 2 1 2 21 31333WRSW 5 10 2 2 2 6 2 4 1 34 35330BOON 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 16 16337STJO 1 1 3 1 2 3 11 11338FRGL 3 5 2 2 1 3 2 18 19338RSPG 20 14 7 16 19 15 7 1 1 2 102 117338PRSN 1 3 1 9 6 7 5 5 9 6 3 2 1 2 1 61 62338GDFL 4 1 3 2 1 11 12339NRTV 2 2 2 5 6 7 1 2 1 2 30 30337CMPN 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 4 4 4 1 2 31 31330CTNG 2 1 2 6 5 5 2 23 23360ODVC 13 19 14 7 6 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 73 82364STPR 4 10 13 3 1 1 1 27 34364EVRN 44 80 51 46 29 33 11 14 7 6 1 2 1 325 327368PWLL 1 17 31 51 41 73 58 64 25 9 3 1 363 374367CTTR 51 132 129 269 177 168 104 71 33 19 3 1 2 1159 1181367CRJF 25 89 135 224 136 124 61 55 16 16 6 5 3 3 898 908368JFRC 160 179 114 244 128 122 67 37 21 3 1 1 1077 1178367RBDX 176 206 192 223 95 52 20 16 6 6 1 1 994 1200367GSCD 202 253 235 243 107 80 25 32 15 12 3 2 1 1210 1630367GSCDU 7 21 13 33 16 4 1 4 1 100 109367GSCDL 44 79 84 139 34 25 10 6 7 6 1 2 437 471367GNTR 43 93 45 20 9 4 6 1 1 1 223 305370CMBR 12 14 7 22 14 35 26 22 7 13 15 11 5 3 2 208 216371EMNC 88 192 187 207 154 214 149 156 83 99 36 28 18 8 3 2 1624 2021371POTS 36 134 83 110 89 130 105 111 54 64 44 33 9 8 2 1 953 1547371DRBD 15 54 46 76 62 114 105 118 51 39 12 3 3 1 699 786371DVIS 15 34 30 94 173 216 155 196 36 4 3 3 5 2 966 988371BDDD 2 3 3 7 8 7 7 2 4 1 44 45371BNTR 102 336 279 268 175 237 171 151 43 46 23 13 5 8 3 1 2 1 1864 2098371LMTT 75 84 21 19 7 5 1 1 1 214 344400PCMB 7 8 6 7 4 5 1 1 2 2 2 1 46 64

COLOR KEY# of Ni Detections

12 to 34 to 78 to 2526 to 91> 91

 28
Table 1.7 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Lead

Lead semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 50 77 63 98 38 27 7 5 2 2 1 2 372 407330MSSP 113 71 35 31 25 20 5 10 1 5 2 2 1 321 883338KKKB 7 6 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 83338BRLG 3 2 5 35338ELSY 7 2 9 31333WRSW 3 4 2 4 2 1 1 17 35330BOON 2 2 16337STJO 3 1 4 11338FRGL 3 2 1 1 7 19338RSPG 7 1 3 1 2 1 1 16 117338PRSN 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 22 62338GDFL 12339NRTV 4 8 5 6 3 1 1 28 30337CMPN 4 1 1 4 4 2 16 31330CTNG 1 2 1 4 6 3 1 1 1 20 23360ODVC 8 6 1 5 1 1 22 82364STPR 6 2 2 2 1 7 34364EVRN 52 24 11 25 12 16 1 2 2 1 146 327368PWLL 29 45 63 83 45 38 14 25 8 1 340 374367CTTR 198 158 97 138 60 76 26 29 9 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 802 1181367CRJF 203 135 82 96 55 60 34 31 12 8 1 1 1 719 908368JFRC 247 111 58 70 35 46 17 14 8 1 2 1 610 1178367RBDX 342 61 22 31 11 22 8 15 4 4 1 1 1 523 1200367GSCD 445 102 43 58 33 45 19 17 7 10 7 2 1 1 790 1630367GSCDU 14 14 1 7 4 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 52 109367GSCDL 42 18 8 18 6 12 5 11 3 2 2 127 471367GNTR 88 7 4 5 1 3 1 3 112 305370CMBR 23 16 8 14 19 20 13 34 18 10 5 2 6 5 1 2 196 216371EMNC 314 141 94 123 100 139 87 101 68 53 30 25 5 18 4 5 3 4 2 3 2 1321 2021371POTS 188 140 68 101 63 85 57 80 49 40 21 20 7 6 4 2 1 3 877 1547371DRBD 69 76 63 87 51 84 52 88 52 41 19 9 6 6 7 1 1 1 1 714 786371DVIS 101 220 164 185 86 67 36 27 24 14 11 9 3 3 4 5 1 1 961 988371BDDD 1 3 4 9 4 2 10 1 3 37 45371BNTR 161 265 262 346 240 206 94 107 65 67 36 45 23 29 13 30 22 16 2 2 3 8 2042 2098371LMTT 40 19 7 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 98 344400PCMB 12 10 9 5 1 1 1 1 40 64

COLOR KEY# of Pb Detections

12 to 34 to 89 to 2526 to 67> 67

 29
Table 1.8 Concentration-detection frequency grid for Zinc

Zinc semi-quantitative concentration (ppm)

Geologic Formation (AAPG_CODE) 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 700 1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000

Total 

Detections

 Total 

Samples

320PSLV 30 40 7 16 13 9 2 1 2 120 407330MSSP 76 30 7 21 12 6 6 2 4 4 1 169 883338KKKB 4 3 4 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 24 83338BRLG 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 35338ELSY 3 1 1 2 7 31333WRSW 1 3 1 1 6 35330BOON 1 1 2 16337STJO 11338FRGL 4 1 5 19338RSPG 13 12 2 2 1 1 1 32 117338PRSN 13 6 3 1 2 25 62338GDFL 1 1 2 12339NRTV 1 1 1 3 30337CMPN 6 3 1 1 1 1 13 31330CTNG 9 2 1 1 13 23360ODVC 2 1 1 4 82364STPR 1 1 2 1 6 11 34364EVRN 8 9 5 4 1 2 3 2 1 3 5 43 327368PWLL 8 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 17 374367CTTR 51 12 13 11 8 11 8 3 5 3 1 1 127 1181367CRJF 52 31 12 17 4 9 2 5 2 1 4 12 151 908368JFRC 52 22 11 7 7 4 3 1 2 1 2 112 1178367RBDX 32 11 9 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 63 1200367GSCD 66 29 7 6 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 123 1630367GSCDU 5 1 6 109367GSCDL 16 2 2 1 21 471367GNTR 9 4 1 14 305370CMBR 14 6 2 6 1 1 1 1 32 216371EMNC 109 57 32 34 11 7 4 1 1 5 2 1 264 2021371POTS 56 33 15 11 5 4 3 119 1547371DRBD 15 16 9 9 2 7 5 1 2 66 786371DVIS 11 3 2 1 17 988371BDDD 1 1 45371BNTR 48 32 14 14 11 8 6 4 1 1 1 7 147 2098371LMTT 1 2 3 344400PCMB 3 1 4 64

COLOR KEY# of Zn Detections

12 to 34 to 67 to 1112 to 28> 28

 30
31

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