IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1962

Filed March 30, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF J.E.,

Minor Child,

J.E., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Greene County, Joseph B. 

McCarville, District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Jonathan Law, of Mumma & Pedersen, Jefferson, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Diane Murphy Smith, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Mark Rasmussen of Rasmussen Law Office, Jefferson, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Chicchelly, JJ.
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CHICCHELLY, Judge.

This appeal involves the termination of a mother’s parental rights to her 

infant child, J.E. The mother argues that the State did not sufficiently prove any of 

the four statutory grounds cited for termination. Because the State provided clear 

and convincing evidence to find that the mother and child could not be reunified at 

the time of the termination hearing, we affirm the juvenile court’s termination of the 

mother’s parental rights.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The child in question is less than three years old and was removed from his 

mother’s care in September 2020 due to domestic violence in the home, his 

mother’s drug use and homelessness, and his special needs. The child has 

Down’s syndrome, a history of congestive heart failure, and a feeding tube. In 

September 2020, J.E. and his mother were living in a home without electricity or 

running water, despite J.E. requiring oxygen 24/7 at that time. A local church later 

paid for a motel room, but J.E. was removed after police were called to the motel 

for a domestic disturbance. At that time, the responding officer reported cigarette 

smoke so thick in the mother’s room that it made his breathing difficult. Given 

J.E.’s health condition, this placed him in serious medical jeopardy. 

At the time of his removal, J.E. was 11 months old but developmentally 

presented as a newborn. His mother was not taking him to any necessary 

appointments or participating in any needed services that a child with special 

needs requires. He has made significant strides since being able to regularly 

attend medical appointments in foster care but still requires specialized daily 

medical care. Since his placement in foster care, J.E’s mother has not taken 
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initiative to attend appointments or follow up on his progress and visit notes when 

she is absent. She has attended only two of more than twenty medical 

appointments.

During the pendency of this case, J.E.’s mother has been homeless and 

lived on and off with friends and her mother. She was unemployed and did not 

have a driver’s license until shortly before the termination of parental rights 

hearing. She also does not have reliable transportation or a plan for daycare. 

Because she and her mother both smoke, placing J.E. in his grandmother’s home 

is not an option. The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) has worked with 

the mother to find housing by attempting to facilitate inpatient treatment, which 

would offer temporary housing, and by making referrals to various housing 

agencies. She had received a housing voucher from one county, but she had not

secured housing at the time of the termination hearing.

In June 2021, the mother requested that a no-contact order be dropped 

between her and the individual whose domestic abuse led to J.E.’s removal. The 

request was denied but demonstrates the mother’s poor decision-making. She 

lost several teeth as a result of the domestic assault by this individual and has a 

history of substance use with him. She also asked a DHS worker about moving in 

with a woman whom she “didn’t really know but was willing to let her move in” in 

the same town where this assailant was residing.

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to

subsections (e), (g), (h), and (l) of Iowa Code section 232.116(1) (2021) in a 

December 2021 order. The mother timely appealed. The parental rights of J.E.’s
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assumed father and all putative fathers were also terminated. No appearance, 

response, or appeal has been filed by any purported father to J.E.

II. Review.

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. See In re B.H.A., 938 

N.W.2d 227, 232 (Iowa 2020). “We will uphold an order terminating parental rights 

where there is clear and convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for 

termination. Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or 

substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law drawn from the 

evidence.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 431 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015) (citation omitted). 

We give weight to the juvenile court’s fact findings, especially those about witness 

credibility, although they are not binding. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g); In re 

C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d 96, 99 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010). 

III. Analysis.

Iowa courts use a three-step analysis to review the termination of parental

rights. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). Those steps include whether: 

(1) grounds for termination have been established, (2) termination is in the child’s 

best interests, and (3) we should exercise any of the permissive exceptions to 

termination. Id. at 472–73. Here, the appeal is limited to the first step regarding

whether grounds for termination have been established. 

The juvenile court found the State proved by clear and convincing evidence 

four grounds for terminating the mother’s parental rights. We may affirm if the 

record supports termination on any one ground. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 

774 (Iowa 2012). We confine our analysis to section 232.116(1)(h).

The court may terminate under section 232.116(1)(h) if it finds:
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(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a [CINA] pursuant to 

section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six of the last twelve months, or for the 

last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been 

less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

The fourth element alone is in dispute: whether the child could be returned to the 

parent’s care at the time of the termination hearing. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 

703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (interpreting the term “at the present time” to mean “at the 

time of the termination hearing”).

We agree with the juvenile court that J.E. could not be returned to the 

mother’s care at the time of the termination hearing. While she has made some 

progress towards the permanency goals outlined by DHS, improvements have 

been insufficient to demonstrate that she can meet J.E.’s health and safety needs. 

Despite agency support, the mother has failed to secure stable housing. She has 

failed to take an active role in J.E.’s medical care, relying entirely on his foster 

mother and missing most of his healthcare appointments. She has likewise failed 

to demonstrate progress in understanding the care J.E. requires. DHS reports she

has exhibited an inability to regulate her emotions and becomes easily 

overwhelmed by J.E.’s needs. She has continued to miss visits with J.E. both 

when the agency was providing transportation and when she began driving herself.

When she has not missed her visits with J.E., the mother has fallen asleep 

at visitations and almost dropped the child due to twitching. A DHS report from 

November 2021 indicates that the mother has struggled with substance abuse for 
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over a decade. In fact, she admitted to using during her pregnancy, and J.E. tested 

positive for methamphetamine at his birth. She has likewise admitted to refusing 

drug testing during this case to avoid positive results. She tested positive for 

methamphetamine and other illegal substances on multiple occasions but has 

tested negative in the months leading up to the termination hearing (specifically, in

July, September, and October 2021). Nonetheless, she has admitted she has a 

history of becoming sober and eventually relapsing when things spiral out of 

control. The mother obtained a mental health evaluation, albeit eleven months 

after DHS recommended doing so, and she has failed to follow through on the 

related recommendations for PTSD treatment. 

We recognize that the negative drug tests and securing of a housing 

voucher as well as a part-time job and driver’s license are significant steps for 

J.E.’s mother. However, while we commend the progress that she has begun 

making in the final months leading up to the termination hearing, we find these 

actions are insufficient and too late. Iowa law affords limited patience for parents 

to demonstrate the child can safely be returned to his or her care. See In re C.B., 

611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000) (discussing the age-associated timelines for a 

determination that the needs of a child would be promoted by termination of 

parental rights). “The purpose of these limitations is to prevent children from being 

perpetually kept in foster care and to see that some type of permanent situation is 

provided for the children.” In re J.P., 499 N.W.2d 334, 339 (Iowa Ct. App.1993). 

At the time of the termination hearing, J.E. had been removed from his mother’s 

care for fifteen months, and she had not progressed beyond fully supervised visits. 

Moreover, the mother conceded in her testimony that she was not able to take him 
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into custody at the time of the termination hearing because he could not stay at 

her mother’s residence and she was still searching for other housing.

We cannot say that the mother has demonstrated promise towards offering 

a permanent home capable of meeting J.E.’s needs. “Insight for the determination 

of the child's long-range best interests can be gleaned from evidence of the 

parent's past performance for that performance may be indicative of the quality of 

the future care that parent is capable of providing.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 

778 (Iowa 2012). Here, the mother’s track record is not favorable. Her parental 

rights to three other children have previously been terminated, while two additional 

children were placed with family members. She has previously spent six months 

in prison and has battled substance abuse for many years now. Her lack of reliable 

transportation would also present a significant challenge to ensuring J.E.’s 

continued attendance at all necessary medical appointments.

Given the mother’s lack of safe and stable housing, failure to see a PTSD 

therapist, history of substance abuse, and absence at J.E.’s medical appointments, 

we find there is clear and convincing evidence that the child could not be returned 

to her care at the time of the termination hearing.

AFFIRMED.