National Park Service

 U.S. Department of the Interior

 Natural Resource Program Center

 Air Resources Division

 Annual Data Summary 2005

 Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

 Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Particulate Matter, 

 Meteorological Observations
On the Cover

Yosemite National Park - 

Inspiration Point, California

NPS photo by L. Tarnay

Inside Cover

Yosemite National Park - 

Merced River Air Quality 

Monitoring Station

NPS photo by L. Tarnay
Annual Data Summary 2005

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Particulate Matter, 

Meteorological Observations

Report No. NPS D-1782

National Park Service

Air Resources Division

P.O. Box 25287

Denver, CO 80225-0287

August 2006

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Program Center
This annual data summary was prepared for the National Park Service under contract C2350010840 by:

Air Resource Specialists, Inc.

1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E

Fort Collins, Colorado 80525

For additional copies of this report contact:

Air Resource Specialists, Inc.

1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E

Fort Collins, CO 80525

Telephone: (970) 484-7941

Fax: (970) 484-3423

E-mail: air-imc@air-resource.com

or

National Park Service Denver Service Center

Technical Information Center

12795 W. Alameda Parkway

Denver, CO 80225-0287

Telephone: (303) 969-2130

E-mail: TIC_requests@nps.gov

or

The report can be downloaded from

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/ads/ADSReport.cfm

NPS D-1782, August 2006

Printed on recycled paper
Annual Data Summary 2005 i 

Foreword iii

1.0 Introduction 1-1

2.0 Network Description 2-1

2.1 GPMP Network Monitoring 2-1

2.2 Cooperating Programs 2-1

 2.2.1 State Programs 2-2

 2.2.2 CASTNet 2-2

 2.2.3 Passive Ozone 2-2

 2.2.4 IMPROVE 2-2

 2.2.5 NADP/NTN and NADP/MDN 2-2 

3.0 Data Summaries 3-1

3.1 Ozone Data Summaries 3-2

 3.1.1 Annual Ozone Summaries 3-2

 3.1.2 Ozone Violation Summaries 3-9

 3.1.3 Long-Term Ozone Trends 3-14

 3.1.3.1 Application of Theil and

 Regression Techniques 3-14

 3.1.3.2 Ozone Trends Compared

 to a Reference Year 3-18

 3.1.3.3 Spatial Ozone Changes

 Over 10 Years 3-19

Yosemite National Park, California

NPS photo by L. Tarnay

Contents

 3.1.3.4 Passive Ozone Sampling

 Program Trends 3-20

 3.1.3.5 Trends When There Are

 Multiple Monitors 3-21

 3.1.3.6 Trends Comments 3-23

 3.1.3.7 More Information on

 the Web 3-23

 3.1.3.8 Literature 3-23 

 3.1.4 Resource Injury Indices 3-24

3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Data Summaries 3-29

3.3 Particulate Matter Data Summaries 3-32

 3.3.1 PM2.5 Data Summaries 3-32

 3.3.2 PM10 Data Summaries 3-35

3.4 Meteorological Data Summaries 3-38

4.0 Data Quality Assurance 4-1

4.1 Data Collection 4-1

4.2 Precision and Accuracy 4-10

Station Photographs

Yosemite NP - Merced River Inside Front Cover

Craters of the Moon NM and Preserve ii

Olympic NP iii

Mesa Verde NP 2-1

North Cascades NP 2-2

Pinnacles NM 3-1

Hawaii Volcanoes NP - Observatory 3-9

Acadia NP 3-15

Badlands NP 3-29

Mammoth Cave NP 3-35

Great Smoky Mountains NP - Cades Cove 3-38
Annual Data Summary 2005 ii 

Figures

Figure 2-1. Air quality monitoring in or

nearby park units 2-3

Figure 3-1. Annual fourth highest daily

maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations (in ppb) 3-6

Figure 3-2. Annual number of days with 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values

≥ 85 ppb 3-7

Figure 3-3. Annual second highest 1-hour 

average ozone concentrations (in ppb) 3-8

Figure 3-4. Three-year running average ozone 

violation summary ranking (highest 40 sites), 

2003-2005 3-13

Figure 3-5. Ozone linear regression trends 

in eastern parks for the period of record 3-16

Figure 3-6. GPRA-Theil trends in western 

parks over the last 10 years (1995-2005) 3-17

Figure 3-7. Difference in ozone from two 

5-year periods: 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 3-19

Figure 3-8. Ozone air quality changes in 

NPS units 3-20

Figure 3-9. Ozone trends over the past 10

years (1995-2005) using passive sampling 3-21

Figure 3-10. Trends for multiple monitoring 

locations in Great Smoky Mountains 

National Park 3-22

Figure 3-11. Annual 3-month maximum

SUM06 exposure index 3-28

Tables

Table 2-1. Site Specifications 2-4

Table 3-1. Daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentrations (ppb) 3-3

Table 3-2. Three-year running average 

ozone violation summary - primary

standard 3-10

Table 3-3. Changes in ozone at national 

parks over different time periods 3-18

Table 3-4. Summary of indices for resource

 injury (SUM06, W126, and N100) 3-25

Table 3-5. Summary of sulfur dioxide data 3-30

Table 3-6. Summary of PM2.5 data from 

non-equivalency methods 3-33

Table 3-7. Summary of PM10 data from

reference and equivalency methods 3-36

Table 3-8. PM10 violation summary - 

daily standard 3-37

Table 3-9. PM10 violation summary - 

annual standard 3-37

Table 3-10. Summary of selected 

meteorological data 3-39

Table 4-1. Data collection statistics 4-2

Table 4-2. Network summary of data 

collection statistics 4-6

Table 4-3. Ozone analyzer precision 

and accuracy summary 4-11

Table 4-4. Ozone analyzer precision

and accuracy overall network summary 4-19

Craters of the Moon NM and 

Preserve - Ambient Air Quality 

Monitoring Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 iii 

2005 Annual Report

This annual data summary report includes 

data from all Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring 

Program (GPMP) stations. Several parks 

with stations operated by other agencies are 

also included. Air quality and meteorological 

data from these sites for 2005 have been 

collected, validated, and made available to the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the 

parks, and the public. The data summarized in 

this report, as well as data from previous years, 

can be accessed and viewed graphically on the 

National Park Service (NPS) Air Resources 

Division (ARD) Web site (http://www2.nature.

nps.gov/air/monitoring/index.cfm). This report 

also presents several measures of how well 

the network has functioned (data precision, 

accuracy, and collection rates), and contains 

summaries related to the pollutant National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards and thresholds 

for resource injury.

Changes in 2005

The number of NPS ozone monitoring sites 

decreased slightly in 2005, however, new 

monitors within 5-10 miles of park units have 

been added to this report. The NPS ARD also 

completed and submitted to EPA a revised 

Quality Management Plan and Quality 

Assurance Project Plan. These documents are 

important to certify the ozone network.

2005 saw an increase in the number of 

portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS) 

operated by the NPS. These POMS serve the 

“baseline monitoring” function described in 

the 1991 NPS Monitoring Strategy. POMS 

were used in 13 locations in 2005. Data 

from these sites are included in many of the 

summaries in this report and the hourly data 

are available on the NPS ARD’s Web site. 

At least 16 POMS stations will be deployed 

in 2006 including new stations at Carlsbad 

Caverns National Park, Cumberland 

Gap National Historic Park, Colorado 

National Monument, and Natchez Trace 

Parkway. If your park unit has an interest in 

deploying a POMS, please contact John Ray 

(303-969-2820).

Budget constraints have put pressure on 

the monitoring network such that a limited 

amount of new or replacement equipment is 

being purchased, the Alaska arctic monitoring 

site has been put on indefinite hold, and 

funds for park support of monitoring are 

tight. It is expected that budgets will continue 

to be tight in the coming year.

Olympic NP Portable Ozone 

Monitoring Station

Foreword
Annual Data Summary 2005 iv 

Yellowstone NP Snowcoach

NPS photo by J.Ray

Highlights in 2005

During 2005, only 6 parks operated by 

the NPS exceeded the ozone standard for 

the fourth highest 8-hour daily maximum 

ozone concentrations, as indicated in the 

table below. An exceedance occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is equal 

to or greater than 85 ppb. 

Special Studies in 2005

Each year several special air quality studies 

are conducted in individual parks. The 

objectives of these studies fall under the 

following monitoring objectives of the 

GPMP:

Provide data for atmospheric model 

development and evaluation.

Identify pollutants which may injure 

park natural resources or affect human 

health by measuring these pollutants and 

correlating observed effects on resources 

to ambient levels of pollutants.

•

•

Park/Site

4th Highest Daily Maximum

8-Hour Avg. O3

Concentration (ppb)

Number of 

Exceedances

Death Valley

Great Smoky Mountains - Look Rock

Joshua Tree

Sequoia and Kings Canyon:

 Ash Mountain

 Lower Kaweah

Yosemite - Turtleback Dome

Zion

 85

 86

104

107

 97

 85

 91

 4

 7

35

54

32

 5

 4

Yellowstone National Park – Yellowstone 

continues to fund monitoring of carbon 

monoxide (CO) and fine particles (PM2.5) at 

two locations to relate snowmobile usage to 

ambient air quality. Over the past couple of 

years, CO and PM2.5 levels at locations with 

high snowmobile activity have declined. 

Detailed emission data from snowmobiles 

and snowcoaches were collected using 

portable instrumentation in January 2006. 

The park plans to use these data in modeling 

and in the revision to the Winter Use Plan to 

include a Best Available Technology (BAT) 

for snowcoaches.

Cumberland-Piedmont – The CumberlandPiedmont network within the Inventory and 

Monitoring Program conducted portable 

ozone and passive ozone sampling at 28 

locations in 14 parks during the summer of 

2005. Two POMS units were deployed at 

multiple locations for three-week periods 

during the summer.

Network Quality Assurance

Overall data capture for NPS ozone 

monitoring continues to be high (97%) 

and exceeds NPS objectives and EPA 

requirements. David Maxwell has taken over 

as the quality assurance officer of the GPMP. 

The CASTNet program continues to press 

for high data quality and has started an audit 

program.

The GPMP acknowledges and thanks the 

many park employees who perform the 

majority of the air quality monitoring by 

keeping the stations operational and working 

on air quality issues. 

Dr. John D. Ray

GPMP Program Manager

NPS Air Resources Division

303-969-2820

john_d_ray@nps.gov
Annual Data Summary 2005 1-1

The overall purpose of the National 

Park Service (NPS) Gaseous Pollutant 

Monitoring Program (GPMP) is to monitor 

the status and trends of ambient air quality 

conditions in national park units. This 

purpose is outlined by the Clean Air Act 

of 1963 (including the 1970, 1977, and 

1990 amendments) and the Organic Act 

of 1916, which assign the federal land 

managers the responsibility of protecting the 

natural resources in national parks. Several 

monitoring objectives have been derived 

from this purpose.

To meet these objectives the NPS Air 

Resources Division (ARD) has established a 

network of stations to monitor ozone (O3

), 

sulfur dioxide (SO2

), carbon monoxide (CO), 

oxides of nitrogen (NOx

), particulate matter 

(PM), and meteorological conditions in the 

parks. This data summary report presents 

only O3, SO2, PM, and meteorological data. 

Other gas and particulate monitoring are 

performed at several sites for specific air 

quality studies. Ozone, meteorological, and 

some SO2

 monitoring methods and quality 

assurance procedures adopted by the GPMP 

network were developed in accordance 

with the EPA regulations of 40 CFR, Part 58, 

Appendix D, which, although addressing 

primarily health-effects based monitoring 

in areas of high population, are generally 

pertinent to the GPMP. These design criteria 

allow for the direct comparison of data 

collected by the NPS with that collected by 

the EPA, and state and local air pollution 

control agencies. As a supplement to the basic 

network, the ARD also conducts shorterterm air quality monitoring including passive 

ozone, portable ozone, and special studies 

monitoring in selected parks. In addition, 

the ARD cooperates with other national 

and state programs that monitor ambient 

gases, meteorology, deposition chemistry, 

particulate matter, and visibility.

Data collected by this network are 

incorporated in the EPA Air Quality System 

(AQS) database, which is a national database 

of air quality data collected throughout the 

country. These data are also stored in the 

NPS ARD’s Information Management Center 

(IMC), and are publicly available through the 

NPS ARD’s Web site at http://www2.nature.

nps.gov/air/Monitoring/network.cfm#data.

Primary Monitoring Objectives

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Establish baseline concentrations of air pollution in national park units

Assess trends in air quality

Determine compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Provide data for the development and revision of national and regional air pollution 

control policies

Provide data for atmospheric model development and evaluation

Identify air pollutants that may injure or damage park natural resources, measure these 

pollutants, and correlate observed effects on resources to ambient levels of pollutants

•

•

•

•

•

•

1.0 Introduction

Other NPS monitoring objectives call for the 

collection of data to support the National 

Park Service’s required involvement in 

both the development of state air quality 

control plans, and the evaluation of permit 

applications for new or expanding air 

pollution sources wishing to locate near 

park units. The Clean Air Act gives federal 

land managers an affirmative responsibility 

to protect air quality related values in Class I 

areas and to assess whether new sources 

will have an adverse impact on park unit 

resources and values. Information on air 

quality levels in NPS units can also be used 

to evaluate the performance of atmospheric 

models that simulate how pollutants are 

transported into park units, and predict 

impacts on the park units caused by air 

pollution sources.
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-1

The NPS air quality monitoring strategy has 

focused primarily on Class I areas defined 

by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977. 

The Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 

network consists of individual stations 

located in national park units throughout 

the United States. The NPS also participates 

with other agencies in cooperative 

monitoring programs. This section describes 

the GPMP network and cooperating 

programs.

2.1 GPMP Network Monitoring

During 2005, ninety-four (94) monitoring 

sites in sixty-eight (68) units of the National 

Park System conducted some combination 

of ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate 

matter, and meteorological monitoring. 

The locations of the sites that operated 

during the year are presented on the map 

in Figure 2-1. The parameters monitored at 

each park unit are indicated with colored 

flags. The CASTNet flag identifies sites 

where the NPS operates Clean Air Status 

and Trends Network monitoring systems 

in cooperation with the EPA’s CASTNet 

program to quantify dry atmospheric 

deposition. The enhanced gaseous and/or 

particulates flag indicates that the NPS 

sponsors additional or high-resolution 

gaseous or particulate monitoring at the park. 

Monitoring agencies and park units with 

more than one monitoring site are indicated. 

Site specifications, including site names, 

abbreviations, AQS identification numbers, 

locations, and monitored parameters are 

listed in Table 2-1.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory 

compliance, the NPS added non-certified 

portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS) 

to the GPMP in 2003. These sites employ 

portable non-reference, non-equivalent 

method ozone and meteorological monitoring 

stations, generally configured for solar and 

battery power. Throughout this report, 

POMS site names in tables and figures have 

been underlined to distinguish them from 

monitoring sites meeting all EPA guidelines.

2.2 Cooperating Programs

Data from cooperating programs are reported 

by those programs and are not included in 

this report. The exception to that is ozone, 

sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and 

meteorology collected in NPS units by state 

agencies which supplement the data collected 

by the GPMP. Mesa Verde NP Air Quality 

Monitoring Station

The POMS are intended for 

short-term seasonal use at 

locations where reference 

method monitoring has not 

occurred or is not practical.

2.0 Network Description
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-2

2.2.1 State Programs - The NPS 

cooperates with a number of state agencies. 

At some sites, state air quality agencies 

provide measurement and operations 

support, and data are generally shared 

directly among cooperating agencies. 

Relevant ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate 

matter, and meteorological data submitted 

by states to the EPA AQS are retrieved for 

inclusion in this report. 

There are also numerous sites near park 

units operated by state or other agencies, 

independent of the NPS. Data from these 

sites are also retrieved from the EPA 

AQS for inclusion in this report, but are 

presented separately from data collected by 

state sites in cooperation with the NPS.

Throughout this report, state operated and 

reported monitoring site names in tables 

and figures are indicated in italics.

2.2.2 CASTNet - Most GPMP stations 

operate in a cooperative effort with the 

EPA Clean Air Status and Trends Network 

(CASTNet). Weekly integrated particulate 

samples are collected on filter packs at 

CASTNet sites. The samples are analyzed 

for ambient atmospheric nitrates, sulfates, 

ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric 

acid, and the results are used to estimate 

atmospheric dry deposition. More 

information is available at the CASTNet 

Web site: http://www.epa.gov/castnet.

2.2.3 Passive Ozone - To expand the spatial 

sampling of ozone in national parks, the 

Research and Monitoring Branch, (RMB) 

of the NPS ARD adopted the use of low-cost 

passive ozone samplers. Weekly integrated 

ozone concentrations are measured in the 

parks during the ozone season, typically late 

spring through early fall. Operators change 

the ozone badges weekly and mail them to a 

contract laboratory for analysis. The results 

are compiled and reported by the RMB.

2.2.4 IMPROVE - The Interagency 

Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments 

(IMPROVE) is a consortium of federal 

and state agencies which conduct visibility 

monitoring in Class I areas, including national 

parks. A number of instruments are used to 

monitor visibility, including:

Aerosol samplers, which collect 24-hr 

integrated particle samples every three 

days on a series of filter media. Filters are 

later analyzed for PM2.5 and PM10 mass, 

elements, ions, and carbon.

Transmissometers, which directly 

measure the atmospheric light extinction 

over a sight path of several kilometers.

Nephelometers, which perform point 

optical measurements of the scattering 

component of atmospheric light 

extinction.

Cameras which document the 

appearance of a scene as viewed through 

the atmosphere. Digital images from 

many sites are posted to the Internet 

along with relevant air quality data and 

other information in near real-time for 

public viewing.

More information is available at the 

IMPROVE Web site at http://vista.cira.

colostate.edu/improve.

2.2.5 NADP/NTN and NADP/MDN - The 

National Atmospheric Deposition Program/

National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) 

includes wet deposition monitoring at over 

250 sites nationwide. The NADP network has 

been collecting data for over 20 years, and is 

coordinated from the Program Office at the 

Illinois State Water Survey in Champaign, 

Illinois. Data for all major ions are available in 

concentrations and depositions expressed by 

kilograms/hectare. The National Atmospheric 

Deposition Program/ Mercury Deposition 

Network (NADP/MDN) includes wet 

mercury deposition monitoring at over 80 

sites nationwide. More information about 

both of these programs is available at the 

NADP Web site: http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/.

•

•

•

•

North Cascades NP Dry Deposition 

and Precipitation
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-3Figure 2-1. Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units.

Figure 2-1. Air Quality Monitoring in or Nearby Park Units

* Park units with more than one site are indicatedwith (x) following the park unit name, where xrepresents the number of sites within the unit.

Acadia (2)

Assateague Island

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Congaree

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades (2)

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Gulf Islands

Hawaii Volcanoes (2)

Joshua Tree

Kobuk Valley

Lake Mead

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave (2)

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (2)

North Cascades Olympic (2)

Padre Island

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (2)

Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Wind Cave

Yellowstone (2)

Yosemite (4)

Zion

Appalachian Trail

Blue Ridge Parkway (north unit) (2)

Blue Ridge Parkway (south unit) (4)

Boston Harbor Islands

Cuyahoga Valley

Guilford Courthouse

George Washington Memorial Pkwy

Indiana Dunes (3)

Mississippi (3)

Petroglyph

Rock Creek

Saugus Iron Works Saratoga

Alabama-Coushatta

Dinosaur

 = Short-Term POMS

Abraham Lincoln BirthplaceCarl SandburgChickamanga / ChatanoogaCumberland GapFort DonelsonKings MountainLincoln MemorialMammoth Cave (2)Ninety SixShilohStones River

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated

portable ozone system (POMS)

Parameters

OzoneMeteorology

CASTNet Filter PackSulfur Dioxide

Enhanced Gaseous and/or Particulates
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-4 Table 2-1. Site specifications. Sites operated by the National Park Service Filter Pack National Park Unit Elev. (m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1 VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 2-1a. Site Specifications

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace X 37.6089 240 85.6436 Knob Creek High KY ABLI-KC 1 X X X X X

Assateague Island X 38.2511 3 75.1594 Maintenance Area MD ASIS-MA 1 X X X X X

Badlands X 43.7436 46-071-1001 739 101.9414 Visitor Center SD BADL-VC 9 X X X X X

Big Bend X 29.3022 48-043-0101 1052 103.1772 K-Bar Ranch Road TX BIBE-KB BBE401 16 X X X X X X X X

Big South Fork X 36.4725 451 84.6806 Taft Story Fields TN BISO-TS 3 X X X X X

Black Canyon of the Gunnison X 38.5803 2408 107.7167 Gravel Pit CO BLCA-GP 3 X X X X X

Canyonlands X 38.455 49-037-0101 1813 109.8217 Island in the Sky UT CANY-IS CAN407 14 X X X X X X X X

Carl Sandburg 35.265 82.4511 Granite Dome 14 NC CASA-GD 1 X

Chickamanga/Chatanooga 34.9183 237 85.27 Maintenance Area Field GA CHCH-MA 1 X X

Chiricahua X 32.0092 04-003-8001 1570 109.3892 Entrance Station AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 15 X X X X X X X X

Craters of the Moon X 43.4606 16-023-0101 1815 113.5622 Visitor Center ID CRMO-VC 14 X X X X

Cumberland Gap 36.6064 749 83.6647 Pinnacles TN CUGA-PI 1 X X

Denali X 63.0539 02-290-0003 661 150.8547 Headquarters AK DENA-HQ DEN417 19 X X X X X X X X

Death Valley X 36.5092 06-027-0101 125 116.8481 Park Village CA DEVA-PV DEV412 13 X X X X X X X X

Dinosaur X 40.4372 1463 109.3047 West Entrance Housing UT DINO-WE 1 X X X X X X

Everglades X 25.3911 12-086-0030 2 80.6806 Beard Center FL EVER-BC EVE419 X X X X X X X X

Fort Donelson 36.4825 172 87.8622 Visitor Center TN FODO-VC 1 X X

Glacier X 48.5103 30-029-8001 976 113.9956 West Glacier Horse Stables MT GLAC-WG GLR468 14 X X X X X X X X

Great Basin X 39.005 32-033-0101 2067 114.2158 Maintenance Yard NV GRBA-MY GRB411 13 X X X X X X X X

Grand Canyon X 36.2828 04-005-8001 1433 113.0958 The Abyss AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 13 X X X X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains X 35.5619 47-009-0102 2021 83.4981 Cades Cove TN GRSM-CC 13 X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains X 35.6967 47-155-0102 1243 83.6086 Clingmans Dome TN GRSM-CD 13 X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains X 35.6967 47-155-0101 1243 83.6086 Cove Mountain TN GRSM-CM 18 X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains X 35.6331 47-009-0101 793 83.9422 Look Rock TN GRSM-LR GRS420 18 X X X X X X X X

Gulf Islands X 30.3183 6 87.2553 Fort Pickens Entrance Stn. FL GUIS-FP 2 X X X X X

Hawaii Volcanoes X 19.4203 15-001-0007 1123 155.2881 Observatory HI HAVO-OB X X X X X

Hawaii Volcanoes X 19.4308 15-001-0005 1215 155.2578 Visitor Center HI HAVO-VC X X X X X X

Joshua Tree X 34.0714 06-071-9002 1244 116.3906 Black Rock CA OTR-BR J OT403 J 13 X X X X X X X X

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-5

Table 2-1a (continued). Site Specifications

Filter

Pack National Park Unit

Elev.

(m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1 VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Kings Mountain 35.1381 325 81.3872 Resevoir Hill SC KIMO-RH 1 X X

Kobuk Valley X 67.0925 02-290-0004 67 157.8719 Ambler AK KOVA-AM KVA428 X X X X X X X X

Lake Mead X 36.0194 881 114.0686 Meadview AZ LAME-ME 4 X X X X X

Lassen Volcanic X 40.5403 06-089-3003 1756 121.5764 Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. CA LAVO-ML LAV410 19 X X X X X X X X

Lincoln Memorial University 36.5775 83.6569 University Field TN LIME-UF 1 X X

Mammoth Cave X 37.2178 219 86.0736 Biogarden KY MACA-BI 2 X X X X X

Mammoth Cave 37.2178 219 86.0736 Great Onyx Meadow Portable KY MACA-GP 15 X X

Mammoth Cave X 37.1864 21-061-0501 258 86.0411 Houchin Meadow KY MACA-HM MAC426 10 X X X X X X X X

Mammoth Cave 37.2503 234 86.2325 Great Onyx Job Corps KY MACA-JC 1 X X

Mesa Verde X 37.1983 08-083-0101 2177 108.4903 Resource Mngment Area CO MEVE-RM MEV405 13 X X X X X X X X

Mount Rainier X 46.7583 415 122.1244 Tahoma Vista WA MORA-TV 2 X X X X X

Mount Rainier X 46.7581 53-053-1010 423 122.1225 Tahoma Woods WA MORA-TW MOR409 15 X X X X X X X X

Ninety Six Historical Park 34.1481 151 82.0128 Bumble Bee Hill SC NISI-BB 1 X X

North Cascades X 48.5397 53-057-0013 109 121.4472 Marblemount Ranger Stn. WA NOCA-MM NCS415 10 X X X X X X X X

Olympic X 47.995 939 123.3847 Hurricane Ridge Portable WA OLYM-HP 2 X X X X X

Padre Island X 27.4267 6 97.2983 Malaquite Visitor Center TX PAIS-MV 1 X X X X X

Petrified Forest X 34.8225 04-017-0119 1723 109.8919 South Entrance AZ PEFO-SE PET427 4 X X X X X X X X

Pinnacles X 36.485 06-069-0003 317 121.1556 SW of East Entrance Stn. CA PINN-ES PIN414 19 X X X X X X X X

Rocky Mountain X 40.3833 08-069-0007 2407 105.5667 Long's Peak CO ROMO-LP ROM406 20 X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon X 36.4894 06-107-0009 457 118.8269 Ash Mountain CA SEKI-AS SEK430 7 X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon X 36.5658 06-107-0006 1890 118.7772 Lower Kaweah CA SEKI-LK 22 X X X X X

Shenandoah X 38.5231 51-113-0003 1073 78.4347 Big Meadows VA SHEN-BM SHN418 23 X X X X X X X X XShiloh 35.1572 88.3394 Russian Tenant Field TN SHIL-RT 1 X X

Stones River 35.8786 168 86.4361 Chicago Bottom Field TN STRI-CB 1 X X

Voyageurs X 48.4128 27-137-0034 429 92.8292 Sullivan Bay MN VOYA-SB VOY413 10 X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone X 44.4569 56-039-1012 2246 110.8314 Old Faithful WY YELL-OF X X X

Yellowstone X 44.4569 56-039-1011 2246 110.8314 Water Tank WY YELL-WT YEL408 10 X X X X X X X X

Yosemite X 37.7431 06-043-0033 1219 119.5939 Merced River CA YOSE-MR 4 X X X X X

Table 2-1 (continued). Site specifications.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-6

Filter

Pack National Park Unit

Elev.

(m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1 VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 2-1b. Site Specifications

Cooperating State Sites

Acadia X 44.3472 23-009-0102 466 68.2278 Cadillac Mountain ME ACAD-CM 11 X X X

Acadia X 44.3739 23-009-0103 129 68.2606 McFarland Hill ME ACAD-MH ACA416 8 X X X X X X X XCape Cod X 41.9758 25-001-0002 41 70.0247 Cape Cod MA CACO-XX 19 X X X X

Chamizal X 31.7656 48-141-0044 1128 106.455 Chamizal TX CHAM-XX 14 X X X X

Congaree 33.8147 45-079-0021 34 80.7811 Congaree Bluff SC COSW-BL 6 X

Cowpens 35.1303 45-021-0002 297 87.8164 State Monitor SC COWP-SM 18

Great Smoky Mountains 35.59 37-087-0036 1500 83.0775 Purchase Knob NC GRSM-PK 11

Saguaro X 32.1744 04-019-0021 938 110.7364 Pima County AZ SAGU-PC 14 X X X X

Theodore Roosevelt X 46.8947 38-007-0002 850 103.3778 Painted Cany. VC ND THRO-VC THR422 8 X X X X X X X X XWind Cave X 43.5578 46-033-0132 1292 103.4839 Visitor Center SD WICA-VC WNC429 2 X X X X X X X X

Yosemite 37.7458 06-043-1001 1216 119.6028 Village CA YOSE-VI

# active park units: 10 # active park sites: 11

Table 2-1 (continued). Site specifications.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

-- continued --

Table 2-1a (continued). Site Specifications

Filter

Pack National Park Unit

Elev.

(m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1 VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Yosemite X 37.7961 06-043-0003 1408 119.8581 Turtleback Dome CA YOSE-TD YOS404 13 X X X X X X X X

Yosemite 37.9108 3037 119.2586 Tioga Pass CA YOSE-TP 1 X X

Zion X 37.1983 49-053-0130 1213 113.1506 Dalton's Wash UT ZION-DW 2 X X X X X

# active park units: 47 # active park sites: 59
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-7

Table 2-1 (continued). Site specifications.

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Filter

Pack National Park Unit

Elev.

(m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1 VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 2-1c. Site Specifications

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Alabama-Coushatta X 38.8689 164 89.6228 CASTNet site TX ALCO-CA 18 X X X X X X X X

Appalachian Trail 42.6367 25-003-4002 1140 73.1686 Mount Greylock Summit MA APTR-MG 17

Blue Ridge Parkway 35.9717 37-011-0002 987 81.9342 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway NC BLRI-75 7 X X

Blue Ridge Parkway 35.7378 37-199-0003 1982 82.2853 Blue Ridge Parkway NC BLRI-BR 14

Blue Ridge Parkway 37.2856 51-161-1004 346 79.8842 Vinton Elementary VA BLRI-VE 25

Blue Ridge Parkway 35.3792 37-087-0035 1585 82.7925 Frying Pan Mountain NC BLRI-FP 12 X X

Blue Ridge Parkway 35.5 37-021-0030 675 82.6 Route 191 NC BLRI-RO 17

Blue Ridge Parkway 37.6261 51-163-0003 280 79.5131 Ranger Station VA BLRI-RS 7

Boston Harbor Islands X 42.3175 25-025-0041 10 70.9689 Former Nike Missle Site MA BOHA-NM 8 X X X X

Cuyahoga Valley 41.1061 39-153-0020 305 81.5039 800 Patterson OH CUVA-PA 26

Everglades 25.5861 12-086-0029 4 80.3269 Cutler Road FL EVER-CR 21

George Washington Pkwy 38.8108 51-510-0009 23 77.0447 Alexandria Health VA GEWA-AH 37

Guilford Courthouse 36.1092 37-081-0013 247 79.8011 Mendenhall Middle School NC GUCO-MM 5 X X X X X X

Indiana Dunes X 41.7169 18-091-0005 187 86.9075 Gas Station IN INDU-GS 30 X X X

Indiana Dunes X 41.5733 18-089-0022 183 87.3047 Ammunition Bunker IN INDU-AB 13 X X X X

Indiana Dunes 41.6175 18-127-0024 183 87.1992 Water Treatment Plant IN INDU-WT 23

Mississippi 41.1397 27-003-1002 281 93.2075 Anoka County Airport MN MISS-AC 27

Mississippi X 45.1244 55-109-1002 278 92.6625 Somerset Town Hall WI MISS-ST 39 X

Mississippi 45.1189 27-163-6015 0 92.855 Washington County MN MISS-WC 9

Olympic 48.0086 53-009-0005 600 122.9728 Blyn Lookout Relay WA OLYM-BL 1

Petroglyph 35.1519 35-001-0027 5111 106.6836 Westside Taylor Ranch NM PETR-WT 7 X X

Rock Creek 38.9753 11-001-0025 91 77.0228 Achbold Parkway DC ROCR-AP 26

Saugus Iron Works X 42.4744 25-009-2006 52 70.9725 Lynn Water Treatment MA SAIR-LW 14 X X X X X

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 2-8 Table 2-1 (continued). Site specifications. Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 2-1c (continued). Site Specifications

Filter

Pack National Park Unit

Elev.

(m) Longitude Latitude NPS Abbr. Site Name State CASTNet Abbr. AQS ID Number SO2 O3 Years1

VWD2 RNF WET DTP SOL SWS3 4 TMP RH

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Saratoga 43.0122 36-091-0004 120 73.6489 Stillwater NY SARA-ST 18

# active 

park units: 15 # active 

park sites: 24

1. The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.2. Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.3. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.4. A filter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the "inferential method". This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements 

and land use functions to compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the filter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The filter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3

-), particulate ammonium (NH4

+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured 

from the filter samples. 

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer

VWD = Vector Wind Direction

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar Radition

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-1

Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, and 

particulate matter are regulated under the 

Clean Air Act, the comprehensive federal 

law that regulates air quality in the United 

States. Among other things, the Clean Air 

Act requires the U.S. EPA to set standards 

for “criteria pollutants”. These standards, 

known as the National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS), define the national 

targets for acceptable concentrations of each 

Pinnacles NM Ambient Air Quality 

Monitoring Station

of the criteria pollutants. For each pollutant, 

EPA has developed two NAAQS standards:

The “primary standard”, which is 

intended to protect public health, 

including the health of “sensitive” 

populations such as asthmatics, children, 

and the elderly.

The “secondary standard”, which is 

intended to prevent damage to the 

environment and property, including 

protection against decreased visibility, 

damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and 

buildings.

This section presents 2005 data summaries 

for the NPS GPMP. Ozone summaries for 

all sites are presented first, followed by data 

summaries for sulfur dioxide, particulate 

matter, and meteorological parameters. In 

these data summary products, site names 

of EPA-certified sites operated by the NPS 

are indicated with plain text, site names 

of EPA-certified sites operated by state or 

other agencies are written in italics, and site 

names of portable ozone monitoring systems 

(POMS) operated by the NPS are underlined.

Long-term POMS sites typically operated 

May through September. Short-term POMS 

sites typically operated for three weeks during 

this same period.

Throughout this report data summary tables 

are split according to each of these groups. 

Generally, four or five site groupings are 

provided in each table to compare data among 

sites that are operated in a similar manner.

•

•

3.0 Data Summaries
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-2

3.1 Ozone Data Summaries

Ground-level ozone, produced by the 

reaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx

) and 

volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the 

presence of sunlight, is one of the most 

widespread pollutants affecting vegetation 

and public health in the U.S. Although ozone 

is principally viewed as an urban problem, 

ozone and its precursor emissions can 

travel long distances, resulting in elevated 

ozone levels in national parks. Combustion 

processes from power plants, automobiles, 

and industries are the main anthropogenic 

emitters of NOx

. Vehicles, industries, and 

natural vegetation emit VOCs.

Exposure to ozone affects human health, 

causing acute respiratory problems, 

aggravation of asthma, temporary decreases 

in lung capacity in some adults, inflammation 

of lung tissue, and impairment of the body’s 

immune system. Ozone also affects vegetation 

in national parks. 

The NAAQS primary standard for ozone is 0.08 

ppm over an 8-hour period. An exceedance of 

the standard occurs when an 8-hour average 

ozone concentration is greater than or equal 

to 85 ppb. An exceedance of the standard 

is not the same as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb. The 

secondary ozone standard defined by the EPA 

is the same as the primary standard.

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, various 

indices other than the primary and secondary 

standards are often used. These indices, 

described further in Section 3.1.4, are believed 

to be biologically relevant because they take 

into account both peak ozone concentrations 

and cumulative exposure to ozone.

3.1.1 Annual Ozone Summaries - Table 

3-1 summarizes O3 measurements with 

respect to the daily maximum 8-hour average 

concentrations at each EPA monitoring 

site. The five highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone concentrations are listed, 

as well as the total number of days with 

exceedances of the NAAQS 8-hour standard 

(8-hour average ozone values greater than 

or equal to 85 ppb). At each EPA-certified 

monitoring site, the fourth highest value 

column and the number of days column are 

both color-coded to identify sites where the 

fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone value exceeded the 8-hour standard 

during 2005. Note that other sites may have 

experienced fewer than four exceedances of 

the 8-hour standard but are not color coded. 

Ozone summary statistics from POMS are not 

color coded and should be compared to EPA 

standards for reference purposes only.

In 2005, 8 of the NPS and cooperating state 

operated sites exceeded the 8-hour standard, 

as compared to 11 sites in 2004. From 2004 to 

2005, 15 sites had an increase in the number 

of days with an exceedance of the 8-hour 

standard and only 3 sites had a decrease.

The map in Figure 3-1 presents the annual 

fourth highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites listed in 

Table 3-1. Ozone values for EPA-certified 

sites are color-coded to represent values 

below (green) and above (orange and red) the 

national standard. Data from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3-2 presents the annual 

number of days which exceeded the 8-hour 

standard for all network sites listed in Table 

3-1. The data points are color-coded to 

distinguish between sites that did not exceed 

NAAQS (green) and those that did (orange 

and red). Data from portable sites (no color) 

are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3-3 presents the annual 

second highest 1-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites. Ozone 

values for EPA-certified sites are color-coded 

to represent four distinct levels. Ozone values 

from portable sites (no color) are included for 

reference only.

Research shows that some plants 

are more sensitive than humans 

to ozone and that effects on 

plants occur well below the EPA 

National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS).

Yellowstone NP, Wyoming
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-3

Table 3-1. Daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Table 3-3a. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb)

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Site Name Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Badlands Visitor Center 359 71 71 71 69 68 0

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 323 70 67 66 65 64 0

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 318 71 71 69 68 67 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 346 73 73 72 72 70 0

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 353 52 49 48 48 48 0

Denali Headquarters 362 54 53 51 51 50 0

Death Valley Park Village 340 101 86 85 85 84 4

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 353 61 59 59 57 56 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 358 80 77 74 73 73 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 355 89 83 80 79 75 1

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 193 75 74 68 66 66 0

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 175 86 81 79 78 78 1

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 358 88 86 83 79 79 2

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 358 92 89 86 86 85 7

Joshua Tree Black Rock 354 112 109 105 104 103 35

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. 357 78 70 69 67 67 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 362 82 79 78 75 75 0

Mesa Verde Resource Mngment Area 363 78 78 76 76 73 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 291 57 53 49 47 47 0

North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Stn. 301 58 50 50 48 48 0

Petrified Forest South Entrance 308 82 81 72 70 70 0

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Stn. 363 85 76 74 71 70 1

Rocky Mountain Long's Peak 341 84 78 75 73 73 0

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 345 112 109 108 107 105 54

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 359 102 102 100 97 95 32

Shenandoah Big Meadows 318 81 81 81 81 78 0

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 356 80 79 74 70 68 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 348 69 62 60 60 58 0

Yosemite Merced River 313 66 63 63 61 61 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 362 96 94 86 85 85 5

Zion Dalton's Wash 347 109 100 95 91 78 4

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here 

in orange or red.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA's AIRNOW Web Site (www.airnow.gov).

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

>105 ppb ozone concentration

# days with 8-hr. avg. >= 85 ppb

= 4 - 10 days

>10days

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Table 3-3b. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb)

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Site Name Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Cooperating State Sites

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 178 94 94 88 83 83 3

Acadia McFarland Hill 357 83 74 73 71 70 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 178 95 94 88 88 88 7

Chamizal Chamizal 342 78 77 71 69 67 0

Congaree Congaree Bluff 318 81 78 78 74 74 0

Cowpens State Monitor 355 82 80 79 78 77 0

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 203 82 82 82 82 82 0

Saguaro Pima County 364 87 82 80 79 79 1

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Cany. VC 343 62 61 60 59 59 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 362 77 71 71 70 69 0

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here 

in orange or red.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA's AIRNOW Web Site (www.airnow.gov).

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

# days with 8-hr. avg. >= 85 ppb

= 4 - 10 days

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-4

Table 3-1 (continued). Daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 3-3c. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb)

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Site Name Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Alabama-Coushatta CASTNet site 308 75 74 73 72 72 0

Appalachian Trail Mount Greylock Summit 155 91 89 87 87 87 6

Blue Ridge Parkway 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway 210 83 79 78 74 73 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway 202 85 84 84 80 80 1

Blue Ridge Parkway Vinton Elementary 211 79 78 77 76 75 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Frying Pan Mountain 204 84 84 82 82 80 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Route 191 213 85 82 80 79 78 1

Blue Ridge Parkway Ranger Station 213 76 75 74 74 73 0

Boston Harbor Islands Former Nike Missle Site 179 95 91 89 86 85 5

Cuyahoga Valley 800 Patterson 213 96 89 89 89 87 7

Everglades Cutler Road 338 70 69 67 67 66 0

George Washington Pkwy Alexandria Health 206 89 86 81 81 80 2

Guilford Courthouse Mendenhall Middle School 196 94 88 85 82 81 3

Indiana Dunes Gas Station 179 97 93 91 84 81 3

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 175 101 100 90 89 89 7

Indiana Dunes Water Treatment Plant 180 109 98 91 90 89 7

Mississippi Anoka County Airport 330 79 73 73 70 70 0

Mississippi Somerset Town Hall 252 86 77 75 71 69 1

Mississippi Washington County 177 81 74 73 72 72 0

Olympic Blyn Lookout Relay 104 62 62 54 53 51 0

Petroglyph Westside Taylor Ranch 357 81 77 77 73 72 0

Rock Creek Achbold Parkway 356 87 84 82 77 77 1

Saugus Iron Works Lynn Water Treatment 359 99 96 94 88 86 6

Saratoga Stillwater 298 94 92 92 84 79 3

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here 

in orange or red.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA's AIRNOW Web Site (www.airnow.gov).

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

>105 ppb ozone concentration

# days with 8-hr. avg. >= 85 ppb

= 4 - 10 days

>10days

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-5

Table 3-1 (continued). Daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

Long-term portable ozone monitoring systems2

Table 3-3d. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb) - POMS1

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

Long-Term Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Site Name

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 100 92 74 72 72 71 1

Big South Fork Taft Story Fields 152 68 68 66 66 66 0

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Gravel Pit 149 69 69 68 68 67 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 161 73 72 68 67 67 0

Gulf Islands Fort Pickens Entrance Stn. 114 82 77 76 74 73 0

Lake Mead Meadview 188 123 101 85 84 83 3

Mammoth Cave Biogarden 158 69 66 66 65 63 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Vista 152 71 67 67 65 64 0

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable 122 57 55 53 51 50 0

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center 130 83 73 73 71 67 0

Yosemite Tioga Pass 63 64 59 58 56 56 0

2. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) 

1. The GPMP Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Short-term portable ozone monitoring systems2

Table 3-3c. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb)

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Site Name Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Alabama-Coushatta CASTNet site 308 75 74 73 72 72 0

Appalachian Trail Mount Greylock Summit 155 91 89 87 87 87 6

Blue Ridge Parkway 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway 210 83 79 78 74 73 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway 202 85 84 84 80 80 1

Blue Ridge Parkway Vinton Elementary 211 79 78 77 76 75 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Frying Pan Mountain 204 84 84 82 82 80 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Route 191 213 85 82 80 79 78 1

Blue Ridge Parkway Ranger Station 213 76 75 74 74 73 0

Boston Harbor Islands Former Nike Missle Site 179 95 91 89 86 85 5

Cuyahoga Valley 800 Patterson 213 96 89 89 89 87 7

Everglades Cutler Road 338 70 69 67 67 66 0

George Washington Pkwy Alexandria Health 206 89 86 81 81 80 2

Guilford Courthouse Mendenhall Middle School 196 94 88 85 82 81 3

Indiana Dunes Gas Station 179 97 93 91 84 81 3

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 175 101 100 90 89 89 7

Indiana Dunes Water Treatment Plant 180 109 98 91 90 89 7

Mississippi Anoka County Airport 330 79 73 73 70 70 0

Mississippi Somerset Town Hall 252 86 77 75 71 69 1

Mississippi Washington County 177 81 74 73 72 72 0

Olympic Blyn Lookout Relay 104 62 62 54 53 51 0

Petroglyph Westside Taylor Ranch 357 81 77 77 73 72 0

Rock Creek Achbold Parkway 356 87 84 82 77 77 1

Saugus Iron Works Lynn Water Treatment 359 99 96 94 88 86 6

Saratoga Stillwater 298 94 92 92 84 79 3

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here 

in orange or red.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA's AIRNOW Web Site (www.airnow.gov).

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

>105 ppb ozone concentration

# days with 8-hr. avg. >= 85 ppb

= 4 - 10 days

>10days

Table 3-3e. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb) - POMS1

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

Short-Term Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Site Name

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek High 20 59 57 53 50 47 0

Carl Sandburg Granite Dome 14 19 61 54 48 44 41 0

Chickamanga/Chatanooga Maintenance Area Field 20 69 69 64 61 59 0

Cumberland Gap Pinnacles 38 75 67 56 56 55 0

Fort Donelson Visitor Center 20 49 44 44 42 39 0

Kings Mountain Resevoir Hill 26 74 72 65 64 64 0

Lincoln Memorial University University Field 20 72 69 64 60 59 0

Mammoth Cave Great Onyx Meadow Portable 41 45 44 40 36 35 0

Mammoth Cave Great Onyx Job Corps 41 67 59 59 55 50 0

Ninety Six Historical Park Bumble Bee Hill 20 63 60 45 44 42 0

Shiloh Russian Tenant Field 19 63 60 59 58 55 0

Stones River Chicago Bottom Field 20 62 50 48 46 44 0

2. The GPMP Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Table 3-3e. Summary of 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb) - POMS1

# Days with 8-Hour

Average O3 Values

>=85 ppb1

National Park Unit

1st

Highest

Valid Number

of Days

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

Short-Term Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Site Name

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek High 20 59 57 53 50 47 0

Carl Sandburg Granite Dome 14 19 61 54 48 44 41 0

Chickamanga/Chatanooga Maintenance Area Field 20 69 69 64 61 59 0

Cumberland Gap Pinnacles 38 75 67 56 56 55 0

Fort Donelson Visitor Center 20 49 44 44 42 39 0

Kings Mountain Resevoir Hill 26 74 72 65 64 64 0

Lincoln Memorial University University Field 20 72 69 64 60 59 0

Mammoth Cave Great Onyx Meadow Portable 41 45 44 40 36 35 0

Mammoth Cave Great Onyx Job Corps 41 67 59 59 55 50 0

Ninety Six Historical Park Bumble Bee Hill 20 63 60 45 44 42 0

Shiloh Russian Tenant Field 19 63 60 59 58 55 0

Stones River Chicago Bottom Field 20 62 50 48 46 44 0

2. The GPMP Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-6

Figure 3-1. Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

Figure 3-1. Annual Fourth Highest 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb)

Legend

0 - 84 ppbozone concentration

85 - 105 ppbozone concentration

> 105 ppbozone concentrationPortable site

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics

underline

= site operated by other agencies

 = National Park Service operatedportable ozone system (POMS)

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace = 50Carl Sandburg = 44Chickamanga / Chatanooga = 61Cumberland Gap = 56Fort Donelson = 42Kings Mountain = 64Lincoln University = 60Mammoth Cave (2) = 55Ninety Six = 44Shiloh = 58Stones River = 46

Short-Term POMS

Acadia (2)

Assateague Island

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Congaree

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Dinosaur

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Gulf Islands

Lake Mead

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave (2) Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Padre Island

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (2) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Wind Cave

Yellowstone

Yosemite (3)

Zion

Appalachian Trail

Blue Ridge Parkway (north unit) (2)

Blue Ridge Parkway (south unit) (4)

Boston Harbor Islands

Cuyahoga Valley

Guilford Courthouse

George Washington Memorial Pkwy

Indiana Dunes (3)

Mississippi (3)

Petroglyph

Rock Creek

Saugus Iron Works

Saratoga

Everglades

Alabama-Coushatta

83

72

69

65

66

68 68

88

69

72

74

78

48

51

85

67

57

73

79

86

74

104

84

67

75

76

47

48 51

71

70

71

73

79

107

81

59

70

70

60

85

91

87

76

82

86

89

82

81

90

72

73

77

88 84

67

72
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-7Figure 3-2. Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥ 85 ppb.

Figure 3-3. Annual Number of Days with 8-Hour Average Ozone Values >= 85 ppb

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace = 0Carl Sandburg = 0Chickamanga / Chatanooga = 0Cumberland Gap = 0Fort Donelson = 0Kings Mountain = 0Lincoln University = 0Mammoth Cave (2) = 0Ninety Six = 0Shiloh = 0Stones River = 0

Short-Term POMS

Acadia (2)

Assateague Island

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Congaree

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Dinosaur

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Gulf Islands

Lake Mead

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave (2) Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (2)

North Cascades

Olympic (2)

Padre Island

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (2) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Wind Cave

Yellowstone

Yosemite (3)

Zion

Appalachian Trail

Blue Ridge Parkway (north unit) (2)

Blue Ridge Parkway (south unit) (4)

Boston Harbor Islands

Cuyahoga Valley

Guilford Courthouse

George Washington Memorial Pkwy

Indiana Dunes (3)

Mississippi (3)

Petroglyph

Rock Creek

Saugus Iron Works

Saratoga

Everglades

Alabama-Coushatta

55 6

3

1

0

0

0

0 0

7

0 0

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

1

7

0

35

0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0

1

0

1

54

0

0

0

0

0

5

4

6

0

1

5

7

3

2

7

1

0

1

6 3

0

0

Legend

0 - 3 days4 - 10 days

> 10 days

Portable site

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Serviceitalics = site operated by other agenciesunderline = National Park Service operated

 portable ozone system (POMS)

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-8

Figure 3-3. Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

Figure 3-5. Annual Second Highest 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb)

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the park

unit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

= site operated by other agencies italics

underline = National Park Service operated

portable ozone system (POMS)

Legend

0 - 50 ppbozone concentration

51 - 100 ppbozone concentration101 - 150 ppbozone concentration

>150 ppbozone concentration

Portable site

Short-Term POMS

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace = 68Carl Sandburg = 76Chickamanga / Chatanooga = 82Cumberland Gap = 84Fort Donelson = 60Kings Mountain = 89Lincoln University = 74Mammoth Cave (2) = 75Ninety Six = 68Shiloh = 74Stones River = 72

Acadia (2)

Assateague Island

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Congaree

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Dinosaur

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Gulf Islands

Joshua Tree

Lake Mead

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave (2) Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (2)

North Cascades

Olympic (2)

Padre Island

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (2) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Wind Cave

Yellowstone

Yosemite (3)

Zion

Appalachian Trail

Blue Ridge Parkway (north unit) (2)

Blue Ridge Parkway (south unit) (4)

Boston Harbor Islands

Cuyahoga Valley

Guilford Courthouse

George Washington Memorial Pkwy

Indiana Dunes (3)

Mississippi (3)

Petroglyph

Rock Creek

Saugus Iron Works

Saratoga

Everglades

Alabama-Coushatta

101

106

76

73

74

78 79

102

115

76

97

94

53

58

104

79

64

84

92

102

88

127

131

88

91

87

61

62 62

92

94

100

91

100

123

86

73

83

82

69

102

127

104

87

96

111

106

107

104

126

98

89

101

108 106

85

86
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-9

3.1.2 Ozone Violation Summaries - Table 

3-2 presents ozone violation summaries for 

NPS-operated and cooperating sites for all 

3-year periods over the last 10 years, with 

violations indicated in orange and red. For 

sites operating independently of the NPS, 

only the 2003-2005 violation summary 

is presented. A violation of the standard 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that the 

EPA data completeness requirement for the 

3-year period was not met. However, annual 

fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone 

concentrations greater than or equal to 85 

ppb for calendar years not meeting the EPA 

data completeness requirement are included 

in the NAAQS violation computation.

In 2005, 6 of the NPS and cooperating 

state-operated sites within 5 national park 

units were in violation of the NAAQS 8-hour 

standard, whereas in 2004, 10 sites within 6 

units violated the standard. Only 1 site that 

operated independently of the NPS recorded 

a violation in 2005.

Figure 3-4 presents a ranked list of sites based 

on the 2003 – 2005 ozone violation summary 

data presented in the first column of Table 3-2.

Only the 40 highest ranked sites are presented 

in this figure. 

Hawaii Volcanoes NP - Observatory 

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 

Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-10 Table 3-2. Three-year running average ozone violation summary - primary standard. Sites operated by the National Park Service 

Table 3-5a. Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

Site Name 2003 - 2005 2002 - 2004 2001 - 2003 2000 - 2002 1999 - 2001 1998 - 2000 1997 - 1999 1996 - 1998 National Park Unit

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,1998 - 2005

Visitor Center (66) (67) (64) BadlandsK-Bar Ranch Road 63 (62) (63) 66 65 68 62 62 Big Bend Island in the Sky 71 (71) (71) 73 70 70 70 72 CanyonlandsEntrance Station 71 69 70 70 68 68 69 70 Chiricahua

Visitor Center 60 (63) (63) 66 (64) (63) (65) 67 Craters of the Moon 

Headquarters 52 49 49 48 53 52 54 53 DenaliPark Village 81 81 79 80 79 79 81 80 Death Valley 

West Glacier Horse Stables 56 49 48 51 47 50 53 55 Glacier

Maintenance Yard 72 72 72 73 72 72 70 72 Great Basin The Abyss 74 73 72 73 73 72 74 74 Grand Canyon Cades Cove (67) 79 81 (85) (83) 79 76 73 Great Smoky Mountains 

Clingmans Dome (79) (98) (98) (102) (98) (94) (92) (87) Great Smoky Mountains 

Cove Mountain 78 96 96 101 (100) 97 92 86 Great Smoky Mountains 

Look Rock 86 94 96 104 104 98 92 91 Great Smoky Mountains 

Black Rock 105 94 92 102 109 112 99 106 Joshua Tree 

Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. 68 74 77 78 76 72 72 71 Lassen Volcanic Houchin Meadow 73 84 88 94 (92) (89) 80 77 Mammoth Cave 

Resource Mngment Area 70 69 69 70 (66) (67) 67 68 Mesa Verde Tahoma Woods (61) 56 60 57 51 52 61 63 Mount Rainier Marblemount Ranger Stn. (51) 46 48 46 43 (43) 50 51 North Cascades South Entrance (71) (55) (64) (66) Petrified Forest 

SW of East Entrance Stn. 75 81 (79) (82) 82 86 81 80 Pinnacles

Long's Peak 77 78 74 77 74 74 81 82 Rocky Mountain 

Ash Mountain (105) (105) (104) (105) (105) (107) (105) Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

Lower Kaweah 97 98 (94) (93) (96) 98 101 101 Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

Big Meadows (80) 85 87 93 96 92 87 82 Shenandoah

Sullivan Bay 66 (64) 67 68 70 (66) 65 64 Voyageurs

Water Tank 61 65 67 67 65 (62) 65 63 Yellowstone Site Name 2003 - 2005 2002 - 2004 2001 - 2003 2000 - 2002 1999 - 2001 1998 - 2000 1997 - 1999 1996 - 1998 National Park Unit

Table 3-5a (continued). Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,1998 - 2005

Merced River (63) (72) (66) (67) Yosemite

Turtleback Dome 88 89 86 88 86 88 90 90 Yosemite

Dalton's Wash (82) (74) Zion

# Park Units with Violations:

# Sites with Violations:

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the standard are highlighted here in orange and red.

45

47

58

58

69

6

10

69

79

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-11

Table 3-2 (continued). Three-year running average ozone violation summary - primary standard.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Table 3-5b. Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

Site Name 2003 - 2005 2002 - 2004 2001 - 2003 2000 - 2002 1999 - 2001 1998 - 2000 1997 - 1999 1996 - 1998 National Park Unit

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,1998 - 2005

Cadillac Mountain 82 93 89 87 (89) (87) 94 88 Acadia

McFarland Hill 74 84 85 83 (90) (88) 87 80 Acadia

Cape Cod 86 93 96 89 (95) (93) 95 88 Cape Cod 

Chamizal 72 81 75 (79) (76) (79) 79 78 ChamizalCongaree Bluff 71 77 (74) (73) 77 74 Congaree

State Monitor 75 87 87 92 93 89 84 80 Cowpens

Purchase Knob 78 88 87 90 90 (85) 86 82 Great Smoky Mountains 

Pima County (76) (54) (33) (33) (33) (33) (76) (75) SaguaroPainted Cany. VC 59 59 58 (57) (56) (54) 61 60 Theodore Roosevelt 

Visitor Center (70) Wind Cave 

# Park Units with Violations:

# Sites with Violations:

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the standard are highlighted here in orange and red.

( ) Note: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 3-year period, with no single year 

within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site.

However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard.A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

11

22

34

44

45

44

45

45

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

>=105 ppb ozone concentration

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-12 Table 3-2 (continued). Three-year running average ozone violation summary - primary standard. Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 3-5c. Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

National Park Unit Site Name 2003 - 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,2003 - 2005

1 N CASTNet site (72)

Alabama-Coushatta

1 N Mount Greylock Summit (80)

Appalachian Trail

1 N 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway 71 Blue Ridge Parkway

1 N Blue Ridge Parkway 76 Blue Ridge Parkway1 N

Vinton Elementary 74 Blue Ridge Parkway

1 N Frying Pan Mountain 78 Blue Ridge Parkway

1 N Route 191 74 Blue Ridge Parkway1 N Ranger Station 71 Blue Ridge Parkway1 N Former Nike Missle Site 81 Boston Harbor Islands 1 N 800 Patterson 85 Cuyahoga Valley 

1 N Cutler Road 66 Everglades

1 N

Alexandria Health 81 George Washington Pkwy

1 N Mendenhall Middle School (82) Guilford Courthouse 

1 N Gas Station 78 Indiana Dunes 1 N

Ammunition Bunker 76 Indiana Dunes 

1 N

Water Treatment Plant 78 Indiana Dunes 

1 N

Anoka County Airport 68

Mississippi

1 N Somerset Town Hall (69)

Mississippi

1 N

Washington County (68)

Mississippi

1 N Blyn Lookout Relay (53) Olympic

1 N

Westside Taylor Ranch 72 Petroglyph

1 N

Achbold Parkway 78 Rock Creek National Park Unit Site Name 2003 - 2005

Table 3-5c (continued). Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,2003 - 2005

2 N Lynn Water Treatment 83 Saugus Iron Works 

2 N Stillwater 82 Saratoga

# Park Units with Violations:# Sites with Violations:

Color shading key:

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the standard are highlighted here in orange and red.( ) Note: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A

site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration>=105 ppb ozone concentration

11

National Park Unit Site Name 2003 - 2005

Table 3-5c (continued). Ozone Violation Summary - Primary Standard

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,2003 - 2005

2 N Lynn Water Treatment 83 Saugus Iron Works 

2 N Stillwater 82 Saratoga

# Park Units with Violations:# Sites with Violations:

Color shading key:

he primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs 

n an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

est daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the standard are highlighted here in orange and red.

ote: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, 

ng the 3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would 

 to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data 

pleteness are included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A

ould be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration>=105 ppb ozone concentration

11

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-13

Figure 3-4. Three-year running average ozone violation summary ranking (highest 40 sites), 2003-2005.

Figure 3-4. Ozone Violation Summary Ranking (Highest 40 Sites)

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2003-2005

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Joshua Tree - Yucca Valley

Sequoia and Kings Canyon - Ash Mountain

Sequoia and Kings Canyon - Lower Kaweah

Yosemite - Turtleback Dome

Cape Cod

Great Smoky Mountains - Look Rock

Cuyahoga Valley - 800 Patterson

Saugus Iron Works - Lynn Water Treatment

Acadia - Cadillac Mountain

Guilford Courthouse - Mendenhall Middle School

Saratoga - Stillwater

Zion - Dalton's Wash

Boston Harbor Islands - Former Nike Missle Site

Death Valley - Park Village

Gearge Washinton Pkwy - Alexandria Health

Appalachian Trail - Mount Greylock Summit

Shenendoah - Big Meadows

Great Smoky Mountains - Clingmans Dome

Blue Ridge Parkway - Frying Pan Mountain

Great Smoky Mountains - Cove Mountain

Great Smoky Mountains - Purchase Knob

Indiana Dunes - Gas Station

Indiana Dunes - Water Treatment Plant

Rock Creek - Achbold Parkway

Rocky Mountain - Longs Peak Ranger Station

Blue Ridge Parkway - Blue Ridge Parkway

Indiana Dunes - Ammunition Bunker

Saguaro - Pima County

Cowpens

Pinnacles - East Entrance Station

Acadia - McFarland Hill

Blue Ridge Parkway - Route 191

Blue Ridge Parkway - Vinton Elementary

Grand Canyon - The Abyss

Mammoth Cave - Houchin Meadow

Alabama-Coushatta - CASTNet Site

Chamizal

Great Basin - Maintenance Yard

Petroglyph - Westside Taylor Ranch

Blue Ridge Parkway - 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway

Ozone Concentration (ppb)

85 ppb or greater 

violates the 8-hr 

ozone National 

Ambient Air 

Quality Standard
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-14

3.1.3 Long-Term Ozone Trends - The 

determination of ozone trends is an 

important objective of the monitoring 

network, but there is no universally 

accepted definition of trend. Different types 

of trend analyses provide unique and useful 

information. Ideally we would be able to 

relate the changes in ozone to factors that 

control its concentration, such as precursor 

emissions, climate changes, changing 

transport patterns, global transport, and 

short-term events like wildfires. In practice, 

making these connections is very difficult.

Some possible uses for the trends 

information and the techniques that might 

be used are:

Information use Trend techniques to use

• Policy and performance metric GPRA version of Theil analysis

Determination and prediction of 

attainment status

• Time series plots, linear regression analysis

Assessment of control strategy 

effectiveness

• Spatial trends, linear regression on selected 

periods, non-parametric methods

Prediction of potential harmful effects 

to resources or visitors

• Spatial and climatic pollutant plots

GPRA = Government Performance and Results Act

This section provides some of this trend 

information, but leaves the connection 

to performance, control strategies, and 

resource changes to other, more thorough 

analysis documents.

3.1.3.1 Application of Theil and Regression 

Techniques - Two significant factors that 

influence trends are the pollutant emission 

rates, which are constantly changing, 

and the annual climate variations which 

can dominate ozone production and 

transport factors. In this section, several 

ways of looking at trends are examined, 

the most recent results are presented, and 

some factors that effect ozone trends are 

explored. 

Air quality trends in the parks, including 

ozone trends, have been reported 

for several years as part of the annual 

Government Performance and Results Act 

(GPRA) report (http://www2.nature.nps.

gov/air/pubs/pdf/gpra/Gpra2005_Report_

03202006_Final.pdf). A non-parametric 

statistical technique, the Theil method, 

has been used to estimate GPRA trends 

over a moving 10-year period. (Only 

recent changes were considered relevant 

as a performance measure.) The resulting 

trend information is then simplified to 

three categories of increasing, no change, or 

decreasing for purposes of counting results. 

A second, commonly used trend technique is 

linear regression. These results are generally 

presented as a plot of the annual values 

over time with the regression line overlaid. 

The public may have an expectation that 

air pollution has a consistent geometric 

progression, but it can be quite variable from 

year to year. Relating factors that affect ozone 

concentrations, like control strategies or 

climate, to changes in trend can only be done 

if those changes can be recognized. 

In Figures 3-5 and 3-6, ozone linear 

regression trends for the period of record 

and GPRA-Theil trends over the last 10 years 

are compared for selected park units in the 

Eastern and Western United States. The 

symbols on the center map are the GPRATheil trends. Increasing and decreasing Theil 

trends are indicated by upward and downward 

arrows, and insignificant trends are indicated 

by a square. Around the map are plots of 

the annual fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour ozone from 1987 to 2005, with linear 

regression slopes indicated, again by upward, 

downward, and sideways arrows indicating 

increasing, decreasing, and insignificant 

trends. Most of the NPS eastern monitoring 

sites show a decrease in ozone from about 

1999 to present. Shenandoah, Mammoth 

Cave, Great Smoky Mountains, and Cowpens 

have strong decreases over the last 5-6 years 

(highlighted with dark green ellipses). Notice 

the effect of picking different time periods 

to consider for the trends. The GPRA-Theil 

analysis used for policy and performance 

uses a sliding 10-year average (highlight by 

the light-green dotted boxes). The four park 

units with the latest strong decrease in ozone 

had increasing ozone in the 1990s until about 

1999-2000. The result over the last 10 years is 

therefore No Change. 

The Theil technique does not 

assume the data is normally 

distributed and is less sensitive to 

outlier points than least squares 

regression. The trend is calculated 

by finding the slope between all 

possible pairs of points, and then 

finding the median of all slopes. 

The significance of the Theil slope 

is found by assuming the true 

slope is zero, then calculating the 

probability that the estimated 

slope occurred by chance. 

No model is assumed in this 

technique and there is little future 

prediction ability.

Linear regression - The statistical 

method of least squares 

regression can be used to get a 

linear regression line for a trend. 

The method assumes the data 

are independent and normally 

distributed. For air pollutants 

this is often not the case. 

The persistence of pollutants 

means they are likely to be 

autocorrelated. Since ozone and 

its precursors have lifetimes less 

than a year, the annual values are 

less likely to be correlated. More 

important to the trend discussion 

is whether a linear model is the 

right model and if the data really 

reflect multi-variant relationships. 

The period of the regression can 

have a strong influence on the 

trend result.
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-15

The regression analysis uses all the data 

available since monitoring started at the 

monitoring locations (17-19 years). The 

trend “window” is important to the result 

and much of the difference between the two 

methods is due to the period considered. 

Both of the methods used to determine 

a trend are correct, but the context is 

important. Only Cape Cod and perhaps 

Acadia (McFarland Hill) have shown a 

real overall decrease in ozone over their 

monitoring periods to the present. Ozone 

concentrations went from initially above 

the standard to being close to the standard 

in 2005. All the other sites show variability 

during the period of record that makes it 

much harder to determine if a long-term 

trend is present. At four of the eastern 

parks in Figure 3-5, the decreasing ozone in 

the last 6-7 years (dark-green dashed-line 

ellipses) is thought to reflect decreasing 

nitrogen oxides (NOx

) emissions by 

point sources in the eastern U.S. (see the 

2004 Annual Data Summary Report for a 

discussion). The trends plots presented 

in Figures 3-5 and 3-6 give several pieces 

of relevant information: 1) if the ozone 

is above the standard, 2) if the measured 

ozone is moving away (up or down) from 

the standard, and 3) the slope or how fast 

the change is relative to the standard. From 

that perspective, Great Smoky Mountains 

and Cape Cod are a concern and only Cape 

Cod has shown long-term progress towards 

decreasing to below the standard. Acadia has 

progressed to below the standard for ozone, 

but progress seems to have stalled since 1994. 

The four parks with recent downward trends 

(dark-green ellipses) are all headed below the 

standard, but overall haven’t changed much 

since the late 1980s. 

The western parks present a somewhat 

different picture (see Figure 3-6). The 

GPRA-Theil analysis and the regression 

trend are more in agreement in the west 

where the year-to-year variability seems to 

be lower. The center part of the western map 

is dominated by increasing ozone trends. 

The western parks are more likely to have 

ozone below the standard than the eastern 

parks. Only Sequoia, Yosemite, Joshua Tree, 

and Death Valley violate the standard. The 

changes in ozone over the last 10-18 years of 

observations are in the 5-10 ppb range. Rocky 

Mountain is approaching the standard and 

has an upward trend. In general, monitoring 

locations more distant from emission sources 

and areas of ozone formation tend not to have 

the variability seen at the eastern monitoring 

sites. For example, Sequoia, Pinnacles (not 

shown), and Joshua Tree (not shown) parks 

have wider swings in ozone concentrations 

because of their downwind proximity to 

polluted urban areas. 

Acadia NP Air Quality Monitoring 

Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-16

Figure 3-5. Ozone linear regression trends in eastern parks for the period of record.

Ozone Trends in Eastern Parks

y = 0.3558x - 625.67

R2 = 0.1767

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.1162x - 148.25

R2 = 0.0116

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

Trend arrows on map are for GPRA trends for 1999-2004

y = -0.4035x + 889.4

R2 = 0.0905

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.4409x - 788.39

R2 = 0.1699

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = -0.5455x + 1172.9

R2 = 0.3693

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.4911x - 908.75

R2 = 0.4299

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = -1.1716x + 2435.5

R2 = 0.7002

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

Shenandoah NP

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

Acadia NP

Cape Cod NSS

Congaree NP Cowpens NB

Great Smoky Mtns NP

Mammoth Cave NP

McFarland Hill

Look Rock

8-hr NAAQSstandard

8-hr NAAQSstandard

8-hr NAAQSstandard
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-17Figure 3-6. GPRA-Theil trends in western parks over the last 10 years (1995-2005).

Ozone Trends in Western Parks

y = 0.6818x - 1294

R2 = 0.6501

908070605040

100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

Trend arrows on map are for GPRA trends for 1999-2004

y = -0.0165x + 131.31

R2 = 0.0009

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.6182x - 1157.7

R2 = 0.6568

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.9059x - 1739.9

R2 = 0.698

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.2964x - 542.06

R2 = 0.2078

908070605040

100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

y = 0.7549x - 1433.8

R2 = 0.7475

908070605040

100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

8-hr NAAQS standard

y = 0.6364x - 1205.7

R2 = 0.6187

908070605040

100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

3-yr avg 03

8-hr NAAQS standard

Sequoia NP

Rocky Mountain NP

Mesa Verde NP Canyonlands NP

Death Valley NP

Grand Canyon NP

Glacier NP

Lower Kaweah
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-18

3.1.3.2 Ozone Trends Compared to a 

Reference Year - The EPA in its ozone 

trends reports often uses a reference year 

(1990) for comparisons with more recent 

measurements. For the parks where the NPS 

has direct monitoring data, the change in 

the ozone between 1990 and selected years 

can be a trend indicator. Three time periods 

of 15, 10, and 5 years were chosen and the 

3-year average statistic used to determine 

violations of the ozone NAAQS standard 

were selected to avoid some of the natural 

year-to-year variations. Table 3-3 shows 

the 3-year ozone averages (in ppb) and the 

changes over 15, 10, and 5 years. 

Table 3-3. Changes in ozone at national parks over different time periods.

15 yrs 10 yrs 5 yrs

Park Name

Years

of data 1990 1995 2000 2005

1990 to 

2005

1995 to 

2005

2000 to 

2005

Acadia - Cadillac Mtn 9 87 82 -5

Acadia - McFarland Hill 21 93 82 83 74 -19 -8 -9

Badlands 2 60

Big Bend 13 65 66 63 -2 -3

Cape Cod 17 110 93 89 86 -24 -7 -3

Canyonlands 12 64 73 71 7 -2

Chamizal 12 72 79 72 0 -7

Chiricahua 15 69 70 71 2 1

Channel Islands 12 64 66 4

Congaree Swamp 23 75 67 78 71 4 -7

Cowpens 16 88 82 92 75 -13 -7 -17

Craters of the Moon 12 58 66 60 2 -6

Denali 17 49 50 48 52 3 2 4

Death Valley 10 80 81 1

Everglades 17 65 62 68 -3 0

Glacier 15 47 51 56 9 5

Great Basin 11 62 73 72 10 -1

Grand Canyon 16 67 73 74 7 1

Great Smoky Mountains - Cades Cove 10 85 67 -18

Great Smoky Mountains - Clingmans Dome 11 79 102 79 0 -23

Great Smoky Mountains - Cove Mtn 16 84 90 101 78 -6 -12 -23

Great Smoky Mountains - Look Rock 19 84 93 104 86 2 -7 -18

Great Smoky Mountains - Purchase Knob 2 78

Hawaii Volcanoes 4

Joshua Tree 17 98 102 102 105 3 3

Lava Beds 16 73 72 78 68 -5 -4 -10

Mammoth Cave 19 92 78 94 73 -21

Mesa Verde 11 61 70 70 9 0

Mount Rainier 11 62 57 61 -1 4

North Cascades 8 46 51 5

Olympic 15 45 42 43 -5 -2

Petrified Forest 7 68 71 3

Pinnacles 17 83 81 82 75 -8 -6 -7

Rocky Mountain 17 67 74 77 77 10 3 0

Saguaro 22 74 81 73 76 2 -5 3

Sequoia-Kings Canyon - Ash Mtn 5 105

Sequoia-Kings Canyon - Lower Kaweah 20 95 102 93 97 2 -5 4

Sequoia-Kings Canyon - Lookout Point 8 102

Shenandoah 21 86 84 93 80 -6 -4 -13

Theodore-Roosevelt 21 64 56 57 59 -5 3 2

Virgin Islands 4 45

Voyageurs 17 57 62 68 66 4 -2

Yellowstone 17 61 58 67 61 0 3 -6

Yosemite - Merced River 2 63

Yosemite - Turtleback Dome 13 92 88 88 -4 0

3-yr avg 4th high O3 change over period (ppb)

daily max 8-hr avg O3 (ppb) **

92 88 88 -4 0 

** Light and dark orange indicates ozone in violation of the NAAQS standard. 

Note: For parks where monitoring ended, the 2004 data is used in place of 2005 data. Change is not calculated for sites that moved during the period. 

Legend: 

O3 change Coding Description 

> +10 Degrading (increasing O3) 

+4 to +9 Degrading 

-4 to +4 No change 

-4 to -9 Improving 

< -10 Improving (decreasing O3) 
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-19

 The 15-year period is a good check to 

determine if air quality has changed since the 

GPMP network started monitoring and is 

representative of “long-term” progress. From 

the table, Rocky Mountain National Park has 

degrading ozone over the last 15 years and 

Great Basin has degrading ozone over the last 

10 years. In the East, some improvements 

in ozone have occurred over the 15 years 

at several park units: Acadia, Cape Cod, 

Mammoth Cave, and Cowpens. Five parks 

have had large decreases in ozone in the last 

five years. Only Glacier and North Cascades 

have had minor increases in ozone in recent 

years. The results from this approach show 

improving ozone trends in the East and a 

few parks in the West with degrading trend 

indicators. There are more parks with 

improving than degrading ozone trends in 

the last five-year period. 

3.1.3.3 Spatial Ozone Changes Over 10 

Years - To this point the focus has been on 

ozone trends in park units, however, most 

parks do not have direct monitoring and 

the parks must be considered in the context 

of the changing regional air pollution. The 

Air Atlas project (see ozone maps at http://

www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Maps/AirAtlas/

index.cfm ) gives a better sense of the spatial 

changes in ozone by using the change in 

two five-year averages. Figure 3-7 shows the 

difference in ozone from two 5-year periods: 

1995-1999 and 2000-2004. The outlook for 

much of the U.S. is promising. The eastern 

U.S. and the west coast states show decreasing 

ozone. Most of the western U.S. is unchanged 

or slightly increasing; for example, the areas 

in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona 

(yellow areas on the map) have higher ozone 

concentrations over the 10-year period. This 

method ignores any changes shorter than five 

years and doesn’t go back as far into the past. 

It does give a better geographical sense of 

ozone differences and gives estimates for all 

parks, not just the ones with monitors. 

A trend analysis was made by the Air 

Resources Division to create an air quality 

scorecard for all the park units. An ozone 

change map was used, as above, but with one 

less year in the analysis. When the differences 

are reduced to just two trend categories, 

improving/no change or degrading, then 

the trend looks like the map in Figure 3-8. 

Only the Intermountain West area and the 

far Northeast stand out as degrading ozone 

concentrations in park units. Most of the 

park units with degrading trends in this 

analysis are in areas that are currently below 

the ozone standard. 

Figure 3-7. Difference in ozone

from two 5-year periods: 

1995-1999 and 2000-2004.
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-20

3.1.3.4 Passive Ozone Sampling Program 

Trends - Most of the ozone data reported by 

ARD is based on averaging hourly data to 

get another statistical measure. The passive 

ozone samplers collect weekly average 

data for the key summer ozone season 

from which trends can be determined. 

There are 7 to 10 years of passive ozone 

data from a number of parks. A Theil trend 

analysis was done on the annual averages 

from the weekly samples (See http://www2.

nature.nps.gov/air/studies/passives.cfm for 

program details). Most of the coverage for 

this program was in the West (Figure 3-9). 

Three of the western parks (Badlands, Zion, 

and Lava Beds) have significant increasing 

ozone trends at the 0.05 level. Several other 

western park units have increasing trends 

at a lower level of statistical certainty. 

Although the weekly average ozone 

measurements correlate to statistics such 

as second-highest hourly ozone or fourth 

highest of the daily maximum 8-hour ozone, 

the passive sampler trend looks at the change 

in the mid-level ozone. There were nine parks 

with no trend (40%) and overall there were 

more parks in the passive sampler program 

with improving/no change ozone (52)% than 

with degrading ozone.

The difference in ozone statistic, the period of 

years with data, and summer-only collection 

makes it difficult to compare the ozone 

trends at the passive sampler parks directly 

with the other methods that look at the high 

ozone event days. This suggests that perhaps 

a metric for high, median, and low ozone 

concentrations should be examined for trends 

in the hourly datasets. Although the focus 

is generally on the national standard or very 

high ozone event days, following the lead of 

the visibility program to track the 20% highest 

ozone days and the 20% lowest ozone days 

might provide valuable, more comprehensive 

insight into the effects of ozone.

Figure 3-8. Ozone air quality 

changes in NPS units.
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-21

3.1.3.5 Trends When There Are Multiple 

Monitors - In most parks with monitors, 

despite the complex terrain, only one 

monitoring station is available to represent 

the park air quality. Great Smoky 

Mountains National Park provides one of 

the rare cases where data from multiple 

stations within a park are available. Figure 

3-10 presents trend summaries for five sites 

within the park. The time series plots and 

linear regression lines for each station have 

slightly different trends. Some of the difference 

in trends is due to the length of ozone record. 

There was a long increase in ozone through 

the 1990s and a rapid decrease in ozone in 

the last 5-6 years. The table compares the 

full record trends (12-18 years) and the more 

recent changes (6-8 years). All five stations 

indicate that ozone concentrations are on 

a path to move below the 8-hour ozone 

standard.

Figure 3-9. Ozone trends over the 

past 10 years (1995-2005) using 

passive sampling.

P

P

P

P

P P

P P

P

P

P P

P

P

P

Ozone Trends for Parks with Passive Sampling

1995 - 2005

P

P

P

P

Upward trend, significant at 0.05

Upward trend, significant at 0.15

Downward trend, significant at 0.15

Downward trend, significant at 0.05

No trend, not significant

Capitol Reef

Badlands

Wind Cave

Black Canyon

Of the Gunnison

Isle Royale

Zion

Organ Pipe Cactus

New River Gorge

Wupatki

Sunset Crater

Walnut Canyon

Mt Rainier

Lake Mead

Bryce Canyon

Grand Teton

Crater Lake

Lava Beds

Point Reyes

Yosemite

Sequoia –

Kings Canyon

Olympic
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-22

Figure 3-10. Trends for multiple monitoring locations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Usually the monitor with the highest ozone is chosen to represent the 

park air quality where there are multiple monitoring stations.

y = -1.7429x + 3573.2

R2 = 0.1853 90

80706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

4th High 8 Hour

Purchase Knob

793 Look Rock

1243 Cove Mountain

2021 Clingmans Dome

1500 Purchase Knob

564 Cades Cove

Recent trend Linear trend Elevation (m) Monitor Site

Trend Comparison for Monitoring Sites

y = -0.9056x + 1887.5

R2 = 0.2228

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

4th High 8 Hour

y = 0.1796x - 269.17

R2 = 0.012

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

4th High 8 Hour

Cove Mountain

Cades Cove

y = 0.1939x - 295.07

R2 = 0.022

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

4th High 8 Hour

Look Rock

y = 0.2967x - 504.42

R2 = 0.011

9080706050

110100

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

4th High 8 Hour

Clingmans Dome
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-23

3.1.3.6 Trends Comments - In summary, 

the ozone trends outlook in park units 

where monitoring occurs, is favorable 

and promising. Ozone concentrations are 

decreasing or stable in most areas of the 

country that have had high ozone. Portions 

of the intermountain region of the west 

and the eastern U.S. have increasing ozone 

concentrations based on the highest 8-hour 

averages. Very importantly, some areas in 

the eastern U.S. now seem to be responding 

to NOx

 emission reductions as predicted by 

researchers and computer modeling.

No single trends method captures the 

full detail of the changes in ozone. Trends 

evaluations need to consider the spatial 

variability, the time of year, which statistical 

metric is most suitable, what time period 

to use, and how emission changes might 

relate. Each method used to determine 

a trend provides different information 

towards understanding ozone changes and 

the possible causes.

3.1.3.7 More Information on the Web - 

Annual fourth highest 8-hr concentrations 

in parks http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/

Monitoring/exceed.cfm

Annual NAAQS exceedance counts in parks

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Monitoring/

ParkExceedDays.htm

Performance measures (GPRA report on 

trends) http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/who/

npsPerfMeasures.cfm

Ozone interpolation maps as 5-year averages 

(Air Atlas) http://massive.natnet.du.edu/

website/AirAtlas9903/viewer.htm

3.1.3.8 Literature - The following literature 

references are recent articles on trends that 

use NPS ozone monitoring data in a portion 

of their analysis:

Jeff Lehman, Kristen Swinton, Steve 

Bortnick, Cody Hamilton, Ellen Baldridge, 

Brian Eder and Bill Cox, Spatio-temporal 

characterization of tropospheric 

ozone across the eastern United States, 

Atmospheric Environment, Volume 38, Issue 

26, August 2004, Pages 4357-4369.

Roxanne Vingarzan, A review of surface 

ozone background levels and trends,

Atmospheric Environment, Volume 38, Issue 

21, July 2004, Pages 3431-3442.

S.J. Oltmans, A.S. Lefohn, J.M. Harris, I. 

Galbally, H.E. Scheel, G. Bodeker, E. Brunke, 

H. Claude, D. Tarasick, B.J. Johnson et al, 

Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone, 

Atmospheric Environment, Volume 40, Issue 

17, June 2006, Pages 3156-3173.

Daniel Q. Tong and Denise L. Mauzerall, 

Spatial variability of summertime 

tropospheric ozone over the continental 

United States: Implications of an 

evaluation of the CMAQ model, 

Atmospheric Environment, Volume 40, Issue 

17, June 2006, Pages 3041-3056.

Great Smoky Mountains NP - 

Clingman’s Dome Tower
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-24

3.1.4 Resource Injury Indices - To quantify 

ozone exposure to plants, various indices 

other than the NAAQS primary and 

secondary standards are often used. These 

indices, defined below, take into account 

both peak ozone concentrations and 

cumulative exposure to ozone.

SUM06 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month 

sum of the 0800-2000 hourly average 

ozone concentrations during the ozone 

season that are equal to or greater than 

0.06 ppm (60 ppb). The units of this 

index are ppm-hr. Several thresholds 

have been developed for SUM06 (Heck 

and Cowling, 1997).

W126 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the sum of all hourly 

ozone concentrations during the 

EPA-designated ozone season, where 

a weighting function is used to give 

increasing significance (weights 

between 0 and 1) to concentrations of 

ozone greater than 0.040 ppm (40 ppb), 

and no weight to concentrations below 

0.040 ppm (40 ppb). Units of this index 

are ppm-hr.

N100 – The number of hours with 

ozone concentrations greater than 

or equal to 0.10 ppm (100 ppb). This 

index is reported without units. The 

N100 index is often considered along 

with the W126 in assessing the possible 

impact of the exposure. Several 

thresholds have been developed for 

W126 and N100 (Lefohn et al, 1997).

Table 3-4 presents the ozone exposure 

indices summary statistics for 2005. 

Summaries for portable ozone sites are 

included for reference only. Since portable 

sites are deployed for seasonal use, there 

may be significant biases in SUM06, W126, 

and N100 exposure indices calculated 

from their data. These statistics were not 

calculated for sites that were operational for 

less than three months during the year. In 

2005 these sites were all of the short-term 

portable sites as well as Yosemite-Tioga Pass.

•

•

•

The map in Figure 3-11 presents the annual 

3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index 

for all network sites listed in Table 3-4. Index 

values are color-coded to represent three 

distinct levels of cumulative exposure. Data 

from portable sites (no color) are included for 

reference only. The SUM06 risk thresholds are 

relative and not absolute.

Ozone effects depend not only on ozone 

exposure, but on other factors that may 

ameliorate or magnify the extent of ozone 

injury, including soil moisture, presence of 

other air pollutants, insects or diseases, and 

other environmental stresses. A high SUM06 

exposure in a drought year, for example, may 

not result in vegetation injury because stomatal 

closure to prevent moisture loss will also 

prevent ozone uptake.

In evaluating risk to vegetation from ozone, 

it is useful to consider not only the SUM06 

but also the W126 and N100 exposures. If 

more than one exposure index is above the 

threshold for effects, the potential for injury 

increases.

In 2005, assessments were completed to 

evaluate the potential for ozone injury to 

vegetation at many national park service units. 

The assessments are available at

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/pubs/ecoeffects.

cfm. Information on ozone-sensitive plant 

species is available at http://www2.nature.nps.

gov/air/pubs/pdf/baltfinalreport1.pdf.

References

Heck, W.W. and E.B. Cowling. 1997. The 

Need for a Long-Term Cumulative Secondary 

Ozone Standard – An Ecological Perspective. 

Environmental Management. January.

Lefohn, A.S., W. Jackson, D. Shadwick, 

and H.P. Knudsen. 1997. Effect of Surface 

Ozone Exposures on Vegetation Grown 

in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: 

Identification of Possible Areas of Concern. 

Atmospheric Environment 31(11):1695-1708.

SUM06 thresholds

No risk

to ozone sensitive vegetation

0-7 ppm-hr

Higher risk

to ozone sensitive vegetation

8-16 ppm-hr

Highest risk

to ozone sensitive vegetation

>16 ppm-hr

Highly Sensitive Species 

Moderately Sensitive Species 

Low Sensitivity Species

W126

5.9 ppm-hr

23.8 ppm-hr

66.6 ppm-hr

N100

 6

 51

135
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-25

Table 3-4. Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06, W126, and N100).

Sites operated by the National Park Service

National Park Unit Site Name N1003 O3 %

Valid

SUM061

(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Table 3-6a . Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100)

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Badlands Visitor Center 99.2 10.6 21.4 0

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 92.1 8.4 27.6 0

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 95.1 31.0 46.3 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 95.9 29.5 41.4 0

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 97.2 0.0 4.7 0

Denali Headquarters 99.8 0.0 6.0 0

Death Valley Park Village 95.2 59.8 97.4 7

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 98.4 0.9 6.2 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 99.0 33.3 48.3 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 99.2 44.6 60.6 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 98.9 8.1 11.7 0

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 98.6 30.0 49.0 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 99.6 38.2 72.8 2

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 99.3 55.8 84.5 1

Joshua Tree Black Rock 97.8 73.8 130.8 94

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. 99.4 16.5 26.7 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 99.8 24.7 38.7 0

Mesa Verde Resource Mngment Area 99.8 45.7 66.2 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 81.2 0.3 1.4 0

North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Stn. 83.8 0.0 2.2 0

Petrified Forest South Entrance 91.3 38.6 45.2 1

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Stn. 99.6 19.4 22.9 2

Rocky Mountain Long's Peak 96.5 18.8 44.8 0

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 97.8 115.6 114.9 111

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 99.3 98.1 94.3 42

Shenandoah Big Meadows 92.8 38.3 53.4 0

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 98.8 11.0 19.8 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 98.4 3.4 25.7 0

Yosemite Merced River 98.8 2.9 7.2 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 99.1 65.8 73.8 6

Zion Dalton's Wash 97.2 43.0 50.2 12

1. SUM06 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a

three month maximum value for the year. Units are ppm-hr.

2. W126 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater 

emphasis to the higher hourly concntrations while still including the lower ones. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 exposure 

index go to http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/air_quality_glossary.pdf

3. N100 represents the number of hourly ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.100 ppm (100 ppb).

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-26

Table 3-4 (continued). Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06, W126, and N100).

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

National Park Unit Site Name N1003 O3 %

Valid

SUM061

(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Table 3-6b . Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100)

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 99.0 14.4 23.6 2

Acadia McFarland Hill 99.5 7.5 18.2 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 97.3 17.6 30.8 5

Chamizal Chamizal 99.4 6.8 14.7 4

Congaree Congaree Bluff 89.1 15.1 19.4 0

Cowpens State Monitor 98.9 17.4 30.7 1

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 93.8 46.6 56.0 0

Saguaro Pima County 99.7 28.4 45.2 2

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Cany. VC 94.9 1.3 11.5 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 99.2 14.1 34.0 0

1. SUM06 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a

three month maximum value for the year. Units are ppm-hr.

2. W126 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater 

emphasis to the higher hourly concntrations while still including the lower ones. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 exposure 

index go to http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/air_quality_glossary.pdf

3. N100 represents the number of hourly ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.100 ppm (100 ppb).

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

National Park Unit Site Name N1003 O3 %

Valid

SUM061

(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Table 3-6c . Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100)

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Alabama-Coushatta CASTNet site 85.5 15.7 21.8 0

Appalachian Trail Mount Greylock Summit 97.5 20.1 30.4 3

Blue Ridge Parkway 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway 95.7 16.6 18.2 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway 94.1 46.0 53.4 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Vinton Elementary 98.5 15.5 25.1 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Frying Pan Mountain 94.5 47.1 57.4 0

Blue Ridge Parkway Route 191 99.9 16.7 19.1 1

Blue Ridge Parkway Ranger Station 98.9 11.2 18.5 0

Boston Harbor Islands Former Nike Missle Site 97.1 12.7 19.4 6

Cuyahoga Valley 800 Patterson 99.9 30.6 37.4 5

Everglades Cutler Road 94.8 9.7 14.4 0

George Washington Pkwy Alexandria Health 97.2 18.4 20.9 3

Guilford Courthouse Mendenhall Middle School 95.5 23.0 31.3 3

Indiana Dunes Gas Station 98.1 19.6 27.0 9

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 97.8 18.9 26.3 15

Indiana Dunes Water Treatment Plant 99.3 23.2 31.4 17

Mississippi Anoka County Airport 99.8 8.4 13.9 0

Mississippi Somerset Town Hall 97.6 11.4 14.0 1

Mississippi Washington County 98.8 11.9 14.9 0

Olympic Blyn Lookout Relay 70.6 0.0 1.7 0

Petroglyph Westside Taylor Ranch 99.9 22.2 31.9 0

Rock Creek Achbold Parkway 98.0 19.8 21.5 2

Saugus Iron Works Lynn Water Treatment 97.3 16.0 26.4 11

Saratoga Stillwater 96.5 15.9 25.4 5

1. SUM06 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a

three month maximum value for the year. Units are ppm-hr.

2. W126 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater 

emphasis to the higher hourly concntrations while still including the lower ones. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 exposure 

index go to http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/air_quality_glossary.pdf

3. N100 represents the number of hourly ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.100 ppm (100 ppb).

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-27

Table 3-4 (continued). Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06, W126, and N100).

Portable ozone monitoring systems

National Park Unit Site Name N1003 O3 %

Valid

SUM061

(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Table 3-6d . Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100)

Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 84.2 9.6 9.8 3

Big South Fork Taft Story Fields 96.8 3.5 9.4 0

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Gravel Pit 93.2 21.4 29.3 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 99.3 11.5 18.2 0

Gulf Islands Fort Pickens Entrance Stn. 97.1 13.7 14.8 0

Lake Mead Meadview 99.5 76.0 81.5 14

Mammoth Cave Biogarden 99.9 5.6 6.5 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Vista 99.9 1.9 5.3 0

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable 91.1 0.1 2.3 0

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center 91.4 7.0 9.3 0

1. SUM06 exposure index represents the sum of the 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here

 represents a three month maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr.

2. W126 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater 

emphasis to the higher hourly concntrations while still including the lower ones. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 exposure 

index go to http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/AQBasics/glossary.cfm

3. N100 represents the number of hourly ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.100 ppm (100 ppb).

Sites italicized = state-operated Sites underlined = POMS italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-28

Figure 3-11. Annual 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index.

Acadia (2)

Assateague Island

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal Chiricahua

Congaree

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Dinosaur

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Gulf Islands

Joshua Tree

Lake Mead

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave (2)

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (2)

North Cascades

Olympic (2)

Padre Island

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (2)

Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Wind Cave

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

Zion

Appalachian Trail

Blue Ridge Parkway (north unit) (2)

Blue Ridge Parkway (south unit) (4)

Boston Harbor Islands

Cuyahoga Valley

Guilford Courthouse

George Washington Memorial Pkwy

Indiana Dunes (3)

Mississippi (3)

Petroglyph

Rock Creek

Saugus Iron Works

Saratoga

Everglades

Alabama-Coushatta

14

10

11

8

4

21 31

18

7

30

15

17

0

0

60

12

1

33

45

56

14

74

76

17

25

46

0

0 0

7

39

19

19

28

116

38

1

11

14

3

66

43

20

16

47

13

31

23

18

23

12

22

20

16 16

10

16

Figure 3-8. Annual 3 Month Maximum Sum06 Exposure Index

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

= site operated by other agencies italics

underline = National Park Service operated

portable ozone system (POMS)

Legend

0 - 7 ppm-hr8 - 16 ppm-hr

> 16 ppm-hr

Portable site
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-29

3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Data Summaries

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a criteria pollutant 

that over time undergoes chemical 

transformations in the atmosphere to form 

aqueous sulfur compounds, such as sulfuric 

acid, and particulate sulfate that can lead 

to environmental and health effects. Both 

sulfur dioxide and fine particulate sulfate 

can cause respiratory problems. Sulfur 

dioxide and acidic sulfate deposited on 

the earth’s surface can affect aquatic and 

terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfur compounds 

are a major constituent of acid rain and 

sulfate is one of the particulate species 

responsible for visibility degradation and 

regional haze.

The Primary National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards for sulfur dioxide are an annual 

arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm (34 ppb) and 

a 24-hour mean of 0.14 ppm (144 ppb), not 

to be exceeded more than once per year. The 

secondary NAAQS is a 3-hour mean of 0.50 

ppm (549 ppb), not to be exceeded more 

than once per year. Table 3-5 summarizes 

sulfur dioxide measurements for comparison 

to these standards and lists the number of 

exceedances for each. Maximum hourly 

concentrations for each site are also presented 

in the table for reference.

At Hawaii Volcanoes National Park sulfur 

dioxide data are collected using a lower range 

and an upper range. The lower range does 

not capture values higher than 999 ppb, but is 

considered to be an EPA equivalency method. 

The upper range captures values above 999 

ppb accurately, but is not an EPA reference 

method. Data presented in this report were 

collected using the upper range to give a more 

accurate representation of sulfur dioxide 

values.

Badlands NP Air Quality Monitoring 

Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-30 Table 3-5. Summary of sulfur dioxide data. Sites operated by the National Park Service Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrations2 (ppb) Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Concentration (ppb) Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour Average Concentration3 (ppb) National Park Unit Site Name Annual Arithmetic Mean (ppb)1 1st Highest 2nd Highest 3rd Highest 4th Highest No. of days with 24-Hour Average >= 145 ppb 1st Highest 2nd Highest 3rd Highest 4th Highest No. of days with 3-Hour Maximum >= 550 ppb 1st Highest 2nd Highest 3rd Highest 4th Highest

Table 3-7a. Summary of Sulfur Dioxide Data

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

1. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)2. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)3. The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.5.)

*This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Color shading key:

>34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

Hawaii Volcanoes * Observatory 19 322 308 193 169 7 1340 813 776 767 5 2372 1255 1249 1039Hawaii Volcanoes * Visitor Center 15 224 222 198 180 6 1020 769 723 616 6 1841 1279 1141 1014 

Shenandoah * Big Meadows 2 13 12 10 9 0 22 22 19 18 0 27 24 24 22

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrations2 (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentration (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentration3 (ppb)

National Park Unit Site Name

Annual

Arithmetic

Mean (ppb)1

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days

with 24-Hour

Average

 >= 145 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days

with 3-Hour

Maximum

>= 550 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

Table 3-7b. Summary of Sulfur Dioxide Data

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Badlands Visitor Center 1 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 4 3Congaree Congaree Bluff 1 0 10 10 8 8 90 66 66 62 43 0 43 37 36Theodore Roosevelt Painted Cany. VC 0 0 2 2 2 2 8 8 7 6 5 0 5 5 4Wind Cave Visitor Center 0 0 7 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 37 0 3 3 3

1. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 

50.4.)2. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)3. The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.5.)

*This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Color shading key:

>34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-31

Table 3-5 (continued). Summary of sulfur dioxide data.

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrations2 (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentration (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentration3 (ppb)

National Park Unit Site Name

Annual

Arithmetic

Mean (ppb)1

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days

with 24-Hour

Average

 >= 145 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days

with 3-Hour

Maximum

>= 550 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

Table 3-7c. Summary of Sulfur Dioxide Data

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Blue Ridge Parkway Vinton Elementary 3 0 10 9 9 8 0 0 0 0 23 0 14 13 12George Washington PkwyAlexandria Health 5 0 20 18 18 16 0 0 0 0 77 0 68 51 49Indiana Dunes Gas Station 3 0 17 16 15 13 0 0 0 0 34 0 32 26 23Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunk 4 0 50 42 38 31 0 0 0 0 165 0 78 77 72

1. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)2. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)3. The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.5.)

*This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Color shading key:

>34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-32

3.3 Particulate Matter Data Summaries

Particulate matter (PM), is a complex 

mixture of extremely small particles and 

liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made 

up of a number of components, including 

acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), 

organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust 

particles. Particles smaller than about 

10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) can 

enter the human respiratory system and 

cause health problems. Particles smaller 

than about 2.5 micrometers in diameter 

(PM2.5) are most significantly tied to health 

concerns and, additionally, predominantly 

responsible for visibility degradation and 

regional haze. Acidic particulate matter can 

lead to acid deposition or acid rain. Sources 

of particulate matter include: industrial 

activities, vehicle exhaust, fires, vegetation, 

construction activities, wind-blown dust, and 

gaseous emissions which undergo chemical 

processes in the atmosphere to condense 

into particulate or liquid form.

The primary National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards for PM2.5 are an annual arithmetic 

mean of 15 μg/m3

 and a 24-hour mean of 65 

μg/m3. An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when either an annual arithmetic mean is 

greater than 15.0 μg/m3

 or a 24-hour average 

is greater than 65 μg/m3

. An exceedance of 

the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when either the 3-year 

average of the annual mean is greater than 

15.0 μg/m3 or the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile 24-hour average concentrations is 

greater than 65 μg/m3

.

The primary National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards for PM10 are an annual arithmetic 

mean of 50 μg/m3

 and a 24-hour mean of 150 

μg/m3. An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when either an annual arithmetic mean is 

greater than 50 μg/m3

 or a 24-hour average is 

greater than 150 μg/m3

. Again, an exceedance 

of the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when a 24-hour average 

concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year, or when 

the 3-year average of the weighted annual 

mean is greater than 50 μg/m3

.

3.3.1 PM2.5 Data Summaries - Table 3-6 

summarizes PM2.5 measurements with 

respect to both the daily 24-hour average 

maximum concentrations and the annual 

arithmetic mean. Since none of the PM2.5

monitors at these sites are EPA-certified, 

these comparisons are made for reference 

purposes only. The four highest and 98th

percentile 24-hour average concentrations 

are listed, as well as the total number of days 

with 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations 

greater than 65μg/m3

. No violation 

summaries for PM2.5 data are presented.

 

Western North Carolina, near Great 

Smoky Mountains National Park

NPS photo by J. Renfro
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-33

Table 3-6. Summary of PM2.5 data from non-equivalency methods.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Table 3-7a.

Site Name National Park Unit

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of days with

24-Hour Average

>65 μg/m3

4th

Highest

3rd

Highest

2nd

Highest

1st

Highest

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrations3 (μg/m3)

Annual Arithmetic

Mean2 (μ/m3) % Valid1 Sampler Type*

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program - 2005

Visitor Center 11 0 11 11 12 12 3.5 94.8 Bam 1020 BadlandsLook Rock 37 0 39 40 42 42 14.0 98.6 Bam 1020 Great Smoky Mountains Big Meadows 29 0 31 32 33 41 11.3 93.6 Bam 1020 ShenandoahOld Faithful 10 0 11 11 11 14 4.5 96.5 Bam 1020 Yellowstone

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

1. At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the operating agency.2. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3 (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of PM2.5concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.) 

3. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 65 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration 

is greater than 65 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 65 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.) 

 Summary of PM2.5 Data from Non-Equivalency Methods 

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Table 3-7b.

Site Name National Park Unit

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of days with

24-Hour Average

>65 μg/m3

4th

Highest

3rd

Highest

2nd

Highest

1st

Highest

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrations3 (μg/m3)

Annual Arithmetic

Mean2 (μ/m3) % Valid1 Sampler Type*

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program - 2005

McFarland Hill 19 0 23 24 27 29 4.8 96.8 Bam 1020 AcadiaPainted Cany. VC 12 0 13 14 14 17 5.3 93.5 Bam 1020 Theodore Roosevelt Visitor Center 10 0 12 13 18 20 3.8 96.9 Bam 1020 Wind Cave Village 29 1 42 44 62 73 13.8 95.1 Bam 1020 Yosemite

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

1. At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the operating agency.2. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3 (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of PM2.5concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.) 

3. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 65 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration 

is greater than 65 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 65 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.) 

 Summary of PM2.5 Data from Non-Equivalency Methods 

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-34 Table 3-6 (continued). Summary of PM2.5 data from non-equivalency methods. Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 3-6c.

Site Name National Park Unit

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of days with

24-Hour Average

>65 μg/m3

4th

Highest

3rd

Highest

2nd

Highest

1st

Highest

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrations3 (μg/m3)

Annual Arithmetic

Mean2 (μ/m3) % Valid1 Sampler Type*

sites operated by other agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program - 2005

Mendenhall Middle School 34 0 36 39 40 41 14.0 96.3 Bam 1020 Guilford Courthouse Ammunition Bunker 40 1 52 57 64 122 16.3 98.8 Bam 1020 Indiana Dunes Water Treatment Plant 59 2 63 65 69 72 30.0 75.3 Bam 1020 Indiana Dunes Anoka County Airport 30 0 38 39 51 59 10.8 98.0 Bam 1020 MississippiSomerset Town Hall 29 0 31 32 34 37 9.7 97.7 Bam 1020 MississippiWestside Taylor Ranch 14 0 16 17 17 44 4.8 94.7 Bam 1020 PetroglyphLynn Water Treatment 21 0 18 20 21 23 6.0 96.9 Bam 1020 Saugus Iron Works 

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

1. At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the operating agency.2. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3 (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of PM2.5concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.) 

3. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 65 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration 

is greater than 65 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 65 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.) 

8/8/2006

 Summary of PM2.5 Data from Reference and Equivalency Methods 

Sites italicized = state-operated Sites underlined = POMS italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-35

3.3.2 PM10 Data Summaries - Table 3-7 

summarizes PM10 measurements with 

respect to both the daily 24-hour average 

maximum concentrations and the annual 

arithmetic mean at each EPA-certified 

monitoring site. The four highest 24-hour 

average concentrations are listed, as well as 

the total number of days with exceedances 

of the NAAQS 24-hour standard (24-hour 

average PM10 concentrations greater 

than or equal to 150 μg/m3

). The annual 

arithmetic mean column and the number 

of days column are color-coded to identify 

sites where an exceedance of the annual or 

24-hour standard occurred.

 

Table 3-8 presents a PM10 violation 

summary based on the 24-hour average 

standard for one-year periods over the 

last three years, with violations (a 24-hour 

average concentration of more than 150 

μg/m3 occurring more than once in a 

calendar year) indicated in red. Table 

values in parentheses indicate that the 

EPA data completeness requirement for 

the 3-year period was not met. However, 

calendar quarters not meeting the EPA data 

completeness requirement are included in 

the NAAQS violation computation if the 

resulting 24-hour average percentile exceeds 

the standard.

Table 3-9 presents a PM10 violation summary 

based on the annual standard. The most 

recent 3-year period is listed, with violations 

indicated in red (3-year average of annual 

mean PM10 concentrations greater than 50 

μg/m3). Table values in parentheses indicate 

that the EPA data completeness requirement 

for the 3-year period was not met. However, 

an annual mean from a year that does not 

meet completeness requirements is included 

in the violation computation if each calendar 

quarter contains at least 11 samples and the 

resulting annual mean exceeds the standard.

Mammoth Cave NP - Ambient Air 

Quality Monitoring Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-36 Table 3-7. Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods. Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Table 3-8a.

Site Name National Park Unit

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrations3 (μg/m3)

Sampler

Type* % Valid1 Annual Arithmetic Mean2 (μ/m3) 1st Highest 2nd Highest 3rd Highest 4th Highest No. of days with 24-Hour Average >65 μg/m3

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 99.0 40 40 30 30 0 9Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 98.0 30 30 20 20 0 7

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

1. At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the operating agency.2. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3 (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of PM10concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.) 

3. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average PM10concentration 

is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.) 

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance Color shading key:

>50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean,

>150 μg/m3 24-hour average 

 Summary of PM10 Data from Reference and Equivalency Methods 

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-37

Table 3-8. PM10 violation summary - daily standard1.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies, 2003-2005

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2005 2004 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2003 - 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Table X-X. 

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 40

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 30

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance

() Note: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary 24-hour average standard requires 75 percent data 

completeness during the 3-year period, with no single calendar quarter within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data 

completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar 

quarters with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if the resulting 99th percentile exceeds the standard. A site 

could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

1The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150μg/m3. (An exceedance of the 

standard occurs when a 24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour 

average concentration greater than 150μg/m3 occurs more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.) 

Color shading key:

 > 1 24-hour average 

concentration >150 μg/m3

8/14/2006

PM10 Violation Summary – Daily Standard1

Table 3-9. PM10 violation summary - annual standard1.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies, 2003-2005

Table 3-10a.

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2003 - 2005

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2003 - 2005

Badlands Visitor Center BAM (9)

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM (7)

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor

*TEOM = tapered element oscillating micro-balance

() Note: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary annual standard requires 75 percent data 

completeness during the 3-year period, with no single calendar quarter within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data 

completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar 

quarters with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if there are at least 11 samples per quarter and the resulting 

annual mean exceeds the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

1The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the 

standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of PM10 concentration is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 

3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 .) (40 CFR 50.6.) 

Color shading key:

 > 50 μg/m3 3-year average 

of annual means 

PM10 Violation Summary – Annual Standard1

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-38

3.4 Meteorological Data Summaries

Meteorological data collected along with 

air quality parameters are used to better 

understand the local conditions and 

transport of air pollutants. In addition, 

meteorological data are essential for air 

quality deposition modeling efforts. Refer 

to Table 2-1 for a list of meteorological 

parameters collected at each site.

Table 3-10 presents a summary of selected 

meteorological data for all sites. The 

parameters included are wind speed, 

ambient temperature, relative humidity, and 

precipitation.

Great Smoky Mountains NP 

- Cades Cove Ambient Air Quality 

Monitoring Station
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-39

Table 3-10. Summary of selected meteorological data.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

National Park Unit Site Name

Precipitation

(mm)

Accumulated during period Average Maximum Minimum

Relative Humidity

(%)

Average Maximum Minimum Average

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Wind Speed

(Scalar1)

(m/s)

Table 3-8a. Summary of Selected Meteorological Data

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

42.9 6 98 57 -27.6 40.4 10.6 4.0 Visitor Center Badlands

205.8 3 99 42 -7.8 38.9 20.5 3.4 K-Bar Ranch Road Big Bend 246.9 2 99 42 -13.3 36.4 12.5 2.9 Island in the Sky Canyonlands284.6 7 100 42 -8.5 35.7 16.1 3.0 Entrance Station Chiricahua

-999.0 6 97 49 -20.5 33.1 6.1 3.3 Visitor Center Craters of the Moon 

102.8 2 99 24 5.7 49.8 25.7 3.6 Park Village Death Valley 261.8 17 98 68 -32.0 26.9 -0.3 1.3 Headquarters Denali

1600.2 23 100 78 5.4 34.4 24.0 2.1 Beard Center Everglades

935.7 16 100 74 -30.0 32.3 7.0 1.1 West Glacier Horse Stables Glacier416.3 3 99 44 -9.7 32.9 10.8 2.8 The Abyss Grand Canyon 173.1 3 100 48 -13.7 34.1 8.9 2.7 Maintenance Yard Great Basin 983.3 16 100 80 -12.1 32.9 15.6 1.1 Cades Cove Great Smoky Mountains 

1021.8 4 100 89 -8.4 22.7 11.2 3.7 Clingmans Dome Great Smoky Mountains 

863.6 3 100 72 -15.1 29.5 11.3 4.6 Cove Mountain Great Smoky Mountains 

1150.3 14 100 70 -13.7 29.2 13.2 2.5 Look Rock Great Smoky Mountains 1591.9 11 100 85 8.5 25.5 16.0 5.2 Observatory Hawaii Volcanoes 2502.9 22 100 90 8.1 25.6 16.0 3.8 Visitor Center Hawaii Volcanoes 

540.4 3 100 39 -0.3 38.3 16.0 3.7 Black Rock Joshua Tree 212.1 21 98 67 -44.2 28.6 -0.8 2.4 Ambler Kobuk Valley 

1270.2 11 100 65 -10.7 29.7 7.1 2.0 Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. Lassen Volcanic 1129.2 17 100 70 -13.2 34.5 14.4 1.7 Houchin Meadow Mammoth Cave 

474.2 3 99 44 -13.2 32.9 10.6 2.9 Resource Mngment Area Mesa Verde 

1377.6 11 100 84 -7.0 31.7 9.0 1.1 Tahoma Woods Mount Rainier 1726.6 7 100 78 -6.4 33.3 10.1 1.4 Marblemount Ranger Stn. North Cascades 

134.2 4 97 41 -12.5 36.3 13.3 4.1 South Entrance Petrified Forest 365.8 5 97 63 -3.1 40.1 14.7 2.2 SW of East Entrance Stn. Pinnacles416.5 6 99 50 -29.7 26.6 4.4 2.8 Long's Peak Rocky Mountain 573.1 9 100 56 -0.7 38.6 16.9 2.4 Ash Mountain Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-40 Table 3-10 (continued). Summary of selected meteorological data. Sites operated by the National Park Service

Table 3-8a (continued). Summary of Selected Meteorological Data

National Park Unit Site Name

Precipitation

(mm)

Accumulated during period Average Maximum Minimum

Relative Humidity

(%)

Average Maximum Minimum Average

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Wind Speed

(Scalar1)

(m/s)

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

1159.7 8 100 66 -7.4 29.5 9.0 1.7 Lower Kaweah Sequoia and Kings Canyon 1407.4 8 100 74 -20.1 27.3 8.2 2.5 Big Meadows Shenandoah

768.2 11 100 72 -33.2 33.5 4.9 2.7 Sullivan Bay Voyageurs

-999.0 9 100 67 -33.7 29.7 2.2 2.0 Old Faithful Yellowstone

382.8 12 99 69 -26.0 28.4 1.5 1.6 Water Tank Yellowstone

1142.5 5 99 73 -7.7 33.7 10.2 0.2 Merced River Yosemite1087.5 6 99 55 -5.4 30.3 10.9 3.9 Turtleback Dome Yosemite

351.8 3 97 42 -6.1 41.0 15.3 3.0 Dalton's Wash Zion

1. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

National Park Unit Site Name

Precipitation

(mm)

Accumulated during period Average Maximum Minimum

Relative Humidity

(%)

Average Maximum Minimum Average

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Wind Speed

(Scalar1)

(m/s)

Table 3-8b. Summary of Selected Meteorological Data

Cooperating State Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

-999.0 17 100 81 -3.4 27.8 13.3 6.4 Cadillac Mountain Acadia

1327.7 19 100 73 -24.4 30.5 7.2 3.4 McFarland Hill Acadia

-999.0 11 100 86 -14.2 30.9 9.5 2.7 Cape Cod Cape Cod 

-999.0 4 96 34 -6.9 39.9 19.7 3.3 Chamizal Chamizal

-999.0 2 95 29 1.3 41.8 21.8 2.7 Pima County Saguaro

395.5 10 100 63 -30.4 35.0 6.9 5.2 Painted Cany. VC Theodore Roosevelt 350.8 8 98 50 -22.2 37.1 10.3 3.0 Visitor Center Wind Cave 

1. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site. -- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-41

Table 3-10 (continued). Summary of selected meteorological data.

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

National Park Unit Site Name

Precipitation

(mm)

Accumulated during period Average Maximum Minimum

Relative Humidity

(%)

Average Maximum Minimum Average

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Wind Speed

(Scalar1)

(m/s)

Table 3-8c. Summary of Selected Meteorological Data

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

860.5 14 100 72 -2.0 36.7 19.2 1.9 CASTNet site Alabama-Coushatta

-999.0 16 100 82 -15.8 32.4 11.9 -999 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 16 100 74 -18.7 20.6 2.1 -999 Frying Pan Mountain Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 14 99 72 -14.0 35.3 12.1 -999 Ranger Station Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 27 100 79 -18.1 30.9 8.1 3.4 Former Nike Missle Site Boston Harbor Islands 

779.7 18 99 72 -6.1 35.9 15.5 1.4 Mendenhall Middle School Guilford Courthouse 

-999.0 23 100 74 -17.8 37.8 10.6 3.4 Ammunition Bunker Indiana Dunes 

-999.0 -999 -999 -999 -16.5 36.5 10.9 3.3 Gas Station Indiana Dunes 

-999.0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 2.1 Somerset Town Hall Mississippi

-999.0 -999 -999 -999 -6.9 38.3 16.5 -999 Westside Taylor Ranch Petroglyph

41.8 12 99 69 -22.1 33.9 9.4 2.7 Lynn Water Treatment Saugus Iron Works 

1. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 3-42 Table 3-10 (continued). Summary of selected meteorological data. Portable ozone monitoring systems National Park Unit Site Name Precipitation (mm) Accumulated during period Average Maximum Minimum Relative Humidity (%) Average Maximum Minimum Average Ambient Temperature (degrees C) Wind Speed (Scalar1) (m/s)

Table 3-8d. Summary of Selected Meteorological Data

Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

-999.0 34 98 80 15.2 34.8 25.0 -999 Knob Creek High Abraham Lincoln Birthplace 

276.0 34 98 80 8.7 32.9 23.8 1.4 Maintenance Area Assateague Island 

470.6 23 97 75 -1.0 33.7 20.7 0.6 Taft Story Fields Big South Fork 

191.2 7 99 45 -3.8 32.5 14.9 2.3 Gravel Pit Black Canyon of the Gunnison 

-999.0 43 98 83 16.5 32.6 22.8 -999 Granite Dome 14 Carl Sandburg 

-999.0 44 98 84 19.0 34.6 24.9 -999 Maintenance Area Field Chickamanga/Chatanooga

-999.0 27 99 72 4.9 32.0 19.3 -999 Pinnacles Cumberland Gap 

104.6 7 100 43 -0.7 40.8 19.8 1.4 West Entrance Housing Dinosaur

-999.0 33 98 79 13.6 33.0 23.5 -999 Visitor Center Fort Donelson 

1500.7 25 98 73 11.8 34.4 25.6 3.9 Fort Pickens Entrance Stn. Gulf Islands 

-999.0 30 99 75 13.7 32.9 21.8 -999 Resevoir Hill Kings Mountain 

100.0 5 98 24 8.2 43.6 26.6 3.8 Meadview Lake Mead 

-999.0 32 98 75 14.7 31.9 24.0 -999 University Field Lincoln Memorial University

475.0 25 100 78 0.2 36.4 22.1 0.5 Biogarden Mammoth Cave 

-999.0 23 99 76 0.3 31.3 18.1 -999 Great Onyx Job Corps Mammoth Cave 

-999.0 25 98 84 -1.1 32.0 17.0 -999 Great Onyx Meadow Portal Mammoth Cave 

533.2 12 98 75 2.0 31.5 12.6 0.6 Tahoma Vista Mount Rainier 

-999.0 43 98 83 17.2 32.6 24.7 -999 Bumble Bee Hill Ninety Six Historical Park

217.0 12 100 75 -9.4 23.1 8.3 0.8 Hurricane Ridge Portable Olympic

209.2 26 95 77 16.5 37.7 27.8 6.0 Malaquite Visitor Center Padre Island 

-999.0 33 98 80 13.2 33.7 23.3 -999 Russian Tenant Field Shiloh

-999.0 33 98 76 18.8 36.9 26.4 -999 Chicago Bottom Field Stones River 

-999.0 11 98 50 -4.6 22.5 9.8 -999 Tioga Pass Yosemite

1. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-1

4.1 Data Collection

Table 4-1 presents data collection statistics 

for each parameter by site and presents the 

overall network average by parameter. The 

network average valid data collection for 

ozone at sites operated by the National Park 

Service was 96.7%, and for sulfur dioxide 

was 92.6%.

Mount Rainier NP, Washington

Table 4-2 presents a network summary of 

data collection statistics by parameter. Annual 

and quarterly network average statistics 

are presented, along with the number and 

percentage of sites which met the minimum 

EPA data collection criteria of 75%. For 2005, 

31 of 31 ozone sites and 3 of 4 sulfur dioxide 

sites met or exceeded the annual EPA criteria 

at sites operated by the National Park Service.

4.0 Data Quality 

Assurance
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-2 Table 4-1. Data collection statistics. Sites operated by the National Park Service National Park Unit Parameter Code FLOW % valid1 SOL % valid1 DTP % valid1 WET % valid1 RNF % valid1 RH % valid1 TMP % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 O3 % valid1 Site Name SO2 % valid1 VWD2 SWS3 2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 3-1a. Data Collection Statistics

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

-999.0 97.1 -999.0 -999.0 55.3 99.7 99.7 98.8 76.2 98.9 99.2 Visitor Center Badlands

94.3 97.0 96.9 90.8 98.5 98.6 96.9 98.2 98.2 -999.0 92.1 K-Bar Ranch Road Big Bend 

99.5 99.8 99.8 98.8 99.0 99.5 99.8 97.7 97.7 -999.0 95.1 Island in the Sky Canyonlands

99.9 99.9 99.9 99.3 99.3 97.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 -999.0 95.9 Entrance Station Chiricahua

-999.0 95.9 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 98.5 99.5 99.8 99.8 -999.0 97.2 Visitor Center Craters of the Moon 

99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.7 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 -999.0 99.8 Headquarters Denali

99.6 99.3 98.7 98.9 98.9 99.5 98.7 99.4 99.4 -999.0 95.2 Park Village Death Valley

97.4 95.7 80.8 95.5 95.1 95.6 95.6 88.6 88.6 -999.0 -999.0 Beard Center Everglades

99.9 99.7 81.4 99.4 99.2 99.9 81.4 94.1 86.2 -999.0 98.4 West Glacier Horse Stables Glacier

89.7 98.5 98.4 98.9 84.5 99.5 98.4 97.1 97.1 -999.0 99.0 Maintenance Yard Great Basin 

99.4 99.7 99.5 90.2 99.1 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.5 -999.0 99.2 The Abyss Grand Canyon

-999.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 99.2 90.9 99.9 97.6 97.6 -999.0 98.9 Cades Cove Great Smoky Mountains 

-999.0 99.1 -999.0 -999.0 96.9 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 -999.0 98.6 Clingmans Dome Great Smoky Mountains 

-999.0 99.3 -999.0 -999.0 80.2 98.7 96.3 99.1 99.1 -999.0 99.6 Cove Mountain Great Smoky Mountains 

99.6 99.4 99.3 98.9 98.9 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.2 -999.0 99.3 Look Rock Great Smoky Mountains 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.4 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.7 -999.0 Observatory Hawaii Volcanoes 

-999.0 91.2 -999.0 -999.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.4 -999.0 Visitor Center Hawaii Volcanoes 

99.9 99.9 99.9 99.3 99.2 99.9 99.9 94.3 94.3 -999.0 97.8 Black Rock Joshua Tree 

53.1 97.4 97.4 97.2 55.9 97.4 97.4 98.4 54.5 -999.0 -999.0 Ambler Kobuk Valley

90.1 99.6 99.5 99.1 98.9 99.5 99.5 96.7 96.7 -999.0 99.4 Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. Lassen Volcanic 

100.0 100.0 81.8 99.4 99.1 100.0 99.6 99.9 99.6 -999.0 99.8 Houchin Meadow Mammoth Cave 

100.0 99.8 98.0 99.4 99.3 100.0 99.8 99.7 99.7 -999.0 99.8 Resource Mngment Area Mesa Verde 

99.8 97.3 98.2 80.2 99.1 99.8 99.7 95.3 88.6 -999.0 81.2 Tahoma Woods Mount Rainier 

99.4 99.4 99.3 98.8 98.6 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.2 -999.0 83.8 Marblemount Ranger Stn. North Cascades 

98.6 98.0 98.5 97.9 55.8 98.6 98.5 98.3 84.2 -999.0 91.3 South Entrance Petrified Forest 

97.5 99.6 99.6 95.2 99.1 99.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 -999.0 99.6 SW of East Entrance Stn. Pinnacles

99.7 99.9 99.8 99.3 97.0 99.9 99.8 99.6 99.6 -999.0 96.5 Long's Peak Rocky Mountain 

97.4 99.5 99.7 99.1 73.3 88.2 99.5 99.4 99.4 -999.0 97.8 Ash Mountain Sequoia and Kings Canyon

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-3

Table 4-1 (continued). Data collection statistics.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Table 3-1a (continued). Data Collection Statistics

National Park Unit

Parameter Code

FLOW

% valid1

SOL

% valid1

DTP

% valid1

WET

% valid1

RNF

% valid1

RH

% valid1

TMP

% valid1 % valid1 % valid1

O3

% valid1 Site Name

SO2

% valid1

VWD2 SWS3

2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

-999.0 99.3 -999.0 -999.0 98.8 99.6 99.3 99.3 99.3 -999.0 99.3 Lower Kaweah Sequoia and Kings Canyon

95.7 99.0 98.8 97.0 98.4 98.7 98.8 98.8 95.2 74.6 92.8 Big Meadows Shenandoah99.9 99.9 99.9 99.5 99.2 99.9 99.9 91.8 91.8 -999.0 98.8 Sullivan Bay Voyageurs

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 99.9 99.3 94.4 -999.0 -999.0 Old Faithful Yellowstone

99.8 79.5 87.2 93.5 93.0 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.5 -999.0 98.4 Water Tank Yellowstone

-999.0 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 99.2 99.7 99.6 99.7 99.7 -999.0 98.8 Merced River Yosemite

99.3 99.4 99.2 98.8 66.3 99.3 99.3 97.6 97.6 -999.0 99.1 Turtleback Dome Yosemite

-999.0 98.9 -999.0 -999.0 96.8 89.0 95.8 98.5 98.5 -999.0 97.2 Dalton's Wash Zion

Average Network Data Collection 96.7 92.6 95.5 98.1 98.6 98.5 92.2 97.0 96.4 98.1 96.9

1. The percent is calculated against the number possible. Percent valid can be less than 100% due to routine maintenance, power failures, audits or other circumstances where the instrument was not available to collect data. Percent valid can also be less than 100% due to influencing factors such as instrument error, operator error, timing problems, flow issues, and other factors that affect instrument operation. When 

calculating percent valid for O3 and SO2, calibration events were removed from the number possible.

2. Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.3. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Key:

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

National Park Unit

Parameter Code

FLOW

% valid1

SOL

% valid1

DTP

% valid1

WET

% valid1

RNF

% valid1

RH

% valid1

TMP

% valid1 % valid1 % valid1

O3

% valid1 Site Name

SO2

% valid1

VWD2 SWS3

2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 3-1b. Data Collection Statistics

Cooperating State Sites

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 99.9 96.3 95.6 -999.0 99.0 Cadillac Mountain Acadia

99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 98.8 -999.0 99.5 McFarland Hill Acadia

-999.0 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.7 99.7 98.5 93.1 -999.0 97.3 Cape Cod Cape Cod 

-999.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.6 -999.0 99.4 Chamizal Chamizal

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 93.5 89.1 Congaree Bluff Congaree

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 98.9 State Monitor Cowpens

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 93.8 Purchase Knob Great Smoky Mountains 

-999.0 99.6 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 99.2 -999.0 99.7 Pima County Saguaro

84.3 88.1 94.9 94.5 94.4 95.0 94.9 95.0 95.0 94.9 94.9 Painted Cany. VC Theodore Roosevelt 99.1 98.8 59.5 94.1 98.5 97.3 59.5 99.0 98.9 99.2 99.2 Visitor Center Wind Cave 

Average Network Data Collection 97.1 95.9 97.3 98.4 92.9 98.7 97.6 96.2 84.7 97.7 94.4

1. The percent is calculated against the number possible. Percent valid can be less than 100% due to routine maintenance, power failures, audits or other circumstances where the instrument was not available to collect data. Percent valid can also be less than 100% due to influencing factors such as instrument error, operator error, timing problems, flow issues, and other factors that affect instrument operation. When 

calculating percent valid for O3 and SO2, calibration events were removed from the number possible.

2. Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.3. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Key:

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-4 Table 4-1 (continued). Data collection statistics. Nearby sites operated by other agencies National Park Unit Parameter Code FLOW % valid1 SOL % valid1 DTP % valid1 WET % valid1 RNF % valid1 RH % valid1 TMP % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 O3 % valid1 Site Name SO2 % valid1 VWD2 SWS3 2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 3-1c. Data Collection Statistics

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

97.6 95.2 95.4 97.0 96.6 97.7 97.7 97.7 97.7 -999.0 85.5 CASTNet site Alabama-Coushatta

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 97.5 Mount Greylock Summit Appalachian Trail

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.7 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 95.7 7510 Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 94.1 Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 97.2 98.5 Vinton Elementary Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 95.5 95.6 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 94.5 Frying Pan Mountain Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 Route 191 Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 98.9 Ranger Station Blue Ridge Parkway

-999.0 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.7 99.7 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 97.1 Former Nike Missle Site Boston Harbor Islands 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 800 Patterson Cuyahoga Valley

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 94.8 Cutler Road Everglades

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 91.7 97.2 Alexandria Health George Washington Pkwy

-999.0 99.9 96.5 -999.0 99.9 99.9 96.5 97.4 -999.0 -999.0 95.5 Mendenhall Middle School Guilford Courthouse 

-999.0 -999.0 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 99.8 -999.0 99.9 98.1 Gas Station Indiana Dunes 

-999.0 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 99.9 90.7 -999.0 97.7 97.8 Ammunition Bunker Indiana Dunes 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.3 Water Treatment Plant Indiana Dunes 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 97.4 99.8 Anoka County Airport Mississippi

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 97.6 Somerset Town Hall Mississippi

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 98.8 Washington County Mississippi

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 70.6 Blyn Lookout Relay Olympic

-999.0 98.3 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 Westside Taylor Ranch Petroglyph

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 98.0 Achbold Parkway Rock Creek

-999.0 29.8 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 97.3 Lynn Water Treatment Saugus Iron Works 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 96.5 Stillwater Saratoga

Average Network Data Collection 96.1 96.8 97.7 97.8 98.8 99.4 98.8 97.0 97.3 86.4 97.6

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative Humidity

RNF = PrecipitationWET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta Temperature

SOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

1. The percent is calculated against the number possible. Percent valid can be less than 100% due to routine maintenance, power failures, audits or other circumstances where the instrument was not available to 

collect data. Percent valid can also be less than 100% due to influencing factors such as instrument error, operator error, timing problems, flow issues, and other factors that affect instrument operation. When 

calculating percent valid for O3 and SO2, calibration events were removed from the number possible.

2. Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.3. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-5

Table 4-1 (continued). Data collection statistics.

Portable ozone monitoring systems4

National Park Unit

Parameter Code

FLOW

% valid1

SOL

% valid1

DTP

% valid1

WET

% valid1

RNF

% valid1

RH

% valid1

TMP

% valid1 % valid1 % valid1

O3

% valid1 Site Name SO2 % valid1 VWD2 SWS3

2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 3-1d. Data Collection Statistics

Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Knob Creek High Abraham Lincoln Birthplace

-999.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 84.2 Maintenance Area Assateague Island 

-999.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 96.8 Taft Story Fields Big South Fork 

-999.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 -999.0 93.2 Gravel Pit Black Canyon of the Gunnison 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Granite Dome 14 Carl Sandburg

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Maintenance Area Field Chickamanga/Chatanooga

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 97.8 97.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 96.0 Pinnacles Cumberland Gap

98.4 99.4 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 99.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 -999.0 99.3 West Entrance Housing Dinosaur

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Visitor Center Fort Donelson 

-999.0 93.5 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.9 -999.0 97.1 Fort Pickens Entrance Stn. Gulf Islands 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Resevoir Hill Kings Mountain 

-999.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 -999.0 99.2 Meadview Lake Mead 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 University Field Lincoln Memorial University

-999.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 -999.0 99.9 Biogarden Mammoth Cave 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 Great Onyx Meadow Portable Mammoth Cave 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Great Onyx Job Corps Mammoth Cave 

-999.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 99.9 Tahoma Vista Mount Rainier 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 Bumble Bee Hill Ninety Six Historical Park

-999.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 91.1 Hurricane Ridge Portable Olympic

-999.0 69.6 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 99.7 100.0 99.9 100.0 -999.0 91.4 Malaquite Visitor Center Padre Island 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 96.4 Russian Tenant Field Shiloh

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 Chicago Bottom Field Stones River 

-999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 100.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 Tioga Pass Yosemite

Average Network Data Collection 96.6 100 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.9 96.1 98.4

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative Humidity

RNF = PrecipitationWET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta Temperature

SOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

1. The percent is calculated against the number possible. Percent valid can be less than 100% due to routine maintenance, power failures, audits or other circumstances where the instrument was not available to 

collect data. Percent valid can also be less than 100% due to influencing factors such as instrument error, operator error, timing problems, flow issues, and other factors that affect instrument operation. When 

calculating percent valid for O3 and SO2, calibration events were removed from the number possible.

2. Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.3. Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed. 4. Portable ozone monitoring systems typically operate during the summer ozone season only. 

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-6 Table 4-2. Network summary of data collection statistics. Sites operated by the National Park Service Calendar Quarter Network Data Collection Statistic1 Units FLOW O3 SO2 VWD SWS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL Parameter Code Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Table 3-2a. Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Annual Annual Network Average % 96.9 96.7 92.6 95.5 98.1 98.6 98.5 92.2 97.0 96.4 98.1

No. Sites>=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 24 (96%) 31 (100%) (75%) 3 35 (97%) 36 (100%) 36 (100%) 36 (100%) 29 (85%) 25 (100%) 25 (100%) 34 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (4%) 0 (0%) (25%) 1 1 (3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (15%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

1 Quarterly Network Average % 95.6 97.1 97.6 92.2 99.2 99.6 99.3 95.4 97.2 96.5 98.1

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 23 (96%) 29 (100%) (100%) 4 31 (91%) 34 (100%) 34 (100%) 34 (100%) 31 (97%) 23 (96%) 23 (96%) 31 (97%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (4%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 3 (9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (3%) 1 (4%) 1 (4%) 1 (3%)

2 Quarterly Network Average % 96.3 96.0 99.0 97.1 98.7 99.5 97.6 90.7 98.3 99.6 99.1

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 23 (92%) 30 (97%) (100%) 4 34 (94%) 36 (100%) 36 (100%) 34 (94%) 29 (85%) 25 (100%) 25 (100%) 34 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 2 (8%) 1 (3%) (0%) 0 2 (6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (6%) 5 (15%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

3 Quarterly Network Average % 97.0 96.3 91.8 98.6 98.9 98.8 98.2 88.9 96.5 96.9 98.1

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 24 (96%) 30 (97%) (100%) 4 36 (100%) 36 (100%) 36 (100%) 35 (97%) 30 (88%) 24 (96%) 24 (96%) 33 (97%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (4%) 1 (3%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (3%) 4 (12%) 1 (4%) 1 (4%) 1 (3%)

4 Quarterly Network Average % 98.6 97.4 82.4 93.8 95.7 96.3 98.9 94.1 95.8 92.5 97.1

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 24 (100%) 30 (97%) (75%) 3 32 (91%) 33 (94%) 34 (97%) 35 (100%) 31 (94%) 24 (100%) 22 (92%) 32 (97%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 1 (3%) (25%) 1 3 (9%) 2 (6%) 1 (3%) 0 (0%) 2 (6%) 0 (0%) 2 (8%) 1 (3%)

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction1. Network data collection statistics include: 1) the percent of valid hourly averages for each parameter across the network; 2) the number and percent of sites which achieved the minimum EPA requirement of 75% valid data capture; and 3) the number and percent of sites which failed to meet 75% valid data capture.

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-7

Table 4-2 (continued). Network summary of data collection statistics.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Calendar

Quarter

Network Data

Collection Statistic1 Units FLOW O3 SO2 VWD SWS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Parameter Code

Cooperating State Sites

Table 3-2b. Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Annual Annual Network Average % 94.4 97.1 95.9 97.3 98.4 92.9 98.7 97.6 96.2 84.7 97.7

No. Sites>=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 3 (100%) 10 (100%) (100%) 3 7 (100%) 7 (100%) 6 (86%) 7 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 2 (67%) 6 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)

1 Quarterly Network Average % 97.8 98.7 97.4 98.7 97.9 98.8 98.9 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.9

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 3 (100%) 7 (100%) (100%) 3 6 (100%) 6 (100%) 6 (100%) 6 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 6 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

2 Quarterly Network Average % 97.2 98.0 96.8 93.6 97.8 96.2 97.7 96.9 91.0 91.3 96.8

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 3 (100%) 10 (100%) (100%) 3 6 (86%) 7 (100%) 7 (100%) 7 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 6 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

3 Quarterly Network Average % 97.4 97.5 96.7 98.4 98.6 93.1 98.9 97.1 97.1 84.1 98.0

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 3 (100%) 10 (100%) (100%) 3 7 (100%) 7 (100%) 6 (86%) 7 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 2 (67%) 6 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)

4 Quarterly Network Average % 85.3 93.9 92.6 98.8 99.4 82.9 99.6 99.0 99.1 66.1 97.0

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 2 (67%) 7 (88%) (100%) 3 6 (100%) 6 (100%) 5 (83%) 6 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 2 (67%) 6 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (33%) 1 (12%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction1. Network data collection statistics include: 1) the percent of valid hourly averages for each parameter across the network; 2) the number and percent of sites which achieved the minimum EPA requirement of 75% valid data capture; and 3) the number and percent of sites which failed to meet 75% valid data capture.

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-8 Table 4-2 (continued). Network summary of data collection statistics. Nearby sites operated by other agencies Calendar Quarter Network Data Collection Statistic1 Units FLOW O3 SO2 VWD SWS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL Parameter Code Sites Operated by Other Agencies Table 3-2c. Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005 Annual Annual Network Average % 97.6 96.1 96.8 97.7 97.8 98.8 99.4 98.8 97.0 97.3 86.4 No. Sites>=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 23 (96%) (100%) 5 1 (100%) 7 (100%) 10 (100%) 8 (100%) 3 (100%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 5 (83%) No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 1 (4%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%) 1 Quarterly Network Average % 99.6 95.3 97.6 99.8 94.2 97.3 99.3 99.6 99.2 95.7 81.1

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 6 (86%) (100%) 5 1 (100%) 5 (83%) 10 (100%) 8 (100%) 3 (100%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 5 (83%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 1 (14%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 1 (17%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)

2 Quarterly Network Average % 99.5 95.7 96.6 99.7 98.6 99.8 99.8 99.5 98.9 99.7 83.2

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 23 (96%) (100%) 5 1 (100%) 7 (100%) 10 (100%) 8 (100%) 3 (100%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 5 (83%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 1 (4%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)

3 Quarterly Network Average % 92.2 97.2 96.7 92.2 98.4 98.8 98.7 97.0 91.5 94.2 86.9

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 24 (100%) (100%) 5 1 (100%) 7 (100%) 9 (100%) 7 (100%) 3 (100%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 5 (83%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)

4 Quarterly Network Average % 99.0 94.9 96.2 99.2 99.4 99.7 99.7 99.2 98.6 99.6 96.6

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 17 (100%) (100%) 5 1 (100%) 7 (100%) 8 (100%) 7 (100%) 3 (100%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 5 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction1. Network data collection statistics include: 1) the percent of valid hourly averages for each parameter across the network; 2) the number and percent of sites which achieved the minimum EPA requirement of 75% valid data capture; and 3) the number and percent of sites which failed to meet 75% valid data capture.

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-9

Table 4-2 (continued). Network summary of data collection statistics.

Portable ozone monitoring systems2

Calendar

Quarter

Network Data

Collection Statistic1 Units FLOW O3 SO2 VWD SWS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Parameter Code

Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems

Table 3-2d. Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Annual Annual Network Average % 98.4 96.3 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.9 96.1

No. Sites>=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 23 (100%) 0 10 (100%) 10 (100%) 23 (100%) 23 (100%) 10 (100%) 0 0 9 (90%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 1 (10%)

1 Quarterly Network Average % 92.2 98.4 98.4 97.9 97.9 97.4 97.9

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 1 (100%) 0 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 0 0 1 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 0 (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 0 (0%)

2 Quarterly Network Average % 95.8 96.9 99.9 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.9 95.7

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 13 (93%) 0 10 (100%) 10 (100%) 14 (100%) 14 (100%) 10 (100%) 0 0 9 (90%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 1 (7%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 1 (10%)

3 Quarterly Network Average % 100.0 95.5 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 96.3

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 21 (100%) 0 10 (100%) 10 (100%) 21 (100%) 21 (100%) 10 (100%) 0 0 10 (100%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 0 (0%)

4 Quarterly Network Average % 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.7 100.0 96.7

No. Sites >=75% Valid No. Sites (%) 1 (100%) 10 (100%) 0 8 (100%) 8 (100%) 10 (100%) 10 (100%) 8 (100%) 0 0 7 (88%)

No. Sites <75% Valid No. Sites (%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 1 (12%)

Key:

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction1. Network data collection statistics include: 1) the percent of valid hourly averages for each parameter across the network; 2) the number and percent of sites which achieved the minimum EPA requirement of 75% valid data capture; and 3) the number and percent of sites which failed to meet 75% valid data capture.

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

2. Portable ozone monitoring systems typically operate during the summer ozone season only.

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-10

4.2 Precision and Accuracy

Ozone analyzers are automatically 

challenged daily with known zero and span 

concentrations. Most sites also undergo 

an automatic daily precision check. At a 

few sites, precision checks are performed 

weekly. All EPA reference method ozone 

sites operate both an analyzer (with ozone 

generator) and calibrator on site. The 

daily zero, span, and precision values are 

measured by both instruments, providing 

an independent reference to the on-site 

measurements. The NPS goal is for 

precision checks to fall within ± 10% of the 

calibration gas concentration.

Routine quality assurance multipoint 

calibrations of the GPMP ozone analyzers 

and calibrators are performed by the 

site operators monthly, and by the NPScontracted network field specialists upon 

initial installation and every six months 

thereafter. Network field specialists 

perform their quality assurance checks 

using an ozone transfer standard (traceable 

to a NIST-certified primary standard). 

The NPS goal is for these accuracy checks 

to fall within ± 10% of the transfer standard 

gas concentrations. For more information 

on quality assurance within the network, 

please refer to the Quality Management Plan 

(QMP) and the Quality Assurance Project Plan 

(QAPP) which can be found on the Internet 

at: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/

network.cfm#procedures.

Table 4-3 presents a summary of ozone 

analyzer precision results and semiannual 

accuracy results, by quarter, for 2005. Results 

are color-coded to indicate ideal performance 

(no shading), acceptable performance 

(yellow), and unacceptable performance 

(red). Accuracy results are presented only for 

NPS-operated sites, and typically include two 

entries for the year.

Table 4-4 presents a network summary of 

ozone analyzer precision and accuracy, by 

quarter, for 2005. Included in the table are the 

number of sites whose precision and accuracy 

checks fell within ± 5%, ± 10%, and outside of 

± 10%.

Yosemite National Park - aerial view

NPS photo by L. Tarnay
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-11

Table 4-3. Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

-- continued --

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 4-3a. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Visitor Center 1 Y -3.3 2.1 -0.4 -3.6 2.0 Y Badlands

2 Y -5.9 3.7 -0.2 -3.2 1.7 Y

3 N 0.9 -2.1 0.6 Y

4 Y -5.9 2.9 0.3 -3.3 1.5 Y

K-Bar Ranch Road 1 N 7.1 -13.0 2.9 Y Big Bend 

2 Y -2.9 1.7 4.1 -9.3 2.6 Y

3 N -2.1 -5.6 3.8 Y

4 Y 0.4 0.1 2.4 -4.7 1.2 Y

Island in the Sky 1 N 9.9 -0.2 4.8 Y Canyonlands

2 Y -2.7 1.7 5.1 -5.7 0.3 Y

3 N 3.5 -7.2 1.9 Y

4 N 7.5 -0.1 3.7 Y

Entrance Station 1 N 1.5 -0.6 0.5 Y Chiricahua

2 Y 4.3 3.0 1.2 -0.7 0.2 Y

3 N 2.0 -0.9 0.6 Y

4 N 2.6 0.4 1.5 Y

Visitor Center 1 N -0.5 -5.2 2.9 N Craters of the Moon 

2 N 0.8 -3.6 1.4 Y

3 Y 4.3 2.6 6.6 -3.9 1.4 Y

4 N 3.9 -2.0 0.9 Y

Headquarters 1 N -0.6 -2.7 1.6 Y Denali

2 Y 5.9 5.1 0.8 -2.1 0.7 Y

3 Y -4.1 2.9 1.8 -1.9 0.0 Y

4 N 1.8 -0.3 0.8 Y

Park Village 1 N 3.3 -3.3 0.0 Y Death Valley

2 Y 14.7 11.8 5.1 -6.4 0.7 Y

3 N 3.1 -0.5 1.3 Y

4 Y 3.7 3.3 3.1 -4.8 0.9 Y

West Glacier Horse Stables 1 N 6.0 0.1 3.0 Y Glacier

2 Y -2.1 1.5 6.7 0.8 3.7 Y

3 N 6.1 0.4 3.3 Y

4 Y -1.4 0.4 3.4 -6.8 1.7 Y

Maintenance Yard 1 N 2.9 -5.0 1.1 Y Great Basin 

2 Y 1.5 1.0 2.6 -2.0 0.3 Y

3 N 2.0 -0.4 0.8 Y

4 Y 1.8 0.9 1.4 -1.4 0.0 Y

The Abyss 1 N 1.9 -1.2 0.4 Y Grand Canyon

2 Y -3.8 3.0 4.4 -0.5 2.0 Y

3 N 4.0 1.8 2.9 Y

4 Y 2.7 1.3 3.2 0.6 1.9 Y

8/11/2006
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-12 Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary. Sites operated by the National Park Service

-- continued --

Table 4-3a (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Cades Cove 1 Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y -4.0 1.2 4.4 -7.2 1.4 Y

3 N 2.5 -5.7 1.6 Y

4 Y -4.3 2.6 1.0 -7.0 3.0 Y

Clingmans Dome 1 Great Smoky Mountains 

2 N 11.7 -11.7 0.0 Y

3 N 7.3 -6.1 0.6 Y

4 N 5.8 -1.3 2.2 Y

Cove Mountain 1 N 4.2 -4.4 0.1 Y Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 3.5 2.9 5.0 -1.7 1.7 Y

3 N 5.9 -0.9 2.5 Y

4 Y -6.4 5.3 4.4 -1.7 1.4 Y

Look Rock 1 N 3.2 -2.4 0.4 Y Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 9.9 9.1 2.5 -1.1 0.7 Y

3 N 3.0 0.1 1.5 Y

4 N 2.9 -3.0 0.0 Y

Black Rock 1 N 0.3 -3.0 1.3 Y Joshua Tree 

2 Y -2.9 2.4 0.8 -3.4 1.3 Y

3 N 1.5 -2.5 0.5 Y

4 N 2.4 -3.1 0.3 Y

Manzanita Lake Fire Stn. 1 Y -2.9 1.6 2.2 -1.9 0.2 Y Lassen Volcanic 

2 N 2.3 -1.8 0.3 Y

3 Y 1.9 1.2 6.4 -3.5 1.4 Y

4 N 4.1 -0.9 1.6 Y

Houchin Meadow 1 Y 9.9 9.1 6.1 -1.9 2.1 Y Mammoth Cave 

2 N 1.1 -1.0 0.0 Y

3 Y 1.4 0.7 3.8 -0.4 1.7 Y

4 N 5.8 -3.4 1.2 Y

Resource Mngment Area 1 N 1.1 -1.1 0.0 Y Mesa Verde 

2 Y 2.7 2.3 2.2 -0.4 0.9 Y

3 Y 2.9 1.8 3.9 -0.8 1.6 Y

4 N 0.7 -1.1 0.2 Y

Tahoma Woods 1 N -3.3 -8.1 5.7 Y Mount Rainier 

2 Y 4.9 2.9 2.9 -12.8 5.0 N

3 N 1.9 -9.2 3.7 N

4 N 0.5 -13.2 6.3 Y

Marblemount Ranger Stn. 1 N 6.7 -12.7 3.0 N North Cascades 

2 Y -5.7 2.1 3.4 -11.2 3.9 Y

3 Y -8.4 7.3 2.3 -12.9 5.3 Y

4 N 7.1 -4.3 1.4 Y

8/11/2006
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-13

Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

-- continued --

Table 4-3a (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

South Entrance 1 N 2.4 -4.4 1.0 Y Petrified Forest 

2 Y 4.2 2.2 2.5 -2.1 0.2 Y

3 N 2.0 -1.0 0.5 Y

4 Y -4.5 2.1 3.6 -1.1 1.2 Y

SW of East Entrance Stn. 1 N -0.3 -4.5 2.4 Y Pinnacles

2 N -1.3 -4.0 2.7 Y

3 Y -2.9 1.6 2.7 -3.7 0.5 Y

4 N 1.0 -4.0 1.5 Y

Long's Peak 1 Y 10.0 7.1 3.5 -5.0 0.7 Y Rocky Mountain 

2 N 2.9 -2.7 0.1 Y

3 Y -0.6 0.3 1.0 -5.1 2.1 Y

4 N 4.9 -10.0 2.5 Y

Ash Mountain 1 Y -0.9 0.5 3.0 -1.1 0.9 Y Sequoia and Kings Canyon

2 N 0.3 -4.1 1.9 Y

3 Y 11.4 9.2 0.2 -4.2 2.0 Y

4 N 2.1 -2.4 0.2 Y

Lower Kaweah 1 Y -1.9 1.6 1.4 -0.9 0.3 Y Sequoia and Kings Canyon

2 N 1.7 -1.3 0.2 Y

3 N 2.3 -2.4 0.1 Y

4 N 2.6 -2.8 0.1 Y

Big Meadows 1 N 4.5 -2.0 1.2 Y Shenandoah

2 Y 4.3 3.8 3.0 0.9 2.0 Y

3 N 6.0 0.2 3.1 Y

4 Y -1.1 0.6 4.9 1.5 3.2 Y

Sullivan Bay 1 N 0.3 -4.9 2.3 Y Voyageurs

2 N -0.4 -3.3 1.9 Y

3 Y 2.6 2.4 0.0 -5.0 2.5 Y

4 N 0.9 -4.0 1.6 N

Water Tank 1 N 0.9 -3.7 1.4 Y Yellowstone

2 Y 3.2 2.8 0.0 -2.8 1.4 Y

3 Y -4.2 3.1 -0.2 -4.8 2.5 Y

4 N 3.2 0.0 1.6 Y

Merced River 1 N 0.3 -2.2 0.9 Y Yosemite

2 Y 1.6 0.9 1.9 -5.8 2.0 Y

3 N -0.7 -3.3 2.0 Y

4 Y 1.1 0.5 -1.2 -4.5 2.8 Y
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-14 Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary. Sites operated by the National Park Service

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the

Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 4-1b. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Cooperating State Sites

McFarland Hill 1 N 3.3 -1.2 1.0

Y

Acadia

2 N 3.4 -0.2 1.6

Y

3 N 2.9 0.0 1.5

Y

4 N 2.6 -0.7 1.0

Y

Cape Cod 1 Cape Cod 

2 N 0.5 -1.7 0.6

N

3 N 0.6 -3.6 1.5

N

4

Chamizal 1 N -0.4 -2.3 1.4

Y Chamizal

2 N 10.4 -8.8 0.8

Y

3 N 0.5 -1.8 0.7

Y

4 N 1.2 -1.9 0.4

Y

Congaree Bluff 1 N 11.4 -5.7 2.9

N Congaree

2 N 7.2 -7.6 0.2

N

3 N 9.8 -6.6 1.6

N

4 N 3.9 -3.5 0.2

N

State Monitor 1 N 9.5 -15.2 2.9

N Cowpens

2 N 2.5 -9.2 3.3

N

3 N 3.9 -5.6 0.9

N

4 N 7.3 -6.5 0.4

Y

Purchase Knob 1 Great Smoky Mountains 

2 N 1.3 -2.5 0.6

Y

3 N 0.7 -1.0 0.2

Y

4 N 1.0 -0.3 0.3

Y

Pima County 1 N 0.0 0.0 0.0

N Saguaro

2 N 1.6 -1.2 0.2

Y

3 N 0.6 -2.4 0.9

Y

4 N 0.5 -1.8 0.6

Y

-- continued --

Table 4-3a (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the

Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

Turtleback Dome 1 N 1.9 -1.2 0.3

Y

Yosemite

2 N 1.8 -1.7 0.1

Y

3 N 2.9 -3.6 0.4

Y

4 Y -1.4 0.5 4.3 -9.8 2.8

Y

Dalton's Wash 1 N -1.4 -2.8 2.1

Y Zion

2 N -1.4 -3.6 2.5

Y

3 Y 2.6 2.2 -1.6 -5.3 3.5

Y

4 N -2.1 -4.6 3.3

Y

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision check isperformed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard. All accuracy checks reported here were 

performed by the reporting organization and not by an outside auditor.3. Percent Difference = ((analyzer - transfer std)/transfer std)x100

4. Average Absolute Percent Difference is the mean of the absolute value of all individual precision check percent differences during the quarter, or the mean of the absolute value of all the percent differencesfrom each point challenged during an accuracy check.

5. Maximum Percent Difference is the highest percent difference from the points of a multipoint (or accuracy) calibration. A positive value indicates the anlyzer read high, a negative value indicates the anlyzerread low.

6. Upper/Lower 95% Probability Limits = (Average Percent Difference)+/-(1.96)(Standard Deviation of precision check percent differences in the quarter). The probability limits represent the interval having a 95% chance of containing the true average percent difference. Probability limits must be within +/-15%.

Color shading key:

Ideal: indicates a percent difference within +/-5% or a probability limit within +/-10%

Acceptable: indicates a percent difference between +/-5.1-10% or a probability limit between +/-10.1-15%

Unacceptable: indicates a percent difference greater than +/-10% or a probability limit greater than +/-15%
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-15

Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary.

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

-- continued --

Table 4-1b (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Cooperating State Sites

Painted Cany. VC 1 N 4.9 -3.1 0.9 Y Theodore Roosevelt 

2 N 7.5 -8.4 0.5 Y

3 N 4.0 -3.6 0.2 N

4 N 3.6 -5.8 1.1 Y

Visitor Center 1 N 3.4 0.4 1.9 N Wind Cave 

2 N 2.2 2.2 2.2 Y

3 N 3.3 0.9 2.1 Y

4 N 3.0 1.1 2.1 Y

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision check isperformed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard. All accuracy checks reported here were 

performed by the reporting organization and not by an outside auditor.3. Percent Difference = ((analyzer - transfer std)/transfer std)x100

4. Average Absolute Percent Difference is the mean of the absolute value of all individual precision check percent differences during the quarter, or the mean of the absolute value of all the percent differencesfrom each point challenged during an accuracy check.

5. Maximum Percent Difference is the highest percent difference from the points of a multipoint (or accuracy) calibration. A positive value indicates the anlyzer read high, a negative value indicates the anlyzerread low.

6. Upper/Lower 95% Probability Limits = (Average Percent Difference)+/-(1.96)(Standard Deviation of precision check percent differences in the quarter). The probability limits represent the interval having a 95% chance of containing the true average percent difference. Probability limits must be within +/-15%.

Color shading key:

Ideal: indicates a percent difference within +/-5% or a probability limit within +/-10%

Acceptable: indicates a percent difference between +/-5.1-10% or a probability limit between +/-10.1-15%

Unacceptable: indicates a percent difference greater than +/-10% or a probability limit greater than +/-15%
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-16 Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary. Nearby sites operated by other agencies Upper 95% Probability Limit Avg. Absolute Percent Difference National Park Unit Site Name Calendar Quarter Precision Accuracy Maximum Percent Difference 3,4 5 6 Lower 95% Probability Limit6 3,4 Required No. of Precision Checks Met?1 Accuracy Check Performed During the Quarter?2 Avg. Absolute Percent Difference National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Table 4-1c. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Mount Greylock Summit 1 Appalachian Trail

2 N 4.3 -0.3 2.0 N

3 N 1.7 -0.3 0.7 N

4

7510 Blue Ridge Parkway 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N 4.1 0.3 2.2 Y

3 N 4.9 0.3 2.6 Y

4 N 4.4 -0.1 2.1 Y

Blue Ridge Parkway 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N 1.5 -1.3 0.1 N

3 N 3.6 -1.4 1.1 Y

4 N 2.4 1.8 2.1 Y

Vinton Elementary 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N 1.3 -7.9 3.3 Y

3 N 7.9 -5.7 1.1 Y

4 N 0.1 -6.8 3.3 Y

Frying Pan Mountain 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N 1.8 -2.5 0.4 Y

3 N 2.9 -1.8 0.6 Y

4 N 1.6 -0.9 0.4 Y

Route 191 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N 1.7 -1.3 0.2 Y

3 N 1.8 0.0 0.9 N

4 N 1.6 -0.9 0.4 Y

Ranger Station 1 Blue Ridge Parkway

2 N -1.9 -11.5 6.7 Y

3 N 3.9 -7.7 1.9 Y

4 N 12.2 -4.9 3.6 Y

Former Nike Missle Site 1 Boston Harbor Islands 

2 N -0.4 -4.6 2.5 Y

3 N -1.5 -6.1 3.8 Y

4

800 Patterson 1 Cuyahoga Valley

2 N 2.6 -2.4 0.1 N

3 N 4.7 -0.8 2.0 Y

4 N 2.7 0.4 1.5 Y

Cutler Road 1 N 5.7 -2.5 1.6 Y Everglades

2 N 0.8 -1.9 0.5 Y

3 N 0.2 -4.3 2.0 Y

4 N 5.6 -1.1 2.2 N

8/3/2006

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-17

Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary.

Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 4-1c (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Alexandria Health 1 George Washington Pkwy

2 N 7.5 -1.4 3.0 Y

3 N 5.4 -6.6 0.6 N

4 N -6.2 -6.2 6.2 N

Mendenhall Middle School 1 Guilford Courthouse 

2 N 3.5 -1.9 0.8 Y

3 N 0.8 -0.6 0.1 Y

4 N 0.0 0.0 0.0 Y

Gas Station 1 Indiana Dunes 

2 N 1.1 -4.2 1.5 N

3 N 1.2 -6.6 2.7 N

4

Ammunition Bunker 1 Indiana Dunes 

2 N 0.9 -11.2 5.1 N

3 N 2.3 -3.8 0.7 Y

4

Water Treatment Plant 1 Indiana Dunes 

2 N 3.1 -7.1 2.0 N

3 N 1.4 -6.6 2.6 Y

4

Anoka County Airport 1 N 1.5 -8.0 3.2 Y Mississippi

2 N 12.4 -7.1 2.7 Y

3 N 1.2 -4.6 1.7 Y

4 N 3.1 -3.6 0.2 Y

Blyn Lookout Relay 1 Olympic

2 N 2.4 2.3 2.3 N

3 N 1.4 -3.2 0.9 Y

4

Westside Taylor Ranch 1 N 1.7 -2.9 0.6 N Petroglyph

2 N 3.7 -0.8 1.5 N

3 N 1.3 -2.4 0.6 N

4 N 2.5 -2.5 0.0 N

Achbold Parkway 1 N 5.2 -5.6 0.2 Y Rock Creek

2 N 6.7 -4.9 0.9 Y

3 N 4.8 -3.0 0.9 Y

4 N 5.5 -2.7 1.4 Y

-- continued --
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-18 Table 4-3 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy summary. Nearby sites operated by other agencies

Table 4-1c (continued). Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

Upper 95%

Probability

Limit

Avg. Absolute

Percent

Difference

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Precision Accuracy

Maximum

Percent

Difference 3,4 5 6

Lower 95%

Probability

Limit6 3,4

Required No. of

Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Avg. Absolute

Percent Difference

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program, 2005

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

Lynn Water Treatment 1 N -2.3 -4.3 3.3 Y Saugus Iron Works 

2 N 5.3 -9.0 1.9 N

3 N -3.7 -5.7 4.7 Y

4 N -4.3 -9.0 6.7 N

Stillwater 1 N 4.4 -1.0 1.7 N Saratoga

2 N 3.6 -3.6 0.0 N

3 N 3.8 -11.4 3.8 N

4 N 0.9 -2.7 0.9 Y

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision check isperformed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard. All accuracy checks reported here were 

performed by the reporting organization and not by an outside auditor.3. Percent Difference = ((analyzer - transfer std)/transfer std)x100

4. Average Absolute Percent Difference is the mean of the absolute value of all individual precision check percent differences during the quarter, or the mean of the absolute value of all the percent differencesfrom each point challenged during an accuracy check.

5. Maximum Percent Difference is the highest percent difference from the points of a multipoint (or accuracy) calibration. A positive value indicates the anlyzer read high, a negative value indicates the anlyzerread low.

6. Upper/Lower 95% Probability Limits = (Average Percent Difference)+/-(1.96)(Standard Deviation of precision check percent differences in the quarter). The probability limits represent the interval having a 95% chance of containing the true average percent difference. Probability limits must be within +/-15%.

Color shading key:

Ideal: indicates a percent difference within +/-5% or a probability limit within +/-10%

Acceptable: indicates a percent difference between +/-5.1-10% or a probability limit between +/-10.1-15%

Unacceptable: indicates a percent difference greater than +/-10% or a probability limit greater than +/-15%

italics = site operated by other agencies

underline = National Park Service operated portable ozone system (POMS)
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-19

Table 4-4. Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy overall network summary.

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

-- continued --

# Operational

Sites

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

Accuracy2

Average Absolute Percent Difference

Calendar

Quarter

Precision1

Average Absolute Percent Difference

2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 4-4. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Overall Network Summary

Sites Operated by the National Park Service

29 28 1 0 4 0 2 1

31 31 0 0 17 1 2 2

31 30 1 0 10 0 2 3

31 30 1 0 11 0 1 4

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision checkis performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.

# Operational

Sites

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

Accuracy2

Average Absolute Percent Difference

Calendar

Quarter

Precision1

Average Absolute Percent Difference

2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 4-2c. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Overall Network Summary

Cooperating State Sites

7 7 0 0 0 0 0 1

9 9 0 0 0 0 0 2

9 9 0 0 0 0 0 3

8 8 0 0 0 0 0 4

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision checkis performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.
Annual Data Summary 2005 4-20 Table 4-4 (continued). Ozone analyzer precision and accuracy overall network summary. Nearby sites operated by other agencies # Operational Sites # Sites within +/- 5% # Sites within +/- 5.1 - 10% # Sites > +/- 10% # Sites within +/- 5% # Sites > +/- 10% # Sites within +/- 5.1 - 10% Accuracy2 Average Absolute Percent Difference Calendar Quarter Precision1 Average Absolute Percent Difference 2005 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program,

Table 4-2c. Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Overall Network Summary

Sites Operated by Other Agencies

6 6 0 0 0 0 0 1

21 19 2 0 0 0 0 2

21 21 0 0 0 0 0 3

15 13 2 0 0 0 0 4

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision checkis performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.
The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is the nation’s principal conservation agency, charged with 

the mission “to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our 

trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities”. More specifically, 

Interior protects America’s treasures for future generations, provides access to our nation’s natural and 

cultural heritage, offers recreation opportunities, honors its trust responsibilities to American Indians 

and Alaska Natives and its responsibilities to island communities, conducts scientific research, provides 

wise stewardship of energy and mineral resources, fosters sound use of land and water resources, and 

conserves and protects fish and wildlife. The work that we do affects the lives of millions of people; from 

the family taking a vacation in one of our national parks to the children studying in one of our Indian 

schools. 

NPS D-1782, August 2006
 EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICATM

 National Park Service

 U.S. Department of the Interior

 

 Natural Resource Program Center

 Air Resources Division

 P.O. Box 25287

 Denver, CO 80225-0287

 www2.nature.nps.gov/air