ANNUAL REPORT 

U.S. DEPARlMm OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Research and Development Environmental Research Laboratories 
GREAT LAKES 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 

ANNUAL REPORT FY 1979 

December 1979 

Eugene J. Aubert, Director 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Office of Research and Development 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 
NOTICE 

The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories do 

not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary 

product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, or to this publication 

furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratories, in any advertising or sales promotion which 

would indicate or imply that the NOAA Environmental 

Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse 

any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to 

cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be 

used or purchased because of this NOAA Environmental 

Research Laboratories publication. 
PREFACE 

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

(GLERL) has completed its fifth year of operation in Ann 

Arbor. Our mission at GLERL is to conduct research 

directed toward understanding the environmental 

processes and solving problems in resource 

management and environmental services in the Creat 

Lakes and their watersheds. The environmental 

information developed is made available to NOAA, 

other government agencies, universities, industries, and 

individual citizens to aid them in their environmental 

services, plans, and operations. 

Understanding the complex lake-land-atmosphere 

system of the Great Lakes Region and the many 

interactions that influence our lives in this region 

requires a team of scientists with different backgrounds 

working together on field, laboratory, and analytic 

investigations into the limnological, hydrological, and 

meteorological properties of the lakes, their basins, and 

the overlying atmosphere. The ultimate goal of the 

GLERL program is to understand the lakeland-atmosphere system to the extent that 

environmental simulation and prediction models can be 

built to provide sufficiently precise information on Creat 

Lakes processes and phenomena to support enlightened 

use of the region's resources. 

This Annual Report is intended to inform the Great 

Lakes community of GLERL's capabilities, program, 

significant results, and plans for the future. It is also 

intended to encourage an exchange of information 

between the laboratory staff and those in need of 

environmental information for operational, planning, or 

management activities. 

Examples of some of the major problem areas that 

the GLERL program addresses are lake water levels and 

connecting channel flow prediction - critical.to erosion 

control, transportation, recreation, and power 

generation; lake ice prediction - critical to lake 

tranqportation and shoreline structure design and 

protection; lake circulation - critical to ecosystems 

analysis and an understanding of the transport and 

dispersion of pollutants; surface waves and 

oscillations - critical to lake transportation, boating, and 

the iontrol of shore erosion and flooding; and the 

dynamics of certain chemical and biological properties 

and bystems - critical to understanding and prediction of 

the hatural ecosystem and human alterations in the 

ecoslystem and to water quality, water supply, and 

fisharies management. 

The CLERL staff has been and is working with Great 

Lakes regulatory and management agencies, in both 

Canada and the United States, to provide them with the 

reseerch products, data, and expertise they need. 

GLERL staff serve as officers, board members, or 

committee members of such organizations as the 

lntelrnational Joint Commission, the Great Lakes Basin 

Corrlmission, and the International Association for Great 

Lakes Research, among others. These activities serve to 

provide an outlet for GLERL products and a means of 

idenltifying environmental problems requiring further 

study. 

Oither outlets for GLERL products include requests 

from private organizations and individual citizens. The 

scientific community is informed of the products 

through journal articles, NOAA Technical Reports and 

Memoranda, and presentations at society meetings. 

The location of CLERL in Ann Arbor with the University 

of Michigan provides the opportunity for cooperative 

reselarch programs and for graduate student 

participation in CLERL projects. Visiting scientists have in 

the past participated in GLERL research studies; this 

activity is continuing. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Preface 

Highlights 

Staff 

Chemistry and Biology 

Environmental Systems Engineering 

Lake Hydrology 

Physical Limnology and Meteorology 

IFYGL 

International and Interagency Activities 

Facilities 

Publications 

Presentations 

Contractor Publications 

Contracts and Grants 

Page 

iii 

1 

4 

5 

9 

13 

17 

21 

23 

25 
GLERL ORGANIZATION CHART 

ADMINISTRATION COMPUTER FACILITY 

G. E. Spalding, Head 

IT] LABORATORY 

LAKE HYDROLOGY 

GROUP 

F. H. Quinn, Head 

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION 

LABORATORY 

LABORATORY 

D PUBLICATIONS 

CHEMISTRY and 

BIOLOGY GROUP 

A. Robertson, Head 

PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY 

and METEOROLOGY 

GROUP 

D. B. Rao, Head 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 

GROUP 

A. P. Pinsak, Head 
HIGHLIGHTS 

For 5 years the laboratory has been involved in 

research on significant processes and problems in the 

Great Lakes Region. GLERL research is diversified in form. 

As is shown by the organization chart, process research 

isaligned in four primary discipline areas. But 

problem-oriented multidisciplinary research, using staff 

from more than one group, is also conducted. The 

in-house research program is supplemented by grants 

and contracts with private institutions. In turn, GLERL supports the efforts of other government agencies; this past 

year 13 percent of the laboratory budget came through 

interagency agreements. The dissemination of research 

results by publication or presentation and discussion at 

scientific and user meetings is a major GLERL product. 

During FY 1979,40 papers authored by GLERL staff and 10 

papers by contractors were published, and 40 papers 

prepared by GLERL staff were presented at meetings. 

Research 

Some changes and consolidations have occurred in the 

GLERL research program. Two new projects were initiated, one in particle dynamics and one in cycling of toxic 

organics. A cooperative program was also initiated by 

GLERL and the University of Michigan to build teams of 

scientists from these two organizations to work together 

on marine pollution problems in the Great Lakes. These 

changes reflect a trend at GLERL toward more 

problem-oriented research, particularly in the area of 

marine pollution. 

Mathematical modeling continued at GLERL with activities in the following areas: 

Multilayer ecological models were applied to study the 

vertical structure of physical, chemical, and biological 

properties in Lake Ontario; the seasonal aspects of this 

structure; and the expected ecosystem response to rapid 

variations in winds and surface water temperature. The 

large gradients of biological and chemical properties in the 

nearshore region during the spring-summer transhion 

period were found to be controlled primarily by the interaction of biological and chemical processes occurring in 

the presence of vertical mixing. 

The GLERL total phosphorus management model was 

used to estimate the loading restrictions necessary to 

meet water quality goals in the Great Lakes. These estimates were then used by the International Joint Commission in their determination of phosphorus loading criteria 

for the recently renegotiated Great Lakes Water Quality 

Agreement. 

Another major development in the area of water 

quality management modeling was the laboratory's role 

(through publication and contracts) in introducing the 

concept of uncertainty analysis to lake trophic state 

predictions. A eutrophication model was applied to 

Saginaw Bay to test the sensitivity of the error in the 

prediction of eutrophication (phytoplankton concentration) to the errors in the initial state variables, the model 

coefficients, and nutrient loadings. 

The models used to compute the Detroit River transient 

flow for hourly, daily, and monthly time scales were modified to incorporate wind stress effects previously 

neglected. The wind stress effects were found to be 

important for hourly and daily flow computations when 

wind speeds along the river exceeded 6 meters per 

second. 

A two-dimensional cross-sectional model of water circulation was coupled to a chemical and ecological model 

for Lake Ontario, and the spring regime was simulated. 

The combined model successfully reproduced the 

observed large gradients of many chemical and ecological 

variables, such as articulate organic - carbon and available phosphorus. '~ecause the effects of large-scale 

hydrodynamic circulation were included, the model 

helped scientists understand why one-dimensional ecological models require unrealistically low sinking rates for 

particulate matter. 

A Great Lakes spill model was developed in response to 

questions on the movement of oil and hazardous material 

spills resulting from accidents. The model, which can be 

operated from a portable (briefcase size) computer 

terminal or a teletype unit, predicts the drift of the spill 

given spill location and winds. The model was successfully 

applied to predict the drift of the abandoned ship 

Labradoc in April 1979. 

The Lake Erie storm-surge forecast model developed 

by GLERL was implemented by the National Weather Service as the standard operational procedure starting in 

September 1979. 

Experimental and theoretical research to better understand the physical, chemical, and biological processes 

operating in the lakes included a number of studies. 

A program in marine pollution studies has been initiated 

in cooperation with the University of Michigan. 

A new project has been established within the GLERL 

program to study the cycling of toxic organics in the Great 

Lakes. It initially focuses on two classes of toxic organic 

substances: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) 

and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). 

Process research underway, both in-house and in 

cooperation with the University of Michigan, includes 

studies on volatilization, photodecomposition, sorption 

onto particulates, and the transport and settling of suspended matter indigenous to the Great Lakes. 

Nutrient studies have concentrated on understanding 

the environmental chemistry and transport mechanisms 
of phosphorus in the Great Lakes. These studies involve 

the use of sediment traps in the lakes to provide data on 

the role of settling particulate material in the phosphorus 

regeneration in, or removal from, productive regions of a 

lake. 

Phytoplankton studies this year have centered on 

the processes responsible for the seasonal distribution 

and diversity of plankton types in Lake Michigan. It was 

found that phytoplankton growth cannot be predicted 

simply from phosphorus concentrations and that 

silicon:phosphorus ratios have limited value for predicting the shift in species composition. 

Zooplankton studies have centered on a Lake Michigan 

field program to evaluate and quantify the significance of 

predation of the freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta on zooplankton under varying conditions of species composition 

and abundance of zooplankton. 

The draft final report was prepared for the study on 

consumptive uses of water in the Great Lakes from 1975 

to 2035. This draft report has been submitted to the 

lnternational Great Lakes Diversions and Consumptive 

Uses Study Board of the lnternational Joint Commission. 

The study indicates that consumption in the Creat Lakes 

will increase dramatically after the year 2000 owing to 

assumed continued growth of the region. Alternative 

assumptions have been made concerning the use of 

water by the municipal, manufacturing, and power 

sectors, and the resultant differences in consumption 

have been determined. 

along the river were in excess of about 6 meters per 

second. 

Two state-of-the-art scanning spectroradiometers 

have produced the first spectral ice and snow reflectance 

measurements on the Great Lakes. Optimum instrument 

configuration requires that incoming radiative flux be 

recorded simultaneously with flux reflected from the 

surface. Meaningful spectral reflectance data can thus be 

collected without regard to variability in cloud cover or 

solar altitude. The system is now capable of collecting 

extremely accurate data under all types of cloud 

conditions. 

A new interdisciplinary project, particle dynamics, was 

initiated this year to study the movement of various types 

of particulate matter through the lake environment. This is 

important to studies of toxic organics and nutrients since 

these substances enter the lake attached to particulate 

matter. The pathways and ultimate fate of these pollutants in the lakes depend upon the particle movement. 

A comprehensive field program to measure various 

physical, chemical, and biological properties of the lake 

was planned and launched during this fiscal year as a part 

of the Lake Erie surveillance program directed by the 

lnternational Joint Commission and supported by the U.S. 

Environmelital Protection Agency. This program was 

undertaken jointly by our laboratory and the Canada 

Centre for Inland Waters (Burlington, Ontario). Since the 

development and persistence of anoxia, lack of oxygen, 

depends on characteristics of circulation (and stratification), a prime objective is to measure the movement of A examining the Great Lakes precipitation water between the central basin and other basins of Lake climatolog~ from 19W to date was A change Erie. GLERVs project is an attempt to quantify the water in the precipitation regime found to occur in the volume exchanges across the basins and also to examine mid-1930's increased the average annual precipitation by the spatial and temporal variability of the basin-wide cir- a~~roximatel~ percent and the standard deviation 40 culation with a total of 58 current meters on 28 moorings, percent. If the current precipitation regime persists, it will and 5 thermistor chain moorings. present many challenges for water resource managers 

and planners in the Great Lakes Basin. For example, under was On the data the GLERL 

increased water supplies the current Great Lakes regula- and Sea-Air Interaction Laboratory, Atlantic Oceanotion plans may not perform within design specifications; graphic and Meteorological Laboratories, cooperative 

they did not perform as well as expected during the program in which an airborne laser profilometer was used 

1968-73 high water supply period. This emphasizes the to map waves during a fall storm in Lake Michigan. 

need for improved Creat Lakes water supply forecasting 

techniques to take into account the probability of higher Advisory services 

precipitation. 

Another completed study involved the analysis of wind 

stress effects on the computed discharges of the Detroit 

River. Mathematical transient models are currently used 

to compute Detroit River flows for hourly, daily, and 

monthly time scales. These models previously neglected 

the effects of wind stress. The incorporation of wind 

stress into the models was found to be important for 

hourly and daily flow computations when wind speeds 

During FY 1979,630 requests for information, data, or 

reports were received from various user groups and 

answered as a part of the GLERL advisory service activity. 

There were 22 Draft Environmental Impact Statements 

evaluated. The GLERL mailing list includes 441 recipients 

who have requested regular receipt of one or more of the 

6 types of GLERL publications. Additionally, GLERL supports the Great Lakes Sea Grant Colleges in their advisory 

service activities. 
lnternational Field Year for the Great 

Lakes 

This program has been completed except for publication of the final two reports. The International Field Year 

for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) Data Catalog: United States 

Data Archive was published in FY 1979. The IFYGL 

Atlas - Lake Ontario Physical Properties is in press. All but 

one chapter of the book IFYGL - The lnternational Field 

Year for the Great Lakes have been prepared, reviewed, 

and are being edited. 

lnternational and Interagency Activities 

GLERL staff members were active in several International joint Commission boards and committees, including 

the Science Advisory Board, the Surveillance Subcommittee, the Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee, the 

Task Force on Environmental Mapping, and the Consumptive Uses Subcommittee. 

GLERL staff members participate in the Great Lakes 

Basin Commission program as Department of Commerce 

Alternate Commissioners and as working members of the 

Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee, Priorities Subcommittee, Coastal Zone Management Committee, the Standing 

Committee on Research and Development, and the Great 

Lakes Environmental Planning Committee. 

In their capacity as members of the lnteragency Technical Advisory Group of the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study, GLERL staff reviewed study programs and 

recommendations. 

GLERL staff participated on the lnternational Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basin Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data and the lnteragency Great Lakes Basin 

Hydromet Network Work Croup. 

GLERL staff were active in the Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Extension Program 

as members of the Winter Navigation Working Committee, the Ice Information Work Group, and the Environmental Evaluation Work Group. 

Facilities 

The chemistry laboratory program has involved analysis 

for trace organics in components of the lake ecosystem. A 

recently acquired Waters liquid chromatograph equipped 

with ultraviolet and fluorescent detectors has been used 

in this analysis. The nutrient cycling program continued. 

Experiments involving size and molecular weight separation were conducted with radio-labeled phosphorusspiked water samples. Quantitative analysis of "cold" 

phosphorus was performed by spectrophotometry and 

by fluorometry. 

The marine instrumentation laboratory used its recently 

developed micro-computer system to examine both 

serial and parallel data from deployed instruments within 

hours and days of collection to validate data integrity, 

decode data formats, and determine design faults. Applications included testing for the 58 current meters and 28 

acoustic releases deployed in Lake Erie; data retrieval of 

the water temperature profile from the expendable 

bathythermograph data logger; development of an interactive current meter recording system; and the interface, 

modification, and verification of an Aanderaa tape 

playback interface unit. 

The Hewlett-Packard 9815 computer was interfaced 

with EG&G spectroradiometers and programmed for 

simultaneous data logging and albedo calculations in support of the ice measurement program. 

The R/V Shenehon successfully supported several 

water chemistry and biology experiments in Lake Michigan and physical limnology experiments in Lake Erie. 
STAFF AS OF 30 SEPTEMBER 

Full Time Temporary or 

Permanent Part Time 

Office of Director 9 0 

Chemistry and Biology 

Group 11 4 

Environmental Systems 

Engineering Group 4 4 

Lake Hydrology Group 8 1 

Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

Total 47 11 

Assel, R. A. 

Aubert, E. j. 

Bell, G. L. 

Bennett, I. R. 

Bermann, L. F. 

Bolsenga, S. 

Booker, H. L. 

Bramlet, R. H. 

Burns, W. R. 

Carrick, B. J. 

Chambers, R. L. 

Chapra, S. C. 

Congdon, S. W. 

Del Proposto, D. I. 

Derecki, 1. A. 

Doughty, B. C. 

Dungan, 1. E. 

Eadie, B. j. 

Field, L. P. 

Gardner, W. S. 

Grasso, j. 0. 

Grimes, I. E. 

Grumblatt, j. L. 

Hodson, A. W. 

Huang, I. C. K. 

lenkins, C. F. 

Kelley, j. M. 

Kelley, R. N 

Kistler, R. D. 

LH 

OD 

CB 

PLM 

CB 

LH 

PLM 

OD 

ESE 

LH 

CB 

ESE 

ESE 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

PLM 

CB 

PLM 

CB 

CB 

ESE 

PLM 

OD 

PLM 

OD 

ESE 

LH 

PLM 

Lawton, B. j. 

Lee, j. P. 

Leshkevich, G. A. 

Liu, P. C. 

Malczyk, I. M. 

McCormick, M. 1. 

Miller, G. S. 

Muzzi, R. W. 

Nalepa, T. F. 

Noble, P. E. 

Norton, D. C. 

Parker, R. K. 

Pickett, R. L. 

Pinsak, A. P. 

Quigley, M. A. 

Quinn, F. H. 

Rao, D. B. 

Robertson, A. 

Royse, G. B. 

Saylor, I. H. 

Scavia, D. 

Schwab, D. j. 

Slavens, D. R. 

Soo, H. K. 

Tarapchak, S. j. 

Thompson, T. S. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 

White, B. j. 

Willis, P. D. 

LH - Lake Hydrology Group 

OD - Office of the Director 

CB - Chemistry and Biology Group 

PLM - Physical Limnology and 

Meteorology Group 

ESE - Environmental Systems 

Engineering Group 

LH 

OD 

LH 

PLM 

CB 

CB 

PLM 

PLM 

CB 

OD 

LH 

OD 

PLM 

ESE 

CB 

LH 

PLM 

CB 

PLM 

PLM 

CB 

PLM 

CB 

PLM 

CB 

ESE 

CB 

ESE 

OD 
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 

The work in chemistry and aquatic biology is concentrated in three principal task areas: water chemistry, 

ecosystems modeling, and plankton studies. The program 

is aimed at understanding the existing lake conditions, 

recognizing the trends that have occurred, and developing the capability to predict the course of events given 

alternative approaches to the management of the lakes. In 

this respect, the program will provide information periinent to a large number of problem areas relative to the 

use, protection, and conservation of the Great Lakes. 

This information is of immense value to water resource 

managers in the Great Lakes Basin as they make decisions 

affecting water quality, power generation, commercial 

fisheries, and recreational uses of the lakes. Numerical 

models of the ecosystem can be used to forecast future 

conditions, to predict the results of implementation of 

various possible strategies, and to better understand the 

dynamics of lake biological and chemical phenomena. 

The variety and distribution of plankton types affect 

water supply taste and odor and play an important role in 

the entire ecosystem as plankters are a vital part of the 

lake food web. Water chemistry studies, by describing 

the constituents of the water at various sites and changes 

with time and with variations in temperature, currents, 

and loading, are particularly important to water quality 

determinations. The current emphasis is on understanding 

the cycling of nutrients and toxic organic compounds 

within the ecosystem. 

Water Chemistry 

A new project was established this year. It is an expansion of studies in the cycling of organic materials into the 

area of toxic organics. The primary goal of the project is 

to produce a clearer understanding of the cycling of 

hydrophobic toxic organic compounds in the Great Lakes 

environment. GLERL scientists are employing a systems 

analysis approach that will ultimately enable one to simulate the location of selected contaminants, their expected 

residence time in any location or phase, how rapidly and 

into what they will decompose, and where they will finally 

reside. 

The planning for this project has included involvement 

of University of Michigan researchers under a formal 

cooperative research structure, as well as outside investigators and GLERL staff. A hierarchy of models will be used 

to monitor the progress of the research at different levels 

throughout the course of the program. These models will 

be continuously upgraded through the results of the 

process research experiments along with other information from the literature. Carrying out process research and 

modeling simultaneously will permit continual determination of the weakest or most sensitive areas in the systems 

approach and definition of the research necessary to 

address these specific problems. 

In the next 1-3 years, effort will be concentrated on 

two classes of toxic organic substances, PAH's and PCB's. 

Process research underway, both in-house and in 

cooperation with the University of Michigan, includes 

studies on volatilization, photodecomposition, sorption 

onto particulates, and the transport and settling of suspended matter indigenous to the Great Lakes. 

A principal objective of the nutrient cycling program is 

development of a greater understanding of the environmental chemistry and transport mechanisms of 

phosphorus in the Great Lakes. Phosphorus is known to 

limit photosynthetic production in epilimnetic waters, but 

potential availability of the nutrient from various 

phosphorus pools in the lakes is unclear. Phosphorus, in 

dissolved and sized-particulate fractions, is currently 

being studied to develop preliminary information about 

these pools and their changes with time and space in the 

lakes. These experiments will be continued in order to 

provide information on the relative importance of 

selected nonliving and living pools to phosphorus cycling 

in the lakes. Nutrient measurements (and chemical availability studies) of particulate material from sediment traps 

placed at three depths at various locations in Lake Michigan will provide information on the role of settling particulate material in the phosphorus regeneration in, and 

removal from, productive regions of the lake. 

An understanding of the dynamics of materials movement is of extreme importance to the study of water 

chemistry because chemicals adhere to these materials. 

During the past year, much of the effort in this area has 

been directed toward analyzing data on the nepheloid 

layer, vertical flux, and distribution of total suspended 

matter in southern Lake Michigan. These data came from 

a 2-year sediment trap program and more than 35 cruises 

made from 1977 to 1979. 

The benthic nepheloid layer is a region of highly turbid 

bottom water up to 10 meters thick, with particle concentrations two or more times those in the hypolimnion. The 

layer covers the southern Lake Michigan Basin; however, 

it is most highly developed at the base of the eastern 

slope, which is also the region of highest sediment 

accumulation. Particle flux profiles within the nepheloid 

layer increase exponentially toward the bottom, with a 

resuspension scale length of about 7 meters. A nearly 

ubiquitous background nepheloid system is generated 

and maintained by weak, but persistent, current and 

wave energy in the slope-basin region. Elevated concentrations of several chemical substances are associated 

with this region. Therefore, the role and contribution of 
km Offshore 

Schematic illustration of the distribution of particulate matter in southern 

Lake Michigan. Light transmission varies throughout the epilimnion and 

hypolimnion, but is generally high, reflecting small amounts of total 

suspended matter in the water. However, in the bottom few meters the 

total suspended matter increases by a factor of two to eight, with 

minimum to zero light transmission. This region of very hi turbidity is 

called the nepheloid layer and plays an important role in the cycling of 

nutrients and toxic organics in the lakes. 

the nepheloid layer to the cycling of polluting and enriching substances should be considered in any systems 

approach to Great Lakes ecology. 

Data from sediment traps placed below the 

thermocline but above the influence of resuspended sediment have shown the same accumulation rates as 

lead-210 dating of adjacent sediments. This fact will 

permit calculation of the mass flux of nutrients, metals, 

and trace organics into the hypolimnion and aid in evaluating decomposition rates associated with the sedimentary 

environment. 

Plans for next field season are to place these upper 

sediment traps throughout Lake Michigan and (in cooperation with several outside investigators) to estimate mass 

fluxes of several polluting and enriching compounds to 

the entire lake system. This information will be valuable to 

various GLERL modeling programs. 

To determine the effect of sedimented matter on the 

nearshore benthic community, the Chemistry and Biology 

Group conducted laboratory experiments to measure the 

oxygen uptake rate of the bottom sediments and to partition the rate into its biological and chemical components. 

Such measurements give a relative idea of community 

function and the important pathways of materials flow 

through the benthic system. Most of the oxygen uptake 

resulted from the respiration of bacteria in mineralizing 

the sedimented material. Maximum rates were recorded 

in spring, corresponding to the time of greatest input of 

the material into the sediment. 

In a study to define the role of nearshore sediments in 

the cycling of nutrients, the release of phosphorus, silica, 

and ammonia was measured. The concentration of these 

nutrients in water overlying incubated sediment cores 

was significantly higher than background levels, indicating 

net flux out of the sediments. The activities of benthic 

animals appear to be the main stimulus for this release. 

Ecosystems Modeling 

The numerical models formulated under this project aid 

in detailed examination of the interaction of the biological, 

chemical, and physical processes in the Great Lakes. 

This past year the modeling emphasis was on application and testing rather than development. Investigations 

have been made into the biological, chemical, and physical processes controlling ecological processes and 

properties in Lake Ontario and into use of the model for 

identifying research needs. In one application, a multilayered model was used to investigate the seasonal 

aspects of the vertical structure of properties in Lake 

Ontario and the expected ecosystem response to rapid 

variations in winds and surface water temperature. 

0.0 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I 

100 150 200 250 300 350 

Days 

A plot of soluble reactive silica (SRS) versus time. Each line represents a 

time trace of SRS concentration corresponding to particular depth 

intervals. The depth contours indicate regions of high diatom produaivity because diatoms deplete SRS. The irregularity of the contours reflects 

the variable environmental conditions that affect diatom growth. 

In a second application and test, a two-dimensional, 

north-south transect, hydrodynamic model was used to 

simulate observed properties in Lake Ontario during the 

spring-summer transition period. Results from numerical 

experiments with the model suggest that the large 

inshore-offshore gradients of biological and chemical 

properties are controlled by the interaction of in situ 
Simulations of Available Phosphorus (pg P/L) 

2o01d ,b do 4 A A, A d7I 

km from north shore 

25 

50- 

75- 

E 

Y 5 loon 

125 

150 

175 

Simulated Available Phosphorus (pg P/ L) 

0- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

150 - 

June 20-22 

175 - 

20("d lb 20 3b 0 A do bl 

km from north shore 

Simulations of phosphorus available for phytoplankton growth under different hydrodynamic regimes. Left panel - broken lines represent normal 

hydrodynamic case; solid lines represent vertical mixing only (i.e., no currents). Right panel-simulation with no hydrodynamics. Biological and 

chemical processes, as well as sedimentation, are simulated in every case. These results demonstrate that vertical mixing, not larger scale currents, is 

the physical factor most influential in establishing the strong inshore-offshore gradients in spring. 

processes and differences in vertical mixing on either side 

of the 4°C isotherm. Because of reversals in flow patterns, the effect of currents is to reduce concentration 

gradients, but the effect on overall distributions is minimal. 

Other analyses with this model resulted in a suggested 

explanation of differences among measured sinking rates, 

rates used in one-dimensional models, and rates used in 

two-dimensional models. 

The original two-layer model, previously calibrated to 

the IFYCL data set, was used to examine ecosystem 

properties that are difficult to study experimentally - 

ecological efficiencies, community turnover rates, etc. It 

was also used as part of a larger study describing the 

general properties of the North American Great Lakes and 

the specific ecosystem dynamics of Lake Ontario. 

Another task this year involved testing the sensitivity of 

the error in the prediction of eutrophication 

(phytoplankton concentration) to the errors in the initial 

state variables, the model coefficients, and nutrient loadings. The model used was developed under contract by 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to assist in the 

management decision process. For this analysis, a statistical technique called the Kalman filter was implemented 

and tested in a number of ways to assure its applicability in 

this context. The Kalman filter estimates the propagation 

of errors from model inputs and coefficients through the 

model to the output or predictions. It can also use the 

Epilimnion turnover times (amount of time necessary to replace existing 

pool) in days as calculated from the Lake Ontario ecological model. In 

general, the shortest turnover times are in summer because production 

rates are closely controlled by temperature. One exception is the 

producer group (phytoplankton); scarce nutrient supplies in summer 

tend to reduce their turnover rate and thus lengthen the turnover time. 

Seasonal averages 

Average for 

Winter Spring Summer Fall year 

Producers . . . . 8.5 3.7 5.5 8.4 5.1 

Herbivores . . . 6.8 3.3 1.4 2.7 2.1 

Carnivores . . . 27.5 8.0 4.0 10.3 5.8 

Detritus ...... 312.8 48.5 21.1 90.7 44.5 

Total 

Seston ..... 311.3 14.1 15.5 62.3 22.5 

model prediction (with its error quantified) and measurements (with their associated errors quantified) to produce 

best estimates of the predicted variables, as well as better 

estimates of the controlling parameters. This latter 

procedure will lead to smaller prediction errors and thus 

more confidence in model predictions. To date, this technique has been tested on several hypothetical and 

theoretical systems, as well as on Saginaw Bay, and the 

results indicate that, although the prediction errors can be 

quite large, methods of error reduction will be able to 

bring predictions within acceptable error limits. 
Next year's work will include more detailed analysis of 

the vertical structure of properties in Lake Ontario, as well 

as a comparative study of these properties among the 

upper Great Lakes. The analysis of errors in the Saginaw 

Bay eutrophication model will be completed. 

Plankton Studies 

Plankton studies have concentrated on the processes 

responsible for the seasonal distribution and diversity of 

plankton types in Lake Michigan. In the last year, work on 

phytoplankton has focused on the effects of phosphorus 

concentration, phosphorus turnover rate, and silica concentration on primary productivity and chlorophyll 

production throughout the water column at an offshore 

station. These studies showed that phytoplankton growth 

cannot be predicted in a straightforward way from 

phosphorus concentrations because of luxury uptake of 

phosphorus by phytoplankton. Further, it was demonstrated that silica:phosphorus ratios have limited value for 

predicting the shift in species composition of the 

phytoplankton from diatoms to green and bluegreen 

algae. Analyses of autoradiographs of carbon-14 uptake 

by phytoplankton were started. These analyses will allow 

calculation of species-specific uptake rates of carbon, 

which are necessary to predict species growth rates. Next 

year, work on phytoplankton will emphasize the autoradiographic analyses and further analyses of factors affecting species composition and growth. 

Grazing studies have focused on the process by which 

copepods of the genus Diaptomus, the most important 

group of herbivores in the Great Lakes, select seston 

(phytoplankton and other particulate material) of different 

sizes. These studies have demonstrated that each species 

appears to have an invariant pattern of selection of small 

and medium-sized particles when grazing in Lake Michigan water. This invariance led to the development of a 

Equivalent Spherical Diameter (pm) 

Mean selectivity coefficients (W') of feeding of Diaptomus sicilk on 

varied size food in Lake Michigan. W' is the conditional probability that a 

food of a particular size will be eaten if encountered. 

feeding model that predicts amounts of different kinds of 

food that Diaptomus will eat under varying conditions of 

food supply. Feeding experiments with cultured species 

of phytoplankton were initiated to evaluate this feeding 

model. Next year, further experiments will be performed 

to evaluate the feeding model and to examine the mechanisms of large particle selection by Diaptomus. 

The freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta is an important 

predator of zooplankton, and Mysis, in turn, is an 

important food for Great Lakes' fishes. Previous studies of 

Mysis predation have been limited to a few feeding 

experiments performed under artificial conditions in the 

laboratory. To evaluate and quantify the significance of 

Mysis predation on zooplankton, CLERL developed 

special gear and methods to examine their feeding in situ. 

During this year, in situ feeding experiments were 

performed in Lake Michigan from spring through fall 

under varying conditions of species composition and 

abundance of zooplankton. Next year, plans are to 

analyze the data obtained from these experiments. 
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 

ENGINEERING 

The work of the Environmental Systems Engineering 

Group includes projects on environmental engineering 

models and applications and GLERL environmental 

information services. The objectives of the environmental 

engineering models and applications projects are to 

develop, test, and apply improved simulation and prediction models and other tools as a basis for rational decisions in development and use of Great Lakes natural 

resources. 

Current Great Lakes issues and environmental information requirements are determined in large part through 

participation of GLERL staff on various interagency, 

State-Federal, and international boards, commissions, 

committees, and work groups. Environmental information 

services involve continuing identification of new users and 

their needs, dissemination of GLERL products and other 

environmental information, and response to environmental information requests. 

The combination of environmental engineering models 

and applications and environmental information services 

provides an information system and expertise to assist in 

the solution of Great Lakes issues and problems. Such 

involvement establishes a direct two-way channel for our 

scientific expertise and tools, ascertains research needs to 

provide guidance in our program planning, and identifies 

substantive areas for GLERL participation in interagency 

research. 

Environmental Information Services 

The dissemination of the environmental information 

produced is vital to the accomplishment of the GLERL 

mission. The costs of scientific research cannot be justified 

if the results are not used. Thus, a principal GLERL activity 

is the maintenance of an advisory service as a means of 

providing scientific information in a form compatible with 

user needs. 

This past year, as part of that service, GLERL provided 

research products in response to 630 documented 

requests. Of these, 30 percent came from agencies in 

various levels of government and 70 percent from private 

individuals or groups outside government. This is in addition to regular mailings to a list of 441 recipients who have 

indicated interest in receipt of a 6-month listing of available publications and of one or more of the 5 types of 

GLERL publications: chemistry and biology, environmental 

systems engineering, ice, lake hydrology, and physical 

limnology and meteorology. But publications are just one 

form of environmental information. Also included are 

predictions and simulations produced from environmental models, forecasts and forecast techniques, 

descriptive or analytical information on the present or 

past status of one or more limnological characteristic of a 

lake or of the system, and data bases. 

Draft Environmental Impact Statements are reviewed 

and critiqued in support of NOAA's Office of Ecology and 

Environmental conservation. Intended to ensure that proposed activities in and around the lakes have been 

designed to have little or no long term adverse effects on 

the environment, the Draft Environmental Impact Statements are required by law to be submitted by the company or agency planning the activity for review by all 

interested or affected entities. 

Not all potential users know of GLERL and the range of 

services and products available, so other responsibilities 

carried out under this project include identification of and 

communication with potential users, determination of 

user interests and needs, and liaison between the 

laboratory and users. Committee and board memberships 

and attendance at workshops, conferences, and other 

scientific gatherings are means of informing people about 

GLERL; certain special publications, such as the Technical 

Plan and this Annual Report, are others. 

Environmental Engineering Models and 

Applications 

By quantifying the various aspects of a system, environmental models allow managers to try out projected 

management alternatives or possible developmental 

scenarios quickly and without harmful effects. Models 

developed by the Environmental Systems Engineering 

Group have been used for guidance in real decision-making situations. 

A mathematical model developed to predict long term 

trends of total phosphorus in the Great Lakes was used to 

analyze the effectiveness of phosphorus control 

measures that have been applied to Lake Ontario over 

the past decade. By predicting the effect of waste abatement programs and other human activities in the Great 

Lakes drainage basin on phosphorus concentrations in the 

lakes, the model can indicate the trophic state to be 

expected if given policies are adopted. The major conclusion of the Lake Ontario study was that detergent controls 

implemented in the early 1970's have resulted in a 

30-percent decrease in the lake's phosphorus level. Conversely, the model was also used to predict that if controls 

had not been initiated, phosphorus concentration in the 

lake would have reached a condition similar to highly 

deteriorated Saginaw Bay by the year 2000. Other applications of the model in planning and management contexts included simulations done for the Great Lakes 

Environmental Planning Study and the renegotiation of the 

Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. 

In terms of research, two major areas were developed: 

error analysis and the application of phosphorus loading 
n 

?I 4 Inner Saginaw Bay b 

C, 1 

- - - - - - - -- 

4 Michigan v 

4 Huron /Superior b 

Year 

Effects of detergent controls and municipal waste treatment on the 

phosphorus concentration in Lake Ontario. Also shown are the 

projected levels given no controls. For purposes of comparison, 

phosphbrus concentration levels are indicated for inner Saginaw Bay. 

eastern Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and Lakes Huron and Superior. 

Mesotrophic or Better 

--c- Oligotrophic or Better 

150 

models to incompletely mixed systems. The former is an 

effort to present decision-makers with estimates of the 

uncertainty of model predictions. It was accomplished in 

part through a contract with Michigan State University. 

The latter is designed to provide forecasts of phosphorus 

levels in the embayments and nearshore areas of lakes, 

where environmental stresses and public use and awareness of the water bodies are most intense. 

Under a contract with the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, GLERL calculated present and projected consumptive use of water in the United States portion of the 

Great Lakes Basin to the year 2035 as part of a joint United 

States-Canadian project, the Great Lakes Diversions and 

Consumptive Uses Study directed by the International 

Joint Commission. Consumptive use of water, that is, the 

volume taken out of but not returned to a system, has a 

significant and growing effect on Great Lakes water 

levels. 

Consumptive water use in the Great Lakes Basin is 

expected to be five times greater in 2035 than .it was in 

1975. This is primarily due to the assumption that industries and power utilities will evolve to closed watercycling systems because of government regulations protecting the environment. Consumptive use will increase 

from 7 percent of total withdrawal in 1975 to 32 percent 

, Saginaw SCALE (Kilometers) 

River 

(1 241 ) 0 

- 

10 20 30 40 50 

Probabilistic loading plot showing the logarithm of the predicted inflow Results of a total phosphorus budget model for Saginaw Bay. Such 

concentration of phosphorus as a function of the water residence time. models are important for analyzing the nearshore areas of lakes, where 

Percentages represent the certainty that the inflow concentration will environmental stresses and public awareness of the water bodies are 

achieve the expected trophic state. most intense. 
32 E - - - - - WITHDRAWAL 

CONSUMPTIVE USE 

- // 

Year 

Estimated withdrawals and consumptive uses of Great Lakes water for 

the years 1975-2035 for four major activities. The large increase in 

consumptive use and the characteristics of the withdrawal curve for the 

power segment are due primarily to the projected evolution to closed 

cycle cooling because of environmental concerns. 

in 2035. A major attraction of the Great Lakes area has 

been the abundant water supply, and the manufacturing 

sector has historically taken advantage of this benefit. 

Manufacturing consumed 54 percent of the 4300 cubic 

feet per second total in 1975, with municipal consumption 

at 17 percent and the power industry at 10 percent. 

These three sectors accounted for 81 percent of water 

consumed in 1975 and will increase to 92 percent of the 

much larger volume of water consumed in 2035. The 

compounded annual growth rate in total consumptive 

use will be 2.6 percent. 

The great increase in projected consumptive use relative to withdrawals reflects the evolving environmental 

concerns. Existing legislation, environmental controls, 

economic considerations, and institutional constraints 

account for the significant projected increases in consumption by the power and manufacturing sectors. For 

economic and environmental reasons, these industries 

will be evolving to closed cycle cooling. In 1975 consumptive water use in the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes 

ranged from 0.1 percent to 1 percent of the average 

discharge in all lakes, except Michigan, which was 2.3 

percent. Consumptive use in 2035 is projected to range 

from 0.6 percent to 1 percent of average discharge, 

except for Lake Erie at 4.2 percent and Lake Michigan at 

10 percent. The increases in consumptive use are generally proportional to increasing water withdrawals, but the 

significant increases in Lakes Michigan and Erie reflect 

changing practices in the power and manufacturing 

sectors. 

It is assumed that the source of abundant water 

afforded by the Great Lakes will continue to be a major 

factor in the economy of the region. Because of this 

abundant freshwater supply, conservation will not be as 

stringent as in other parts of the United States and will be 

predicated on environmental and economic considerations. Additionally, it is assumed that, despite short term 

trends of out-migration of people and industries, the 

basic need for water will dictate continued growth in 

productivity and population during the long term. 

Compilation of the IFYGL Atlas -lake Ontario Physical 

Properties was completed. This compilation in the form of 

maps, charts, and tables of data on the physical characteristics of Lake Ontario during the observational period 

from April 1972 to March 197.3 will be a valuable tool for 

managers, engineers, scientists, students, and other 

individuals interested in resource development or impact 

on the lake of related developmental programs. 

Work is planned next year on an atlas of man and the 

Great Lakes ecosystem that will initially focus on the 

eutrophication issue. Information will include natural and 

cultural nutrient sources, lake loads, lake-scale effects, 

and societal impacts. 

The phosphorus loading concept will be applied to 

incompletely mixed systems, such as estuaries, in which 

potential availability of phosphorus will be dynamically 

modeled and applied to actual water bodies. 

Work will continue on application of uncertainty 

analyses to phosphorus model forecasts. 

The Lake Ontario energy budget task will be completed 

with publication as an IFYGL Scientific Summary Report. 

Work will continue on development of a model hierarchy to address water quality and use problems identified in the Great Lakes Basin Commission's Great Lakes 

Environmental Plan of Study. 

The Great Lakes Diversions and Consumptive Uses 

Study will be integrated with its Canadian counterpart and 

presented to the public and the International Joint 

Commission. 
Isotherm charts showing a radical change in Lake Ontario surface water temperatures between October 5 and 18, 1972, as a result of an outbreak of 

cold air across the lake. These figures are from the upcoming WCL Atlas - Lake Ontario Physical RqmTies. 
LAKE HYDROLOGY 

The emphases of the Lake Hydrology Group are on the 

hydrologic cycle, including channel hydraulics, and on ice 

research. The objectives of the hydrologic work are to 

develop improved methods of prediction and simulation 

of lake levels, connecting channel flows, and flow in 

tributary streams and to improve understanding of the 

hydrologic processes. The objectives of the ice work are 

to improve the prediction of freezeup, breakup, areal 

extent, and thickness of ice in the Great Lakes and their 

bays, harbors, and channels and to improve understanding of the natural variability and optical properties of ice 

cover. The work involves an integrated program of data 

collection, data base development, analysis, prediction, 

model development and testing, and advisory service. 

Prediction and simulation information on lake levels and 

flows is necessary for water resource planning and 

management and for the solution of problems in water 

supply, water quality, shore erosion, hydropower, navigation, recreation, and flooding. Primary users of hydrologic information are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

the Great Lakes shipping industry, the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, recreational boating enthusiasts, the 

power utilities, the Great Lakes States, and the general 

public. 

The amount, type, and extent of ice on the Great Lakes 

is of interest to all those who use the lakes in winter, but 

especially to those who navigate them. Prediction 

information on Great Lakes ice is of value to winter navigation, shoreline engineering, hydropower generation, 

water supply management, and waste disposal. Primary 

users of ice information are the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, the U.S. Coast Guard, the National Weather 

Service, the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, the Great Lakes shipping industry, shoreline property 

owners, and the general public. 

Hydrology 

During this past year, a study was completed to 

examine the overall Great Lakes precipitation climatology 

from 1900 to date. A change in the precipitation regime 

found to occur in the mid-1930's increased the average 

annual precipitation by approximately 8 percent and the 

standard deviation by 40 percent. If the current precipitation regime persists, it will present many challenges for 

water resource managers and planners in the Great Lakes 

Basin. Continued high precipitation will stress the current 

Great Lakes regulation plans, which did not perform as 

well as expected during the 1968-73 high water supply 

period. This emphasizes the need for improved Great 

1500 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 

Years 

Great Lakes 5-year weighted standardized precipitation time series. The 

standardized value is the annual precipitation minus the mean annual 

precipitation divided by the standard deviation. Note the dry spell in the 

early 1%0's and the wet spells around 1950 and the early 1970's. 

Lakes water supply forecasting techniques that take into 

account the probability of higher precipitation. 

Another completed study involved the analysis of wind 

stress effects on the computed discharges of the Detroit 

River. Mathematical transient models are currently used 

to compute Detroit River flows for hourly, daily, and 

monthly time scales. These models previously included 

the complete one-dimensional equations of continuity 

and motion, but neglected the effects of wind stress. The 

incorporation of wind stress in the models was found to 

be important for hourly and daily flow computations 

when wind velocities were in excess of about 6 meters 

per second. The inclusion of the wind stress terms in the 

mathematical models may also prove to be significant for 

some Lake St. Clair water balance studies. 

Last summer, a unique field data collection program 

was initiated for continuous measurement of velocities in 

the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. Velocity is measured with 

electromotive current meters, since seaweed and other 

floating debris quickly clog the moving vanes of mechanical meters and render them impractical for continuous 

operation. These measurements will be used to verify and 

improve the St. Clair and Detroit River transient models 

and to determine winter flows in the two rivers. The 

existing models are based on river flow measurements 

made periodically by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

during the open water season. Winter ice conditions 

make standard velocity measurements extremely difficult 

and preclude them altogether during the ice-cover 

season. However, severe ice conditions and associated 

ice jamming in these rivers produce abnormal river 

profiles and large discrepancies in the winter flows simulated by the existing models. 
Ice 

State-of-the-art scanning spectroradiometers have 

produced the first spectral ice and snow reflectance 

measurements on the Creat Lake. Hostile environment 

support systems have been fabricated for these instruments, which cover the 300-1 100-nanometer range 

(10-nanometer bandpass slits). Optimum instrument configurat~on requires that incoming radiative fiux be 

recorded simultaneously with flux reflected from the 

surface. Accurate spectral reflectance data can thus be 

collected w~thout regard to variability in cloud cover or 

solar altitude. Simultaneous recording of upward and 

downward 'lux was achieved at the end of the 1978-79 

season. The techniques, devices, and electronics 

employed had never before been used to measure spectral reflectance5 of ice, snow, or any other natural substance. The various ice types show signif~cantly different 

spectral characrer~st~cs and the physical state of each ice 

type appears to exert a strong influence on the spectral 

signature. Data collection will continue over the next 4 

years from sites in the upper Great Lakes. Data collection 

will concentrate on spectral definition of the various ice 

types (pancake, snow-ice, etc.). 

The 7978-79 winter season produced a record ice 

cover on the Great Lakes: all five Iakes were almost completely ice coveted. The simultaneous occurrence of such 

extenswe ice cover on all five lakes had not been 

Current meter and d~vpr bptng lowered into the water from the US. 

Coast Guard shlp Bramble. The diver wlll posrtim the current meter and 

detach the cables used to lower it into the water. 

The 2-year field program is divided into two phases. 

During the first phase, ~nitiated last summer, two Marsh 

McBirney, model 585, electromotive current meters were 

deployed in the upper St. Clair River. The two current 

meters were installed outside the navigation channel, 50 

and 70 meters from the U.S. shore in 15 meters of water, 

to provide an index of mean river velocity. The meters are 

connected by cables to a shore recording facility, which 

provides remote access to the current meter output. 

Because of extensive ice movement during winter, the 

cables along the river bank are protected against shore 

ice. After the first year of operation, the field program will 

be expanded to provide velocit~ measurements NOPA-5 Image for February 17. 1979. On th~s date, all frve Great Lakes 

simultaneously in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. were v~rtually frozen over 
observed before, making this event particularly 

noteworthy. A multiagency report on the 1978-79 Great 

Lakes ice cycre is in preparation by authors from the 

National Weather Service, National Environmental Satellite Service, CLERL, and a contractor. Also a report 

describing the 1977-78 Creat Lakes ice cycle was completed in 1979 and will be published early in 1980. 

Historic ice charts for Lakes Superior and Michigan 

were digitized In 1979 and will be edited and analyzed for 

the development of a revised ice-cover climatology. In 

1980 histor~c ice charts for Lakes Huron, Erie, St. Clair, and 

Ontario will be digitized. 

Computer analysis of early season Lake Superior ice concentration data. 

The darker gray areas rndicate hlgher Ice concentratiom Ice charts such 

as these help identrfy patterns in ice-cover concenttatlon and distribu 

tlon over tlme 

Work on the establishment and analysis of an 

80-winter freezing degree-day (FDD) data base from 25 

locations on the shores of the Great Lakes was completed 

in 1979. A report defining a winter severity index for the 

Creat Lakes based on the distribution of maximum FDD's 

at the 25 locations was also completed in 1979. The 

report identified trends in winter severity and the mild and 

severe winters in the Creat Lakes Region during the 

period 1897-1977. This report and a data report giving 

seasonal values and normals of air temperature and 

1898 191 8 1938 1958 1978 

Winter Seasons 

Average of cmu!at~ve normalized maximum freezing degree-day 

values for 25 stattons. Note the following three trends In Creat Lakes 

wlnters (1) a coolrng period from 1897 to 3918, (2) a warming period 

from 1920 to 1958, and (3) a second coolmg perid from 1958 to the 

present. 

degree-days for the data base provide a valuable reference for evaluating climatic trends and relating them to 

ice-cover trends during the past 20 winters and, perhaps, 

by statistical inference during the past 80 winters. 

A 4-year program to document heat storage in Lake 

Superior during the fall cooling period was completed in 

1979. These data will be used to identify he bathymetric 

and fall seasonal characteristics of the water temperature 

decline in Lake Superior. This information will provide the 

necessary calibration and verification data for future 

development of a model of temperature decline and initial ice formation in Lake Superior. 

GLERL has an extensive set of ice-cover data bases for 

the Creat Lakes and has served as a major archive for this 

type of material since formation of the laboratory in 1974. 

To facilitate greater accessibility and distribution of these 

materials, the Lake Hydrology Croup will transfer most of 

these data to World Data Center-A for CCaciology (snow 

and ice) located at the University of Colorado in Boulder, 

Colorado. This is one of three international data centers 

established to facilitate international exchange of data on 

at forms of snow and ice, and it serves as a national 

information archive and retrieval center for materials 

related to snow and ice research. 
PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY AND processes into governing mathematical equations and 

METEOROLOGY extrapolate the equation in time in order to develop 

predictions of the future state of the lake environment. 

Experimental data, in turn, help to validate the accuracy of 

The Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group these predictions. 

studies the physical variables describing the lake environment and the way in which these vaiables change as a 

result of external forces. The relevant physical characteristics of the lakes are currents, temperature, and water level 

fluctuations, and the primary driving forces are the wind 

stress acting on the lake surface and the heat exchange 

between the lake and the atmosphere. The primary 

emphasis of the program is on developing and testing 

models that will improve the capability of predicting these 

variables. These prediction models will, in turn, permit 

estimates of chemical and biological properties of the 

lakes that are important in diverse user activities, such as 

waste disposal, power generation, fisheries management, 

and water supply planning. In addition, waves and other 

water level oscillations present potential hazards and may 

result in loss of lives and in damage to shoreline property, 

shipping, and recreational boating activities. 

The phenomena that need to be modeled and 

predicted have time scales ranging from years to seconds 

and space scales from the length of the lake to a few 

meters. In view of this tremendous range in time and 

space scales, it is necessary to separate and group the 

various phenomena according to their scales in order to 

better understand and model them. Hence, the basic 

research program in the Physical Limnology and Meteorology Group has been arranged in two projects. Project 

(I), water movements and temperature, deals with lake 

circulation and thermal structure. This project encompasses studies dealing with lake-wide and nearshore circulation, seasonal changes in circulation, and upwelling 

and downwelling phenomena. Project (2), surface waves 

and oscillations, deals with wind generated waves, storm 

surges, seiches, and problems of overlake winds. The 

phenomena grouped in project (2) need real-time prediction capability in view of their importance as hazards. 

A new interdisciplinary project, particle dynamics, was 

started during this year. The prime reason for initiating this 

project is the fact that toxic organic substances and 

nutrients enter the lake attached to particulate matter. 

Hence the pathways and ultimate fate of these pollutants 

in the lakes depend on the movement of various types of 

particulate matter through the lake environment. 

The basic approach used in studying the problems in all 

the above projects is a combination of experimental 

(laboratory and field), theoretical, and modeling methods. 

Experimental data provide information on what is happening in the lake. Theoretical studies attempt to use basic 

physical principles to explain the observed features. 

Modeling studies try to incorporate the important physical 

Water Movements and Temperature 

An array of current meters and temperature recorders 

was deployed in Green Bay, Wisconsin, in May 1977. Part 

of the array was retrieved in fall 1977, and the remainder 

in spring 1978. Data collected in the passages connecting 

Green Bay with Lake Michigan are being studied to 

determine the quantity and nature of water volume 

exchanges between the bay and the lake so that the 

pattern of the water quality degradation within the bay 

can be better understood and simulated. A determination 

of the bay's flushing rate and interior circulation is essential 

to the planning of water quality restoration. The Physical 

Limnology and Meteorology Group found an intense 

inflow of water into the bay from Lake Michigan in bottom waters of the Death's Door and Rock Island Passages. 

This wind-driven exchange is much larger than the flushing due to the tidal-like currents associated with 

long-period surface waves, and it accelerates the renewal 

of water in the northern half of the bav. 

The Fox River discharges a heavy load of contaminants 

to the south end of the bay. Additionally, toxic materials 

are discharged along the west shore of the bay from the 

Menominee River. The latter discharge may pose a potential hazard to the potable water supply for the cities of 

Menominee, Michigan, and Marinette, Wisconsin, as their 

water intake is located close to the river mouth. A preliminary report analyzing data collected in this reach of the 

bay has been prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This preliminary analysis shows that the 

circulation is especially sensitive to wind forcing along the 

bay's principal axis, with currents in the shallow water 

along the shore flowing with the wind and return flow in 

the center of the bay against the wind. The current patterns observed with prevailing southwesterly winds put 

the water intake prec'ariously iownstream fr6m the rLer 

mouth. 

Coupling hydrodynamic models to ecosystem models 

is a complicated problem in view of the differences in the 

important space and time scales in each of the models. In 

order to understand the effects of physical variables, such 

as water movements and temperatures, on the ecosystem variables from a modeling point of view, GLERL 

coupled a two-dimensional cross-sectional model to a 

chemistry and ecology model for Lake Ontario and carried out a simulation for the spring regime. The combined 

model successfully reproduced the observed large 

gradients of many of the chemical and ecological variables, such as particulate organic carbon and available 
0 

u 

2 4 kilometers 

LAKE ERIE 

-/Under tow 28 h 44 rn later 

- - Predicted position 24 h later-A" Labradoc , 

e5 ., eclnitial posltlon 

e3 08162 6ApriI '79 

Comparison of GLERL's prediction of the drift of the ship Labradocand 

the positions observed by the U.S. Coast Guard. A severe gale in Apnl 

1979 flooded the ship's hold and forced abandonment. A GLERL modd 

correctly predicted that the ship would drift w.th the currents and 

against the wind. 

Current track near the center of Lake Michigan during &ly 1976. Thin tional forecasts (or even hindcasts, e.g., determining track traces the movement of a parcel of water during the month. As 

can be seen, loops occur every 4 days as the parcel drifts where a particular spill any spill in the Open 

northeastward. waters of the Great Lakes. 

phosphorus. By including the effects of the large-scale 

hydrodynamic circulation, GLERL scientists were able to 

use the model to explain why the one-dimensional ecological models require unrealistically low sinking rates for 

particulate matter. 

The potential for accidents has increased in recent 

years with the increase in shipping on the Great Lakes. If 

an accident does happen, it is necessary to be able to 

answer questions regarding the spread of any oil spilled 

from the ship's fuel tanks, the drift of the cargo, and 

possibly the drift of the disabled or abandoned ship itself. 

In anticipation of these questions, a Great Lakes spill 

model was put together. Using available lake circulation 

and oil spill models, CLERL set up a computer program 

that is run by answering a series of questions. The 

program was designed for operation from either a portable (briefcase size) computer terminal or a teletype unit. 

Either device requires only a standard electrical outlet and 

a telephone to operate the model. 

The program performed well when the ship Labradoc 

was abandoned on April 6, 1979, after being hit by gale 

force winds and high seas in Lake Erie. Surprisingly, the 

abandoned ship drifted westward into the gale force 

winds. The reason is that it was low in the water and 

entrained in a powerful offshore countercurrent. The 

model accurately predicted this direction of drift. 

Eventually such spill programs should provide operaIn support of the Lake Erie surveillance program 

directed by the International Joint Commission and supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a 

comprehensive field program to measure various physical, chemical, and biological properties of the lake was 

planned and launched during this fiscal year. This program 

was undertaken jointly by our laboratory, the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, and the Canada Centre 

for Inland Waters (Burlington, Ontario). 

Because Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes, it 

suffers most severely from pollution inputs. Even though 

the condition of Lake Erie improved in recent years 

because of conservation and cleanup efforts, an annual 

problem called anoxia - oxygen depletion of 

waters - plagues the lake. Its investigation is one of the 

focal points of this study. Because Lake Erie is so shallow, 

during the stratified season the thermocline in the central 

basin penetrates almost to the bottom, leaving a very thin 

hypolimnion. Biological processes, such as respiration by 

fish and decay of organic material sifting down from 

above, rapidly use up the limited supply of oxygen in the 

hypolimnion, while the thermocline inhibits fresh infusions 

of oxygen-bearing waters. This results in the loss of 

oxygen-or anoxia. The consequence of all these 

processes is to produce problems of taste and odor in 

municipal water supplies of cities like Cleveland, Ohio. 

The anoxia is mainly confined to the central basin of Lake 

Erie. Since the development and persistence of anoxia 

depends on characteristics of circulation (and stratification), a prime objective is to measure the movement 
of water between the central basin and other basins of 

Lake Erie. GLERL's program is attempting to quantify the 

water volume exchanges across the basins and also to 

examine the spatial and temporal variability of the 

basin-wide circulation with a total of 58 current meters on 

28 moorings, as well as 5 thermistor chains. A major part 

of the program effort in the next 2 years will be a detailed 

analysis of this Lake Erie data set. 

Surface Waves and Oxillations 

An important aspect of the study of wind generated 

waves is their spatial variability, which is produced by the 

effects of islands, curved coast lines, and changes in bottom topography, in addition to the changes in fetch 

(overwater travel distance of air). Such a study requires 

the use of a remote sensing technique to measure the 

waves over an entire lake, particularly during strong wind 

conditions. To investigate this problem, GLERL and the 

Sea-Air lnteraction Laboratory carried out a cooperative 

program in which an airborne laser profilometer was used 

to map the waves during a fall storm in Lake Michigan. 

Ground truth to validate the airborne measurements was 

provided by two Waveriders deployed in the lake. The 

measurements were made during the passage of an 

intense frontal system on November 20-21, 1977. Waves 

were measured both ahead of and behind the front to 

include areas with different atmospheric stabilities. The 

-8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 

Forecast Peaks (feet) 

Comparison of observed and predicted lake storm surges at Toledo, 

Ohio. The new CLERL dynamical method is a considerable impovement on the older statistical method. 

analyses show that atmospheric stability plays a distinctive 

role in wave growth processes. Specifically, it is evident 

that the fetch required to generate a wave condition for 

an unstable atmosphere is shorter than that required to 

generate the same wave condition for a stable atmosphere. Therefore, an unstable atmosphere usually generates higher waves for the same wind speed. During 

growth, peak energy shifts to lower frequencies as we 

expected. Our analysis suggests this is due to nonlinear 

energy transfer. For larger fetch cases, however, the 

actual growth appears to be mixed, with phases of 

exponential growth and overshoot effects. 

Analyses continued on data gathered from the solar 

powered research tower installed in Lake Michigan in July 

1977. The tower, located 2 kilometers offshore from 

Muskegon, Michigan, in 16 meters of water, provided a 

stable platform for two levels of anemometers and air 

temperature sensors, a surface water temperature sensor, and an array of four wave staffs to measure meteorological and directional wave variables. Solar power was 

successfully used for tower instrumentation. The 

measurements comprise over 1300 well-documented 

hourly wind and wave data for further detailed studies. 

The results show that the triangular array of wave staffs 

provides reasonable wave direction information, 

although nearshore waves appear to have a larger 

onshore component of momentum than would be indicated by prevailing winds. Statistical distributions of wave 

slope and wave curvature have also been examined. We 

found that the probability distributions of the surface 

slopes are generally represented by a Gaussian curve. 

The field measurements of waves for 1979 were confined to Lake Erie. Three Waveriders were deployed, one 

to the east and one to the west of Kelleys Island (the island 

that divides the western basin from the main basin) and a 

third one near North Springfield, Pennsylvania. Airborne 

measurements on Lake Erie .were taken jointly with the 

Sea-Air lnteraction Laboratory during 1979. 

In contrast to the wind-generated waves, which are of 

small spatial and temporal scale, storm surges represent a 

response of the whole lake to large-scale disturbances. 

Wind-induced storm surges on Lake Erie contribute to 

flooding and shoreline erosion. Low water levels on the 

upwind end of the lake can be a hazard to navigation. In 

an effort to provide the best possible storm-surge forecast guidance to local forecast offices, GLERL and the 

Techniques Development Laboratory have compared 

Lake Erie storm-surge forecasts produced by a dynamical 

method developed at GLERL and the National Weather 

Service operational-statistical method for several months 

in 1977 and 1978. The dynamical method is based on a 

finite difference model of Lake Erie and uses computer 

generated wind forecasts as input data. The statistical 

method consists of a set of regression equations 
developed from observed data. Sea level pressure forecasts are input data to this method. Storm-surge forecasts 

are produced twice a day and extend to 36 or 48 hours. 

The dynamical method yielded much better forecasts at 

Buffalo, New York, and slightly better forecasts at Toledo, 

Ohio. Therefore, starting in September 1979, the dynamical forecast method replaced the statistical method for 

providing guidance storm-surge forecasts. 

The National Weather Service also started issuing 

guidance forecasts for storm surges at Bay City, Michigan, 

Wave Frequency (Hz) 

A growth episode of wave spectra from Lake Superior recorded on June 

26, 1979, by NOAA buoy 45001. The significant wave heights grew 

from 0.9 meters at 06 z to 2.5 meters at 09 z during 8 meters per second 

south-southwest winds with stable atmosphere. It is well known that 

peak-energy frequency migrates continuously toward lower frequency 

during wave growth as is shown in this figure. 

in Saginaw Bay and Port Huron, Michigan, at the southern 

end of Lake Huron, again determined by statistical 

procedures. In view of the success of the dynamical 

procedure developed for Lake Erie, the dynamical model 

was modified for application to the above two points. 

The performance of the dynamical and statistical methods 

will be evaluated this year. 

Research comparing various wave prediction models 

has progressed to the stage of testing several models 

against wave observations. The observations are from 

CLERL's tower in Lake Michigan and from the National 

Data Buoy Office operational buoy in Lake Superior. 

Preliminary tests of a dynamical method of predicting 

the details of winds around the lakes were encouraging, 

and we are actively testing this model against observations. The model is driven by boundary conditions from a 

larger scale version developed by NOAA's Techniques 

Development Laboratory. At present, we are testing the 

model's ability to forecast the details of land winds and 

water levels around Lake Erie. In the future, we hope to 

extend our tests to overlake winds. 

Particle Dynamics 

This project, a cooperative venture with the faculty and 

scientific staff at the University of Michigan, was just 

started during this fiscal year. The CLERL-University of 

Michigan team has begun to define the research needs in 

this area and to prepare a program document. 

Meanwhile, the University of Michigan scientists have 

started work on two studies. One deals with the settling 

characteristics of different types of particulate matter in a 

laboratory, and the other attempts to characterize the 

nature of suspended sediments in the southern basin of 

Lake Michigan. 
INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR 

FOR THE GREAT LAKES (IFYGL) 

The technical work on this multiagency, joint United 

States-Canadian program has been completed. During 

1979 the IFYGL Atlas -Lake Ontario Physical Properties 

went through final editing; it is now in press. All but one 

chapter of the book IFYGL - The International Field Year 

for the Great Lakes have been prepared and reviewed 

and are being edited. 
INTERNATIONAL AND 

INTERAGENCY ACTIVITIES 

The GLERL program includes support activities for and 

participation in the work of many other agencies in both 

the United States and Canada. This is one of the mechanisms whereby our research product is used; in addition, 

we obtain information on requirements for environmental 

information to support planning and management activities. This user need information is helpful in shaping the 

future GLERL research program. 

International Joint Commission 

GLERL participates in many of the activities of the 

lnternational joint Commission. Various staff are involved 

in committee and subcommittee work. These include 

work on the Science Advisory Board that provides the 

lnternational Joint Commission with information on the 

state of the art in Great Lakes research and recommends 

research programs. Also included is participation on the 

Consumptive Uses Subcommittee of the Diversions and 

Consumptive Uses Study Board, the Aquatic Ecosystem 

Objectives Committee of the Science Advisory Board, 

and the Surveillance Subcommittee of the Water Quality 

Board, the Environmental Mapping Task Force, and the 

Federal Support Committee to the U.S. Cochairman of 

the Water Quality Board. The Diversions and Consumptive Uses Study Board will provide information to the 

lnternational Joint Commission relevant to water supply 

and the Great Lakes Regulation Plan. The Surveillance 

Subcommittee provides an annual assessment of the 

environmental quality of the lakes, defines problem areas, 

and coordinates the surveillance activities of the many 

different agencies. 

Great Lakes Basin Commission 

GLERL staff are involved in the Great Lakes Basin Commission as Alternate Department of Commerce Commissioners and as members of the Great Lakes Basin Plan 

Committee, the Priorities Committee, the Coastal Zone 

Management Committee, the Standing Committee on 

Research and Development, and the Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study. The Great Lakes Basin Plan Committee has responsibility for developing an approach to 

identifying and coordinating water and related structural 

and non-structural near- and mid-term programs 

designed to enhance the economic, environmental, and 

societal aspects of the Great Lakes Basin. A major effort 

has been development of a process to analyze effects of 

plans at all levels and to include public participation in the 

process. 

The Priorities Committee develops guidelines and criteria for establishing priorities of the Federal or federally-supported Great Lakes Basin water resources initiatives for consideration by the National Water Resources 

Council; the Coastal Zone Management Committee coordinates, exchanges, and develops information pertinent 

to the Coastal Zone Management activities of the Great 

Lakes States; the Standing Committee on Research and 

Development assists Priorities Committee and Great Lakes 

Basin Plan Committee activities and develops improved 

research coordination, particularly for the Great Lakes 

portion of the basin. The Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study is analyzing the accumulative system effects of 

state pollution control plans on the water quality of the 

Great Lakes. 

Winter Navigation Program 

GLERL worked in support of the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers in a multiagency program to examine the 

feasibility of extending the navigation season throughout 

the Great Lakes system. The Ice Information Work Group 

was chaired by a GLERL staff member. Also, GLERL had 

membership on the Winter Navigation Working Committee and the Steering Committee of the Environmental 

Planning Task Force, and represented NOAA in the 

Environmental Evaluation Work Group. The laboratory 

provided data on the physical and structural character of 

lake ice; on ice formation, growth, and decay; and on the 

effects of winter navigation on shore properties. In addition, a marine environmental service was provided to 

shippers during the extended season. The program was 

completed this past year. 

The lnternational Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes 

Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data 

Because much of the Great Lakes data base is used 

internationally, Canadian and United States users of 

hydraulic and hydrologic data formed a Coordinating 

Committee in 1953. The objectives of this committee are 

to reach agreement upon hydraulic and hydrologic data 

and related physical data concerning the Great Lakes; to 

assist agencies in pursuing studies requiring international 

data; to provide basic data to anyone with a recognized 

need; to reach agreement on methods and procedures 

for measuring, collecting, and storing pertinent data; and 

to publish coordinated data. GLERL participates on the 

River Flow Subcommittee with a charge to coordinate 

tributary stream inflow to the Great Lakes system, to 

coordinate studies of flow in the connecting channels and 

the St. Lawrence River, and to establish procedures for 

updating and disseminating river flow data. 
Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study 

The Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study is a multiyear U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program to design 

and develop a demonstration wastewater management 

program for the rehabilitation and environmental repair of 

Lake Erie. GLERL staff participated on the Interagency 

Technical Advisory Group in review of study programs 

and recommendations. 

International Association for Great Lakes 

Research 

Members of GLERL actively participate in the activities 

of the International Association for Great Lakes Research. 

They hold membership on the Publications Committee 

(Chairperson) and the Board of Directors. 

Great Lakes Basin Hydromet Network 

Work Group Study 

The Great Lakes Basin Hydromet Network Work 

Group, with membership from NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was 

formed to determine specific alternatives, with 

time-frames and cost estimates, for implementing, 

improving, and expanding U.S. Great Lakes Basin hydrologic monitoring. GLERL is one of the NOAA members of 

this work group, the aim of which is to improve lake level 

forecasts and water resource management. 
calculator with EC&C spectroradiorneters for simultaneous data logging and albedo calculations. 

CLERL's laboratory and support facilities are an integral 

part of its research program. These are housed in three 

leased burldings m Ann Arbor, with a total space of about 

19,000 square feet, and in a 10,000 square foot 

warehouse anc dock facility in Monroe, Michigan. 

Marine Instrument Laboratory 

The marine instrumentation laboratory staff selects, 

calibrates, repairs, and (when necessary) adapts or 

designs instruments to collect data in the lakes and their 

environs. They work closely with CLERL researchers to 

ensure that instruments are compatible with the purposes 

of the experiment 

In 1979 the micro-computer system for use in design 

and maintenance tasks became operational. It allows 

examination of both serial and parallel data presented by 

new and old instruments within hours and days. It validates data integrity, decodes data formats, and points to 

design faults, both on CLERL's part and on the manufacturers'. Some of the tasks aided by this flexible tool are as 

follows: 

Preparation of 58 vector-averaging current meters 

and 28 acousttcal releases scheduled for deployment during the westerr Lake Erie current measurement program. 

Retrieval of the water temperature profile from the 

expendable bathythermograph data logger. It provided 

data prtntouts for the scientists immediately after their 

semimonthly cruises and gave CLERt personnel valuable 

feedback on operating characteristics of the data logger. 

Development of an interactive electromagnetic surrent meter recording system. The MFE 5000 terminal was 

chosen for use as a shore based recorder because of its 

communications capabilities. Marine instrumentation 

laboratory engineers, with the aid of the micro-computer 

system, defined and modified the MFE 5000 terminah to 

work with Prentice, model P113D, and Marsh McBirney, 

model 585, vector-averaging current meters so that the 

parameters and operating modes of the current meter 

couId be sent and recorded data retrieved through the 

telephone at desired processing intervals. 

Interface, modification, and verification of an Aanderaa tape playback interface unit. When the rnanufacturer's equipment was generating a large amount of 

noise, marine rnstrurnentatlon laboratory engineers (with 

the aid of pattern recognition and generation capability 

on the micro-computer system) modified the Aanderaa 

unit for proper operation. 

In support of the ice measurement propam, marine 

rnstrurn~ntation laboratory engineers successfully 

mterfaced and programmed the Mewlett-Packard 9815 

The Chapelsky-Vanderploeg-Soo plankton traps 

worked successfully with the deck-top incubation tank 

on joint experimental cruises with University of Michigan 

scientists. The phytoplankton settling chambers are making it easier to prepare carbon-14 active slides for 

productivity 5 tudies. 

The marine instrumentation laboratory, In conjunction 

with the computer laboratory, has made operational a 

real-time digital wave spectral processing and data transmission system. Field tests indicate that interference is too 

severe on the 27-megahertz band. On switching to 

40-megahertz operation, scientids encountered problems owing to excess power requiremenb and logistics 

late in the season. Work is continuing on improvement of 

the radio link and retrieval of the signal from the radio 

receiver. 

Chemistry Laboratory 

The chemistry program this past year has included analysis for trace organics in components of the lake ecosystem. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are extracted 

from various ecological matrices by Soxhlet extraction 

and cleaned through chromatographic separation on 

Sephadex and silica. Separation and analysis are 

performed on a glass capillary Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph and on our recently acquired Waters liquid 

chromatograph equipped with ultraviolet and fluorescent 

Techn~cian using the Waters lrqu~d chromatograph. The chem~stry 

laboratory has been ustng this new instrument to analyze sediment 

samples for trace organics 
detectors. Yields are calculated by recovery of carbon- 14 

labeled spikes ~ntroduced into the original sample matrix. 

Initial results ~ndicate that yields are averaging 80+ 

percent recovery and our quantitative preclsions for 

selected compounds are around str 15 percent 

The nutrient cycling program is still active within the 

laboratory. Experiments involving size and molecular 

weight separations ate being conducted with 

radio-labeled phosphorus-spiked lake water samples. 

Quantitative analysis of the "coid" phosphorus is 

performed spectrophotometricafly either on an 

autoanalyzer or manually. Pigments are analyzed both by 

spectrophotometry and by fluorometry. 

Currently under development is an enzyme reduction 

technique for the analysis of phosphate-phosphorus that 

will be valuable in the partitioning of the phosphorus pool 

into its various components 

Biology Laboratory 

The biology laboratory includes modern equipment 

and A Coultcr Counter is Inverted mrcrostope m [he blolo~y laboratory Ths inverted mnvenused to measure partide size selection and [ional ~ICTOSEO~ IS uwd to observe and count partdes hettted out of a 

zooplankton grazing on natural lake algae and seston. An small sample O( lake water 

array of instruments, lncludlng a llquid scinti'flatian spectrometer, is used to investigate nutrient uptake, growth 

rates, competition for nutrients by algae, and cycling rates 

of selected algal nutrients. Facilities also include a full cornplement of sanpling gear and instrumentation, growth 

chambers, szereo and inverted microscopes, and cultured 

populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton species 

for model dudies. A mobile trailer has been outfitted for 

lake-srde investigations on the physiology and feeding 

rates of planktonic and benthic organisms 

Ice laboratory 

programs to meet the scientists' specifications; advislng 

scientists and technicians in the writing, adapting, and 

maintenance of FORTRAN programs; and creating 

retrieval subroutines to access field data. Programs are 

entered through a UNlTECH (UT-1) remote communications processor connected to a CDC 6600 computer 

located at the Environmental Research Laboratories in 

Boulder. Recently, seven local telephone numbers were 

The ice laboratory makes it possible to extend the 

.-"rr -" wrnter measurement season and to expand the capabilt- - v ,- -- - ties for measurement of Ice chatacteriszics. The facllity IS 

composed of a work room and an Ice storage room. The -r - --F 8 3 1 

work room, held at +20°F, can be used to calibrate field w9 \ - 

instrumentation environmentally, as well as to conduct Iexperiments on natural ice harvested earlier in the field. 3 > 

egp 

The interlor walls are painted flat black to facilitate optical I - "A< 

:*'+h* - ., - 

A< '($+< experiments, such as the measurement of spectral radia- ; -? >:<r 

tion transmissron through ice slabs. Ancillary equipment A"* 

includes a high-intensity light source, a mercury line 

source, and an optical bench. Adjacent to the work room 

is a smaller room held at -20°F for the storage of natural <. 

-2 3 

ice samples and the growth of ice crystals. 

Computer Laboratory d 

The computer laboratory staff supports the work of k~ent~st chprkl~~ the prlnter In the cornpuler laboratory The card 

CLERL screntists by writing, debugging, and testing reader and cathode ray tube are rn the foreground 
added to provide a link between Texas Instrument Silent 

700, model 745, portable data terminals and the CDC 

6600. This has provided interactive access and greater 

convenience for GLERL scientists. 

A Tektronix 4014-1 graphical display terminal, also connected to the CDC 6600, is used for graphical display of 

data on a cathode ray tube. Hard copy of the display can 

be obtained in seconds and microfilm copy can be printed 

m Boulder and returned to CLERL by mail. 

Before a data base can be created, much less analyzed, 

on the CDC 6600, the raw field data must be converted 

from analog to digital form and edited The HewIett -Packard 9603A scientific measurement and control 

system performs the above functions and, in so doing, 

serves as a link between rnstruments in the field and the 

more soph~sticated computer hardware. An example is 

Lake Erie wave data, which are presently being telemetered and transmitted by land line drrectly to the Hewlett-Packard system. 

R/V Shenehon 

The primary platform used in support of open-lake 

field investigations is the Shenehon. The vessel is a converted T-boat 65.6 feet long, with a 6.5-foot mean draft, 

a 600-nautical-mile cruising range, and a 70-knot cruising 

speed. A hydraulic articulated crane with a 1530-pound 

lrfting capacity at 2 T-foot extension can be used for 

deployment and retrieval of heavy instrument moorings, 

and winches handle wire and rnulticonductor cable for 

sample casts and in situ measurements of water variables. 

An on-board laboratory facilitates the conduct of onsite 

chern~cal and biological experiments. 

Rrrnov~n~ a sedimrnt samplr rrom the plston corer In addlt~on to lake 

bottom sed~ments, chem~cal and brologlcal samples are collected by the 

R/V Shenehon The sh~p 1s also used to deploy and retr~eve Instrument 

moorings 

During 1979 the ship was based at the U.S. Army Corps 

of Engineers yard at Grand Haven, Michigan. Space was 

also provided at that location for two laboratory trailers. 

During 1979 the range of ship operations was extensive a5 

it provided support to tasks in the St. Clair River and Lake 

Erie in addition to those n Lake Michigan. 

En support of continuing experiments in the Grand River 

plume and on its nearshore impacts in both time and 

space, the Shenehon was used to measure selected 

chemical components and physical characteristics. 

Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, light 

transmittance, carbon dioxide, organic carbon, calcium 

carbonate, and chlorophyll were measured. 

During summer and fal, the ship was used to collect 

data in support of the carbonate "whiting" project in 

offshore areas of southern take ~ichi~an Particulate 

inorganic carbon, water temperature, pH, alkalinity, total 

suspended material, and chlorophyll were measured at 

varrous water depths. 

Biology experiments supported by the ship this past 

year included both planktonic and benth~c studies. 

Plankton net tow, water samples, and temDerature data 

were collected at regular intervals These data are being 

used in studies of seasonal species-specific zooplankton 

grazing and nutrient uptake. Benthic rneiofauna distribution, sediment particle size, and organic cartmn content of 

surface sediments were observed in situ through use of 

SCUBA techniques. The purpose of these experiments is 

to determine seasonal variations in popu!ation and to 

relate distribution to those environmental variables crucial 

to the existence and well-being of the bentbic meiofauna. 

Observations were also made on the lake bottom to 

evaluate the effects of benthos on sediment properties 

and nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface. 

The ship was ako used in a series of overnight cruises for a 

cooperative project with the University of Michigan: 

plankton traps were deployed to investigate in situ predat~on of zooplankton by Mysis relicta and to test the 

hypothesis that Cladocera avoid rnysid predation by vertical light-related rn~grat~on. 

In physical character~stics studies, the Shenehon was 

used to install a meteorological spar buoy in western Cake 

Erie and to ret'reve current meter moorings that had been 

deployed 6 rronths earlier as part of a contract with the 

U S Env~ronmental Protection Agency to aid the~r Lake 

Erie monitoring program. Three Waverider buoys were 

also deployed and retr~eved from Lake Erie. These prov~ded observations for characterizing deep water waves 

and examining island effects on surface wave patterns. 

The work In the St. Clair River was in support of diving 

operations and deployment of current meters. Flow 

measurements will be used in conjunction with the U.S. 

Army Corps of Eng~neers cross-sectional measurements 

tn det~rmtnat~on of the winter flow regime of that river. 
The Shenebon also supported a cooperative 

CLERL-Universky of Michigan sediment dynamics project. 

This experrment was aimed at determination of sediment 

characteristics at the water interface and observations of 

the overlying nepheloid layer in a transect across the 

southern basln of Lake Michigan. 

Library and Information Services 

laboratory programs are supported through the services and faciTities of the GLERL library. The collection 

consists of research materials In climatology, hydrology, 

hydraulics, ice, Ilmnology, mathematical modeling, meteorology, oceanography, sedimentation, wave motion, 

and their environmental impacts upon the Great Lakes 

Basln. During FY 1979 the library received over 260 current periodical and serial titles supplemented by data files, 

technical reports, and books. Library staff are responsible 

for acquisitions, interlibrary loans, translations, and literature searches. 

NOAA's Computerized Information Retrieval Services 

and the Bibliographic RetrEeval Service, Inc., message 

switching system permit information retrieval, literature 

searching, and interlibrary bans through direct, on-line 

communication. Participation in the National Journalink 

Union List facilitates the sharing of up-to-date periodical 

hoEdings between the GLERL library and other bbraries. 

Publications Section 

Publications are a major CLERL product and a critical 

part of our efforts to make research findings available to a 

broad spectrum of users for application to environmental 

problems and decisions. 

The pubIica tions section has responsibility for the 

preparation of manuscripts, including ed~ting, typing, 

proofing, procurement of graphics, and when 

appropriate, pasteup. Manuscripts are formatted according to the requirements of the publication form: articles 

and notes in professional journals, NOAA Technical 

Reports and Memoranda and Data Reports, or in- house 

reports. During the last fiscal year, 47 manuscripts were 

processed in the GLERL publications section. 

A listing of CLERL publfcatians is sent to the mailing list 

every 6 months, and requests are filled until supplies are 

exhausted. Of course, copies of publications are also 

available through the National Technical Intormation 

Servlce. 

Capabilities were recently improved with acquisition of 

a CPT 8000 disktyge word processing svstem. This is a 

sof tware-oriented system with full page cathode ray tube 

display, a random access dual dlsk drive for input and 

storage, and a high-speed impact printer. Although the 

equipment has been in service for only a short time, it is 

expected to greatly improve efficiency. 

Graphics and photographic services continue to be 

procured under contract. 

Manuscript reelston on the new CPT 803 word processor In the publlcat~ons section Th~s drsktype mach~ne has ~mproved the eff~aency of 

the pu hl~cat~om process 
PUBLICATIONS 

A 6-month listing of available publications can be 

obtained from 

Advisory Service 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 

2300 Washtenaw Avenue 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 

Allender, J. H.1, and Saylor, J. H. 1979. Model and 

observed circulation throughout the annual temperature cycle of Lake Michigan. /. Phys. Oceanogr. 

9:573-579. 

Assel, R. A,, and Quinn, F. H. 1979. A historical perspective of the 1976-77 Lake Michigan ice cover. Mon. 

Wea. Rev. 107:336-341. 

Bell, G. L. 1978. Characteristics of the Oswego River 

plume and its influence on the nearshore environment. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-22. 

Bennett, J. R. 1978. A three-dimensional model of Lake 

Ontario's summer circulation. II: A diagnostic study. 

1. Phys. Oceanogr. 8:1095-1103. 

Bennett, J. R., and Magnell, B. A.t 1979. A dynamical 

analysis of currents near the New Jersey coast. 1. 

Geophys. Res. 84:1165-1175. 

Bolsenga, S. J. 1978. Spectral distribution of radiation in 

the northern Great Lakes during winter. 1. Great 

Lakes Res. 4:226-229. 

Bolsenga, S. 1. 1979. Solar altitude effects on ice albedo. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-25. 

Boyd, J. D.* 1979. A surface spill model for the Great 

Lakes. GLERL Open File Report 

Chambers, R. L., and Upchurch, S. B.t 1979. Multivariate 

analysis of sedimentary environments using 

grain-size frequency distributions. Math. Geol. 

11:27-43. 

Chapra, S. C. 1978. Closure for "Total Phosphorus Model 

for the Great Lakes." 1. Environ. Eng. Div., ASCE 

EE6: 1309-1310. 

Chapra, S. C. 1979. Applying phosphorus loading models 

to embayments. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 24:163-168. 

Chapra, S. C., and Reckhow, K. H.t 1979. Expressing the 

phosphorus loading concept in probabilistic terms. I. 

Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:225-229. 

Derecki, J. A. 1978. Evaporation from Lake St. Clair. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-23. 

!Not affiliated with this laboratory. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

Derecki, J. A., and Potok, A. J.* 1978. Hydrometeorological data system for the Great Lakes, Appendix 

D: Evaluation of runoff simulation for southeast 

Michigan with SSARR watershed model. Chicago: 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Central District. 

Doughty, B. C., Kessenich, T. A.*, and Liu, P. C. 1978. 

Surface wave data recorded in Lake Michigan during 

1973 and 1975-77. NOAA Technical Memorandum 

ERL GLERL-19. 

Eadie, B. J., Jeffrey, L. M.t, and Sackett, W. M.t 1978. 

Some observations on the stable carbon isotope 

composition of dissolved and particulate organic 

carbon in the marine environment. Geochem. et 

Cosmochim. Acta 4: 1265- 1269. 

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. 1979. 

Technical Plan for the Great Lakes Environmental 

Research Laboratory. Ann Arbor: Creat Lakes 

Environmental Research Laboratory. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1979. Numerical case studies for oceanic 

thermal anomalies with a dynamic model. 1. 

Geophys. Res. 84:5717-5726. 

Huang, J. C. K. 1979. Numerical simulation studies for 

oceanic anomalies in the North Pacific Basin. 

II: Seasonally varying motions and structures. I. 

Phys. Oceanogr. 9:37-56. 

Liu, P. C., and Green, A. W.1 1979. Higher order wave 

spectra. In Proceedings, 16th Coastal Engineering 

Conference, pp. 360-371. New York: American 

Society of Civil Engineers. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1979. Freshwater macroinvertebrates. 1. 

Water Pollut. Control Fed. 51 : 1694- 1708. 

Pickett, R. L., and Dossett, D. A. 1979. Mirex and the 

circulation of Lake Ontario. 1. Phys. Oceanogr. 

9:441-445. 

Potok, A. J.* 1978. Upper St. Lawrence River hydraulic 

transient model. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-24. 

Quinn, F. H. 1979. Derivation and calibration of 

stage-fall-discharge equations for the Great Lakes 

connecting channels. GLERL Open File Report. 

Quinn, F. H. 1979. An improved aerodynamic evaporation technique for large lakes with application to the 

International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Water 

Resour. Res. 15:935-940. 

Quinn, F. H. 1979. Relative accuracy of connecting channel discharge data with application to Great Lakes 

studies. I. Great Lakes Res. 5:73-77. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 
Quinn, F. H., Asset, R. A., Boyce, D. E.t, Leshkevich, G. A., 

Snider, C. R.t, and Weisnet, D.t 1978. Summary of 

Great Lakes weather and ice conditions, winter 

7976-77. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL 

GLERL-20. 

Quinn, F. H., Derecki, J. A., and Kelley, R. N. 1979. Great 

Lakes beginning-of-month water levels and monthly 

rates of change of storage. I. Great Lakes Res. 

5:ll-17. 

Rao, D. B. 1979. Lake Erie dynamics experiment planned. 

Coastal Oceanogr. and Climatol. News 1 : 2 5. 

Rao, D. B. 1979. Lake Superior heat storage study continued. Coastal Oceanogr. and Climatol. News 1 :2 1. 

Robertson, A., and Scavia, D. 1979. The examination of 

ecosystem properties of Lake Ontario through the 

use of an ecological model. In Perspectives on Lake 

Ecosystem Modeling, Ed. D. Scavia and A. Robertson, 

pp. 281-292. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Saylor, J. H., and Miller, G. S. 1979. Lake Huron winter 

circulation. I. Geophys. Res. 84:3237-3252. 

Scavia, D. 1979. The use of ecological models of lakes in 

synthesizing available information and identifying 

rbsearch needs. In Perspectives on Lake Ecosystem 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory 

Modeling, Ed. D. Scavia and A. Robertson, pp. 

109-168. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science. 

Schwab, D. J. 1978. Simulation and forecasting of Lake 

Erie storm surges. Mon. Wea. Rev. 106: 1476- 1487. 

Schwab, D. J. 1979. Analytical and empirical response 

functions for storm surges on Lake Erie. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Long Waves 

in the Ocean, pp. 140-144. Ottawa, Ont.: Marine 

Sciences Directorate. 

Sleator, F. E. 1978. Ice thickness and stratigraphy at nearshore locations on the Great Lakes (English units). 

NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL- 1 - 1. 

Sleator, F. E. 1978. Ice thickness and stratigraphy at nearshore locations on the Great Lakes (metric units). 

NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-1-2. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1979. Dynamics of zinc-65 specific 

activity and total zinc in benthic fishes on the outer 

continental shelf off central Oregon. Mar. Biol. 

52:259-272. 

Vanderploeg, H. A., and Scavia, D. 1979. Calculation and 

use of selectivity coefficients of feeding: Zooplankton grazing. Ecol. Modeling. 7: 1 35- 149. 

Vanderploeg, H. A,, and Scavia, D. 1979. Two electivity 

indices for feeding with special reference to zooplankton grazing. /. Fish. Res. Board Can. 

36:362-365. 
PRESENTATIONS 

Assel, R. A. 1979. Preliminary analysis of bathythermograph data collected over three fall seasons on 

Lake Superior. 22nd Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, April 30-May 3, 1979, Rochester, New 

York. 

Aubert, E. J. 1979. The future. Presentation before the 

Congressional Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Natural Resources and the 

Environment. Presented at the NOAA Great Lakes 

Symposium, September 27, 1979, Washington D.C. 

Aubert, E. J. 1979. Testimony before the Congressional 

Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Natural Resources and the Environment. Testimony given in Hearings on Coordination of Federal 

Research and Monitoring Programs for Toxic and 

Hazardous Substances in the Great Lakes Region, 

November 19, 1979, Detroit, Michigan. 

Bennett, J. R. 1979. Calculation of rotational modes of 

oceans and lakes. Seminar, May 17, 1979, at Woods 

Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, 

Massachusetts. 

Bennett, J. R. 1979. Prediction of wind over the Great 

Lakes. Seminar, May 16, 1979, at the National 

Weather Service Techniques Development 

Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 

Chambers, R. L. 1979. The benthic nepheloid layer in 

southeastern Lake Michigan. Sinking Processes 

Workshop, February 9, 1979, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Chambers, R. L., and Eadie, B. J. 1979. The benthic nepheloid layer in southeastern Lake Michigan. 22nd conference on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 3, 

1979, Rochester, New York. 

Chapra, S. C. 1979. Application of the phosphorus loading 

concept to the Great Lakes. Phosphorus Management Strategies for the Great Lakes, April 16-18, 

1979, Rochester, New York. 

Chapra, S. C. 1979. The use (and misuse) of the 

phosphorus loading concept in lake water quality 

management. 1979 North American Lake Management Conference, April 17-20, 1979, at Michigan 

State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

Eadie, B. J. 1978. Characteristics and transport of polluting 

and enriching substances in the nearshore region of 

Lake Michigan. NOAA Seminar Series, October 24, 

1978, Rockville, Maryland. 

Eadie, B. J. 1979. The cycle of calcium carbonate in the 

Great Lakes. 42nd Annual Meeting of the American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 

18-21, 1979, at the State University of New York, 

Stony Brook, New York. 

Eadie, B. J., and Chambers, R. L. 1979. The transport and 

fate of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the nearshore region of Lake Michigan. 22nd Conference on 

Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 3,1979, Rochester, New York. 

Greene, G. M., and Quinn, F. H. 1979. A one-dimensional 

model of ice breakup in the St. Lawrence River. 22nd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 

3, 1979, Rochester, New York. 

Liu, P. C. 1978. Spectral growth and nonlinear characteristics of wind-generated waves. Second American 

Meteorological Society Conference on Atmospheric 

and Oceanic Waves and Stability, October 23-26, 

1978, Boston, Massachusetts. 

McCormick, M. J., and Scavia, D. 1979. An analysis of a 

simple one-dimensional heat-diffusion model. 22nd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 

3, 1979, Rochester, New York. 

Nalepa, T. F. 1979. Abundance and distribution of the 

meiobenthos in southeastern Lake Michigan. 22nd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 

3, 1979, Rochester, New York. 

Pickett, R. L. 1979. Operation of GLERL hazardous spill 

model. Seminar, July 13, 1979, at the National 

Weather Service Forecast Office, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Pickett, R. L. 1979. A Review of physical limnology. 

Seminar, April 18, 1979, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Quinn, F. H. 1978. Climatological characteristics of Great 

Lakes precipitation extremes. 1978 Fall Meeting of 

the American Geophysical Union, December 4-8, 

1978, San Francisco, California. 

Quinn, F. H. 1979. Water levels. Presentation before the 

Congressional Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Natural Resources and the 

Environment. Presented at the NOAA Great Lakes 

Symposium, September 27, 1979, Washington, D.C. 

Rao, D. B. 1978. Dynamics of lake circulations. Seminar, 

December 14, 1978, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Great Lakes Studies, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
Robertson, A. 1979. Lake enrichment. Presentation 

before the Congressional Committee on Science and 

Technology, Subcommittee on Natural Resources 

and the Environment. Presented at the NOAA Great 

Lakes Symposium, September 27,1979, Washington, 

D.C. 

Saylor, J. H. 1978. Observations of rotational waves in 

southern Lake Michigan. 1978 Fall Meeting of the 

American Geophysical Union, December 4-8, 1978, 

San Francisco, California. 

Scavia, D. 1979. Dynamics of chemical, physical, and biological processes in aquatic environments. American 

Society of Civil Engineering Annual Convention, April 

2-7, 1979, Boston, Massachusetts. 

Scavia, D. 1979. The need for addition of innovative verification techniques in water quality modeling. 

National Workshop on Verification of Water Quality 

Models, March 7, 1979, West Point, New York. 

Scavia, D. 1979. Uses and interpretation of detailed mechanistic models of phytoplankton dynamics. Workshop on Phytoplankton Modeling in Reservoirs, April 

10-12, 1979, Monterey, California. 

Scavia, D., and Bennett, J. R. 1979. Investigation of physical and biological controls of phytoplankton production and nutrient cycles along a north-south transect 

in Lake Ontario. 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 

18-21, 1979, at the State University of New York, 

Stony Brook, New York. 

Schwab, D. 1. 1978. Storm-surge studies on the Great 

Lakes. American Society of Civil Engineers Annual 

Convention, October 16-20, 1978, Chicago, Illinois. 

Schwab, D. 1. 1979. Simulation and forecasting of Great 

Lakes storm surges. Seminar, July 16, 1979, at the 

National Weather Service Techniques Development 

Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 

Schwab, D. J., and Richardson, W. S.t 1979. Verification 

and comparison of statistical and dynamical Lake Erie 

storm-surge forecasts. 22nd Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, May 20-23, 1979, Albany, New 

York. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1979. Can silica:phosphorus ratios be 

used to predict silica or phosphorus limitation in lake 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 

water? Fifth Diatom Conference, September 19-21, 

1979, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1979. The effects of nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and silica on phytoplankton 

photosynthesis and nutrient uptake at an offshore 

station in southern Lake Michigan. 22nd Conference 

on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 3, 1979, 

Rochester, New York. 

Tarapchak, S. J. 1979. The relationships between 

phosphorus flux and water temperature, chlorophyll 

concentrations, and primary production at an offshore station in southern Lake Michigan. 42nd Annual 

Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and 

Oceanography, June 18-21, 1979, at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. 

Tarapchak, S. J., Slavens, D. R., and Maloney, L.* 1979. 

Abiotic versus biotic uptake of phosphorus-33 

(phosphoric acid) in offshore and inshore water from 

Lake Michigan. 22nd Conference on Great Lakes 

Research, April 30-May 3, 1979, Rochester, New 

York. 

Tarapchak, S. J., Bigelow, S.*, Slavens, D., and Maloney, 

L.* 1979. Evidence that analytically determined 

phosphate-phosphorus in filtrates from Lake Michigan surface water is derived from particulates. 22nd 

Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 30-May 

3, 1979, Rochester, New York. 

Thomas, N. A.t, Robertson, A., and Sonzogni, W.1 1979. 

Review of control objectives. Phosphorus Management Strategies for the Great Lakes, April 16-18, 

1979, Rochester, New York. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1979. Measuring seston size distributions and zooplankton grazing in lake water with a 

Coulter Counter using the multiaperture technique. 

22nd Conference on Great Lakes Research, April 

30-May 3, 1979, Rochester, New York. 

Vanderploeg, H. A. 1979. Seasonal particle-size selection 

by Diaptomus in offshore Lake Michigan. 42nd 

Annual Meeting of the American Society of 

Limnology and Oceanography, June 18-2 1, 1979, at 

the University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. 

*No longer affiliated with this laboratory. 

tNot affiliated with this laboratory. 
CONTRACTOR PUBLICATIONS 

Auer, M. T., and Canale, R. P. 1979. Phytoplankton 

nitrogen nutrition and bacterial nitrification in large 

lakes. Final Report prepared for GLERL by the University of Michigan, Department of Civil Engineering, 

under Grant No. NOAA-04-7-022-44005. 

Boonlayangoor, C., Allen, H. E., and Noll, K. E. 1979. Colloids in Lake Michigan water: Nature, size distribution, seasonal variation, and reaction with metals. 

Report prepared for GLERL by Illinois Institute of 

Technology, Pritzker Department of Environmental 

Engineering, under Grant No. NOAA-04-6-022- 

44030. 

Dobosy, R. 1979. Dispersion of atmospheric pollutants in 

flow over the shoreline of a large body of water. 1. 

Appl. Meteorol. 18: 117- 132. 

Makarewicz, J. C., and Baybutt, R. 1. 1979. Long term 

changes in the structure of the phytoplankton community of Lake Michigan at Chicago. Report 

prepared for GLERL by the State University of New 

~ork at Brockport, under Grant No. 04-7-022- 

44032. 

Marmorino, G. 0. 1978. Inertial currents in Lake Ontario, 

winter 1972-73 (IFYGL). 1. Phys. Oceanogr. 

8:1104-1120. 

Rumer, R. R., Jr., Crissman, R., and Wake, A. 1979. Ice 

transport in Great Lakes. Water Resources and 

Environmental Engineering Research Report No. 

79-3 prepared for GLERL by the State University of 

New York at Buffalo, Department of Civil Engineering, and the Center for Cold Regions Engineering and 

Science Technology, under Contract No. 

03-78-B01-104. 

Stevenson, R. J., and Stoermer, E. F. 1978. Diatoms from 

the Great Lakes. II. Some rare or poorly known species of the genus Navicula. 1. Great Lakes Res. 

4:178-185. 

Stoermer, E. F. 1978. Diatoms from the Great Lakes. I. 

Rare or poorly known species of the genera 

Diploneris, Oestrupia, and Stauroneis. I. Great Lakes 

Res. 4:170-177. 

Stoermer, E. F., and Kreis, R. G., Jr. 1978. Preliminary 

checklist of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the 

Laurentian Great Lakes. I. Great Lakes Res. 

4:149-169. 

Stoermer, E. F., Stevenson, R. J., and Kreis, R. G., Jr. 1979. 

Improving the availability of taxonomic information 

regarding algal populations in the Great Lakes. Final 

Report prepared for CLERL by the University of 

Michigan, Great lakes Research Division, under Grant 

NO. NOAA-04-7-022-44011. 
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS DURING FY 1979 

Principal 

Investigator Institution Title 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan A Cooperative Program in Great Lakes 

Long Term Effects Research 

A. M. Beeton University of Michigan The Cycling of Toxic Organic Substances 

in the Great Lakes Ecosystem 

1. A. Bowers University of Michigan Mysis Feeding Studies 

E. F. Brater University of Michigan Estimating Runoff From Ungaged Drainage 

Basins 

C. W. Chen Tetra Tech, Inc. Calibration of a Three-Dimensional 

EcdogKal Hydrodynamics Model for 

Lake Ontario 

G. T. Csanady Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Coastal Circulation 

G. T. Csanady Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mass Exchange Mechanisms 

B. H. DeWitt Bernard DeWitt and Associates, Inc. Summary of Great Lakes Weather and Ice 

Conditions 

I. E. Cannon University of Michigan 

S. I. Jacobs University of Michigan 

S. S. Killham University of Michigan 

I. T. Lehman University of Michigan 

G. A. Meadows University of Michigan 

Rde of Predacious Rotifiers 

A Parametric Model for Wave Prediction 

Species Specific Growth Rates of 

Phytoplankton 

Formulation for Zooplankton in Lake 

Ecosystem Modek 

The Growth and Decay of the Coastal 

Boundary Layer 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee) Inertial Motion Examined by Episode in 

Large Stratified Lakes 

C. H. Mortimer University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee) Coupling of Physical and Biological 

@mamics in Large Lakes 

R. H. Reckhow Michigan State University Use of Selected Lake Models for Policy 

Evaluation 

C. P. Rice University of Michigan Studies in PCB's 

R. R. Rumer State University of New York (Buffalo) Ice Transport by Wind and Waves in the 

Great Lakes 

R. R. Rumer State University of New York (Buffalo) Internal Resistance of Lake Ice 

R. A. Sweeney State University of New York (Buffalo) Copepod Life History