# Patent

## Title
System and method for preventing deadlock in richly-connected multi-processor computer system using dynamic assignment of virtual channels

## Abstract

Systems and methods for preventing deadlock in richly-connected multiprocessor computer system using dynamic assignment of virtual channels. Deadlock is prevented in a multiprocessor computer system having a large plurality of processing nodes interconnected by a defined interconnection topology. Each link in the interconnection topology is associated with a set of virtual channels. Each virtual channel has corresponding communication buffers to store communication data and each virtual channel has an associated virtual channel identifier. Each communication between a source processing node and a target processing node is assigned an initial virtual channel to convey the communication from the source processing node. At an intermediate processing node, a different virtual channel is assigned to convey the communication toward the target processing node, in accordance with pre-defined rules to avoid a cycle of dependency of communication buffer resources.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to the following U.S. patent applications, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference:

    
    
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/335,421, filed Jan. 19, 2006, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD OF MULTI-CORE CACHE COHERENCY;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,416, filed on an even date herewith, entitled COMPUTER SYSTEM AND METHOD USING EFFICIENT MODULE AND BACKPLANE TILING TO INTERCONNECT COMPUTER NODES VIA A KAUTZ-LIKE DIGRAPH;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,421, filed on an even date herewith, entitled LARGE SCALE MULTI-PROCESSOR SYSTEM WITH A LINK-LEVEL INTERCONNECT PROVIDING IN-ORDER PACKET DELIVERY;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,442, filed on an even date herewith, entitled MESOCHRONOUS CLOCK SYSTEM AND METHOD TO MINIMIZE LATENCY AND BUFFER REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA TRANSFER IN A LARGE MULTI-PROCESSOR COMPUTING SYSTEM;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,427, filed on an even date herewith, entitled REMOTE DMA SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUPPORTING SYNCHRONIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED PROCESSES IN A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM USING COLLECTIVE OPERATIONS;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,423, filed on an even date herewith, entitled COMPUTER SYSTEM AND METHOD USING A KAUTZ-LIKE DIGRAPH TO INTERCONNECT COMPUTER NODES AND HAVING CONTROL BACK CHANNEL BETWEEN NODES;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,420, filed on an even date herewith, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ARBITRATION FOR VIRTUAL CHANNELS TO PREVENT LIVELOCK IN A RICHLY-CONNECTED MULTI-PROCESSOR COMPUTER SYSTEM;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,441, filed on an even date herewith, entitled LARGE SCALE COMPUTING SYSTEM WITH MULTI-LANE MESOCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFERS AMONG COMPUTER NODES;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,405, filed on an even date herewith, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMMUNICATING ON A RICHLY CONNECTED MULTI-PROCESSOR COMPUTER SYSTEM USING A POOL OF BUFFERS FOR DYNAMIC ASSOCIATION WITH A VIRTUAL CHANNEL;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,443, filed on an even date herewith, entitled RDMA SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SENDING COMMANDS FROM A SOURCE NODE TO A TARGET NODE FOR LOCAL EXECUTION OF COMMANDS AT THE TARGET NODE;
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,447, filed on an even date herewith, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REMOTE DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS TO PROCESSOR CACHES FOR RDMA READS AND WRITES; and
        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/594,446, filed on an even date herewith, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS WITHOUT PAGE LOCKING BY THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
    
    


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to deadlock prevention in richly-connected multiprocessor computer systems and more specifically to virtual channel techniques to prevent deadlock in large multi-node computing systems interconnected by complicated topologies, including but not limited to Kautz and de Bruijn topologies.
2. Description of the Related Art
Massively parallel computing systems have been proposed for scientific computing and other compute-intensive applications. The computing system typically includes many nodes, and each node may contain several processors. Various forms of interconnect topologies have been proposed to connect the nodes, including Hypercube topologies, butterfly and omega networks, tori of various dimensions, fat trees, and random networks.
One of the problems encountered in building computer systems with complex, richly-connected communication networks is deadlock. Deadlock is the condition or situation in which actions are mutually blocked from progress because they are waiting for some form of resource. That is, some form of cycle of resource dependency exists that cannot be satisfied.
FIG. 1 depicts a simple communications system to illustrate the deadlock problem. In FIG. 1, the system has three nodes, 102, 104, and 106, each with a communication buffer, 108, 110, and 112 respectively. The buffers are resources the nodes need to send, or receive, data to, or from, a connected node (as suggested with links 114, 116, and 118). For node 102 to send its data forward from buffer 108 to buffer 110 in node 104, buffer 110 must be empty, free, or available. In this example, however, there is a cycle of resource dependency. That is, each node needs the adjacent node's buffer to be empty so that it can transmit data to an empty buffer (and not overwrite data in the buffer prematurely). Since a cycle exists from node 102, 104, and 106 and back to 102, the potential exists that no node will be able to send traffic forward, and each node will be waiting for the adjacent node's buffer to empty. FIG. 1 thus shows a system susceptible to deadlock.
Many communication architectures and protocols, including TCP/IP and the global telephone network, address the deadlock issue by discarding traffic whenever a potential deadlock situation arises. This approach, however, imposes a substantial cost in any higher-level protocol which aims to be reliable, because it must recognize and recover from the loss of message traffic. It is therefore very desirable to provide guarantees against deadlock, as opposed to detection of such and then discarding of traffic.
Another well-known strategy for deadlock prevention is the use of “virtual channels,” as described by Dally and Seitz. W. J. Dally and C. L. Seitz. Deadlock-free message routing in multiprocessor interconnection networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-36(5): 547-553, 1987. This approach assigns a separate set of buffers for traffic on each virtual channel, and structures the flow of data through those virtual channels such that there is no cycle of dependency among the channels. By preventing cycles, this strategy ensures that all traffic is able to leave the network, and therefore that deadlock does not occur. Virtual channel assignment is constant. A communication travels on its route using the same virtual channel assignment throughout. Typically buffer resources are mapped and fixed to virtual channel assignments.
Another potential problem in richly-connected networks is the issue of livelock or starvation. In this situation, an action is starved (as opposed to blocked) from getting access to necessary resources. Typically, timers are used to age the action. If the action gets old enough, then its priority may be elevated to increase the probability that it will win arbitration when contending for a required resource (such as access to a buffer or output link).
SUMMARY
The invention provides systems and methods for preventing deadlock in richly-connected multiprocessor computer system using dynamic assignment of virtual channels.
Under one aspect of the invention, deadlock is prevented in a multiprocessor computer system having a large plurality of processing nodes interconnected by a defined interconnection topology, in which a communication from a source processing node to a target processing node may pass through one or more intermediate nodes en route to the target processing node. Each link in the interconnection topology is associated with a set of virtual channels. Each virtual channel has corresponding communication buffers to store communication data and each virtual channel has an associated virtual channel identifier. Each communication between a source processing node and a target processing node is assigned an initial virtual channel to convey the communication from the source processing node. At an intermediate processing node, a different virtual channel is assigned to convey the communication toward the target processing node, in accordance with pre-defined rules to avoid a cycle of dependency of communication buffer resources.
Under another aspect of the invention, each processing node is assigned a processing node identifier, and the rules to avoid a cycle of dependency consider the processing node identifiers of the intermediate processing node in relation to the immediately prior processing node and the immediately subsequent processing node in the route of the communication through the topology.
Under another aspect of the invention, the processing node identifiers are numbers and wherein the rules determine if the intermediate processing node has a greater identifier than the identifiers of both the immediately prior processing node and the immediately subsequent processing node and if so the rules decrement the virtual channel assignment for the communication.
Under another aspect of the invention, the defined interconnection topology is a Kautz topology of plural degree and plural diameter.
Under another aspect of the invention, the topology and processing node identifiers are known in advance and wherein each processing node includes a programmable register to indicate whether a virtual channel identifier should be changed on a given route, said programmable registers being programmed in accordance with the known topology and processing node identifiers and in accordance with the pre-defined rules.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
In the Drawing,
FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting a three-node communications system to illustrate the deadlock problem;
FIGS. 2A-2B are exemplary, simple Kautz topologies;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of node switching logic according to certain embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting dynamic virtual channel assignment according to certain embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 5 depicts the arbitration scheme for an egress link according to certain embodiments of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is an architectural diagram depicting arbitration logic to avoid livelock of packet transmission according to certain embodiments of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Preferred embodiments of the invention use a virtual channel technique to prevent deadlock in richly-connected multiprocessor computer systems. By using virtual channels, there is no need to detect deadlock and discard traffic. Moreover, the inventive technique uses virtual channel assignments more efficiently than conventional virtual channel approaches. In addition, arbitration logic is provided which avoids livelock of packet transmission on virtual channels and does not require timer circuitry. Moreover, a pool of buffers is provided and buffers are dynamically allocated to virtual channels; thus a virtual channel may utilize more than one buffer at a node to improve data latency.
To discuss preferred embodiments of the invention, first an exemplary richly-connected computer topology is described. Then the virtual channel technique is discussed in the context of the exemplary topology. It will be appreciated that the virtual channel technique may be employed in topologies other than the exemplary one.
Exemplary Embodiment of a Richly-connected Computer Topology
Certain embodiments of the invention are utilized on a large scale multiprocessor computer system in which computer processing nodes are interconnected in a Kautz interconnection topology. Kautz interconnection topologies are unidirectional, directed graphs (digraphs). Kautz digraphs are characterized by a degree k and a diameter n. The degree of the digraph is the maximum number of arcs (or links or edges) input to or output from any node. The diameter is the maximum number of arcs that must be traversed from any node to any other node in the topology.
The order O of a graph is the number of nodes it contains. The order of a Kautz digraph is (k+1)kn−1. The diameter of a Kautz digraph increases logarithmically with the order of the graph.
FIG. 2A depicts a very simple Kautz topology for descriptive convenience. The system is order 12 and diameter 2. By inspection, one can verify that any node can communicate with any other node in a maximum of 2 hops. FIG. 2B shows a system that is degree three, diameter three, order 36. One quickly sees that the complexity of the system grows quickly. It would be counter-productive to depict and describe preferred systems such as those having hundreds of nodes or more.
The table below shows how the order O of a system changes as the diameter n grows for a system of fixed degree k.













Order












Diameter (n)
k = 2
k = 3
k = 4
















3
12
36
80



4
24
108
320



5
48
324
1280



6
96
972
5120










If the nodes are numbered from zero to O−1, the digraph can be constructed by running a link from any node x to any other node y that satisfies the following equation:

y=(−x*k−j) mod O, where 1≦j≦k  (1)

Thus, any (x,y) pair satisfying (1) specifies a direct egress link from node x. For example, with reference to FIG. 2B, node 1 has egress links to the set of nodes 30, 31 and 32. Iterating through this procedure for all nodes in the system will yield the interconnections, links, arcs or edges needed to satisfy the Kautz topology. (As stated above, communication between two arbitrarily selected nodes may require multiple hops through the topology but the number of hops is bounded by the diameter of the topology.)

Each node on the system may communicate with any other node on the system by appropriately routing messages onto the communication fabric via an egress link. Under certain embodiments, any data message on the fabric includes routing information in the header of the message (among other information). The routing information specifies the entire route of the message. In certain degree three embodiments, the routing information is a bit string of 2-bit routing codes, each routing code specifying whether a message should be received locally (i.e., this is the target node of the message) or identifying one of three egress links. Naturally other topologies may be implemented with different routing codes and with different structures and methods under the principles of the invention.
Under certain embodiments, each node has tables programmed with the routing information. For a given node x to communicate with another node z, node x accesses the table and receives a bit string for the routing information. As will be explained below, this bit string is used to control various switches along the message's route to node z, in effect specifying which link to utilize at each node during the route. Another node j may have a different bit string when it needs to communicate with node z, because it will employ a different route to node z and the message may utilize different links at the various nodes in its route to node z. Thus, under certain embodiments, the routing information is not literally an “address” (i.e., it doesn't uniquely identify node z) but instead is a set of codes to control switches for the message's route.
Under certain embodiments, the routes are determined a priori based on the interconnectivity of the Kautz topology as expressed in equation 1. That is, the Kautz topology is defined, and the various egress links for each node are assigned a code (i.e., each link being one of three egress links). Thus, the exact routes for a message from node x to node y are known in advance, and the egress link selections may be determined in advance as well. These link selections are programmed as the routing information. This routing is described in more detail in the related and incorporated patent applications.
In certain preferred embodiments, embodiments of the invention may be practiced in a degree three, diameter six Kautz topology of order 972. The 972 nodes are tiled on modules each having 27 nodes. Each node may be a multiprocessor node, e.g., six computer processors per node. Moreover, node to node transfers may be multi-lane mesochronous data transfers using 8B/10B codes.
Exemplary Node Switching Logic
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the switching logic 300 used in processor nodes of certain embodiments of the invention that use a degree three topology. The switching logic receives data from (and provides some control information to) parent nodes via links 302. The logic provides data to (and receives some control information from) children nodes via links 304.
Item 302 identifies a set of lanes to receive data from parent nodes in the interconnection topology. They connect the input data to corresponding appropriate input blocks IB0-IB2. Item 304 identifies a set of lanes 304 to provide data to children nodes in the topology. They connect to the appropriate corresponding output blocks OB0-OB2. The links include data lanes or circuits (shown in heavy line) and a reverse control channel (shown in lighter line shading).
The switching logic includes various crosspoint buffers, e.g., XB 00, for each cross point connection. Thus, if data from input link 0 (from the set 302) is addressed to egress on a link 2 (from the set 304), then the data will be stored in cross point buffer XB 02, if the data needs to be stored in this node. (In some situations the data can cut through and avoid local buffering.)
The input blocks IBx distribute incoming data from the input links 302 to one of four cross point buffers XBxx based on the routing field in the packet's header. It also performs various other functions such as checking CRC on the packet, determining if a packet has been poisoned (to support cut-through functionality), supporting flow control with packet sequence numbers, and the like. It is also responsible for passing control packets to parent nodes via the control circuits of input links 302. In certain embodiments, the IB also modifies the routing information in the packet header by shifting the contents two bits and shifting in the two-bit code corresponding to the link on which the packet was received. (In this fashion, the LSBs—or MSBs depending on the embodiment—may be used to identify the egress link a packet should use as it is received at the next node.)
The output blocks OBxs, among other things, are responsible for performing arbitration among the four cross point buffers XBxx attached to a given OB. They also maintain a replay buffer used in flow control and compute CRC on data outbound on egress links 304.
The DMA blocks are responsible for performing remote DMA actions to the node DMAIx or output from the node DMAOx.
Virtual Channel Assignment
Under certain embodiments, as a packet is created it is also assigned a virtual channel number, and this number is encoded in the packet header along with other information such as the routing information discussed above. The initial value for a virtual channel number is determined by software at the time the routing tables are constructed and the virtual channel is encoded in the routing tables.
Unlike conventional approaches, under preferred embodiments the virtual channel number may be changed dynamically as the message moves along its route. It can be shown that this dynamic assignment of virtual channels still prevents cycles of resource dependency, and it can also be shown that this technique requires fewer buffer resources than the conventional static and constant assignment of virtual channel numbering.
For example, under certain embodiments, when a message arrives at a node, the virtual channel number is decremented if the current node number is greater than both the node number of the parent node (i.e., node from which the message came on immediately prior hop) and the node number of the child node (i.e., node to which the message is going to on the next hop). The basic requirement in assigning the initial virtual channel is simply that its assignment value must be large enough so that it does not become negative as the packet makes its way to the final destination. That could be accomplished by starting every packet with a virtual channel equal to the maximum number of decrements it might have to encounter, but there are other ways to program as well, e.g., starting with the highest virtual channel. Alternatively, rules could be changed and still keep the principle of dynamic assignment, e.g., the channel number can be incremented, or the comparison can be “less than” rather than “greater than”.
Under certain embodiments, the modification of virtual channel numbers while the message is en route may be implemented as follows. The nodes in the topology are each assigned a corresponding node number identification. For example, in a Kautz topology of order 972, the nodes may be assigned numbers from 0 to 971. The interconnectivity is known and satisfies equation (1) above. The nodes' connections are assigned to the various egress and ingress links of each node. Thus the node to link mapping may be determined a priori. From this, it may be determined for each node whether a given input link/output link pair satisfies the rule for changing the virtual channel number.
Each input block IB, in these embodiments, is constructed to have a programmable register to indicate whether the input link/output link pairing should cause a change in virtual channel number. For example, the register may have a bit for each egress link (and by design the register is associated with a particular input link to which the IB is connected). Each bit may then indicate whether the IB should change the virtual channel number for packets destined for the corresponding egress link. Any packet received on that input link has its routing information in its header analyzed to see which egress link should be used. The bit register is then considered, and depending on the bit setting, the virtual channel number may be changed, e.g., decremented. The packet is then stored in the relevant corresponding cross point buffer XBxx, or it may immediately forwarded on an egress link if the egress link is available and arbitration rules allow such immediate bypass. Thus, if a packet arrives on a link and is assigned virtual channel 3, it will be stored in a local buffer (in the corresponding XB for the input link/output link pair) for virtual channel 3. However, depending on the node numbers for the current, parent and child nodes, the virtual channel may be changed to 2, e.g., the packet header may be modified to indicate virtual channel 2. That packet (though stored in a buffer slot for virtual channel 3) will arbitrate for downstream buffer resources corresponding to the new, dynamically-assigned virtual channel 2.
Under certain embodiments, each cross point buffer XBxx has 16 buffers. Some portion of these are dedicated for specific virtual channel assignment (e.g., as defined in a programmable register). The remainder may then be used in a common pool of buffers that can be dynamically allocated for any virtual channel. For a diameter six Kautz topology, only three virtual channels are needed. Thus three of the buffers are dedicated to the three virtual channels, and the remaining buffers are assigned to a pool of buffers that may be dynamically allocated to any virtual channel. Thus, in embodiments using 16 buffers per cross point XBxx, 13 buffers can be used for the pool. That is, a virtual channel need not be fixed to one and only one buffer and instead can be associated with a set of buffers, the actual size of which set will be dynamic, based on traffic flow. For example, if one virtual channel is particularly busy, it may use several buffers at a given cross point. The XBxx includes logic to associate a virtual channel number with each buffer (including those in the pool) and to record the order of arrival for data in the buffers. In this way, the data can be forwarded or consumed in the same order as it arrived (on a per channel basis). By efficiently assigning virtual channels (i.e., using less channels to avoid deadlock), more buffers may be associated with the pool, which in turn should improve data flow and reduce latency.
In certain embodiments, the amount of buffers dedicated to virtual channels (i.e., the fixed assignments) is programmable. Among other things, this facilitates the use of the module design in various system designs. For example, by reprogramming the amount of buffers to directly map to virtual channels, the module design may be used in systems of different diameter (larger diameter systems need more virtual channel assignments to avoid deadlock as discussed above).
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram depicting steps for virtual channel assignment according to certain embodiments of the invention.
The logic starts in step 402 and progress to step 404 in which node numbers are assigned. As described above, in some embodiments, this is as simple as assigning nodes unique integers to identify the nodes, e.g. 0 to 971. However, the unique identifier can be a number (not necessarily decimal), a string of characters, or other code. Any type of unique identifier can be used as long as they are ordered by some known set of ordering rules. Ordered means that they can be compared to one another, and it is possible to determine if any unique identifier is less than, greater than, or equal to another unique identifier.
In step 406 a particular node creates a packet and populates the packet header with appropriate routing information, including for example an initial assignment of virtual channel. This initial assignment may be pulled from a table look-up in conjunction with retrieving other routing information.
The packet is eventually sent and eventually received by a child node in step 408.
The current node compares its node number to the node number of the parent node (the node which sent the packet) and the next node, i.e., child node (assuming this is not the final node in the route). As explained above, in certain embodiments this comparison is done by use of programmable registers that have pre-recorded the comparison results based on input link/output link mappings. In other embodiments, the node numbers may be directly available and in such case the node numbers may be consulted and compared directly.
In step 412, the results of the comparison are considered in conjunction with the dynamic assignment rules. For example in some embodiments, the current node is compared to the parent and child nodes of the packet route to see if the current node number is greater than both the parent and the child. Other combinations of rules and comparisons exist, which can be shown to avoid cycles of resource dependency.
If the comparison indicates that the virtual channel identifiers should be changed while the packet is en route, the flow proceeds to step 414. In step 414, the virtual channel number is changed. For example, in the above embodiments, the virtual channel number is decremented, if the current node is greater than both the parent and child node numbers. Generally speaking, however, the virtual channels may be considered as ordered identifiers in a set of identifiers (e.g., integers). Each virtual channel has an adjacent channel identifier in the ordered set of channel identifiers, and step 414 changes the virtual channel identifier accordingly. So if the identifiers were simply integers, next would mean the next highest integer.
In step 416, the packet is either stored or forwarded accordingly using the virtual channel numbers assigned to the packet (and possibly changed).
Arbitration
Multiple buffers may contend for an egress link. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, there are three cross point buffers associated with each egress link. For example, XB00, XB10, and XB20 are all associated with output block OB0 and output link 0. (Another cross point buffer XB30 is depicted but this is associated with a DMA engine not an input link from another node.) Each XBxy may have data that is in contention for use of egress link y. In addition, within each given XB, there are multiple buffers (e.g., 16), and thus there may be more than one buffer within an XB that may wish to contend for use of an egress link (perhaps on the same virtual channel or perhaps on a different virtual channel).
In certain embodiments, arbitration is performed within an XBxy to select a buffer from within that XB to bid for contention to egress link y. Arbitration is also performed at the OBy to select from among the various XBxys having data bidding for contention on link y.
Under certain embodiments, the cross point buffer XB does not identify a buffer entry as available for transmission on the egress link (i.e., bid for contention), until the XB can determine that there is sufficient space for the packet in the downstream node. In short, a debit/credit mechanism is arranged in which the receiving node (i.e., the IB of the downstream node) tells the sending node (i.e., the OB of the sending node) how much space is available in the receiver's buffers for each virtual channel and port. (This buffer status in certain embodiments is conveyed from the downstream node to the upstream node using the control channel, e.g., one 16 bit buffer mask per XB connected to the relevant internode link.) For example, if a packet route requires that the packet arrive at an input link 0 on a node K and leave on egress link 2, and the route also requires that the packet arrive at downstream node D and leave node D on egress link 1, the packet will be stored in XBO2 of node K. XBO2 will keep that data in a buffer, until XBO2 can determine that there is appropriate buffer space available in downstream node D's cross point buffer XB?1. (The ‘?’ is used to signify that the topology does not require downstream node D to connect egress link 2 of the upstream node as an input link 2. So if the downstream node D connected its input link 1 to the upstream node's egress link 2, then the upstream node would determine whether downstream node D's XB11 had buffer space.)
To determine whether a buffer entry should bid for contention for an egress link, the XBxxs query the buffer busy masks to determine if space is available in downstream nodes. If space is available, the XB identifies the relevant packet as one that can bid for contention for use of the egress link. For example, if the packet in the above example is traveling on virtual channel 3, XB02 will query a relevant buffer busy mask to determine if the corresponding slot for virtual channel 3 is empty on the downstream node D, or if there are any free buffers in the pool. If the corresponding slot for virtual channel 3 is empty (or there is space in the pool), the packet will be identified as available to contend for the egress link. (Moreover, in certain embodiments, the packet may be modified to specify the particular slot it should go into, when it is received in node D; i.e., buffer entry slot is recorded in the packet header separately from the virtual channel identifier in the packet header.) As will be explained in more detail below, the XB has a conservative (worst case) estimate of whether the relevant buffers are busy.
Each XB (by definition associated with an input link/output link pair) keeps track of the order in which a packet arrived in the XB, and the virtual channel to which that packet is assigned. If multiple buffers within an XBxx may contend for use of the egress link (e.g., because relevant downstream buffers are free) the XB selects the oldest such packet within the XB to contend for use of the link.
In certain embodiments, the output block OB tracks buffer busy status. It does this both for the local buffers and for the downstream buffers for the node to which it connects via its associated egress link. When a packet is sent, the OB marks the corresponding buffers downstream as being busy. Buffers are marked as free when a control packet from a downstream node indicates that the buffer has been forwarded or consumed (this control packet need not be a packet-by-packet acknowledgement). The control packet also contains “busy masks” for each of the downstream XBs. Thus, for example, a downstream IB may send four 16 bit masks to indicate whether buffers are free or busy in each XB the IB is connected to, including the XB for DMA processing, and the OB of the upstream node will maintain such status information so the upstream node's XBxxs know when they should bid for contention. Thus the OB maintains busy masks for the local XBs to which it is connected, and also busy masks for the downstream XBs connected to the egress link. Performing a logical OR on the busy masks provides a conservative (worst case) picture of whether buffers are busy.
FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating how an OB may select which buffer should gain access to an egress port, and FIG. 6 is a block diagram of exemplary logic for such. Both should be referred to conjointly in connection with the following description. In short, the logic seeks the XBxy that has been waiting the longest for an egress link y. However, before granting access to that XBxy, it also seeks to see if any XBxy has a buffer bidding for contention for that link and for the virtual channel that has been waiting longer. In this fashion, livelock of virtual channel traffic is avoided (i.e., absent such, one might be fair to XBxys but be unfair—and even starve—traffic for particular virtual channels on a link).
The output block may have as many as four XBxxs bid for contention of the output link, in the above-described embodiments. In FIG. 6, the XBxxs are depicted as ports 612-618, and packets 0-15 in each port refer to the buffers in an XB. In certain embodiments, the output block considers the XBxxs that are contending for use of the egress link 620 and selects 622 the least recently chosen XB, which is then requesting use of the egress link. Aging vectors and other techniques may be utilized for such. This is shown at 502 and 504 in FIG. 5.
The downstream egress link (i.e., next port or “NP” in FIG. 5) and virtual channel number (i.e., VC) are then identified; see 506 and 624. Then all XBxxs that have buffers that were bidding for contention (i.e., the oldest for that XBxx that were ready to be transmitted to an available downstream buffer) that are also addressing the same downstream egress link (or next port) and the same virtual channel are identified. This is shown in 508 and 626-632.
The virtual channel and NP are used to consult (e.g., index) into a history structure 634, which records the last XBxx to have won use of the egress link for that particular downstream egress link (NP) and virtual channel (VC) pair. This is shown in 510.
The OB logic then starts with the next XBxx identification (i.e., from the one identified in the history structure) and cycles through in round robin fashion 636 to see if an XB is bidding for use of the egress link with the same NP and VC. If so, that XB will be granted access. This will continue in round robin fashion, to identify XBs with the same NP and VC. This is shown in 512. Thus in the example of FIG. 5, even though XB12 was selected because it was the XB that had least recently used the OB, it is not the first to use the egress link in this arbitration event. Instead, XB32 precedes XB12 in this arbitration event. This was done to combat livelock of the link/VC pair. XB32 may have used the OB more recently than XB12 but it was not for the particular link (NP) and VC of this event. Indeed the history structure revealed in this instance that XB12 in fact was the last XB to send data to this NP/VC pair and the arbitration result in effect avoided XB12 from starving out XB32 for this NP/VC pair. Moreover, timers were avoided. As a result, traffic on all virtual channels is treated fairly, a result that is difficult to achieve even with complex timers.
Many of the teachings here may be extended to other topologies including de Bruijn topologies. Likewise, though the description was in relation to large-scale computing system, the principles may apply to communication fabrics.
While the invention has been described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to those particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included in the appended claims. Some specific figures and source code languages are mentioned, but it is to be understood that such figures and languages are, however, given as examples only and are not intended to limit the scope of this invention in any manner.

## Claims

1. A method for preventing deadlock in a multiprocessor computer system having a plurality of processing nodes interconnected by a defined interconnection topology, in which a communication from a source processing node to a target processing node passes through one or more intermediate nodes en route to the target processing node, the method comprising:
assigning a unique node identifier value to each processing node in the defined interconnection topology;
for each link in the defined interconnection topology, associating a set of virtual channels, each virtual channel having corresponding communication buffers to store communication data, each virtual channel assigned a unique virtual channel identifier value;
assigning a first virtual channel identifier value to a communication, the first virtual channel identifier value indicating a virtual channel on which to convey the communication from the source processing node to an intermediate processing node in the defined interconnection topology;
at the intermediate processing node:
receiving the communication;
identifying a node identifier value of a previous hop node from which the communication is received;
identifying a node identifier value of a next hop node on which to forward the communication from the intermediate processing node towards the target processing node;
initiating a comparison of a node identifier value assigned to the intermediate processing node to both the node identifier value of the previous hop node and the node identifier value of the next hop node;
based on results of the comparison, assigning a second virtual channel identifier value to the communication in place of the first virtual channel identifier value, the second virtual channel identifier value indicating a virtual channel on which to convey the communication from the intermediate processing node to the next hop node toward the target processing node, wherein assignment of the second virtual channel identifier value is in accordance with pre-defined rules to avoid a cycle of dependency of communication buffer resources; and
receiving the communication at the target processing node;

encoding the communication sent to the intermediate processing node to include a string of route information, the string of route information indicating a link on which the communication is transmitted to the intermediate processing node;
at the intermediate processing node receiving the communication, applying a bit shift operation to the string of route information to produce a shifted string of route information; and
utilizing the shifted string of route information to identify an egress link of the intermediate processing node upon which to forward the communication on a path to the target processing node.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
storing the communication in a buffer of the intermediate processing node, the buffer of the intermediate processing node dedicated for storing communications transmitted on the virtual channel as specified by the first virtual channel identifier value; and
initiating arbitration of forwarding the communication from the buffer to the next hop node based on transmission of the communication over the virtual channel as specified by the second virtual channel identifier value.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the results of the comparison indicate that a magnitude of the node identifier value of the intermediate processing node is greater than a magnitude of the node identifier value of the previous hop node.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the results of the comparison indicate that a magnitude of the node identifier value of the intermediate processing node is greater than a magnitude of the node identifier value of the next hop node.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein initiating the comparison includes:
comparing a magnitude of the node identifier value of the intermediate processing node to a magnitude of the node identifier value of the previous hop node; and
comparing the magnitude of the node identifier value of the intermediate processing node to a magnitude of the node identifier value of the next hop node.

6. A method for preventing deadlock in a multiprocessor computer system having a plurality of processing nodes interconnected by a defined interconnection topology, in which a communication from a source processing node to a target processing node passes through one or more intermediate nodes en route to the target processing node, the method comprising:
for each link in the defined interconnection topology, associating a set of virtual channels, each virtual channel having corresponding communication buffers to store communication data and each virtual channel having an associated virtual channel identifier;
for each communication between a source processing node and a target processing node, assigning an initial virtual channel on which to convey a communication from the source processing node;
at an intermediate processing node, assigning a different virtual channel to the communication in lieu of the initial virtual channel to convey the communication toward the target processing node via the different virtual channel, wherein assignment of the different virtual channel is in accordance with pre-defined rules to avoid a cycle of dependency of communication buffer resources;
receiving the communication at the target processing node;
wherein each processing node is assigned a processing node identifier, and wherein the rules to avoid a cycle of dependency consider the processing node identifiers of the intermediate processing node in relation to an immediately prior processing node relative to the intermediate processing node and an immediately subsequent processing node relative to the intermediate processing node, both the immediately prior processing node and the immediately subsequent processing node disposed in a path of the communication through the topology; and
wherein the processing node identifiers are numbers and wherein the rules determine if the intermediate processing node has a greater identifier value than identifier values of both the immediately prior processing node and the immediately subsequent processing node and, if so, the rules decrementing a virtual channel identifier value assigned to the communication.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the communication from the source processing node to the target processing node passes through a plurality of intermediate processing nodes and wherein the virtual channel assignment is changed a plurality of times in the path of the communication as the communication is transmitted through the defined interconnection topology.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the defined interconnection topology is a Kautz topology of plural degree and plural diameter.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein a virtual channel identifier assigned to the communication is generated based on a function of the diameter of the topology.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the defined interconnection topology and processing node identifiers are known in advance and wherein each processing node includes a programmable register to indicate whether a virtual channel identifier for routing the communication should be changed on a given route, said programmable registers being programmed in accordance with the defined interconnection topology and processing node identifiers and in accordance with the pre-defined rules.

11. A multiprocessor computer system comprising:
a plurality of processing nodes;
a defined interconnection topology having links interconnecting the processing nodes;
wherein each processing node in the multiprocessor computer system includes link logic to transmit data on, and receive data from, links connected to the processing node,
communication buffers to store communication data from the links; and
virtual channel assignment logic to associate a virtual channel identifier with a communication buffer, wherein the virtual channel assignment logic includes logic to assign an initial virtual channel for a communication if the node is the source of the communication, and wherein the virtual channel assignment logic includes logic to dynamically and conditionally assign a different virtual channel to a communication in which the processing node is an intermediate node in the communication, wherein the logic to dynamically assign a different virtual channel uses pre-defined rules to determine if the different virtual channel should be assigned to the communication, and wherein the predefined rules avoid a cycle of dependency of communication buffer resources;
wherein the intermediate processing node is configured to:
receive a string of route information in the communication, the string of route information indicating a link on which the communication is transmitted to the intermediate node;
apply a bit shift operation to the string of route information to produce a shifted string of route information; and
utilize the shifted string of route information to identify an egress link of the intermediate node upon which to forward the

communication on a path toward a target processing node.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein each processing node is assigned a processing node identifier, and wherein the predefined rules to avoid a cycle of dependency consider the processing node identifiers of an intermediate processing node in relation to the immediately prior processing node and the immediately subsequent processing node in the route of the communication through the topology.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the defined interconnection topology is a Kautz topology of plural degree and plural diameter.

14. The multiprocessor computer system of claim 11, wherein the intermediate node includes a buffer to store the communication, the buffer of the intermediate node dedicated for storing communications transmitted on the virtual channel as specified by the virtual channel identifier value; and
wherein the intermediate node includes arbitration logic to arbitrate forwarding of the communication from the buffer at the intermediate node to a next hop node over the different virtual channel.