NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0215n.06 No. 17-3796 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT GWAMAKA ABELY MWAMLENGA, Petitioner,

v. JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney General, Respondent. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE UNITED STATES BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, McKEAGUE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges. GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Gwamaka Abely Mwamlenga seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision denying his a pplication to adjust his immigr ation status and ordering his removal. Mwamlenga now contends that the i mmigration judge (IJ) (1) erred in finding him not credible and (2) violated his due-process rights by admitting into evidence an I-9 form that was not provided to him at least 15 days before th e hearing, as required by the immigration court’s practice manual. Because petitioner’s argumen ts are meritless, we deny his petition.
I. Mwamlenga initially came to the United States from Tanzania in 2012 on a student visa. Unfortunately, however, halfway th rough petitioner’s first semester of college his brother passed away. His brother had been paying his tuition a nd expenses, and without the financial means to continue, petitioner dropped out of college. In June of 2013, he applied for a job with CharterNo. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-2- HR. Petitioner filled out an I-9 employment elig ibility form, in which he claimed under penalty of perjury that he was a United States citizen. After two weeks at the company, his supervisor told him that there was a problem with his pape rwork and that the “E-Verify” system reported that he was not authorized to work. Mwamlenga knew he could not legally work, so he did not attempt to fix the issue, which he could have done by going to a Social Security Administration office and contesting the “E-Verify” report. Ch arter HR then terminated his employment. In July of 2013, the government instituted re moval proceedings against Mwamlenga. In September of that year he married Tiffany Luke , who filed on his behalf an I-130 petition to change Mwamlenga’s status on the basis of thei r marriage. The parties appeared for a merits hearing on the government’s removal petition in Ju ly of 2014, during which pe titioner testified. The IJ found that Mwamlenga was not credible because he “was nonresponsive to questions from the [government] counsel an d the [IJ] and failed to explain prior false statements when asked to do so.” Ultimately, the IJ denied pe titioner’s application to change his status and ordered him removed to Tanzania under the Immigrati on and Nationality Act (INA), finding that “he had not establish[ed] that he did not knowi ngly and willfully make a false claim to U.S. citizenship.” Mwamlenga timely appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, raising issues with the IJ’s credibility determination against him and an alleged due-process violation because the government presented his I-9 form as evidence at the hearing without previously providing it to him. The BIA affirmed and dismissed Mwamlenga’s petition. On the credibility issue, the BIA held that, even ignoring the IJ’s credibility de termination, Mwamlenga ’s own testimony established that he checked the box on the I-9 form that claimed he was a United States citizen and immediately knew he could not fix the issue at a local Social Security office because he wasNo. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-3- not permitted to work. Thus, reasoned the BIA, on petitioner’s own testimony—and without accepting the IJ’s credibility determination— the government had established grounds for removal. On his due-process challenge to the admission of the I-9 form, the BIA found that the form was admissible in the agency proceedings, a nd held that petitioner could not establish any prejudice from its admission. As a result, the BI A affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed the appeal.
II. When the BIA issues a separate opinion upon revi ew of an IJ’s decision, we review the BIA ruling as the final agency determination. Kamar v. Sessions , 875 F.3d 811, 8 17 (6th Cir. 2017). To the extent the BIA a dopts the IJ’s reasoning, however , we also review the IJ’s decision. Fisenko v. Lynch , 826 F.3d 287, 290 (6th Cir. 2016). We review legal determinations de novo, but grant substantial deference to the BIA’s inte rpretation of the INA and accompanying regulations. Morgan v. Kiesler , 507 F.3d 1053, 1057 (6th Cir. 2007). Under the substantial evidence st andard, factual determinations are sustained if they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative eviden ce on the record considered as a whole.” AlGhorbani v. Holder , 585 F.3d 980, 991 (6th Cir. 2009) (int ernal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). We will not reverse such findings simply because we would have decided them differently. Khalili v. Holder , 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). We review de novo alleged due-p rocess violations regarding th e manner in which a deportation hearing was conducted. Hassan v. Gonzales , 403 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2005).No. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-4- III. Petitioner first challenges the IJ’s credibility determination. But because the BIA did not rely upon this credibility determination in making its decisio n, which is the agency decision that we review in this case, hi s claim of error fails. While a non-immigrant alien may seek adjust ment of his status to that of a person admitted to permanent residence in the United States, see 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a)—as Mwamlenga did here—the “alien bears the burden of estab lishing that he is ‘clearly and beyond [a] doubt entitled to be admitted and is not inadmissible.’” Ferrans v. Holder , 612 F.3d 528, 531 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Matovski v. Gonzales , 492 F.3d 722, 738 (6th Cir. 2007)). And under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(D)(i) and § 1182(a)(6)(C )(ii)(I), “[a]ny alien who falsel y represents, or has falsely represented, himself to be a ci tizen of the United States for a ny purpose or benefit under [the INA] or any Federal or State law is deportable,” or “inadmissible.” I ndeed, falsely claiming citizen status on an I-9 form meets the defini tion of such a “false[] represent[ation].” Ferrans , 612 F.3d at 532. Here, the BIA found that “[w]hile [Mwamlenga ] disputes the [IJ]’s adverse credibility determination on appeal,” the record from the hear ing established that he claimed to be a United States citizen on his I-9 form, and “he did not go to the [Socia l Security Administration] to contest the finding [that he was unable to work] because he knew he could not prove he is a United States citizen, as he represented on the Form I-9 in order to work.” In other words, the BIA did not rely on the IJ’s credibility finding in affirming the removal decision. When the BIA issues its own decision and reas oning, we review that opinion. Kamar , 875 F.3d at 817. And so, even assuming petitioner is correct in his challenge to the IJ’s credibility finding, that finding is irrelevant to the agency determination in this case.No. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-5- Instead, the BIA had ample evid ence to support its conclusion that that Mwamlenga was removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(D)(i), and not eligible for an adjustment of status under § 1255(a). Petitioner admitted that he checked the box for United States citizens on his signed I9 form under penalty of perjury. He then testified that he did not go to a Social Secu rity office to contest the initial finding that he was ineligible to work because he knew he could not confirm that he was a citizen, even though he so claimed on the I-9 form. This evidence, wholly separate from Mwamlenga’s credibility, was sufficient to prove that he falsely claimed citizen status and was removable and ineligible for adjustment of status. Ferrans , 612 F.3d at 531–32.
IV. Next, petitioner claims that he was denied due process by the admission of the I-9 form without it being provided to him at least 15 days before the hearing. This argument also lacks merit. “Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process extend to aliens in [removal] proceedings, entitling them to a full and fair hearing. To c onstitute fundamental unfairness, however, a defect in the removal proceedings must have been such as might have led to a denial of justice.” Huicochea-Gomez v. INS , 237 F.3d 696, 699 (6th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation and citations omitted). “[R]eviewing an alleged due process vi olation is a two-step inquiry: first, whether there was a defect in the removal proceedings; and second, whether the alien was prejudiced because of it.” Vasha v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 863, 872 (6th Cir. 2005). “To establish the requisite prejudice, the petitioner must show that the due process violations led to a substantially different outcome from that which would have occurred in the absence of those violations.” Zheng v. Lynch , 819 F.3d 287, 297 (6th Cir. 2016) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).No. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-6- Mwamlenga argues that the admission of the I-9 form was improper because the Immigration Court Practice Manual requires that all exhibits be filed with the IJ and opposing party at least 15 days before the removal hearin g, and counsel for the government intentionally hid the I-9 form until the last minute. Petitioner is correct that “filings must be submitted at least fifteen (15) days in advance of the hear ing,” under the immigratio n court’s own operating procedures. Immigration Court Practice Manual § 3.1(b)(ii)(A). But he fails to note that a violation of this rule in no way requires the remedy of exclusion of the late-filed evidence. The manual provides that “[t]he un timely submission of a filing may have serious consequences,” but that “[t]he Immigration Judge retains the authority to determine how to treat an untimely filing.” § 3.1(d)(ii) (emphasis added). In fact, the prac tice manual notes that exclusion of an untimely exhibit is a consequence that is only applicable “sometimes.” Id . And given that petitioner never objected to the admission of the I-9 form, it is unclear how the IJ might have abused its discretion in admitting it. See Singh v. Ashcroft , 398 F.3d 396, 406–07 (6th Cir. 2005) (noting the broad discretion IJs have in maki ng evidentiary determinations). Furthermore, we see no “fundamental unfairne ss” resulting from the admission of the I-9 form at the removal hearing despite that it was not timely provided to Mwamlenga. See Huicochea-Gomez , 237 F.3d at 699. Petitioner’s own te stimony about the jobs he had after dropping out of college led to di scussion of Charter HR. (A.R . 97-99). Before even being presented with the I-9 form, Mwamlenga testif ied that he remembered having to answer questions about whether he was au thorized to work in the United States when applying for that job. When he was presented with the I-9 form , he had no trouble identifying it as the document he filled out to apply to Charter HR. While he could not explain his reasoning in checking the box denoting that he was a citizen of the United States, this confusion did not relate to theNo. 17-3796 Mwamlenga v. Sessions

-7- existence of the form. As a re sult, petitioner was able to testify candidly about what happened when “E-Verify” returned with a problem relating to his applicat ion, as well as his knowledge at the time, i.e., that he could not sort out the problem because he was not permitted to work. Thus, it is clear that the contents of the I-9 form di d not take him by surprise, and Mwamlanga was not prejudiced by the form’s admission. In short, the I-9 form was admissible evidence at the removal hearing, Matter of Bett , 26 I&N Dec. 437, 441 (BIA 2014), and Mwamlenga ha s not demonstrated any prejudice arising from the government’s failure to provide him with the I-9 form at least 15 days beforehand. His due-process claim therefore fails. Zheng , 819 F.3d at 296–97.
V. For these reasons, we deny Mwamlenga’s petition for review.