#### Gregory Chris ANGELO, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 03-97-00750-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Austin.

Sept. 17, 1998.

*172Ronald L. Goranson, Milner, Lobel, Goran-son, Sorrels, Udashen *&*Wells, Dallas, for Appellant.

Arthur Cappy Eads, District Attorney, James T. Russell, Administrative Assistant, Belton, for State.

Before POWERS, KIDD and B.A. SMITH, JJ.

BEA ANN SMITH, Justice.

To address concerns raised in the motion for rehearing, we -withdraw our earlier opinion and judgment issued August 13, 1998, and substitute this one in its place. Appellant Gregory Chris Angelo appeals from a jury conviction of capital murder. *See*Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2) (West 1994). The court assessed a mandatory life sentence. *See id*§ 12.31 (West 1994). In this appeal, appellant complains that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction, that the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence, and that the trial court erred in failing to submit certain issues to the jury. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

At the time of the incident, Gregory and Cynthia Angelo were legally married; however, they were living separately. Cynthia and their two children remained in the family home on Antelope Trail; appellant moved to a nearby apartment at Wildwood Apartments. In February 1997, Cynthia hired an attorney to help her divorce her husband. The divorce was filed February 27 and appellant was served on March 10. A hearing on temporary matters was set for March 14.

On March 13 around midday, Gregory took a cab to his estranged wife’s home on Antelope Trail. Carrying a basket full of clothes, he allegedly told the cab driver that he was going to his ex-wife’s home to do laundry. Appellant asked the driver to stop at a driveway ,two houses away from his wife’s. He then entered the house through the garage by using the garage door remote control. On the same day, Cynthia left her work at 12:40 p.m. to go home for lunch. At 1:18 p.m., a Temple Police Department dispatcher received a 911 call from a man who was screaming unintelligibly; the dispatcher was only able to hear, “My wife. My wife. Help me.” The computer screen revealed that the call was coming from Cynthia Angelo’s address on Antelope Trail. When a paramedic arrived at Cynthia’s home two to three minutes after the 911 call was made, he found the front door locked and entered through a window. He saw appellant lying on the kitchen floor face down and next to Cynthia who was also lying down. She was bleeding profusely from her face and the paramedic was unable to-find a pulse. Appellant was sobbing and moaning although no injuries to his body were apparent. A handgun was found on the floor next to appellant. Cynthia had been shot in the chest and had a number of blunt-force injuries, bruises, and scrapes on her face and head. The medical examiner testified that such injuries could have been caused by a fist or pistol butt; they were not, however, the result of a single fall.

Temple Police Detective Wayne Corley examined the crime scene. He testified that there appeared to have been a fight, and that there were several spots of blood in the bathroom which was adjacent to the master bedroom. Knowing that the Angelos had children, Detective Corley searched the house. In the master bedroom, he noticed some papers on a dresser. Thinking the papers might be related to the murder, De-*173teetive Corley turned them over and realized they were suicide-murder notes.

Appellant Gregory Angelo was charged with the offense of capital murder by an indictment alleging that he had caused the death of Cynthia Angelo while in the course of committing or attempting to commit retaliation or while in the course of committing or attempting to commit kidnaping. The State did not seek the death penalty. The jury found Gregory guilty of capital murder as charged in the indictment and the trial court assessed a mandatory life sentence in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Appellant filed a motion for new trial that was overruled by operation of law. He appeals his conviction complaining of legal and factual sufficiency, admissibility of evidence, and the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on certain issues.

DISCUSSION

*Legal and Factual Sufficiency*

In issues one and two, Gregory claims the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction of capital murder.1

We address first whether there was sufficient evidence to support the finding that appellant caused the death of his wife while in the course of committing retaliation. A person commits a capital murder if he commits a murder as defined under section 19.02(b)(1)2 in the course of committing or attempting to commit retaliation. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2). A person commits the offense of retaliation if he intentionally or knowingly harms or threatens to harm another by an unlawful act in retaliation for or on account of the service of another as a public servant, witness, prospective witness, informant, or a person who has reported or who the actor knows intends to report the occurrence of a crime. *Id.*§ 36.06(a)(1) (West 1994).

The critical inquiry on review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This Court does not ask whether it believes that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, *any*rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. *Jackson v. Virginia,*443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); *Griffin v. State,*614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex.Crim.App.1981). The standard of review is the same for both direct and circumstantial evidence. *See Chambers v. State,*711 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

The State presented evidence that Cynthia had filed a divorce action against appellant and that a hearing regarding the divorce was scheduled for March 14. Cynthia was shot and killed the day before the scheduled hearing. There was evidence that Gregory was found at the scene lying next to his wife’s body and that the handgun used to kill Cynthia was lying next to him. Gregory admitted that he was holding the handgun when it fired the bullet that struck Cynthia. The State put in evidence the suicide-murder notes found at the victim’s home that were addressed to various family members and signed by Gregory to show that Gregory killed his wife because she filed a divorce action against him. Excerpts from the notes reveal the following: “Your Mom decided to give up trying to make our family a good one. Mom decided to file a divorce of marriage with Daddy and our children. She decided it was not worth trying again anymore.” “Cyn-dy left us no choice what so ever.” Appellant testified that *on*March 13 he went to his wife’s home, that they discussed the pending divorce, that they engaged in a heated argu*174ment, and that Cynthia asked him to put the gun down. There is no dispute that Cynthia was a prospective witness in the divorce action against Gregory. Viewing the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Gregory killed his wife because she filed a divorce and was a prospective witness against him. We hold the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict.

When the court of appeals conducts a factual-sufficiency review, the court views all the evidence equally, including the testimony of defense witnesses and the existence of alternate hypotheses. The court should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. *See Clewis v. State,*922 S.W.2d 126, 135 (Tex.Crim.App.1996); *Stone v. State,*823 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tex.App.—Austin 1992, pet. refd untimely filed).

Appellant testified that he went to his wife’s home to kill himself. He stated that he wrote the suicide-murder notes and that he was going then to kill himself but that Cynthia came home. They began a conversation that “gave him hope the marriage could be salvaged,” and Gregory testified he then changed his mind about killing himself. Gregory admitted the conversation degenerated into in an argument. He testified that Cynthia picked up some scissors and that he asked her to put them away. At the time, appellant was carrying a handgun in his waistband and Cynthia asked him to get rid of the gun or unload it. Gregory testified that he began unloading the gun while following Cynthia out of the master bedroom toward the kitchen, that the gun “exploded,” and that a bullet struck his wife. He stated he did not remember anything else until he woke up in the hospital. Appellant admitted that he knew his wife had filed for a divorce and that she was a prospective witness.

The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, and may accept or reject all or any part of the evidence. *See Miller v. State,*909 S.W.2d 586, 593 (Tex.App.—Austin 1995, no pet.). The fact-finder may draw reasonable inferences and reasonable deductions from the evidence. *Id.*Although Gregory testified that he went to his wife’s home to kill himself, there was evidence contradicting Gregory’s purported motive. The cab driver who took Gregory testified that Gregory was carrying a laundry basket and that he stated he was going to do his laundry at his ex-wife’s home. Furthermore, none of the notes Gregory wrote before he intended to kill himself were addressed to his wife. Due to the conflicting testimony surrounding Gregory’s reasons for going to his wife’s home, the jury could have reasonably found that he went to her home with the purpose of killing her.

Appellant contends that although Cynthia was a prospective witness there was insufficient evidence to support finding that he killed her *because*of her status as such. *See In re*932 S.W.2d 112, 115 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1996, no writ) (section 36.06(a)(1) contains retributory element). We agree that a plain reading of the statute requires the crime to have a retributory nature. *See*Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 36.06 (“in retaliation for or on account of’). However, the evidence in this case supports a finding that the murder was retributory in nature. Cynthia had filed a divorce action and was a prospective witness against appellant. Gregory killed his wife *the day before*the divorce hearing was scheduled. Furthermore, the notes were circumstantial evidence that Gregory was greatly upset that Cynthia was “divorcing the family” and that he planned to kill her in order to stop the divorce proceeding in which she was a prospective witness. In *Davis v. State,*the court found the evidence sufficient to support a finding of retaliation when the defendant threatened the social worker who was assigned to the case involving a termination of the defendant’s parental rights to his child. 890 S.W.2d 489, 491-92 (Tex.App.—Eastland 1994, no pet.). The court noted that the defendant was aware the social worker would be instigating the termination proceedings and would be a witness against him. *Id.*at 492; *see also Johnston v. State,*917 S.W.2d 135, 137-38 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1996, pet. refd) (person became prospective witness for purposes *175of retaliation statute when he called defendant’s parole officer to report threat defendant had made). Gregory does not mention a single case of similar circumstances in which the evidence was not sufficient, and we find none. We hold the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the finding that appellant murdered his wife on account of her role as a prospective witness in the divorce suit against him.

Because we conclude that a finding of retaliation is sufficient to uphold the judgment finding appellant guilty of capital murder, we need not address whether he committed or attempted to commit a kidnaping in the course of his crime. We overrule issues one and two.

*Search and Seizure*

Gregory complains in his third issue that the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence seized in violation of the federal and state constitutions and the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. *See*U.S. Const, amend. IV; Tex. Const, art. I, § 9; Tex.Code Grim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (West Supp.1998).3 In a hearing outside the jury’s presence, the State offered in evidence Gregory’s handwritten notes that Detective Corley had found in the master bedroom of Cynthia’s home. Although conceding that the police had a lawful right to be in the room, appellant nonetheless objected on the basis that the notes had been obtained in a warrantless search. The State claimed that Gregory had no standing to challenge the admission of the notes because he had no expectation of privacy in the home where the notes were found and no expectation of privacy in the notes themselves. The trial court overruled appellant’s objection.

The purpose of both the Fourth Amendment and Article I, section 9 is to “safeguard an individual’s legitimate expectation of privacy from unreasonable governmental intrusions.” *Villarreal v. State,*935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (quoting *Richardson v. State,*865 S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tex.Crim.App.1993)). An accused has standing to challenge the admission of evidence obtained by a governmental intrusion only if he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded. *Id.*The accused carries the burden of proving he had a legitimate expectation of privacy. *Id.*To carry this burden, the defendant must prove that by his conduct, he exhibited an actual subjective expectation of privacy, *i.e.,*a genuine intention to preserve something as private, and that circumstances existed under which society was prepared to recognize his subjective expectation as objectively reasonable. *Id.*(citing *Smith v. Maryland,*442 U.S. 735, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979)). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held the following relevant to the court’s determination of whether the defendant’s subjective expectation was one that society was prepared to recognize as objectively reasonable: (1) whether the accused had a property interest or possessory interest in the place invaded; (2) whether he was legitimately in the place invaded; (3) whether he had complete dominion or control and the right to exclude others; (4) whether, before the intrusion, he took normal precautions customarily taken by those seeking privacy; (5) whether he put the place to some private use; and (6) whether his claim of privacy is consistent with historical notions of privacy. *Id.*

An appellate court must view the record evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. *See Hunter v. State,*955 S.W.2d 102, 107 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). We must sustain the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. *See id.*

Though Gregory owned the house in which Cynthia lived, all other evidence reveals he had no expectation of privacy in that home in light of the *Villarreal*factors. Appellant admits that he agreed to let his wife have possession of the home during the pendency of the divorce. In fact, appellant had been *176living at Wildwood Apartments for several weeks. *See Villegas v. State,*791 S.W.2d 226, 235 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1990, pet. refd) (defendant lacked standing when he had not stayed nor been welcome at his aunt’s residence for some time and was residing with his mother). Most notable is the evidence that Cynthia changed the locks to the home more than once to keep her husband out, and on the day of the murder appellant entered the home by using the garage door remote control rather than enter through the front door. This indicates that Gregory was neither “legitimately in the place invaded” nor did he have complete dominion or control over the home. *See Villarreal,*935 S.W.2d at 139 (defendant who had no intention to stay overnight nor unrestricted access to home searched by police lacked standing); *Villegas,*791 S.W.2d at 235-36 (noting that defendant did not enter home through front door but by window); *see also Black v. State,*776 S.W.2d 700, 701 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1989, pet. ref'd) (defendant who was, at best, a guest in home searched had no standing). Gregory does not contend that he was invited by Cynthia to her home or that he was welcome there; the evidence indicates otherwise. Without deciding whether by his conduct Gregory exhibited a subjective expectation of privacy, we determine that society would not sanction as objectively reasonable an expectation of privacy of someone who was in a home under the circumstances presented. *See Villarreal,*935 S.W.2d at 139.

Appellant contends he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in his handwritten notes. However, to have standing, one must have an expectation of privacy in the premises or in the item seized at the time of search and seizure. *See Villegas,*791 S.W.2d at 236 (citing *Villarreal v. State,*708 S.W.2d 845, 849-50 (Tex.Crim.App.1986)). Appellant himself called 911, which he knew would bring police officers who might investigate the scene. When Detective Corley arrived at the scene, he found overturned furniture and blood on the bathroom floor and the doorframe of the victim’s bedroom. Corley found the handwritten notes on a dresser in the bedroom. They were addressed to various family members. *See Martinez v. State,*880 S.W.2d 72, 76 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1994, no pet.) (no legitimate expectation of privacy in information one turns over to third parties) (citing *California v. Greenwood,*486 U.S. 35, 41, 108 S.Ct. 1625, 100 L.Ed.2d 30 (1988)). lcWhat a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection.” *Katz v. United States,*389 U.S. 347, 351, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967).

Because Gregory did not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in his wife’s home or the notes, we hold he did not have standing to challenge the admission of the notes in evidence.

Even if appellant did have standing and the trial court erred in admitting the notes, we find that Gregory waived such error by testifying to the notes in his case in defense. *See Jones v. State,*843 S.W.2d 487, 493 (Tex.Crim.App.1992), *cert. denied,*507 U.S. 1035, 113 S.Ct. 1858, 123 L.Ed.2d 479 (1993). In an attempt to raise a mental health defense, appellant’s brother, a physician, testified that the notes were evidence of appellant’s unsound mind. Gregory himself testified on direct examination that he wrote the notes because he was going to kill himself. Finally, in closing argument, defense counsel contended that the notes were evidence that appellant was deeply depressed. On the foregoing testimony, appellant waived any error. We overrule issue three.

In his fourth issue, Gregory claims the trial court erred by allowing in evidence items the police seized from his residence at Wildwood Apartments in violation of the federal and state constitutions and the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. *See*U.S. Const, amend. TV; Tex. Const, art. I, § 9; Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a). Appellant specifically complains of the trial court’s failure to exclude a photograph the police took at his apartment depicting a bag full of his wife’s clothing. We find that appellant failed to preserve any error by not objecting in a timely fashion to the introduction of such evidence on the grounds asserted on appeal. The following is an excerpt from the State’s cross-examination of Gregory:

> *177Q: You took belongings of hers, clothes, shoes, jewelry from that house to torment her; didn’t you?

> A: No, sir.

> 

> Q: How many times, how many times after you separated did you go back to that house after Cyndy had said, “Greg, don’t come over here”? How many times did you go back? Ten? Fifteen?

> A: I don’t know.

> Q: You want me to get this bag of her clothing here out and we can go through it piece by piece, the single shoes? You know how you let somebody know you’ve been in their house when they didn’t want you there, is you take one of their shoes.

> Defense Counsel: If the court please, we object.

> State: You did that, didn’t you?

> Defense Counsel: We object to him making— states a fact, “her house” when, in fact it’s this man’s separate property. It was his home, and it’s not just her house. He had an absolute right to go in there any time he wished.

> 

> Q: Well, this whole bag here came out of your apartment at Wildwood, and it’s her clothes.

> Defense Counsel: We’ll object to that— upon the grounds that there’s no outside evidence, no evidence of it.

> Trial Court: The objection is overruled.

> Q: I’ll show you what’s been marked as State’s exhibit No. 5V, and I’ll ask if you recognize that location.

> A: Yes, sir.

> Q: That’s your closet at apartment 112 at Wildwood; isn’t it?

> A: Yes, sir.

> Q: That’s got a large plastic bag in the floor at the back of the closet, doesn’t it?

> A: Yes, sir.

> Defense Counsel: At this time, if the court please, we have a motion we would like to make outside going into the search of this man’s apartment without a warrant.

> 

It is well settled that to preserve error, a point of error on appeal must comport to the objection voiced at trial. *Sandow v. State,*787 S.W.2d 588, 596 (Tex.App.—Austin 1990, pet. ref'd) (citing *Thomas v. State,*723 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex.Crim.App.1986)). Appellant complains on appeal that the photograph of a plastic bag full of clothing was inadmissible because it was obtained during an illegal search and seizure. However, he did not object on this ground until the State had already elicited substantial testimony regarding the clothing that was taken from Cynthia’s home and stored in a plastic bag in appellant’s closet at his Wildwood apartment. By the time appellant objected on the ground complained of, it was too late. *See Dinkins v. State,*894 S.W.2d 330, 355 (Tex.Crim.App.) (objection should be made as soon as ground for objection becomes apparent in order to preserve error), *cert. denied,*516 U.S. 832, 116 S.Ct. 106, 133 L.Ed.2d 59 (1995). We hold that Gregory failed to preserve error and we overrule issue four.

*Submissions to the Jury*

Gregory claims the trial court erred in failing to submit the foregoing search issues to the jury as required by the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which disallows evidence obtained in violation of the federal and state constitutions:

> In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of this Article, then and in such event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.

Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has interpreted this provision to require an Article 38.23 instruction only if the trial evidence raised *& factual*issue concerning whether the evidence was obtained in violation of the federal or state constitutions. *Bell v. State,*938 S.W.2d 35, 48 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), *cert. denied,*— U.S. -, 118 S.Ct. 90, 139 *178L.Ed.2d 46 (1998). In that case, the court held the defendant was not entitled to such an instruction because there was no dispute regarding the facts surrounding the defendant’s arrest and confession. *Id.*(citing *Thomas,*723 S.W.2d at 707).

Appellant claims there are factual issues as to whether the detective had a reason to read the handwritten notes and whether appellant gave his apartment manager permission to allow the officers into his apartment. These are not factual questions but are legal questions as to whether the evidence obtained from the warrantless search and seizure was admissible. Gregory does not contend there is any factual dispute as to *how*the evidence was obtained. Only when there is a fact issue regarding *the manner*in which the evidence was obtained does Article 38.23 require the court to submit an instruction to the jury. *See Hardin v. State,*951 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (citing *Thomas,*723 S.W.2d at 707). We find there were no factual disputes as to the manner in which the complained-of evidence was obtained. We overrule issue five.

Gregory next complains that the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury on whether his conduct was voluntary in discharging the handgun. At trial, he testified that the gun fired while he was attempting to unload it. He was handling the gun, trying to eject the shells, and then the gun “just exploded.” Appellant specifically requested that the jury be given the charge that if it found appellant did not voluntarily discharge the pistol it must acquit him. The trial court oveiruled his request and submitted instead, in part, the following charge:

> A person commits the offense of Capital Murder if he commits Murder, as defined below, and the person *intentionally*commits the murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit retaliation or in the course of committing or attempting to commit kidnaping.

> A person commits the offense of Murder if he *intentionally*or knowingly causes the death of an individual.

(Emphasis added).

Appellant relies on *Brown v. State,*955 S.W.2d 276 (Tex.Crim.App.1997) to establish that the trial court erred in refusing his requested instruction regarding volun-tariness. There, Brown and two witnesses testified that Brown’s handgun accidentally discharged after he was bumped by another individual. The court held that the requested charge must be submitted when the evidence raised the issue of voluntariness. “If the issue is raised by the evidence, a jury may be charged that a defendant should be acquitted if there is a reasonable doubt as to whether he voluntarily engaged in the conduct of which he was accused.” 955 S.W.2d at 279 (quoting *William v. State,*630 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex.Crim.App.1982). Furthermore, the court found that the issue of voluntariness is not subsumed by the instruction requiring the jury to find the offense was intentionally or knowingly committed. *Brown,*955 S.W.2d at 280.

As the dissent in *Brown*notes, the case law regarding involuntariness, as opposed to accident, and the evidentiary requirements for a jury instruction on voluntary conduct is convoluted and confusing, often turning on subtle factual distinctions. *Id.*at 281 (Price, J., dissenting). Until we receive further guidance from the Court of Criminal Appeals in this troublesome area, we determine that the present dispute is controlled by *George v. State,*681 S.W.2d 43 (Tex.Crim.App.1984) rather than *Brown.*In *George,*the court held as a matter of law that when the accused voluntarily engages in conduct that includes a bodily movement sufficient for the gun to discharge a bullet, *“without*more— *such as precipitation by another individual,”*a jury need not be charged on the volun-tariness of the accused’s conduct. 681 S.W.2d at 47 (emphasis added). Gregory does not claim that another individual bumped his gun, causing it to discharge as in *Brown.*The Court of Criminal Appeals has noted that where the conduct of a third party is implicated, the charge on voluntariness may be required. *See George,*681 S.W.2d at 46-47, n. 8 (contrasting *Garcia v. State,*605 S.W.2d 565, 566 (Tex.Crim.App.1980) (charge on voluntary conduct required when deceased grabbed accused’s elbow and attempt*179ed to take away gun, causing gun to go off), with *Dockery v. State,*542 S.W.2d 644, 649-50 (Tex.Crim.App.1976) (no instruction required when accused was asleep with a pistol in his hand, raised up and pistol accidentally went off while he was trying to uncock it). *See also Withers v. State,*631 S.W.2d 595, 597 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1982) (instruction must be given if the discharge of the weapon results from the conduct of a third party rather than the voluntary conduct of the accused), *ajfd on other grounds,*642 S.W.2d 486 (Tex.Crim.App.1982).

Gregory’s attempt to unload his gun when it discharged cannot be distinguished from Dockery’s attempt to uncock his pistol when it discharged or George’s cocking the hammer which then “slipped off his thumb.” Gregory’s act of handling the gun which discharged when he attempted to unload it was sufficiently voluntary, absent interference by a third party, for the trial court to refuse the requested charge. There was no evidence of any voluntary conduct by another that caused Gregory’s gun to “explode,” and like the *George*court we are not persuaded that a mechanical object is capable of volition apart from a human actor. Gregory was the only human actor involved with the gun when it discharged the bullet into his wife. The trial court did not err in refusing appellant’s requested instruction on voluntary conduct. We overrule issue six.

*Evidence of Extraneous Offenses*

In issues seven and eight, Gregory argues the trial court erred regarding evidence that was inadmissible as an extraneous offense. Specifically, he claims the trial court erred in admitting in evidence that he took his daughter’s bicycle from his wife’s home, and that the trial court erred in refusing to give a limiting instruction regarding such evidence. We find appellant has not preserved his right to complain of error. The following testimony from trial is relevant in our determination:

> Q: You took belongings of hers, clothes, shoes, jewelry from that house to torment her; didn’t you?

> A: No, sir.

> Q: No? You stole your daughter’s bicycle, didn’t you?

> A: No, sir.

> Q: It was reported stolen. It was in your apartment.

> Defense Counsel: If the court please, the man has a right to borrow a bicycle when he had no vehicle, and that he had as much ownership to that bicycle as anybody.

> Trial Court: If that’s an objection, [counselor], it’s overruled.

> Q: Brittany’s bicycle was at your apartment, wasn’t it? You want to see the picture of it?

> A: (Shakes head side to side).

> Defense Counsel: If the court please, we move the court for a mistrial upon the grounds that he made an accusation so unfounded that this man committed the offense of theft, an extraneous offense.

A defendant must make a timely objection in order to preserve an error in the admission of evidence. *See Dinkins v. State,*894 S.W.2d 330, 355 (Tex.Crim.App.), *cert. denied,*516 U.S. 832, 116 S.Ct. 106, 133 L.Ed.2d 59 (1995). An objection should be made as soon as the ground for an objection becomes apparent, which generally occurs when the evidence is admitted. *Id.*Therefore, if a question clearly calls for an objectionable response, a defendant should make an objection before the witness responds. *Id.*Rather than immediately object, appellant answered the State when it questioned him about the bicycle. After Gregory answered and the State responded, his attorney did not object but commented on whether it was excusable for Gregory to have taken the bicycle. Even if we construe the comment as an objection, it was not an objection upon the grounds complained of on appeal. *See Sandow v. State,*787 S.W.2d 588, 596 (Tex.App.—Austin 1990, pet. ref'd) (error not preserved if error on appeal does not comport to objection voiced at trial) (citing *Thomas,*723 S.W.2d at 700). Although appellant eventually complained of the evidence of the bicycle as admission of an extraneous offense, this objection was not made until three objectionable questions later and therefore it was not timely. *See Dinkins,*894 S.W.2d at 355; *Guzman v. State,*521 S.W.2d 267, 269 (Tex.Crim.App.1975) (error waived when defen*180dant failed to object until three objectionable questions had been asked and answered).

Even if there was error in admitting evidence that appellant stole the bicycle, it was harmless. *See*Tex.R.App. P. 44.2(b). There was unobjected-to evidence that Gregory stole other items from his wife’s house; therefore, evidence that he stole his daughter’s bicycle was merely cumulative and did not affect any of appellant’s substantial rights. We overrule issue seven.

Gregory next complains that the trial court erred in failing to give a limiting instruction regarding the extraneous offense at both the evidence stage and the jury-charge stage. We do not reach whether such failure was error because we find that this error has also been waived. After Gregory objected to evidence of the stolen bicycle on the ground that it was an extraneous offense, the trial court overruled his objection. He argued that the evidence deprived him of a right to a fair trial, and that he objected subject to his motion for mistrial. Gregory then asked the court to instruct the jury not to consider his statement that he stole his daughter’s bicycle. The trial court refused his request. At the jury-charge stage, appellant requested the charge to instruct the jury to limit its consideration of the theft of the bicycle to the purpose for which it was admitted. The court declined to include this instruction.

Generally, an instruction limiting a jury’s consideration of certain evidence is not required when the evidence is admissible to prove a main fact in the case. *See Porter v. State,*709 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). If evidence is offered for a specific purpose, the defendant is entitled upon proper request to a charge limiting the jury’s consideration of that evidence to the purpose for which it was admitted. *Id.*The party opposing the evidence has the burden of requesting a limiting instruction. *See Abdnor v. State,*808 S.W.2d 476, 478 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

Here, appellant requested the court to instruct the jury not to consider that he stole the bicycle. In other words, he requested that the jury not consider evidence of his extraneous offense altogether. He did not request an instruction limiting consideration of the evidence to the purpose for which it was admitted. Although we do not require a defendant to use such exact language, appellant requested an exclusion of the entire offense rather than a limiting instruction. Although Gregory properly requested a limiting instruction at the jury-charge stage, he waived any preservation of error by not properly requesting an instruction at the evidence stage. An objection to or request for an instruction in the jury charge is not sufficient to preserve error if no limiting instruction is requested when the evidence is admitted. *See In re A.F.,*895 S.W.2d 481, 484 (Tex.App.—Austin 1995, no pet.). We overrule issue eight.

In his final issue, Gregory complains the trial court erred in admitting the divorce petition without a limiting instruction because a portion of the petition contained evidence of an extraneous offense, namely that appellant committed adultery. Appellant does not claim that the petition in its entirety is inadmissible. In fact, at trial he claimed that he had no objection to the petition as a whole but objected to specific portions on the grounds of hearsay and unfair prejudice. Appellant made no other objection or request. Failure to request a limiting instruction by the party opposing the evidence waives the party’s right to complain of the failure to so instruct the jury on appeal. *See*Tex.R. Evid. 105(a); *In re A.F.,*895 S.W.2d at 484 (failure to comply with requirement that request for limiting instruction be made when evidence is admitted relieves trial court’s obligation to provide one); *see also Abdnor,*808 S.W.2d at 478 (burden is on party opposing evidence to request limiting instruction). We overrule issue nine.

CONCLUSION

We conclude the evidence was sufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction of capital murder and that there was no error in the court below. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

1

. Though issues three, four, seven, and nine go to the admissibility of certain evidence, that is immaterial to a sufficiency of evidence review. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must look at all of the evidence that was before the jury, whether properly or improperly admitted, so that it may assess the jury verdict from the jury’s perspective. *See Miles v. State,*918 S.W.2d 511, 512 (Tex.Crim.App.1996).

2

. A person commits a murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 1994).

3

. "No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.” Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (West Supp.1998).