* Ettlin v. Slawson (No. YC06 5018); Ettlin v. Kriegler (No. YC065019); Ettlin v. Taylor (No. YC065021); Ettlin v. Kuhl (No. YC065164); Cooper v. Weinbach (No. SC113064); Cooper v. Todd (No. SC113135 ); Cooper v. Ashmann-Gerst (No. SC113136); Cooper v. Levanas (No. SC113137) 1 Filed 10/30/14 Ettlin v. Veasey CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FOURTH APPELL ATE DISTRICT DIVISION TWO DENNIS ETTLIN et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v. GLENDA VEASEY et al., Defendants and Respondents.

______________________________________ ANTHONY LOCATELLI, Plaintiff and Appellant,

v. THOMAS TRENT LEWIS, Defendant and Respondent. [And eight other cases.*] E058417 (Super.Ct. No. YC064994)

E058420 (Super.Ct. No. BC472585)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Robert H. O’Brien and Frederick C. Shaller, Judges. Affirmed. Dennis Ettlin, Daniel Cooper, and Anthony Locatelli, Plaintiffs and Appellants in
pro. per.2 Benton, Orr, Duval & Buckingham and Ke vin M. McCormick for Defendants and Respondents. This appeal comprises ten cases that have been consolidated, eith er at the trial or at the appellate level. In each case, one of the three plaintiffs is suing a judge, commissioner, or appellate justice. Basically , plaintiffs claim that, because defendants have received supplemental employment bene fits from their local county, above and beyond their salary from the state, defendants are biased in favor of th e county. Plaintiffs also claim that, in divorce cases, the county ha s an interest in awarding custody to one parent and in requiring the othe r parent to pay a relatively high amount of child support. Thus, according to plaintiffs, defendants should have been disqualified from presiding over plaintiffs’ divorces (and possi bly other matters involving pl aintiffs; the record is not entirely clear on this point). Plaintiffs seek money damages. The trial court sustained demurrers in all ten cases. Plaintiffs appeal. We will hold that a jurist who has received local su pplemental benefits from a county is not therefore disqualified from cases involving that county. Separa tely and alternatively, we will also hold that plaintiffs’ claims ar e barred by absolute judicial immunity.
I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Because plaintiffs’ complaints do not go into detail about the nature of local supplemental benefits, we take judicial notic e of certain background facts. (See Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (h) [judicial notice of facts not reasonably subject to dispute and3 capable of immediate and accurate determinat ion by resort to reas onably indisputable sources].) In California, until 1994, superior court ju dges’ salaries were funded partly by the state and partly by their respective counties. (Judicial Council of California, Historical Analysis of Disparities in Judicial Benefits (Dec. 15, 2009) pp. 5-7.) 1 In 1994, however, the state took over the exclus ive responsibility fo r the payment of these salaries. ( Id . at p. 7.) Both before and after 1994 , some counties provided superior court judges with supplemental employment benefits, such as life insurance, medical and/or dental insurance, retirement benefits, and, in some instances, cash. ( Sturgeon v. County of Los Angeles (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 630, 635-636 ( Sturgeon I ); Historical Analysis, supra , at pp. 8-11.) These local supplemental benefits varied greatly from county to county. One survey found that, as of 2007-2008, some counties provided no local supplemental benefits at all, while others provided loca l supplemental benefits worth up to $50,000 a year. ( Id. at pp. 1-2, D-10-D-14.) Counties that did provide local supplemental benefits justified them on the ground th at they were necessary to attract and retain high-quality jurists. (E.g., Sturgeon I, supra , 167 Cal.App.4th at p. 636.) In 2006, one Harold P. Sturgeon (repres ented by Judicial Watch, Inc.) filed an action challenging the payment of local s upplemental benefits, arguing, among other things, that (1) they constituted an unlawful gift of public fund s, (2) they violated statutes

1 Available at <http://www.courts.ca. gov/documents/analysis-judbenefits1209.pdf>, as of October 27, 2014.)4 relating to state funding of judicial salaries, and (3) they violated the requirement of the California constitution that the legislature pr escribe the compensation of judges (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 19). ( Sturgeon I, supra , 167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 637-657.) In 2008, an appellate court rejected Sturgeon’s first two arguments; however, it did agree that local supplemental benefits violated the state constitutional provision giving the legislature the duty of pr escribing judges’ compensation. ( Sturgeon I , supra , 167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 637-657 .) It stated, “Under our c onstitutional scheme, judicial compensation is a matter of statewide concer n and the Legislature must set policy with respect to all aspects of judicial compensatio n. . . . [T]he Legislature’s obligation to ‘prescribe judicial compensation’ requires th at it set forth standards or safeguards which assure that fundamental policy is implemented. . . . The obligation is not onerous, but does require that the Legislature consider the specific issue and, at a minimum, establish or reference identifiable standards.” ( Id . at p. 657.) In 2009, in response to Sturgeon I , the Legislature passed Senate Bill No. 11 (2009–2010 2d Ex. Sess.) (S BX2 11). SBX2 11 enacted Government Code section 68220, which, as rele vant here, provides: “(a) Judges of a court whose judges received supplemental judicial benefits provided by the county or cour t, or both, as of July 1, 20 08, shall continue to receive supplemental benefits from the county or court then paying the benefits on the same terms and conditions as were in effect on that date. “(b) A county may terminate its obligatio n to provide benefits under this section upon providing the Administrative Director of the Courts and the impacted judges with5 180 days’ written notice. The termination shall not be effe ctive as to an y judge during his or her current term while th at judge continues to serve as a judge in that court or, at the election of the county, when that judge leaves office.” In addition, an uncodified portion of SB X2 11 provides: “Notwithstanding any other law, no governmental entity, or officer or employee of a governmental entity, shall incur any liability or be subject to prosecutio n or disciplinary action because of benefits provided to a judge under the official acti on of a governmental entity prior to the effective date of this act on the ground that those benefits were not authorized under law.” (SBX2 11, § 5.) On remand, Sturgeon asserted that SBX2 11 was invalid for three reasons: (1) It was outside the scope of the governor’s proc lamation calling the special session at which it was enacted, (2) it did not adeq uately prescribe the benefits to be provided, and (3) it violated equal protection. ( Sturgeon v. County of Los Angeles (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 344, 347, 350 ( Sturgeon II ).) In 2010, an appellate court rejected all three challenges. ( Sturgeon II , supra , 191 Cal.App.4th at pp. 350-355.) The court, ho wever, repeatedly charac terized SBX2 11 as only “an interim solution.” ( Id . at p. 352; see also id . at pp. 348, 354-355.) It concluded with the following homily: “[O]n its face [SBX2 11] is not a permanent response to either the constitutional i ssues we identified in Sturgeon I or the difficult problem of adopting a compensation scheme that deals w ith varying economic circumstances in an equitable and efficient manner. Thus, we woul d be remiss in discharging our duties if we did not state that while the Le gislature’s interim response to Sturgeon I defeats the6 particular challenges asserted by Sturgeon in this litigation, that interim remedy, if not supplanted by the more comprehensive respon se [SBX2 11] plainly contemplates, most likely will give rise to further challenge s by taxpayers or members of the bench themselves. . . . [T]he issue of judicial compensation is a state, not a county, responsibility. We are confident that the Legi slature within a reasonable period of time will act to adopt a uniform statewide sy stem of judicial compensation.” ( Id . at p. 355.) 2
II FACTUAL BACKGROUND Consistent with the applicable st andard of review (see part IV, post ), the following facts are drawn from plaintiffs’ complaints. Commissioner Glenda Veasey presided over the divorce of plaintiff Dennis Ettlin, Judge Elia Weinbach presided over the divorce of plainti ff Daniel Cooper, and Judge Thomas Trent Lewis presided over the divor ce of plaintiff Anthony Locatelli. All three of these jurists received lo cal supplemental benefits. According to plaintiffs, the County of Lo s Angeles (County) “is a ‘real party in interest’ in every divorce case as it reaps a financial be nefit.” The County’s Child Support Services Department (CSSD) receives so-called Title IV-D funds from the state and federal governments based on “a percentage of the expenses related to support orders as well as incentives . . . .” Higher child su pport awards benefit the County because they

2 Plaintiffs claim that Sturgeon II “encouraged” taxpayers to challenge SBX2 11. We do not ag ree that that was its intent, though that may have been its effect. It merely predicted that taxpayers would challenge SB X2 11 — a prediction that has now become a self-fulfilling prophecy.7 “reduce the likelihood that ch ildren and supported spouses w ill seek indigent aid from the [C]ounty[,] . . . increase the need [for] and lik elihood [of] enforcement[, and] . . . increase the CSSD operations budget.” Plaintiffs conc lude that local supplemental benefits are, in effect, bribes “to influence the judge’s deci sion to create a non-custodial parent and [a] high child support order, thus protecting the [C]ounty’s interests.” The relief that plaintiffs seek cons ists exclusively of money damages.
III PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Ettlin, Cooper, and Locatelli, between them, filed th e following 10 actions:

Plaintiff Defendant County Case No. Ettlin Glenda Veasey Los Angeles YC064994 Ettlin John A. Slaws on Los Angeles YC065018 Ettlin Sandy R. Kriegler Los Angeles YC065019 Ettlin Kenneth Taylor Los Angeles YC065021 Ettlin Carolyn Kuhl Los Angeles YC065164 Cooper Elia Weinbach Los Angeles SC113064 Cooper Kathryn Doi To dd Los Angeles SC113135 Cooper Judith Ashmann-Ge rst Los Angeles SC113136 Cooper Michael Levanas Los Angeles SC113137 Locatelli Thomas Trent Lewis San Diego BC472585 Each of the defendants is a judge, commiss ioner, or appellate justice sitting in Los Angeles. The only complaints that have been incl uded in the appellate record are the complaints in Ettlin v. Veasey , Cooper v. Weinbach , and Locatelli v. Lewis . Those complaints are all esse ntially identical; they vary only as to details regarding the respective plaintiffs and their interac tions with the respective defendants.8 All of the cases filed by Ettlin and Coope r were assigned to Judge Robert H. O’Brien. Judge O’Brien then or dered these cases consolidated. Meanwhile, Locatelli v. Lewis was transferred to Los Angeles County and assigned to Judge Frederick C. Shaller. Each of the defendants filed a separate demurrer. Once again, however, the only demurrers that are in the r ecord are the demurrers in Ettlin v. Veasey , Cooper v. Weinbach , and Locatelli v. Lewis . Those three demurrers were all essentially identical. They raised the following grounds: 1. Local supplemental benefits were not unconstitutional a nd not disqualifying. 2. Absolute judicial immunity. 3. Failure to file a claim under the Govern ment Claims Act. (Gov. Code, § 810 et seq.) 4. Governmental immunity for ins tituting or prosecuti ng a judicial or administrative proceeding. (Gov. Code, § 821.6.) The trial court sustained the demurrers w ithout leave to amend. Accordingly, it entered judgments against each of the plainti ffs and in favor of eac h of the defendants. Plaintiffs filed timely notices of appeal. We ordered Ettlin and Cooper’s appeal consolidated with Locatelli’s appeal.
IV STANDARD OF REVIEW A demurrer should be sustained when “[t]he pleading does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. ” (Code Civ. Proc., § 430.10, subd. (e).)9 “Our standard of review of an order su staining a demurrer is well settled. We independently review the ruling on demu rrer and determine de novo whether the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a cause of acti on. [Citation.] In doing so, we ‘give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their context. [Citation.] Further, we treat th e demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but do not assume the truth of conten tions, deductions or conclusions of law. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” ( Parthemore v. Col (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 1372, 1378.) “[I]n ruling on a demu rrer, the court may consider fa cts that are properly subject to judicial notice, and a ‘“‘complaint othe rwise good on its face is subject to demurrer when facts judicially noticed render it defect ive.’ [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ( Arroyo v. Plosay (2014) 225 Cal.Ap p.4th 279, 296.) “We will affirm an order sustaining a de murrer on any proper grounds, regardless of the basis for the trial court’s decision. [Citation.]” ( Cansino v. Bank of America (2014) 224 Cal.App. 4th 1462, 1468.)
V THE ADEQUACY OF THE APPELLATE RECORD As noted, the appellate record does not includ e seven of the ten complaints. It also does not include the demurrers to those complaints. “‘It is the duty of an a ppellant to provide an adeq uate record to the court establishing error. Failure to provide an ad equate record on an i ssue requires that the issue be resolved against appellant. [Citation. ]’ [Citation.] This principle stems from the well-established rule of appellate review that a judgment or order is presumed correct and10 the appellant has the burden of demonstrating prejudicial error. [Citations.] By failing to provide an adequate record, ap pellant cannot meet his burden to show error and we must resolve any challenge to the orde r against him. [Citation.]” ( Hotels Nevada v. L.A. Pacific Center, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.Ap p.4th 336, 348.) Because a demurrer challenges th e complaint (see part IV, ante ), it is literally impossible to review an order sustaining a demu rrer unless the complaint is in the record. Admittedly, the three complaints that are in the record are rema rkably similar to each other. One possible inference would be that the seven missing compla ints are essentially similar to the three that we do have. Howeve r, that inference is not compelled. Indeed, at a minimum, the complaints against the appella te justices must have been different, as they must have presided over different proc eedings involving plaintiffs, and they would not have been receiving local supplemental benefits at that time (though they may have received them in the past). 3 At bottom, it is appellants’ burden to es tablish the contents of the seven missing complaints. We decline to empl oy inferences to fill in the r ecord in their favor. We will affirm the judgments in favor of Justices Kriegler, Doi Todd , and Ashmann-Gerst, Judges Kuhl and Levanas, and Commissioners Slawson and Taylor based solely on lack of an adequate record. We will a ddress the demurrers on the meri ts solely with respect to Judges Weinbach and Lewis and Commissioner Veasey (and we will refer to these three defendants hereafter as “the judges”).

3 Also, at least according to the briefs , some of the actions involve traffic cases rather than divorce cases.11 We also note, however, that if, in fact, the miss ing complaints were substantially similar to the complaints in the record, we would still affirmall of the judgments, albeit on the grounds discussed in th e remainder of this opinion.
VI THE JUDGES WERE NOT DISQUALIFIED AND DID NOT VIOL ATE DUE PROCESS The judges demurred, in part, on the ground that they did nothing wrong by receiving local supplemental benefits and by nevertheless presiding over plaintiffs’ cases. As a matter of federal due process, “a j udge must recuse himself when he has ‘a direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest’ in a case. [Citation.]” ( Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., Inc. (2009) 556 U.S. 868, 876.) Mo reover, even when the judge does not have a direct pecuniary interest, “‘[e ]very procedure which would offer a possible temptation to the average man as a judge . . . not to hold the balance nice, clear and true . . . denies . . . due process of law.’ [Citation.]” ( Id . at p. 878; see also id . at pp. 885- 886.) As a matter of state law, a judge is di squalified if “he or she “has a financial interest in the subject matter in a proceeding or in a party to the proceeding.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.1, subd. (a)(3)(A).) A judge is also disqualified if: “(i) The judge believes his or her recusa l would further the interests of justice. “(ii) The judge believes there is a substantia l doubt as to his or her capacity to be impartial.12 “(iii) A person aware of the facts might reasonably entertai n a doubt that the judge would be able to be impartial.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.1, subd. (a)(6)(A).) We begin with the proposition that judg es must be paid. Thus, the federal government pays federal judges, even thou gh the United States is probably the most frequent party to litigation in federal court (especially when its departments and officers are included). Likewise, the state government pays state judges, even though it appears frequently in state court litigation. Plaintiffs, to their credit, acknowledge th is argument from necessity. They argue, however, that this “deeply considered co mpromise” is permissible only because the federal government and the state government are “sovereign entit[ies].” They argue that it does not authorize “non-sovereign lower-lev el organizational entities, such as county government” to compensate judges. They co nclude that “Los Angeles County’s actual payments to a judge are no different than payments (hypothetica lly) by Plaintiff[s].” Plaintiffs offer no authority for their asse rtion that sovereignty is what matters; it is merely an ipse dixit. If, however, sovere ignty is the test, counties must be deemed sovereigns for this purpose. Under the Ca lifornia Constitution, “counties . . . are legal subdivisions of the State.” (Cal. Const., ar t. XI, § 1, subd. (a); see also Gov. Code, § 23002.) Thus, “[c]ounties are state agencies which exercise within their boundaries the sovereignty of the state . . . .” ( Griffin v. County of Colusa (1941) 44 Cal.App.2d 915, 920.) They “perform many functions wh ich are state functions . . . .” ( County of Santa Barbara v. City of Santa Barbara (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 364, 371.) “The principal purpose in establishing counties was to make effectual the political organization and civil13 administration of the state which require lo cal direction, superv ision and control, including, to a large extent, the administratio n of public justice. [Citation.]” ( Dineen v. City and County of San Francisco (1940) 38 Cal.App.2d 486, 490.) “‘[T]he state may, through its legislature, and in the exercise of its sovereign power and will, in all cases where the people themselves have not restricted or qualified such exercise of that power, apportion and de legate to the counties any of the functions which belong to it’ . . . .’ [Citation.]” ( Watson v. Greely (1924) 67 Cal.Ap p. 328, 337.) Here, by enacting SBX2 11, the state not only au thorized but required counties to assist it in carrying out the sovereign function of compensating judges. In our view, however, what distinguish es the state or federal government’s payment of a salary from a private citizen’s payment of a bribe is not the fact that the payor is a sovereign. Sovereig ns are not necessarily disinteres ted; they want to win their lawsuits as much as private citizens do. Mo reover, it is certainly possible for a sovereign to bribe a judge. For exam ple, if a lawyer employed by the state Department of Transportation agreed to give a judge a Lamb orghini if the judge ruled in favor of the state, the involvement of the sovereign would not excuse e ither the bribe-giver or the bribe-taker. What matters is not the nature of the offe ror but the nature of the offer. A judge’s salary is not conditional on whether the judge’s rulings favor the state. The state has little ability to use a judge’s salary as a vehicle fo r either reward or retaliation. Under the California Constitution, a judge’s salary cannot be reduced during his or her term in office. (Cal. Const., art. III, § 4, subd. (b).) And by statute, all superior court judges14 (except presiding judges) r eceive the same salary. (G ov. Code, §§ 68202, 68203, 68203.1.) Local supplemental benefits look, walk, an d quack like a salary, not like a bribe. They consist of perks conventionally prov ided to employees in both the public and private sectors. They are not conditional on whether a judge’s rulings favor the county. Under SBX2 11, they cannot be either increased or reduce d during a judge’s term in office. Most counties that provide local s upplemental benefits at all provide them to every judge in the county; the minority of co unties that provide them only to some judges do so based on fixed cutoff dates, dependi ng on when a judge fi rst took office. (Historical Analysis, supra , at pp. 16-17, D-10-D-14.) T hus, a county cannot use local supplemental benefits to reward or to retaliate against a judge. In this case, we may accept as true plai ntiffs’ allegations that, even though the County was not a party to their divorce procee dings, it had a pecuniary interest in those proceedings. The judges who presided over the divorce proceedings, however, had no such pecuniary interest, becau se their rulings could not possibly affect their local supplemental benefits. Moreove r, the mere fact that the Coun ty provided a portion of the judges’ compensation would not cause a reasonable person to entertain a doubt that the judges would be able to be impartial. Indeed, under SBX2 11, the state required the County to do so. Silva v. County of Los Angeles (C.D. Cal. 2002) 215 F.Su pp.2d 1079 is directly on point. There, the plaintiff filed an action ag ainst Los Angeles County in state court. ( Id

. at pp. 1080-1081.) The state court judge gran ted a directed verdict against the plaintiff15 and in favor of the County. The plaintiff then filed an action in federal court against the state judge and others ( id . at p. 1081); he asserted that , by receiving local supplemental benefits and by failing to disclose the receipt of those benefits, th e state judge deprived him of his federal constitutional right to due process. ( Id . at p. 1082.) The federal court granted a motion to dismiss. ( Silva v. County of Los Angeles , supra , 215 F.Supp.2d at p. 1080.) It ruled, “Even assuming all of the facts in [the] complaint are true, those fact s simply do not establish a due process violation.” ( Id . at p. 1086.) It explained, in part, “[T]he Coun ty pays local judicial benefits to Superior Court judges regardless of the outcome of a ny particular case, and thus there is no incentive for a Superior Court judge to rule in the County’s favor.” ( Id . at p. 1087; accord, Fine v. Sheriff of Los Angeles County (9th Cir. Dec. 16, 2009, No. 09–56073) 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 27586 [judge who re ceived local supplemental benefits was not disqualified from case to wh ich county was a party]; Priddel v. Shankie (1945) 69 Cal.App.2d 319, 327 [judge whose salary was paid by county was not disqualified from case to which county was party].) 4

4 The judges’ main argument as to why they were not disqualified is that Sturgeon I and II supposedly held that local supplemental benefits are constitutional. Neither of those cases, however, addressed the particular due process argument that plaintiffs are raising here. “‘ “It is axiomatic that cases ar e not authority for propositions not considered.”’ [Citation.]” ( McWilliams v. City of Long Beach (2013) 56 Cal.4th 613, 626.) The judges’ briefs would have been more helpful if they had cited Silva , Fine , or Priddel

.16 We conclude that, for the same reason, the trial court correctly sustained the demurrers without leave to amend. 5
VII ABSOLUTE JUDICIAL IMMUNITY The judges also demurred based, in pa rt, on absolute j udicial immunity. “Judicial immunity from a civil action for monetary damages is absolute. [Citations.]” ( Soliz v. Williams (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 577, 586.) “‘The concept of judicial immunity is long-standing . . . , with its roots in English common law. It bars civil actions against judges for acts performed in the exercise of their judicial functions and it applies to all judicial determinations , including those rendered in excess of the judge’s jurisdiction, no matter how erroneous or even malicious or corrupt they may be. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘The rationale behi nd the doctrine is twofold. First, it “protect[s] the finality of judgm ents [and] discourag[e s] inappropriate collateral attacks.” [Citation.] Second, it “protect[s] judicial independence by in sulating judges from vexatious actions prosecuted by disgruntle d litigants. [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ( McClintock v. West (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 540, 550.) “Under the concept of ‘quasi-judicial i mmunity,’ California courts have extended absolute judicial immunity to persons other th an judges if those persons act in a judicial

5 Ettlin filed a request that this appeal be heard by justic es who have never received local supplemental benefits. The fo regoing reasoning compels us to deny his request and to assign the case without regard to whether the justices on the panel have or have not received local supplemental benefits. We also note that, if any of the justices on this panel have received such benefits, that ev ent was so remote in time that no one could reasonably entertain a doubt as to their impartiality.17 or quasi-judicial capacity. Thus, court commiss ioners ‘acting either as a temporary judge or performing subordinate judicial duties or dered by the appointing court’ have been granted quasi-judicial i mmunity. [Citation.]” ( Howard v. Drapkin (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 843, 852-853; see also Tagliavia v. County of Los Angeles (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 759, 763.) Plaintiffs argue that judici al immunity does not apply because they su ed the judges as individuals, rather than in their official capacity. “‘“Immunity exists for ‘judicial’ actions ; those relating to a function normally performed by a judge and where the parties unde rstood they were de aling with the judge in his official capacity. [Cita tions.]” [Citation.] Thus, the line is drawn “between truly judicial acts, for which immunity is appropriat e, and acts that simply happen to have been done by judges. Here, as in other contexts , immunity is justified and defined by the functions it protects and serves, not by the pe rson to whom it attaches.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ( Regan v. Price (2005) 131 Cal.App.4t h 1491, 1495-1496.) Here, plaintiffs are suing the judges because the judges accepted benefits that were prescribed by law (albeit a law that plai ntiffs contend is unconstitutional) as compensation for performing their official judicial duties. Even more important, plaintiffs are suing the judges because, they allege, the benefits functioned as bribes to the judges, to influence th em in the performance of their offici al judicial duties. It is hard to imagine a claim that more cl early implicates judicial acts. Plaintiffs cannot plead their way around judicial immunity simply by na ming each defendant as “an individual.”18 Plaintiffs also assert that “[b]ench o fficers must abide by the CCP, the Code of Judicial Ethics and the laws of California a nd the United States as a precondition for any immunity.” Not so. ( Dennis v. Sparks (1980) 449 U.S. 24, 25- 29 [judge who was sued for allegedly taking bribe had judicial immun ity].) If this were true, a judge could claim immunity only if he or she could prove that he or she did nothing wrong; but in that case, the judge would not need immun ity at all. Rather, as alre ady noted, judicial immunity applies even if the judge’s actio ns were erroneous, in excess of jurisdiction, malicious, or corrupt. Plaintiffs argue that “[t]ak ing payments personally from any party other than their employer is outside the scope of all official judicial actions.” (Emphasis omitted.) Once again, however, as already noted, a judge accu sed of taking a bribe can have immunity. In any event, the judges’ employer — the State of California — has authorized the payments by enacting SBX2 11. 6 Los Angeles County Ass’n of Envt l. Health Specialists v. Lewin (C.D. Cal. 2002) 215 F.Supp.2d 1071 upheld a claim of judicial immunity on almost identical facts. There, the plaintiff filed an action against th e County of Los Angeles in state court. ( Id

. at p. 1072.) The plaintiff prevailed; howeve r, the state court judge denied the plaintiff’s motion for attorney fees. ( Id . at pp. 1072-1073.) The plain tiff then filed an action against the state judge in federal court, allegi ng that, because the judge received local

6 Actually, Commissioner Veasey’s employer is the County. Thus, even under plaintiffs’ formulation, for her, receiving local supplemental benefits is an official judicial action.19 supplemental benefits from the county, he was disqualified, and th at, by presiding over the case without revealing that he was dis qualified, he violated due process. ( Id . at pp. 1073-1074.) The federal court granted the stat e judge’s motion to dismiss. ( Los Angeles County Ass’n of Envtl. He alth Specialists v. Lewin , supra , 215 F.Supp.2d at p. 1074.) It ruled that, even assuming the allegations of the complaint were true , the state judge was entitled to absolute j udicial immunity. ( Id . at pp. 1077-1078.) It explained that the state judge “clearly was performing a judicial functi on when he denied the [plaintiff]’s request for attorney’s fees. [Citation.]” ( Id . at p. 1077.) Moreover, “[e]ven if [the state judge] violated the [plaintiff]’s cons titutional rights by failing to disclose that he received payments from the County, he did not act in the complete absence of jurisdiction.” ( Id . at p. 1078.) 7
Plaintiffs cite Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., Inc. , supra , 556 U.S. 868, which held that it was a violation of due process for an appellate judge to hear an appeal involving a corporation after accepting a $3 million campaign contribution from an officer of the corporation. ( Id . at p. 872.) Plaintiffs then argue that, if judges have absolute immunity, “[t]he U.S. Supreme Co urt would not have wasted its precious time

7 Under Government Code section 6103, a “public officer . . . acting in his or her official capacity” is exempt from paying filing fees. Defendants were granted an exemption from paying filing fees on appeal. Ettlin has filed a document en titled “Appellant’s Objecti on to Fee Exemption,” in which he argues that defendants are not exemptfrom filing fees because they were sued in their individual capacities, not their official capacities. However, for the same reasons that we concluded above that defendants ar e entitled to judicial immunity, we also conclude that defendants are entitled to a fee exemption.20 on Caperton . . . .” In Caperton , however, the judge was not even a party. The mere fact that bribe-taking and bias on the part of a judge violate due proce ss does not tell us what the remedy for the due process violation is. A nd the doctrine of judicial immunity tells us that the remedy is not an action for money damages against the judge. Plaintiffs also draw an analogy to the “kids for cash” scandal, in which two Pennsylvania judges took bribes from private j uvenile detention facilities in exchange for sentencing children to those fac ilities. Eventually, however, those judges were criminally convicted. (See generally <h ttp://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Kids_for_cash_scandal>, as of May 20, 2014.) Absolute judicial immunity does not shield a judge from criminal liability. ( Mireles v. Waco (1991) 502 U.S. 9, 10, fn. 1.) This demonstrates, once again, that there are remedies for judicial bribe-ta king and corruption other than an action for money damages. We emphasize that we are applying th e common-law doctrine of judicial immunity; we are not applying the retroactive immunity provision of SBX2 11. Plaintiffs argue that this retroactive imm unity provision is unconstitutional. 8 We need not and do not decide this issue. We conclude that the demurrers were properly sustained based on judicial immunity.

8 Some of this argument has been cribbed from a Salon article, without any citation or other form of credit. (<http ://www.salon.com/2007/10/ 21/kennedy_amnesty>, as of October 27, 2014.)21 VIII THE GOVERNMENT CLAIMS ACT Finally, the judges demurred based, in part , on failure to file a claim pursuant to the Government Claims Act and statutory i mmunity under the Government Claims Act. Plaintiffs, however, pleaded civil right s claims under 42 Un ited States Code section 1983 (section 1983). The claim pr esentation requirement of the Government Claim Act does not apply to a se ction 1983 cause of action. ( Felder v. Casey (1988) 487 U.S. 131, 138; Williams v. Horvath (1976) 16 Cal.3d 834, 842; Florio v. City of Ontario (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1462, 14 68 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].) Similarly, state statutory immunities cannot bar a section 1983 cause of action. ( Martinez v. California (1980) 444 U.S. 277, 283-284; Asgari v. City of Los Angeles (1997) 15 Cal.4th 744, 759, fn. 11.) Accordingly, to the extent th at the trial court sustained th e demurrers without leave to amend on either of these grounds, it erred. For the reasons already stated, however, th e demurrers were properly sustained. Therefore, the error is harmless.
IX MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES
A. Disqualification of Judge s O’Brien a nd Shaller Plaintiffs contend that Judge O’Brie n and Judge Shaller, who sustained the demurrers, were themselves disqualified.22 1. Additional factual and procedural background

. After their case was assigned to Judge O’Br ien, Ettlin and Cooper filed statements that Judge O’Brien was disqualif ied based on bias. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (c).) In support, they asserted that, betwee n 1989 and 1999, Judg e O’Brien had received over $270,000 in local supplemental benefits. Judge O’Brien ordered the statements stri cken. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 170.4, subd. (b).) He explained: “The undersigned retired as a Superior Court Judge on August 16, 1999, more than a decade ago. As a retired judg e, the undersigned [h]as been assigned to sit as a judge of the Los Ange les Superior court by the California Chief Justice pursuant to [the] Califo rnia Constitution, Article VI, section 6. As an assigned judge, the undersigned is paid entirely by the state. Government Code section 68543.5(a). The undersigned does not receive compensation or benefits from the County of Los Angeles. [¶] Accord ingly, as a matter of law the statement of disqualification demonstrates on its face no legal grounds for disqualification.” Cooper and Ettlin challenged Judge O’Brie n’s order by filing petitions for writ of mandate. We take judicial notice that the petitions were summarily denied. As far as the record reflects, Locatelli ne ver asserted below th at Judge Shaller was disqualified.
2. Analysis

. We cannot reach this contention because it simply is not cognizable on appeal. “The determination of the ques tion of the disqualification of a judge is not an appealable23 order and may be reviewed only by a writ of mandate from the appropriate court of appeal . . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (d).) With regard to Judge Shaller, we cannot reach this contention for the additional reason that Locatelli never sought to disqualif y Judge Shaller below. (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (c); People v. Farley (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1053, 1110.)
B. Change of Venue

. Plaintiffs contend that they were entitled to a change of venue (presumably based on inability to get a fair trial; see Code Civ. Proc., § 397, subd. (b) ). However, they have forfeited this contention by fa iling to support it with reas oned argument and citation of authority. ( Lewis v. City of Benicia (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1519, 1539.) Separately and alternatively, they have also forfeited this contention by failing to provide us with an adequate record. (See part V, ante .) Although Cooper did file a motion for change of venue, which is in th e record, the record does not contain any opposition to the motion or any ruling on the motion.
C. Misprision of Felony

. Plaintiffs contend that, by failing to report the fact that local supplemental benefits are illegal, the judges are gu ilty of misprision of felony un der 18 United States Code section 4. This statute provides that “[w]hoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a felony cognizable by a court of the United States, conceals and does not as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or other person in civil or military authority under the Un ited States” has committed a federal crime. (Plaintiffs do not identify the federal felony that the judges supposedly concealed.)24 Plaintiffs did not allege misprision of felony in their complaints. Accordingly, this contention fails to show that the trial court erred in any wa y in sustaining the demurrers. If only out of an excess of caution, we note that even if the judges did fail to report a federal felony, we could not do anything about it. A fede ral criminal charge can be brought only by a federal prosecutor ( Linda R.S. v. Richard D. (1973) 410 U.S. 614, 619) in a federal court. (18 U.S.C. § 3231.)
D. Sex Discrimination

. Plaintiffs contend that SBX2 11 violates the federal Equal Pay Act of 1963 (29 U.S.C. § 206) because it “allo ws [the] 58 county Superior Courts to make unequal payments to male and female bench officers.” Again, plaintiffs did not allege sex discri mination in their complaints. Thus, this contention fails to show that the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrers. In any event, plaintiffs’ sex discrimination theory is fatally flawed. Basically, they argue that, because Los Angeles County pr ovides local supplemental benefits and Humboldt County does not, ma le judges in Los Angeles C ounty are paid more than female judges in Humboldt County. This ignores the fact that female judges in Los Angeles County are also paid more than male judges in Humboldt County. In other words, to the extent that SBX2 11 has a disc riminatory impact, it is discriminatory based on location, not sex. The Equal Pay Act “applies only to pay disparities stemming from sex discrimination. Pay dispar ities due to other reasons, by c ontrast, are not actionable.” ( Kangethe v. District of Columbia (D.D.C. 2013) 953 F.Supp.2d 194, 203.)25 E. Involvement of the Commission on Judicial Performance and the Attorney-General. Plaintiffs claim that the Commission on Judicial Performance (Commission) has determined that SBX2 11 is unconstitutional. According to plaintiffs, the Commission has asked the Attorney General for an opinion on whether SB X2 11 is constitutional, but the Attorney General “is delaying and effectively refusing” to respond. Even if true, this has no bearing on this case. The Commission is not in charge of deciding whether statutes are or are not constitutio nal. And, as plaintiffs conc ede, the Attorn ey General has never issued an opinion on the matter. 9 In any event, plaintiffs have not properly placed th e general constitutionality of SBX2 11 at issue in this acti on. Even assuming that SBX2 11 and/or local supplemental benefits are unconstitutional, plaintiffs do not explain how that adversely affected their divorce cases. Certainly it would not entitle them to the money da mages that they are seeking.
F. Disqualification of the Sturgeon I and II Justices

. Plaintiffs argue that the justices who decided Sturgeon I and Sturgeon II lacked “personal jurisdiction” because th ey had received local suppleme ntal benefits in the past. Plaintiffs also make a some what convoluted claim that th en-Chief Justice Ronald M.

9 Plaintiffs seem to think that the A ttorney General has a duty to “certif[y] the constitutionality of SBX2 11 pursuant to United St ates Supreme Court Rule 14.1(e)(v) and pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [section] 2403(b).” The rule and statute cited, however, merely allow a state attorney general to intervene in a fede ral case involving the constitutionality of a state statute. They do not require a state attorney general to do anything.26 George exercised undue influence over Justice Patricia Benke shortly before she authored Sturgeon II

. Plaintiffs do not explain, however, what any of this has to do with this case. They do not suggest that we sh ould simply disregard Sturgeon I and II ; quite the contrary, they rely on those cases. Moreover, even if we were to disregard Sturgeon I and II , the result in this case would still be the same.
X ATTORNEY FEES Defendants have requested an award of attorney fees on appeal under 42 United States Code section 1988 (section 1988). As mentioned earlier (see part VIII, ante ), plaintiffs relied on section 1983. Section 1988, as relevant here , provides that: “In any action or proceeding to enforce . . . section[] . . . 1983 . . . the court, in its di scretion, may allow the prevailing party . . . a reasonable attorney’s fee . . . .” (§ 1988(b).) In a section 1983 action, a prevailing pl aintiff is entitled to attorney fees under section 1988 as a matter of right, “absent sp ecial circumstances which would render such an award unjust. [Citation.]” ( Beach Colony II v. Ca lifornia Coastal Com. (1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 106, 117.) By contrast, “[a] prev ailing defendant . . . is entitled to an award of attorney fees under section 1988 only when the plaintiff’s action is ‘“frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation.”’ [Citation.]” ( California Correctional Peace Officers Assn. v. Virga (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 30, 38-39, fn. 7.)27 Here, plaintiffs’ claims are about as frivolous, unreasonable, and without foundation as can be. We may assume, without deciding, that plaintiffs’ challenges to local supplemental benefits, while meritless, fa ll short of being frivolous. Even if so, however, under the circumstances of this case , they are indisputably barred by judicial immunity. 10
Plaintiffs assert th at they “read the Sturgeon II decision as an invitation by the [a]ppellate [c]ourt for citiz ens to bring this kind of suit.” (Italics added.) Sturgeon I and
II , however, did not involve any issue of judicial immunity. Even assuming Sturgeon II could be read as an invitation to bring a cl aim, it was not an invitation to bring a claim that was defective or procedurally barred. We therefore conclude that respondents ar e entitled to an award of attorney fees on appeal, in an amount to be determined by the trial court on remand.
XI REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE Locatelli has filed a request for judicial no tice. In brief summary, he asks us to take judicial notice that, in his divorce case, he sought to disqualify Judge Lewis, and that the Judicial Council assigned a judge of the Orange County Superior Court (who therefore, according to Locatelli, had received local supplemental benefits) to rule on the

10 We also note that, with respect to seven of the ten defendants, the appeal lacked merit due to plaintiffs’ failure to provide us with an adequate record. (See part V, ante .)28 disqualification issue. Locatelli concludes th at the Judicial Council “lack[s] . . . appreciation for the issues involved.” We decline to take the requested judicial notice because the materials that are the subject of the request are irreleva nt to any of the issues to be decided in this appeal. (See People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 422, fn. 2.)
XII DISPOSITION The judgments are affirmed. Defendants are awarded attorney fees on appeal against plaintiffs in an amount to be determined by the trial court on remand.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RICHLI J.
We concur:

RAMIREZ P. J.

KING J.