Annual Data Summary 2008

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2009/011

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center
ON THE COVER

A clean air quality day in Canyonlands National Park as viewed from Dead Horse Point State Park, Utah.

Photograph by Debbie Miller
Annual Data Summary 2008

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2009/011

John D. Ray, Ph.D.

National Park Service Air Resources Division 

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

PO BOX 25287

Denver, CO, 80225

November 2009

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Program Center

Denver, Colorado
NPS 999/100680, November 2009

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural 

resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural 

resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. 

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has 

been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been 

completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is 

scientifi cally credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and 

published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were 

not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, fi ndings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of the author(s) and do 

not necessarily refl ect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of 

trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National 

Park Service.

This annual data summary was prepared for the National Park Service under contract C2350064024 by Air Resource 

Specialists, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado.

This report is available from the NPS Air Resources Division (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/ads/

ADSReport.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/

publications/NRPM) on the Internet. 

Please cite this publication as:

Ray, J. D. 2009. Annual data summary 2008: Gaseous pollutant monitoring program. Natural Resource Data Series 

NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2009/011. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. 

ii

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Figures

Figure 1. 2008 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units ......................................................................................... 4

Figure 2. 2008 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) .......................... 10

Figure 3. 2008 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥76 ppb ............................ 11

Figure 4. 2008 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ................................................. 12

Figure 5. 2008 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) .............................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 6. 2008 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season 

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) .............................................................................................................................. 18

Tables

Table 1. W126 and SUM06 thresholds for ozone effects to vegetation ........................................................................... 2

Table 2. 2008 Site Specifi cations .................................................................................................................................... 5

Table 3. 2008 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb) ......................................................................... 8

Table 4. 2008 Ozone violation summary - primary standard ......................................................................................... 13

Table 5. 2008 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126) ................................................................... 15

Table 6. 2008 Summary of sulfur dioxide data ............................................................................................................. 19

Table 7. 2008 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods ......................................................... 20

Table 8. 2008 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods .......................................................... 21

Table 9. 2008 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods ......................................................................... 21

Table 10. 2008 PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2006-2008 (μg/m3) ...................... 21

Table 11. 2008 Annual summary of selected meteorological data ................................................................................ 22

iii

The National Park Service Air Resources 

Division (NPS ARD) issues this annual 

data summary for their Gaseous Pollutant 

Monitoring Program (GPMP). These 

summaries present only ozone (O

3), sulfur 

dioxide (SO

2), particulate matter (PM), 

and meteorological data from continuous 

monitors that report hourly data. Other gas, 

particulate, and precipitation monitoring 

is performed under the visibility and 

deposition programs and is reported 

separately. 

Data collected by this network are 

incorporated into the EPA Air Quality 

System (AQS) database, which is a national 

database of air quality data collected 

throughout the country. These data are 

also stored in the NPS ARD’s Information 

Management Center (IMC), and are 

publicly available through the NPS ARD’s 

Web site at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/

Monitoring/network.cfm#data.

GPMP Network Monitoring

The locations of the sites that operated 

during 2008 are presented on the map in 

Figure 1. The parameters monitored at 

each park unit are indicated with colored fl ags. The CASTNet fl ag identifi es sites 

where the NPS operates Clean Air Status 

and Trends Network monitoring systems 

in cooperation with EPA to estimate dry 

atmospheric deposition. The enhanced 

gaseous and/or particulates fl ag indicates 

that the NPS sponsors additional or 

high-resolution gaseous or particulate 

monitoring at that park. Monitoring 

agencies and park units with more than 

one monitoring site are indicated. Site 

specifi cations, including site names, 

abbreviations, AQS identifi cation numbers, 

locations, and monitored parameters are 

listed in Table 2.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory 

compliance, the NPS added portable 

ozone monitoring systems (POMS) to the 

GPMP in 2003. The POMS monitors are 

not EPA-certifi ed analyzers, but have been 

extensively tested and compared to other 

NPS monitoring equipment. The data 

are equivalent to the certifi ed monitors 

and can be used for survey monitoring to 

obtain air quality baseline information. 

POMS site names in tables and fi gures have 

been underlined to distinguish them from 

monitoring sites meeting all EPA guidelines.

The NPS cooperates with a number of 

state agencies. At some sites, state air 

quality agencies provide measurement and 

operations support, and data are generally 

shared directly among cooperating 

agencies. Relevant O

3, SO2, PM, and 

meteorological data submitted by states to 

the EPA AQS are retrieved for inclusion in 

this report. 

Annual Ozone Summaries

In 2008 the primary NAAQS for ozone 

changed from 0.08 ppm (85 ppb equivalent) 

over an 8-hour period to 0.075 ppm (76 

ppb equivelent) over an 8-hour period (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/

ozone/s_o3_index.html). An exceedance of 

the standard occurs when an 8-hour average 

ozone concentration is greater than or equal 

to 76 ppb. An exceedance of the standard 

is not the same as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentration equals or exceeds 

76 ppb. The secondary ozone standard 

defi ned by the EPA, which is supposed to 

protect the environment, is the same as the 

primary standard. In this report, ozone 

concentrations are compared to the NAAQS 

that was in place during the time period 

reported.

Table 3 summarizes O3 measurements 

with respect to the daily maximum 

8-hour average concentrations at each 

NPS monitoring site. The fi ve highest 

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 

2008 Data Summary

1
daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations are listed, as well as the total 

number of days with exceedances of the 

8-hour standard. At each site with an EPAcertifi ed monitor, the fourth highest value 

column and the number of days column 

are both color-coded to identify sites where 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone value exceeded the standard 

during 2008. Note that other sites may have 

experienced fewer than four exceedances 

of the standard, and are not color coded. 

Ozone summary statistics for POMS 

are highlighted bold where exceedances 

occurred. These sites should be compared to 

EPA standards for reference purposes only.

The map in Figure 2 presents the annual 

fourth highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites listed 

in Table 3. Ozone values for EPA-certifi ed 

sites are color-coded to represent values 

below (green) and above (orange and red) 

the national standard. Values from portable 

sites (no color) are included for reference 

only.

The map in Figure 3 presents the annual 

number of days which exceeded the 8-hour 

standard for all network sites listed in 

Table 3. The data points are color-coded to 

distinguish between sites that did not exceed 

NAAQS (green) and those that did (orange 

and red). Data from portable sites (no color) 

are included for reference.

The map in Figure 4 presents the annual 

second highest 1-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites. Ozone 

values for EPA-certifi ed sites are colorcoded to represent four distinct levels. 

Ozone values from portable sites (no color) 

are included for reference only.

Ozone Violation Summaries

Table 4 presents ozone violation summaries 

for NPS-operated and cooperating sites 

for all 3-year periods over the last 10 years. 

Violations of the (old) 85 ppb standard are 

indicated in orange and red. Those values 

that would violate the new standard of 75 

ppb are outlined with a black box. 

A violation of the standard occurs when 

the 3-year average of the fourth highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

EPA data completeness requirements for 

the 3-year period were not met. However, 

annual fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour ozone concentrations greater 

than or equal to 76 ppb for calendar 

years not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements are included in the NAAQS 

violation computation.

Resource Injury Indices

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, 

various indices other than the NAAQS 

primary and secondary standards are often 

used. These indices, defi ned below, take into 

account both peak ozone concentrations 

and cumulative exposure to ozone.

• W126 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month 

sum of the 0800-2000 hourly average 

ozone concentrations during the 

EPA-designated ozone season, where 

a weighting function is used to give 

increasing signifi cance (weights between 

0 and 1) to concentrations of ozone 

greater than 0.04 ppm (40 ppb), and no 

weight to concentrations below 0.04 ppm 

(40 ppb). Units of this index are ppm-hr. 

• SUM06 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month sum 

of the 0800-2000 hourly average ozone 

concentrations during the ozone season 

that are equal to or greater than 0.06 

ppm (60 ppb). The units of this index are 

ppm-hr. Several thresholds have been 

developed for SUM06.

Table 1 below displays the W126 and 

SUM06 thresholds for ozone eff ects to 

vegetation. 

Table 1. W126 and SUM06 thresholds for ozone effects to vegetation

Growth Reduction W126 SUM06

Tree seedlings - natural forest stands 7-13 ppm-hrs 10-15 ppm-hrs

Tree seedlings/saplings - plantations 9-14 ppm-hrs 12-16 ppm-hrs

Visible Foliar Injury

Plants in natural ecosystems 5-9 ppm-hrs 8-12 ppm-hrs

2

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 5 presents the ozone exposure indices 

summary statistics for 2008. Summaries 

for POMS are included for comparison 

only. Since portable sites are deployed for 

seasonal use, there may be signifi cant biases 

in W126 and SUM06 exposure indices 

calculated from their data. 

Figure 5 presents the 3-month maximum 

W126 exposure index for all network 

sites listed in Table 5. Figure 6 presents 

the annual 3-month maximum SUM06 

exposure index for the same sites. Index 

values are color-coded to represent three 

distinct levels of cumulative exposure. 

Data from portable sites (no color) are 

included for reference only. 

Sulfur Dioxide Summaries

The primary NAAQS for sulfur dioxide are 

an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm 

and a 24-hour mean of 0.14 ppm, not to 

be exceeded more than once per year. The 

secondary NAAQS is a 3-hour mean of 

0.50 ppm, not to be exceeded more than 

once per year. Table 6 summarizes sulfur 

dioxide measurements for comparison to 

these standards and lists the number of 

exceedances for each. Maximum hourly 

concentrations for each site are also 

presented in the table for reference. 

Kilauea Volcano is the source of sulfur 

dioxide in Hawaii Volcanoes National 

Park. Sulfur dioxide data are collected in 

the park using a lower range and an upper 

range. The lower range does not capture 

values higher than 1 ppm (1,000 ppb), but 

is considered to be an EPA equivalency 

method. The upper range captures values 

above 1 ppm accurately, but is not an EPA 

equivalent range. The Hawaii Volcanoes

National Park data presented in this report 

were collected using the upper range to 

give a more accurate representation of 

sulfur dioxide values.

PM2.5 Data Summaries 

The primary NAAQS for PM2.5 are an 

annual arithmetic mean of 15 g/m

3 and 

a daily arithmetic mean of 35 g/m

3. An 

exceedance of the standard occurs when 

either an annual arithmetic mean is greater 

than 15.0g/m

3 or a daily arithmetic mean 

is greater than 35 g/m

3. An exceedance of 

the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when either the 3-year 

average of the annual mean is greater than 

15.0g/m

3 or the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile daily mean concentrations is 

greater than 35 g/m

3

.

Table 7 summarizes PM2.5 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and 

the annual arithmetic mean. The four 

highest and 98th percentile 24-hour average 

concentrations are listed, as well as the 

total number of days with 24-hour average 

PM2.5 concentrations greater than 35

g/m

3. 

No violation summaries for PM2.5 data are 

presented.

PM10 Data Summaries

The primary NAAQS for PM10 is a 

daily arithmetic mean of 150 g/m

3. 

An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when a daily arithmetic mean is greater 

than 150 g/m

3. An exceedance of the 

standard is not the same as a violation. A 

violation occurs when a 24-hour average 

concentration greater than 150 g/m3 

occurs more than once per year on average 

over three years. 

Table 8 summarizes PM10 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations. The four 

highest 24-hour average concentrations are 

listed, as well as the total number of days 

with exceedances of the NAAQS 24-hour 

standard. The number of days column 

is color-coded to identify sites where 

an exceedance of the 24-hour standard 

occurred.

Table 9 presents the same summaries 

for sites that collected PM10 using nonequivalency methods.

Table 10 presents a PM10 violation 

summary based on the 24-hour average 

standard for one-year periods over the last 

three years, with violations indicated in red. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

the EPA data completeness requirement 

was not met. However, calendar quarters 

not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements were included in the NAAQS 

violation computation if the resulting 24-

hour average exceeds the standard.

Meteorological Data Summaries

Table 11 presents a summary of selected 

meteorological data for all sites. The 

parameters included are wind speed, 

ambient temperature, relative humidity, and 

precipitation.

3
Figure 1. 2008 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units.

4

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 2. 2008 Site specifi cations.

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude

(degrees 

north)

Longitude

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WDb WSc TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packd

Sites operated by the National Park ServiceAgate Fossil Beds Residence Area NE AGFO-RA --- 31-165-1001 42.4283 103.7294 1344 2 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Assateague Island Maintenance Area MD ASIS-MA --- 24-047-1001 38.2511 75.1594 3 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road TX BIBE-KB BBE401 48-043-0101 29.3022 103.1772 1052 19 --- --- X X X X X X X X XCanyonlands Island in the Sky UT CANY-IS CAN407 49-037-0101 38.4586 109.8211 1809 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X XCarlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area NM CAVE-MA --- 35-015-3001 32.1783 104.4406 1349 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XChiricahua Entrance Station AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 04-003-8001 32.0092 109.3892 1570 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X XColorado Maintenance Yard CO COLM-MY --- 08-077-1001 39.1067 108.7411 1740 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Craters of the Moon Visitor Center ID CRMO-VC --- 16-023-0101 43.4606 113.5622 1815 17 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement TN CUGA-HS --- 21-013-1002 36.6719 83.5264 1013 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Death Valley Park Village CA DEVA-PV 06-027-0101 36.5092 116.8481 125 16 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Denali Headquarters AK DENA-HQ DEN417 02-290-0003 63.7258 148.9633 661 22 --- --- X X X X X X X X XDevil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail WY DETO-JR --- 56-011-1013 44.5969 104.7047 1200 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XDinosaur West Entrance Housing UT DINO-WE --- 49-047-1002 40.2917 108.9417 2072 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XEverglades Beard Center FL EVER-BC EVE419 12-086-0030 25.3911 80.6806 2 --- --- --- X X X X X X X X XGlacier West Glacier Horse Stables MT GLAC-WG GLR468 30-029-8001 48.5103 113.9956 976 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X XGrand Canyon The Abyss AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 04-005-8001 36.0597 112.1822 2073 16 --- --- X X X X X X X X XGreat Basin Maintenance Yard NV GRBA-MY GRB411 32-033-0101 39.0053 114.2158 2060 16 --- --- X X X X X X X X XGreat Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome TN GRSM-CD --- 47-155-0102 35.5619 83.4981 2021 16 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain TN GRSM-CM --- 47-155-0101 35.6967 83.6086 1243 21 X --- X X X X X --- --- --- ---Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TN GRSM-LR GRS420 47-009-0101 35.6331 83.9422 793 21 --- X X X X X X X X X XHawaii Volcanoes Observatory HI HAVO-OB --- 15-001-0007 19.4203 155.2881 1123 --- X --- X X X X X --- --- --- ---Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center HI HAVO-VC --- 15-001-0005 19.4308 155.2578 1215 --- X --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Joshua Tree Black Rock CA JOTR-BR JOT403 06-071-9002 34.0714 116.3906 1244 16 --- --- X X X X X X X X XJoshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon CA JOTR-CC --- 06-065-0008 33.7411 115.8206 984 4 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---Joshua Tree Pinto Wells CA JOTR-PW --- 06-065-1004 33.9397 115.4108 326 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XLassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station CA LAVO-ML LAV410 06-089-3003 40.5403 121.5764 1756 22 --- --- X X X X X X X X XMammoth Cave Houchin Meadow KY MACA-HM MAC426 21-061-0501 37.1317 86.1481 236 14 X --- X X X X X X X X XMesa Verde Resource Management Area CO MEVE-RM MEV405 08-083-0101 37.1983 108.4903 2165 16 --- --- X X X X X X X X XMojave Kelso Mountains CA MOJA-KM --- 06-071-1001 35.1019 115.7767 1212 2 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods WA MORA-TW MOR409 53-053-1010 46.7583 122.1244 415 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

5
Table 2. 2008 Site specifi cations (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WDb WSc TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packd

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Natchez Trace Parkway Dancy Ranger Station MS NATR-DR --- 28-155-1001 33.6636 89.0622 94 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable WA OLYM-HP --- 53-009-1004 47.9706 123.5028 1543 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center TX PAIS-MV --- 48-273-1001 27.4267 97.2983 6 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Petrifi ed Forest South Entrance AZ PEFO-SE PET427 04-017-0119 34.8225 109.8919 1723 7 --- --- X X X XX X XX X

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station CA PINN-ES PIN414 06-069-0003 36.485 121.1556 335 22 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak CO ROMO-LP ROM406 08-069-0007 40.2778 105.5453 2743 24 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain CA SEKI-AS SEK430 06-107-0009 36.4894 118.8269 457 10 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah CA SEKI-LK --- 06-107-0006 36.5658 118.7772 1890 25 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Shenandoah Big Meadows VA SHEN-BM SHN418 51-113-0003 38.5231 78.4347 1073 26 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay MN VOYA-SB VOY413 27-137-0034 48.4128 92.8292 429 13 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone Old Faithful WY YELL-OF --- 56-039-1012 44.4569 110.8314 2246 --- --- X X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Yellowstone Water Tank WY YELL-WT YEL408 56-039-1011 44.5597 110.4006 2400 13 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yosemite School Yard CA YOSE-SY --- 06-043-1004 37.7478 119.5917 1234 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Yosemite Turtleback Dome CA YOSE-TD YOS404 06-043-0003 37.7133 119.7061 1605 16 --- --- X X X X X XXX X

Zion Dalton’s Wash UT ZION-DW --- 49-053-0130 37.1983 113.1506 1213 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

 # active park units: 37 # active park sites: 45

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain ME ACAD-CM --- 23-009-0102 44.3472 68.2278 466 14 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Acadia McFarland Hill ME ACAD-MH ACA416 23-009-0103 44.3769 68.2608 158 11 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Badlands Visitor Center SD BADL-VC --- 46-071-0001 43.7436 101.9414 739 12 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod MA CACO-XX --- 25-001-0002 41.9758 70.0247 41 22 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Chamizal Chamizal TX CHAM-XX --- 48-141-0044 31.7656 106.455 1128 17 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Congaree Congaree Bluff SC COSW-BL --- 45-079-0021 33.8147 80.7811 34 9 X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cowpens State Monitor SC COWP-SM --- 45-021-0002 35.1303 81.8164 296 21 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Everglades Cutler Road FL EVER-CR --- 12-086-0029 25.5861 80.3269 4 24 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove TN GRSM-CC --- 47-009-0102 35.6042 83.7831 564 16 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob NC GRSM-PK --- 37-087-0036 35.59 83.0775 1500 14 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker IN INDU-AB --- 18-089-0022 41.5733 87.3047 183 16 --- X X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center WA MORA-JV --- 53-053-0012 46.7853 121.7378 1615 11 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Saguaro Pima County AZ SAGU-PC --- 04-019-0021 32.1744 110.7364 938 17 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr ND THRO-VC THR422 38-007-0002 46.8947 103.3778 850 11 X X X X X X X X X X X

6

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 2. 2008 Site specifi cations (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WDb WSc TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packd

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Wind Cave Visitor Center SD WICA-VC WNC429 46-033-0132 43.5578 103.4839 1292 5 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone West Yellowstone MT YELL-WS --- 30-031-0017 44.6570 111.0896 2030 --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Yosemite Village CA YOSE-VI --- 06-043-1001 37.7458 119.6028 1216 --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # active park units: 14 # active park sites: 16

a The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.

b Cape Cod reports wind direction as scalar wind direction rather than vector wind direction.

c Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

d A fi lter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the “inferential method.” This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements and land use functions to 

compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the fi lter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The fi lter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3-), 

particulate ammonium (NH4+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured from the fi lter samples.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certifi ed portable instrumentation

Parameter key: O3 = ozone analyzer (ppb) 

 SO2 = sulfur dioxide analyzer (ppb) 

 PM = particulate matter (μg/m3) 

 WD = wind direction (degrees)

 WS = wind speed (m/s)

 TMP = ambient temperature (degrees C)

 RH = relative humidity (%)

 RNF = precipitation (mm/hr)

 WET = wetness (% on)

 DTP = delta temperature (degrees C)

 SOL = solar radiation (watts/m2)

Note: Dashed lines indicate parameter not measured at that site. 

7
Table 3. 2008 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 349 69 68 67 65 65 0

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 354 75 73 72 71 68 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 361 73 69 69 68 68 0

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 358 71 69 69 67 65 0

Death Valley Park Village 349 94 87 80 77 77 5

Denali Headquarters 354 76 72 69 68 67 1

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 352 59 58 58 57 56 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 353 73 71 71 71 70 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 328 76 73 73 71 71 1

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 185 86 86 85 80 78 9

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 361 83 81 80 79 78 7

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 357 87 83 83 82 82 14

Joshua Tree Black Rock 352 110 107 106 105 105 72

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 159 88 86 85 84 83 17

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 345 104 85 84 83 82 8

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 363 73 73 71 70 69 0

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 344 71 70 69 69 68 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 350 64 57 57 54 53 0

Petrifi ed Forest South Entrance 323 75 74 73 72 71 0

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 354 94 87 87 86 84 12

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 355 81 77 77 76 73 4

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 262 121 120 112 112 111 74

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 351 113 104 102 101 98 73

Shenandoah Big Meadows 355 81 80 79 78 77 5

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 290 63 60 60 59 58 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 329 68 67 65 65 65 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 347 102 101 98 94 93 33

Zion Dalton’s Wash 352 76 74 73 72 72 1

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 174 78 75 74 74 73 1

Acadia McFarland Hill 360 70 67 65 64 62 0

Badlands Visitor Center 361 56 55 54 53 52 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 179 106 86 82 75 75 3

Chamizal Chamizal 342 84 84 80 74 73 3

Congaree Congaree Bluff 355 74 74 74 73 72 0

Cowpens State Monitor 342 86 81 80 79 77 5

Everglades Cutler Road 350 81 77 77 74 73 3

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 223 78 75 72 72 71 1

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 206 89 85 81 80 79 5

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 170 77 67 63 62 61 1

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 193 58 52 52 51 51 0

Saguaro Pima County 365 80 74 74 74 73 1

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 364 66 62 62 61 61 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 353 63 62 60 59 59 0

77

78

79 5

5

79

80

82 14

7

9

105

84 17

83 8

86 12

76 4

101 73

112 74

5

94 33

80 5

72

8

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 3. 2008 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st 

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Portable ozone monitoring systemsb

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 125 72 71 69 66 65 0

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 159 83 79 76 74 73 3

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 154 75 73 72 72 72 0

Colorado Maintenance Yard 172 71 69 69 67 67 0

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 156 76 75 71 70 70 1

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 106 62 62 62 62 62 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 165 69 67 67 66 66 0

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 178 85 83 82 81 81 13

Mojave Kelso Mountains 181 100 96 90 86 86 35

Natchez Trace Parkway Dancy Ranger Station 90 60 59 59 58 58 0

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable 82 69 67 59 58 52 0

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center 82 75 70 67 65 60 0

Yosemite School Yard 124 105 79 77 74 73 3

a The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour 

average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here in orange or red.

b The Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov). 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certifi ed portable instrumentation

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average = 76 - 104 ppb ozone concentration # days with 8-hour average ≥76 ppb = 4 - 10 days

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration > 10 days

9
Figure 2. 2008 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

10

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 3. 2008 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥76 ppb.

11
Figure 4. 2008 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

12

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 4. 2008 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b.

National Park Unit Site Name 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003 2000–2002 1999–2001

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 66 66 63 63 62 62 (62) (63)

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 71 69 69 71 72 70 (71) (71)

Chiricahua Entrance Station 69 71 72 71 70 69 69 70

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center (67) (67) --- --- 67 (65) (63) (63)

Death Valley Park Village 81 84 82 81 80 81 81 79

Denali Headquarters 58 52 51 52 53 54 49 49

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 53 55 54 56 55 53 49 48

Grand Canyon The Abyss 70 72 73 74 74 74 73 72

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 72 73 72 72 72 70 (72) 72

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome (84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92) (98) (98)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 82 82 77 78 86 92 96 96

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 85 86 84 86 91 92 94 96

Joshua Tree Black Rock 104 103 103 105 106 99 94 92

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon (79) (66) (62) (45) --- --- --- ---

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 77 72 69 68 71 72 74 77

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 74 76 72 73 77 80 84 88

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 71 73 73 70 68 67 69 69

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 58 (56) (58) (61) 63 61 56 60

Petrifi ed Forest South Entrance (70) (70) (70) (71) (66) (64) (55) ---

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 79 74 75 75 80 81 81 (79)

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 76 75 74 77 82 81 78 74

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah

Shenandoah Big Meadows

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay (61) (65) 64 66 64 65 (64) 67

Yellowstone Water Tank 66 64 63 61 63 65 65 67

Yosemite Turtleback Dome (89) 86 86 88 90 90 89 86

Zion Dalton’s Wash 71 78 79 (82) (74) --- --- ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

4

5

4

5

3

4

4

5

4

7

5

8

5

8

6

9

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 79 82 80 82 88 94 93 89

Acadia McFarland Hill 72 74 71 74 80 87 84 85

Badlands Visitor Center 62 68 67 (66) (64) (67) --- ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod 79 84 84 86 88 95 93 96

Chamizal Chamizal 75 74 73 72 78 79 81 75

Congaree Congaree Bluff 71 71 71 71 74 77 77 (74)

Cowpens State Monitor 74 73 74 75 80 84 87 87

Everglades Cutler Road 72 69 68 66 --- --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 72 70 67 (67) 73 76 79 81

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 77 77 75 78 82 86 88 87

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 73 82 75 76 --- --- --- ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center (59) 61 (60) (59) --- --- --- ---

Saguaro Pima County 74 76 76 (76) (75) (73) 72 69

99 94 92

(79)

104 103 103 105 106

(103) (103) (104)

81 84 82 81 80 81 81 79

(84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92) (98) (98)

82 82 77 78 86 92 96 96

85 86 84 86 91 92 94 96

77 77

76 77 80 84 88

79 80 81 81 (79)

76 77 82 81 78

(105) (105) (105) (107) (105)

96 95 96 97 101 101 98 (94)

76 77 77 (80) 82 87 85 87

(89) 86 86 88 90 90 89 86

78 79 (82)

79 82 80 82 88 94 93 89

80 87 84 85

79 84 84 86 88 95 93 96

78 79 81

77 77

80 84 87 87

76 79 81

77 77 78 82 86 88 87

82 76

76 76 (76)

13
Table 4. 2008 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003 2000–2002 1999–2001

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 63 63 (60) (59) 60 61 59 58

Wind Cave Visitor Center 66 70 (71) (70) --- --- --- ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

2

3

4

4

4

4

5

a The new primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) For reference, values that would violate the new standard are outlined with a black box. The fi rst 3-year 

period that the new standard will apply to is 2008-2010. 

b The old primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the old standard are highlighted here in orange and red. The old standard applies to all 3-year 

periods prior to 2008-2010.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov).

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certifi ed portable instrumentation

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average 

 = 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 76 ppb ozone concentration 

Note: A number in parenthesis ( ) indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 

3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfi ed in order 

to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than 

complete data. 

Dashed lines represent no data available at that site. 

14

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 5. 2008 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr)

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 97.6 10 10

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 97.8 22 16

Chiricahua Entrance Station 99.2 27 17

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 98.8 13 10

Death Valley Park Village 98.4 40 25

Denali Headquarters 98.4 4 4

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 98.7 0 1

Grand Canyon The Abyss 99.1 25 17

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 92.7 26 17

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 99.2 21 16

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 99.3 19 14

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 99.2 25 18

Joshua Tree Black Rock 98.1 67 51

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 43.3 ---c ---c

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 96.4 25 19

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 99.9 18 12

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 97.0 17 13

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 98.7 1 1

Petrifi ed Forest South Entrance 93.8 30 19

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 98.5 26 19

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 98.8 24 18

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 73.6 51 40

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 97.0 72 57

Shenandoah Big Meadows 98.6 12 11

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 87.4 1 2

Yellowstone Water Tank 95.1 8 8

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 95.5 57 41

Zion Dalton’s Wash 98.0 28 18

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 99.7 9 7

Acadia McFarland Hill 99.1 4 4

Badlands Visitor Center 99.1 0 2

Cape Cod Cape Cod 97.3 15 12

Chamizal Chamizal 98.0 12 10

Congaree Congaree Bluff 99.0 11 9

Cowpens State Monitor 97.0 22 16

Everglades Cutler Road 97.3 7 6

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 99.4 13 10

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 95.5 14 11

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 97.7 2 3

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 52.0 0 1

Saguaro Pima County 99.7 30 20

15
Table 5. 2008 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr)

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Center 99.9 2 4

Wind Cave Visitor Center 97.3 2 5

Portable ozone monitoring systems

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 80.4 N/A N/A

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 99.8 14 11

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 94.1 19 13

Colorado Maintenance Yard 98.6 19 14

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 98.4 11 9

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 96.7 8 7

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 91.0 15 10

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 99.5 44 28

Mojave Kelso Mountains 99.9 58 37

Natchez Trace Parkway Dancy Ranger Station 63.6 N/A N/A

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable 99.8 N/A N/A

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center 83.8 N/A N/A

Yosemite School Yard 85.9 18 14

a SUM06 exposure index represents the 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a three-month 

maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr.

b W126 exposure index represents 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater emphasis to the higher 

hourly concentrations while still including the lower ones. The value reported here represents a three-month maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr. For 

more information on the W126 exposure index go to http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/docs/air_quality_glossary.pdf.

c In 2008, data capture at this station was not high enough to present values in this table.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certifi ed portable instrumentation

16

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 5. 2008 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

17
Figure 6. 2008 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

18

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 6. 2008 Summary of sulfur dioxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Annual

Arithmetic

Mean (ppb)a

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrationb (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentrationc (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentration (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days

with 24-Hour 

Average

≥ 145 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days 

with 3-Hour 

Maximum 

≥ 550 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 1 7 5 4 4 0 13 12 12 11 0 19 17 16 16

Hawaii Volcanoes * Observatory 37 480 457 415 373 30 2541 1927 1573 1396 28 4765 2742 2542 2401

Hawaii Volcanoes * Visitor Center 19 349 309 231 217 10 1186 932 922 676 5 2476 2466 1452 1288

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center 1 6544 0 6666 0 7655

Congaree Congaree Bluff 1 10 9 7 6 0 46 43 33 31 0 73 71 53 49

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 3 19 17 16 15 0 95 44 41 41 0 150 80 67 67

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr 0 3111 0 6654 0 14 986

Wind Cave Visitor Center 0 1111 0 3322 0 4433

a The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)

b The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds that standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.4.)

c The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.5.)

* This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: >34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

480 1396

932

1573 1927 2541

1186

373

217

415

231

457

309 349 676 922

37

19
Table 7. 2008 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>35 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TEOM 98.6 12.0 40 35 34 33 28 1

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain BAM 81.3 16.0 65 63 55 41 40 10

Shenandoah Big Meadows TEOM 95.6 5.8 23 23 21 21 20 0

Yellowstone Old Faithful BAM 84.3 4.5 17 16 16 14 13 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia McFarland Hill TEOM 96.3 3.0 29 21 17 17 13 0

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 93.9 4.0 49 23 17 14 13 1

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker TEOM 99.4 12.0 34 32 31 30 27 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr TEOM 98.3 5.8 40 32 18 17 12 1

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 98.2 3.8 43 38 21 15 11 2

Yellowstone West Entrance BAM 97.6 1.5 8 7 6 6 6 0

Yosemite Village BAM 94.9 12.8 130 104 84 75 59 15

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 35 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-

hour average PM2.5 concentration is greater than 35 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 35 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: Annual arithmetic mean > 15 μg/m3

 98th percentile value > 35 μg/m3 

16.0 40

59

20

2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 8. 2008 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 96.3 10 90 60 40 40 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 99.4 9 50 50 40 30 0

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-

hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs more 

than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

italics = site operated by a state agency 

Table 9. 2008 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon E-sampler 9.5 ---d --- --- --- --- ---

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-

hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs more 

than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

d In 2008, data capture at this station was not high enough to present values in this table.

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

Table 10. PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2006-2008 (μg/m3)a.

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2008 2007 2006

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 90 50 30

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 50 40 30

a The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 24-

hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs more 

than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: > 1 24-hour average concentration >150 μg/m3

italics = site operated by a state agency

 

21
Table 11. 2008 Annual summary of selected meteorological data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(Scalara)

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 3.6 20.3 40.1 -3.2 40 100 2 280

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 2.9 11.8 35.0 -12.3 38 100 4 183

Chiricahua Entrance Station 3.0 15.4 35.3 -9.2 42 100 6 404

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 3.4 5.5 32.6 -21.7 52 99 8 ---

Death Valley Park Village 3.9 26.3 48.6 5.1 18 99 1 37

Denali Headquarters 1.2 -3.2 24.4 -34.8 69 95 18 238

Everglades Beard Center 2.4 23.1 32.4 0.2 80 100 23 929

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 0.9 4.7 34.8 -29.3 73 95 15 551

Grand Canyon The Abyss 2.8 3.7 21.6 -12.1 39 98 5 358

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 2.8 10.9 32.3 -18.2 40 97 4 215

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 3.7 12.5 23.6 -8.3 83 100 2 837

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 4.8 10.9 27.0 -18.3 70 100 3 955

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 2.5 12.9 29.2 -15.8 70 100 15 1167

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory 4.8 15.6 25.9 8.2 85 100 17 1435

Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 3.6 15.2 24.1 7.8 90 100 14 2177

Joshua Tree Black Rock 3.9 16.5 36.4 -3.8 32 94 1 65

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 3.7 21.1 39.4 -1.0 30 100 4 69

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 2.0 7.4 30.9 -15.3 57 100 7 823

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 1.9 13.8 37.3 -14.7 68 100 18 1253

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 3.2 9.9 30.5 -16.4 40 97 5 403

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 0.9 7.9 33.2 -13.0 84 100 14 1223

Petrifi ed Forest South Entrance 4.1 12.5 34.0 -14.4 40 100 3 107

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 2.3 14.4 41.9 -3.6 56 95 4 286

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 3.0 3.7 26.4 -23.4 48 100 4 429

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 2.5 16.0 38.9 -0.2 52 97 11 335

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 1.7 9.8 28.7 -10.8 56 100 9 848

Shenandoah Big Meadows 2.4 8.2 27.5 -17.5 72 100 8 1346

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 2.8 2.5 31.3 -31.5 72 99 15 747

Yellowstone Old Faithful 1.7 1.6 27.5 -33.9 67 100 10 ---

Yellowstone Water Tank 1.7 0.6 25.7 -29.3 65 97 10 635

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 4.1 11.3 32.6 -8.8 46 98 8 746

Zion Dalton’s Wash 3.1 15.8 40.1 -9.4 35 100 3 237

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 5.7 13.9 26.2 -0.5 85 100 25 ---

Acadia McFarland Hill 3.0 7.2 28.8 -19.5 75 100 14 1340

Cape Cod Cape Cod 2.3 10.0 33.9 -11.2 70 90 7 ---

Chamizal Chamizal 3.4 19.1 39.9 -4.1 32 96 3 ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 1.4 13.6 30.9 -12.7 73 100 12 1244

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 3.6 9.5 33.9 -21.3 71 100 19 ---

Saguaro Pima County --- 21.3 41.9 -1.0 34 97 4 ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 5.4 5.9 36.0 -31.4 61 99 10 238

Wind Cave Visitor Center 2.9 7.9 33.3 -28.7 56 100 10 505

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2008 GPMP Data Summary
Table 11. 2008 Annual summary of selected meteorological data (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(Scalara)

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Portable ozone monitoring systems (seasonal)

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 3.5 16.9 36.9 -10.1 61 100 10 216

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 1.5 22.0 34.7 7.9 78 100 32 470

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 4.3 23.4 39.0 4.1 46 100 5 313

Colorado Maintenance Yard 1.7 20.4 36.9 -1.7 28 98 6 72

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 2.3 18.2 27.6 -2.9 74 100 27 415

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 1.4 18.8 36.5 -2.6 59 100 10 173

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 1.4 18.4 38.0 -6.2 39 97 8 86

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 3.4 30.7 45.2 8.7 20 88 3 18

Mojave Kelso Mountains 3.7 24.6 37.7 3.4 23 92 5 18

Natchez Trace Parkway Dancy Ranger Station 0.3 23.6 35.6 4.9 79 99 29 601

Olympic Hurricane Ridge Portable 0.6 10.7 26.9 -1.5 67 100 10 82

Padre Island Malaquite Visitor Center 6.3 26.4 29.7 14.0 84 99 29 99

Yosemite School Yard 0.8 19.3 37.5 3.2 50 97 10 39

a Saguaro reports wind speed as vector wind speed rather than scalar wind speed.

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certifi ed portable instrumentation

Data quality tables associated with the data presented in this report can be found at:

http://ard-request.air-resource.com. Click “Get Reports.”

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