United States Court of Appeals

 For the Eighth Circuit 

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No. 12-3640

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Walled Mazin Agha; Gina Magigi Agha

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioners

v.

Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General of the United States

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

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Petition for Review of an Order of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

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 Submitted: January 13, 2014

 Filed: February 19, 2014 

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Before WOLLMAN and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and WEBBER, District 1

Judge. 

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WEBBER, District Judge.

The Honorable E. Richard Webber, Senior United States District Judge for the 1

Eastern District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
Walled Mazin Agha (Agha) and his wife, Gina Magigi Agha, petition for 2

review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which affirmed the

denial of Agha’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We deny the petition. 

I.

Agha, a man of Palestinian origin, was born in Lebanon in 1973 after his family

fled Palestine in 1948. He came to the United States in December 1998 on a visitor

visa, with permission to stay until June 28, 1999. Agha remained in the United States

beyond the authorized time, and on July 9, 2003, the Department of Homeland

Security (DHS) issued a Notice to Appear, commencing removal proceedings against

him. Agha sought relief in the form of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT

protection.3

In his asylum statement, Agha averred he is not a citizen of Lebanon, and,

although he received a Lebanese travel document for Palestinian refugees, he has

never used it. He stated civil war broke out in Lebanon a few years after his birth,

and his family therefore fled to Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where

he lived comfortably for most of his life, except when traveling to pursue his

education. Agha further contended, in 1997, his father became involved in a business

dispute between a Canadian company and a UAE Sheikh, who was also the son of the

Crown Prince. Agha maintained his father went to Canada to sue the Canadian

company in December 1998; the Canadian company then approached the Sheikh,

informing him that Agha’s father was “ruining” the Sheikh’s reputation with the

Gina Magigi Agha participates in this case solely as a derivative beneficiary 2

of her husband’s petition. Thus, we provide no separate analysis for Gina Magigi

Agha.

The timeliness of Agha’s asylum application is not at issue. 3

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lawsuit. Agha alleged the Sheikh then confronted his father’s business partner, Naser

Al Shamsi, who also happened to be the head of the UAE’s secret services, and

demanded Al Shamsi arrest Agha’s father if he returned to the country. Al Shamsi

apprised Agha’s mother of this situation, and Agha and his family immediately fled

Abu Dhabi for Dubai.

Agha used an Indian passport to travel from Dubai to the United States. 

Throughout his removal proceedings, Agha denied he has Indian citizenship, stated

he has never been to India, and maintained his father unlawfully obtained this

passport from a friend who was an Indian ambassador. Agha claimed he is

considered stateless everywhere in the world.

Agha’s asylum application was referred to the Immigration Court, where Dr.

Victor T. LeVine, a professor of political science at Washington University in Saint

Louis, testified regarding possible harm Agha would face in Lebanon and other

places in the Middle East, as well as his prospect of being accepted into various

countries designated for removal. Dr. LeVine also opined the business dispute

involving the Sheikh would render return to the UAE dangerous for Agha. When

Agha began to testify regarding his father’s business dispute in the UAE, counsel for

the DHS objected on the basis of relevance. The Immigration Judge, John Duck, then

stated, “You’re starting to show you can’t return to the United Arab Emirates. You

so stipulate. That’s out,” to which counsel for the DHS responded, “That’s out. He’s

not going to be removed to the United Arab Emirates.” Counsel for Agha then stated,

“All right. Thank you.”

On March 26, 2007, Judge Duck issued an oral order denying Agha’s claims

for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection. Judge Duck stated Agha

was a credible witness, but found he showed neither past persecution, nor a wellfounded fear of future persecution, in either India, the country of his passport, or

Lebanon, the country of his birth. Judge Duck further designated India as Agha’s

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country of removal due to his Indian passport. He added, however, “[Agha] indeed

may well be what he said earlier that he is stateless.” Agha appealed to the BIA,

arguing, inter alia, Judge Duck “erred in failing to fully analyze [Agha’s]

statelessness as it relates to his case for political asylum and related relief.” Agha

also maintained Judge Duck erred in finding he failed to establish a well-founded fear

of persecution.

On March 6, 2009, the BIA remanded the case, finding Judge Duck failed to

properly designate a country of removal. The BIA explained, 4

[Judge Duck] designated India as the country of removal for the lead

respondent because he possesses an Indian passport[.] [Judge Duck’s]

analysis does not comport with section 241(b)(2) of the Immigration and

Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2), however. See also Jama v.

Immigration & Customs Enforcement, 543 U.S. 335, 341 (2005) (setting

out the steps for determining an alien’s country of removal under 8 5

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)).

The BIA reissued its order on April 21, 2009, solely to correct a clerical error. 4

In Jama, the Supreme Court described these steps as follows: 5

The statute thus provides four consecutive removal commands: (1) An

alien shall be removed to the country of his choice . . . ; (2) otherwise he

shall be removed to the country of which he is a citizen . . . , unless one

of the conditions eliminating that command is satisfied; (3) otherwise he

shall be removed to one of the countries with which he has a lesser

connection . . . ; or (4) if that is impracticable, inadvisable, or

impossible, he shall be removed to another country whose government

will accept the alien into that country[.]

543 U.S. at 341 (internal quotations omitted).

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The BIA remanded the case “for consideration of [Agha’s] country of removal and

any other issues that are impacted by that analysis.”

Pursuant to the BIA’s directive, Agha testified at a hearing, before a different

Immigration Judge, Quynh Bain, as to his connections with various countries. On

April 26, 2011, Judge Bain certified to the BIA an order amending Judge Duck’s

designated countries of removal. At the outset, Judge Bain noted, “The parties agreed

that no additional testimony should or would be taken concerning [Agha’s]

underlying asylum and protection claims.” Judge Bain then designated new countries

of removal as Dubai, the Palestinian Territory, Lebanon, the UAE, India, Ecuador,6

and any other country whose government would accept Agha. She concluded by

informing the BIA, “[Agha] was advised that no separate notice of appeal [wa]s

required to preserve his right to appeal the designation issue in tandem with [his]

appeals of the other aspects of the immigration judge’s March 26, 2007 removal

orders.”

Agha again appealed to the BIA, reasserting his previous claims that Judge

Duck erred in denying asylum. On October 11, 2012, the BIA dismissed the appeal. 

The BIA first found Agha failed to demonstrate past persecution, and he therefore

lacked entitlement to a presumption of persecution; rather, he bore the burden of

demonstrating a well-founded fear of future persecution. Bushira v. Gonzales, 442

F.3d 626, 631 (8th Cir. 2006). The BIA concluded Agha had not met this burden

either, explaining, “[Agha’s] expert testified only about general issues of

discrimination [Agha] might face should he be returned to various countries[.]”

Finally, the BIA held Judge Bain correctly designated potential countries of removal. 

Agha now seeks judicial review, challenging the BIA’s order denying asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT protection.

Ecuador has been designated as the country of removal for Gina Magigi Agha. 6

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II.

Agha challenges the denial of relief on his asylum, withholding of removal, and

CAT protection claims. Where, as here, the BIA has adopted the Immigration Court’s

opinion and added reasoning and analysis of its own, we review both decisions. 

Krasnopivtsev v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 832, 837 (8th Cir. 2004). This court reviews

legal determinations de novo, and factual findings for substantial evidence. Nadeem

v. Holder, 599 F.3d 869, 872 (8th Cir. 2010); see also Iyamba v. I.N.S., 244 F.3d 606,

607-08 (8th Cir. 2001). Reversal under a substantial evidence standard requires

evidence “so compelling that no reasonable fact-finder could fail to find for” Agha. 

Nadeem, 599 F.3d at 872; see also Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606, 610 (8th Cir.

2004).

“The Attorney General may confer asylum on any refugee.” Regalado-Garcia

v. I.N.S., 305 F.3d 784, 787 (8th Cir. 2002) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158). A refugee is a

person unable or unwilling to return to his country of nationality, or, in the case of a

stateless person, to the country in which he last habitually resided, “because of

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). See Khrystotodorov v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 775, 781 (8th Cir.

2008). “Persecution is the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s

person or freedom[.]” Regalado-Garcia, 305 F.3d at 787. An applicant who fails to

prove past persecution bears the burden of establishing a well-founded fear of future

persecution. Bushira, 442 F.3d at 630-31. “A well-founded fear of future persecution

is one that ‘is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.’” Id. (quoting ElSheikh v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 643, 646 (8th Cir. 2004)).

“A request for withholding of removal is automatically included in an

application for asylum.” Khrystotodorov, 551 F.3d at 781 (citing 8 C.F.R. §

1208.3(b)). “Removal to a specific country must be withheld if the alien established

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a ‘clear probability’ of persecution in that country.” Rife, 374 F.3d at 613; see also

Garcia-Colindres v. Holder, 700 F.3d 1153, 1158 (8th Cir. 2012). Meeting the “clear

probability” standard for withholding of removal is more onerous than establishing

the well-founded fear of persecution required for asylum. Rife, 374 F.3d at 613. 

Thus, if an applicant fails to demonstrate eligibility for asylum, he necessarily fails

to demonstrate eligibility for withholding of removal. Khrystotodorov, 551 F.3d at

781.

To qualify for relief under the CAT, an alien must show “it is more likely than

not that he or she would be tortured if returned to the proposed country of removal.” 

Malonga v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 546, 554-55 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting 8 C.F.R. §

1208.16(c)(2)). Under the CAT, “torture” is defined as:

any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental,

is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from

him or her or a third person information or a confession, punishing him

or her for an act he or she or a third person has committed or is

suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or her

or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind,

when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with

the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in

an official capacity.

8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). In a sense, this standard is more onerous than the asylum

and withholding of removal standards. Mouawad v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 405, 413

(8th Cir. 2007). “[F]or example, ‘persecution’ for the purposes of asylum and

withholding of removal may encompass abuse that is less severe than ‘torture’ for the

purposes of the CAT.” Id. However, the CAT standard is less onerous “in the sense

that there is no need to show fear of future harm on the basis of any statutorily

defined ground.” Khrystotodorov, 551 F.3d at 782. A separate analysis for CAT

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protection is required only if the evidence of torture is unrelated to the asserted

grounds for asylum and withholding of removal. Id. at 784.

III.

Agha contends the BIA committed reversible error when it failed to determine

his nationality, or lack thereof, as a predicate to determining his eligibility for asylum. 

Specifically, Agha maintains the BIA must determine his nationality or statelessness

before determining his eligibility for asylum, pursuant to the plain language of 8

U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A):

The term ‘refugee’ means . . . any person who is outside any country of

such person’s nationality or, in the case of a person having no

nationality, is outside any country in which such person last habitually

resided, and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or

unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country

because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account

of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion[.]

Agha explains, based on this statutory language, only upon designating his nationality

or statelessness can the BIA decide whether he has a well-founded fear of persecution

in “that country.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Additionally, Agha argues, even if the

BIA implicitly found him stateless, it failed to make the requisite determination of

where he last “habitually resided.” Id.

“[T]his court has jurisdiction to determine preliminary jurisdictional issues.” 

Vasquez-Velezmoro v. I.N.S., 281 F.3d 693, 695 (8th Cir. 2002). Under 8 U.S.C. §

1252(d)(1), we have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal only if “the alien

has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right[.]”

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Although this provision only refers to administrative “remedies,” we have held “that

Congress likely intended by enacting § 1252(d)(1) . . . to require that an alien not only

pursue all stages of administrative review, but also raise all issues before the agency.” 

Frango v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 726, 728 (8th Cir. 2006); see also Etchu-Njang v.

Gonzales, 403 F.3d 577, 581-83 (8th Cir. 2005). Thus, as a matter of statutory law,

Agha may appeal only issues he exhausted at the administrative level.

Moreover, “[r]egardless of whether § 1252(d)(1) precludes us from addressing

unexhausted issues, a court-imposed exhaustion requirement is appropriate here.” 

Frango, 437 F.3d at 728. “Where the parties are expected to develop the issues in an

adversarial administrative proceeding, . . . the rationale for requiring issue exhaustion

is at its greatest.” Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S. 103, 110 (2000). In other words, “[t]he

strongest case for imposing an exhaustion requirement exists where the administrative

proceedings closely resemble a trial.” Frango, 437 F.3d at 728. Here, the

administrative proceedings before both the Immigration Court and the BIA were

adversarial, and Agha was represented by counsel. Thus, a court-imposed exhaustion

requirement is proper, in addition to the statutory requirement.

When Agha appealed to the BIA, he failed to articulate his instant argument;

he did not assert entitlement to a threshold determination of his nationality or

statelessness. Rather, in his appeal, Agha stated,

[Judge Duck] erred in failing to fully analyze [Agha’s] statelessness as

it relates to his case for political asylum and related relief. The

statelessness detailed by the testimony of [Agha] (whom [Judge Duck]

specifically found credible) and the testimony of the expert witness does

not exist in a vacuum. It alone could provide the basis for an asylum

claim, but in this case it is relevant, too, because the only country with

any realistic possibility of accepting him is Lebanon. . . . [T]he treatment

of those Palestinian refugees that are accepted into Lebanon amounts to

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persecution on account of their nationality, (imputed or real) political

opinion, or membership in a particular social group.

These statements make clear, at the administrative level, Agha argued Judge Duck

should have granted him asylum because his statelessness served as an independent

ground for asylum, or, in the alternative, because no country would accept him except

Lebanon, which would persecute him on the basis of his Palestinian status. These

positions stand in stark contrast to Agha’s current argument that he is entitled to a

determination of his nationality, or lack thereof, as a predicate to a determination of

his asylum eligibility. Agha had proceedings before two separate Immigration

Judges, and appealed twice to the BIA; in none of these circumstances did he

articulate the argument he now presents. In light of the foregoing, we conclude Agha

failed to procedurally exhaust his first argument with sufficient clarity to allow the

agency “an opportunity to correct its own mistakes[.]” Liadov v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d

1003, 1006 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 145 (1992)

(superseded by statute on other grounds)). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction to

review the merits of Agha’s first argument on appeal, because it has been waived.

IV.

In his second argument on appeal, Agha argues the BIA incorrectly found he

failed to show a well-founded fear of future persecution based on his status as a

Palestinian refugee, or, in the alternative, his Palestinian nationality. Specifically, 7

Agha contends the BIA disregarded Dr. LeVine’s testimony establishing he would

face danger in Lebanon based on his Palestinian status, he would face harm in the

Agha does not argue the BIA erred in concluding he failed to establish past 7

persecution. Therefore, “[l]acking the presumption that proof of past persecution

creates, [Agha] must persuade us that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find on

this administrative record the requisite well-founded fear of future persecution[.]” 

Pavlovich v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 613, 618 (8th Cir. 2007).

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UAE due to his father’s business dispute with the Sheikh, and any country of removal

would likely seek refoulement to Lebanon, where he would face persecution. In 8

sum, Agha contends, because he is stateless, he cannot avail himself of the protection

of any government.

Respondent counters substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that

Agha failed to show a well-founded fear of persecution. Respondent contends Dr.

LeVine testified regarding only widespread discrimination and harassment, and such

nonspecific allegations of persecution do not qualify Agha for asylum. Additionally,

Respondent argues the possibility a particular country will not accept Agha does not

constitute persecution, and statelessness alone fails to establish eligibility for asylum.

A well-founded fear of future persecution must be both “subjectively genuine

and objectively reasonable.” El-Sheikh, 388 F.3d at 646. “[T]he harm suffered must

be particularized to the individual rather than suffered by the entire population.” 

Mohamed v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 999, 1003 (8th Cir. 2005). In general, harm resulting

from conditions such as anarchy, civil war, or mob violence does not support a claim

of persecution. Id.

We find the BIA’s conclusion is supported by substantial evidence, and the

record would not compel a reasonable fact-finder to find for Agha. See Rife, 374

F.3d at 610. Even accepting Agha and Dr. Levine’s testimony as true, Agha failed 9

to establish a well-founded fear of persecution. Dr. LeVine testified only to general,

According to Dr. LeVine, refoulement is “the forcible refusal of a country to 8

admit a refugee.”

Agha asserts the BIA expressly found both himself and Dr. LeVine credible, 9

and the entirety of their testimony is therefore presumed to be true. Respondent does

not attempt to discredit their testimony, and, therefore, for purposes of this appeal, we

accept Agha and Dr. LeVine’s testimony as true.

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widespread discrimination in Lebanon, stating, for example, “Unemployment is

widespread amongst the Palestinian population,” and opining Palestinians have

“[v]ery few” rights in Lebanon. Similarly, Dr. LeVine’s cursory testimony 10

regarding the UAE business dispute fails to compel a finding for Agha. Presumably 11

to compensate for this inadequacy, Agha takes issue with Judge Duck's refusal to hear

Agha’s own testimony about the business dispute. On this point, we note Agha

neither objected to this decision at the Immigration Court, nor raised this point in

either of his two appeals to the BIA; he therefore waived this argument, as well.

We also reject Agha’s argument he is entitled to asylum because, as a stateless

person, no government will accept him. The plain language of 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A) requires a stateless person to show the same well-founded fear of

persecution as an individual with a nationality. See Amin v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 648,

651 (8th Cir. 2004) (“[S]tatelessness . . . would not by itself be evidence of past

persecution.”); Faddoul v. I.N.S., 37 F.3d 185, 190 (5th Cir. 1994) (“Section

[1101(a)(42)(A)] clearly indicates that stateless individuals must demonstrate the

same well-founded fear of persecution as those with nationalities.”). Therefore, the

decision to deny asylum was supported by substantial evidence, and the evidence in

the administrative record is not so compelling that no reasonable factfinder would be

forced to conclude otherwise.

Because Agha failed to establish eligibility for asylum, he necessarily cannot

meet the more rigorous standard for withholding of removal. See Khrystotodorov,

551 F.3d at 784; Rife, 374 F.3d at 613. Additionally, because Agha relies on the

Because we conclude Agha failed to establish a well-founded fear of 10

persecution in Lebanon, we need not address whether refoulement to Lebanon

constitutes persecution for purposes of Agha’s asylum application.

Whether the business dispute constitutes a protected ground for asylum is not 11

an issue currently before us.

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same evidence to support his claim of protection under the CAT, we conclude he has

failed to demonstrate he would more likely than not be tortured in any of the countries

designated for removal.

V.

Finally, Agha argues the BIA violated his due process rights under the Fifth

Amendment of the United States Constitution. Reasserting his prior arguments, Agha

contends the BIA erred, first, by failing to determine his nationality or statelessness,

and, second, by disregarding Dr. LeVine’s testimony, resulting in prejudice.

“To demonstrate a violation of due process, an alien must demonstrate both a

fundamental procedural error and that the error resulted in prejudice.” Lopez v.

Heinauer, 332 F.3d 507, 512 (8th Cir. 2003). “Prejudice” requires “a showing that

the outcome of the proceeding may well have been different had there not been any

procedural irregularities.” Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014, 1026 (8th Cir. 2007).

Agha’s due process arguments directly mirror his substantive issues, previously

discussed. To the extent Agha attempts to cloak his unexhausted arguments in

constitutional terms, he cannot succeed. See, e.g., Frango, 437 F.3d at 728-29

(imposing exhaustion requirement on petitioner’s argument he was denied due

process). Having appealed to the BIA twice, Agha had two opportunities to assert a

right to a threshold designation of nationality or statelessness; nor did he object in

this regard before either Immigration Judge. As to Agha’s second argument, because

we find the BIA’s conclusion was supported by substantial evidence, we cannot

conclude it deprived Agha of his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment of

the United States Constitution.

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VI.

Accordingly, we deny the petition for judicial review.

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